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Avery  Architectural  and  Fine  Arts  Library 
Gift  of  Seymour  B.  Durst  Old  York  Library 


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Harpeks"  Popular  Cyclopedia 


of 


UNITED  STATES  H1STOEY 


FKoM   THE   ABOKKiLXAI,   I'KIUOD  TO  1876 


CONTAINING    BRIEF   SKETCHES 

OF 

IMPORTANT  EVENTS  AND   CONSPICUOUS  ACTORS 


BY 

BENSON  J.  LOSSING,  LL.D. 


ILLUSTRATED     BY     OVER     ONE     THOUSAND     ENGRAVINGS 


IN    TWO    YOU   MIS 
Vol..    I. 


\i:w    FORK 

HARPER    a     BROTHERS,    PUBLISHERS 

FRANKMN     BQUAR1 

1  8  8  2 


Entered  aocording  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  jreai  1881,  bv 

BARPER    \    BROTHERS, 

In  the  Office  <>f  the  Librarian  <>f  Congress,  at  Washington. 


PREFACE. 


Tins  work  has  been  prepared  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  a  want  long  felt 
by  intelligent  Americans  engaged  in  every  avocation  of  life  who  may  not  have 
leisure  or  opportunity  for  consulting  volumes  of  our  national  history  for  infor- 
mation upon  any  subject  of  special  inquiry. 

The  most  important  events  in  the  history  of  the  United  States  from  the  abo- 
riginal period  to  1S7C,  with  the  dates  of  their  occurrence  and  their  connection 
wi.th  other  events,  may  be  found  briefly  recorded  herein.  Each  record  is  gen- 
erally preceded  by  a  reference  to  the  causes  of  the  occurrence  of  the  event,  so 
that  its  relation  to  the  general  history  of  the  Republic  may  be  clearly  seen. 
Hrief  biographies  of  the  most  conspicuous  actors  in  the  scenes  recorded  may  also 
he  found,  for  men  and  women  constitute  an  essential  part  of  every  historical 
incident. 

In  this  ago  of  varied  and  intense  activities  of  mind  and  body,  none  but  per- 
sons of  leisure  or  plodding  specialists  can  afford  to  spend  time  in  the  perusal 
of  the  minute  details  of  history.  The  vast  multitude  of  men  and  women  who 
are  the  chief  constituents  of  society  ask  for  the  kernels  of  knowledge  as  suf- 
ficient for  their  daily  intellectual  food.  It  is  for  that  intelligent  multitude  this 
work  has  been  prepared — this  want  supplied — by  which,  without  expensive  re- 
search and  by  reference  only  to  the  proper  initial  letter  of  the  title  of  any  event 
or  name  of  person  mentioned  in  our  history,  they  may  find  a  general  outline 
picture  of  that  event  or  character,  which  may  be  idled  in,  if  desirable,  by  con- 
sulting regular  histories  or  elaborate  biographies.  Its  function  is  the  same  as 
that  of  a  labor-saving  machine,  doing  its  work  with  facility,  inexpensively,  and 
accurately. 

It  may  be  noticed  that  the  biographical  sketches,  even  of  the  most  conspicuous 
characters,  are  sometimes  given  with  almost  the  brevity  of  a  chronology  or 
genealogy.  This  has  been  done  because  their  more  important  acts  are  recorded 
under  various  titles  of  events,  and  are  omitted  in  the  biographical  sketches  to 
avoid  repetition.  The  same  may  be  observed  in  the  records  of  events.  Some 
important  occurrence  is  omitted  because  it  may  be  found  narrated  in  more 
detail  under  another  head  or  in  the  biographical  sketch  of  some  distinguished 
person.  In  such  cases,  reference  is  made  to  the  article  in  which  such  details 
may  be  found.  For  example,  in  a  sketch  of  the  Colony  of  Pennsylvania,  where 
I  is  mentioned  of  the  absorption  by  the  Dutch  of  the  Swedish  colony  on 
the  Delaware,  the  reader  is  referred  as  follows:  "See  New  Sweden;'1''  or  when 
reference  is  made  to  the  founder  of  Pennsylvania,  " See  Penn,   William;"  or 


iv  PREFACE. 

when  the  Lower  Counties  are  referred  to,  "  See  Delaware,  Colony  and  State  off 
or  when  the  boundary  between  the  provinces  of  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland  is 
mentioned,  "  See  Mason  and  Dixon's  Line?''  Such  references  to  men  and  events 
more  fully  noticed  elsewhere  abound  throughout  the  work. 

Illustrations  have  been  given  whenever  practicable,  not  for  embellishment 
only,  but  for  usefulness ;  and  great  care  has  been  taken  to  make  them  truthful 
delineations  of  the  objects  depicted.  Many  of  them  have  been  selected  from 
other  historical  works  by  the  author  of  this  cyclopaedia.  The  chief  desire  in  the 
preparation  of  this  work  has  been  to  make  it  a  useful  aid  in  the  diffusion  of  a 
knowledge  of  our  national  history  among  our  people.  It  is  believed  that  it  will 
be  found  very  helpful  as  a  book  of  reference — 

1.  To  families,  as  an  ever-ready  response  to  questions  concerning  events  in  the 
history  of  the  United  States  which  may  arise  in  the  course  of  conversation  or  of 
home  instruction ; 

2.  To  professional  men,  who  often  wish  to  find  some  recorded  facts  in  our 
history,  but  have  not  the  leisure  or  the  opportunity  to  search  through  volumes 
for  them ; 

3.  To  instructors  of  the  young,  especially  to  those  who  in  schools  teach  the 
elements  of  our  history  from  text-books,  for  teacher  and  pupils  often  wish  to 
know  more  of  subjects  which  are  sometimes  barely  alluded  to  in  the  manuals: 

4.  To  journalists,  publicists,  and  writers  of  every  class,  whose  vocation  compels 
them  to  obtain  information  upon  all  subjects  with  as  much  facility  as  possible; 
and  to  statesmen  and  public  speakers  for  the  same  reason. 

This  work  combines  the  qualities  of  an  illustrated  history  of  the  Um'ted 
States,  a  dictionary  of  American  biography,  and  an  American  portrait  gallery. 
In  its  preparation  every  available  source  of  information  has  been  sought.  In  its 
scope  it  is  confined  strictly  to  our  national  history,  including  persons  and  events 
elsewhere  having  a  relation  thereto. 

Benson  J.  Lossing. 


INDEX  TO   ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Abatis,  883. 

Aciami,  Christina  Harriet,  ">. 

Aclaud.  Major  John  Dyke,  5. 

Adams,  Charles  Francis,  6. 

Adams,  John.  7 

Adams,  John  Quincy,  8. 

Adams.  Samuel,  H. 

Agassiz,  Louis  John  Rudolph. 

13. 
Alabama,  Slate  Seal  of,  14. 
Alabama,  The.  15. 

i: mi.  ia 

Algiers  m  I  -  ■ 
Allatoona  P 

Allen,  William  Henry.  96 
Allston,  Washington,  27 
Amcricus  Vcspucius,  38. 

Amher.-t 

Ancient  Dutch  Char. 

Anderson.  Alexander,  41. 

Anderson  R  .  Gold  Medal  pre 

sented  i 

Andre,  John.  IA 

mclHniing.Fac  sim- 
ile ol'.  inn 

Andre1  i  Monument 
minster  Abbey,  ti'. 
an  A.,  687. 

Anna|Hilis,    state    boose     at, 
1488 

Anne,  Qn 

Apollo  Rim: 

Arbuthnot,  Marriott  68 

Arkansas.  State  Seal  of,  80 

Armlstead  \ 

Armored  Lookout,  An,  106, 

Armstrong.  John,  0:t 

Arnold.    Beuedict,    Birthplace 

of,  68. 
Arnold's  Disguised   Handwrit 

ing.  Fac  simile  of,  1410. 
Arnold's   Route   through    the 

Wildcrn 
Arrest  of  Km i ly  •;.-, 
Arsenal  at  m    La  I 
Asgill,  Clin  I 
Atatarli 

Atlanta.  Fort I float iona around. 
T6. 

Attorn-', 
menl  Si 
Audubon.  John  Jam 

Avcrill,  W.ll.am  \\ 


B. 
:  umdib  Dallas,  84 

Bailey,  Th lorni  B8 

Bainbrnl 

i  ird  Dickinson,  90. 

Balloon.  \\ 

Baltimore 

Hanks,  Nathan  si  I"  .  99 

Barker,  Jai 103 

Barlow,  I 

Barney.  Joshua,  105, 

u    in:, 
Barren  Mill.  Lutheran  Chnrch 

Barron.  Jami 


Barry.  John,  107. 
Barry's  Monument,  107. 
Barton.  William    Ms 
Battle  Monument,  Baltimore, 

1014. 
Bayard.  James  Ashton.  111. 

rd,  P.  G  T.,  113. 
Beekuiaii  Mansion,  995. 
Bellows.  Henry  W  .  118. 

in   117. 

im  of  Bat 
tic  on,  119. 

Iiidah  P.,  120. 
Benton,  Thomas  Hart,  ISO. 
Blddle,  Jam 
Blddle,  Si.  i 
Biddle  I'm.  Tin-.  1498. 
Blddle's  Medal,  124 
Big  Black   River,  Passage  of 

Billop    House,   Statin    Island 

Bills  of  Credit,  First,  in  Ainer 

Birmingham   Meeting  -  house. 

Blsshopp'e  M ini'iii.  189. 

Black  i'artridge  Medal.  240 

Bladensbarg,  Bridge  at,  1861, 

Biikeiev.  Johnston  198 

■  mi  Reel 

Blockade  runner,  A,  137. 
Hoard  ol  War,  Seal  of.  139. 

i,   1440. 
Boone  Dan  el,  1 19. 
1 1   148. 
Bog  i  "  n.  i  rum  Dorchesl  it 

-    ck,  View    of  Lines 
on,  14R. 

i  my.  147. 
Bowdiich.  Nathaniel,  149 
Buy. I.. lulu,  Parker,  U0 
Brandywine,  View  al  Chad's 

Ford  on  the,  168 
Bra  inly  w  i  in-.    Washington's 

Headquarters  at  the,  154. 
Brant,  John,  186 

nli.  ISA. 
Itrani  Monument,  The,  l~>7 
Breckinridge,  John  • 

Br  due  overl.iinpnwilcrCrcck 

on  of,  TOO 
llrui-li   Standard!    8 

of.  at  York  I  • 
Brock,  Medal    in    Hi 

169. 
Brock's  Monument,  188 

Broke,   Captain.    Silver    Plate 
Broke.  Sir  P.  B.V.,  163 

Brooks,  John,  164  * 

Brown,  Jacob,  Gold  Box  of,  ">37 
Brown,  Jacob,  Medal  awarded 

Brownlow,  w  G  .  161 

Brown  -  Monument    100 
Bryant,  u  I 

Buclialiali.  .1  : 
Bilckingliam.  \V    A  .  171. 

Hill,  Plan  Of  Battle 
of  and  Monument.  177 

Burgoyne  Addressing  the  In 


Burgovne.  Place  of  Surrender 

of,  1365. 
Burgoyne,  Sir  John.  17b. 
Burke,  Kdmuud.  179. 
Burnside.  A.  E  .  181 
Burnside   Bridge,   Antietam 

Creek,  53. 
Burr,  Aaron   183 
Burrow's  Medal.  186. 

Butler.  Benjamin  I 

Butts's  Hill,  View  from.  1105 

O. 

Cadwalader,  John,  190 

Calhoun,  John  ('  .  191 
California.  State  Seal  of,  192. 
Canny,  F. .  i:  - 
Capitol.  Remains  Of,  alter  the 

Fire.  1479. 
Captors'  Medal.  111. 
Carav.i,  a  Spanish,  277, 
Carleton,  Guy,  306, 
CarondeUt,  , 

II  .11.317 

winch  ' 
Carmll.  Charles,  307. 
Carroll.  John, 'ins 
Cartier,  Jai  i 

"ivernori  Chair.  210. 
reek.  Mouth  of,  34. 

Castle  Thunder.  212. 
Cavalry  otislriieii,  n 
Cave  Life  in  \  Icksbl 
Cedar   Creek    Baltic   ground. 

214. 
Centennial  Buildings,  US 
Chalmetlc's  Plantation.  Battle 

ground  at.  New  Orleans,  984. 

Cbambly,  Fort  at,  2i«. 
Champlain,  Samuel 

Chancellorsville,  K 
Channing,  William  Kllerv,  223 
Charles  II 
Charter  Oak.  229 

n  P.,  230. 

Chatterton'a  Hill.  1616 

and  Shannon,  396 

ii  k  house  at,  239 

B  n/ie  Mansion  at, 

Chippewa,  Streel 
Bridge  at,  944 

1866,  217 
Cincinnati,  Ceritlic  ite  ol  Mem 

bership  of  the,  361 
Cincinnati  In  I 
Cincinnati,  Order  of  the.  250. 
William  C  C  ,968. 
Clarke  G   R 
Clay,  Orel  D 

Clay.  Hem 

Clay's  Monum 

Clem,  John,  967 

Clinton.  De  9 

Clinton,  Geoi 

Clinton,  Jar 

Clinton.  Sir  Henry.  200, 

Clinton's  Despatch  and  Bullet. 

980. 
Clinton's  Monument   369. 

II  Privateer,  ll  19 
Cobb,  Howell,  369. 

v  i: . i-j.it 
Coddington,  Governor  of  H  I  . 

■  •I.  1209 
Coffee,  John,  263. 


Coin.  First,  in  the  U.  S.,  2C5. 
Colden,  Cadwallader,  206. 
Colfax.  Schuyler,  267. 
Coligni.  Jaspei 
Colorado,  State  Seal  of,  272. 
Columbus.  Banner  of  the  Expe- 
dition of.  270 
Columbus,  Christopher,  274. 
Columbus,  landing  of.  276. 
Columbus  Ships  of.  275. 

Colyer,  Vincent,  1437. 

Combs,  Leslie.  279. 
Concord,  Battle  ground  at,  786. 
Commie 

Con  federate  Rosette  and  Badge. 

Confederate  State  Department 

ConlMerateTreasni 

II  Slate  Seal.  3(11. 
Constitution    House.     I  lie     al 

Constitution,  National,  Signa 

tuns  to  the.  472 
CbitsKMftm,  The  I 
Continental  Bill,  counterfeit. 

Continental  Draft,  316. 
Contineni  tl  l<otteryTicket,81S 
Contrast  I  he.  889, 
Convention 

COOk,  Lemuel,  :t2i. 

re,  326. 

Cooper,  i"i  I 
Cornwallls,  Lord.  3:10, 
Cow  Chai ' 

338.  340 
Cranev  Island.  Block  house  on. 

Craw  lord.  S   YV     844 

Crittenden,  J.  1  .  846. 
Crognan,  Col.  George,  Medal 

awarded  to,  690 
Croghan,  George,  519. 

Meeting 

hull-.       - 

Crown  Point, 350. 
Ciirtm.  A  1. 
Curtis  S   K  .  354. 

leb,  354. 


D. 

D.li'KKS.J     ll 

Dablgren.J 

Dale.  Rlchai 
Dale's  Mon.n 

Dartmoor  Pi 
Davie.  W    B 

Davis,  Jefferson  c,  305. 

Dearborn, 11 
Decatur,  Stephen,  869. 

Dec  a  1 11  r,  si  ephen,  Modal 
awarde.l  to 

Moniiinent.  3711 

Declaration  of  Independence, 

Fae  simile  of  Portion  of,  372. 
j  1  on,  Map 
of.  877 

nut.  370 
-    He  Seal  of,  378. 

Delft  Havi  1 

Society  Seal.  382. 

Dennlson,  William,  884. 
De  Solo,  Fernando,  386. 


VI 

Dickinson,  John,  390. 
Dix,  Famous  Order  of,  399. 
Dix,  John  A..  398. 
Dix  Medal,  The.  400. 
Dorothea.  Destruction  of,  51 
Doublcday.  Abner,  402. 
Douglas,  Stephen  A.,  403. 
Douglass,  Frederick,  403 
Draper,  John  W.,405. 
Drayton,  W.  H..405. 

■ib,  407. 
Dunmore's  Seal,  409. 
Duponl.S.  F..411. 


Early,  Jubai  a..  417. 

Karth  -  work  near  Newark, 
Ohio,  935. 

Edwards,  Jonathan.  424. 

Klectric  Telegraph,  Morse  Ap- 
paratus, 426. 

Klectric  Telegraph,  Morse  Kev, 
426. 

Electric  Telegraph,  Morse  Reg- 
ister, 426. 

Elizabeth,  Queen,  428. 

Ellet,  Charles  429. 

Ellet's  Stern  wheel  Ram,  869. 

Elliott,  J.  D..429. 

Elliott  Medal.  The,  430. 

Ellsworth,  E.  B.,431 

Ellsworth.  Oliver.  431. 

Emancipation  l'en.  4:17. 

Emancipation  Proclamation, 
Fac  simile  of,  433. 

Embargo(Caricaturcs),438,439. 

Embargo,  Emblematic  Repre- 
sentation of  the,  1383. 

Essex  and  her  Frizes  at  Nooa- 
heevah,  450. 

Estaing.  Count  d".  461 

Eutaw  Springs,  462, 

Evans,  Sir  de  l.ary.  456. 

Everett,  Edward,  466. 

Ewell,  K.  S.,457. 


Fanki  ii.  Hall,  342. 
Panning,  Fdniund,  468. 
Farragut,  D.  (J  ,469. 
Federal  Hall.  471. 
Forscn,  Axel,  475. 
Fillmore.  Millard,  476. 
Firemen'B  Ambulance,  l'hila 

delpb  ■ 
First  Fight  in  Con- 
Flag,  Confederal,    i.i| 
Flat;.  New  England,  492. 
Flag,  I'm.   Inc.  492. 
Floury  Medal,  494. 
Floating    Battery.  American. 

494. 
Floating  Battery  at  Charleston, 

496. 
Floating  Batten',  Section  of. 

495. 
Florida,  State  Baal  of,  496. 
Footo,  A   II 
Footo's  Flotilla.  B09 
Fort  Barrarn 

Fort  Dclianco  Site  of  621. 

Fort  Erie,  Raini  ol 

■>  ork,994. 
Remains 
of,  661. 
Fort  Harmar,  1094 
Fort  Han 
l. .ii  Motti 

Fort  I'm -I,. 
Fort  Pull 

-  te  ol  69A 
Fori  Sumter  in  LSI 
Fort  Sumter  in  I- 

Fort  Bomter,  Interior  of  after 

the  lliimharilmi 

ii  the  ml 
ol  Cine  ' 


INDEX   TO  1LLUSTKATIONS. 


Franklin  Medallion,  532. 
Franklin  Sto 

Franklin, William  B.,534. 
Fraunce's  Tavern.  14s."> 
Frederick,  Fort,  at    Pemma- 

quid,  746. 
Fredericksburg,  Scene  in,  536. 
Fremont.  .1  I 

French  Creek,  Mouth  of,  543. 
Frobisher.  Martin,  549. 
Fulton,  Roll 
I  Fullon  the  First.  495. 
Fulton's  Birthplace,  553. 


Gaines,  E.  I'.,  557. 

dill,  557. 
Gallatin,  Albert,  558. 
Gansevoort,  Peter,  560. 
Garrison, W.  I,.,  560. 
Gaspee  Point,  669, 
Gates,  Horatio,  562. 
Gates,  Horatio,  Medal  awarded 

to,  1365. 
Genet,  E.  C.,564. 
George  III.,  566. 
George  III.  in  1776,567. 
George  IV.,  842. 
Georgia,  State  Seal  of,  571. 
Gerard,  M  ,  4*2 
Germain,  Lord  George,  572 
Germantown,  Chew's  Houseat, 

573. 
Gerrymander,  The,  574. 
Gettysburg,  Little  Round  Top 

near,  576. 
Ghent,  577. 
Gibbon,  Edward,  578. 
Gilbert,  Sir  Humphrey,  579. 
Gillmore,  Q.  A  .  579 
Gist,  Moid,  i 

Goldsborough.  L.  M. ,  584. 
Goshen.  Monument 
Government  Bakeries  at  the 

Capitol,  947 
Government  Toll-gate  on  the 

Cumberland  Road,  687. 
Grant.  Clysses  8.,  587. 
Grant.  I'.S  ,  Medal  awarded  to, 

682. 
Graves  of  Burrows,  Blyth.  and 

Waters.  445. 
Great  Bridge,  View  at,  689. 
Great  Chain  and  Mortars,  590. 
Greeley,  Horace,  591. 
Greene  and  Pulaski  Monument, 

1160. 

Greene,  Gold  Medal  awarded  to, 

168. 
Greene.  Nathaniel.  593. 
Greenough.  11  .  596, 
Greenway  Court,  463. 
Gregory,  F.  H  ,  596. 

,'igc,  596. 
Gunboats,  601. 


Habersham.  JosKPn,  603. 
llalleck.  II  v. 
Hamilton.  A  ,  606. 
Hampden,  Meeting  house   at, 

610. 
Hampton,  St.  John's    Church 

at.  611. 

Hani ,"  k  John,  611. 
Hancock's  House,  Boston,  611. 
'  Hanging  Rock,  612 

Harnett's  ll 
Harper's  l  i 
Harper'sPubllBb  n   ! 
Harrington,  Jonatn 

Hartford   Convent Candl 

Hartford    Convent 

Memb.r- oi  the,  634 

I II, mi/,  in 


iHendrick,  King,  632. 

Hendrick's  Siguature,  695. 

Henry,  Patrick,  634. 

Herkimer's  Residence,  1036. 

Hicks,  Thomas  Ii..  636. 

Hobkirks  Hill,  Spring  on,  639. 

Hoe,  Richard  M.,040. 

Holt,  Joseph,  642. 

Hood.  J.  B.,  643. 

ph,  644. 

Hopkins.  Esek.  644. 

Hornet  and  Peacock,  646. 

Horse  Island,  Light-house  on, 
1237. 

Houdon'S   Mask   of  Washing- 
ton's I   :, 

Houdon's  Statue  of  Washing- 
ton. 64s.  L«  Colli  Mm.,  769. 

Houston,  Samuel,  649.  Lafayette,  Fort.  895. 

Howard,  John  Eager,  649.  Lafayette,  Marquis  de,  755. 

Howard,  J.  E.,  Medal  awarded    Lafayette's  Tomb.  756. 
to,  649. 


Kilpatrick,  Judson,  741. 

King  Philip,  7H. 

King,  Ruftis.  745. 

King's  Fcrry,Sign-board  at,  747. 

King's     Mountain    Battle- 
ground, 748. 

King's   Mountain,  Monument 
on,  748. 

Kinnison.  David.  749. 

York,  994. 

Kirkland,  Samuel,  749. 

Knapp.  IVzel,  791. 

Knox,  Henry.  7:,u 

Kosciuszko,  Thaddeus,  751. 


Howard,  Oliver  Otis.  650. 
Howe.  Richard.  651. 
Howe,  Robert.  651 
Hudson,  Henry,  653. 

Hughes,  Christopher,  1065. 
Hull,  Isaac,  656. 
Hull.  William.  657. 
Hull's  Albany  Gold  Box,  309. 
Hull's  Medal,  308. 
Hull's  Monument.  658. 
Hulls  New  York  Gold  Box,  309. 
Humphrevs,  David 
Hutchings.  William,  661. 
Hutchinson.  Thomas,  663. 

I. 

-late  Seal  of,  665. 
Independence  Hall.  674. 
Indian.  North  American,  682. 
Indiana,  State  Seal 
Interior  Department  Seal.  469. 
Iowa.  Slate  Seal  Of,  698. 
Iron-clad  Vessel  in  1814,  495. 
Irvine.  Washington,  696. 
Isabella  ol  Castile,  697. 
[Bland  Number  Ten,  698. 
Izard,  George,  701. 


Lake  Champlain.  Scene  of  Na- 
val Battle  on  (1776),  955. 

Lamb,  .John.  761. 

Laurens,  Henry,  769 

Lauzun.  Duke  de.  770. 

Lawrence  and  Ludlow's  Monu- 
incut.  772. 

Lawrence,  James.  771 

Lawrcnce,James,  Medalaward- 
i     ed  to,  646. 

Lee,  Charles.  774. 

Lee,  Henry,  776. 

Lee,  Heurv,  Medal  awarded  to, 
I     1059. 

I.ee,  Richard  Henry,  777. 

Lee,  Robert  E  .  777. 

I.ibbv  Prison,  787. 

Liberty  Bell,  788. 

Liberty  Cap  I 

Lifeguard,  Banner  of  Washing 

Lifeguard,  Facsimile  of  Signa- 
tures of,  792, 
Lincoln,  Abraham.  794 
Lincoln,  Benjamin,  794 
Lincoln,  Medal  awarded  to,  796. 
Lincoln's  Inauguration.  797. 
Livingston,  Robert  R.,  802. 

n,  William,  802. 
Logan,  John 

Longfellow.  H  \\ 

Lookout    Mountain.  Slope  of. 


isDREir,  702. 
Jackson,  James,  706.  WW, 

Jackson  T.  J., 706.  Louis  xvi 

Jackson,  r.  J.,  Despatch  of, 827 

Jackson.  William,  707.  I      of,  811. 

,la.k-on's   Statue  at   New  Or-    Louisiana.  State  Seal  of,  815. 


leans,  705. 
Jackson's  Tomb,  703. 
Jamestown  in  1*76,709. 
Jamison,  David  F  ,  1322. 

Jay,  John,  711. 

Jefferson  Caricatured.  715. 
Jefferson,  Thomas.  716. 

Seal,  717. 
Jersey  Prison  ship,  1148. 
Johnson,  Andrew .  728, 
Johnson.  Sir  William.  724. 
Johnson's  .Monument.  1878, 
Johnston.  Joseph  1 

John.- .William,  110] 

Johnston's  Commission,  llnl 

Johnston's    Surrender.    Place    McClellan,  G  B 

ot.  726.  HoConke]  -  Ferry,  1411 

Jon.-,  .lacb.  727  .    \  McDowell,  898 

" 

Ma,  dolioiiL-li.  II, 

Jones, John  PauLT28.  Ma.,i,,i gh's  Medal,  lp.s 

Gold  Medal  award     McDou 

ed    to. 112 


Louisiana.  I 

Lundy's  Lane,  Site  of  British 

Battery  at.  818. 
Lutheran   Church,  Philadel 

I'll  Ul.   1555 

la,  819. 
Lynn  Haven  Bay,  1556. 

Lyon.  Nathaniel  891 


quartet 

Mc Arthur.  I' 

McCall  Medal.  The.  446. 


K aim.  Baron  de.  7:ln 

Monument,  7:il 

.1711 


789 


McDowell.  1 1 

Mcintosh 

I     from   Round  la) 

Macomb,  Alexandi 

! 
McPhert 

Madison,  Doll 


INDEX  TO   ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Maiden,  View  of,  838. 

I'lie  Kara,  954. 
Marion,   Fort,  St.  Augustine, 

1181. 
Marion,  Francis,  845. 
Marion's  Residence,  845. 
Marshall,  John,  847. 
Maryland.  Slate  Seal  of,  852. 
Mason,  Geoi 
Mason,  James  \l    864. 
Massachusetts  Hay  (Map).  856. 
Massachusetts  Song  of  Liber- 

setts,  Suite  Seal  of, 
860. 
Mather.  Cotton.  861 
Haamea  Ford.  614. 
Maumee   Valley,  from  Fort 
Meigs,  61] 

1097. 

Meagher,  T   1 

Mecklenburg  Convention,  Sig- 
natures of  Members  of  the, 
887. 

Mercer,  Hugh,  Jr.,  870. 

1 1  of,  877. 
Mifflin,  The 
Milieu,  Prison  pen 

Miller,  .Ian 

Miller.  .James,  Medal  awarded 


Slil 


U  ,908. 
Mohawk  ci  d 
Mohawk  Church,  Communion 

PI  tie  ol 

i  ,u,l.  887. 

between  I 

911. 

Monitor,  Interior  of  Turret  of, 
010 

Monmouth  Battle  ground  BIS 
Monmouth  Court  bouse,  912. 
Iron    the    Battle- 

I  • 

mi'iii   816 

ird  'JIT 
iment,917. 

Monlmnrencv  Kails.  1169. 
Montreal  In  1760,918 

Vorktown, 

Morgan   i"  John,  933 
D.,931. 
Gold  Medal,  341. 

ouverneur,  937. 

Harlem 
1815. 

Headq 

B    980 
Mortar  bos 
Morton,  ii  P.,  983 
Hotte,  Rebi 

i.l.  936. 

Monni  ii 

Mount    Vernon    Mansion   at. 
1483 

Muhlenl.i 

Murray,  Undl 

N. 
Naval  Pitciirr,  II 

Navy-yard  at  Goeport,  Iicslruc 
tlonol 

1 1  of,  961. 
Nelson  Mansion,  I  h 


Kelson  Monuments.  905. 

3  ite  Seal  of,  966. 
Mew  Amsterdam,  House  in.  967. 
New  burgh.  Washington'sHead- 

quarters  at,  989. 
New  Era.  II 
New  Hampshire,  First  Seal  of, 

975. 
New  Hampshire,  State  Seal  of, 

977. 
New  Jersey,  State  Seal  of,  980. 
New  London  in  1813, 981. 
New  London,  Old  Court-house 

in,  981. 
New  Motherland,  Sea]  of,  984. 
New  Orleans,  Levee  at,  989. 
New  York  in  1664. 997. 
New  York,  State  House  in,  1000. 
New  York.  Stile  Seal  of.  1001. 
Norfolk,  St.  Paul's  Church  at. 

North  Carolina,  State  Seal  of, 
1011. 

North.  Lord.  1009. 

:-bccca,   House    of, 

O. 

OODBN,  .URON,  1021. 

Ogdensburg,  Fort  Presentation 

at,  1033 
Oglethorpe,  X  I  .  1033 

Ohio  Battery  Men,  Craves  of, 
TO! 

1038, 
Old  Church  at  Jamestown,  86. 
Old  Colon]  - 

old  Courthouse,  New  Orleans, 
T04 

Old  Magazine  at  Williamsburg. 
409. 

(lid  South   " 

i  ird,  Edward  0.  ( 

i  1084 

Oahawahnal 

Ittack  on.  miii 


Panm,  Thomas,  1046 
Palne's  Monument 
Palmetto  Cockade  mt7 
Paoli  Monnmi 

Parker.  Admiral  Sir  Peter,  1019. 

Parrott  Gun,  1867. 

i   Kobert,  1057. 
mi.  1067, 
Paulding,  John,  1069 

Monument.  105S 
il  in  Commemora- 
tion ot    I 

htudo  for, 

iota 

Pecan  ire,-.  Men  Orl 
Penn.  William,  107L 

BOOSS,    Philadelphia. 
1073 

1078. 
tj  Monument.  1073 
Pennsylvania,  State   Seal  of, 

1078, 
Peppered,  sir  William,  1079, 
1081 

il  .  I08L 
Perry,  0. 11  .  Medal  awarded  to, 

Perry's  Hat  He  Bag  I 
ttch,  1088 

I    u in    1081 

Perry's  Quarters  at  I 
Irew,  1093. 

I  ilnothv.  1098 

Pierce.  Krai,1 
Pike,  /.  m 

8  Of,  10%. 

Pimkii.  \ 
Pine  tree  So 
Plnkney,  William,  1099. 


Pitt,  William,  1103. 

Pitt's  Statue.  1101. 

Plattsburg  Bay.  Place  of  Naval 
Engagement  in.  1107. 

Plattsburg,  Old  Stone  Mill  at. 
1106. 

Pocahontas.  1113. 

PohiCk  Church,  1503. 

Pomt  Levi,  from  Quebec,  1171. 

Polk, James  K..  ins. 

Polk.  Lsonidas,  1116 

Porter.  David,  1133. 

IL.  1133. 

Porter.  Fits-John,  1124. 

Porter.  Peter  B,  1124. 

Porter.  Peter  B.,  Medal  award- 
ed to.  1317. 

Post-office  Department  Seal, 
4.V.I 

Powder  ship.  506. 

Preble.  Edward,  1129. 
d,  1130 
Rendquartem,  1133. 
-  House,  Remainsof, 
Ira  1479 

Prtoe,  Sterling.  1142. 

Prophet,  The.  1303. 

Province  Honi 

Provost  Jail,  1147 

Pulaski.  Count.  1169 

Pot-In  Baa 

Putnam,  General  Israel,  1162. 

Putnam.  Major  Israel,  1 1  <",-_> 

Putnam's  Signboard,  1163. 


Qcakbs  Bill,  h  I .  1164. 

pe  Diamond, 
1172 

ace    where    Arnold 

ed,  i it j 
Queen  Charlotte  and  John  Hull 

(Carioatni 
Queenstown  In  1812, 1174. 
ih,  117.", 

Cat  nature  of, 
117(i. 


BULBtOfl    Enjoying    BIS   i'li'K, 

rn.  1180. 

i  in  of.  1178. 
i  marten,  1417 

Randolph.  F.dmund,  1181. 

Randolph,  John,  1183 
Randolph.  Peyton 

Haw, Ion.  ft  a 

Red-Jacket   1188 

Red  Jacket's  Medal,  1188. 
Reed,  Joseph.  1189. 
Iti-id.  Samuel  C  .  1193. 

Rhode    Island.  Stale   Seal  of, 

1310 
Richmond,    Fortifications 

around.  1313. 
Ripley.     Kl.azar     « 

awarded  to.  1:117 
Rlttenhouse,  David,  1319 
Rlvlngton,  lames  1330 
Robertson.  James.  1222 
Robinson,  Beverly,  1333 
Robinson's  House.  1223. 
Roohambeau,  Count,  1334 
Rocky  Mount,  View  at,  1224. 
in,  1335. 
-   Canal,  near  New 

Orleam 
Rosecrans  W  S  .  1227 
Ross,  John,  1238. 

11  .  1338. 

I  'he.  964 

Ruffln,  Edmund,  631 

Romford.  Count.  1383. 

Mi.  1386. 


Sackett's   Harbor    in   1812, 
thur,  1240. 


St.  John's  Church,  Richmond. 
1461. 

St.  John's,  Military  Establish- 
ment at,  1241. 

St.  Simon.  Claude  Anne,  1243. 

Salmon  River,  Landing  place 
of  Troops  at,  646. 

Sanders's  Creek.  View  at.  1245 

Sandwich,  Barracks  at.  197. 

Sandy  Creek.  Place  of  Battle 


1J47 


Seal 


1,1 


Snuitarv  Commisi 

1439. 
Scene  of  Battle  on  ] 

and,  1165. 
Scholield,  J.  M..  1254. 
School  ship  Sabine,  1408. 
Schuyler.  Philip.  1259. 
Schuvler's  House  at  Albany, 

1366. 
Schuvler's  House  at  Saratoga, 

136ft 
Scott.  Wmfield,  1261. 
Scott's  Medal.  1262. 
Seaburv,  Bishop.  Monumcnlof. 

1263. 
Seal  of  the  President  of  Con- 
Seal  of  the  United  Slates,  1264 
Semmes.  Raphael,  1270. 
Seward.  William  H  ,  1276 
- 

lal,  1280. 
Sherbrooke,  Sir  John  Cope,  689. 
Sheridan,  Philip  H  ,  1381 
Sherman.  \V  T  .  1383 
Shirley,  William,  12* 
Shubrick,W.  H  .  1388 
Sickles.  Daniel  E.,  1287. 
SigeL  Krai 

signal  b 

r,  1391 
Signals  hv  Flags,  1290. 
Signals,  N ■•■ 

Signatures  of  the  C;ispee  Com- 
mittee. 661 

-  to  Treat  v  of  Peace, 
of.  1066. 
Signers  of  the  Declaration  of 

Independence.  1-'.,, 

Signatures  of,  1293. 

the  Declaration  of 

Independence,  Portraits  of 

the.  1292. 

Skirmish  on  the  Green  at  Lex- 
Slater,  Samuel.  199S. 
Slave  chain,  ta>t  in  Maryland. 

Sluieii.  John,  1304 
Smallwood,  William,  1308 

Smith.  Captain  John.  1307. 
Smith.  Samuel.  1310. 
Smith's  (John)  Coat-ofarms, 

Smith's  House.  1411 
Smith's  (Melancthon)  Monu 

nieiit.  U09. 

Destruction  at,843. 
South  Carolina  V\  l| 
South  Carolina  Institute.  3K1 
South  Carolina  Medal.  1319 
South  Carolina.  Secession  Ban 

ner  of,  1320 
South  Carolina,  State  Seal  of, 

1318. 
Stamp,  A.  1334 
Stamp.  Hack  of  a.  1314 
Stanton.  Edwin  M  .  1336 
Star  of  Ou  liv,7.  1337 
Star    spangled     Banner,    Fac 

simile  ol  Portion  of  the  Orig 

inal  Song 
Stark.  John.  1338. 
State  Department  Seal,  458 

State-house,  Philadelphia,  Wal 

nut  street  Front.  1219 
Steamboat,  old  Hudson  River. 

1345 
Steele.  Frederic.  1346. 
Stephen-.  Alexander  H.,  1347 
Steuben,  Bat 
- 

Steuben's  Monuments,  1348 
Stevens's    Floating    Battery, 

1349. 


vm 

Stewart,  Charles,  1350. 
Stewart's  Medals,  310, 1355. 
Stirling.  Lord.  '20. 
Stockton's  House  "Morven," 

1351. 
Stone  Idol  at  Copan,  32. 
Stone   Tower    at    Newport, 

1027. 
Stonington  I'!  is.  1363. 
Slonv  Creek,  Buttle  ground  of, 

1351. 
Stony  Point.View  of,  1355. 
Story,  Joseph.  1356. 
Strieker,  John,  1013. 
Strmgh :im.  S.  II.,  1357. 

Stnrgis,  S  D 

Stuyvcsant,  Peter.  1358. 
Sugar-house  in  Liberty  Street, 

1147. 
Sullivan.  John.  1301. 
Sumter,  Privateer,  289. 
Sumter,  Thomas,  136a 
Swamp  angel  Battery,  1367. 
Swift,  Joseph  t;  . 
Syinmes's  Monument,  1368. 


Talbot.  Silas,  1369. 
Tallmadge.  Benjamin,  1370. 
Tammany  Hall.  1370. 
Tarleton,  Sir  Banastre.  1371. 
Ta-ron-tee,  or   Riviere   aux 

Canards.  1372. 
Taylor,  Zachary,  1375. 
Taylor's  Residence,  1375. 
Teeumtha,  1377 
Tecumtha.  Birthplace  of,  1392. 
Temple,  The,  near  Newburgh, 

969. 
Tennessee.  State  Sea)  of,  1380. 
Texas,  St  He  Seal  of,  1384. 
Thames,  Battle  ground  of  the. 

1389. 
Thomas,  George  II. .  1395. 

Thomson.  Charles,  1396. 
Tippecanoe    Battle-ground. 

1399. 
Todd,  Charles  S,  1401. 
Toombs,  Robert,  1403 
Toronto,  Old  Fort  at,  1666. 
Toronto,  Powder-magazine  at. 

1654. 


INDEX  TO   ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Toronto,  Remains  of  Western 
Battery  near.  1554. 

Torpedo  Net,  166a 

6  .VI,  1405. 
Totems,  694. 

ive,  1407. 
Trading  Ford  on  the  Catawba, 

594. 
Treasury  Department  Seal, 458. 
Trumbull.  Jonathan.  1421. 
Trumbull's  House.  1421. 
Trumbull's  War-office,  1421. 
Truxtun.  Thomas,  Medal  pre 

seuted  to,  1422. 
Truxtuu's  Grave.  1422 
Tryon's  Seal  and   Signature, 

1423. 
Turkey-fool's  Rock,  466. 
Tyler,  John,  1425. 

TJ. 

I'ncas.  Monument  of,  1427. 
Union  Devices.  1431,  1132. 

V. 

Vali.aoolid  Cathedral,  697. 
Vallandigham,  C.  I..,  1442. 
Valley    Forgo,  Washington's 

Headquarters  at.  1442. 
Van  Buren.  Martin.  1443. 
Van  Cortlandt's  Sugar-house, 

1147. 
Van  Home,  Thomas  B..  1440. 
Van    Rensselaer,   Solomon, 

1447. 
Van     Rensselaer,    Stephen, 

1447. 
Van  Wart's  Monument,  204. 
Verazzani,  John,  1451. 
Vergcnncs.  Charles  6. .  1452. 
Vermont.  State  Seal  of.  1452. 
View  at  the  Mouth  of  the  Ken- 

ig,  690. 
Villeiy's    Mansion    near   New 

Orleans.  987. 
Virginia. Colonial  Seal  of.  1458. 
Virginia.  State  Seal  of.  1464. 


Warren,  Joseph,  1475. 
Warren,  Mercy.  1476. 

Monument.  1475. 
Warrington.  Lewis.  1470. 
Warrington  Medal,  1067. 
Washington  Elm.  The,  1489. 
Washington  Family,  Arms  of 

the,  1483. 
Washington  Family,  Residence 

of  the";  1482. 
AVashiugton,  Fort,  21. 
Wash  i  ngton,  Gold  M  edal  award- 
ed to.  583. 
Washington, Houdon's  Bustof, 

1481. 
Washington,  Lawrence,  1483. 
Washington.  Manila.  1484. 
Washington  Medal.  1480. 
Washington  Monument  at  Bal- 
timore, 1486. 

i    n    Resigning    his 
in.  1488. 
Washington,  Sarcophagus   of, 

1486. 
Washington,  William  A.,  1489. 
Washington. William  A..  Medal 

awarded  to,  1490. 
Washington's  Birthplace.  Site 

of.  1481. 
Washington's  Headquarters  at 

Cambridge,  1485. 
Washington's  Headquarters  at 

Tappan,  47. 
Washington's  Mother,  Tomb  of, 

1483. 
Washington's    Xew    Family 

Vault,  1486. 

inn's     Old     Family 

Vault,  1480. 
Washington's    Order    against 

Profanity,  1492. 
Wasp  on  a  Frolic  (Caricature). 

1494. 
Wayne,  Anthony,  1497. 
Wayne,  Anthony,  Gold  Medal 

awarded  to,  1498. 

Wa>  iii-s  Monument,  1 198 

Wayne's  Residence,  lt',17. 
Weiib  House.  The.  1478 
Webster.  Daniel.  1501. 
Webster.  Noah.  1502. 

Spelling  book.  Fron- 
tispiece to,  1543. 


Weems,  Mason  L.,  1503. 

'11,1504. 
Wentworth.  Banning,  976. 
Wentworth  Mans  on,  1504. 

in   1605. 
West,  Benjamin,  1506. 

.  nia,  Suite  Seal  of, 

1508. 
Whipple.  Abraham,  1513. 
White.  William.  1516. 
Wigwam,  An  Indian,  1519. 
Wilkes,  John.  1521. 
Wilkinsi.il.  James,  1521. 
Willett,  Mai  i: 
Wilhams.  Klea/ar,  1524. 
Williams.  Otho  H 
Williams, Roger, Lauding  place 

of,  1520. 
Wilson,  Henry,  1529. 
Winder,  William  H.  1533. 
Winslow.  Edward,  1533. 
Winslow,  John  A.,  1534. 
Wintcrmoot's.  1548 
Wiuthrop,  John,  1535. 
Wiscons  n,  State  Seal  of,  1536. 
Wise.  Henry  A.,  1536. 
Witches'  Hill,  1539. 
Wolfe.  James,  1540. 
Wolfe's  Monument,  1170. 
Wolfe's  Ravine,  1169. 
Woodhull,  General.  House   in 

which  he  Died,  1544. 

Monument   at  West 

Point,  1542. 
Wool,  John  E.,  1544. 
Wooster,  David,  1545. 
Worden.J.  I..,  1540. 
Wright,  H.  G.,  1547. 
Wyoming  Monument,  1649. 


Yatks.  RiriiAKii.  1551. 
Yeo,  Sir  J.  I.ni 
York  in  1813.  1553. 
Yorktown,  Remains  of  British 
Works  at,  1550. 


ZlNZENDORF,      NlCOLAL'S 

wig,  1660. 
Zouave.  Ellsworth,  1561. 


Harpers'  Popular  Cyclopaedia 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Abbadie,  M.  dr,  Governor  <>f  Louisiana  1763- 
65.  The  King  of  Prance  bad  a  factory  at  New 
Orleans,  and,  in  17t>:s,  Abbadie  arrived  and  as- 
Biimed  the  functions  of  its  direotor-generaJ  with 
the  powers  of  a  military  commandant.  In  I7i>4. 
lie  was  ordered  to  surrender  the  country  to 
Spain,  whioh  he  did  at  the  close  of  the  year. 
Grief  at  tins  change  in  bis  fortunes  caused  his 
death,  Feb.  I.  1766.  Abbadie  was  a  man  of 
noble  impulses :  he  protected  the  Indians. 
caused  the  masters  to  treat  their  slaves  more 
kindly,  and  in  many  ways  endeared  himself  to 
the  Louhnaniana. 

Abbott,  Jacoii.  . -in  eminent  writer  for  youth, 
was  born  at  Hallowell,  Maim-.  Nov.  14,  1803; 
died  at  Farmington,  Maine,  Oct.  31, 1879  Si 
graduated  at  Bowdoin  College  In  1830,  and 
at  Andover  Theological  Seminary  in  1825. 
Prom  1825  to  1829  he  was  professor  <>t"  mathe- 
matics and  natural  philosophy  111  Amherst  Col- 
lege, He  chose  the  pursuit  of  literature  in  the 
attractive  and  useful  Held  of  affording  Instruc- 
tion to  tli"  young.  One  of  the  earliest  of  Ids 
almost  '2'mi  volumes  printed  was  Tke  Young 
cinixtitni.  Issued  the  year  of  Ids  graduation  at 
Audover.  His  books  are  remarkable  for  their 
wealth  of  information,  their  absolute  purity  of 
tone  and  expression,  and  for  their  wonderful  at- 
tractiveness for  the  young  of  both  sexes.  Pen 
nun  have  done  so  muob  for  the  intellectual  ami 
1 1 >•  >i : 1 1  training  of  the  young  for  lives  of  useful- 
ness as  Jacob  Abbott.  His  interest  in  yonng 
people  never  abated  through  a  long  and  labori- 
ous life.  His  utter  years  were  spent  upon  the 
old  homestead  at  Parmington,  significantly 
called  •■  Few  Aores,"  for  its  area  of  land  was 

small  and  it  was  cultivated  and  adorned  by  the 

hands  of  its  <>w  ner.    His  personal  character  was 

as  lovelj  as  his  most  anient  admirer,  among  his 
millions  oi  readers,  could  imagine. 

Abbott  John  Stbtbns  Cabot  (brother  of 
Jacob),  historian,  was  born  at  Brunsti  ick,  Maine, 
Sept.  18,  1805.  He  graduated  at  Bowdoin  Col- 
lege in  1825,  and  at  Andover  Theological  Seni- 
luarj  in  1829.  Ordained  minister  in 
fust  settled  at  Worcester.  His  tiist  work, 
Mothn  ni  Boms,  baa  been  translated  iuto  several 
foreign  languages.  His  literary  labors  have 
I— 1 


I  boon  chiefly  in  the  field  of  history.  Be  was 
settled  over  a  congregation  in  Fair  Haven, 
Conn.,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred 
on  June  17.  1-77. 

Abenakes,  or  Abnakis  (men  of  tin  Pastern 
Land),  a  group  of  Algonqniu  tribes  originally 
occupying  the  Slate  of  Maine.  They  adhered 
to    the    French,    whose    missionaries    converted 

most   of  them   to   Christianity.      (See   Al fon 

Abercrombie,  .I.\mi>.  was  born  at  Qlassangfa, 
Scotland,  in  1706;  died  April  28,  1T-1 .  while 
governor  <>f  Stirling  Castle.     In  1746  he  became 

a  colonel  in  the  British  army;  was  made  major- 

general  in  1756,  lieutenant-general  in  17.".'.),  and 
genera]  in  l77-2.  He  came  to  America  in  17.">(>. 
where  he  held  the  chief  military  command  until 
the  arrival  of  Lord  Loudon.  After  the  depart- 
ure of  that  officer,  Abercrombie  resinned  the 
command.  In  .Inly,  17.">s.  he  attacked  Ticonde- 
roga  with  a  huge  force,  hut  was  repulsed  (see 
Tkxmderoga)  with   a   loss  of  about  2000  men. 

He  was  succeeded  by  General  Amherst  in  Sep- 
tember follow  in^,  returned  to  England  in  1759, 

and  became  a  member  of  Parliament,  wherein 

he  advocated  the  obnoxious  measures  that  led 
to  the  war  of  the  Revolution  in  1775. 

Abercrombie,  Jamks  W..  died  at  Huston. 
Mass..  Jane  24,  1775.  Son  of  General  dames 
Abercrombie.  He  had  served  on  the  stall'  of 
(ieneral  Amherst,  in  America,  and  was  commis- 
sioned a  lieutenant  in  the  British  army  in  March, 
177H.  While  leading  the  British  Grenadiers  in 
the  battle  of  Bunker's  (Breed's)  Hill,  June  17, 
177."i.  he  was  mortally  wounded. 

Abarorosnbte, Johw  Joseph, grad nated  at  the 

West  Point  Military  Academy  ill  1822.  Enter- 
in-;  the  1st  Infantry,  he  was  its  adjutant  from 
1825  to  I-:;:'..  Serving  in  Florida  and  Mexico,  he 
was    promoted   to  lue\  el-lieutenant  colonel    for 

gallantry  in  the  battle  of  Monterey  (which  see), 

where  he  was  severely  wounded.  He  was  com- 
missioned  lieutenant  colonel    in    May.  1852,  COl 

ouel  in  Feb.  1861, and  was  breveted  brigadier- 
general  IT.  s.  Army  March  13,  1865.  In  June 
following  he  retired,  lie  was  a  brigadier-gen- 
eral of  volunteers  in  the  Civil  War.  and  com- 
manded a  brigade  in  Patterson's  division  on  the 


ABOLITION  CONVENTION  ! 

Upper  Potomac  in  1861.     He  was  transferred  to 

Hunks's  division  in  .Inly.  Early  in  1862  he 
joined  the  Army  ofthe  Potomac,  and  was  slightly 
wounded  in  the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks. 

Abolition  Convention  (1794).  Societies  and 
individuals  had,  from  time  to  time, called  the  at- 
tention of  Congress  to  the  Bnbjecj  of  the  aboli- 
tion of  slavery  and  the  slav  c- trade.  There  were 
several  abolition  societies  formed  in  various 
parts  ofthe  free-labor  states,  and  these  sent  del- 
egates to  a  convention  at  Philadelphia,  which 
opened  Jan.  1.  1794.  The  Con  vent  ion  presented 
a  carefully  worded  petition  t<>  Congress,  praying 
that  body  to  do  what  it  might. constitutionally, 
for  the  suppression  ofthe  slave-trade,  to  which 
the  Constitution  gave  a  lease  of  life  for  sixteen 
years  longer.  This  memorial,  with  several  pe- 
titions from  Friends,  or  Quakers,  was  referred 
to  a  Belecl  committee.  A  bill  which  the  com- 
mittee reported  was  passed  without  opposition. 
It  prohibited  the  titting-out  of  ships  in  the  Unit- 
ed States  for  supplying  any  foreign  country  with 
slaves,  under  penalty  of  forfeiture  of  the  vessel 
and  a  line  of  $2000.  This  was  the  first  act  of  Con- 
gress fol  the  suppression  ofthe  sla\  c-tialhc. 

Abolition  of  the  Slave  -  trade  in  Virginia. 
While  Jefferson  was  on  his  way  to  attend  a 
meeting  ofthe  Convention  of  Virginia  (August, 
1774).  he  was  detained  by  sickness.  Ho  s'lit  for- 
ward a  paper  for  the  consideration  of  that  body, 
in  which  his  convictions  concerning  slavery  and 
the  Blave-trade  were  freely  uttered. and  foreshad- 
owed his  draft  of  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence. He  made  special  complaints  of  the 
wrongs  to  Virginia  by  forcing  slavery  upon  her, 
by  the  repeated  veto  ofthe  king,  of  laws  for  its 
banishment.  The  paper  was  approved  every- 
where, and  the  following  resolution,  afterwards 
offered  bj  Peyton  Randolph,  was  passed  by  the 
Virginia  Assembly:  ''After  the  first  day  of 
November  next,  we  will  neither  ourselves  im- 
port, nor  purchase  any  slavt  or  slaves  imported 
by  any  other  person,  either  from  Africa,  the  West 
Indies,  or  any  other  place."  Nearly  all  Virginia 
agreed  to  it.  and  the  traffic  was  abolished. 

Acadia,  or  Acadie,  the  ancient  name  of  Nova 
Scotia  and  adjacent  regions.  It  is  supposed  to 
have  been  visited  by  Sebastian  Cabot  in  1498, 
but  the  first  attempt  to  plant  a  sett  lenient  there 

was  bj  De  Monts,  in  1604,  who  obtained  a  char- 
ter from  the  King  of  France  for  making  settle- 
ments and  carrying  on  trade.  In  that  charter 
it  is  called  Cadic.  and  bj  the  early  settlers  it 
was  known  as  I.'Acadie.  A  settlement  was  made 
at  a  place  named  Fort  Royal  (now  Annapolis), by 
Pontrinconrt,  a  bosom  friend  of  De  Moots,  bnl  it 
was  broken  np  in  1613, bj  Argall, from  Virginia 
■M  /',  \tont»).  In  1631,  the  peninsula  was 
granted  to  Sir  William  Alexander  (see  Alex- 
li  was  linallv  settled  by  the  French, 
and  was  known  as  Acadia  until  il  w  as  ceded  to 

in  in  17i::.  The  Aoadinns  qnietly  re- 
mained after  the  cession,  and,  having  taken  an 
oath  of  fidelity  to  the  British  king,  the]  were 
known  in  the  English- Americau  clonus  :is 
i  be  \,  in  ,    dcadtamt).     after  the 

:    Utrecht   1 1713),  the  question  arose, 


ACADIANS 

"  What  is  meant  by  the  '  ancient  limits  of  Aca- 
dia!'" The  English  claimed,  under  that  appel- 
lation, both  shores  ofthe  Bay  ofFnndy — in  fact, 
the  whole  region  eastward  of  the  Penobscot. 
The  French  limited  it  to  the  peninsula  now 
known  as  Nova  Scotia,  claiming  the  north  shore 
of  the  Bay  of  Fnndy  as  a  pari  of  Canada.  After 
the  treaty  of  Aix  -la-Chapelle,  these  opposing 
claims  were  pressed  with  vigor.  De  la  C.alis- 
sonniere,  governor  of  Canada,  one  of  the  boun- 
dary commissioners,  proceeded  (1749)  to  Paris, 
with  a  vast  number  of  documents,  to  settle  the 
question;  and  troops  from  Canada  established 
the  military  posts  of  Gasperean  and  Beau  Sejom 
at  the  narrowest  part  ofthe  isthmus  which  con- 
nects Nova  Scotia  with  the  main  and  sepa- 
rates the  Bay  ofFnndy  from  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence. In  that  vicinity  was  planted  a  consider- 
able body  of  French  colonists,  warmly  attached 
to  their  ancient  government.  Colonel  Cornwal- 
lis,  English  governor  of  Nova  Scotia,  not  having 
BUfficient  force  to  expel  the  intruders,  caused 
two  opposing  forts  to  be  built  at  Beau  Bassin 
and  Menas.  Meanwhile  the  French  had  estab- 
lished a  fort  near  the  mouth  of  the  St.  John. 

Acadia,  English  Skttlkrs  in.  Nova  Scotia 
having  been  ceded  to  Great  Britain  by  the  treaty 

of  Aix-la-Cbapellc  (which  see  i.  Parliament  vot- 
ed (200,000  to  pay  the  expenses  of  settling  an 
English  colony  there.  Nearly  3800  adventurers 
were  sent  over  in  1749.  and  settled  on  the  bin- 
ders ofthe  Hay  ofChebuctO,  where  they  founded 
the  town  of  Halifax,  and  fortified  it  as  tin-  seal 
ofthe  English  government  there.  These  colo- 
nists were  accompanied  by  Colonel  Edward 
Cornwallis  as  their  governor.  The Acudians, or 
former  French  rattlers,  were  allowed  peaceably 
to  remain  there,  and,  having  sworn  never  to  take 
up  arms  against  their  eoutitrv  men.  submitted 
to  the  English  government,  ami  were  called 
"  French  Neutrals." 

Acadians.  A  colony  of  Bretons,  from  France, 
settled  at  Port  Royal  (now  Annapolis),  in  Nova 
Scotia  in  1604-6  (see  Dt  Monto);  and  the  terri- 
tory now  included  in  Nova  Scotia.  New  liriins- 
wick,  and  the  adjacent  islands  was  called  Aca- 
dia. These  French  emigrants  built  cottages 
sixteen  yean  before  the  Pilgrims  landed  on  the 

shores  of  New  England.     When  English  people 

came,  antagonisms  arising  from  difference  of  re- 
ligion and  nationality  appeared,  and.  after  re- 
peated struggles  between  the  English  and 
French  for  the  possession  of  Acadia,  it  was  oed- 
ed  io  Great  Britain  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht  in 
1713.     Hut  for  many  years  not  a  doaeo  English 

families  were  seen  there.      The  descendants  of 

the  early  French  Bottlers  occupied  the  land, and 
w  ere  a  peaceable,  pastoral  people,  w  ho  never  en- 
gaged in  the  forays  ofthe  French  and  Indians 
along  the  New  England  frontiers.     Thej  were 

attached  to  their  fatherland  and  their  religion, 
and  I  hey  refused  to  light  against  the  former  or 
abjure   the  latter.      This  aliunde  was  accorded 

to  them  by  solemn  agreements,  and  the]  were 
know  n  as"  French  Neutrals."  They  werehapp] 
in  their  neutrality,  and  in  their  isolation  they 

formed   one  great   and   loving   faiuilv.     1'iiic    in 


ACADIANS  : 

morals,  pious  without  bigotry, honest,  industri- 
ous mid  frugal,  they  presented  an  outline  pict- 
ure of  Utopia.  When  New-Euglanders  began  to 
colonize  Nova  Scotia  vigorously,  tlicir  priests, 
tired  with  /eal  for  the  Church,  disturbed  their 
repose  by  dread  of"  heretics"  and  Warnings  not 

to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  i<>  Great  Britain. 
"Better,"  said    the   Jesuits,  "surrender   your 

meadows  to  the  sea.  and  your  treasures  to  the 
tlaines,  than,  at  the  peril  of  your  souls,  to  take 

the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  British  govern- 
ment." So  the  priests,  with  which  Canada  fur- 
nished them,  and  on  whom  they  implicitly  re- 
lied, disturbed  the  peace  and  led  them  on  to 
their  ruinous  troubles.     At  one  time  they  would 

resolve  to  flee  to  Canada;  at  another  the  love  of 
their  homes  would  make  them  resolve  to  remain. 
The  haughtiness  of  British  officers  aided  the 
priests  in  fomenting  disaffection.     The  English 

despised  the  Aeadians  because  they  were  help- 
less in  their  lack  of  knowledge  of  English  laws, 
and  they  were  continually  robbed  of  their  rights 
and  property  by  English  officials.  V7as  any  of 
their  property  demanded  for  the  pnblii 
they  wen-  -not  to  he  bargained  with  for  pay- 
ment;" -'>  the  orders  ran.  Under  various  pre- 
tences they  "ere  continually  shorn,  yet  they 
n kl\  sill  unit  ted  to  I  he  tyranny  of  their  masters. 

The  English  officers  were  authorized  t«>  punish 
Aeadians  for  what  they  might  deem  misbehavior, 

at  their  discretion,  and  if  British  troops  should 

he  annoyed  by  them,  they  might  inflict  vengeance 

on  the  nearest  Aeadians  "  w  hel  her  guilty  or  not." 
Finally,  persuaded  by  the  French  government 
and  their  priests,  the  Aeadians  abandoned  near- 
ly all  of  the   peninsula,  and  settled  themselves 

in  a  fertile  region  mi  the  isthmus  between  the 
northern  extremity  <>f  the  Kay  of  Pundy  and 
Northumberland  Strait.  The  object  of  the 
movement  was  to  make  them  form  a  barrier 
against  the  encroachments  of  the  English. 
There  the  French  built  two  forts,  the  principal 
of  which  was  Bean  Sejonr,oo  the  BayofFnndy, 

w  here  the  istl is  is  only  fifteen  miles  wide.    In 

June.  17.")."),  a  land  and  naval  armament  came 
from  Boston,  landed  at  the  head  of  the  ISa\  of 
1'iindy.  captured  the  forts,  and  took  military 
possession  of  the  country  of  the  French  Neu- 
trals. Tin'  French  soldiers  wen-  sent  to  Lonis- 
bnrg,  and  the  Aeadians  who  hail  been  forced 
into  the  French  service  were  granted  an  amnes- 
ty. Thej  readily  took  an  oath  of  allegiance,  ex- 
peoted  forbearance,  And  went  on  quietly  culti- 
vating their  land  l?ut  the  exasperation  of  the 
people  of  New  England,  because  of  the  horrible 

forays  of  the  French  and  Indians  on  their  fron- 
tiers, had  to  be  appeased,  and  vengeance  was 
inflicted  upon  these  innocent  people.  It  W8S  lv- 
Solved  to  banish  the  French  Neutrals  from  their 

country.  Governor  Shirley  had  proposed  it  years 
before,  in  order  to  supply  then  place  with  Prot- 
estants; and  the  British  government  had  pro- 
moted emigration  thither,  that  a  strong  admixt- 
ure of  Protestants  might  neutralize  the  efforts 

of  the    priests   to   make    the    Aeadians   disloyal. 

Now  Shirley's  scheme  was  adopted,  and  Gener- 
al Winslow,  who  commanded  the  invaders,  WOS 

made    the   executor   of  it.      The   Aeadians   wcie 


ACADIANS 
driven  from  their  country,  and  scattered  among 

the  English   colonies.        (See   .tiililid lis.  Dispersion 

of  the.)  Even  in  this  sad  and  bitter  exile  they 
were  subjected  to  the  hatred  and  cruelty  of 
English  officials.  When  Lord  Loudoun  was  com- 
mander-in-chief in  America,  some  of  the  Aea- 
dians settled  in  Pennsylvania  ventured  to  ad- 
dies-  a  respectful  petition  to  him.  Offended 
because  the  document  was  in  the  French  lan- 
guage, the  earl  seized  five  of  the  Leading  men 
w  ho  signed  the  petition,  and  who  had  been  per- 
sons of  wealth  and  distinction  in  Acadia,  and 
sent  them  to  England,  with  a  reqnesl  that,  to 
prevent  their  being  troublesome  in  the  future, 

they    should    be   consigned    to    hard   service   as 

com n  sailors  in  the  Royal  navy.     The  king 

seems  to  have  approved  the  measure;  and  the 
Lords  of  Trade,  when  the  desolation  of  Acadia 
was  made  complete,  eoner.it  ulatcd  the  profli- 
gate monarch  that  the  zeal  of  the  Governor  of 
Nova  Scotia,  who  had  driven  them  away,  had 
been  ••crowned  with  entire  success."  Exqui- 
sitely cruel  was  the  treatment  these  poor  people 

received  at  the  hands  of  their  conquerors.  The 
method  employed  to  legally  dispossess  tin-  Aea- 
dians of  their  coveted  lands  was  most  disgrace- 
ful. Thej  had  taken  the  oath  of  allegiance,  but 
refused  to  take  an  oath  that  they  would  hear 
anna  against  the  French  if  required,  and  prac- 
tically abjure  their  religion.  Exemption  from 
this  had  been  solemnly  promised  them.  The 
Governor  of  Nova  Scotia  referred  the  matter  to 

the  chief  justice  of  the  province,  as  a  technical 
question  in  law,  whether  one  who  refUSM  to 
take  all  required  oaths  could  hold  lands  in  the 
British  dominions.  The  chief- justice  decided 
against  the  Aeadians.  and  it  w  as  determined  to 
take  their  lands  awa\  from  them,  and  distribute 

them  among  the  English  colonists.    The  French 

government  asked  leave  for  the  Aeadians  to  take 

with  them  their  effects  and  to  settle  where  they 
ehose.     "No,"  replied  their  masters,  ••they  are 

too  useful  subjects  to  be  lost  j  we  must  enrich 
our    colonies    with    them."      I  nfort  unatel y    for 

the  poor  people,  some  of  their  best  nun  present- 
ed  a  petition    to   the  governor  at    Halifax.      lie 

would  not  receive  it,  and  demanded  that  they 
should  immediately  take  tl aths  required  be- 
fore the  Council.  "We  will  do  as  our  people 
may  detot  mine,"  they  meekly  replied,  ami  aaked 
permission*  to  return  home  and  consult  them 
The  next  day.  perceiving  the  perilous  position  of 
their  people,  they  offered  to  take  t he  oaths.  "By 
a  law  of  the  realm,"  said  the  governor, " Roman 

Catholics,  who  have  once  refused  to  take  the 
oaths,  cannot  be  permitted  to  do  SO  afterwards, 
anil  are  considered  Popish  recii-ant  s."  They 
were  east  into  prison,  and  the  chief-just  ice  de- 
cided thai  all  the  French  inhabitants  hundreds 
of  innocent    families   who   were   ignorant    of  all 

these  proceedings     were  ••  rebels  and  Popish  re- 

ciisants,"  and  stood  in  the  way  of  "English  in- 
terests" in  the  country,  and  that  they  had  for- 
feited all  their  possessions  to  the  crown.  So 
their  doom  was  sealed. 

Aeadians.  I'.xi-i  LBIOM  "i  mi  .  The  English 
conquerors  of  Nova  Sootia,or  Acadia,  were  made 
iineasN  b\  the  presence,  is  that  country,  of  12,000 


ACADIANS 

or  15,000  Fronoh  Bomsn  Catholics  attached  to 
their  fatherland  aud  their  Church,  and  in  close 
friendship  with  the  surrounding  Indian  tribes. 
The  English  also  coveted  the  rich  lands  in  pos- 
session of  this  simple,  pastoral  people  (see  dea- 
Hans),  and  it  was  determined  at  a  council  of  the 
local  government  at  Halifax  to  cany  out  the 
atrocious  proposal  of  Governor  Shirley,  namely, 
to  remove  them  in  a  body  from  the  peninsula, 
aud  distribute  them  among  the  several  English 
colonies,  [fthey  were  permitted  to  go  to  Can- 
ada or  Cape  Breton,  they  would  thus  strengthen 
the  enemies  of  the  English;  to  distribute  them 
would  destroy  their  strength  and  prevent  at- 
tempts to  return.  To  accomplish  this,  a  dis- 
graceful artifice  was  employed.  The  English  au- 
thorities issued  a  proclamation,  ordering  "  both 
old  and  young  men,  as  well  as  all  the  lads  of  ten 
years  of  age,"  to  assemble  on  Sept.  5,  1756,  at 
designated  places.  They  obeyed.  The  proceed- 
ings at  one  place  afford  a  fair  picture  of  those 
at  all  others.  At  Grand-Pie.  418  unarmed  men 
and  youths  were  assembled,  and  marched  into 
the  church.  There  General  Winslow  told  them 
they  had  been  called  together  to  hear  the  de- 
cision of  the  King  of  England  in  regard  to  the 
French  inhabitants  of  the  province.  ••  Your 
lands  and  tenements."  he  said.  "  cattle  of  all 
kind-,  ami  live  stock  of  all  sorts,  are  forfeited 
to  the  crown,  and  you.  yourselves,  are  to  be 
removed  from  this  his  province.  1  am,  through 
his  majesty's  goodness,  directed  to  allow  you 
liberty  to  cany  oft' your  money  and  household 
g Is,  as  many  as  you  can,  without  discom- 
moding the  vessels  you  go  in.  You  are  how 
the  king's  prisoners."  Every  household  in  Grand- 
Pie  was  tilled  with  consternation.  At  Grand- 
1're  alone  1923  men,  women,  and  children 
were  driven  on  board  British  vessels  at  the 
point  of  the  bayonet.  Full  7000  were  thus 
expelled  from  their  homes  in  Acadia.  The 
men  and  boys  assembled  at  the  church  went 
tirst  ;  the  sisters,  wives,  and  daughters  had  to 
wail  tor  other  transports.  They  marched  from 
the  church  to  the  water's  edge,  some  in  sullen 
despair,  others  with  hands  clasped  and  eyes  up- 
lifted, praying  ami  weeping, and  others  singing 
hymns,  while  on  each  side  of  the  sad  procession 
was  a  row  of  w  omen  and  children  on  their  knees, 
imploring  blessings  upon  the  heads  of  dear  ones. 
They  were  all  finally  distributed  in  the  various 
English  colonies.  Many  families,  separated  at 
the  outset    by  the  cruel   arrangements  for  their 

transportation,  were  never  reunited ;  and  for  a 

long  time  the  colonial  new  -papers  contained  ad- 
vert i-einent-  seeking  information  about  frag- 
ments of  dismembered  families.  They  were 
dropped  along  the  shores  of  the  English  colonies. 
from  the  Peuobsool  to  the  Savannah,  without 
resources,  ami  ignorant  of  tin'  language  of  the 
people  among  whom  they  were  thrust,  except 
ing  in  South  Carolina,  where  the  Engnenot  fam- 
ilies treated  them  with  great  kindness.     The] 

abhorred  the  aim- -house  ami  dreaded  service  in 
English    families.      They   J  earned    intensely    for 

their  native-  land  ami  kindred  in  language  aud 
religion.     Many  wandered  through  the  forests 

to    Canada    and    Louisiana       men.  women,  and 


ACCIDENTAL  DISCOVERERS 

children — sheltered  in  bush-camps  and  kindly 
cared  for  by  the  Indians,  that  they  might  rest 
under  French  dominion.  Some  families  went  to 
sea  in  open  boats,  to  find  their  way  back  to  Aca- 
dia :  and.  coasting  along  the  shores  of  New  Eng- 
land, w  ere  there  met  by  orders  from  Nova  Scotia 
to  stop  all  returning  fugitives.  Many  touching 
stories  of  parents  seeking  their  children,  hus- 
bands their  wives,  and  lovers  their  affianced 
have  been  related.  It  is  a  sad.  sad  story  of 
man's  inhumanity  to  man. 

Accession  of  Rhode  Island  to  the  Union. 

Rhode  Island  at  tirst  refused  to  consider  the 
National  Constitution  :  but  when  the  new  Na- 
tional Government  went  into  operation  under 
it,  the  people  of  that  little  state  (who  had  been 
generously  ottered  by  the  new  Constitution  an 
equal  representation  in  the  National  Senate  with 
the  large-t  state  .  began  to  feel  their  isolation 
keenly,  and  early  in  1790  the  Legislature,  by  tin- 
east  ing  vote  of  the  governor,  authorized  the  call- 
ing of  a  State  Convention  to  take  that  funda- 
mental law  of  the  land  into  consideration.  In 
that  convention  there  was  a  majority  of  oppo- 
nents of  the  Constitution.  They  dared  not  reject 
the  instrument  outright,  and  postponed  action  by 
carrying  a  motion  for  adjournment.  The  seces- 
sion of  the  two  commercial  towns  of  Providence 
and  Newport  was  openly  talked  of.  as  was  also 
a  partition  of  the  whole  state  between  Massa- 
chusetts and  Connecticut.  At  length  (May  18, 
1790)  the  National  Senate  passed  a  bill,  and  sent 
it  down  to  the  House,  for  prohibiting  commer- 
cial intercourse  with  the  recusant  state,  ami  au- 
thorizing a  demand  upon  it  forherquota  towards 
the  Continental  debt.  On  the  reassembling  of 
the  Rhode  Island  Convention,  the  Constitution 
was  ratified  by  a  majority  of  two  votes.  The 
convention  proposed  twenty-one  amendments  to 
the  Constitution,  and  adopted  a  Hill  of  Rights. 
On  the  1st  of  June,  1790,  the  President,  in  a  mes- 
sage to  both  Houses,  announced  the  accession  of 
Rhode  Island.  Thus  the  thirteen  stall's  were 
again  united. 

Accidental  Discoverers.  About  the  year 
860,  Noddodr,  an  illustrious  sea-rover,  driven  by 
a  storm,  discovered  Iceland,  and  named  it  Snow- 
land.  Not  many  years  afterwards.  Earl  Ingolf, 
of  Norway,  sought  Iceland  as  a  refuge  from  tyr- 
anny, and  planted  a  colony  there.  Greenland 
was  discovered  by  accident.  One  of  the  early 
settlers  in  Iceland  was  driven  westward  on  the 
Bet  by  ■  Storm,  and  discovered  Greenland.       To 

that  retreat  Brie  the  Bed  was  compelled  to 
ilv   from    Iceland,  and   finding   it    more   fertile 

than  the  latter,  named  it  Greenland,  made  it 
his  place  of  abode,  and  attracted  other  North- 
men thither.  Among  Erie's  followers  was  a 
Norwegian,  whose  -on  I.jaini.  or  liiarne,  a 
promising  yonng  man.  trading  bet"' 
way  and  Iceland,  and  finding  his  father  gone 
with  Brio,  proposed  to  his  crew  i.- 
his  parent  in  Greenland.  They  wire  driven 
westward,  ami.   it    is   believed,  they   saw    the 

Ameiicaii     continent     in     the     ' 

-..n-    nt    Brio    heard    the    -r-n,-    ..|    r.jarni,   aud 

one  of  them.  Lief,  -ailed   in   scaich   of  the  new 


ACLAND  I 

lv  discovered  land,  and  found  it.  (See  North- 
men.) 

Acland,  Christina  Harriet  Caroline  Fox, 
daughter  <>t'  tin-  Bar]  of  llcbester,  was  bom  in 
l?.")i);  died  at  Tetten,  Dear  Taunton,  England, 
Jnly  21, 1815.  She  married,  In  1770.  Major  John 
Dyke  Acland,  of  the  British  army,  \\1m>  was 
with  Burgoyue  in  bis  campaign  in  Northern 
New  York,  which  ended  with  the  capture  of 
himself  and  army  at  Saratoga  in  the  antnrou 
of  1777.  In  the  battle  of  October  7.  her  lms- 
band  was  severely  wonnded  and  taken  prisoner. 
She  obtained  permission  to, join  him  within  the 
American  lines,  where  she  tenderly  nursed  him. 
she  had  accompanied  her  husband  during  the 
whole  campaign,  and  had  won  the  admiration 
of  all  by  her  gentle  spirit,  her  wifely  devotion, 
and  her  fortitude.  After  Major  Acland's  re- 
covery they  went  to  New  Fork  and  thence  to 
England.  She  is  familiarly  known  as  "Lad} 
Harriet  Acland."  The  popular  Btorj  that,  af- 
ter her  husband's  death  in  a  duel,  she  became 
insane     for    a    time,    ami     filially    married     Mr. 

Brndenell,    a    chaplain    in    Bnrgoyne'e    army 

(who  accompanied  her  through  the  lines  to 
her  wounded  husband),  is  untrue.  8he  died  the 
widow  of  Major  Acland,  as  the  burial  register 
attests,  according  to  a  letter  received  by  Will- 
iam I.,  stone  from  sir  Tl tas  Dyke  Acland,  a 

grand-nephew  of  Major  Acland.      In  that   letter 


ACUERA'S  KEBUKE 

Harriet,   was   permitted  to  pass  throngh  the 

lines    and    attend    him.       She    was    kindly    re- 
ceived  and    treated    by   the  American  officers, 


ClllllSTINA     IIAHKlhl     All    \Mi. 

it  is  asserted  that  the  Story  that  Major  Acland 
was   "shot    through    the   head    ami    killed"  in   a 

duel  is  equally  nutrue.     <  s,e  Acland,  Major.) 

Acland,  MaJOH  John  Dyim:.  was  an  officer 
in  the'  British  army,  and  a  commander  of  gren- 
adiers.    He  was  with  Burgoyne  in  bis  Invasion 

of  Northern  New   York   in  1777.  and  at  the  same 

time  he  was  a  member  of  Parliament.  In  the 
battle  at  Saratoga  (Oct.  7.  1777)  In-  was  severe- 
ly w ided    -shot  through  the  lege      and  made 

a  prisoner.  Taken  to  the  American  headquar- 
ters on  Bemis'e  Heights,  bis  devoted  wife,  Lady 


and  their  bearing  towards  their  wounded  pris- 
oners excited  the  Major's  gratitude  and  warm 
esteem.      Alter   his   return    to    England   he    was 

provoked  to  give  the  lie  direct  to  Lieutenant 

Lloyd,    at     a     dinner-party,    because    the    latter 

cost   aspersions  upon  the  Americans.     A  duel 

BUSned  on  Bampton  Down.  The  Major  was  un- 
hurt, but  a  severe  cold,  which  lie  contracted  at 
the  time  of  the  duel,  culminated  in  a  liver, 
which   caused   his  death  at    his  scat  at    Pixtnil, 

Somersetshire  (now  the  residence  of  the  Earl 
of  Carnarvon,  a  great-grandson  of  Lady  Ac- 
hud),  on  the  :;isl  of  October.  1778.  Ills  wid- 
ow  survived  him  thirty-seven  yean.      Sketch  Oj 

Lady  Acland  hit  II'.  1..  slum.  (See  A*  land.  Lady 
Harriet.) 

Acuera's  Rebuke.  The  cruelties  of  Nar- 
vac/  anil  I  )e  Soto  in  Florida  aroused  among  the 
native     tribes    feelings    Of   the    bitterest    hatred 

Narvaez  caused  a  captive  cacique,  or  chief,  to 

be  mutilated  after  the  first   engagement   with 

the   hostile    Indians.       His  nose   was  cut  oil.  and 

he  was  otherwise  disfigured;  and  the  invader 

caused    fierce    blood-hounds   to   tear   the  chief's 

mother  in  pieces  in  the  presence  of  her  chil- 
dren. Narvaez  supposed  this  would  strike  ter- 
ror, and  make  conquest  eaaj  ;  bul  he  was  mis- 
taken. (See  \umii:.)  1  )e  Soto  had  blood- 
hounds, iron    neck  -  collars,   hand-culfs,  chains. 

ami  instruments  of  torture,  wherewith  to  sub- 
due the  barbarians,  who  were  reallj   less  bar 

barons  ih.m  he.  lie  loaded  his  captives  with 
chains,  and  made  beasts  of  biudeli  of  them  re- 
gardless of  age  or  s,\.  Atti  i  some  acts  of  this 
kind,  he  sought  to  conciliate  Aciiera,  a  (reek 
Cacique,  or  ruler,  whose  territory  he  had  in- 
vaded, for  he  was  powerful,  ami  commanded 
many  warriors.  I  )e  Soto  invited  the  dusk} 
Sovereign  to  a  friendly  interview,  when  he  re- 
ceived from  Aouera  this  haughty  reply:  "Oth- 


ADAIR 

prs  of  your  accursed  race  [Narvaez  ami  his 
men]  have,  in  years  past,  disturbed  our  peace- 
ful shores.  They  have  taught  me  what  you 
are.  What  is  your  employment  ?  To  wander 
about  like  vagabonds  from  land  to  land :  to 
rob  the  poor  aud  weak  ;  to  betray  the  con  tid- 
ing [see  Maiden  Indian  Quern];  to  minder  the 
defenceless  in  cold  blood.  No!  with  such  a 
people  I  want  ueither  peace  nor  friendship. 
War — never-ending,  exterminating  war — is  all 
I  ask.  You  boast  yourselves  to  be  valiant — 
and  so  you  may  be :  but  my  faithful  war- 
riors are  not  less  brave,  and  of  this  you  shall 
one  day  have  proof,  for  I  have  sworn  to  main- 
tain an  unsparing  conllict  while  one  white  man 
remains  in  my  borders  :  not  openly  in  the  bat- 
tle-field, though  even  thus  we  fear  not  to  meet 
you.  but  by  stratagem,  amluish.  and  midnight 
surprisal."  De  Soto  then  demauded  that  Acu- 
era  should  yield  obedience  to  the  Spanish  mon- 
arch. "I  am  a  king  in  my  own  land,"  said  the 
cacique,  '-and  will  never  become  the  vassal  of  a 
mortal  like  myself.  Vile  and  pusillanimous  is 
he  who  submits  to  the  yoke  of  another  when 
he  may  be  free  !  As  for  me  and  my  people,  we 
prefer  death  to  the  loss  of  liberty  and  the  sub- 
jugation of  our  country."  De  Soto  could  nev- 
er pacify  Acuera,  and  during  the  twenty  days 
that  be  remained  in  the  cacique's  dominions 
his  command  suffered  dreadfully.  A  Spaniard 
could  not  go  a  hundred  paces  from  his  camp 
without  being  slain,  and  his  severed  head  be- 
ing carried  in  triumph  to  Acuera.  Fourteen 
Castilians  so  perished,  and  many  were  severely 
wounded.  '"Keep  on!  robbers  and  traitors!" 
said  the  cacique.  "  In  my  province  and  in  Apa- 
lacha  you  will  be  treated  as  you  deserve.  We 
will  quarter  and  hang  every  captive  on  the 
highest    tree."      And    they    did    so.      (See    De 

Sol,.., 

Adair,  John,  born  in  Chester  Co., 
17,">7:  died  at  Harrodsburg.  Ky..  May  19,  1840. 
He  served  in  the  Continental  army  during  the 
Revelation,  and  in  the  wars  against  the  frontier 
Indians.  1791-93.  He  was  I'.  S.  Senator  in  Con- 
gress in  1805-6;  and  as  volunteer  aid  to  Gen- 
eral Shelby  at  the  battle  of  the  Thames,  in  1813, 
he  showed  much  bravery  and  skill.  He  distin- 
guished himself  as  commander  of  the  Kentucky 
t  roops  in  t  he  bat  tie  of  New  Orleans..  January.  1815. 
Prom  1820  to  1824  he  was  Governor  of  Kentucky, 
having  served  in  the  Legislature  of  that  state: 
and  from  l-:'.l  to  l-:;:'>  was  a  representative  in 
Congress. 

Adams,  CHABXEB  FRANCIS,  I. !..!>..  son  of 
John  Qniney  Adams,  was  bom  in  Boston,  Ang. 
18,  1807,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  University 
in  L825.  Be  accompanied  his  father  to  Si  Pe- 
tersburg and  England,  where  he  passed  much 
of  his  childhood  until  the  return  of  his  family 
to  America  In  1-17.  Mr.  Adams  studied  law  in 
the  office  of  Daniel  Webster,  and  was  admitted 

to  the   bar   in    I--,'*,  but    never  practise. 1   it  .is  ;i 

vocation,     in  1829  he  married  a  daughter  of 
Petal  <    Brooks,  of  Boston.     For  ih  i 
v\as  ■  member  of  the  Legislature  "i  Maimm  nu- 
Mtts.     Having  left  tin-  whig  Party, he  ires  ■ 


ADAMS 

candidate  of  the  Free-soil  Party  (which  see) 
in  1848  for  the  Vice- Presidency  of  the  United 

States.  Mr.  Van  Ruren  being  the  candidate  for 
the  Presidency.  They  were  defeated.  In  1850- 
56  Mr.  Adams  published  the  Life  and  Works  of 
John  Adam*  (his  grandfather),  in  ten  volumes. 
In  1659  he  was  elected  to  a  seat  in  Congress 
from  the  district  which  his  father  loug  repre- 
sented. He  was  then  a  Republican  in  politics. 
In  Match.  1861,  he  was  appointed  Minister  to 
Great  Britain,  where  he  managed  his  diplomat- 
ic duties  with  much  skill  during  one  of  the 
most  trying  times  in  our  history — that  of  the 
Civil  War.  He  remained  as  American  Minister 
in  London  until  1S6S,  when,  in  February,  he  re- 


CHABLES   FRANCIS  ADAMS. 


signed.  In  1876  Mr.  Adams  was  first  a  Liber- 
al Republican,  and  then  a  Democrat,  in  poli- 
tics. His  labors  in  the  field  of  literature  have 
been  various.  From  1-i.".  to  1848  he  edited  a 
daily  newspaper  in  Boston,  and  has  long  been 
either  a  regular  or  an  occasional  contributor  to 
the  North  American  Review.  His  principal  task 
has  been  the  preparation  of  the  Life  and  Works 
of  John  Adams,  in  ten  volumes,  and  a  A//,  of 
John  Adams,  in  two  volumes,  in  l-7o.  He  has 
also  issued  the  Life  and  Work*  of  John  (Juiiicy 
Adams  (his  father),  in  12  volumes. 

Adams,  Hannah,  historian,  was  born  in 
Medtield.  Mass..  in  17.").".:  died  at  Brookliue, 
Mass.,  Nov.  l">.  183L  By  an  early  fondness  for 
study,  which  was  promoted  by  her  father,  a 
man  of  literary  tastes,  she  obtained  a  knowl- 
of  Latin  ami  Greek  from  some  divinity 
students  boarding  at  her  father's  house  before 
she  had  arrived  at  full  womanhood.  Her  la- 
ther, a  shop-keeper,  failed  in  business  when 
she  was  seventeen  yean  of  age,  and  his  chil- 
dren were  compelled  to  help  themselves.  Dur- 
ing the  war  for  independence,  she  supported 
herself  by   teaching  and   lace- making.     Miss 

Adams    wrote    a    History   of  the  Jens,  in   which 

she  was  assisted  by  the  Abbe*  Gregoire,  with 
whom  she  corresponded.  She  also  wrote  a 
History    of   Sue    England,   published    in    1799 

She    also     wrote    books    on     religions    subjects  ; 

ami.  in   l-ii.  she  published  a  Consrovmst)  with 

Rev.Jedediah).    Her  autobiography, 

continued  bj   Mrs.  G.  G.  1-ee.  was  published  in 

L83B.     Miss  Adams  was  small  in  stature, very 


ADAMS 

deaf  in  lier  old  age.  fond  of  strong  tea,  and  an 
inveterate  snuff-taker.  She  derived  very  little 
peoauiary  gains  from  her  writings:  bnt  lier 
friends  established  a  comfortable  annuity  for 
her.  She  was  one  of  the  pioneer  literary 
women  of  our  country,  possessing  rare  modes- 
ty and  great  purity  of  character.  Her  re- 
mains were  tlit!  lii st  interred  in  Mount  Au- 
burn Cemetery. 

Adams,  John,  second  President  of  the  Unit- 
ed States;  born  at  Braintree  (near  Qnincy), 
Mass.,  Oct  19,  IT:;:.:  died  there  July  4.  1826. 
He  graduated  at   Harvard  University  in  175"). 

and    immediately   afterwards   taught   school    at 

Worcester,  where  he  began  the  study  of  law. 
His  rather  was  in  moderate  circumstances— a 
selectman  ami  a  farmer.  Beginning  the  pro- 
fession of  law  in  Braintree  in  L758,  he  soon 
acquired  a  good  practice;  ami.  when  he  was 
twenty-nine  years  of  age,  he  married  Abigail 
Smith,  an  accomplished  woman  possessed  of 
great  common-sense.  His  firs!  appearance  in 
the  political  arena  was  as  author  of  "Instruc- 
tions of  the  Town  of  Braintree  to  its  Represent- 
atives »n  the  Subject  of  tin-  Stamp  Act,"  which 
was  adopted  by  over  forty  towns.  Associated 
with  Gridley  and  Otis  in  supporting  a  memori- 


al addressed  to  the  Governor  and  Council. pray- 
ing thai  the  courts  might  proceed  without  the 
use  of  stamps,  Adams  opened  the  case  bj  de- 
claring  that  the  Stamp  Act  was  void,  as  Par- 
liament hail  no  right  to  make  surli  a  law. 
He  began  early  to  write  political  essays  for  the 
newspapers;  and.  in  I7i>~.  he  went  to  Boston, 
when  the  town  was  greatly  excited  by  politi- 
cal disturbances.  There  he  was  counsel  for 
Captain  Preston  in  the  case  of  the  "Boston 
Massacre"  (which  see);  and  in  the  same  year 

1770)   he   was  sleeted  to  a  seal   in  t! 
Court.      From    that    time    John   Adams    was    a 
leader   among   the   patriots   in    ICassaehnsetts. 
I  delegate  to  the  first  Continental  Con- 
gress   it;  i ).  when  he  took  a  leading  pan.    Re- 


ADAMS 

turning,  lie  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Pro- 
vincial Congress.  He  was  an  efficient  speaker 
and  most  useful  committee-man  in  the  Conti- 
nental Congress  until  he  was  appointed  com- 
missioner to  France,  late  in  1777.  to  supersede 
Deauc.  He  advocated,  helped  to  frame,  voted 
for,  and  signed  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence, and  he  was  a  most  efficient  member  of 
the  Board  of  War  from  .June.  177t>,  until  De- 
cember, 1777.  He  reached  Paris  April  8,  177>. 
where  he  found  a  feud  between  Franklin  and 
Lee.  two  other  commissioners.  He  advised  in- 
trnsting  that  mission  to  one  commissioner,  and 
Franklin  was  made  sole  ambassador.  He  was 
appointed  minister  (1771M  to  treat  with  Great 
Britain  for  peace,  and  sailed  for  France  in  No- 
vember. He  did  not  serve  as  commissioner 
there,  but.  ill  .July.  1780,  he  went  to  Holland 
to  negotiate  a  loan.  Hi-  was  also  received  by 
the  States-General  as  United  States  Ambassa- 
dor, April  19,  1783.  He  obtained  a  loan  for 
Congress  of  two  million  dollars,  and  made  a 
treaty  of  amity  and  commerce.  He  returned 
to  Paris  in  October,  and  assisted  in  negotiating 
the  preliminary  treaty  of  peace.  With  Frank- 
lin and  .lay.  he  negotiated  a  treaty  of  com- 
merce with  Great  Britain;  and,  in  the  follow- 
ing winter,  he  negotiated  for  another  Hutch 
loan.  In  1785  Adams  went  as  Minister  to  the 
English  court,  and  then  he  prepared  his  I)t- 
feneeo/tkt  Awterioan  Conititution.  Beiug  coldly 
received,  he  returned  home,  and.  in  17--.  was 
elected   Vice-President   of  the  Fulled  States  uil- 

der  the  National  Constitution.  He  sustained 
tin'   policy  of  Washington  through   the  eight 

years  of  his  administral  ion.  opposed  the  French 
Revolution,  and  was  a  strong  advocate  for  the 
neutrality  of  the  United  states  ^see   Waakimg- 

RMl'«  fro, -Imitation  of  .\ttttialtlii).  In  1798  he 
was  Chosen  President  by  a  small  majority  over 

Jefferson,  and  his  administration  was  vehe- 
mently opposed  by  the  new  party  known  a.s 
Republicans, led  by  the  latter,  its  real  founder. 
He  had  much  trouble  with  the  French  Direc- 
tory (which  see)  throughout  his  entire  admin- 
istration, and  drew  upon  himself  meat  blame 
for  favoring  the  Alien  and  Sedition  Law  (which 
see).  In  his  eagerness  for  re-election  Adams 
offended  a  powerful  faction  of  hi>  party,  and 

was  beaten  by  .lelfersnn  at  the  election  for 
President  in  1800.  Then  he  retired  to  private 
life,  where  he  watched  the  course  of  events 
with  gnat  interest  for  twenty-five  years  long- 
er. His  death  occurred  on  the  same  day,  ami  at 
almost  the  same  hour,  as  that  of  .Jefferson,  his 
colleague  on  the  drafting  -  Committee  and  in 
signing  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  fif- 
ty yean  before.     His  biography,  diary,  essays, 

and  correspondence  were  edited  and  published, 
in  ten  octavo  volumes,  by  his  grandson,  Charles 
Francis  Adams.  Though  courteous  in  his  man- 
ner usually,  be  was,  at  times,  irritable  and  im- 
perious. 

Adams,  .Ioti\  QuincT, sixth  President  of  the 
United  states,  was  born  in  Braintree,  Mass., 
July  11.  171.7  :  died  in  Washington.  I>  I  .  f  b 
93,  1848.  He  was  ■  son  of  President  John 
Adams,  and  graduated  at  Harvard   University 


ADAMS 

in  1787,  In  February,  1778,  lie  accompanied 
his  father  to  Fiance,  where  lie  studied  the 
French   and    Latin    languages    for   nearly  two 


jonx  yn.sev  ADAMS. 

years.  After  an  interval,  he  returned  to  France, 
and  resinned  his  studies,  which  were  subse- 
quently punned  at  Amsterdam  and  at  the 
University  of  Leyden.  At  the  age  of  fourteen 
years,  he  accompanied  Mr.  Dana  to  Russia  as 
his  private  secretary.  The  next  year  he  spent 
some,  time  at  Stockholm, Copenhagen, and  Ham- 
burg. He  afterwards  accompanied  his  father 
(who  was  American  Minister)  to  England  and 
France,  and  returned  home  with  him  early  in 
17-.">.  after  liis  graduation  at  Harvard,  he 
studied  law  with  the  eminent  TbeophilllS  Par- 
sons, practised  at  Boston,  and  soon  became  dis- 
tinguished as  a  political  writer.  In  1791  he 
published  a  series  of  articles  in  favor  of  neu- 
trality with  France  over  the  signature  of  "Pnb- 
lins."  lie  was  engaged  in  the  diplomatic  ser- 
vice of  ins  count r\  as  Minister,  successively,  to 
Holland.  England,  and  Prussia  from  1794  to 
I80t.  lie  received  a  commission,  in  1798,  to  ne- 
gotiate a  treaty  with  Sweden.  At  Berlin  he 
wrote  a  series  of  Letter*  from  SUetia.  Mi. 
Adams  married  Louisa,  daughter  of  Josbna 
Johnson,  American  Consul  at  London,  in  L797. 
He  took  a  seal  in  the  Senate  of  Massachusetts 

in     L802,   and    he    occupied    one    in    that    of  the 

United  states  from  1803  until  1808,  when,  dis- 
agreeing with  the  Legislature  of  Massachu- 
setts on  the  embargo  question,  he  resigned, 
Prom  1808  to  1809  lie  was  professor  of  rhetoric 
in  Harvard  University.     In  the  latter  year  he 

was   appointed    b\    President    Madison    Minister 

to  Russia;   and  in  l-l  I.  while  serving  in  that 

office,  lie  was  chosen   one  of  the   United   States 

commissioners  to  negotiate  a  treaty  of  peace  at 
Ghent.  After  that,  he  ami  Heury  Clay  and  Al- 
bert  Gallatin   negotiated   a  o meroial  treaty 

with  Great  Britain,  winch  was  signed  Julj  13, 


ADAMS 

1S1">.  Mr.  Adams  remained  in  London  as  resi- 
dent Minister  until  1817,  when  he  was  called  to 
the  cabinet  of  President  Monroe  as  Secretary 
of  State.  In  1S24  he  was  elected  President  of 
the  United  States,  and  took  his  seat  as  such 
March  4,  18-2.r),  serving  one  term.  In  1831  he 
was  elected  to  a  seat  in  Congress,  and  was  con- 
tinued in  it  by  successive  elections  until  his 
death,  which  occurred  suddenly  in  the  Capitol. 
His  last  words  were,  "  This  is  the  last  of  earth  : 
1  am  content."  Mr.  Adams  was  a  ripe  scholar, 
an  able  diplomatist,  a  life-long  opponent  of  hu- 
man slavery,  a  bold  and  unflinching  advocate 
for  its  abolition  from  our  land,  and  an  elo- 
queut  orator.  When  he  was  eighty  years  of 
age  he  was  called  "The  old  man  eloquent." 
He  wrote  prose  and  poetry  with  almost  equal 
facility  and  purity  of  diction. 

Adams,  SAM0KL,  was  born  in  Boston.  Sept. 
•27.  1722:  died  there.  Oct.  2.  1803.  He  gradu- 
ated  at  Harvard   University  in    174:2,  and   was 

tuored  with  the  degree  of  LL.D.  by  it  in  1792. 
The  tendency  of  his  mind  was  shown  when,  at 
the  age  of  twenty-one,  receiving  the  degree  of 
A.M..  he  proposed,  and  took  the  affirmative  on. 
the  question,  "Whether  it  be  lawful  to  resist 
the  Supreme  Magistrate  if  the  Commonwealth 
cannot  otherwise  be  preserved  .''*  lie  published 
a  pamphlet  at  about  thi'  same  time  entitled 
Englishmen's  Bights.  He  became  an  unsuccess- 
ful merchant,  but  a  successful  writer;  and 
gained  great  popularity  by  his  political  essays 
against  the  administration  of  Governor  Shirley. 
Stern  in  morals,  a  born  republican,  and  with 
courage  equal  to  his  convictions,  Samuel  Adams 
was  a  natural  leader  of  the  Opposers  of  the 
Stamp  Act  and  kindred  measures  of  Parlia- 
ment, and  from  that  period  (1765)  until  the  in- 
dependence  of  the   colonies   was   achieved   he 


U,    d'i«- 


was  a    foremost   leader  of  the  patriot  host.      He 

suggested  Hie  stamp  Act  Congress,  and  was  a 

Continual  object  of  dread  and  hatred  to  the  co- 
lonial governors.  He  proposed  the  lii -t  Com 
iii 1 1 1 it-  of  Correspondence  in  Massachusetts  In 


ADAMS  AMD  HANCOCK 

1772;  and,  when  General  Gage  besought  him 
to  make  bis  peaee  with  the  kiug,  he  replied, 
"I  trust  I  have  made  my  peace  with  the  King 
of  kings.  No  personal  considerations  shall  in- 
duce  me  to  abandon  the  righteons  oanse  of  my 
oonntry."  In  1774  he  was  the  chief  in  matur- 
ing the  plan  for  a  Continental  Congress ;  was  a 
member  of  it;  and  served  in  thai  body  most  ef- 
ficiently from  that  time  until  1781.  8o  early 
as  1769  Mi.  Adams  advocated  the  independence 

of  the  colonies,  and  was  one  of  the  wannest 
supporters  of  it  in  the  Congress.  When  de- 
bating on  tin-  Declaration  of  Independence. 
Adams  said,  ■  I  should  advise  persisting  in  our 
struggle  for  Liberty  though  it  were  revealed 
from  heaven  that  nine  hundred  and  ninety- 
nine  were  to  peH8b,  and  one  of  a  thousand 
were  to  survive  and  retain  his  liberty.  One 
such  freeman  must  possess  more  virtue, and  en- 
joy more  happiness,  than  a  thousand  slaves; 
ami  let  him  propagate  his  like,  and  transmit  to 
them   what    he    has   so   nobly    preserved.''      Mr. 

Adams  assisted  in  drafting  the  State  Consti- 
tution of  Massachusetts  (1T71I).  was  President 
of    his     Slate     Senate     (1781),    member     of    his 

siate  Convent  ion  that  ratified  the  National  Con- 
stitution, lieuteuant  -  governor  (1789-04),  and 
governor  (1794-97).  He  sympathized  with  the 
French  Revolutionists,  and  was  a  Jeffersonian 
Democrat  in  politics  in  his  latter  days.  The 
purity  of  his  life,  and  his  inflexible  integrity, 

wen-  attested  bj  friends  and  foes.  Hutchin- 
son, in  a  letter  to  his  government,  said  he  was 
of  ••  such  an  obstinate  and  inflexible  disposi- 
tion that  no  rift  nor  oilier  would  ever  concili- 
ate him.''  Hi>  piety  was  sincere,  and  he  was 
a  thoroughbred  Puritan.  Without  fortune. 
without  a  profession,  he  depended  on  moderate 

salaries  and  emoluments  of  oilier;  and  for  al- 
most fifty  years  a  daily  maintenance,  frugal  in 
the  extreme,  was  eked  out  l>y  the  iudnstry  and 
prudence  of  his  second  wife,  whom  he  married 

in  17.77.  Samuel  Adams  appears  as  one  of  the 
grandest  figures  among  representative  Ameri- 
cans. 

Adams  and  Hancock.  Samuel  Adams  and 
.John  Hancock  wire  regarded  as  arch-rebels  by 
General  Gage,  and  he  resolved  to  arrest  them 
and  send  them  to  England  to  be  tried  for 
treason.  A  capital  part  of  his  scheme,  in  send- 
ing oni  the  expedition  i<>  Lexiugtou  and  Cou- 
oord  (April  18  19, 1775),  was  the  seiznre  ol  these 
patriots,  who.  members  of  the  Provincial  Con- 
gress, had  tarried  at  Lexington  on  being  in- 
formed of  Gage's  intention  to  arrest  them  on 
their  return  to  Boston.  They  wen-  at  the  house 
of  Roy  Jonas  Clarke,  and  Gage  thonght  to  sur- 
prise and  capture  them  at  midnight.  The  vigi- 
lant Warren,  learning  the  secret  of  Hie  expedition. 

sent  Paul  Eleven  to  warn  the  patriots  of  their 
daoger.  Severe  waited  at  Cbarlestown  for  a  sig- 
nal-light from  the  sexton  of  the  North  Church, 
to   warn    him   of  the    forward   movement   of  the 

troops,  it  was  given,  and  on  Deacon  Larkin's 
swift   horse    Revere  sped  to  Lexington.     At   a 

little    past     midnight    he    rode     op    to    Clarke's 

house,  which   be  found   guarded  by   Sergeant 

Monroe   and   his   men.      In    hurried    words    he 


ADAMS  AND  LIBERTY 

asked  for  Hancock.  "The  family  have  retired,'' 
said  the  Sergeant,  "  and  I  am  directed  not  to 
allow  them  to  he  disturbed  by  any  noise." 
•Noise!"  exclaimed  Revere;  "  you'll  have  noise 
enough  before  long;  the  regulars  are  coming 
out!"  He  was  then  allowed  to  knock  at  the 
door.  Mr.  Clarke  appeared  at  a  window,  when 
Severe  said.  ••  I  wish  to  see  Mr.  Hancock."  "  I 
do  not  like  to  admit  strangers  into  my  house  so 
late  at  night."  answered  Mr.  Clarke.     Hancock, 

who  was  not  asleep,  recognized  Reveres  voirr. 
and  railed  out.  ■•Come    in.  Severe,  we    are    not 

afraid  of  you."    The  warning  was  given;  the 

whole  household  was  soon  astir,  and  the  two 
patriots  awaited  the  coming  of  the  enemy. 
When  they  approached,  the  "arch-rebels"  were 
persuaded  to  retire  to  a  more  secure  retreat,  fol- 
lowed by  Dorothy  Quiney,  to  whom  Hancock 
was  affianced  (and  whom  be  married  in  Septem- 
ber following),  who  was  on  a  visit  at  Mr. 
Clarke's.  Winn  Adams,  from  a  wooded  hill 
near  Clarke's  house,  saw  the  beginning  of  the 
skirmish  at  Lexington,  he  exclaimed,  with  pro- 
phetic prescience,  "What  a  glorious  morning 
for  America  is  this!"  In  a  proclamation  (Juno 
12)  in  which  he  denounced  those   in  arms  and 

their  abettors  to  I rebels  and   parricides  of 

tin-  Constitution."  and  offered  a  free  pardon  to 
all  who  should  forthwith  lit  urn  to  their  alle- 
giance, General  Gage  excepted  Adams  and  Han- 
cork,  who  were  outlawed,  and  for  whom  he  of- 
fered a  reward  as  "arch-traitors." 

"Adams  and  Liberty."  In  the  spring  and 
early  summer  of  1798,  a  war-spirit  of  great  inteu 
sity  excited  the  American  people.  The  conduct  of 

Prance  towards  the  United  States  and  its  minis- 
ters   had   caused    the    American    government    to 

make  preparations  for  war  upon  the  French. 
In  June,  Robert  Treat  Paine,  a  poet  of  consider- 
able merit,  and  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  was 

engaged  to  write  a  patriotic  song  to  be  sung  at 

the  anniversary  of  the  ••  Massachusetts  Charila- 

Society."     lb-  composed  our  which  he 

entitled  •■Adams  and  Liberty."  It  was  adapted 
to  the  spirit  of  the  time,  and  had  a  wonderful 
effect  upon  the  people.  Il  was  really  a  war- 
song,  in  nine  stanzas.  The  following  vera  B  ex- 
pressed the  temper  of  the  people  then: 
"While  Franca  her  huge  limb*  bathes  recumbent  in  blood, 

An, I  Si  it-  w  illi  wiili'  dissolution. 

tuu  Peace,  like  the  dove,  who  retained  from  thi 
Kind  an  ark  of  abode  In  our  mild  Constitution. 

urn  though  Peace  1-  rur  aim, 

V/el  the  boon  we  disclaim, 
[Thought  by  our  Bov'retgnty,  Justice, or  Fame. 

■•  Tis  the  Bre  of  the  Bint,  each  American  warms; 
l.rt  Rome's  haughty  \  Ictors  beware  of  collision. 

Lit  tli. 'in  bruin  all  tin-  vassals  or  Europe  In  arms— 

\\Y  in  a  worlil  !>v  ourselves,  and  ilisclaim  a  division. 

While  with  patriot  pride 

To  our  laws  we're  allied, 

m  subline  us,  DO  fact ilivide. 

';()ur  mountains  are  crowned  With  imperial  oak, 

Whose  roots,  like  our  liberties,  ages  have  nourished  ; 
Hut  long  ere  our  nation  submits  t.i  the.  yoke, 

Not  a  tree  shall  !«•  left  on  the  liei.i  where  it  flourished. 
Should  invasion  Impend, 
Every  grove  would  descend 

From  the  hill  tops  they  shade,!,  our  shores  to  defend. 

•  I.el  our  patriots  destroy  Anarch's  pestilent  worm, 

I  .est  our  Liberty's  growth  should  be  checked  by  corrosion; 
Then  let  clouds  th  eken  rouii'l  118,  we  heed  not  tin-  storm. 
Our  realm  fears  uo  shock  but  the  earth's  own  ■ 


ADAMS,  ELECTION  OF  ] 

—ail  D8  ill  vain. 
Tbougb  their  fleet*  bridge  Ibe  main. 
For  our  altars  ami  laws  with  our  Uvea  we'll  maintain. 
For  ne'er  shall  the  sons  of  Columbia  be  Blares 
While  the  earth  bears  a  plant  or  the  sea  rolls  its  waves'' 

At  the  home  of  Major  Russell,  editor  of  the 
Boston  Sentinel,  the  author  offered  it  to  thai  gen- 
tleman. "It  is  imperfect,"  said  Russell,"  without 
the  name  of  Washington  in  it.''     Mr.  Paine  was 

,'tlioiit  to  take  some  wine,  when   Russell  politely 

and  good-naturedly  interfered,  Baying,  "  You  oan 

have  none-  of  my  wine.  .Mr  Paine,  until  you  have 
written  another  stanza  with  Washington's  name 
in  it."  Paine  walked  baofc  and  forth  a  few 
minutes,  called  for  a  pen,  and  wrote  the  fifth 
verse  in  I  he  poem  as  follows  : 

"Should  the  temppst  of  war  overshadow  our  land. 

Its  holts  could  ne'er  rem!  Freedom's  temple  asunder; 

For.  unmoved,  at  its  portal,  would  Washington  Bland, 

And  repulse  with  his  breast  tie-  assaults  of  the  thunder! 

His  sword  from  the  sleep 

til'  iis  scabbard  would  leap. 

And  conduct  with  its  point  ev'ry  Hash  to  the  deep! 

:  shall  the  sens  of  Col hia  be  slaves 

Wlnle  the  earth  bears  a  plant  or  the  sea  rolls  its  waves." 

This  sons  became  immensely  popular,  and 
was  song  all  over  the  country — in  theatres  and 
other  pnblio  places,  in  drawing-rooms  and  work- 
shops, and  by  the  hoys  in  the  streets.  The  6ale 
of  it,  printed  on  a  " broadside," yielded  the  au- 
thor a  profit  of  sT.'.o. 

Adams  (John  Quincy),  Election  of;  as  Pres- 
ident. "When  Monroe's  administrat  ion  was 
drawing  to  a  (lose,  several  prominent  men  were 
spoken  of  as  candidates  for  tin-  Presidency  — 
William  H. Crawford, John  Quincy  Adams,  Henry 
Clay,  John  ('.Calhoun,  anil  Andrew  Jacksou. 
The  VOteS  in  the  autumn  of  1824  showed  that 
the  people  had  not  elected  either  of  the  candi- 
dates: and  when  tin-  votes  of  the  Electoral  Col- 
lege were  counted,  it  was  found  that  the  choice 
of  President  devolved  upon  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. In  February,  1825,  thai  body  chose 
John  Quincy  Adams  President,  and  John  c.  Cal- 
houn Vice-President.  Mr. Adams  received  the 
voles  of  thirteen  states  on  the  first  ballot, 
General  Jackson  seven  stales,  and  Mr.  Craw  ford 
four  stales.      Mr.  Calhoun  received  the  votes  of 

182  of  the  electors,  against  78  for  all  others.  The 

Electoral  College  had  given  Jackson  the  largest 
vote  of  any  candidate — 99 — and  Adams  84. 

Adams  (  Sami'fi.)  overawes  Hutchinson. 
Immediately  after  the"  Host  on  Massacre ''(which 
seei.  a  monster  meeting  of  citizens  of  Boston 
was  held  in  the  old  South  Meeting-house,  and 
appointed  a  committee,  consisting  of  Samuel 
Adams.  John  Hancock.  William  Molineux,  Will- 
iam Phillips,  Joseph  Warren,  Joshua  Henshaw, 
and  Samuel  Pnmberton,  to  call  on  Lieutenant- 

gover Hutchinson,  and  demand  the  removal 

of  the  British  troops  from  Boston,  bj  present- 
ing resolutions  to  that  effeel  adopted  by  the 
meeting.  Adams  submitted  the  resolutions. 
The  Lieutenant-governor  and  Colonel  Dalrymple 
were  disposed  to  temporise.     Hutchinson  said 

he  had  no  power  to  remove  all  the  troops. 
Adams  proved  that  he  bad,  by  the  terras  of  the 
charter.  Snll  the  crown  offioera  hesitated. 
Adams  resolved  thai  there  should  he  no  more 
lulling  with  the  will  of  the  people.    Stretching 


SOCTU    MKLTI.Mi   Hoist. 


ADAMS'S  PROPHECY 

forth  his  hand  towards  Hutchinson, 
and  in  a  voice  not  loud  hut  clear,  he 
said  :  '•  If  you  have  power  to  remove 

one  regiment,  yon  have  power  to  re- 
move botli.    It  is  at  your  peril  if  you 
do    not.     The   meeting    is    com- 
posed of  3000  .people.    They  are 
become  very  impatient.   A  thou- 
sand   men    are   already    arrived 
from  the  neighborhood,  and 
the  country  is  in  general  mo- 
tion.   Night  is  approaching ; 
an   immediate 
answer   is  ex- 
pected."   This 
was  the  voice 
oft  he  province 
— of  the  conti- 
nent. Hutchin- 
son grew  pale ; 

1)  i  S         k  11  c  e  s 

trembled;  and 

Adams  after- 
wards said.  "  1 
enjoyed  the 
sight."  After  conferring  together  in  a  whisper, 
Huichiiison  and  Dalrymple  promised  to  Bend 
till  the  troops  to  Castle  William,  iu  Boston  Har- 
hor. 

Adams's  (JOHN)  Cabinet  Ministers  (1797). 
Timothy  Pickering,  Secretary  of  State;  Oliver 
Wolcott,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury;  James 
Milemy.  Secretary  of  War;  Charles   Lee,  At 

torncy-general.  This  was  the  cabinet  council 
left  by  Washington,  which  Mr.  Adams  adopted. 
Washington's  first  cabinet  had  all  resigned  dur- 
ing the  early  part  of  his  second  term  of  office, 
and  the  aliove-nanied  gentlemen  were  appointed 
during  1795  and  1796. 

Adams's(JoHN  Q.i  Cabinet  Ministers  (l-J.'n. 
President  Adams filiated  for  his  cabinet  Hen- 
ry (lay.  of  Kentucky,  Secretary  of  State;  Rich- 
ard Rush,  of  Pennsylvania,  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury;  James  Barbour,  of  Virginia,  Secretary 
of  War.  These  nominations  were  all  immedi- 
ately confirmed  by  unanimous  votes  excepting 
that  of  Mr.  Clay,  against  whom  fourteen  votes 
were  east.     Samuel   L.  Southard,  whom   Monroe 

had  appointed  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  Dec  9, 
1823,  was  continued  iii  office;  so  also  was  Will- 
iam Wirt,  appointed  Attorney-general  bj  Monroe, 
Pec.  15,  1-17.  John  MI. can.  of  Ohio,  appointed 
Postmaster-general  by  Monroe,  Dec. 9,  1823, waa 
also  continued  in  office. 

Adams's  (JOHN)  Prophecy.  While  John 
Adams  was  teaching  school  at  Worcester,  in 
17.V>.  at  the  age  of  twenty  years,  he  wrote  a  Id- 
ler to  Nathan  Webb,  in  which  he  remarked! 
"Mighty  states  and  kingdoms  are  not  exempted 
from  obange.  .  .  .  Boon  after  the  Reformation,  a 

few  people  came  over  into   this  new    world   for 

conscience1  sake,  This  apparently  trivial  inci- 
dent may  transfer  lite  gnat  seat  of  empire  to 
America.  ...  If  we  oan  remove  the  turbulent 
Gallics,  our  pi  ople,  according  totheexai 

i  illations,  w  ill,  in  another  Century,  become  mote 

numerona  than  in  England  ItaelC    Hie  united 


ADAMS'S  RESOLUTION 

force  of  Europe  will  uot  be  able  to  subdue  us. 
Tlic  only  way  to  keep  us  from  setting  np  for 
ourselves  is  to  disunite  u--."  Less  than  thirty 
years  afterwards  the  prophet  stood  before  the 
monarch  of  England  as  the  representative  of  an 
American  republics,  where,  only  ten  years  be- 
fore, were  flourishing  English  colonies.  And  just 
a  century  after  thai  prophecy  was  uttered  the 
number  and  strength  of  the  people  here  exceed- 
ed the  calculation  of  yonng  Adams.  The  pop- 
ulation then  was  more  than  double  that  of  Eng- 
land; ami.  while  his  country  \\;is  fiercely  torn 
by  civil  war,  its  government  defied  the  power 
of  Great  Britain,  France,  Spain,  and  the  Papal 
States,  \\  hose  rulers  were  enemies  of  republican 
government.  Lord  Karnes  uttered  a  similar 
prophecy  in  17t',.~>. 

Adams's  (C.F..)  Resolution  (1860).  When 
the  spirit  of  secession  was  rampant  in  Congress 
late  in  December,  1860,  Charles  Francis  Adams, 
of  Massachusetts,  tried  to  soothe  the  passions  of 
the  Southern  politicians  by  offering,  in  the  lions,. 
Committee  of  Thirty-three  (see  Thirty -eighth 
Congrtaa),a  resolution, " That  it  is  expedient  to 
propose  an  amendment  to  the  Constitution,  to 
the  effect  that  no  future  amendments  of  it  in 
regard  to  Blavery  shall  be  made  unless  proposed 
by  a  slave  state  ami  ratified  by  all  the  states." 
It  was  passed  by  only  three  dissenting  voices  in 
the  commit  tee. 

Adams's   Scheme    of  Government     .John 

Adams  saw  With  alarm  the  contagion  of  revo- 
lution that  went  out  from  Paris, in  L789, affect- 
ing England,  and,  in  a  degree,  his  own  country. 

It  was  different,  in  form  and  substance,  from 
that    whioh    had    made     his    own    people     free. 

With  a  view  to  avert  its  evil  tendencies,  he 
wide  a  series  of  articles  for  a  newspaper,  en- 
titled '•  Discourses  on  Davila."  Tins,,  contained 
an  analysis  otDuoila'a  History  oftht  Oivil  War  in 
France, in  the  ltith  century.     In  thoat  ■ 

maintained    that,  as   self-esteem   was   tin-   graal 

spring  of  human  activity, it  was  important  in  a 
popular  government  to  provide  for  the  moderate 
gratification  of  a  desire  for  distinction,  applause, 

and  admiration.  lb-  therefore  advocated  a  lib- 
eral use  of  titles  and  ceremonial  honors  tor 
those  in  Office,  and  an  aristocratic  Senate.  He 
proposed  a  popular  Assembly  on  the  broadest 
de liatic  basis  to  OOUnteract  any  undue  inllii- 

ence;  and  to  keep  in  check  encroachments  upon 

each  other  he  recommended  a  powerful  execu- 
tive. 'I'he  publication  of  these  essays  at  that 
lime  was  unfortunate,  w  hen  jealousy  was  rife 
in    the    public    mind    concerning    the    National 

Constitution,  His  Ideas  were  so  cloudily  ex- 
pressed that  his  meaning  was  misunderstood  by 
mans  and  misinterpreted  by  a  few,  lb'  was 
charged    with   advocating  a  monarchy  and  a 

hereditary  Senate.  The  essays  disgusted  .letl'cr- 
Non.  who  for  a  time  cheiished  the  idea  that 
Hamilton,  Adams,  Jay,  and  others  were  at  the 
head  of  a  conspiracy  to  overthrow  the  republi- 
can institutions  of  the  United  States. 

Addressers.  There  was  far  from  unanimity 
of  sentiment   in   opposition  to  British  aiithont\ 

•van   in   Boston.     With   the  Boston   Port    Hill 


11  ADDRESSES  OF  THE  PEOPLE 

(which  see)  came  Governor  Hutchinson's  recall. 

He  had  been  waiting,  in  seclusion,  for  fear  of  the 

indignant  populace,  to  find  an  opportunity  to 

leave  the  province  for  England;  and  before  be 
departed  (June  1,  1774)  ISO  merchants,  and  many 
lawyers,  magistrates, and  principal  men  of  Bos- 
ton, with  others  at  Salem  and  Marblehcad.  sign- 
ed an  address  to  him.  in  which  they  expressed 
entire  approbation  of  his  public,  conduct,  and 
affectionate  wishes  for  his  prosperity.  These 
•■addressers"  were  afterwards  required  to  re- 
cant, and  those  who  refused  to  do  so  became 
refugee  loyalists,  who  fled  from  Boston  in  1776. 

Addresses  and  Remonstrances  were  sent 
to  King  George  in  17tW  against  the  taxation 
schemes  of  Parliament,  by  the  assemblies  of 
Massachusetts,  Virginia,  Delaware,  and  « leorgia, 

These  were  all  couched  ill  respectful  language, 
but  ever  firm  and  keenly  argumentative,  having 
for  their  premises  the  chartered  rights  of  the 
Various  colonics.      lint   these   voices   of  free-born 

Englishmen  were  not  only  utterly  disregarded, 

but  treated  with  scorn.  The  pride  and  t  lie  sense 
of  justice  and  sell- respect  of  the  Americans  were 
thereby  outraged.  It  was  an  offence  OOl  easily 
forgiven  or  forgotten. 

Addresses  of  the  People  of  New  Nether- 
land.     The  first  address  of  the  people  of  New 

Netherlaiid  to  the  authorities  in  Holland  was  iii 
October  and  November.  1643.      The  Bai 

duct  of  Governor  Kieft  (which  see)  towards  the 

surrounding  Indians  had  brought  the  Hatch  col- 
ony into  great  distress  because  of  the  hostili- 
ties of  the  barbarians.  Kieft,  in  the  extremity 
of  perplexity,  had  called  the  people  together  to 
Consult  Upon  the  crisis,  ami  begged  them  to 
choose  a  new  popular  council.  They  chose  eight 
citizens,  who  seized  the  reins  of  gOV- 
erninent  and  prepared  for  defence.  On  Oct.  £4, 
they  addressed  to  the  College  of  NIX.  at  Amster- 
dam, and  on  Nov  If,  to  the  States-General,  state- 
ments ,  it  the  sail  condition  of  the  colony  caused 
by  Kiefi's  had  conduct.  Two  letters  were  also 
sent  directly  by  citizens  of  New  Amsterdam, 
written  in  simple  but  eloquent  language.  In 
these  letters  the  eight  men  drew  a  pitiable  pict- 
ure of  their  Bufferings  —  women  and  children 
starving;  their  homes  destroyed;  the  people 
skulking  around  the  fort  at  Manhattan,  where 
they  wire  "not  one  hour  sate."  They  prayed 
for  assistance,  to    save    them    from   '■the    cruel 

heathens."  The  winter  t  hat  followed  was  a  ter- 
rible one  iii  New  Netherlaiid.  A  second  appeal 
from  the  Council  of  Bight  Men  at  Manhattan  to 
the    College    of    NI.V.  ill    October,   Hill,  leached 

that  body  while  it  was  considering  tin-  first  ad- 
"fhe  second  gave  a  bolder  and  more  deti- 
nue statement  of  the  grievances  of  the  colonists, 

and  more  .specific  charges  against  the  governor, 
to  whose  acts  all  their  troubles  were  attributed. 

Thej  asked  for  his  recall.  The  States-Genera] 
had  already  peremptorily  ordered  the  West  In- 
dian Company  to  take  measures  to  relieve  the 
people,  but  the  corporation  was  bankrupt  and' 
powerless.  The  immediate  purpose  of  the  eight 
men  was  gained,  for  Kieft  was  ordered  to  Hol- 
land, and  Lubbertna  van  Diucklagen,  the  former 


12 


AGAMENTICUS 


sheriff,  was  appointed  provisional  governor,  un- 
til the  commission  of  Peter  Btuyvesant  was  is- 
sued in  May,  1645. 

Adet,  Pibrbb  Augustus,  was  born  in  Nevers, 

France,  in  17ti:'. :  died  about  1832.  He  was  edu- 
cated for  the  artillery  service;  bnt  leaving  it, 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  the  sciences, 
and  became  a  skilful  chemist  Engaging  in 
politics,  be  was  successively  chief  of  the  admin- 
istration of  the  colonies;  member  of  the  Council 
of  Mines;  colleague  ofthe  Minister  of  Marine  in 
1793;  resident  at  Geneva  in  1794;  and  ambassa- 
dor to  the  United  States  in  1795-97.  Here  he, 
too,  interfered  too  much  in  local  politics,  and  be- 
came unpopular  with  the  government  party.  He 
issued  an  inflammatory  address  to  the  American 
people,  in  which  he  accused  the  administration 
of  Washington  with  violations  ofthe  friendship 
which  once  existed  between  the  United  States 
and  France.  On  his  return  to  France,  Adet  was 
called  to  the  tribunate,  and  in  1803  was  made 
Prefect  of  .Severs.  Ill  1^07  he  was  chosen  to  the 
French  Senate,  and  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies, 
in  1-14.  as  a  Constitutionalist.  M.  Adet  pub- 
lished some  works  on  chemistry.  While  in  the 
United  States  be  was  a  busy  partisan  ofthe  Re- 
publicans. In  1796  he  presented  to  Congress, 
in  behalf  of  the  French  nation,  the  tri-eoloied 
flag  of  France  ;  and  just  before  he  left,  in  1797, 
he  sent  to  t  he  Secretary  of  State  the  famous  note 
in  which  the  Directory,  contrary  to  the  spirit  of 
the  treaty  of  1778,  declared  that  the  Hag  ofthe 
republic  would  treat  all  neutral  Hags  as  they 
permitted  themselves  to  be  treated  by  the  Eng- 
lish. Soon  afterwards  Adet  suspended  his  dip- 
lomatic functions,  and  returned  to  France. 

Adet's  Final  Appeal.     Ten  days  after  the 
issuance  of  his  "Cockade  Proclamation"  (which 

see),  the  French  minister,  Adet.  sent  a  note  si- 
multaneously to  the  State  Department  and  to 
the  Aurora — the  opposition  newspaper  —  de- 
manding. "  in  the  name  ofthe  faith  of  treaties 
and  of  American  honor,  the  execution  of  that 
contract  [treaty  of  1778]  which  assured  to  the 
United  States  their  existence,  and  which  France 
regarded  as  a  pledge  of  the  most  sacred  union 
between  two  people,  the  freest  upon  earth.''  lie 
announced,  at  the  same  time,  "  the  resolution  of 
a  government  terrible  to  its  enemies,  but  gener- 
ous to  its  allies."     With  grandiloquent  sentences 

he  portrayed  the  disappointment  ofthe  French 
nation  in  not  finding  a  warm  friend  in  the  Amer- 
ican government.  "So  far  from  offering  the 
French  the  succor  which  friendship  might  have 
given."  he  said,  "  without  compromitting  itself, 
the  American  government,  iu  this  respect,  vio- 
lated the  obligations  of  treaties."  This  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  Summary  of  these  alleged  violations. 
including  the  circular  of  179:'..  restraining  the 
Btting-oot  <>f  privateers  in  American  waters; 
the  law  of  1791.  prohibiting  hostile  enterprises 
or  preparation  sgainsl  nations  with  whom  the 
United  States  were  at  peace;  the  cognisance  of 
these  matters  taken  by  the  American  courts  of 

law  ;   and  the  admits] fanned  British  \essels 

into  American  waters,  lb-  complained  ofthe 
••  British  ttcat\ "  as  inimical  to  the  m 


France.  This  paper,  published  in  the  Aurora. 
was  intended  more  for  the  American  people  than 
for  the  American  government. 

Admiral  of  New  England  Francis  West 
was  commissioned  Admiral  of  New  England 
in  1623,  with  power  to  restrain  such  ships  as 
came  upon  that  coast  to  fish  without  the  con- 
sent of  the  Council  of  Plymouth  :  but  finding 
the  fishermen  too  stubborn  and  numerous  to  be 
controlled,  on  his  arrival  in  June,  1623, he  sail- 
ed to  Virginia.  This  interference  with  the  New 
England  fisheries  called  forth  a  petition  to  Par- 
liament from  the  owners  of  the  fishing 
and  an  order  was  issued  that  the  business  should 
be  free.  In  the  spring  of  1624  about  fifty  Eng- 
lish fishiug-ships  appeared  ou  the  New  England 
coasts. 

Advertising  in  the  United  States.  The 
advertisement  of  business  of  every  kind  in  the 
United  States  is  now  almost  universally  prac- 
tised. Agencies  have  been  established  as  me- 
diums between  the  advertiser  and  the  vehicle 
for  advertising.  The  first  agency  in  America 
was  established  by  Orlando  Bourne,  in  1828,  and 
was  followed,  in  1840,  by  V.  B.  Palmer,  who  es- 
tablished agencies  in  Philadelphia,  New  York. 
and  Boston.  The  business  was  fully  systema- 
tized in  1860,  when  complete  lists  of  all  the 
American  newspapers  were  kept  at  the  agen- 
cies. A  New  York  advertising  agency  now 
(1876)  publishes  an  American  Newepaper  Direc- 
tory, and  employs  about  forty  persons  perma- 
nently. The  amount  paid  for  advertising  is 
enormous.  Harper's  Weekly  receives  from  $2.00 
to  §4.00  a  line  for  advertising,  according  to 
position  ;  the  New  York  Weekly  THbtuu 
$5.00  a  line,  the  latter  price  being  for  advert  ise- 

ments  inserted  among  the  news  items.  Some 
mercantile  firms  spend  SIOO.IHHI  and  8150.000  a 
year  in  advertising.  A  patent-medicine  dealer 
paid,  in  one  year.  $250,000  for  advertisements. 
The  Pacific  Railway  companies  paid  between 
§400,000  and  $500,000  for  advertisements  in  a 
year;  and  in  1867  the  United  stales  government 

collected  a  tax  on   nearly  $10,000, I  worth  of 

advertisements.  The  use  of  pictures  in  adver- 
tising is  coming  more  and  more  in  fashion. 

African  Labor -supply  Association. 
Slave-trade  Beop> 

African  Slave-trade.  In  New  England  this 
trade  was  began  iu  Massachusetts,  almost  si- 
multaneously with  its  ship-building  and  com- 
merce.    Indeed,  it  soon   formed  an   important 

pari  ofthe  latter.  The  ships  that  took  cargoes 
of  stores  to  the  Canaries  were  iu  the  habit  of 
touching   on    the   coast    of  Ciiinca.  where    they 

traded  for  negroes,  who  were  generally, at  Brat, 
carried  to  Barbadoes  or  other  English  islands 
of  the  West  Indies.  Afterwards  the  demand 
for  negroes  in  New  England  caused  many  to  lie 
brought  directly  then'  from  Africa,  and  New- 
lion,  p.  l..  became  a  profitable  slave-market. 

Agamenticus.    Then' were  a  few  English  set- 
tlers in  the  region  now   known  as  York  County. 
Maine,  between  the  mountain  and  ttu 
[036,  and  the  territory  was  named  Aganientious. 


AGAS8IZ 

It  was  within  t he  grant  given  to  Gorges  and 
Mason.  There  a  city  was  formed,  and  incorpo- 
rated in  1641,  in  imitation  of  English  munici- 
palities, witb  a  mayor  and  aldermen.  The  city 
was  called  Gorgeana.  The  ocenpants  of  the 
land  in  Agatnenticns  were  tenants  at  will  of 
the  proprietor.    There  English  apple-seeds  were 

planted   and   thrived,  and  of  the  trees   that 

sprang  up  lived  and  bore  fruit  annually  80  late 
as  1-7.").  when  it   was  cut  down. 

Agassiz,  Louis  John  Bi  dolph,  naturalist, 
was  born  in  Mottier  parish,  near  Neufchatel, 
Switzerland,  Maj  28,  1807;  died  Dec  11,  1873. 
lie  was  of  Hugue- 
not descent,  was 
thoroughly  edu- 
cated at  Heidel- 
berg and  Munich, 
ami   received  the 

honorary  degree 
of  Ph.D.  He  pros- 
ecuted his  studies 
in  natural  bistorj 
in  Paris, where  Cu- 
\hr  offered  him 
his  collection  for 
the  purpose.  The 
liberality  of  Hit  m- 
boldl  enabled  him 
to  publish  his 
great  wort  1 1834 
44) on  Fossil  I'isht*. 
m  live  volumes,  with  an  atlas.  1 1 « •  arrived  in 
Huston  in  1846,  and  lectured  there  on  the  Ani- 
mal Kingdom  and  on  Glaciers.  In  the  slim- 
mer of  HIT  the  Superintendent  of  the  Coast 
Survey  (which  see)  teudered  him  the  facilities 

of  that  service  for  a  emit  iniianee  of  his  scien- 
tific investigations.  Professor  Lgassiz  settled 
in  Cambridge,  and  was  made  Professor  of  Zo- 
ology ami  Geology  <>f  the  Lawrence  Scientific 
School  at  ils  foundation  in  1  *  18.  Thai  year  he 
made,  with  some  of  his  pupils,  a  scientific,  ex- 
ploration of  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior.  He 
afterwards  explored  the  southern  coasts  of  the 
United  States,  of  Brazil,  and  the  waters  of  the 

Pacific  Ocean.       All   account   of  his   explorations 

on  the  Brazilian  coast  was  given  in  I  -ion men  to 
Brazil, by  Mrs. Agassiz, in  1867.  lie  received  the 
Copley  Medal  from  the  Boyal  Society  of  Lon- 
don;   from    the    Academy   of  Sciences    of  Paris, 

the  Moot  ho  \  on  Prize  and  the  Cuvler  Prize;  the 

Wbllaston  Medal  from  the  Geological  Society  of 

London  ;  and  the  Medal  of  Merit   from  the  King 

of  Prussia,  lie  was  a  member  of  man]  scien- 
tific societies,  and  the  lllliveisil  ies  of  Dublin 
and   Bdlnbnrgh  conferred  on    him  the  honoiar\ 

degree  of  LL.I).  Professor  Agassiz  published 
valuable  scientific  works  in  Europe  and  in  this 

country. 

Agnew,  James,  a  British  general, who  came 
to  Boston  late  iii  177">;  participated  in  the  mil- 
itary movements  then' :  and  was  engaged  in  the 

battle  of  Long  bland,  where,  and  in  subsequent 

campaigns,  he  commanded  the  fourth  brigade 

of  the  Royal  army.  lie  accompanied  eX-Gover- 
nor  Tiyon  in  his  marauding  expedition  to  Dan- 


13 


AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETIES 


bury,  Conn.,  April  26,  1779.  He  was  slightly 
wounded  in  the  battle  of  Brandy wine  (Sept. 
11),  and  in  the  battle  of  Cermantown  (Oct.  4, 
1777)  he  was  slain.  His  remains  were  interred, 
with  those  of  Lieutenant  Bird,  in  the  South 
Burying  -  ground  at  Germanfown;  and  over 
them  John  V.  'Watson,  the  annalist,  placed  a 
neat  white-marble  slab. 

Agricultural  Colleges.  In  1857,  J.  S.  Morill, 
M.C.,  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Agricult- 
ure of  the  House  of  Representatives,  introduced 
a  bill  appropriating  to  the  several  states  a  por- 
tion of  the  pnblic  lands  for  the  purpose  of  en- 
couraging institutions  for  the  advancement  of 

agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts.  The  bill 
lingered  in  Congress  (having  been  vetoed  by 
President  Buchanan)  until  July,  is(>°..  when  it 
became  a  law.  The  act  provided  that  each 
state  should  receive  a  quantity  of  land  equal 
in  value  to  thirty  thousand  dollars   for  each  of 

its  senators  and  representatives  in  Congress  un- 
der the  census  of  1860, to  establish  at  least  one 

College    in    each    state    where    "all    the    needful 

sciences  for  the  practical  avocations  of  life" 
should  be  taught,  and  "  where  agriculture,  the 

foundation  of  all  present  and  future  prosperity, 
may  look  for  troops  of  earnest  friends  Btudying 
its  familiar  and  recondite  economies."  It  pro- 
vided that  all  expenses  of  location,  manage- 
ment, taxation,  etc.,  shonld  be  paid  bj  the  re- 
spective stale  treasurers,  that  the  entire  pro- 
ceeds of  the  sales  of  (he  land  may  forever  re- 
main undiminished,  and  that  ever] 
reiving  the  ".rant  must  provide  an  institution 
within  live  years  from  the  date  of  61illg  ils  ac- 
ceptance  of  the    grant.      Every   state   in   the 

1'nion     but     Nebraska     had    established    one    or 

re   of  these'    industrial    colleges    iii    1876,  in 

which  persons  of  both  sexes  may  equally  enjoy 
the  benefits  of  the  institution.  Each  student  is 
paid  a  stipulated  sum  of  money  for  every  hour 
of  labor  given  to  the  institution;  and  by  this 
means  students  are  materially  aided  in  defray- 
ing the  expenses  of  their  education.  In  these 
colleges  the  mechanic  arts  and  certain  branch- 
es of  the  line. hi-,  are  studied.  The  movement 
in  Congress  "as  undoubtedly  snggested  by  the 
success  of  the  "  Pennsylvania  Agricultural  Col- 
lege," established  in  I-"  I  bj  the  late  Dr.Evan 
Pugli.      It   was   the    first   institution   of  the  Kind 

established  in  this  country. 

Agricultural  Implements.  The  manufact- 
ure <>f  agricultural  Implements  in  the  United 
States  is  a  very  extensive  and  profitable  indus- 
try. In  1870  there  were  ovei  8000  establish- 
ments devoted  to  this  manufacture,  of  every 
kind,  from  the  hand-rake  to  the  reaper,  employ- 
ing more  than  26,000  persons,  who  received  an- 
nually over  slv'. Him, 111)0  in  wanes,  and  produced 
yearly  wares  valued  at  about  |53,000,000. 
Scarcely  a  single  agricultural  implement  re- 
mains in  its  old  form  of  structure,  having  been 

improved    so    as    to    economize    material,   ti , 

and  form. 

Agricultural  Societies.  The  first  society  in 
the  United  states  was  formed  by  planters  of 
South  Carolina  in   17S4,  and   it   is  yet  in   exist- 


AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES     14 

bum.  The  next  year  the  " Philadelphia  Society 
for  Promoting  Agriculture"  was  formed, and  in 
1?'.)1  citizens  of  New  Fork  organized  a  similar 
society.  In  1"'J*-!  the  "  Massachusetts  Society  for 
Promoting  Agriculture"'  was  organized.  These 
were  city  insi  ii  irtions,  and  not  composed  of  prac- 
tical fanners.  They  dealt  with  tacts  and  theo- 
ries. The  majority  of  hnshaudmeu  then  did  not 
hear  nor  heed  their  appeals  tor  improvement. 
lint  finally  the  more  intelligent  of  that  class  of 
citizens  became  interested, and  a  convention  of 
practical  fanners  in  the  District  of  Columbia, 
held  iu  ISO'.!,  resulted  in  the  formation  of  the 
••Columbian  Agricultural  Society  for  the  Promo- 
tion of  Rural  and  Domestic  Economy."  They 
ottered  premiums;  and  their  fair,  held  in  May, 
1810,  is  believed  to  be  the  tirst  exhibition  of  its 
kind  in  this  country.  Elkanah  Watson  (which 
see)  founded  the  "  Berkshire  (Mass.)  Agricultu- 
ral Society"  in  1810, and  there  was  a  grand  "Ag- 
ricultural Fair  and  Cattle  Show  "at  Pittslield  in 
September.  1-11.  It  was  the  first  of  the  county 
fairs  held  in  this  country.  From  that  time  mi- 
til  now  there  has  been,  at  first  a  gradual,  and 
then  a  rapid,  increase  in  such  institutions;  and 
in  1876  they  existed  in  every  state  and  terri- 
tory of  the  Union.  There  were  then  full  two 
thousand  of  them  in  the  Republic,  the  greater 
number  of  them  being  in  the  comparatively 
new  State  of  Iowa.  There  were  one  hundred 
and  ninety-two  in  that  commonwealth. 

Agriculture  and  Manufactures,  Y.u.t  i.  OF 
in  the  (Jutted  States.    The  entire  value  of 

the  annual  agricultural  products  of  the  United 
States  and  Territories  in  1870,  including  crops 
and  betterments,  animals  slaughtered  and  sold 
for  slaughter,  home  manufactures,  and  forest. 
market-garden,  and  orchard  products,  was  esti- 
mated in  value  at  about  $3,000,000,000.  The 
total  product  of  our  manufactures  the  same 
year  was  valued  at  $4,232,325,000,  01  $1,232,- 
325,000  more  than  the  total  value  of  the  agri- 
cultural products  of  the  country.  The  rapid 
increase  in  our  manufactured  products  is  show  it 
by  tin-   fact    that   the  amount    produced   in   1870 

was  $3,213,325,000  more  than   in  1850,  an   in- 
crease of  over  :;t"l  pel  cent,  in  twenty  years. 
Aid  from  France.     In   the   spring  of  1TT7 

arms  and  ammunition  for  the  American  patri- 
ots  wen-   scut    from    France  (see   Jluiiiiniireliiiix). 

These  arrived  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  in  a  French 

Vessel  of  twenty-four  guns.  There  were  more 
than  eleven  thousand  muskets  and  one  thou- 
sand barrels  of  gunpowder.  At  about  the  Bams 
time  ten  thousand  stand  of  arms  arrived  from 
the  same  country  at  another  American  port. 
These  were  intended  as  gifts  i<>  the  Americans, 
to  enable  them  to  cany  on  the  war  against  Eng- 
land; hut  circumstances  frustrated  this  inten- 

ti and  payment)  in  part,  was  made  for  them. 

Aitken,  Robert,  publisher  of  the  fust  Amer- 
ican edition  of  the  Holy  Scriptures,  lie  was 
born  in  Scotland  in  1734, and  died  in  Philadel- 
phia in  Jnly,  1808.  Mr. Aitken  arrived  in  Phila- 
delphia from  Scotland  in  1760.  He  was  a  practi- 
cal printer,  and  published  i he  PsRssflsaais  Maf- 
ia  Mtiiilhlii  Mii-i  urn.  from  -lanu- 


ALABAMA 

ary.  1?7.">.  to  June,  1770.  He  was  a  warm  Whig, 
and  was  thrown  into  prison  after  the  British 
took  possession  of  Philadelphia,  late  in  1777. 
He  very  narrowly*  escaped  the  horrors  of  a 
British  prison-ship  in  New  York.  (See  Prison- 
ships.)  He  issued  the  tirst  American  edition  of 
the  Bible  in  1782,  by  which  he  lost  considerable 
money.  He  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  au- 
thor of  a  paper  entitled  An  Inquiry  Concerning  tin 
Principles  of  a  Commercial  System  for  the  United 
Stales. 

Aix-la-ChapeUe.TRr.ATY  ok  (174-V  This 
treaty,  between  Great  Britain, France,  Holland. 
Germany,  Spain,  and  Greece,  was  a  famous  one, 

and  was  signed  by  the  representatives  of  these 
respective  powers  on  the  18th  ofOctObt 
17!-.  Bj  if  the  treaties  of  Westphalia  (1648), 
of  Nimegnen  (167S-71)).  of  Byswick  (1697),  ■  i 
Utrecht  (171:}),  of  Baden  (1714),  of  the  Triple 
Alliance  (1717),  of  the  Quadruple  Alliance  '  171-  .. 
and  of  Vienna  (1738),  were  renewed  and  con- 
firmed. It  was  fondly  hoped  this  treaty  would 
insure  a  permanent  peace  for  Europe. 

Alabama.     The  soil  of  this  state   was  first 
trodden  by  Europeans  in  1540.      These  were  the 
followers  of  De  Soto  (which  see).    Iu  1702,  Bien- 
ville,   the    French 
Governor  of  Louisi- 
ana, entered    Mobile 
Hay.  and  built  a  fort 
and  trading-honse  at 
the    mouth    of    Dog 
River.     In   1711   the 
French  founded  Mo- 
bile, and  there  a  col- 
ony  prospered   for  a 
w  bile.     Negro  slaves 
were    first     brought 
into  this   colony   by 
three    French    ships 
of  war  in  1721.     By  the  treaty  of  1763  this  region 
was  transferred  by  France  to  Great  Britain.    Ala- 
bama formed  a  portion   of  the  State  Ol  I 
but    in   1798  the   country   now    included    in    the 
states   of  Alabama  and  Mississippi   w  , 
ized  as  a  territory  called  Mississippi.     After  the 
Creeks  disappeared  (see  Creek  War)  the  region 
of  Alabama    was  rapidly   settled   by  white  peo- 
ple, anil  in  1819  it  entered  the  Union  .i- 
'fhe    slave   population    increased    more    rapidU 
than   the   white.      In    the    Democratic  National 
Convention  at  Charleston  in  1860  the  delegates 
of  Alabama  took  the  lead  in  seceding  from  the 
convention  (see  Charleston  Convention) 
vent  ion  assembled  at  Montgomery  early  in  Jan- 
nary,  1861,  and  on  the  llth  passed  an  ordinance 

of  secession,  (8ee  Alabama  Ordine 

The  Alabama  senators  and  representatives  w  lth- 
drew  from  Congress  Jan.  21, 1861.  On  March 
13  a  siate  Convention  ratified  the  constitution 

adopted  by  the  Confederate  Congress.  The  au- 
thorities of  the  stale  seized  the  national  prop- 
erty within  its  borders, and  sen)  troops 
da  to  assist  in  capturing  Fort  Picksns  and  other 
public  works  there.  Uabams  sent  a  commis- 
sioner to  Washington  as  an  ambassador,  bat  be 
was  not  received.     During  the  >w\\  war  thai 


STATE   SKAL  OF  ALABAMA. 


ALABAMA,  DESTRUCTION  OF  THE        15    ALABAMA  ORDINANCE  OF  SECESSION 


ensoed,  Alabama  bora  her  share  of  tbe  burden, 
and  her  cities  and  plantations  suffered  from  the 
ravages  of  the  conflict.  Wilson's  cavalrj  raid 
through  tin-  state  caused  greal  destruction  of 
property.  (See  Wilson?*  Raid.)  During  the  war 
Alabama  furnished  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
two  thousand  troops  to  the  Confederate  army, 
of  whom  thirty-five  thousand  were  killed  or 
wounded.  Montgomery,  in  the  interior  of  the 
state,  was  the  Confederate  capita]  until  July, 
1861,  when  t  lie  seat  of  government  was  removed 
to  Richmond.  At  the  close  of  the  wars  provis- 
ional governor  for  Alabama  was  appointed  (Jnne 
21, 1865),  and  in  September  a  convention  reor- 
daincd  the  civil  and  criminal  laws,  excepting 
Such  as  related  to  slavery:  declared  the  ordi- 
nance of  secession  and  the  state  war-debt  null: 
passed  an  ordinance  agaillSl  shivery:  and  pro- 
vided  for  an  (diction  of  State  Officers,  Who  were 

chosen  in  November.  The  government  thus 
constituted  remained  in  force  until  superseded 
by  military  rule  in  1*(>7.  In  November  of  thai 
year  a  convention  formed  a  new  constitution 
for  the  state,  which  was  ratified  Feb.  t.  1868, 
State  officers  and  members  of  Congress  having 
been  duly  chosen,  and  all  reqnirements  com- 
plied with,  Alabama  became  entitled  to  repre- 
sentation in  Congress;  and  on  .Inly  M.  L868, 
the  military  relinquished  to  the  civil  authori- 
ties all  legal  control.  The  fourteenth  and  fif- 
teenth Amendments  to  the  National  Constitu- 
tion were  ratified  by  Alabama,  the  latter  Nov. 
16, 1870. 

Alabama,  Destruction  op  mm.  The  i/,< 
hiinm  was  a  Confederate  prh  steer  ;  a  British  ves- 
sel, manned  chiefly  by  British  subjects  at  a  Brit- 
ish  port;   armed  with    British   cannon,  and   pro- 


vided with  coal  and  other  supplies  from  British 
soil.  She  had  no  acknowledged  Bag,  nor  rec- 
ognized nationality,  nor  any  accessible  port  to 
which  she  might  send  her  prizes,  nor  any  legal 
tribunal  to  ndjndge  her  capl  nres.  she  was  com- 
manded by  Raphael  Semmes, a  native  of  M an 
land,  and  roamed  the  sens,  plundering  and  de- 
stroying vessels  belonging  to  American  citizens. 

llei  commander  avoided  contact  with  American 
armed  vessels, bill  finally  encountered  the  AV<ir- 

snnji .  Captain  John  A.  Win  slow,  off  ( iherbourg, 
fiance,  iii  the  summer  of  1864.  <*u  Jane  l'.' 
Semmes  went  out  of  t  be  harbor  of  ( Iherbourg  to 
fight  the  Kearsarge,  w  hich  was  watching  her  out- 


side. She  was  followed  by  the  yacht  Deerhound 
(belonging  to  Mr.  Lancaster,  one  of  the  English 
gentry),  a  sort  of  tender  to  the  Alabama,  to  take 

care  that  Seiiinies,  if  defeated,  should  not  fall 
into  the  hands  of  Winslow.  The  Alabama  was 
accompanied  by  a   French  frigate  to  a  point 

beyond    the    territorial    waters   of   franca1.       At 

a  distance  of  seven  miles  from  the  Cherbourg 
breakwater,  the  Kearsarge  turned  and  made  for 

the  Confederate  cruiser,  when,  within  1200  j  aids 
of  her,  tin-  latter  opened  lire.  After  receiving 
two  or  three  broadside's,  the  Kearsarge  respond- 
ed with  telling  effect.  They  fought  for  an  hour, 
the  steamers  moving  in  a  circle.  At  the  end  of 
the  hour  the  Alabama  was  at  the  mercy  of  her 
antagonist,  and  a  white  llaji  was  displayed  over 

her  stern.     Respecting  this,  Winslow  ceased  lir- 

in«j.       Two     minutes     afterwards    the    Alabama 

treacherously  tired  two  ^uns  at  tin-  Kearsarge, 
and  attempted  to  run  to  t  he  protection  of  French 

neutral  waters,  not  more  than  three  miles  dis- 
tant. Winslow  opened  tire  again,  and  \  en  BOOH 
a  boat  came  to  his  vessel  from  the  Alabama,  say- 
ing she  had  surrendered  and  was  fast  sinking. 
.lust  then  the  DeerAotmd passed  by, when  Wine- 
low  humanely  asked  her  owner  to  assist  him  in 
Saving  the  Unfortunate  crew  of  the-  Alabama, 
which,  in  twenty  minutes,  went  to  the  bottom 
of  the  sea.  The  Kearsarge  rescued  sixty-five  of 
the  crew  ;  the  Darboitial  picked  up  Semmes,  his 
Officers,  and  a  few  mariners,  and  carried  them 
away   from    the   lawful    custody   of  Winslow.  to 

England,  where  that  commander  was  received 
with  great  honor.    The  Keartarge  had  three  men 

badly   wounded     -one   of  them    mortally.      The 

Alabama   had    nine   men   killed    and   twenty-one 

wounded.     (8ee  Tribunal  of  Arbitration.) 

Alabama   Ordinance  of  Secession    (1861). 

for  members  of  a  State  Convention  in 

Alabama  were  held  Deo.24,  1868,  and,  as  in  some 

of  the  other  stale's,  the  politicians  wore  di\  ideal 

into  "Secessionists"   and   "  Co-operationiste." 

isippi  Ordinance  of  Secession.)  The  latter 

wore  also  divided  ;  one  parly  wishing  the  eoop- 
eration  of  all  the  slave-labor  states, and  the  oth- 
er oaring  onlj  for  the  co-operation  of  the  cotton- 
producing  states.  The  vote  for  all  but  ten  coun- 
ties was.  for  secession, 24,445 ;  and  for  co-opera- 
tion,38,685.  In  the  ten  counties, some  were  for 
secession  and  some  for  co-operation.  In  the  con 
vention  assembled  at  Montgomery,  June  7.  1861, 
everj  count}  in  the  state  was  represented.  Will- 
iam Brooks  was  chosen  president.  Then'  was 
a  powerful  infusion  of  fnion  sentiment  in  tin' 
convention,  which  endeavored  to  postpone  a  de- 
cision, under  t  he  idea  of  the  desirableness  of  co- 
operation. A  committee  of  thirteen  was  ap- 
pointed to  report  an  Ordinance  of  Secession,  li 
was  submitted   on   the   Kith,      it   was  longer 

than   any  other  already  adopted,  but  similar  in 

tenor.  They  assumed  that  the  commonwealth, 
which  had  been  created  by  the  national  govern- 
ment first  a  territory  and  then  a  state  (1819), 
had  "  delegated  sovereign  powers  "to  that  gov- 
ernment, which  were  now  "resumed  ami  vested 

in   the  people   of  the  State  of  Alabama."      The 

convention  favored  the  formation  of  a  confeder- 
acy of  slave-labor  states,  and  formally  invited 


ALABAMA  PREPAKINC  FOB  REVOLT      16 


ALASKA 


I  lit-  others  to  send  delegates  to  meet  those  of 
Alabama,  in  general  convention,  on  the  4th  of 
February,  at  Montgomery,  tor  consultation  on  the 
subject.  The  convention  was  not  harmonious. 
Union  men  were  not  to  lie  put  tlow  n  without  a 
struggle.  There  was  a  minority  report  on  Se- 
cession ;  and  some  wire  tor  postponing  the  act 
until  the  4th  ot  March,  with  a  hope  of  preserving 
the  Union.  Nicholas  Davis, from  Northern  Al- 
abama, declared  his  belief  that  the  people  of  his 
section  would  not  BUbmii  to  any  disunion  scheme, 
when  Yancey  (which  see)  denounced  him  and  his 
fellow-citizens  of  that  region  as  "  tories,  traitors, 
and  rebels,'' and  said  they." ought  to  lie  coerced 
into  submission."  Davis  was  not  moved  by 
these  menaces,  but  assured  the  secessionists  that 
the  people  of  his  section  would  be  ready  to  meet 
their  enemies  on  the  line  and  decide  the  issue 
at  the  point  of  the  bayonet.  The  final  vote  on 
the  Ordinance  of  Secession  was  taken  at  two 
o'clock  P.M.  on  Jan.  11,  and  resulted  in  sixty-one 
ayes  to  thirty- nine  nays.  An  immense  mass- 
meeting  was  immediately  held  in  front  of  the 
State-house,  and  timid  "  co-operationists"  as- 
sured the  multitude  that  their  constituents 
would  support  the  ordinance.  A  Secession  flag, 
which  the  women  of  Montgomery  bad  presented 
to  the  convention,  was  raised  over  the  capital. 
In  Mobile,  when  the  news  reached  that  city,  one 
hundred  and  one  guns  were  tired  in  honor  of 
Alabama,  and  fifteen  for  Florida.  At  night  the 
city  blazed  with  fireworks,  the  favorite  pieces  be- 
ing the  "  Southern  Cross"  and  the  "  Lone  Star." 
The  convention  had  voted  against  the  re-open- 
ing of  the  slave-trade,  and  adjourned  ou  Jan.  30, 
1861. 

Alabama  preparing  for  revolt  (1860).  Her- 
Behell  V.  Johnson,  the  candidate  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent on  the  Douglas  ticket,  declared,  in  a  speech 

at  the  Cooper  Institute.  New  York,  so  early  as 
Oct.  -I.  I860,  that  Alabama  was  ripe  for  revolt 
in  case  Mr.  Lincoln  should  be  elected;  that  it 
was  pledged  to  withdraw  from  the  Union,  and 
had  appropriated |200, 000  lor  military  contingen- 
cies. The  governor  suggested  secession  at  the 
beginning  of  November;  and  in  December,  1860, 

the  conference  of  the  ••Methodist  Church  South," 

sitting  at  Montgomery,  declared  that  "African 

slavery,  as  it  existed  in  the  Southern  States  of 
the  Republic,  to  be  a  wise,  humane,  and  right- 
eous institution,  approved  ofQod,  and  calculat- 
ed to  promote,  to  the  highest  possible  degree, 

the  welfare  of  the  slave;   that   the  election  of  a 

sectional  President  of  the  United  states  was 
evidence  of  the  hostility  of  t h«'  majority  to  the 
people  of  the  South,  and  which  in  fact,  if  not  in 
form,  dissolves  the  compact  of  union  between 
the  states."  Northern  Alabama  was  opposed  to 
tin-  movement 
Alarcon.  Fkam  i-i  ...  |  Bee  Coromado.) 
Alarm  at  New  York.  When  Sir  Henry  Clin- 
ton, at  New  fork, heard  of  the  arrival  ■•;  D'Es- 
talng'sfleel  off  the  Southern  coast-,  in  the  tall  of 

1771).  he  feared   that   citj    might   lie  attacked:   so 

he  ordered  the  evacuation  of  Rhode  Island  and 

ill'-  toil-  on  the   Hudson,  and  the  concent  rat  ion 

ot  the  forces  around  the  headquarters  ot  tin- 


army.  He  had  held  Rhode  Island  about  three 
years.  An  expedition  about  to  sail  for  the  West 
Indies  was  also  detained  for  the  defence  of  New 
York.  As  soon  as  Clinton  was  assured  of  the  de- 
parture of  D'Estaing  for  France  (see  Siege  of  Sa- 
vannah}, Clinton  embarked  for  Georgia  (lVc.-Jt. 
1779)  with  70110  troops.  About  that  time  there 
were  embodied  about  5000  American  loyalists. 
Of  these.  1000  were  already  at  Savannah.  2000 
more  sailed  with  Clinton,  and  the  remainder 
were  left  at  New  York,  with  Knyphauseu,  w  ho 
held  that  city  with  a  strong  garrison. 

Alarm  in  New  England.  Early  in  Septem- 
ber, 177 1.  a  rumor  spread  over  New  England  that 
British  ships  were  cannonading  Boston.  Wher- 
ever the  rumor  reached  there  was  a  cry  to  arms. 
Men  of  all  ages  immediately  responded;  and 
within  two  days  full  30,000  niiuute-men  were 
under  arms  and  hastening  towards  the  Buffering 
town.  The  rnmor  was  false,  and  they  returned 
to  their  homes;  but  this  demonstration  of  the 
patriotism  of  the  people,  of  their  determination 
to  sustain  Boston  in  its  defiant  attitude,  and  of 
their  amazing  moral  and  physical  strength, 
alarmed  Gage  and  made  him  more  circumspect 
and  conciliating.  It  induced  him  to  call  a  meet- 
in",  of  the  Massachusetts  Assembly.  (See  Pro- 
vincial Congress  of  Massachusetts).  This  great 
uprising  of  the  people  was  the  beginning  of 
mighty  movements  towards  the  grand  end.  in- 
dependence. 

Alarming  Order  from  the  War  Department 
(1814).  At  the  beginning  of  August,  1-14.  Ann- 
strong,  the  Secretary  of  War,  ordered  General 
Izard,  in  command  of  a  large  body  of  troops  at 
Plattsburg,  to  march  a  larger  portion  of  them  to 
co-operate  with  the  army  on  the  Niagara  fron- 
tier. This  order  produced  amazement  and  in- 
dignation in  the  mind  of  Izard  and  his  officers, 
for  they  knew  the  imminent  peril  of  immediate 
invasion,  from  the  region  of  the  St. Lawrence, 
of  a  large  body  of  Wellington's  veterans,  who  had 
lately  arrived  in  Canada.  (See  Downfall  of  Xapo- 
leon.)  Both  the  army  ami  people  were  expect- 
ing an  occasion  for  a  great  battle  near  the  foot 
of  Lake  Chauiplain  very  soon,  and  this  order 
produced  consternation  among  the  inhabitants. 
Izard  wrote  to  the  War  1  >e  pari  men  I  in  a  tone  a\' 
remonstrance.  Aug.  11.  "  1  will  make  the  move- 
ment you  direct,  if  possible;  but  I  shall  do  it 
with  the  apprehension  of  risking  the  force  under 
my  command,  and  with  the  certainty  that  ev- 
erything in  this  vicinity  but   the   lately  elected 

works  at  Plattsburg  and  Cumberland  Head  will, 

in  less  than  three  days  alter  my  depaitniv. 
be  in  the  possession  of  the  eiienix."  Nine  days 
afterwards  Izard  w  rote  to  the  S.-n.tan  :  "  I 
nnisi   not  be  responsible  for  the  conseipiences  of 

abandoning  mj  present  Btrong  position.     I  will 

obey  orders,  and  execute  them  as  well  as  I  know 

how."  Hie  removal  of  this  force  invited  the  in- 
vasion ofPrevosI  Immediately  after*  aids,  n  huh 
was  cheeked  by  the  American  army  and  navy 
at  Plattsburg,  where,  with  great  diligenoe, Gen- 
eral Macomb  concentrated  troops  for  defence 
immediately  after  [sard  left. 
Alaska,  fonnerlj  known  as  "Bnsrian  Abmv- 


ALBANY  CONTENTION  17 

ica,"  is  a  region  in  the  extreme  northwestern 
portion  of  North  America,  lying  north  of  the 
parallel  of  50c  4<>  N.  latitude,  and  west  of  the 
meridian  of  14t"  W.  longitude,  including  many 
islands  lying  off  the  coast.  The  Russians  ac- 
quired possession  of  this  territory  by  right  of 
discovery  by  Vitas  Bearing  (which  see),  in  1741. 
Me  discovered  the  crowning  peak  of  the  Alaska 
mountains,  If ount  St.Elias,  on  July  18.     Thai 

mountain    rises   to  a   height   of  between    16,000 

and  17,000  feet  above  the  sea.  In  the  same  chain 
is  Mount  Fairwcather.  14,000 feel  in  height.  The 
mountain  country  has  now  ten  volcanoes  that  are 
active.  The  entire  coast-line  of  Alaska  mcas- 
nres  about  4000  miles,  taking  into  account  the 
smaller  indentations.  The  climate  in  some  parts 
is  most  agreeable.  In  the  interior  are  said  to 
lie  numerous  lakes.      Its  valleys  are  fertile;   its 

streams  abound  with  lish  and  its  forests  with 

game;  and  its  islands  afford  the  most  extensive 
and  richest  fur-seal  fishing  in  the  world 

Fur-trade.)  Sitka,  <>r  New  Archangel,  the  cap- 
ital of  Alaska,  is  the  oldest  settlement.  It  was 
founded  by  Russian  fur-traders, in  the  last  cen- 
tury. The  country  was  a  sort  of  independent 
province,  under  the  rule  of  the  Russian-Ameri- 
can Fur  Company, to  whom  it  was  granted  by 
the  Emperor  Paul  in  17W.  It  was  invested  with 
the  exclusive  right  of  hunting  and  lishing  in  the 
American  waters  of  the  Cxar.     The  charter  of 

the  company  expired  in  l>li7,  when  the  govern- 
ment   declined    to    renew    it.       In    1  r-t>.">  -C.T.  the 

country  was  explored  by  a  scientific  corps  senl 
out  by  the  Dnited  states  to  select  a  route  fox 

the  BoSSO -American  telegraph  line,  a  project 
which    was    abandoned    in    consequence    of   the 

successful  layiug  <>f  the  Atlantic  cable  (which 
Earlj   in   1867,  negotiations  were  begun 

for  the  purchase  of  the  territory  by  the  United 

a,  and  a   treaty  to  that   etlect   was  ratitied 

by    the    I.  S.  Senate   May   20th,  the   same   year. 

The  price  paid  was  17,200,000.  In  o.-tober  Gen- 
eral Lovel  II.  Rousseau  (which  s.-e i.  a  commis- 
sioner for  the  purpose, formally  took  possession 
of  the  region.     Alaska  promises  to  be  one  of 

the  most  valuable  of  the  territories  of  the  Re- 
public. It  is  a  military  and  collection  district, 
with  headquarters  at  Sitka.  There  is  not  yet 
(1876)  a  territorial  government  organized  for 

Alaska. 

Albany,  FlBST  COLONIAL  CONTENTION  vi 
1689).  Thoroughly  alarmed  by  the  opening 
hostilities  of  the  Preach  and  Indians  on  the 
frontiers,  the  colonies  of  Massachusetts,  Plym- 
outh, and  Connecticut  sent  commissioners  in 
Albany  to  hold  a  conference  with  the  chiefs  of 
the  Five  Nations,  all  of  whom,  excepting  the 
Median  ks,  had  renewed  their  covenant  of  friend- 
ship with  the  English.  This  covenant  was  re- 
newed Jane  v!7,  1689, previous  to  the  arrival  of 

COOII I  Fronteiiac  in  Canada.  The  commission- 
ers held  the  conference  in  September  following. 

They  tried  to  persuade  the  Fixe  Nations  to  en- 
iii    the   war   against    the   Eastern   Indians. 

Tiny  would  not  agree  to  do  so,  but  ratified  the 
bing  friendship  with  the  English  colonies. 

•■  We  promise."  the]  said,  "to  preserve  the  chain 

inviolably,  and  wish  that  the  sun  may  always 
I— 2 


ALBANY  CONVENTIONS 

shine  in  peace  over  all  our  heads  that  are  com- 
prehended in  the  chain." 

Albany,  Second  Colonial  CONTENTION  at 
1748      [n  the  summer  of  1748,  when  news  of  the 

preliminary  treaty  of  peace  reached  the  col- 
onies,  a  convention  or  congress  of  colonial  gov- 
ernors was  called  at  Albany  for  a  twofold  pur- 
pose: (1)  to  secure  a  colonial  revenue,  and  ('2)  to 
strengthen  the  bond  of  friendship  between  the 
Six  Nations  and  their  neighbors  in  the  West, 
and  the  English.  Only  Governors  Clinton  and 
Shirley,  two  able  commissioners  from  Massachu- 
setts, and  one  (William  Hull)  from  South  Caro- 
lina, were  present.  With  the  latter  came  the 
Grand  Sachem  and  some  chiefs  of  the  Cataw  has. 
a  nation  which  bad  long  waged  war  with  the 
Iroquois.  (See  Cataubaa.)  There  was  an  im- 
mense number  of  the  Six  Nations  present.  The 
royal  gover s  failed  to  gain  anything  for  them- 
selves in  the  wax  of  a  revenue,  hut  satisfactory 
arrangements  with  the  Indians,  including  the 
tribes  along  the  southern  borders  of  Lake  Erie, 
were  made.  At  that  conference  the  commis- 
sioners from  Massachusetts  (Andrew  Oliver  and 
Thomas  Hutchinson)  presented  a  memorial  for 
adoption,  praying  the  king  so  far  to  interpose  as 
that,  while  the  French  remained  in  Canada,  the 
more  southern  colonies,  which  were  not  imme- 
diately exposed  to  hostilities,  might  be  obliged 
to  contribute  in  a  just  proportion  towards  the 
expense  of  protecting  the  inland  portions  of 
New  York  and  New  England.  Clinton  and 
Shirley  signed  and  approved  of  the  memorial, 
which  was  sent  with  it  to  the  Hoard  of  Trade 
and  Plantations  (whi<  ! 

Albany,  TiiiuD  COLONIA]  CONVENTION  \i 
(1751).  The  kindly  attitude  manifested  towards 
the  French  by  the  Six  Nations  excited  the  jeal- 
ousy and  alarm  of  the  English,  especially  of 
Governor  Clinton,  of   New    York.       As   yet,  the 

Iroquois  had  never  recognised  the  claim  of  the 

English  to  dominion  over  their  laud,  and  they 
win-  free  to  ait  as  the]  pleased.     Clinton  called 

a  convention  of  representatives  of  the  seven] 
English -American  colonies,  at  Albany,  and  in- 
vited the  Six  Nations  to  send  representatives 
to  meet  with  them.  Only  Massachusetts,  Con- 
necticut, and  South  Carolina  (hose  to  incur  the 
expense.  Delegates  from  these  colonies  met  the 
chiefs  of  the  Six  Nations  (Julj  5, 17.">1)  and  made 
a  treat]  of  friendship.  The  "  King"  of  the  Ca- 
taw lias  and  several  chiefs  accompanied  the 
South  Carolina  delegate  (William  Boll),  and  a 
peace  between  that  Southern  nation  and  the 
boqnois  was  settled  at  the  same  time. 
tawha.i  and  frOfMOif.) 

Albany,  FODBTH  COLONIAL  CONTENTION  at 
L764  I  lure  were  indications  that  the  Six  Na 
tions,  intlnenced  by  French  emissaries,  w  ere  be- 
coming alienated  from  the  English.  The  col- 
onists wen'  uneasy,  and  the  British  government, 
acting  Upon  the  advice  of  the  royal  governors 
in  America,  sent  a  circular  letter  to  all  the  colo- 
nial assemblies,  proposing  the  holding  of  a  con- 
vention at  Albany,  to  be  composed  of  commit- 
tees from  the  several  legislatures  and  represent- 
atives of  the  Six  Nations.     Seven  of  the  aeseav 


ALBANY  REGENCY  i 

blies  responded,  and  on  June  19,  1T.">4,  twenty- 
live  delegates  assembled  in  the  old  City  Hall  at 
Albany.  James  De  Lancey,  acting  Governor  of 
New  York,  presided,  and  be  was  authorized  by 
the  Virginia  Legislature  to  represent  that  col- 
ony in  the  convention.  The  chiefs  of  the  Six 
Nations  were  there  in  great  numbers,  of  whom 
"  King  Hendrick,"  of  the  Mohawks,  was  leader. 
To  the  Indians  De  Lancey  .irst  spoke,  and  Hen- 
drick responded  in  words  of  hitter  reproof  of 
the  English  for  their  neglect  of  preparations  for 
danger.  "  Look  at  the  French,"  lie  said  ;  "  they 
are  men;  they  are  fortifying  every- 
where ;  hut,  we  are  ashamed  to  say 
it,  you  are  like  women,  hare  and  open, 
without  any  fortifications.  It  is  lint 
one  step  from  Canada  hither,  and  the 
French  may  easily  come  and  turn  you 
out  of  doors."  But  the  business  with 
the  six  Nations  was  closed  amicably 
and  satisfactorily  by  a  treaty  of  friend- 
ship. The  Massachusetts  delegation 
was  authorized  to  propose  a  measure 
quite  as  important  as  a  treaty  with 
the  Indians.  It  was  an  invitation 
for  the  convention  to  consider  the  question 
whether  a  union  of  the  colonies  for  mutual 
defence;  was  not  desirable  ;  and  they  were 
empowered  to  agree  to  articles  of  union  or 
confederation.  The  proposition  was  favorably 
received,  and  a  committee,  composed  of  one  dele- 
gate from  each  colony,  was  appointed  to  draw 
up  a  plan.  The  fertile  brain  of  Dr.  Benjamin 
Franklin,  a  delegate  from  Pennsylvania,  had 
conceived  a  plan  before  he  went  to  the  conven- 
tion. It  was  reported  by  the  committee  and 
adopted  by  the  convention,  the  Connecticut  del- 
egates alone  dissenting.  It  proposed  a  grand 
council  of  forty-eight  members,  to  be  ehoaen  by 
the  several  assemblies,  the  representatives  of 
each  colony  to  lie,  in  number,  in  proportion  to 
the  contribution  of  each  to  the  general  treasury. 
No  colony  was  to  have  more  than  seven  nor  less 
than  two  members.    This  congress  was  to  choose 

their  own  speaker  and  have  the  general  manage- 
ment of  all  civil  and  military  affairs,  and  to  en- 
act genera]  laws  in  conformity  to  the  British 
Constitution.  It  proposed  to  have  a  president- 
general,  appointed  and  paid  by  the  clown,  who 
should  have  a  negative  or  veto  power  on  all 
acts  ,,('  the  congress,  and  to  have,  with  the  ad- 
vice and  consent  of  the  congress,  the  appoint- 
ment of  all  military  officers,  and  the  entire  man- 
agement of  Indian  affairs;  the  civil  officers  to 
be  appointed  by  the  eon-res-,  with  the  approval 
of  the  president-general.  This  plan  of  govern- 
ment bore  a  strong  resemblance  to  our  national 
constitution,  which  Franklin  .assisted  in  framing 
more   than    thirty    years  afterwards. 

liinial  Constitution),  This  plan  was  submitted  to 
i  he  Fords  of  Trade  and  Plantations  (which  see). 
Thev  diil  not  approve  of  it,  nor  recommend  it  to 
the  king  for  consideration.  They  thought  there 
wa-.  too  much  democracy  in  it.  The  assemblies 
did  not  favor  it,  because  they  thought  there  was 
too  much  prerog Otta  in  It.  So  it  was  rejected. 
Albany  Regency.      A  name  popularly  given 

to  a  few  active  and  able  men  of  the  Democratic 


I  ALBEMARLE  SOFND 

l'arty  more  than  fifty  years  ago,  of  whom  Martin 
Yan  Buren  was  a  leader,  having  their  bead- 
quarters  at  Albany,  the  political  capital  of  the 
State  of  New  York,  and  who.  in  a  great  degree, 
controlled  the  action  of  their  party  throughout 
the  Union.  Their  first  great  trial  of  strength 
was  seen  in  an  effort  to  elect  William  II.  Craw- 
ford President  of  the  United  States  in  1824,  in- 
stead of  John  Quincy  Adams. 

Albemarle,  DESTRUCTION  OP  tiii:  (1864).  The 
Albemarle  was  a  powerful  Confederate  "nm" 
that    patrolled    the    waters    off    the    coast    of 


North  Carolina.  It  was  a  frightful  bugbear  to 
the  national  blockading  vessels.  Late  in  Oc- 
tober, 1864, Lieutenant  VY.  P..  dishing,  a  daring 
young  officer  of  the  United  States  Navy,  under- 
took to  destroy  it.  It  was  lying  at  Plymouth, 
behind  a  barricade  of  logs  thirty  feet  in  width. 
With  a  small  steam-launch  equipped  as  a  tor- 
pedo-boat, dishing  moved  in  towards  Plymouth 
on  a  dark  night  (Oct.  "27.  lSi>4)  with  a  crew  of 
thirteen  officers  and  men.  part  of  w  honi  had  vol- 
unteered for  this  service.  The  launch  had  a  cut- 
ter in  tow.  They  were  within  twenty  yards  of 
the  "ram"  before  they  were  discovered,  when 
its  pickets  began  firing.  In  the  lace  of  a  severe 
discharge  of  musketry,  dishing  pressed  to  the 
attack.  He  drove  his  launch  far  into  the  log 
barricade,  lowered  his  torpedo  boom,  and  drove 
it  directly  under  the  overhang  of  the  ••  rain." 
The  mine  was  exploded,  and  at  the  same  mo- 
ment one  of  the  gnus  of  the  Albemarle  burled 
a  heavy  bolt  that  went  crashing  through  and 
destroying  the  launch.  Cushiug  and  his  com- 
panions leaped  into  the  water,  but  only  one  be- 
sides the  commander  escaped  drowning  or  capt- 
ure. Cusliing  swam  ashore,  crept  into  a  swamp, 
and  was  found  and  cared  for  by  some  negroes. 
The  torpedo  had  destroyed  the  Albemarle,  and 
she  settled  down  in  the  mud  in  Plymouth  har- 
bor      Plymouth   was  recaptured   (Oct.  lilt  1 .  \    a 

Bqnadron  under  Commodore  Macomb,  w  ith  Borne 
prisoners  and  valuable  stores. 

Albemarle  Sound.  Yvv  \i  I'.miii  in.  The 
Confederate  general  Hoke. alter  capturing  Plym- 
outh   (Which    see  i.   proceeded     to    New  belli    and 

demanded  its  surrender,      the  commander  of 

the  Albemarle,  a  powerful  "ram."  started  out 
on  Albemarle  Sound  to  assist  Hoke,  when  his 
vessel  encountered  (Ma.v  ."..  1864)  the   5 

Fieutciiant-coiunialider    F.  A.  Kose.  OIK 
tain    Melancthon   Smith's  blockading  squadron 
in  the  Sound.    The  .  tllii  murh   was  heavilv   armed 
with  Brooks  and  Whit  worth  guns.     Alter  a  brief 
cannonade    the    SaHOOMI  struck    the   monster  a 


ALCOTT  1 

blow  which  pushed  it  partly  under  water  and 
nearly  sunk  it.  When  the  ••  ram  "  recovered,  the 
-  Is  hurled  KHi-ponnd  shot  at  each  other 
at  a  distance  of  a  few  parrs.  Most  of  those  from 
u  glanced  off  from  the  Albemarle  like 
hail  from  granite.  Three  of  the  shots  troni  the 
entered  a  part  of  the  ••ram  "  with  de- 
structive effect,  and  at  the  same  moment  the 
Albemarle  sent  a  100-pouud  Brooks  boll  through 
one  of  the  boilers  of  the  Sosmciu,  killing  three 
men  and  wounding  six.  The  vessel  was  tilled 
with  scalding  steam  and  was  unmanageable  for 
a  few  minutes.  When  the  smoke  and  vapor 
passed  away,  the  Albemarle  was  seen  moving 
toward^  Plymouth,  tiring  as  she  tied.  Tin  >,,<_ 
MOM  slowly  followed,  hut  finally  desisted  for 
want  of  steam.  Tin-  victorious  SsSMMM  hail 
captured  another  Confederate  vessel  with  valu- 
able guns.      Hoke  fell  back  from  New  hern. 

Alcott,  Ami's  BrOMSOK,  an  American  edu- 
cator: was  born  at  Woleott.  Conn..  Nov. 27,  17'.»'.". 
Hi-  became  a  Successful  teacher  of  an  infant 
school  in  his  native  state.  Removing  to  Bos- 
ton, he  soon  became  conspicuous  as  a  teacher  of 
tin-  very  yonng.  He  Anally  settled  in  Concord. 
Mass.,  where  he  studied  natural  theology  and 
the  best  methods  for  producing  reforms  in  diet, 
education,  and  civil  and  social  institutions.  By 
invitation,  he  went  to  England  in  1842, to  teach 
at  •■Alcott  House,"  a  name  given  to  a  school  at 
Ham,  near  London.  Returning  to  America,  with 
two  English  friends,  he  attempted  the  founding 

of  a  new  community,  calling  the  farm  'Fruit 
Lands."  It  was  a  failure,  and  In-  again  went  to 
Concord,  where  he  has   since  resided.  Living  the 

Ufa  of  a  peripatetic  philosopher,  convi 

cities  and  in  villages,  wherever  ini  itod,  on  divin- 
ity, human  nature, ethics, as  well  as  on  a  great 
variety  of  practical  questions.  His  daughter, 
Louisa  Mary,  is  a  pleasing  writer  of  fiction. 

Alden.  Jama,  Bear -admiral  of  the  United 
states  Navy, was  bom  in  Portland,  Maine.  March 
:n.  1810;  died  in  San  Francisco, Cal.,  Feb.  6,  1-77. 
He  became  a  midshipman  in  1828;  lieutenant  in 
1~41 :  commander  in  1855;  captain.  Jan.  2,  1883; 
and  commodore,  July 25, 1866.  He  was  a  par- 
ticipant in  the  South  Sea  Exploring  Expedition 

(which  sec  (under  Lieutenant  Wilkes,  and  served 
under  Commodore  Conner  on  the  bull'  roasi  of 

Mexico  during  tin-  war  with  that  country.    He 

w  as  act  i\  e  in  the  reinforcement  of  Fort  Pickens: 

in  the  expedition  against  Galveston.;  as  com- 
mander of  the  Richmond  in  the  passage  of  Forts 
Jackson  and  St.  Philip;  in  the  capture  "i  v  « 
(  h  leans  :  and  at  Vioksborg,  Port  Hudson,  Mobile 
Bay,  and  Fort  Fisher.  Admiral  Alden  was  ap- 
pointed chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Navigation  ami 
Detail  in  1889. 

Aldrich.  Thomas  IMiky,  was  horn  in  Ports- 
mouth. N.  II,  in  1836.  He  entered  upon  mer- 
cantile life  at  an  early  age,  and  at  the  same  time 
in  writing  verses  for  the  New  fork 
journals.  The  Ant  Collection  of  his  poems  was 
published,  under  the   name   of  •'The   Pells."   in 

1855,  when  he  was  nineteen  years  of  age.  His 
most  successful  poem,  "Babie  Pell."  was  pub- 
lished ill  1856,  and  soon  aftcrw  aids  he  abandoned 


I  ALEXANDER 

mercantile  for  literary  pursuits.  In  1856  be 
joined  the  start'  of  the  Home  Journal,  published 
by  Morris  and  Willis.  Mr.  Aldrich  is  also  a 
pleasing  writer  of  fiction  in  prose.  He  edited 
Awry  Saturday  from  its  foundation,  and  has  con- 
tributed largely  to  the  periodical  publications 
of  our  country. 

Alexander  and  Philip,  Indian  kings.  Mas- 
sasoit  (which  sec)  died  in  1660.  Three  or  four 
years  before  his  death  he  took  his  two  sons. 
Wamsutta  and  Metacomet.  to  Plymouth,  and 
asked  that  both  should  receive  English  names. 
The  first  (and  the  oldest)  was  named  Alexander, 
and  the  second  Philip.  Alexander  succeeded  his 
father  as  chief  sachem  of  the  Wampai 
likil  he  was  compelled  to  go  to  Plymouth  a  pris- 
oner, on  suspicion  of  being  leagued  with  the 
Narragansets  in  hostile  designs  against  the  Eng- 
lish. The  suspicion  was  not  sustained  by  evi- 
dence. On  his  way  to  Plymouth  the  chief  was 
taken  suddenly  ill.  and  in  a  few  hours  died,  it 
was  said  of  a  fever  brought  on  by  rage  and  mor- 
tification. His  yonng  wife,  who  became  the 
squaw  sachem  Witamo  (which  sec),  believed  he 
had  been  poisoned  by  the  English.  This  event 
soured  the  minds  of  Philip  and  his  followers 
towards  the  English,  and  was  one  of  the  indirect 
causes  which  led  to  King  Philip's  War  (which 

Alexander,   ARCHIBALD,  D.D.,  was   born    in 

Augusta  (now  Rockbridge)  County.  Ya..  April 
17.  1772;  died  in  Princeton.  N.  .1..  Ocl 
He  was  of  Scotch  descent,  and  became  teacher  in 
a  Virginian  famih  at  the  age  of  seventeen  \cars. 
In  17'.»1  he  entered  the  ministry  as  an  itinerant 
missionary  in  his  native  state.  In  17~!»  he  be- 
came President  of  Ilampden-Sidney  College:  left 
it  in  1801  :  married  a  daughter  of  Rev.  Mi.  Wad- 
dell,  the  celebrated  "blind  preacher"  in  Virginia, 
and  aftervi  anla  1 1807  |  became  pastor  of  a  Pres- 
byterian church  in  Philadelphia.  In  1810  he  was 
elected  President  of  Union  College,  Georgia,  bnt 
did  not  accept  it.     On  the  establishment  of  the 

Theological  Seminary  at  Princeton,  in  1-11.  Dr. 
Alexander  was  chosen  its  fust  professor,  which 
position  he  held  until  his  death,  a  period  of  forty 
years.  Among  his  numerous  writings  his  Out- 
lines   oft'  ('lirixtianitt/,  OSed    as    -i 

text-book  in  several  colleges,  is  most  extensive- 
ly known.  It  has  passed  through  many  edit  ions 
in  various  languages. 

Alexander,  Baxtoh  Stone,  a  brevet  Briga- 
dier-Genera] I.  S.  Army,  was  bom  in  Kentucky 
in  1819,  and  graduated  at  the  Military  Academy 
at  West  Point  in  1842.  He  was  made  Second 
Lieutenant  of  Engineers  in  1843, asd  captain  in 
1856.  For  services  at  the  bailie  of  Pull's  Kun, 
.lulv  .  1861,  he  was  breveted  major,  and  in  March. 

L863,was  commissioned  Major  of  the  Engineer 

Corps.  Tor  meritorious  services  during  the 
civil  War.  he  was  breveted  brigadier -general 

iii  March.  ls|i.">.  Active  during  the  war.  he  was 
consulting  engineer  in  Sheridan's  army  in  the 
Shenandoah  Vallev.  and  was  at  the  battle  of 
Cedar  Creek,  Oct.  19,  16 

Alexander,  Jams,  an  active  public  man  in 
the  province  of  New  York,  to  which  he  emigrated 


ALEXANDER 


20 


ALEXANDER 


from  Scotland  in  1715.  where  he  was  born.  Ho 
died  in  New  York  City, April  2,1756.  He  had 
fled  from  Scotland  because  of  his  peril  there  as 
an  adherent  of  the  "Yonng  Pretender."  Ho 
was  accompanied  by  William  Smith,  afterwards 
ohief-jnstice  of  the  provinee  and  its  historian. 
He  was  made  Surveyor-general  of  New  Jersey 
and  New  York,  was  secretary  of  the  latter  col- 
ony, and  attained  eminence  in  the  profession  of 
the  law.  As  attorney-general  of  the  province 
and  occupant  of  other  important  positions.  In; 
became  distinguished.  He  was  one  of  the  able 
counsel  who  defended  the  freedom  of  the  press 
in  the  person  of  John  Peter  Zenger  in  17:i.">.  (See 
Ztnger,  ./.  /'.)  Because  of  the  part  which  he 
took  in  that  famous  trial  he  was  arbitrarily  ex- 
cluded from  the  bar,  but  was  reinstated  in  17:?7. 
Mr.  Alexander  was  associated  with  Franklin  and 
others  in  founding  the  American  Philosophical 
Society.  He  was  the  father  of  William  Alex- 
ander, known  as  Lord  Stirling,  a  general  iu  the 
Continental  army. 

Alexander,  Sib  William,  patentee  of  Nova 
Scotia,  was  a  poet  and  court  favorite,  to  whom 
.lames  I.  ami  Charles  1.  were  much  attached. 
He  was  horn  at  Menstrie,  Scotland,  in  1580; 
died  in  1640.  He  became  the  author  of  verses 
when  he  was  fourteen  years  old,  and  was  cher- 
ished by  Scotchmen  as  a  descendant  of  the  Mac- 
donalds.  His  Aurora  contained  more  than  one 
hundred  sonnets,  songs,  and  elegies  which  dis- 
played the  effects  of  ill-requited  love.  When 
the  Council  for  New  England  (see  Plymouth 
Company)  perceived  the  intention  of  the  French 
beyond  the  St.  Croix  to  push  their  settlements 
westward,  they  granted  to  Sir  William  (who  had 
been  knighted  in  1614)  all  of  the  territory  now 
known  as  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia,  ex- 
cepting a  pait  of  Acadia  proper;  and  the  king 
Confirmed  it,  and  issued  a  patent  Sept.  10,  1621. 
The  territory  granted  was  called  Nova  Scotia — 
New  Scotland — and  it  was  given  to  Sir  William 
and  his  heirs  in  fee  without  conditions.  It  was 
erected  into  a  royal  palatinate,  the  proprietor 
being  invested  with  the  rights  and  powers  of  a 
count-palatine.  It  was  designed  to  settle  the 
territory  with  Scotch  emigrants,  who  should 
form  a  barrier  against  French  encroachments. 
A  colony  was  accordingly  planted,  and  Sir  Will- 
iam held  possession  ten  years  before  he  was  dis- 
placed l.\  the  French.  In  1626,  Charles  [.(who 
had. just  succeeded  his  deceased  lather),  in  order 
to  help  Sir  William  plant  a  successful  colony  or 
sell  the  domain  in  parcels,  created  the  order  of 
"Baronets  of  Nova  Scotia,"  the  title  to  he  con- 
ferred upon   purchasers  of  large   tracts  of  land 

there.  He  also  gays  the  proprietor  the  privi- 
lege of  coining  base  copper  money.     In  1626  Sir 

William    was   appointed   Srerelarx    of  Stale   for 

Scotland,  Keeper  of  the  Signet  in  1627, Commis- 
sioner of  the  Exchequer  in  L628,  also  Lord  of 

Canada.  In  1630  he  was  created  Viscount  Stir- 
ling, and  in  1633  Earl  of  Stirling  and  Viseonni 
of  Canada.  In  1628  the  Council  for  New  Eng- 
land gave  him  a  grant  of  territory,  w  huh  III- 
Olnded  a  part  of  Long  Island,  opposite  Connec- 
ticut ;  but  he  was  not  able  t<>  manage  his  oolo- 
ni/atioii  schemes  in  N"\  ■  Scotia,  and  he  sold  his 


domain  to  the  French.  Lord  Stirling's  title  ex- 
pired with  the  fifth  earl  (1739).  but  other  claim- 
ants appeared  afterwards.  (See  Stirling,  Gen- 
eral I. onl.) 

Alexander,  William  (Lord  Stirling),  was 
born  in  New  York  City  in  17Jfi.  He  was  a  son 
of  Secretary  Alexander  of  New  Jersey.  His 
mother  was  the 

widow  of  Da- 
vid l'rovoost,  a 
wealthy  mer- 
chant of  New 
York,  when  his 
fat  her  married 
her.  Attached 
to  the  commis- 
sariat of  the 
army,  he  attract- 
ed the  notice  of 
General  Shirley. 
andwasforthree 
years  bis  aid-de- 
camp and  private  secretary.  He  went  to  Eng- 
land and  Scotland  iu  1755,  and  before  his  re- 
turn he  prosecuted  his  claim  to  the  earldom  of 
Stirling,  but  was  unsuccessful.  He  spent  much 
of  his  fortune  in  the  matter.  It  was  generally 
believed  that  be  was  the  rightful  heir  to  the 
title  and  estates,  and  he  assumed  the  title  of 
Lord  Stirling,  by  which  he  was  ever  afterwards 
known  in  America.  When  the  quarrel  with 
Great  Britain  began  in  the  colonies  Lord  Stir- 
ling espoused  the  cause  of  the  patriots.  In 
1775  he  was  appointed  a  colonel,  and  in  March, 
lT7<i.  was  commissioned  a  brigadier-general  in 
the  Continental  army.  When  General  Lee  went 
south, Lord  Stirling  was  placed  in  command  of 
the  troops  in  and  around  the  oitj  of  New  York. 
After  conspicuous  service  in  the  battle  of  Long 
Island  (Aug. 27, 1776)  he  was  made  a  prisoner, 
but  was  soon  exchanged  :  and  in  1777  he  was 

Commissioned  by  Congress  a  major-general.     He 

fonght  with  Washington  on  the  Brandy  wine  on 

Sept.  11,  1777.  and  was  specially  distinguished 
at  (iennantown  and  Monmouth,  commanding 
the  left  wing  of  the  American  army  in  the  last- 
named  engagement.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
faithful  of  Washington's  soldiers  during  the 
war.  William  Alexander  (Lord  Stirling)  mar- 
ried a  daughter  of  William  Livingston,  of  New 
Jersey,  and  had  been,  like  his  father,  survex  or- 
general.  lie  was  an  excellent  mathematician 
and  astronomer.  Lord  Stirling  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  "New  York  Society  Library,'' 
and  also  of  Kind's  (now  Columbia) College.  Al- 
exander Humphreys,  born  iu  Birmingham,  Eng- 
land.  in  17-:!,  claimed  the  earldom  of  Stirling. 
In  l-.M  he  obtained  the  royal  license  to  assume 
the  name  of  Alexander,  because  he  had  a  mater- 
nal grandfather  of  that  name,  and  his  deceased 
mother    was    a    great  -  gi  eat  -  granddaiiglih  r    of 

John  Alexander,  fourth  son  of  William  Alexan- 
der, the  last  earl  of  Stirling,  and  all  interme- 
diate heirs  had  become  extinct.  For  a  short 
lime  he  exercised  the  privileges  of  an  earl,  and 
he   even   claimed   vasl    possessions    in   \o\a  SOO- 

lia.  (See  si,-  milium  Alexander.)  Mm  after  a 
legal  Investigation  he  was  stripped  of  his  tales 


ALEXANDRIA  PLUNDERED  21 

and  pretensions,  and  in  1839  he  sank  into  ob- 
livion. 

Alexander  VI.,  Pope.  Bodrigo  Lenznolo, 
a  native  of  Valencia,  Spain,  was  elected  Pope, 

and    assumed   the    name   of  Alexander  VI.      He 

was  born  in  1431  ;  made  Pope  Aug.  11,  1492; 
and  died  Aug.  h,  1803.  His  mother  was  a  Bor- 
gia, and  Caesar  and  Lncretia  Borgia  were  two 
of  his  five  illegitimate  children  by  his  mistress. 
Rosa  Yanozza.  His  death,  some  historians  say. 
was  caused  by  his  accidentally  taking  a  poison- 
ed draught  intended  fur  a  large  parly  of  cardi- 
nals whom  he  had  invited  to  a  banquet.  (See 
Popja  c.ift.) 

Alexandria  plundered.  While  the  British 
forces  were  making  their  way  across  Maryland 
towards  Washington  (August,  1814),  a  portion 
of  the  British  fleet,  consisting  of  two  frigates 
of  36  and  :s*  guns,  ' w"  rocket -ships  of  18  guns, 

two   bomb-Vessels   Of  B   guns,  and   one   schooner 

of  2    gUUS,   sailed    up    the     Potomac    under    the 

charge  of  Commodore  Cordon  of  the.  Sea  Ilorw 
(see  Rodger a's  Long  <'nii.*<),  and  easily  passed  the 
guns  of  Fori  Washington,  the  defences  of  which 


ALGIERS 

invader  contented  himself  with  burning  one  ves- 
sel and  loading  several  others  with  plunder,  for 
lie  became  in  too  great  a  hurry  to  depart  to  wait 
for  the  hidden  merchandise  and  the  raising  of 
the  scuttled  vessels.  The  Bquadron  sailed  down 
the  Potomac,  annoyed  all  the  way  by  batteries 
ami  (lie  militia  on  the  shore, the  former  quick- 
ly constructed  and  armed  with  heavy  guns  from 
vessels  sent  by  Commodore  Rodgers  from  Balti- 
more, and  also  others  sent  down  from  Washing- 
ton. The  British  squadron,  having  an  aggre- 
gate of  17:!  guns,  passed  out  safch  into  Chesa- 
peake Bay  on  Sept. .",. 

Algiers,  Thxbute  to.     Stretching  along  the 
southern  shores  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  from 

the  western  frontier  of  Egypl  to  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  are  four  provinces  Tunis,  Tripoli,  Alge- 
ria, and  Morocco  called  Barharj  States,  from  the 
Berbers,  the  ancient  inhabitants.  Prom  their 
ports,  especially  from  Algiers,  went  out  pirati- 
cal vessels  to  depredate  npon  the 'commerce  of 
other  peoples.     So  earlj  as  1785  two  American 

vessels  had  been  captured  by  these  corsairs,  and 
their  crews  (t  wenty-one  persons)  had  been  held 


KUKT    «  ISIIIM.IuV 


the  government  had  neglected.  The  British 
squadron  appeared  before  the  tort  (Ang.  27), 
when  the  commander  blew  up  the  magazine 
and  lied.    The  squadron  passed  ami  anchored 

in  front  of  Alexandria,  nine  miles  helow  Wash- 
ington, on  the  28th,  prepared  to  lay  the  city  in 
ashes  with  bombs  and  rockets  if  demands  were 
lint  complied  with.  There  was  no  ctfecli\e 
Alexandria  to  oppose  the  invaders,  for 
the  able-bodied  men  and  heavy  gOOS  hail  heen 
called  to  the  defeui f  Washington.  The  citi- 
zens sent  a  deputation  to  ask  Commodore  Gor- 
don npon  what  terms  he  would  consent  to  spare 
the  town.  lie  replied  that  all  na\al  shoes  anil 
ordnance,  all  the  shipping  and  ils  furniture, 
merchandise  of  ever J  description  in  the  city  or 
which   hail   been    carried  out  .of  it    to   a    place   ,.| 

safety,  and  refreshments  of  every  kind,  must  be 
immediately  given  up  to  him.    Also,  the  vessels 

Which  had  heen  scuttled  to  save  llieni  from  capt- 

nie  must  be  raised  and  delivered  t'>  him.     "  Do 

all  I  his,"  he  said,  "and  the  town  of  Alexandria. 

with  the  exception  of  the  public  works,  shall  be 

spared   and  the   Inhabitants  shall   lie   unmolest 

ed."    The  inhabitants  wen-  allowed  only  one 

hour  to  consider  these  harsh  terms.      They  were 

powerless, and  were  compelled  to  submit.    The 


mi  slavery  for  ransom.  The  Dey,  or  ruler,  of 
Algiers  demanded  sixty  thousand  dollars  for 
their  redemption.  As  this  sum  would  be  a  pre- 
oedent, other  means  were  sought  to  obtain  the 

release  of  Ihe  eaplives.  In  a  message,  in  1790, 
President    Washington    called   the   attention  of 

Congress  to  the  matter,  bul  the  (Juited  states 
wen>  without  a  navy  to  protect  their  commerce. 

For  what  protection  American  vessels  enjoyed 
they  were  indebted  to  Portugal,  then  at  wai 
with  Algiers.  In  179:5  the  British  government 
made  a  secret  arrangement  with  thai  of  Portu- 
gal, wherebj  peace  with  Algiers  was  obtained. 

In  that   arrangement   il    was  Stipulated  that   for 

ihe  space  of  a  year  Portugal  should  not  afford 

protection  to  Ihe   vessels  of  any  nation   against 

AJgerine  corsairs.  This  was  for  ihe  purpose  "I 
injuring  Franoe.  The  pirates  were  immediate 
ly  hi  loose  upon  commerce.    David  Humphreys, 

Who  had  heen  sent  to  Algiers  by  the  govcrnmoiil 

of  the  United  States  to  make  arrangements  for 
ihe  release  of  American  commerce  there  from 
danger,  was  insulted  by  ihe  Dey.     Humphreys 

w  role.  '•  If  w  e  mean  to  have  com  melee,  we  must 
have  a  navy."  Meanwhile  ihe  Tinted  Slates 
were  compelled  to  pay  Irihule  to  Ihe  Dey  lo 
keep    his    corsairs    from    American    commerce. 


ALGONQUIN* 

From  1785  until  tin-  autumn  of  1793,  when 
Washington  called  the  attention  <>t'  Congress 
to  the  necessity  of  a  navy,  the  Algerine  pirates 
had  captured  fifteen  American  vessels  and 
made  one  hundred  and  eighty  officers  and  sea- 
men slaves  of  the  most  revolting  kind.  To 
redeem  the  survivors  of  these  captives,  and 
others  taken  more  recently,  the  United  States 
government  paid  abont  one  million  dollars  in 
ransom-money.  In  the  autumn  of  1795  the  gov- 
ernment was  compelled  to  agree,  by  treaty,  to 
pay  to  the  Key  of  Algiers  an  annual  tribute  for 
the  relief  of  captured  seamen,  according  to  long 
usage  among  European  nations.  It  was  humil- 
iating, hnt  nothing  better  could  then  be  done, 
and  humanity  demanded  it.  In  1812,  the  Dey. 
offended  because  he  had  not  received  from  the 
American  government  the  annual  triluite  in 
precisely  such  articles  as  he  wanted,  dismissed 
the  American  consul,  declared  war,  and  his  cor- 
sairs captured  American  vessels  and  reduced 
the  crews  to  slavery.  The  American  consul  — 
Mr.  1. ear  — was  compelled  to  pay  the  Dey  twenty- 
BBven  thousand  dollars  for  the  security  of  him- 
self and  family  and  a  few  other  Americans  there 
from  horrid  slavery.  Determined  to  pay  trib- 
ute no  longer  to  the  insolent  semi- barbarian, 
tin;  American  government  accepted  the  Dey's 
challenge  for  war,  and  in  May,  1815,  sent  Com- 
modore Decatur  to  the  Mediterranean  with  a 
squadron  to  humble  the  Dey.  Decatur  found 
tin'  Algerine  pirate-fleet  cruising  for  American 
vessels.  He  played  havoc  with  the  corsair-,  en- 
tered the  Ray  of  Algiers  (June  28),  demanded 
the  instant  surrender  of  all  American  prisoners, 
full  indemnification  for  all  property  destroyed, 
and  absolute  relinquishment  of  all  claims  to 
trihute  from  the  United  States  thereafter.  The 
terrified  Dey  complied  with  the  demand.  (See 
Barbary  Powers,  liar  with  the.) 

Algonquins.  The  most  powerful  of  the  eight 
distinct  Indian  nations  found  in  North  America 
by  the  Europeans  in  the  17th  century  was  the 
Algonquin.  (See  Indiana.)  It  was  composed  of 
several  powerful  t rihes.  the  most  important  of 
which  were  the  Ottawaa,  Chippewas,  8acs  and 
Foxes,   Menoinmii  es.  Miamis,   Pottawattomiee, 

Kiekapoos,  Illinois,  Shawnocse,  l'ow  hatans.  (d- 

rees,  Nautieokes,  Lenni-Lenapes  or  Delawares, 
Ifobegans,  tin-  New  England  Indians,  tin-  Abe- 
nukes,  and  Micmacs.  There  were  smaller  inde- 
pendent tribes,  the  principal  of  which  were  the 
Susquehannas  in  Pennsylvania;  the  Mannaho- 
acs  in  the  hill-country  between  the  York  and  Po- 
tomac rivers;  and  the  Monaoans,  on  the  bead- 
waters  "i  the  .lames  River.  Virginia.  All  of 
these  tribes  were  divided  into  cantons  or  clans. 
sometimes  so  small  as  to  afford  a  war-parly  of 
only  forty  men.    The  domain  of  the  Algonquins 

covered  a  vast  region,  hounded  on  the  imrtli  and 

northeast  by  the  Esquimaux;  on  the  northwest 
by  the  Knistenanx  and  Athabascae;  on  the 
west  i.y  the  Dakota*;  on  the  south  by  the  Ca- 
taw  has.  ( Iherokees,  liobilians,  and  Natchez  :  and 
on  the  cast  i.\  Nova  Scotia.  West  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, the  Itlackleel  and  Clie\eimes  are  regard- 
tmllj  of  the  Algouqnins.  TheorigiuaJ 
land  of  the  Ottawa*  was  ou  the  weal  side  of  Lake 


22  ALGONQUINS 

Huron;  but  they  were  seated  upon  the  Ottawa 
River,  in  Canada,  when  the  French  discovered 

them,  and  claimed  sovereignty  over  that  region. 
(See  Ottawa*.)  The  Chippewa*  and  I'uttawatto- 
mie*  were  closely  allied  by  language  and  friend- 
ship. The  former  were  on  the  southern  shores 
of  Lake  Superior:  the  latter  occupied  the  isl- 
ands and  mainland  on  the  western  shores  of 
Green  Hay  when  first  discovered  by  the  Freueh. 
In  1701  they  seated  themselves  ou  the  south- 
ern shores  of  Lake  Michigan.  (See  Chippe- 
was and  Pottawattomies.)  The  Sues  and  Foxes 
are  really  one  tribe.  They  were  found  by  the 
French,  in  1680,  at  the  southern  extremity  of 
Green  Bay.  (See  Sacs  and  Foxes.)  The  Menom- 
onees  are  among  the  few  Indian  tribes  who  oc- 
cupy the  same  domain  as  when  they  were  dis- 
covered by  Europeans  in  1699.  That  domain  is 
upon  the  shores  of  Green  Bay,  and  there  the  tribe 
remains.  (See  Menomonees.)  The  Miami*  and 
Piankeshaws  inhabited  that  portion  of  Ohio  ly- 
ing between  the  Miami  or  Maui ,on  Lake  Erie, 

and  the  watershed  between  the  Wabash  and 
Kaskia  rivers.  The  English  and  the  Five  Na- 
tions called  them  the  Twigbtwees. 
mis,  l'iaiike.shaw*,  and  Twiahtwee*.)  The  Kieka- 
poos were  on  the  Wisconsin  River  when  discov- 
ered by  the  French.     (8ee  Kiekapoos.)    The  II- 

Unois  formed  a  numerous  tribe,  twelve  thousand 
strong,  when  discovered  by  the  French.  They 
were  seated  on  the  Illinois  River,  and  composed  a 
confederation  of  live  families,  namely.  Kaskas- 
kias,  Cahokias,  Tamaronas.  Michigamies.  and 
Peorias.  (See  Illinois  ami  Kiekapoos.)  The 
Skawnoostl  occupied  a  vast  region  west  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains,  and  their  great  council- 
bonse  was  in  the  basin  of  the  Cumberland  River. 
tSee  Shniniiie.se.)  The  Powhataus  constituted  a 
confederacy  of  more  than  twenty  tribes,  includ- 
ing the  Accohannocks  ami  AocomaCB,  on  the  east- 
ern shore  of  Chesapeake  Bay.  The  confederacy 
occupied  the  region  in  Virginia  consisting  of  the 
navigable  portion  of  the  .lames  ami  York  rivers, 
with  their  tributaries.  (See  I'owhatann.)  The 
Corses  wire  south  of  the  I'owhatans,  on  tin-  At- 
lantic coast,  in  Northern  North  Carolina.  The 
(hi  raw*  and  other  small  tribes  occupied  the 
land  of  tin-  once  powerful  Haltcras  family,  he- 
low  the  Corees.  •  heraws, and  Hat- 
telas.)  The  Xantieokr*  were  upon  the  peninsula 
between    the   Chesapeake    and    Delaware    ha\s. 

(See  Nanticobes.)  The  Lonmi-Lenapm,ox  l><la- 
wares,  comprised  powerful  families  namely,  the 
Minsis  and  Datawares  proper.  The  former  oc- 
cupied the  northern  part  of  New  Jersey  and  a  por- 
tion of  Pennsylvania, and  the  latter  inhabited 
Jersey,  the  banks  of  the  Delaware 

RiVH  below  Trenton,  and   the   whole   valley  of 

the  Schuylkill.  (See  Lenni-Lenapes  and  Dela- 
warm,       ihe  Molm/ans  were  a  distinct  tribe  on 

the   cast    side   of  the   Hudson    River,  and    under 

that  name  were  included  several  independent 
families  on  Long  Island  and  the  country  be- 
tween the  Lenni-Lenapes  and  the  New  England 

Indians.       (Sec     MoheOOnS.)       lie-      Vim     i'.iujland 

Indian*  inhabited  the  country  from  the  Con- 
necticut River  eastward  to  tbe8aeo,m  Maine. 
Ihe  principal  tribes  were  the  Nurrugnusets  on 


ALIEN  AND  8EDITION  LAWS 


23 


ALLATOONA  PASS 


Rhode  Island  ;  the  Pokanokets  and  Wampano- 
ags  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Narraganset  Bay 

and  in  a  portion  of  Massachusetts ;  the  Massa- 
chusetts in  the  vicinity  of  Boston  and  the  shores 
southward;  and  the  Pawtnckete  in  the  north- 

eastern  pari  i>t'  Massachusetts,  embracing  the 
PennaoookB  of  New  Hampshire.  (See  Narragan- 
nils,  Pokanokete,  fVampanoags,  MoMttchuaetts,  Paw- 
tinl.i is.  ami  Pennaeookt.  |  The  Abenaket  wen-  east- 
ward of  the  Baco.  Their  chief  tribes  were  the 
Penobscots,  Norridgewocks,  Androsooggins,  and 
Paesamaq noddies.  (8ee  PenobtootB,  Norridge- 
mocks,  Androacoggint,  and  Pattamoquoddies.) 

Alien  and  Sedition  Laws  |  1798 ).  The  greater 
part  of  the  emigrants  to  the  United  states  since 
the  adoption  of  the  National  Constitution  had 
l ii  either  Frenchmen,  driven  into  exile  by  polit- 
ical troubles  at  1 ■.  or  Englishmen,  Scotchmen, 

and  Irishmen,  Who  had  espoused  ultra  -  repub- 
lican principles,  and  who, flying  from  the  severe 

measures  of  repression  adopted  againsl  them  at 
home,  bronght  to  America  a  fierce  hatred  of  the 
government  of  Great  Britain  aud  warm  admira- 
tion of  republican  Prance.  Among  these  were 
some  men  of  pure  lives  and  noble  aims,  bnl 
many  wire  desperate  political  intriguers, read} 
to  engage  in  any  scheme  of  mischief.  It  was 
estimated  that  at  tin'  heginuing  of  1798  there 
were  30,000  Frenchmen  in  the  United  states  or- 
ganized in  i  luhs,  and  at  least  50,000  who  hail 
hein  Bnbjects  of  Great  Britain.  These  were  re- 
garded as  dangerous  to  the  Commonwealth,  and 
in  l?'.i*.  when  war  with  France  seemed  inevita- 
ble, Congress  passed  acts  for  the  security  of  the 
government  against  internal  toes.     By  an  act 

(June    1-,    1790),  the    naturalization    laws    were 

made  more  stringent,  and  alien  euemies  could 
not   become  citizens  at  all.     By  a   second  act 

(June  25), which  «:>^  limited  to  two  years,  the 
President  was  authorized  to  older  oui  ill'  the 
country  all  aliens  whom  he  might  judge  to  be 
dangerous  to  the  peace  and  safety  of  the  United 
Si. ile-.      By  a  third  act  (July  6),  in  case  of  war 

declared  against  the  United  states,  or  an  actual 

invasion,  all  resident  aliens,  natives  ur  citizens 
of  the  hostile  nation,  might,  upon  proclamation 

of  the  President,  isened  according  to  ins  discre- 
tion, be  apprehended  and  seenred  or  removed. 

These  were  known  as  Alien  Lam.  The  Presi- 
dent never  had  occasion  to  put  them  in  force, 
but  several  prominent  Frenchmen,  who  fell  that 
the  laws  were  aimed  at  them,  speedily  left  tin- 
United  States.  Among  these  was  M. Volney, 
who,  in  tin-  preface  to  bis  work  .1  Piaw  -;'  '/" 
Soil  mill  Climate  of  the  United  Statrn,  oomplaiued 

bitterlv  of  "  the  public  and  violent  attacks  made 
upon  his  character,  with   the  connivance  or  in- 

stigation  of  a  certain  eminent  personage,"  mean- 
ing President  Adams.     On  Jnlj   14,1" 
was  passed  for  the  punishment  of  sedition.     It 
made  it   a  high  misdemeanor,  punishable  by  a 
tine  not  to  exceed  $5000,  imprisonment  from  six 

months  to  live  years,  and  binding  to  good  be- 
havior at  the  discretion  of  the  court,  for  any 
person  unlaw  fully  to  combine  in  opposing  meas- 
ures of  t he  government  properly  directed  by  au- 
thority, or  attempting  to  prevent  government 
ofieen  executing  then  trusts, or  inciting  to  riot 


and  insurrection.  It  also  provided  for  the  fining 
and  imprisoning  of  any  person  guilty  of  priuting 
or  publishing  "any  false,  scandalous,  and  mali- 
cious writings  against  the  government  of  the 
United  Suites,  or  either  House  of  Congress,  si 
the  President,  with  intent  to  defame  them,  or  to 
bring  them  into  contempt  or  disrepute."  This 
was  called  the  Sedition  Law.  These  laws  were 
assailed  with  great  vigor  by  the  Opposition,  and 
were  deplored  by  some  of  the  best  friends  of 
the  administration.  Hamilton  deprecated  them, 
lie  wrote  a  hurried  note  of  warning  against  the 

Sedition   Act    (.lune    29,  1798)   to   Wolcott,  while 

the  bill  was  pending,  saying,  "  Let  us  not  estab- 
lish a  tyranny.  Energy  is  a  very  different  thing 
from  violence.  If  we  take  no  false  step,  we 
shall  be  essentially  united:  but  if  we  push 
things  to  the  extreme,  we  shall  then  give  to 
parties  tody  and  solidity."    Nothing  contributed 

iv  powerfully  to  the  downfall  of  the  Federal 

party  two  years  later  than  these  extreme  nieas- 
iii'.  -. 

Alison,  Fran<  i-.  D.D.,  was  born  in  Donegal 

County.  Ireland,  in  1705;  died  in  Philadelphia, 
Nov. 28,  17711.  He  came  to  America  in  IT:;.".,  and 
in  1752  he  took  charge  of  an  academy  in  Phila- 
delphia. From  IT."..")  until  Ins  death  he  was 
Vice-provost  and  Professor  of  Moral  Philosophy 
of  the  College  of  Pennsylvania.  His  chief  claim 
to  honor  among  men  is  that  he  was  the  tutor  of 

a  large  number  of  Americana  who  were  conspic- 
uous actors  iii  the  events  of  ihe  revolution  that 

accomplished  the  Independence  of  the  United 

Slates  of  America. 

Allatoona  Pass  and  Marietta,  Evi  \i-  m 
iwi  iv     The  Confederates,  retreating  from  Be- 

saca,  took   a   Strong   position   at   Allatoona   I'ass. 

Sherman,  after  resting  his  army,  proceeded  to 
Hank  them  out  of  their  new  position.  .I.e. 
Davis's  division  of  Thomas's  army  had  moved 
down  the  Oostenaula  to  Rome,  where  he  de- 
stroyed important  mills  and  fouiuleries,  and  capt- 
ured nearly  a  dozen  ejins.  II''  left  a  garrison 
there.  Meanwhile  Sherman  had  destroyed  the 
Georgia  State  Arsenal,  near  Adairsv  ille.  The 
Nationals  proceeded  to  gather  in  force  at  and 
near  Dallas.  Johnston  w  as  on  the  alert,  and 
tried  to  prevent  this  formidable  llank  movement. 
Hooker's  eoiii-  ""''  Confederate  cavalry  near 
I'umpkinvine  Creek,  whom  he  pushed  across 
that  stream  and  saved  a  bridge  they  had  lircd. 
Following  them  eastward  two  miles,  he  (  Hooker) 
found  the  Confederates  in  strnne;  (one  and  in 
battle  order.  A  sharp  conflict  ensued,  and  at 
4  o'clock  P.M.  he  made  a  bold  push,  by  Sher- 
man's order,  to  secure  possession  of  a  point  near 
New  Hope  Church,  where  roads  from  Ack  worth, 
Marietta, and  Dallas  met.  A  stormy  night  en- 
sued, and  Hooker  could  not  drive  the  Confeder- 
ates from  their  position.  On  the  following  morn- 
ing Sherman  found  the  Confederates  si  lonely 
intrenched,  with  lines  extending  from  Dallas  to 
Marietta.  The  approach  to  their  intrenchment.s 
niiisi  be  made  over  rough,  wooded,  and  broken 
ground.  For  several  days,  constantly  skirmish- 
ing, Sherman  tried  to  break  through  their 
Inns    to    the    railway    cast     of    the    Allatoona 


ALLATOONA  PASS 

Pass.  McPherson's  troops  moved  ro  Dallas,  and 
Thomas's  deployed  against  New  Hope  Cburcb, 
in  the  vicinity  of  which  there  were  many  severe 
encounters,  while  Bohofield  was  directed  to  turn 
and  strike  Johnston's  right.  On  May  28  the 
Confederates  struck  McPherson  a  severe  blow 
at  Dallas;  but  the  assailants  were  repulsed  with 
heavy  loss.  At  tlie  same  time.  How  aid.  nearer 
the  centre,  was  repulsed.  Sherman,  by  skilful 
movements,  compelled  Johnston  to  evacuate  his 
strong  position  at  Allatoona  Pass  (June  1.  1864). 
The  National  cavalry,  under  Garrard  and  Stone- 
man,  were  pushed  on  to  occupy  ir,  and  there 
Sherman,  planting  a  garrison,  made  a  secondary 
base  "f  -applies  for  his  army.  Johnston  made 
a  stand  at  the  Kenesaw  Mountains,  near  Mari- 
etta :  hut  Sherman,  who  had  been  reinforced  by- 
two  divisions  under  General  Frank  P.  Blair  (June 
S).  very  soon  caused  him  to  abandon  that  posi- 
tion, cioss  the  Chattahoochee  River,  anil  finally 
to  rest  at  Atlanta,      i  See  Kiixmir.) 

Allatoona  Pass,  Battle  at.  After  the  evac- 
uation of  Atlanta  (Sept.  2,  18C4),  Sherman  and 
Hood  reorganized  their  armies  in  preparation 
for  a  vigorous  fall  campaign.  Satisfied  that 
Hood  intended  to  assume  the  offensive  and  prob- 
ably attempt  the  seizure  of  Tennessee,  Sherman 
sent  Thomas,  his  second  iu  command,  to  Nash- 
ville, to  organize  the  new  troops  expected  to 
gather  there,  and  to  make  arrangements  to  meet 
such  an  emergency.  Thomas  arrived  there  Oct. 
3.  Meanwhile  the  Confederates  bad  crossed  the 
Chattahoochee,  and  by  a  rapid  movement  had 
struck  the  railway  at  Big  Shanty,  north  of  Ma- 
rietta, and  destroyed  it  for  several  miles.     A  di- 


24  ALLEN 

forcements,  and  in  command.  The  Confederates 
were  vastly  superior  iu  numbers,  and  invested 
the  place.  After  cannonading  the  fort  two 
hours,  their  leader  (General  French)  demanded 
its  surrender.  Then  he  assailed  it  furiously, 
but  his  columns  were  continually  driven  back. 
The  conflict  raged  with  great  fierceness;  and 
Sherman,  from  the  top  of  Kenesaw,  heard  the 
roar  of  cannon  and  saw  the  smoke  of  battle, 
though  eighteen  miles  distant.  He  bad  pushed 
forward  a  corps  (Twenty-third)  to  menace  the 
Confederate  rear,  and  by  signal-flags  on  Kene- 
saw he  said  to  the  commander  at  Allatoona, 
•■  Hold  out,  for  relief  is  approaching."  And 
when  Sherman  was  assured  that  Corse  was  there, 
he  said,  '-He  will  hold  out;  I  know  the  man." 
And  so  he  did.  He  repulsed  the  Confederates 
several  times;  and  when  tiny  heard  of  the  ap- 
proach of  the  Twenty-third  corps,  they  hastily 
withdrew,  leaving  behind  them  two  hundred 
and  thirty  dead  and  four  hundred  prisoners, 
with  about  eight  hundred  small  arms.  The 
Natiouals  lost  seven  hundred  and  seven  men. 

Allen,  Ethan,  born  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  Jan. 
10.  1737:  died  at  Burlington.  Vt..  Feb.  12,  1789. 
In  1762  he  was  one  of  the  proprietors  of  the 
iron -works  at  Salisbury.  Conn.  In  1766  he 
went  to  the  then  almost  unsettled  domain 
between  the  Green  Mountains  and  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  where  he  was  a  bold  leader  of  the  set- 
tlers on  the  New  Hampshire  Grants  (which 
see)  in  their  bitter  controversy  with  the  author- 
ities of  New  York.  During  the  controversy  sev- 
eral pamphlets  were  written  by  Allen,  in  his  pe- 
culiar style,  which  forcibly  illustrated  the  injus- 


P 

AU.ATcH>\  I    PASS 


vision  of  infantry  pushed  northward  and  appear- 
ed before  Allatoona,  where  Colonel  Tourlellotte 
was  guarding  one  million  National  rations  with 
only  three  thin  regiments,  Sherman  made  efforts 
at  once  for  the  defence  of  these  and  his  com- 
munications. Leaving  Slocnm  to  hold  Atlanta 
and  the  railway  bridge  across  the  Chattahoochee, 
he  started  on  a  Bwifl  pursuit  of  Hood  with  live 
army  corps  and  two  divisions  of  cavalry.  He 
established  a  signal  station  on  the  summit  of 
Great  Kenesaw  Mountain,  and  telegraphed  to 
General  Cone, at  Borne, to  hasten  to  the  assist- 
anet  "i  i ouiteih.tte.  Corse  instantly  obeyed; 
ami  when  the  Confederates  appeared  before  Al- 
.  lie  was  there  n  itb  relu- 


tice  of  the  action  of  the  New  York  authorities. 
The  latter  declared  Allen  an  outlaw,  and  offered 
a  reward  of  £150  for  his  arrest.  He  defied  his 
enemies,  and  persisted  in  his  course.  Early  in 
slay,  1775, he  led  a  few  men  and  took  the  for- 
tress of  Ticouderoga  by  surprise.  His  followers 
were  called  " Green  Mountain  Boys."    HisBUo- 

OeSS  as  a  partisan  caused  him  to  be  .-cut  twiot 
into  Canada,  during  the  latter  hall'  of  1776,  to 
win  the  people  over  to  the  republican  cause. 
In    the   last    of  these   expeditions   he   attempted, 

with  Colonel  Brown,  to  capture  Monti. 
•.'•'>.  177.">  .  but  was  made  a  prisoner  himself  and 
sent  to  England  in  Irons,  «  hence,  after  a  confine- 
ment   of  some    week-,   hi'    was  scut    to    Halifax. 


ALLEN 

Five  months  later  be  was  removed  to  New  York. 
On  the  6th  of  May,  1778,  he  was  exchanged,  after 
a  captivity  of  about  two  years,  for  Colonel  Camp- 
bell, and  returned  home,  where  be  was  received 
with  joy  and  honors.  He  was  invested  with 
the  chief  command  of  the  state,  militia.  Con- 
gress immediately  gave  him  the  commission  of 
lieutenant -colonel  in  the  Continental  army. 
When,  in  the  course  of  the  war,  Vermont  (see 
Jfew  Hampshire  Grants)  assumed  ami  maintained 
an  independent  position,  a  fruitless  attempt 
was  made  hy  Beverly  Robinson  to  bribe  Allen 
to  lend  his  support  to  a  union  of  that  province 
with  Canada.  Hi'  was  supposed  to  he  disaffected 
towards  the  revolted  colonies,  and  he  fostered 
that  impression  in  order  to  secure  the  neutrality 
of  the  British  towards  his  mountain  state  until 

the  close  of  the  war.  As  a  member  of  the  Legis- 
lature of  Vermont,  and  as  a  delegate  in  Congress, 
he  secured  the  great  object  of  his  efforts — name- 
ly, the  ultimate  recognition  of  Vermont  as  an 
independent  state.      He  removed  to  Bennington 

before  the  close  of  the  war.  thence  to  Arlington, 

and  finally  died  in  Burlington. 

Allen,  Ethan,  <  Iapture  op  (1775).    With  less 

than    one    hundred   recruits,  mostly  Canadians, 

Colonel  Allen  crossed  the  St.  Lawrence  (Sept.  36, 

I??.'.  -  to  attack  Montreal.    This  was  done  at  the 

suggestion  of  ColonelJohn  Brown,  who  was  also 
recruiting  in  the  vicinity,  and  who  agreed  to 

cross  the  river  at  the  same  time  a  little  ahove 
the  city,  the  attach  to  he  made  simultaneously 

by  both  parties.  For  causes  never  satisfactorily 
explained,  Brown  did  not  cross,  and  disaster  en- 
sued.   General  Robert  Prescotl  was  in  command 

in  the  city.     He  sallied  out  with  a  considerable 

tone  of  regulars,  Canadians  and  Indians,  and 
after  a  short  skirmish  made  Allen  and  his  fol- 
lowers prisoners.  When  Prescotl  learned  that 
Allen  was  the  man  who  captured  Ticouderoga, 
he  treated  him  very  harshly.  He  was  bound 
hand  and  foot  with  irons,  and  these  shackles 
Were  fastened  to  a  bar  of  iron  eight  feet  ill 
length.      In  this  plight  he   was  thrust    into  the 

hold  of  a  vessel  to  be  sent  to  England,  and  in  that 

condition  he  was  kept  live  weeks  ;   hill  when  she 

sailed  from  Quebec  the  humane  captain  struck 

off  his  irons.      lie  was  confined  seven   weeks  in 

Pendennis  Castle  in  England,  when  he  was  sent 

to  Halifax,  and    thence   to   New  York,  where    he 

was  exchanged  in  the  spring  of  l?;-. 

Allen,  HENRY  Watkixs,  was  horn  in  Prince 
Edward  County.  Va..  April  '-"•>.  1  820 ;  died  in 
the  city  of  Mexico,  April  22,  1866.     He  became 

a  lawyer  in  Mississippi  J  and  in  1848  raised  a 
company  to  fight  in  Texas.  He  settled  at  West 
Baton  Rouge,  Louisiana,  in  I860;  served  in  the 
State    Legislature;    was   in    the    Law     School    at 

Cambridge  in  1854;  and  visited  Europe  in  1859. 

He  look  an  active  part  With  t  he  Confederates 
in  the  Civil  War.  and  was  at  one  time  military 
governor  of  Jackson,  Mississippi.  In  the  bat- 
tles of  Shi  lob  and  at  Baton  Kouge  he  was  wound- 
ed   He  u.-is  commissioned  a  brigadier-general  in 

1864,  hut  was  almost  immediately  elected  i;nv- 
ernor  of  Louisiana,  the  duties  of  which  he  per- 
formed with  great  ability  and  wisdom.      A  I  the 


25  ALLEN 

close  of  the  war  he  made  his  residence  in  Mexico, 
where  he  established  the  Mexican  Times,  which 
he  edited  until  his  death. 

Allen,  Ira,  a  younger  brother  of  Ethan,  was 
horn  in  Cornwall,  Conn.,  April  21,  1751 ;  died  in 
Philadelphia,  Jan.  7,  1814.  He  was  an  active 
patriot,  and  took  a  distinguished  part  in  public 
affairs  in  Vermont,  his  adopted  state,  where  he 
served  in  the  Legislature,  and  was  Secretary  of 
State.  Surveyor -General,  and  Member  of  the 
Council.  He  was  a  military  leader  in  the  war 
for  independence,  and  was  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners sent  to  Congress  to  oppose  the  claims  of 
neighboring  provinces  to  jurisdiction  in  Ver- 
mont. He  effected  an  armistice  with  the  Brit- 
ish in  Canada  in  1781,  and  hy  so  doing  brought 
about  a  settlement  of  tin-  controversy  with  New 

York.    (See  New  Hampshire  Orants.)    A  senioi 

major-general  of  the  state  militia  in  1795,  hi' 
went  to  Europe  to  purchase  arms  for  his  com- 
monwealth, and  on  his  way  homeward  with 
muskets  and  cannon  he  was  captured,  taken  to 
England,  and  charged  with  being  an  emissary 
of  the  French,  and  intending  to  supply  the  Irish 
malcontents  with  arms.  After  long  litigation 
the    matter    was    Bettled    in    Allen's    favor.       II.' 

wrote  a  National  and  Political  History  of  Vermont, 
published  in  London  in  1798. 

Allen,  ROBERT,  a  native  of  Ohio,  graduated 
at  Wist  Point  in  L836,  and  served  with  distinc- 
tion in  the  war  with  Mexico.  He  was  i  Verj 
useful  officer  ill  the  Civil  War,  and  attained  the 
rank  of  brigadier  -  general  of  volunteers,  ami 
brevet   major-general.    He  was  stationed  at  St. 

Louis,  where  his  services  were  of  great  value 
during  the  war.  At  its  close  he  was  made  as- 
sistant quartermaster-general  (1866),  and  after- 
wards chief  -  quartermaster  of  the  division  of 
the  Pacific. 

Allen,  William,  Chief-justice  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, died  in  Bnglaud  in  September,  1780.  He 
married  a  daughter  of  Andrew  Hamilton,  a  dis- 
tinguished lawyer  of  Pennsylvania,  whom  he 
succeeded  as  Recorder  of  Philadelphia  ill  1711. 
He  assisted  Benjamin  West,  the  painter,  in  his 
early  struggles,  and  co-operated  with  Benjamin 
Prauklin  in  establishing  the  College  of  Penn- 
sylvania. Mr.  Allen  was  chief-justice  of  that 
state  from  |?.~>(l  to  1771.  A  strong  loyalist,  he 
Withdrew   to   England    in    1774.      In   London   he 

published  a  pamphlet  entitled.  The  dmerioan 
Crisis,  contai g  a  plan  for  restoring  Ameri- 
can dependence  upon  Great  Britain. 

Allen,  William  Henry,  was  bom  at  Prov- 
idence. R.  I..  Oct.  21,  17-1  ;  died  at  Plymouth. 
England,  Aug.  15,  1813.  lie  entered  the  navy  as 
a  midshipman  in  April.  1800,  and  Bailed  in  the 
frigate  George  Washington  to  Algiers,  lie  after- 
wards went  to  the  Mediterranean  in  the  Phila- 
delphia, under  Barron;  then  in  the  ./.,/<»  .Id, mis. 
under  1,'odgers  j  and  in  1 -04  as  sailing  master  to 
the  Congress.     He  was  in  the  Constitution  frigate 

in  i-o.") ;  and  mi  1807  he  was  third  lieutenant  of 
the  Chesapeake  when  she  was  surrendered  to  the 

Leopard.     It  was  Lieutenant  Allen  who  drew  up 

the  memorial  oftl (Beers  of  the  Chesapeake  to 

ihe  Secretory  of  the  Navy,  urging  the  arrest  aud 


ALLIBONE 

trial  of  Barron  fornegleotofduty.  (See  Chesapeake 
and  Leopard.)  In  1809  be  was  made  tirst  lieuten- 
ant  of  the  frigate  United  states,  under  Decatur. 
He  behaved  bravely  in  the  courtier  with  the  Mac- 
edonian ;  and  after  her  capture  took  her  safely 


!  i  l  im    m.\i.\    ai.i.i:.n 


into  New  York  harbor,  Jan.  1,1813.  In  July.  1813, 
he  was  promoted  to  master  commandant  while 

he  was  on  his  voyage  in  the  brig  Argue  that  took 
\V.  II.  Crawford,  American  minister,  to  France. 
That  voyage  ended  in  a  remarkable  and  success- 
ful cruise  among  the  British  shipping  in  British 
waters.  After  capturing  and  destroying  more 
than  twenty  British  merchantmen  (see  Argue), 
his  own  vessel  was  captured  :  and  he  was  mor- 
tally wounded  by  a  round  shot  (Aug.  14).  and 
died  the  next  day  at  Plymouth,  England,  whith- 
er lie'  was  conveyed  a  prisoner. 

Allibone,  Samuel  Austin,  LL.-D..  bibliogra- 
pher and  author,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  April 
17,  1616.  He  is  the  author  of  A  Critical  Dic- 
tionary  of  English  Literature  and  Jiritixh  and 
American  Authors,  Living  and  Deceased, from  the 
Barliesi  Accounts  to  the  Latter  Half  of  the  Nine- 
teenth Century.  This  work  is  in  three  volumes 
loyal  octavo,  and  exhibits  evidence  of  great 
care,  industry,  good  .judgment,  most    extensive 

research, and  immense  labor  m  its  preparation. 
Dr.  Allibone  spent  many  years  in  gathering  and 
arranging  his  materials.  The  volumes  were  pub- 
lished in  1858,  1870,  and  1871.  The  work  con- 
tains notice!  of  17,000  authors,  with  forty  classi- 
fied indexes  of  subjects.  Dr.  Allibone  has  con- 
tributed articles  to  the  North  American  Review, 

the  Evangelical  Review,  .ind  other  periodicals,  and 

is  the  author  of  some  religions  controversial  es- 
taya  He  has  also  privately  printed  and  circu- 
lated a  number  of  tracts.  He  is  now  1879)  Li 
brarian  of  the  Lennox  Library, New  fork. 

Allied  Armies,  Tin  .  ix  VIRGINIA.  In  An 
_  i  i.  1781,  a  In- n  eh  frigate,  from  the  Beet  of  De 
Oraaae  in  the  West  Indies,  brought  word  thai  be 


I  ALLIED  ARMIES 

would  sail  directly  for  the  Chesapeake  Bay.  Al- 
ready Washington  had  had  his  thoughts  turned 
towards  a  campaign  of  the  allies  against  Corn- 
wallis  in  Virginia  by  a  letter  from  Lafayette, 
who  had  taken  a  position  only  eight  miles  from 
Yorktown.  The  marquis  had  plainly  perceived 
the  mistake  of  Clinton  in  ordering  (drnwallis 
to  take  a  defensive  position  in  Virginia,  So 
early  as  .Inly  he  wrote  to  Washington  from  Ran- 
dolph's, on  Malvern  Hill,  urging  him  to  march 
into  Virginia  in  force,  saying,  "  Should  a  French 
fleet  enter  Hampton  Roads,  the  British  army 
would  be  compelled  to  surrender."  Foiled  in 
his  plan  of  attacking  New  York,  Washington 
anxiously  contemplated  the  chance  of  success 
in  Virginia,  when  his  determination  was  fixed 
by  a  letter  from  Admiral  de  Barras  (the  succes- 
sor of  Admiral  Ternay.  who  had  died  at  New- 
port), which  contained  the  joyful  news  that  l>e 
Crasse  was  to  sail  for  the  Chesapeake  at  the 
close  of  August  with  a  powerful  fleet  and  more 
than  three  thousand  land  troops.  De  Barras 
wrote  :  "  lff.de  Grasse  is  my  junior;  yet,  as  econ 
as  he  is  within  reach,  I  will  go  to  sea  to  put 
myself  under  his  orders."  Washington  at  once 
made  ample  preparations  for  marching  into  Vir- 
ginia. To  prevent  any  interference  from  Clin- 
ton, he  wrote  deceptive  letters  to  be  intercepted, 
by  which  the  baronet  was  made  to  believe  that 
the  Americans  still  contemplated  an  attack  upon 
New  York  City.  So  satisfied  was  Clinton  that 
such  was  Washington's  design,  that,  for  nearly 
ten  days  after  the  allied  armies  had  crossed  the 
Hudson  (Aug.  23  and  24),  and  were  marching 
through  New  Jersey, he  believed  the  movement 
to  be  only  a  feint  to  cover  a  sudden  descent 
upon  the  city  with  an  overwhelming  force.  It 
was  not  until  Sept.  2  that  he  was  satisfied  that 
the  allies  were  marching  against  Cornwallis. 
On  the  arrival  of  a  body  of  Hessians  at  New 
Yolk,  he  had  countermanded  an  order  for  the 
earl  to  send  him  troops,  and  for  this  he  was  now- 
thankful.  On  Sept.  5.  while  the  allies  were  en- 
camped at   Chester,  Pennsylvania,  Washington 

was  informed  that  DeGraSSe  had  entered  Chesa- 
peake Bay.  In  that  event  he  saw  a  sure  proph- 
ecy  Of  success,  and    of  the   independence   of  his 

country.    He  Grease  had  moored  his  fleet  in  Lynn 

Haven  Bay.  and  so  barred  the  entrance  to  the 
Yoik  River  against  reinforcements  tor  Cornwal- 
lis.     He   had   landed    three   thousand   troops  on 

the  peninsula,  near  old  Jamestow  n.  Meanwhile 
De  Barras  had  sailed  for  Newport  with  a  fleet 
convoying  ten  transports  laden  with  ordnance 
for  the  siege  of  Yorktown.  The  British  admiral, 
Graves,  on  hearing  of  the  approach  of  the  French 
fleet, had  sailed  for  the  Chesapeake.  DeGraaae 
went  out  to  meet  him.  and  on  Sept. 5  they  had 
a  sharp  engagement.     The  British  fleet  was  so 

shattered  that  it  retired  to  New  York,  leaving 
he  GraSM  master  of  the  Chesapeake.  When 
Clinton  was  assured  that  the  allies  were  bound 

for  Virginia,  he  tried  by  military  movements 
to  call  them  hack.  He  menaced  New  Jeraej  : 
threatened  to  attack  the  works  in  the  Hudson 
Highlands:  and  sent  Arnold  on  a  marauding  ex- 
pedition into  New  England.    (Bee  Arnold  at  Now 

London, )     But  neither  Clinton's  menaces  nor  Ar 


ALLIED  ARMIES 


a 


ALMAGEO 


Hold's  atrocities  staved  the  onward  inarch  of  the 
allies.  They  made  their  way  to  Annapolis,  and 
thence  by  water  to  the  James  River  in  trans- 
ports furnished  by  De  Barras.  From  Baltimore 
Washington,  accompanied  by  Bochamhean  and 
the  Marquis  de  Chastclliix.  visited  his  home  at 
Mount  Vernon,  from  which  he  had  been  absent 
since  June.  17?.").  There  t  hey  remained  two  days, 
and  then  journeyed  to  Williamsburg,  where  they 
arrived  on  the  14th.  There  the  allies  rendez- 
voused, and  prepared  for  the  siege  of  Yorktown. 

Allied  Armies,  Ti IK.  on  Tin:  HUDSON.  Count 
de  Rochambean  received  intelligence  at  the 
dose  of  May,  1781,  that  the  Count  de  Graase 
mighl  be  expected  on  the  coast  of  the  United 
states  with  a  powerful  French  fleel  in  July  or 
Angnst.  This  news  caused  the  French  forces, 
which  had  lain  idle  at  Newport  many  months. 
to  more  immediately  for  the  Hodson  Hirer, to 
form  a  junction  w  itfa  the  Continental  army  there 
under  Washington,  A  pari  of  them  moved  on 
June  in.  and  the  remainder  immediately  after- 
wards. They  formed  a  junction  with  the  Amer- 
ican army,  near  Dobb'a  Ferry,  on  the  Hudson, 
.Inly  ii.  The  Americans  were  encamped  on  Val- 
entine's Hill,  in  two  lines,  with  the  right  whig 
resting  on  the  Hudson  River  near  the  fern. 
The  French  tinny  were  stationed  on  the  hills  at 
the  left,  in  a  single  line,  reaching  from  the  Hud- 
son to  the  Bronx  River.  There  was  a  valley  of 
considerable  extent  between  the  two  armies. 
The  American  army  bad  been  encamped  at 
Peekskill,  and  marched  down  to  Valentine's  Hill 
on  the  morning  of  the  Sd  of  July. 

Allied  Forces,  liti  1782).  At  the  beginning 
id'  17-^i  the  American  army  encamped  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  New  York  ;  their  French  allies,  w  ho  had 
assisted  in  the  capture  of  Corn  wallis,  remained 
in  Virginia, and  De  (Masse  took  his  fleet  to  the 

West  Indies. 

Allies,  JUSTICE  to.  Much  of  the  earlier  part 
of  t  In-  session  of  Cougreaa  of  1793  08  «;i>  devot- 
ed to  the  consideration  of  private  matters,  par- 
ticularly to  Revolutionary  claims.  An  act  was 
passed  authorizing  grants  of  land  to  refugees 

from   Canada  and  Nova   Scotia   who  had  joined 

and  adhered  t«>  the  American  cause  during  the 
Revolution.  At  a  former  session,  in  spite  of  vi- 
olent opposition,  based  on  the  alleged  want  of 
power  in  Congress  for  that  purpose, a  sum  of 
money  had  been  granted  to  the  daughters  of  the 
Connt  de  Graase,  who  had  been  reduced  to  pov- 
erty by  the  death  of  their  father.  He  had  been 
guillotined  during  the  Reign  of  Terror  in  France. 
(See  t;ni*s<  .ih .  i  That  sum  had  been  exhausted, 
and  a  new  act  was  now  passed,  in  further  ac- 
knowledgment of  De  Grease's  services  in  the 
w;h  tor  independence,  granting  to  his  four 
daughters  $400  a  year  each  for  five 
this  time  many  banished  Frenchmen  arrived  in 
America.     Among  them  were  the  young  Duke 

of  Orleans   (afterwards    King    Louis    Philippe), 

ami  twoof  his  younger  brothers.   The  hearts  of 

Americans  were  gladdened  at  the  same  time  by 
the   release  of  Lafayette  from  an  Aus- 
trian dungeon,  in  which  he  had  long  been  con- 
fined.    For  the  purpose  of  affording  pecuniary 


relief  to  his  family.  Congress  had  already  appro- 
priated to  their  use  the  full  amount  of  the  pay 
of  a  major-general  in  the  Auierieau  service  to 
that  time. 

Allouez,  Ct.At'DF.  Jkan.  was  one  of  the  earliest 
French  missionaries  and  explorers  of  the  coun- 
try near  the  Great  Lake-.  He  was  horn  in  1689, 
and  died  in  1690.  After  laboring  among  the  In- 
dians on  the  St.  Law  rence  several  years,  he  pen- 
etrated the  Western  wilds  and  established  a  mis- 
sion on  the  western  shores  of  Lake  Michigan, 
where  he  heard  much  of  the  Mississippi  River, 
and  made  notes  of  what  he  learned  concerning 
it.  He  explored  Green  Hay.  and  founded  a  mis- 
sion among  the  Foxes,  Miumis,  and  other  tribes 
there.  A  mission  begun  by  Marquette  at  K;e- 
kaskia.  Illinois  (see  Marquette),  Allouez  sought 
to  make  his  permanent  field  of  labor:  hut  when 
La  Salle,  the  bitter  opponent  of  the  Jesuits,  ap- 
proached in  lGT'.*.  he  retired.  Returning  to  the 
Miauiis  on  the  St.  Joseph's  River,  be  labored  for 
a  while,  and  died.  The  contributions  of  Father 
Allouez  to  the  Ji.iuit  lithttitiu*  are  most  valuable 
records  of  the  ideas  and  manners  of  the  Indians. 

Allston,  Washington,  was   a   distinguished 
American  painter, born  at  Waoomaco, 6 
r».  1771):  died  at  Cambridge, Mass., Jn 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  University  in   1809, 


M       •         s 


went  to  Europe  the  next  year  to  study  art.  ami 
became  a  student  in  the  Royal  Academy  of  Eng- 
land. He  remained  eight  years  ahroad,  and,  re- 
turning to  Cambridge,  married  a  sister  of  Dr. 
William  Ellery  ('banning.  He  was  a  poet  as  well 
as  a  painter.  His  numerous  works  of  art  exhib- 
it great  power  in  delineating  the  pictures  "fa 
fertile  imagination.  His  skill  as  a  colorist 
earned  him  the  title  of  "The  American  Titian." 
Almagro.  Dteoo  DB,one  of  the  Spanish  con- 
querors of  l'eiu,  and  principal  associate  of  I'i- 
zarro.      He   was  a   foundling,  born    about    1!:J: 

died  July.  1538.     Almagro,  Piaarro,  and  a  priest 
named  Luquc  undertook  the  conquest  of  Peru, 

and  effected  it,  with  a  small  force,  in  1533.     Al- 


ALSOP 


28 


AMERICA  AND  IRELAND 


magro  was  appointed  governor  of  what  is  now 
Chili,  in  1534,  extending  his  conquests  into  that 
legion  in  15155.  He  and  Pizarro  became  hitter  en- 
emies. He  conquered  Cnzco,  the  ancient  capital 
of  Peru.  In  a  decisive  battle  near  that  place,  in 
1538,  Almagro  was  defeated,  made  prisoner,  and 
put  to  death  by  order  of  Pizarro.  Almagro  was 
profligate,  perfidious,  and  cruel.  His  barbarous 
treatment  of  the  Inca.  Atahnalpa.  covered  his 
name  and  fame  with  infamy.  The  Inca's  sou 
rallied  men,  who  assassinated  Pizarro.  July  96, 
1541,  and  these  were  executed  by  order  of  the 
Viceroy  of  Pern,  in  1542. 

Alsop,  Richard,  a  witty  poet  and  essayist, 
was  bom  at  Middletown.  Coun.,  Jan.  23, 1761 ; 
died  at  Flatbusb,  L.  I.,  Aug. 29,  L815.  He  is  best 
known  in  literature  as  the  principal  author  of  a 
series  of  burlesque  pieces,  begnn  in  1791  and  end- 
ed in  1806, entitled, in  collective  form.  The  Echo, 
They  were  thus  published  iii  1807.  Dwight, 
Hopkins,  and  Trumbull  were  associated  with 
Alsop  in  the  production  of  The  Echo,  which, 
from  a  work  provocative  of  mirth,  became  a 
bitter  political  satirist  of  the  Democratic  Party. 
He  wrote  a  '-Monody  on  the  Death  of  Washing- 
ton," in  heroic  verse,  which  was  published  in 
1800.  Alsop  ranked  among  the  "  Hartford  Wits" 
at  the  close  of  the  last  century. 

Alvarado,  Pkdko  me.  a  Spanish  conqueror  in 
America,  was  born  at  Badajos,  Spain,  and  died 
in  1541.  Sailing  from  Spain  to  Cuba,  in  1518, 
he  accompanied  Grijalva  on  his  exploring  expe- 
dition along  the  Gulf  coasts.  He  took  an  impor- 
tant part  in  the  expedition  of  Cortez  in  1519, 
which  resulted  in  the  Conquest  of  Mexico.  Left 
in  charge  of  the  city  of  Mexico,  Alvarado's  cru- 
elty and  rapacity  caused  an  insurrection,  and 
he  narrowly  escaped  with  his  life.  On  his  re- 
turn to  Spain  the  king  made  him  Governor  of 
Qnatemala  (a  province  which,  in  1623,  be  bad 
conquered)  and  Honduras.  Going  to  South 
America  with  some  troops,  he  marched  over  the 
Andes  with  the  design  of  seizing  Quito,  hut, 
meeting  Pizarro's  troops,  he  peaceably  returned 
lifter  receiving  an  enormous  indemnity  for  his 
expenses.  Alvarado  made  explorations  and  dis- 
coveries on  the  coast  of  California,  and  was 
killed  in  a  skirmish  with  the  natives. 

Alvarez,  .If  ax.  a  Mexican  leader,  was  horn  in 
1790.  He  was  popular  among  the  republicans 
of  Mexico,  and.  by  energy  and  courage  in  leader- 
ship, put  an  end  to  the  dictatorship  of  Santa 
Ana  by  a  decisive  battle  at  Saltillo,  July  22  23, 
1-:.:..  He  was  then  proclaimed  President,  and  en- 
tered the  city  id'  Mexico  attended  by  an  Indian 
body-guard.  He  found  his  position  uncomforta- 
ble, so  he  resigned  in  less  than  a  month;  and 
placing  Commnnfort,  his  Minister  of  War.  in 
power,  he  took  |2O0,0O0  from  the  treasury, and  a 
quantity  of  anus  and  ammunition,  and  returned, 
with  his  Indians,  to  their  homes  in  Southern 
Mexico. 

Amelia  Island  and  Galveston.  In  the  sum- 
in.  i  ..i  1817,  Qregor  McGregor,  styling  himself 
"Brigadier-general  of  the  armies  of  New  Gra- 
nada and  Venezuela,  and  general-in-chief  em- 
ployed to  hi»  rate  i  he  provinces  of  both  the  l'h.r- 


idas,"  commissioned  by  the  supreme  councils 
of  Mexico  and  South  America,  took  possession 
of  Amelia  Island,  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Mary's 
River,  near  the  boundary  of  the  State  of  Geor- 
gia. His  followers  were  a  hand  of  adventurers 
which  he  had  collected  in  Charleston  and  Sa- 
vannah; and  when  he  took  possession  of  Amelia 
Islaud,  he  proclaimed  a  blockade  of  St.  Augns- 
tiue.  Iu  the  hands  of  these  desperadoes  the 
island  was  soon  converted  into  a  resort  of  buc- 
caneering privateers  under  the  Spanish-American 
flag,  and  a  depot  for  smuggling  slaves  into  the 
United  States.  Another  similar  establishment 
had  been  set  up  on  Galveston  Island,  off  the 
coast  of  Texas,  under  a  leader  named  Amy. 
This  establishment  was  more  important  than 
that  on  Amelia  Island,  as  well  on  account  of 
numbers  as  for  the  greater  facilities  afforded 
for  smuggling.  An  adventurer  named  Louis 
Amy  was  at  the  head  of  this  establishment, and 
had  organized  a  sort  of  civil  government.  It 
was  a  second  Harataria,  and  to  it  several  of  the 
old  privateers  and  smugglers  of  Lalitte's  hand  of 
Baratarians  resorted.  (See  Lafiite  and  the  Bara- 
tarians.)  Under  a  secret  act.  passed  in  1811,  now 
(1817)  first  made  public,  the  President  took  the 
responsibility  of  suppressing  both  these  estab- 
lishments. Amy  had  joined  McGregor  with 
the  Galveston  desperadoes, and  their  force  was 
formidable.  The  President  sent  Captain  Heuly. 
in  the  ship  John  Adams,  with  smaller  vessel-. 
and  a  battalion  of  Charleston  artillery  under 
Major  Bankbead,  to  take  possession  of  Amelia 
Island.  McGregor  was  then  on  tin-  main,  leav- 
ing Amy  in  command  of  the  island.  He  was 
summoned  to  evacuate  it;  and  on  Dec 23  the 
naval  and  military  commanders  took  quiet  pos- 
session. Amy  left  it  in  February,  and  so  both 
nests  of  pirates  and  smugglers  were  broken  up. 
At  the  same  time  there  was  much  sympathy  felt 
in  the  United  states  for  the  revolted  Spanish- 
American  colonies,  and.  in  spite  of  the  neutrality 
laws,  cruisers' were  fitted  out  in  American  ports 
nniler  their  Hags. 

America  and  Ireland.  The  hold  stand  taken 
by  tin'  Americans  early  in  1T75  made  the  British 
ministry  sore  afraid  of  like  movements  in  lie- 
land,  where  the  Protestant  minority  had  hither- 
to been  employed  to  keep  the  majority,  who 
were  Roman  Catholics, in  subjection.  That  ma- 
jority, amounting  to  seven  eighths  of  the  entire 
population, were  not  only  deprived  of  all  polit- 
ical privileges,  but  were-  subjected  to  a  great 
many  rigorous  anil  cruel  restraints,  designed  to 
keep  them  ignorant .  poor,  and  helpless.  E\en 
the  Protestants  iu  Ireland  were  not  allowed  an 
equality  With  their  fellow  subjects  in  England. 
Their  parliament  did  not  possess  the  rights  en- 
joyed b\  the  American  colonial  assemblies ;  and 
Ireland,  in  matters  of  trade,  was  treated  very 
much  like  a  foreign  country.  The  ideas  of  po- 
litical liberty  aroused  in  the  colonics  \\a-  ii 
readj  sowing  the  seeds  of  revolution  in  Ireland, 
and  it  was  judged  expedient  to  conciliate  the 
Irish   bj   just    legislation   that   should  relax    ih. 

harsh  commercial  restrictions.    This,  however, 

was  dune  so  sparingly  that  it  fell  far  shoit  .■! 
accomplishing  permanent  good. 


AMERICA  ! 

America,  Area  and  Population  of,  in  1870. 


COUNTRIES. 

Area  in  Sq.  Mile.. 

Population. 

North  America. 

3,500.000 

3.000.000 

800,000 

4,455.000 

Mexico 

Total,  North  America. . . 
Central  America. 

7,900,000 

20,000 
10,000 
47,000 

10,000 

52,1S8,000 
135.000 

400,000 

BOO.OOO 

i  !'>r. 

Total,  Ceutral  America.. 
Bona  America. 

Arconlinc  Confederation 

175,000 
600.000 

3.H0.IHKI 

160,000 
70,000 

3.->(HKK> 
75.1KIO 

7,240,000 

loo  000 
i;>  iio.oou 

1,800,000 
1,900,000 

•J.Sim.lNHI 

1,300,000 

800,000 

896,000 

4,000 

800,000 
1, 260.000 

Brazil 

Chili 

la 

Total,  South  America. ... 



4.000.000 

86,112,000 

America.  DiscovBBKBfl  op.  There  are  mi- 
questioned  historical  records  of  America  I'm  the 
space  ofabonl  five  hundred  yean.  It  was  un- 
doubtedly discovered  by  Northern  navigators 
(see  Northmen  )  early  in  the  eleventh  century,  and 
tin'  colony  of  the  sou  of  a  Welsh  prim  • 
doe)  probably  landed  on  the  North  American  con- 
tinent about  Hie  year  1170.  There  is  do  evi- 
dence thai  tin'  Northmen  saw  more  than  the 
chiisIs  of  Labrador  and  New  England  possibly 
Newfoundland;  and  the  landing-place  of  Madoo 
is  wholly  conjectural.  On  tin-  llili  of  October, 
1492,  Christopher  Columbus  discovered  one  of 
i  lie  Bahama  Islands,  east  of  Florida,  bnl  nol  the 

continent.     (See  (  aliimhiis.)        Ill    tile    slimmer   of 

1498,  Sebastian  Cabol  (commissioned  by  King 
Henry  VII.  of  England),  who  sailed  from  Bristol 
in  May  with  two  caravels. discovered  the  North 
American  continent  at  Labrador.  Be  was  seek- 
ing a  northwest  passage  to  "Cathaj  "  (which 
see),  and  being  barred  from  the  Polar  Bea  bj 
pack-ice,  sailed  sonth ward,  discovered  Labrador, 
and  possibly  went  along  the  coast  as  far  as  the 
Carolines.  He  discovered  and  named  Newfound- 
land,and  found  the  treasures  of  cod-lishes  in  the 
waters  near  it.  (See  Ciiliot.)  on  the  1st  of  Angust, 
the  same  snmmer,  Col  ambus  discovered  the  con- 
tinent of  Booth  America,  near  the  month  of  the 
Orinoco  Biver.  Americns  Vespucius,  a  Floren- 
tine, and  an  agent  id'  the  1  )e'  Medici  family  of 
Florence, was  in  Spain  when  the  greal  discov- 
ery of  Columbus  was  made.    In  May,  1499,  Vee- 

pneiha  sailed  from  Spain  with  Alon/.o  de  Ojeda 
as  an  advent  uivr  and  self-constituted  geographer 
for   the    new-fomid    world.      They  followed    the 

southern  track  of  Columbus  in  his  third  voyage, 

and  oil  the  coast  of  Surinam,  South  America, 
they  saw  the  mountains  of  the  continent.  That 
was  a  year  after  ('olnmhns  first  saw  the  conti- 
nent of  America.     Ou  his  return,  in  1." Ves 


»  AMERICA 

pucias  revealed  these  discoveries  iu  a  letter  to 
the  Medici,  and  by  afterwards  antedating  it 
14U7,  cither  intentionally  or  accidentally,  made 
it  appeal  that  his  claim  to  the-  honor  of  being  the 
fust  discoverer  of  the  Western  Continent  was 
well  founded.  It  was  called  America  in  his  hon- 
ni.  (Bee  I'expmiuv;  also  America,  Origin  of  Xante 
of.)  In  the  year  1499,  Vincent  Vahez  1'inzon 
sailed  from  Palos  with  his  brother  and  four  cara- 
vels, and,  reaching  the  coast  of  South  America, 
discovered  the  ureal  river  Amazon  in  the  spring 
of  1500.  Before  Pinzon's  return.  Pedro  Alvarez 
Cahral,  sent  by  Emanuel,  Kinj;  of  Portugal,  while 
on  an  exploring  expedition  discovered  Brazil, 
and  took  possession  of  it  in  the  name  of  the 
crown  of  Portugal.  It  was  within  the  territory 
donated  by  the  Pope  to  the  Spanish  nionarclis. 
(Bee  Pope's  oift.)    A  friendly  arrangement  was 

made,  and  il  was  ultimately  agreed  that  the 
King  of  Portugal  should  hold  all  the  country  ho 
had  discovered  from  the  river  Amazon  to  the 
river  Platte.  On  Hie  announcement  of  the  dis- 
ooveries  of  Cabot  in  the  Northwest,  King  Eman- 
uel of  Portugal  seutOaspard  CortereaLa  skilful 
navigator,  with  two  caravels  on  a  voyage  of  dis- 
covery tow  anls  the  same  region.  He  saw  Labra- 
dor, and  possibly  Newfoundland,  and  went  op 
the  ooaal  almost  to  Hudson's  Bayj  and  it  is  be- 
lieved that  he  discovered  the  Gulf  of  SI.  Law- 
rence. (Bee  Cortereal.)  In  1504  Columbus,  in  a 
fourth  voyage  to  America,  sailed  with  four  cara- 
vels through  the  Qulfof  Mexico,  in   search  of  a 

passage  to  India,  and  discovered  Central  America. 
(See  CoittmhiiH.)    Bight  years  later,  Juan  Ponce 

de  I. eon.  an  old  Spanish  nobleman,  sailed  from 
Porto   h'ieo.  ill  the  West    Indies,  of  which  he  was 

governor,  in  search  of  an  island  containing  a 

fabled  fountain  of  youth.  He  did  not  find  the 
spring,  but  discovered  a  beautiful  land  covered 
with  exquisite  flowers,  and  named  it  Florida. 
(See  Florida  and  Penes  ok  Leon.)    In  1590,  Lucas 

Vasqnes  D'Allyon,  B  wealthy  Spaniard,  who 
owned  mines  in  Santo  Domingo, voyaged  north- 
westi-rh  from  thai  island,  and  discovered  the 
coast  of  South  Carolina.  (Boo  D'Allyon.)  Mean- 
while the  Spaniards  had  been  pushing  discoveries 
westward  from  llispaniola,  or  Santo  Domingo. 
(See  llaijli.)  Qjeda  also  discovered  Central 
A liea.  In  1513  Vaseo  Nunez  de  Balboa  dis- 
covered the  Pacific  <  Mean  from  a  mountain  sum- 
mit    on    the    Isthmus    of    Haii.n.     (See    Suncz.) 

Francisco  Fernandea  da  Cordova  discovered 
Mexico  in  1517.  Bee  tfisttoo.)  Pamphilade  Nar- 
\  aea  and  Ferdinand  de  Soto  traversed  the  coun- 
try bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  former 
in  1598,  and  the  latter  in  1589-41.  In  the  lat- 
ter year  1  >e  Soto  discovered  and  crossed  the  Mis- 
sissippi, and  penetrated  the  country  beyond. 
(See  /''  Soto.)  This  was  the  last  attempt  of  the 
Spaniards  to  make  discoveries  in  North  America 
before  the  English  appeared  upon  the  same  field. 

i  See  Narvaet  and  Ds  Sots.)     It  is  claimed  for 

Juan  Veraz/.ani,  a  Florentine  navigator,  that  he 
sailed  from  France  with  four  ships,  iu  1594,  OU  a 
voyage  of  discovery,  and  that  be  traversed  the 

shores  of  America  from  Florida  to  Nova  Scotia. 
He  is' supposed  to  bavs  entered  Delaware  Hay 
and  the  harbors  of  Now  York,  Newport,  and  Bos- 


AMERICA  30 

ton.  and  named  the  country  he  had  discovered 
New  Franco.  (See  Verazzani.)  Jacques  Cartier 
discovered  the  gulf  and  river  St.  Lawrence  in 
1534,  and.  revisiting  them  the  next  year,  gave 
them  that  name,  because  the  day  when  he  en- 
tered their  waters  was  dedicated  to  St.  Law- 
rence. In  l.")7t>.  Sir  Martin  Frobisher  went  to 
Greenland  and  Labrador,  and  coasting  north- 
ward discovered  the  bay  that  bears  his  name, 
i  See  Fmhixhir.)  Huguenot  adventurers  from 
South  Carolina,  floating  on  the  ocean  helplessly, 
were  picked  up.  taken  to  England,  and  by  the 
stories  which  they  told  of  the  beautiful  land  they 
had  left,  caused  Queen  Elizabeth  to  encourage 
voyages  of  discovery  in  that  direction.  Sir  Wal- 
ter Raleigh,  favored  by  the  queen,  sent  two 
.ships,  commanded  by  Philip  Amidas  and  Arthur 
Barlow-,  to  the  middle  regions  of  the  North  Amer- 
ican coast.  (See  Raleigh.)  They  discovered  Ro- 
auoke  Island  and  the  main  near  (see  Roanoke), 
and  in  honor  of  the  unmarried  queen  the  whole 
country  was  named  Virginia  In  1602  Bartholo- 
mew Goanold,  sailing  from  England  directly 
across  the  Atlantic,  discovered  the  continent  on 
the  14th  of  May.  near  Xahant.  Mass..  and  sailing 
southward  also  discovered  a  long,  sandy  point, 
which  he  named  Cape  Cod,  because  of  the  great 
number  of  that  fish  found  there.  He  also  discov- 
ered Nantucket,  Martha's  Vineyard,  and  the 
Elizabeth  Islands.  (See  Gosnold.)  In  1604  Mar- 
tin Pring  discovered  the  coast  of  Maine.  Agaiu 
the  French  had  turned  their  attention  to  North 
America.  M.  de  Chastes,  Governor  of  Dieppe, 
having  received  a  charter  from  the  King  of 
France  to  form  a  settlement  in  New  France 
(which  see),  he  employed  Samuel  Champlain, 
an  eminent  navigator,  to  explore  that  region. 
He  sailed  from  Honlleur  in  March,  1603,  went  tip 
tin-  St.  Lawrence  in  May  to  Quebec,  and,  return- 
ing to  France,  found  De  Chastes  dead,  ami  the 
concession  granted  to  him  transferred  by  the  king 
to  Pierre  do  Gast,  Sienr  de  Moots,  a  wealthy  Hu- 
guenot, who  accompanied  Champlain  on  another 
voyage  to  the  St. Lawrence  the  next  year.  In 
1608  he  went  up  the  St.  Lawrence  again;  and 
the  following  summer,  while  engaged  in  war 
with  sonic  Ilurons  anil  Algonquins  against  the 
Iroquois,  lie  discovered  the  lake  that  bears  his 
name  in  Northern  New  York.  (See  Champlain.) 
At  the  same  time,  Henry  Hudson,  a  navigator  in 
thfl  employ  of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company, 
entered  the  harbor  of  New  York  Sept., 
ascended  the  river  that  bears  his  name  a-  tar  OS 
Albany.  (S.e  Hudson.)  The  region  of  the  Great 
Lake-,  and  the  upper  valley  of  the  Mississippi 
was  discovered  and  explored  by  French  traders 
and  Jesuit  missionaries  in  the  seventeenth  ccn- 
..ulv  as  1640  the  former  penetrated 
the  wr-tein  wilds  from  Quebec.  Father  Allouez 
set  up  a  cross  and  the  arms  of  France  westward 
of  the  lakes  in  1666.    (See  Ml,,,,,:.)     Father  Mar- 

«iuette.  another  Jesuit  missionary,  poshed  far- 
ther in  1673,  and  discovered  the  upper  waters  of 
the  Mississippi,  .see  Marquette.)  Father  Hen- 
nepin, who  accompanied  La  Salle,  explored  the 

Mississippi    in   a   canoe    from    the  mouth   of   the 

Illinois  River,  northward,  In  1680,  and  diaeov- 
eivd  and  named  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony.     (See 


AMERICAN  AMBASSADOR 

Hennepin.)  A  little  later  Robert.  Cavalier  de  La 
Salle,  an  enterprising  young  trader,  penetrated 
to  the  Mississippi,  and  afterwards  visited  the 
coast  of  Texas  from  the  sea  and  planted  the 
germ  of  a  colony  in  Louisiana.    (See  La  Salle.) 

America,  ORIGIN  of  the  Name  of.  Ameri- 
cus  Yespucius  sailed  from  Spain  with  Alonzo 
de  O.jeda,  in  May.  149'J.  They  followed  the  track 
of  Columbus  to  South  America,  and  saw  the 
continent  oft' the  coast  of  Surinam.  Yespucius. 
after  his  return  to  Spain,  gave  an  account  of 
the  voyage  in  a  letter  to  Loreuzo  de'  Medici.  He 
made  other  voyages,  and  in  a  letter  to  Rene, 
Duke  of  Lorraine,  written  in  1504,  he  gave  an 
account  of  his  four  voyages,  in  which  he  erro- 
neously dated  the  time  of  his  departure  on  his 
first  voyage  May  29,  14'.)7.  or  a  year  or  more  br- 
fort  Columbus  and  Cabot  severally  discovered 
the  continent  of  North  and  South  America.  In 
1505  a  narrative  of  his  voyages  to  America  was 
published  at  Strasburg.  entitled  Jmeriau  FesjMt- 
tius  de  Orbe  Antarciieo  per  Begnm  Portugallias  Pri- 
dem  ■fitviiita.  From  that  publication,  bearing  the 
untrue  date  of  his  first  voyage.  Yespucius  ac- 
quired the  reputation  of  being  the  first  discov- 
erer of  America.  Alluding  to  that  false  date  and 
the  statements  under  it,  the  learned  aud  con- 
scientious Charlevoix  wrote  that  "  Ojeda.  when 
judicially  interrogated,  gave  the  lie  direct  to  the 
statement."  And  Herrera,  an  early  Spanish  his- 
torian, accuses  Yespucius  of  purposely  falsify- 
ing the  date  of  two  of  his  voyages,  and  of  con- 
founding one  with  the  other,  "in  order  that  he 
might  arrogate  to  himself  the  glory  of  having 
discovered  the  continent."  Finally,  when  Colum- 
bus was  dead,  and  no  voice  of  accusation  or  de- 
nial could  escape  his  lips,  the  narratives  of  Ve«- 
pucius  were  published  at  St.  Diey,  in  Lorraine, 
then,  as  now.  a  German  frontier  province.  At 
that  time  Yespucius  was  in  correspondence 
with  a  learned  German  school-master  named 
Woldseemnller  (Wood-lake-miller),  who  was  a 
correspondent  of  the  Academy  of  Cosmography 
at  Strasburg,  founded  by  the  Duke  of  Lorraine. 
Waldseemiiller  suggested  to  the  members  of  that 
institution,  under  whose  auspices  the  narrative 
of  Yespucius  had  been  published,  the  name  of 
••America"  for  the  Western  Continent,  in  com- 
pliment to  the  reputed  discoverer.  This  propo- 
sition was  published,  with  approval, in  a  work 
entitled  Cotmographie  h'lulinitnta, in  1507.  It  is 
believed  that  this  action  was  taken  at  the  ro- 
qneel  or  suggestion  of  Vespucins;  at  any  rate. 
be  is  responsible  for  the  fraud,  for  it  was  pub- 
lished seven  years  before  the  death  of  the  Flor- 

eut  inc.  and  he  ne\  er  repudiated  it.  "  Consider- 
ing the  intimacy  of  the  two  parties," says  tin 

learned  Yiseount   Santercm.  "  t  here  is  no  doubt 

tbal  the  geographer  was  gnided  by  the  naviga- 
tor in  what  he  did."  The  name  of  .limn'rn  was 
giveu  in  honor  of  Ameriona Vespucins,  for  whom 
a  fraudulent  claim  to  be  the  first  discoverer  of 

ih.  Western  Hemisphere  was  made,  and  it  was 
done  at  the  suggestion  of  a  (ierman  school-mas- 
ter. Both  Columbus  and  Cabot  were  deprived 
of  the  rightful  honor.   (See  (  olunibii.i  anil  CaboL) 

American    Ambaaaador    at    the    FrSNCH 


AMERICAN  ANTIQUITIES 

COURT,  Tin:  FIRST.  Alter  the  treaty  of  alliance 
with  France  was  promulgated,  Dr.  Franklin,  Silas 
Deane,  and  Arthur  Let:  were  admitted  to  a  pub- 
lie  audience  with  the  king  on  March  20, 1778. 

Franklin,  on  that  occasion,  tried  somewhat  to 
OOmpl;  with  the  customs  of  the  court  by  wear- 
ing a  wig,  bnl  lie  could  not  And  one  in  Paris 
large  enough  to  lit  his  head;  so  he  "  wore  his 
own  hail" — venerable,  long,  white  locks.  He 
Was  dressed  in  a  simple  hut  elegant  suit  of  blaek 
velvet,  contrasting  most  conspicuously  with  the 
brilliant  dress  of  1  he  courtiers.  Here  was  a  nov- 
elty for  Paris!  and  this,  with  tin;  fame  of  Frank- 
lin as  a  philosopher,  created  a  social  sensation 
in  tin;  French  capital.  The  beautiful  young 
qneen  (.Marie  Antoinette)  kept  him  near  her  per- 
son at  levees  and  in  the  mltmx ;  the  women  gath- 
ered a  Ik  m  I  him.  and  Bomeoftlie  more  enthusiastic 
ones  imprinted  ki-ses  on  his  forehead.  Franklin 
was  then  seventy-two  years  of  age.  Deane  and 
Lee  were  soon  afterwards  recalled,  and  Franklin 
was  left  sole  ambassador  at  the  French  court. 

American  Antiquities.    A  greater  portion  of 
objects  which  constitute  American  antiquities 

consist  of  the  architectural  and  oilier  remains 
of  the  handiwork  of  the  aborigines  who  inhab- 
ited  the   continent    before   any   of  the   present 

races  appeared  licit-  and  subjugated  or  displaced 
them  ;   also  the  ruins  occasioned  by  the  Spanish 

conquest.     These  are  chiefly,  in  Central  and 

South  America,  ruined  temples,  and,  in  North 
America,  rude  earthworks,  now  overgrown  w  ith 

venerable  forest  trees  which  attest  their  an- 
tiquity. In  connection  with  those  in  the  more 
Southern  regions,  |  here  an'  remains  of  elaborate 
carvings  and  ornamented  pottery.  There  are 
many  features  in  common  between  the  temples 
and  other  works  of  art  in  Mexico,  ( 'entral  Amer- 
ica, and  Peru.  The  explorations  of  Stephens 
and  ('at  her  wood  (1840  13  revealed  to  the  world 
vast  remains  of  cities  in  Central  America,  which 

were  doubtless  inhabited  at  the  period  of  the 
Conquest,  three    hundred    and    fifty    years    ago. 

There  they  found  carved  monoliths  and  the  re- 
mains of  highly  ornamented  temples.  The  mon- 
oliths at  Copau  i  see  the  following  page)  some 
antiquaries  are  disposed  to  tank,  as  to  use,  w  ith 

those    ruder   ones   at    Stoiiehenge,   in    England, 

and  older  ones  iii   Arabia.     The  remains  of 

Aztec    art    in    Mexico    attest    the    existence    of  a 

high  degree  of  civilization  there  at  the  period 

of  tlnir  structure.       So,  also,  the    ruins   of  the 

Temple  of  the  Sun,  at  Cuzoo,  in  Pern,  tell  of 

great  advancement  in  the  arts  under  the  empire 
of  the  I nc  .is,.  These  remains  occupy  a  living 
place  on  the  borders  of  the  historic  period,  but 
the  mounds  in  North  America,  show  ing  much 
mathematical  skill  in  their  construction  and  in- 
genuity in  their  contents,  have  hitherto  eluded 
the  keen   skill   of  antiquaries,  who  have   BOOght 

in  \ . i i 1 1  among  prehistoric  mysteries  for  a  (dew- 
to  the  origin  of  the  people  who  fashioned  them. 
i  See  Hound-builderi.)  European  civilization  on 
our  continent  is  of  too  recent  introduction  t<> 
supply  anything  to  a  collection  of  real  American 
antiquities  originating  with  itself. 

American  Association,  Tins.      On  the  20th 


31        AMERICAN  CAMP  AT  CAMBRIDGE 


of  October,  1774,  the  first  Continental  Cougrcss 
adopted  a  "non-importation,  uou-consumption, 
and  non -exportation  agreement,"  applied  to 
Great  Britain,  Inland,  the  West  Indies,  and 
Madeira,  by  which  the  inhabitants  id'  all  the 
colonies  were  hound  to  act  iu  good  faith  as 
those  of  certain  cities  and  towns  had  already 
done,  under  the  penalty  of  the  displeasure  of 
faithful  ones.  The  agreement  was  embodied  in 
fourteen  articles,  and  was  to  go  into  effect  on 
the  Bret  of  December  next  ensuing.  In  the  sec- 
ond article,  the  congress  Struck  a  blow  at  sla- 
very, in  the  name  of  their  constituents,  declar- 
ing that,  after  tin;  first  day  of  December  next 
ensuing,  they  would  neither  import  nor  pur- 
chase any  slave  imported  after  that  date,  and 
they  would  iu  no  way  be  concerned  in  or  abet 
the  slave-trade.  Committees  were  to  be  ap- 
pointed in  every  county,  city,  and  town  to  en- 
force compliance  with  the  terms  of  the  associa- 
tion. They  also  resolved  that  thc\  would  hold 
no  commercial  intercourse  with  any  colony  in 
North  America  that  did  not  accede  to  these 
terms,  or  that  should  thereafter  violate  them, 
but  hold  such  recusants  as  enemies  to  their  com- 
mon country.  The  Several  articles  of  the  asso- 
ciation were  adopteil  unanimously,  except  the 
one  OOUOerning  exportations.  '1'he  South  Caro- 
linians objected  to  it,  because  it  would  operate 
unequally,  and  insisted  upon  no  being  exempt- 
ed from  the  requirement  concerning  non-expor- 
tation. When  the  article  was  adopted,  all  but 
two  of  the  South  Carolina  delegation  seceded. 
Gadsden  and  another,  in  the  spirit  of  Henry,  de- 
clared thej  were  not  ••South  Carolinians,*'  but 
••Americans."'  The  scccilers  wire  brought  back 
and  signed  the  articles  of  association  after  a 
compromise  was  agreed  to,  which  allowed  their 
colony  to  bear  no  part  of  the  burden  of  sacrifice 
imposed  by  the  association.  Short  letters  wore 
addressed     to     the    colonies    of    St.  John    (now 

Prince  Edward's  i.  Nova  Scotia, Georgia, and  the 

two  Floridas,  asking  them  to  join  the  association. 
American  Camp  at  Cambridge  (1775),  THE. 
Thecal  lipid' the  Continental  Army  at  Cambridge, 
when  Washington  took  command  of  it  (.July, 
1775),  presented  a  curious  and  somewhat  pict- 
uresque spectacle.  There  was  no  conformity 
in    dress.      The    volunteers   from    Rhode    [Bland 

were  lodged  in  tents,  and  had  more  the  appear- 
ance of  regular  troops  than  any  of  the  Others; 
others  were  quartered  in  Harvard  College  build- 
ings, the  Episcopal  church,  and  private  dwell- 
ings; and  the  fields  were  dotted  with  lodges 
of  almost  every  description,  varying  with  the 
tasies  of  their  occupants.  Some  of  them  were 
Constructed    of   boards,   some   of  sail-cloth,  and 

some  partly  of  both.      There  were  huts  of  si. 

and  sods,  others  of  bushes,  while  a  few  had  regu- 
lar doors  and   windows,  constructed    of   withes 

ami  reeds.     To  these  the  feminine  relatives  of 

l  he  soldiers  mot  hers,  sisters,  w  i\  es  wen  con- 
tinually repairing  w  ith  supplies  of  clothing  and 
gifts  for  comfort.  With  them  came  (locks  of 
boys  and  girls  from  the  surrounding  country, 
to  grat  ify  their  curiosity  and  behold  some  of  the 
mysteries  of  war.  Among  the  soldiers  in  the 
camp  might  be  seen  eminent  and  eloquent  niin- 


AMERICAN  CAriTAL 


AMERICAN  CIVIL  LIST 


isters  of  the  Qospel,  act- 
ing as  chaplains,  keep- 
ing alive  the  habit  of 
daily  prayer  and  of  pub- 
lic worship  ou  tbe  Sab- 
bath. There  was  amOUg 
the  soldiers  a  spirit  of 
insubordination,  which 
grew  out  of  the  famil- 
iarity that  existed  be- 
tween the  officers  and 
men.  This  greatly  an- 
noyed the  commander- 
in-chief,  who  had  been 
accustomed  to  wide 
tinctions  between  the 
governors  and  the  gov- 
erned. 

American  Capital 
(1815).  At  the  close  of 
the  War  of  1818-15 — the 
second  war  for  indepen- 
dence— the  real  and  per- 
sonal capital  of  the  peo- 
ple of  the  United  states 

was  as  follows  :  L'ml 
property  —  public  lauds, 
500,000,0011  acres,  at 
an  acre,  §1,000,000,000; 
cultivated  lands.300,000,- 
000  acres,  at  $10  an  acre, 
$3,000,000,000;  dwell- 
ing-houses of  all  kinds, 


ping  of  all  kinds,  $225,- 
000,000;  money. farming 
stock  and  utensils,  man- 
ufactures.household  fur- 
nit  ure  and  plate,  car- 
riages, and  every  species 
of  personal  property  not 

above  estimated,  $1,550,- 

000,000.     Total  of  per- 
al   property,  $2,200,- 

000,000.  Grand  total  of 
American  capital. in  real 
and  personal  property. 
$7,200,000,000. 

American  Civil  List 
(1764).  The  crown  offi- 
cers in  America  had  long 
nrged  the  establishment 
of  a  parliamentary  rev- 
enue for  their  support. 
Their  whole  political 
system  seemed  to  be  but 
methods  for  the  increase 
anil  security  of  the  emol- 
uments of  office.  To  meet 

their  views, they  advised 

a  thorough  revision  of 
the  American  govern- 
ments— a  parliamentary 
regulation  of  colonial 
charters,  and  a  certain 
and  sufficient  civil  list. 
This  latter  measure 


&£9^*. 


TlllllTEKN    KEKT    IN 


$1,000,000,000.  Total  of  r.al  propei  t  j .  $5,000, .- 

oho.      rnxiinul  property—  capital  of  the  holders 
nt   Stocks,  who  Were  American  eiti- 

000, I;  banking  stocks, $100,000, ': 

00,000,  al  $150  each,  $825,000, ;  ship- 


Grenville  opposed  <  1764  >,  refusing  to  become 
the  attorney  for  American  office-holders, or  the 

founder  of  a  stupendous  system  of  colonial  pat- 
ronage and  corruption,  His  policy  in  all  his 
financial  measures  was  to  improve  tin-  finances 


AMEKICAN  CONDITIONS  FOR  PEACE      33       AMERICAN  FLEET  ON  LAKE  ERIE 


of  his  country  and  replenish  its  exhausted  treas- 
ury. When  the  Earl  of  Halifax  proposed  the 
payment  of  the  salaries  of  colonial  crown-officers 
directly  from  England,  Granville  bo  strenuously 
opposed  it  that  the  dangerous  experiment  was 

post | ed.     Tin'  rapacity  of  crown-officers  in 

America  for  place,  money,  anil  power  was  a 
chief  cause  of  puhlic  discontent  at  all  times. 

American  Conditions  for  Peace  ( 1782 ). 
Dr.  Franklin,  who  well  knew  the  condition  of 
parlies  in  England,  and  how  precarious  was  tin- 
hold  of  Lord  Shelburno  on  the  premiership, 
hastened   to   promote   immediate   negotiations 

for  peace,  for  which  he  had  been  appointed. 
Ten  days  alter  Shellmrne'.s  accession  (.July, 
1782),  he  invited  Oswald,  the  British  agent  in 
Paris  to  prepare  for  negotiations,  to  come  to  his 
own  house.  Oswald  went  there,  when  Frank- 
lin laid  before  him  the  articles  for  a  treaty 
which  the  Americans  would  never  depart  from. 
They  Were:  Independence  absolute  and  com- 
plete in  every  sense  to  the  whole  thirteen 
slates,  and  all  British  troops  to  be  withdrawn 
from  them;  for  boundaries,  the  Mississippi  on 
the    wist,  and    on    the   side   of  Canada   as    they 

were   before   the  Qnebec  Act   of  1774  (which 

see);  and  the  freedom  of  fishing  off  the  Banks 
of  Newfoundland.  Franklin  explained  that 
nothing  could   be  done   for  the   loyalists   in   tin- 

United  States,  the  separate  states  having  con- 
fiscated their  property,  and  the  United  States 

having  no  control  in  the  matter)  and  he  showed 

i hat  Qreal   Britain  had  forfeited  anj   rigbl  to 

intercede  for  them  by  its  conduct  and  example. 
lb-  gave  Oswald,  as  an  example,  the  orders  of 
the  British  in  the  Carol inas  for  confiscating  the 
lands  and  other  (property  of  all  patriots,  under 
the  direction  of  the  military,  and  declared 
that,  whatever  the  separate  Btates  might  do  in 
compassiou  for  the  loyalists,  the  Uuited  States 
commissioners  for  peace  could  not  make  the 
compensation  nf  refugees  a  part  of  the  treaty. 
Franklin  recommended — hut  not  as  an  ultima- 
tum— a  perfect  reciprocity  in  regard  to  ships 
and  trade;  and  he  called  Oswald's  attention  to 
the  reckless  distinction  of  property  by  the  Brit- 
ish forces,  which  might  furnish  a  claim  for  in- 
demnity.     These   negotiations  were   carried  on 

with  the  knowledge  and  approval  of Vergennes, 
but  everything  relating  to  their  conditions  was 
concealed  from  him.  Oswald  was  given  to  un- 
derstand thai  the  American  commissioners  were 
ready  to  sign  a  preliminary  treaty  whenever  one 
should  be  negotiated.  (See  Preliminary  Treaty  of 

Oswald  reported  the  result  of  this  in- 
terview to  Shelburne.  The  minister  accepted 
franklin's  ullimatum  as  just,  and  sent  full  pow- 
ers to  Oswald  to  negotiate  a  treaty  on  that   ba- 


American  Flag,  First  Bhitisii  ASSAULT 
rrpon  Tin:.  The  American  ship  Baltimore,  Cap- 
tain Phillips,  sailed  out  of  the  harbor  of  Ha- 
vana on  the  morning  of  Now  16, 1798,  in  charge 

of  a  convoy,  bound  for  Charleston,  S.  C.  Ill 
Sight  of  Morro  Castle  she  met  a  British  squad- 
ron, and  Phillips  bore  up  to  the  Caniatic,  the 
British  flag  ship,  to  speak  to  the  captain,  w  bet) 
I— 3 


three  of  the  convoys  were  cut  off  from  the  rest 
and  were  captured  by  the  British  vessels.  Cap- 
tain Phillips,  by  invitation,  went  on  board  the 
Caniatic,  when  he  was  informed  that  every  man 
on  tin-  Baltimore  not  having  an  American  pro- 
tection should  be  transferred  to  the  British  flag- 
ship. Phillips  protested  against  the  outrage, 
and  declared  that  he  would  formally  surrender 
bis  vessel  and  refer  the  matter  to  his  govern- 
ment. On  returning  to  the  Baltimore,  he  found 
a  British  officer  mustering  his  men.  Fifty-five 
of  them  were  transferred  to  the  Cannttii;  and 
the  colors  of  the  Baltimore  were  lowered.  Five 
of  the  men  were  pressed  into  tin?  British  ser- 
vice; i lie  remainder  were  sent  back,  and  the 
Baltimore  was  released.  The  ease  was  laid  be- 
fore i  be  government  of  the  United  States.  This 
outrage    upon   the    sovereignty  of  the  nation  — 

the  practical   application   of  the  elai f  the 

British   government  to  the  right   of  search  and 

impressment  (see  Intpreesment)  without  leave- 
aroused  fierce  indignation  throughout  theUuion; 
yet  the  American  government,  influenced,  if  not 

controlled,  by  the  mercantile  interest  (the  trade 

with  Great  Britain  was  then  very  profitable), 

not  only  submitted  meekly,  but  committed  an 
act  of  the  most  flagrant  injustice.  Captain 
Phillips  was  dismissed  from  the  navy,  without 
a  trial,  because  he  surrendered  his  vessel  with- 
out   a   show  of  resistance:    and    no    notice    was 

taken  of  the  British  outrage.  The  administra- 
tion, in  obsequious  deference  to  Great  Britain, 
bad  instructed  the  American  naval  commanders 
not  to  molest  the  cruisers  of  any  nation  (tho 
French  excepted)  on  any  account  not  even  to 
Save  their  own  vessels;  and  Phillips,  because 
of  his  Strict  adherence  to  this  Older,  « 

iered, 

American  Fleet  on  Lake  Erie  (1813).  Who 
shall  be  masters  of  Bake  Erie  .'  was  an  impor- 
tant question  to  be  solved  in  1813.  The  gov- 
ernment did  not  fulfil  its  promise  to  Hull  to 

provide  means  for  securing  the  naval  suprem- 
acy on  Lake  Erie.  The  necessity  for  such  an 
attainment  was  so  obvious  before  the  close  of 
1818  that  the  government  took  vigorous  action 
in  the  matter.  Isaac  Chauncey  was  in  com- 
mand of  a  little  squadron  on  Lake  Ontario  late 
in  1818,  and  Captain  Oliver  Hazard  Berry,  a 
zealous  young  naval  officer,  of  Rhode  [aland, 
who  was  in  command  of  a  flotilla  of  gunboats 
on  the  Newport  station,  offered  his  services  on 
the  lakes,  Chauncey  desired  his  services,  and 
on  Feb.  17  Perry  received  orders  from  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  Navy  to  report  to  Chaiincey  with 
all  possible  despatch,  and  to  take  with  him  to 
Sacketl's  Harbor  all  of  the  best  men  of  the  flo- 
tilla at  Newport.  He  sent  them  forward,  in 
companies  of  fifty,  under  sailing-masters  Almy, 
Champliii,  and  Taylor.  He  met  Chauncey  at 
Albany,  and  they  j  on  rue  veil  together  in  a  sleigh 
through  the  then  wilderness  to  Sackett's  Har- 
bor. In  March,  Perry  went  to  Presque  Isle 
(now  Erie,  Pa.)  to  hasten  the  construction  and 
equipment  of  a  lit  tie  navy  t  here  designed  to  co- 
operate with  General  Harrison  in  attempts  to 
recover  Michigan.  Four  vessels  were  speedily 
built  at   Erie,  and  live  others  were  taken  to  that 


AMERICAN  FORT  ON  THE  MISSISSIPPI   34 


AMERICAN  INFLUENCE 


well -sheltered  harbor  from  Black  Rock,  near 
Buffalo,  when  Henry  Eckfbrd  ha<l  converted 
merchant-vessels  into  war-ships.  The  vessel* 
at  Erie  were  constructed  under  the  immediate 
supervision  of  Sailing-master  Daniel  Dobbins, 
at  the  month  of  Cascade  Creek.     Early  in  May 


MOITII    OF    CASCADE 


FLEET    WAS    Hl'll.T. 


(1813)  the  three  smaller  vessels  were  launched, 
and  on  the  24th  of  the  same  month  two  brigs 
were  put  afloat.  The  whole  fleet  was  finished 
on  the  10th  of. Inly,  and  consisted  of  the  brig 
Lawrence,  20  guns;  brig  Niagara,  20  guns;  brig 
Caledonia,  3  guns;  schooner  ^4rie7,  4  guns; 
schooner  Scorpion,  2  guns  and  2  swivels;  sloop 
Trippe,  1  gun;  schooner  Tigress,  1  gun;  and 
schooner  Porcupine,  1  gun.  The  command  of 
the  tlcci  was  given  to  Perry, and  the  Lawrence, 
so  named  in  honor  of  the  slain  commander  of 
the  Chesapeake,  was  his  flag-ship.  But  men  and 
supplies  were  wanting.  A  British  squadron  on 
the  lake  seriously  menaced  I  lie  fleet  at  Brie,  and 
Perry  pleaded  for  materials  to  put  his  vessels 
in  proper  order  to  meet  danger.  "Think  of  my 
situation,"  he  wrote  to  Chanucey — "tin-  enemj 

in  Bight,  the  vessels  under  my  command  more 
than  sufficient  and  ready  to  make  sail,  and  yet 
obliged  to  bite  my  lingers  with  vexation  for 
w  ant  of  men." 

American  Fort  on  the  Mississippi  (1780). 
Clarke  designed  to  extend  his  invasion  to  De- 
troit (see  Clarke' 6  Expedition),bui  troops  to  rein- 
force linn  had  been  added  to  the  force  of  an- 
other bold  leader  (see  Shelby,  Evan), and  he  had 
to  abandon  the  undertaking.  Jefferson,  then 
Qovernor  of  Virginia,  gave  instructions  for  the 

"ccupati. la  station  on  the  Mississippi  River 

between  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  and  the  parallel 
of  36    30';  and  in  the  spring  of  1780  Clarke 

choM    a    strung    position    flve    miles   lulow    l  he 

mouth  of  the  Ohio,  whereon  be  built  Fori  Jef- 
ferson. Here  the  Americans  planted  their  Aral 
sentinel  to  watch  over  the  freedom  of  the  navi- 
gation Of  the  ••  I'allici   of  Watel- ." 


American  Forts.  The  following  is  a  list  of 
forte  in  existence  when  war  was  declared  in 
1812,  and  their  location  :  Fort  Sumner,  Port- 
land. Me. :  Fort  William  and  Mary,  Portsmouth, 
N.  H. ;  Fort  Lily,  Gloucester,  Cape  Anne  :  Fort 
Pickering,  Salem,  Mass.;  Fort  Bewail,  Marble- 
head,  Mass. ;  Fort  Inde- 
pendence, Boston  Harbor; 
Fort  Wolcott,  near  New- 
port, E.  I.;  Fort  Adams. 
New  port  Harbor  ;  Fort 
Hamilton,  near  Newport : 
North  Battery,  a  mile 
northwest  of  Fort  Wol- 
cott ;  Dumplings  Fort, 
entrance   to  Narraganset 

Bay,  K.  I. ;  T my  Hill, 

a  mile  east  of  North  Bat- 
tery. R.  I.  ;  Fort  Trum- 
bull, New  Loudon,  Conn. ; 
Fort  Jay,  Governor's  Isl- 
and. New  York  Harbor; 
Works  on  Ellis  and  Bed- 
low's  Islands,  New  York 
Harbor:  Fort  Mifflin.  Del- 
aware River,  below  Phil- 
adelphia ;  Fort  McHcnry. 
Baltimore;  Fort  Severn, 
Anuapolis;  Forts  Norfolk 
and  Nelson,  on  Elizabeth 
River,  below  Norfolk, Va.; 
Forts  Pincknev.  Moultrie, 
and  Mechanic,  for  the  protection  of  Charleston. 
S.C.:  Fort  Mackinaw  .  island  of  Mackinaw  :  Fort 
Dearborn,  Chicago  ;  Fort  Wayne,  at  the  forks 
of  the  Maumee,  Iud.  ;  Fort  Detroit,  Michigan: 
Fort  Niagara,  mouth  of  the  Niagara  Hiver;  Fort 
Ontario,  Oswego  :  Fort  Tompkins, Sackett'a  Har- 
bor, N.T.  Some  of  these  were  unfinished,  and 
others  were  strengthened. 

American  Influence  in  Great  Britain  1770 
The  influence  of  political  agitation  in  the  colo- 
nies began  to  he  sensibly  felt  in  Great  Britain 
at  the  beginning  of  177d  The  friends  of  lib- 
erty in  England  were  the  friends  of  the  colo- 
nists. The  cause  was  the  same  in  all  places. 
There  was  a  violent  Btrnggle  for  relief  from 
thralls  everywhere.    America  responded  to  calls 

for  help  from  England,  as  well  as  calls  for  help 
in  America  had  been  responded  to  in  England. 
In  December,  1769, South  Carolina  sent  £10,500 
currency  to  London  for  the  society  for  support- 
ing the'  Bill  of  Rights,  "thai  the  liberties  of 

Cleat  Britain  and  America  might  alike  lie  pro- 
tected," wrote  members  of  the  South  Carolina 
Assembly.  In  Ireland, the  dispute  with  Amer- 
ica aroused  Grattan,  and  he  began  his  splendid 
career  at  about  this  time.  The  English  toilers 
in  the  manufacturing  districts  longed  to  enjoy 
the  abundance  and   freedom   which   they  heaid 

of  in  America;  and  1769  is  marked  bj  the  es- 
tablishment, iu  England,  of  the  system  of  pub- 
lic meetings  to  discuss  subjects  of  importance 
to  free-horn  Englishmen.  The  press, too, spoke 
out  boldly  al  that  time,     ••('an  yon  oonoeive," 

w  rote  I  he  \  et  mj  stei  ions  .luniiis  |  u  huh  s,  (-  i,, 
the  king,  "thai  the  people  of  this  country  will 

long  submit  to  he  governed  by  so  flexible  a 


AMERICAN  LITERATURE  I 

House  of  Commons  T  The  oppressed  people  of 
Ireland  give  yon  everyday  fresh  marks  of  their 
resentment.  The  colonists  left  their  native  land 
for  freedom  and  found  it  in  a  desert.  Looking 
forward  to  independence,  they  equally  detest 
the  pageantry  of  a  king  and  the  supercilious 
hypocrisy  of  a  bishop." 

American  Literature,  from  the  beginning  of 
the  old  war  for  independence  (1775),  gradually 
assumed  a  distinct  type,  spirit,  and  substance. 
During  the  earlier  colonial  period  there  were  B 
considerable  number  of  works  written  and  pub- 
lished in  the  English-American  colonies,  chiefly 
of  a  religions  and  controversial  character.  The 
first  literary  work  produced  in  America  was  a 
translation  into  English  of  Ovid's  Metamorphoses, 
Sand]  s,  Treasurer  of  Virginia,  in  1724, 
and  published,  in  folio  (with  illustrations  .  in 
London  in  1726.  The  fust  original  work  pub- 
lished in  New  England  was  a  volume  of  poems 
by    Mrs.  Anne    Hi  adstrect,  a    daughter    "I    Gov- 

ernor  Dudley  of  Massachusetts,  ami  published 
in  1640.  Eliot's  translation  of  the  Bible  into 
the  Indian  tongue,  issued  in  1663,  was  the  first 
publication  oft  lie  Scriptnres  in  America,  This 
was  followed  by  translations  of  other  works 
into  the  language  of  the  barbarians  near  Bos- 
ton. Religions  writers  monopolized  the  colo- 
nial press  Williams,  Hooker,  Davenport,  Nor- 
ton, and  tin'  Mathen.  finally,  late  in  the  colo- 
nial period,  Jonathan  Edwards  appeared  as  a 
brilliant  writer  on  theology  and  metaphysics, 
with  Dr.  Franklin  on  morals,  politics,  and  sci- 
ence. The  papers  Of  the  latter  were  read  with 
avidity  by  all  classes  of  cultivated  people,  for 
the  spirit  of  his  writings  were  catholic,  large- 
hearted,  and  humane.  At  the  Revolution  poli- 
ties naturally  took  possession  of  the  public 
mind  and  expelled  from  it  polemical  theology, 
and  the  ardent  theologian  became  a  sharp  po- 
litical combatant.  The  state  papers  put  forth 
by  the  Continental  Congress,  in  style  and  ex- 
pression, won  the  applause  of  Enropean  states- 
nun.  Edwards  did  not  live  to  hear  more  than 
the  distant  rumblings  of  the  tempest  :  Franklin 
was  a  colossus  of  strength  when  the  storm  of 

the  Revolution  burst.  There  were  ready  writ- 
ers, younger  in  years,  to  aid  him.  Franklin 
and  Washington,  Jefferson  and  Adam-.  Hamil- 
ton, Madison,  and  .lay,  laid  the  foundation  of 
American  literature  upon  which  our  writers 
have  built  a  noble  structure.  From  177(i  until 
1812  the  most  eminent  writers  were  its  earnest 
.statesmen.  'flic  Federalist,  written  by  Hamil- 
ton, Jay,  and  Madison,  will  ever  remain  a  mon- 
ument of  literary  excellence  and  political  sa- 
gacity. There  wcri'  some  poets  at  that  period 
— Trumbull,  Dwlght,  Humphreys,  Harlow,  and 
Hopkins     who  grasped   the  political   and  his- 

torical  Subjects  Of  the  time:  but  after  the  sec- 
ond war  for  independence  the  field  of  Ameri- 
can authorship  widened,  anil  the  question  .asked 
by  Sidney  Smith,  in  the  Edinburgh  Hi  rii  ir  in 
1820 — "Who  reads  an  American  book  t" — may 
now  lie  answered  by  a  host  of  English  readers. 
Our  American  authors  have  since  then  bold- 
ly traversed  every  field  of  literature,  whether 
historic,  scientific,  or  (esthetic.     Atactica  now 


»  AMERICAN  LOYALISTS 

has  a  distinct  and  notable  literature  of  its 
own. 

American  Loyalists.  There,  was  a  great 
diversity  of  sentiment  in  the  English-American 
colonies  during  the  disputes  with  the  mother 
country  before  war  commenced  in  1775  and  dur- 
ing its  progress.  Probably  every  American  cit- 
izen desired  the  freedom  which  the  most  zealous 
patriot  sought ;  they  differed  only  in  their  opin- 
ions as  to  the  best  method  to  be  employed  for 
obtaining  it.  The  Whigs,  or  the  popular  party. 
were  radicals;  the  Tories,  or  the  adherents  of 
the  crown  and  Parliament,  wet e  conservatives. 
The  latter  defended  or  condoned  the  oppressive 
measures  of  Parliament ;  the  former  denounced 
them  as  absolutely  tyrannical  and  not  to  he 
endured.  The  question,  Which  party  is  right  f 
was  a  \ital  one.  The  imperial  government  set- 
tled it  in  favor  of  the  Whigs  by  rescinding  their 
oppressive  measures  one  after  another;  and  this 
decisiou  has  been  ratified  by  the  judgment  of 
posterity  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  The 
Declaration  of  Independence  compelled  men  of 

opposite  opinions  to  avow  them  publicly.  Then 
the  important  question  arose  concerning  the 
policy  of  tolerating  the  Tories,  or  loyalists  - 
their  acts  must  be  restrained  as  a  prudential 
measure  against  injury  to  the  patriot  cause. 
Having  the  power,  and  believing  themselves  to 
bo  in  the  right,  the  Whigs  took  decisive  meas- 
ures to  that  end.  Imprisonment  or  other  odious 
restraint  at  home,  or  banishment,  was  the  alter- 
native presented.  To  a  large  proportion  of  the 
loyalists  the  latter  horn  of  the  dilemma  appear- 
ed the  hast  affliction,  and  many  hundreds  aban- 
doned their  country  and  tied  to  Nova  Scotia  or 
to  England;  while  a  considerable  number,  es- 
pecially of  the  young  men,  were  embodied  in 
military  corps,  and  took  up  arms  against  their 
Whig  countrymen.  This  embodiment  was  un- 
dertaken  by  the  deposed  Governor  Tryon  of 

New   York.      He    was    ably   seconded    by    Olivet 

De  Lancey,  brother  of  a  lieutenant-governor  of 

the  province  of  New  York,  and  Conrtlandt  Skin- 
ner, of  New  Jersey.  But  these  loyalist  corps 
numbered  fist  less,  for  a  long  time,  than  the 
ministry  or  their  partisans  in  America  antici- 
pated. The  greatest  exertions  of  the  three 
leaders  above  named  had  not  caused  an  enroll- 
ment of  over  twelve  hundred  of  them  so  late 
as  the  spring  of  1777.  Afterwards  the  number 
greatly  increased,  though  there  were  not  a  greal 
many  in  the  field  at  one  time.  Sabine 
the  American  CoyoNs/s) estimates  the  whole  num- 
ber enrolled  during  t  he  war  at  twenty  thousand. 
The  fust  organization  was  under  Lord  Dunmnrc 
in  Virginia  (see  Diiintiorr),  and  Martin  in  North 
Carolina,  in  1 7 7 ."»  (see  Josiah  MarHn).     Later 

there  were  loyalists  under  Sir  John  Johnson 
and  Colonel  Butler  in  New  York;  also  under 
Tryon  and  De  I.ancey  in  the  same  state,  and 
Skinner  of  New  Jersey.  Later  still  the  loyalists 
of  tin-  Carolines,  who  were  numerous  in  tin 
western  districts,  were  embodied  under  Major 
Patrick  Ferguson,  killed  at   King's  Mountain  in 

1781.    Altogether,  there   were  twenty-nine  or 

thirty  regiments,  regularly  officered  and  enroll- 
ed.    The  most  noted  loyalist  corps  in  the  war 


AMERICAN  LOYALISTS 


36        AMERICAN  PETITIONS  REJECTED 


was  that  of  the  Queen's  Rangers,  led  by  Major 
Simcoe,  afterwards  Governor  of  Canada.  The 
loyalists  were  of  two  kinds.  Some  were  honor- 
able, conscientious  men,  governed  by  principle, 
and  friends  of  the  British  government  by  con- 
viction; others  were  selfish  and  unscrupulous, 
siding  with  the  supposed  stronger  side  for  pur- 
poses of  gain,  spite,  or  opportunities  for  plunder 
and  rapine  under  legal  sanction.  The  majority 
of  the  latter  class  rilled  the  military  ranks,  and 
their  oppressions  and  cruelties  excited  the  fierc- 
est animosities  of  the  Whigs,  who  suffered  dread- 
fully. They  were  made  to  hate  the  name  of 
Tory,  and  in  many  instances  the  aversiou  was 
felt  for  at  least  two  generations  in  Whig  fami- 
lies towards  the  descendants  of  Tories.  Banish- 
ments and  confiscations  by  tin-  Whig  authori- 
ty's were  popular;  hut  when  peace  came  and 
animosities  subsided,  mercy  and  justice  com- 
bined to  do  right.  Iu  the  negotiation  of  the 
treaty  of  peace  (1782),  the  British  commission- 
ers claimed  indemnity  for  the  losses  of  the  loy- 
alists. It  was  denied  on  the  ground  that  the 
Whigs  during  the  war  had  really  suffered  great- 
Sl  looses  through  the  acts  of  the  Tories,  anil  the 
claim  was  not  allowed.  At  the  close  of  the  war 
the  military  organizations  of  the  loyalists  were 
disbanded,  and  some  of  the  officers  were  trans- 
ferred to  the  royal  army  and  continued  in  ser- 
vice for  life.  Others,  less  fortunate,  went  with 
a  host  of  civil  and  military  companions  into  ex- 
ile, the  northern  ones  chiefly  to  Nova  Scotia,  New 
Hru ns  wick,  and  Canada,  and  t lie  southern  ones  to 
the  Bahamas,  Florida,  and  the  British  West  Indies. 
Many  also  went  to  England,  and  for  years  were 
importunate  petitioners  for  relief  from  the  Brit- 
ish government.  The  officers  generally  received 
half  pay.  Towards  the  close  of  1782  the  British 
Parliament  appointed  a  committee  to  attend  to 
the  claims  of  the  loyalists.  By  their  decision 
(June,  1783)  the  sum' of  $216,000  was  to  be  dis- 
tributed annually  among  687  loyalist  pension- 
ers. The  claimants  finally  became  so  numerous 
that  a  permanent  board  <>f  commissioners  was 
appointed,  which  continued  about  seven  yean. 
( )n  March  25,  17S4,  the  number  of  claimants  was 
8063,  and  the  aggregate  amount  of  property 
claimed  to  have  been  destroyed  or  confiscated, 

besides  debts  which  they  had  lost,  was  about 
$36,000,000.  Iu  1790  tl„.  Parliament  settled  the 
whole  matter  by  enactment.  Altogether,  nearly 
116,000,000  were  distributed  among  tin-  Ameri- 
can loyalists  by  the  British  government.  It 
was  regarded  as  a  most  generous  act  in  a  na- 
tion which  had  expended  nearly  $100,000,000  in 
the  war.  and  by  it  lost  a  vast  and  valuable  do- 
main. 

American  Loyalists,  EXPATRIATION  0».      In 

consequence  of  laws  still  in  force  against  the 
loyalists,  several   thousand  Americans   found    it 

neaeaaarj  to  abandon  their  country  when  the 
British  army  left.  A  considerable  portion  of 
these  exiles  belonged  to  the  wealthier  class 
officials,  merchant*,  large  land-holders,  and  con- 
spicuous members  of  the  colonial  aristoeraoy. 
Many  of  them  still  retained  much  wealth, 
though  suffering  from  oonftacations  of  lands, 
l  bos,-  from   the  North  settled  principally  m 


Nova  Scotia  or  Canada.  To  the  former  places 
about  one  thousand  had  tied  on  the  British 
evacuation  of  Boston.  Those  from  the  Smith 
found  refuge  in  the  Bahamas  and  other  West 
India  islands.  The  evacuation  of  New  York 
City  by  the  British  troops  was  delayed  by  the 
necessity  and  difficulty  of  providing  transpor- 
tation for  the  numerous  loyalists  assembled 
there  where  the  remaining  troops  of  Burgoyue 
and  Cornwallis had  been  collected. 

American  Navigation  Acts  ( 1810-18).  Near- 
ly all  the  nations  of  Europe,  since  the  downfall 
of  Napoleon  aud  the  return  of  peace,  had  adopt- 
ed a  very  discriminating  policy  in  favor  of 
their  own  shipping.  Of  the  effect  of  this 
policy  the  navigating  interest  of  the  United 
States  loudly  complained  ;  and.  finally,  by  an 
act  (March  1,  1816),  copied  from  the  famous 
English  Navigation  Act  (which  see),  the  Amer- 
icans retaliated.  Importations  by  foreign  ships 
were  to  be  limited  to  the  produce  of  their  re- 
spective countries  —  a  provision  not  to  apply 
except  to  nations  having  a  similar  regulation. 
The  coasting  -  trade,  hitherto  open  to  foreign 
vessels,  was  now  restricted  to  those  American 
built  and  owned.  To  promote  the  increase  of 
American  seamen,  all  coasting  and  fishing  ves- 
sels were  required  to  have  crews  three  fourths 
of  whom  were  Americans,  and  all  registered 
vessels  crews  of  whom  two  fifths  were  Ameri- 
cans, under  penalty  of  an  additional  tonnage 
duty,  and,  in  ease  of  fishing-vessels,  forfeiture 
of  the  fishing  bounties.  In  April,  1818,  an  act 
was  passed  closing  the  ports  of  the  United 
States  against  British  vessels  from  any  British 
colonial  port  into  which  American  vessels  were 
not  admitted.  This  policy,  which  totally  failed 
of  its  object,  was  kept  up  for  twelve  years,  and 
then  abandoned. 

American,  or  Know-nothing,  Party,  The, 
originated  in  1863,  and  was  so  anti-American 
that  it  soon  disappeared  from  the  arena  of  poli- 
tics. The  members  Of  the  ••American  Party'' 
were  called  "Know-nothings."  because  in  their 
endeavors  to  preserve  the  secrecy  of  their  move- 
ments  they   were   instructed   to  reply  "I   don"t 

know"  to  any  question  asked  in  reference  to  the 

party.  It  was  at  first  a  secret  political  organi- 
zation, the  chief  object  of  which  was  the  pro- 
scription of  foreigners  bj  the  repeal  of  the  nat- 
uralization laws  of  the  United  States,  and  the 
exclusive    choice   i>i'  Americans   tor  office.      The 

more  radical  members  of  the  party  advocated 
a  purely  American  school  system,  and  uncom- 
promising opposition  to  the  Roman  Catholics. 
Such  narrow  views  were  incompatible  with  the 
generosity  and  catholic  spirit  of  enlightened 
American  oituseus,and  the]  gave  place  to  broad- 
er Ideas  and  aspirations. 

American  Petitions  rejected  ( 1769).  Winn 
it  became  evident,  lata  in  1768,  that  the  British 
government  meant  to  bring  the  Americans  to 
submission  by  military  force,  each  assembly,  as 
it  convened,  denied  I  In-  assumed  rigfal  of  Par 
liainent  to  tax  the  Americans  without  their 
consent,  and  embodied  lliat  denial   in  petitions 

to  the  ring     The  moaaroh  disapproved  and  re- 


AMERICAN  PRISONERS  IN  ENGLAND      37 


AMERICAN  SQUADRONS 


Jeoted  them  became  the  ministry  were  i>l<-<l^r<l 
to  eufbrce  the  absolute  supremacy  <>f  Parlia- 
ment. He  assured  the  assemblies,  through  the 
proper  officers,  in  more  or  less  soothing  or  harsh 
words,  that  be  would  never  listen  to"  the  views 

of  wicked  nun"  who  questioned  the  supreme 
authority  of  Parliament.  This  nnwise  treat- 
ment of  the  sacred  right  of  petition  by  the 
king  did  much  towards  alienating  the  affec- 
tions of  his  American  subjects. 

American  Prisoners  in  England  (  1??^  ). 
When  it  was  ascertained  that  there  wen-  hun- 
dred, of  American  prisoners  of  war  in  England, 
enduring  great  sufferings  for  want  of  the  nec- 
essaries of  life,  a  subscription  was  made  by  the 

friends  Of  the  Americans  in  Great  Britain,  which 

speedily  gave  them  relief.  At  that  time  there 
were  nine  hundred  of  them  suffering  in  British 

prisons.  A  subscription  started  in  London  soon 
procured  about  two  thousand  dollars,  which 
was  more  than  Sufficient  to  relieve  the  immedi- 
ate wants  of  the  captives.  These  wants  con- 
sisted chiefly  in  a  lack  of  sufficient  clothing. 
American  Privateers  in  Spanish  Ports 
While  the  Spanish   conrl   was  opposed 

to  the  establishment  of  a  republic  in  America, 

as  being  dangerous  to  the  colonial  interests 
of  Spain,  American  merchant-ships  and  priva- 
teers   were    allowed    tree    entrance    to    Spanish 

ports.     Every  remonstrance  from  England  was 

met  by  the  plea  that  they  hoisted  English  col- 
ors, and  that  their  real  character  could  not  be 

known.  Spain  was  willing  to  hurt  England,  if 
it  could  he  done  with  safety. 

American  Property,  Si  i/ti:i;  in  .  i\  El  ROH 
1810  .     Bonaparte  declared,  in    1810,  that    no 

trade     would     be     allowed     With     the    allies    of 

Prance  in  which  Prance  herself  was  forbid- 
den to  participate.  In  the  ports  of  Spain 
Under  Prenoh  control,  of  Holland,  and  at  Na- 
ples, a  large  number  «l'  American  vessels  and 
a  great  amount  of  American  property  were 
sei/ed  :  also  at  Hamburg,  in  Denmark,  and  in 
the  Baltic  poits,  it  being  alleged  that  man] 
American  and  many  British  \csseis  were  em- 
ployed in  bringing  British  produce  from  Brit- 
ish ports  under  forged  papers  seeming  to  show 

that    (he    property    and    \essels    were    Anieiienn. 

directlj  from  the  United  states.    The  seizures 

wei«',  therefore,  made  indiscriminately,  and  a 
vast  amount  of  honn  fulc  American  property 
was  thus   lost.       The    seizures   al    Naples    were 

particularly  piratical,  for  the  ships  wire  lured 
into  that  port  by  a  special  proclamation  of 
Ktun  Joachim  Murat.  These  spoliations  con- 
stituted the  basis  of  claims  subsequently  made 

upon,  and  set  I  led  by,  Fiance  and  Naples.      (See 

French  and  Neapolitan   Spoliations,  Claim  for.) 

The  only  country  in  Europe  into  whose  p.. its 
American  vessels  might  enter  with  safety  was 
Russia. 

American  Society  for  the  Promotion  of 
National  Union.  Early  in  1861  there  seemed 
to  bi'  concerted  action  all  over  the  Slate  of 
New  Vol  k  to  discountenance  anti-slavery  move- 
ments, and  to  silence  the  men  whose  agency, 
it    was   alleged,  had   caused   "the  public  senti- 


ment of  the  North  to  have  the  appearance  of 
hostility  to  the  Uuiou."  Anti-slavery  meetings 
were  broken  up  by  violence,  and  the  Demo- 
cratic State  Committee  called  a  convention  at 
Albany  of  four  delegates  from  each  assembly 
district  in  January,  1861.  That  convention  de- 
clared, by  a  series  of  resolutions,  as  expressive 
of  the  sense  of  the  party,  that  a  "conflict  of 
sectional  passions  had  produced  tbe  present 
convulsions;  that  war  could  not  restore  the 
Union,  but  would  defeat  forever  its  reconstruc- 
tion," and  that  the  Union  could  only  be  pre- 
served by  the  adoption  of  a  border -state  pol- 
icy, embodied  in  the  Crittenden  Compromise 
(which  see).  They  appointed  a  committee  to 
prepare  a  memorial  to  the  Legislature,  urging 
it  to  submit  that  compromise  to  a  vote  of  the 
electors  of  the  state.  Early  in  March  (1861  ) 
an  association  was  formed  in  the  city  of  New 
York  called  the  ''American  Society  for  the 
Promotion  of  National  Union,"  of  which  Pro- 
fessor Samuel  ]■'.  I!.  Morse  was  chosen  presi- 
dent. Its  proposed  object  was  "  to  promote  the 
union  and  welfare  of  our  common  country  by 
addresses,  publications,  ami  all  oilier  suitable 
means  adapted  to  elucidate  and  inculcate,  in 
accordance  with  the  Word  of  God,  the  duties 
of  American  citizens,  especially  in  relation  to 
slavery.  In  its  "  Programme  "  this  society  de- 
nounced the  seminal  doctrine  of  the,  Declara- 
tion of  Independence,  saying:  "The  popular 
declaration  thai  all  men  are  created  equal,  and 
entitled  to  liberty,  intended  to  embody  the  sen- 
timents of  our  ancestors  respecting  the  doctrine 

of  the  divine  right  of  kings  and  nobles,  and 
perhaps,  also,  the  more  doubtful   sentiment   of 

the  French  school,  may  be  understood  to  indi- 
cate both  a  sublime  truth  and  a  pernicious  ci- 
ror."  In  its  numerous  publications  scattered 
broadcast  over  the  land,  this  society  advo- 
cated the  righteousness  of  slaverj  in  the  Unit- 
ed states,  saying  :  "  Pour  millions  of  immortal 
beings,  incapable  of  self-care,  and  indisposed 
to  industry  and  foresight,  are  providentially 
committed  to  the  care  ol'  our  Southern  friends. 
This  stupendous  trust,  they  cannot  put  from 
them    if    they    would.        Emancipation,  were    ii 

possible,  would  be  rebellion  against  Provi- 
dence and  destruction  to  the  colored  race  in 
our  land.''  The  political  publications  of  this 
society  were  all  in  favor  of  the  confederated 
oitizens  of  the  republic  who  were  trying  to 
destroy  the  Union.  This  society  was  the  germ 
of  that  powerful  Peace  Party  which,  like  the 
Peace  Paction  (which  see)  in  the  war  of  1812— 
1").  embarrassed  the  government  in  every  waj 
in  its  efforts  to  save  the  liberties  and  free  insti- 
i  ut  ions  of  our  country. 

American  Squadrons  in  the  West  Indies. 
Late  in  L798  the  United  states  had  four  squad- 
rons among  the  West  Indian  islands:  one  of 
nine  vessels,  commanded  by  Commodore  Harry 

(the  senior  officer  of  the  na\y  ),  cruised  to  the 
eastward  as  far  south  as  TobagOJ  a  second,  of 

five  vessels, under  Comi lore  Truxton,  had  its 

rendezvous  at  St.  Christopher's    St.  Kitts  .  its 

business  being  to  watch  the  island  of  Guade- 
loupe;  and  two  smaller  squadrons  guarded. 


AMERICAN  SYSTEM 


38 


AMER1CUS  VESPUCTUS 


one  the  passage  between  Cuba  and  Santo  Do- 
mingo,  the  other  the  neighborhood  of  Havana, 
whence  privateers  were  accustomed  to  issue 
under  French  colors.  Each  of  these  squad- 
rons had  captured  French  privateers.  War 
with  Fiance  was  considered  inevitable  at  that 
time. 

American  System,  Thk.  To  Henry  Clay  is 
due  the  credit  of  originating  the  system  of  tar- 
iffs for  tbe  protection  of  American  manufact- 
ures known  as  the  "  American  System."  In 
this  effort  he  was  associated  with  John  C.  Cal- 
houn, W.  J.  Lowndes,  and  others  ;  and,  iu  1816, 
a  new  tariff  of  duties  was  laid,  but  it  proved 
inadequate  to  sustain  many  domestic  manufact- 
ures which,  in  consequence  of  embargo  acts 
and  the  restrictions  upon  commerce  by  the 
war,  had  been  brought  into  existence.  When 
commerce  was  made  free  at  the  close  of  the 
war,  excessive  importations  of  manufactured 
goods  prostrated  that  industry  in  the  United 
States.  In  1818  a  heavier  tariff  was  laid  in 
order  to  protect  American  manufactures,  there 
being  a  largo  majority  in  Congress  in  favor  of 
the  American  System.  The  duties  laid  by  the 
tariff  of  1816  were  continued  for  seven  years  : 
and  in  1824  much  heavier  duties  were  laid 
on  cotton  and  woollen  manufactures  imported 
from  abroad,  with  a  view  to  encourage  the  yet 
feeble  American  manufacturing  interest.  But 
the  cotton-growers  of  the  South  soon  began  to 
perceive  that  this  tariff  was  injurious  to  their 
business,  as  it  was  calculated  to  lessen  the  de- 
mand for  that  product  in  tbe  British  markets 
which  had  become  important  to  them.  In  a 
convention  held  at  Harrislmrg,  Pa.,  in  July, 
1827,  to  discuss  the  matter,  delegates  from  only 
four  of  the  slave-labor  states  appeared.  The 
result  of  the  deliberations  at  that  convention 
was  a  memorial  to  Congress  asking  an  augmen- 
tation of  the  duties  on  several  articles  then 
manufactured  iu  the  United  States.  In  the  re- 
port of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  in  De- 
cember following,  he  called  attention  to  the 
subject;  and,  during  the  session  of  1827-28, 
Congress  enacted  a  very  stringent  tariff  law 
(May  15,  1828),  and  the  American  System  be- 
came very  popular  among  the  manufacturers 
of  the  North.  At  the  same  time  it  was  de- 
nounced by  the  cotton-growers  of  the  South  as 
both  oppressive  and  unconstitutional,  The  op- 
position to  this  tariff  led  to  open  opposition  to 
the  laws.    (See  Nullification.') 

Americans  excluded  from  New  Orleans. 
<)u  Oct.  18,  1808,  the  Frenoh  Intendant,  or  gov- 
ernor, of  New  Oilcans  issued  a  decree  by  w  Inch 
the  Americans  were  no  longer  permitted  to  tie- 
posit  their  merchandise  in  New  Orleans.     That 

poll    was   also   shut,  on    the   same  day,  against 

all  foreign  commerce,  which  oonld  l>e  carried 
■  >n,   thereafter,  only   by   Spanish    subjects   in 

Spanish    vessels.      This    virtual    sliutt  ing-up   of 

the  Mississippi  as  a  highway  of  o meroc  led 

to  negotiations  with  France,  which  resulted, 
early   in    L803,   in    the   purchase  of  Louisiana 

from    the    latter-named    coniiliv    by   the   Uuited 
866  I.ouitiuiui,  I'lirrhaw  of.) 


I  Americus  Vespucius,  born  iu  Florence, 
j  March  9,  1451  ;  died  in  Seville,  Feb.  22,  1512. 
When  Columbus  was  in  Seville  preparing  for 
his  second  voyage,  Vespucius  was  there  as  a 
commercial  agent  of  the  Medici  family  of 
Florence,  and  he  became  personally  acquaint- 
ed   with    the    discoverer.      That   acquaintance 


AMKKllTS    VKSITC'II'S. 

inspired  the  Florentine  with  an  ardent  desire 
to  make  a  voyage  to  the  newly  found  conti- 
nent, and  he  was  gratified  when,  in  1499,  ho 
sailed  from  Spain  with  Alonzo  de  Ojeda  as  an 
adventurer  and  self-constituted  geographer  of 
the  expedition.  Ojeda  followed  the  track  of 
Columbus  in  his  third  voyage,  and  discovered 
mountains  in  South  America  when  off  the  coast 
of  Surinam.  He  ran  up  the  coast  to  tho  mouth 
of  the  Orinoco  Biver  (where  Columbus  had 
discovered  the  continent  the  year  before), 
passed  along  the  coast  of  Venezuela,  crossed 
the  Caribbean  Sea  to  Santo  Domingo,  kid- 
napped some  natives  of  the  Antilles,  and  re- 
turned to  Spain  in  June.  1500,  and  sold  their 
victims  for  slaves  to  Spanish  grandees.  In 
May,    1601,  Vespucius,   then    in    the    service    of 

the  King  of  Portugal,  Bailed  on  his  second  voy- 
age to   America,  exploring   the   coast   of  Brazil. 

In  1503  he  commanded  a  caravel  in  a  squad- 
ron destined  for  America,  but  parted  company 
with  the  other  vessels,  and  off  tbe  coast  of 
Brazil  discovered  the  Hay  of  All  -  saints.  He 
then  ran  along  the  coast  two  hundred  and 
sixty  leagues,  and,  taking  in  a  oaigo  of  Brazil 
wood,  returned  to  Lisbon  In  1504.  lie  entered 
the  Spanish  service  again  in  1505,  was  made 
chief  pilot  of  the  realm,  and  again  voyaged  to 
America.  Iu  1504,  Vespucius.  in  a  letter  to  the 
Duke  of  Lorraine,  gave  an  account  of  his  lour 
voyages  to  the  New  world,  in  which  was  given 
the  date  of  May  89,  1497,  as  the  time  when  he 
sailed  on  ins  fust  voyage.     Thai  was  a  yeai 

earlier  than  the  discovery  of  the  continent 
of  South    America    bv    Columbus   and  of  North 

America  by  Cabol  (see  Colmmitn  and  Cabof), 

and    made    it    appear    that    Vespucius    was    the 

first  discoverer,     after  the  death  of  Columbus 


AMERICUS  VESPUCIUS  I 

in  1500,  a  friend  of  Vespncins  proposed  to  the 
Academy  of  Cosmography  at  Strasbnrg,  upon 
the  authority  of  the  falsely  dated  letter,  to 
give  the  name  America  to  the  Western  Conti- 
nent in  compliment  to  its  "  first  discoverer." 
It  was  done,  and  so  Columbus  and  ('al)ot  were 
both  deprived  of  the  honor  of  having  their 
names  associated  with  the  title  of  this  conti- 
nent by  fraud.  (See  America,  Origin  of  Name 
of.) 

Americus  Vespucius,  Voyage  OF,  to  Bra- 
zil.    (See  Cabral.) 

Ames,  ADELBERT,  was  bom  in  Maine,  and 
graduated  al  West  Point  in  1861.  Be  entered 
the  military  service,  and  for  liis  gallant  conduct 
in  the  battle  of  Hull's  Bun  |  1-01  lie  was  brevet- 
ed major.  He  served  in  the  conflicts  on  the 
Peninsula  in  1862.  Ai  Chancellorsville  he  led  a 
brigade,  also  at  Gettysburg,  in  L863,  and  before 
Petersburg,  in  1864,  lie  commanded  a  division. 
In  the  expedition  against  Fort  Fisher,  near  the 
close  nl'  that  year,  he  commanded  a  division 
of  colored  troops,  and  afterwards  led  the  same 
in  North  Carolina.  In  the  spring  of  1865,  ho 
was  breveted  Major-general  of  Volunteers  ami 
Brigadier -general  in  the  !'.  s.  Army.  In  1H71 
he  was  a  representative  of  Mississippi  iu  the 
U.  8.  Senate,  and  was  governor  in  1874. 

Ames,  Fisher,  LL.D.,  was  horn  in  Dedham, 
Mass., April  '.».  I768j  died  there  July 4,  1868.  II. ■ 
graduated  at  Harvard  University  in  1774,  which 
In-  entered  at  the  age  of  thirteen  yean.  He 
taught  school  until  17-1,  when  he  began  the  sne- 
Oessful  in  act  ice  of  law,  anil  soon  displayed  rare 
oratorical  powers.  Mr.  Anns  wrote  political  es- 
says tur  Huston  newspapers, over  the  signatures 
Hi'--  Brutus"  and  "  Carnitine."  In  Congress  from 
1789  until  171)7  he  was  always  distinguished  for 
bis  great  busiuess  talent,  exalted  patriotism,  and 


brilliant  Oratory.  Ardently  devoted  to  Wash- 
ington, personally  and  politically,  he  was  chosen 
bj     III-    Colleagues   to    write   the    address    to    the 

first  President  on  his  retiring  from  office  in  171*7. 

After  leaving  Congress    he    devoted    himself  to 

tin-  practice  of  his  profession;  but  finally,  on  ac- 
count of  declining  health,  gave  it  np  to  engage 

exclusively  in  agricultural  pursuits.     In   1804  be 

was  chosen  President  of  Harvard  University,  bul 


JKFfKK-i 


)  AMIDAS 

declined  the  honor.  He  received  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  that  institution.  His  orations,  es- 
says, and  letters  were  collected  and  published 
in  one  volume,  with  a  biographical  -ketch  by 
Rev.  Dr.  Kirkland,  in  1801).  So  powerful  was  his 
great  speech  in  Congress  in  favor  of  Jay's  Treaty 
I  which  se.!.  on  April  88,  179o,  that  an  opposition 
member  moved  to  postpone  the  decision  of  the 
question  that  they  might  not  "vote  under  the 
influence  of  a  sensibility  which  their  calm  .judg- 
ment might  condemn." 

Amherst,  Sit:  JEFFREY,  was  horn  in  Kent, 
England,  Jan.  29,  1717  ;  died  Aug.  :i.  1797.  He 
became  an  ensign  in  the  army  in  1731,  and  was 
aid  to  Lord  Ligo- 
nier  and  the  Duke 
of  Cumberland.  In 
1766  he  was  promot- 
ed to  major-general, 
and  given  tin-  com- 
mand of  the  expedi- 
tion against  Lonis- 
burg  in  1758,  w  hioh 
resulted  in  its  capt- 
u  re,  w  i  t  h    nth  e  r 

French  strongholds 
in  that  vicinity.  In 
September  that  year 

he  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  in  Amer- 
ica, and  led  the  troops  in  person,  iu  17*»9,  that 
drove  the  French  from  Lake  Champlaiu.  The 
next  year  he  captured  Mont  real,  and  completed 
the  conquest  of  Canada.      For  these  acts  he  was 

rewarded  with  the  thanks  of  Parliament  and 

the  Order  of  the  Hath.  In  1763  he  was  appoint- 
ed governor  of  Virginia.  He  was  made  gov 
ernorofthe  islaud  of  Guernsey  in  1771;  oreated 
a  baron  in  1770:  was  eoininander-in -chief  of 
the  tones  from  177-  until  1795;  and  licld-mar- 
shal  in  July.  1796. 

Amherst  and  Pontiac.  The  atrocities  of  the 
Ii  dians  in  May  and  June.  170:1  (see  J'oiilinc's 
Win',  aroused  the  anger  and  tin-  energies  of  Sir 
Jeffrey  Amherst,  commander  of  the  British  forces 
iii  America,  ami  he  contemplated  hurling  swift 

destruction  upon  the  barbarians.     He  denounced 

Pontiac  as  tl chief  ringleader  of  mischief;" 

and,  in  a  proclamation,  said,  ••Whoever  kills 
Pontiac  shall  receive  from  me  a  reward  of  £100'' 
s.Miii,.  He  hade  the  commander  at  Detroit  to 
make  pnblio  proclamation  for  an  assassin  to 
pursue  him.  He  regarded  the  Indians  as  "tin 
\  ilest  race  of  Creatures  on  the  face  of  the  earth  : 
and  w  hose  riddance  from  it  must  he  esteemed  a 
meritorious  act,  lor  the  good  of  mankind."  He 
instructed  his  officers  engaged  in  war  against 
them  to  "  take  no  prisoners,  hut  put  to  death  all 
that  should  fall  into  their  hands." 

Amidas,  1'iiii.tr,  was  of  a  Breton  family  in 
France, but  was  horn  at  Hull, England,  in  1550. 

When  Baleigfa  sent  t  wo  ships  to  America  in  1584, 
the  chief  command  w  as  given  to  Arthur  Harlow  , 
who  commanded  one  of  (he  vessels,  and  Philip 
Amidas  the  other.  They  were  directed  to  ex- 
plore the  coasts  within  the  parallels  of  N.  lali 
mile  ::•.'  ami  36  .  They  touched  at  the  Canary 
Islands,  the  West  Indies,  and  Florida,  and  made 


AMNESTY  AND  PARDON 


4d 


AMPHIBIOUS  WARFARE 


their  way  northward  aloug  the  coast.  On  the 
13tb  of  July.  1584,  they  entered  Oorakoke  Inlet, 
and  landed  on  Woookeu  Island.  There  Barlow 
set  up  a  small  column  with  the  British  arms 
rudely  carved  upon  it,  and  took  formal  posses- 
sion of  the  whole  regiou  in  the  name  of  Queen 
Elizabeth,  as  he  waved  the  English  banner  over 
it  in  the  presence  of  the  wondering  natives. 
They  spent  several  weeks  in  exploring  Boaueke 
Island  and  Pamlico  and  Albemarle  Sounds.  (See 
Iioanoke.)  On  Roanoke  Island  the  Englishmen 
were  entertained  by  the  mother  of  King  Win- 
gini,  who  'was  absent,  and  were  hospitably  re- 
ceived everywhere.  After  getting  what  infor- 
mation they  could  about  the  neighboring  main, 
and  inspired  by  the  beauties  of  nature  around 
them,  the  navigators  returned  to  England,  at- 
tended by  Manteo  and  Wancheae,  two  Indian 
chiefs.  The  latter  was  afterwards  created  "Lord 
of  Roanoke,"  and  was  the  first  and  last  Ameri- 
can peer  of  England.  (See  Manteo.)  The  glow- 
ing accounts  given  by  Amidas  and  Barlow  of 
the  country  they  had  discovered  captivated  the 
qneen,  and  she  named  the  region,  as  some  say. 
in  allusion  to  her  unmarried  state,  Virginia ; 
others  say  it  was  in  allusion  to  the  virgin  coun- 
try. Amidas  was  in  the  maritime  service  of 
England  long  afterwards  :  and  a  few  years  after 
his  voyage  to  Virginia,  he  commanded  an  expe- 
dition to  Newfoundland.  He  died  in  England 
in  1618,  a  short  time  before  Raleigh  was  behead- 
ed.    (See  lialeigh.) 

Amnesty  and  Pardon.  On  Dee.  25,  1868, 
President  Johnson  issued  a  proclamation  of  un- 
conditional amnesty,  which  reinstated  all  per- 
sons, "  without  reservation,"  "  who,  directly  or 
indirectly,  participated  in  the.  late  insurrection 
or  rebellion."  He.  granted  "  full  pardon  and  am- 
nesty for  the  offence  of  treason  against  the  Unit- 
ed states.''  This  embraced  Jefferson  Davis,  the 
head  of  the  league  formed  for  the  destruction 
of  the  Union,  and  who  had  been  released  from 
prison  on  bail.  His  trial  had  been  commenced 
at  Richmond.  Va.,  on  the  3d  of  December,  before 
Chief-justice  Chase  and  Judge  Underwood.  His 
counsel  moved  that  the  indictment  should  be 
quashed,  on  the  ground  that  the  14th  Amend- 
ment had  punished  hint  by  disfranchisement. 
'flic  court  was  divided  in  opinion,  Chief-justice 
Chase  favoring  the  idea  of  Davis's  counsel.  The 
President's  proclamation  of  amnesty  and  pardon, 
twenty-two  days  afterwards,  seemed  to  remove 
all  occasion  for  further  action,  and  Davis  was 
never  tried.  On  May  22,  1872, Congress  passed 
an  amnesty  bill  for  removing  the  political  dis- 
abilities imposed  by  the  llth  Amendment  from 
all  persona  excepting  members  of  the  36tfa   and 

37th  Congress,  heads  of  departments,  members 
of  diplomatic  corps,  and  officers  of  the  armj  and 

navy  who  had  engaged  in  the  rebellion.     About 

six  hundred  persons  wen-  denied  the  privileges 

of  the  ;ii- I.     Mi.  Davis  w  as  among  the  except  ions. 

Amphibious   Engagement    us    im     .Iwti- 
Bm  R,  1884.     While  a  greater  pan  of  the  na- 
tional naval  lone  on  the  James  River  was  on 
dition  against  Port  Fisher  (which  see), 

the  Confederates  sent  down  from  the  shelter  of 


Fort  Darling,  on  Drewry's  Bluff,  a  squadron  of 
vessels  for  the  purpose  of  breaking  the  obstruc- 
tions at  the  lower  end  of  the  Dutch  Gap  Canal 
(which  see),  and  destroying  the  pontoon  bridges 
below,  so  as  to  separate  the  national  troops  ly- 
ing on  both  sides  of  the  James.  The  squadron 
moved  silently  under  cover  of  darkness,  but  was 
observed  and  fired  upon  when  passing  Fort 
Brady,  'fhe  vessels  responded,  and  dismounted 
a  100-pounder  Parrott  gun  in  the  fort.  The  l'rcd- 
crickxbiuf)  broke  the  obstructions  at  Dutch  Gap 
and  passed  through, but  two  other  iron-clads  and 
an  unarmored  gunboat  grounded.  At  dawn  the 
gunboat  (Urewri/)  had  been  abandoned,  and  a 
shell  from  a  national  battery  exploded  her  mag- 
azine, when  she  was  blown  to  a  wreck.  So  hot 
was  the  tire  from  the  shore  that  the  voyage  of 
the  Confederate  vessels  was  checked,  and  all  but 
the  ruined  Dreary  lied  up  the  river. 

Amphibious  Warfare.  During  the  spring 
and  summer  of  1813  a  most  distressing  warfare 
was  carried  on  upou  land  and  water  by  a  Brit- 
ish squadron,  under  the  command  of  Admiral 
Cockhuru,  along  the  coasts  between  Delaware 
Bay  and  Charleston  Harbor.  It  was  marked  by 
many  acts  of  cruelty.  "  Chastise  the  Americans 
into  submission"  was  the  substance  of  the  order 
given  to  Cockhuru  by  the  British  cabinet,  and 
he  seemed  to  be  a  willing  servant  of  the  will  of 
his  goverumeut.  An  Order  in  Council,  issued 
on  Dec. 20,  1812,  declared  the  ports  and  harbors 
of  much  of  the  American  coast  in  a  state  of 
blockade.  (See  Blockade.)  Cockhuru  entered 
between  the  capes  of  Virginia  early  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1813,  with  a  squadron,  of  which  his  flag- 
ship was  the  Marlborough.  74.  This  squadron 
bore  a  land  force  of  about  eighteen  hundred 
men,  a  part  of  them  captive  Frenchmen  from 
British  prisons,  who  preferred  active  life  in  the 
British  service  to  indefinite  confinement  in  jails. 
The  appearance  of  this  force  alarmed  all  Lower 
Virginia;  and  the  militia  of  the  Peninsula  and 
about  Norfolk  were  soon  in  motion  after  the 
squadron  had  entered  Hampton  Roads.  The 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  ordered  the  extin- 
guishment of  all  the  beacon-lights  on  the  Chesa- 
peake coast.  At  the  same  time  the  frigate  '  '»»- 
ntcllation,  38,  lying  at  Norfolk,  was  making  ready 
to  attack  the  British  vessels.  A  part  of  the 
squadron  went  into  Delaware  Bay.  but  the  fore- 
warned militia  were  ready  for  the  marauders, 
who  only  attacked  the  village  of  Lew  iston. 
Cockburn.  in  person,  led  marauding  expeditions 
along  the  coasts  of  Chesapeake  Bay.  plundering 
and  burning  :  and  he  even  contemplated  attack- 
ing Baltimore,  Annapolis,  and  the  national  cap- 
ital. He  fell  upon  Frenchtown,  Georgetown, 
Frederick,  and  Havrc-de-Cracc  on  the  Chesa- 
peake Finally,  on  June  1.  Admiral  Warren  en- 
tered the  Chesapeake  with  a  naval  reinforce- 
ment for  the  marauders, which  made  the  force 
within  the  capes  of  Virginia  to  consist  of  sight 
ships  of  the  line,  twelve  frigates,  and  a  considera- 
ble number  of  smaller  vessels    They  attempted 

to   penetrate    to   Norfolk,     'file    British    were    i. 
pulsed    b]     troops   on   Crane}    Island,  and    gUH- 
boatS  on  the  water.      Then  the  troops  attacked 
HamptOU,  and  committed  many   outrages  there. 


ANCESTORS  OF  THE  PILGRIMS  4 

Leaving  Hampton,  Cockbnrn  Bailed  down  the 
coast  of  North  Carolina,  plundering  the  inhab- 
itants wherever  opportunity  offered,  and  carry- 
ing away  a  large  unmber  of  slaves,  whom  he 
sold  in  the  West  Indies  on  his  private  account. 
I  See  Havre-de-Grace,  Craney  Island,  and  Norfolk.) 

Ancestors  of  the  Pilgrims.  At  the  middle, 
of  the  sixteenth  century  the  social  condition  of 
the  people  of  England  was  very  primitive,  and 
their  wants  were  lew.  The  common  people 
lived  in  cottages  built  of  wooden  frames  filled 
in  with  clay;  their  houses  were  without  wooden 
doors, and  in  many  of  them  the  fireplaces  were 
constructed  in  the  middle  of  the  rooms  without 
chimneys,  a  hide  being  left  in  the  roof  for  the 
escape  of  the  smoke.  The  windows  were  not 
glazed,  and  were  closed  against  the  weather,  and 
t  he  light  allowed  to  enter  by  means  of  oiled  paper. 
Such  was  the  plain  condition  of  the  houses  of 
the  Puritans  of  New  England.  Ill  England  in 
tlu!  early  pari  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  reign  pallets 

of  straw  served  for  beds  of  the  common  people, 
who  had  coverings  made  of  rough  mats,  anil 
their  pillows  were  logs.  This  was  regarded  as 
a  good  bed,  for  many  slept  in  straw  alone.  Very 
tew  vegetables  were  then  cultivated,  for  garden- 
ing had  not  yet  been  generally  introduced  from 
Holland,  and  gardens  were  cultivated  only  for 
the  rich,  and  these  chiefly  for  ornament.  The 
Common    material    for  bread    was   the   unbolted 

Bout  of  oats,  rye,  and  barlej  ;  and  sometimes, 
when  these  were  scarce  (afterwards  in  New  Eng- 
land;, they  were  mixed  with  ground  acorns. 
Even  this  black  bread  was  sometimes  denied 
them,  and  Ilcsh  was  the  principal  diet.  Their 
forks  and  ploughs  were  made  of  wood,  and  these, 
with  a  hoe  and  spade,  constituted  the  bulk  of 
their  agricultural  implements.  Their  spoons  and 
platters  were  made  chiefly  of  wood,  and  table- 
forks  were  unknown.  It  is  said  that  glazed 
windows  were  so  scarce,  and  regarded  as  so 
much  of  a  luxury,  that  noblemen,  when  they  left 
then  Country-houses  to  go  to  court,  had  their 
glazed  windows  packed  away  carefully  with 
other  precious  furniture.  Chimneys  had  been 
introduced  into  England  early  in  the  sixteenth 
century. 

Anderson,  Ai.i:\andi:i:,  M  D.,  the  first  en- 
graver  mi    wood    in   America,  was    born    in    the 

city  of  New  York.  April  31,  177."> :  died  in  Jersey 

City,  N..  I...  Ian.  II.  1870.  His  father  was  a  Scotch- 
man, who  printed  a  Whig  newspaper  in  New 
fork,  called  The  Constitutional  Qtuetta,  until  he 

was  driven  from  the  city  by  the  British  in  177ti. 
At  the  age  of  twelve  yean  young  Anderson 
made  quite  successful  attempts  at  engraving 
on  copper  and  type-metal,  and  two  or  three 
years  later  he  began  the  study  of  medicine.  In 
17'.tfi  he  received  the  degree  of  M.D.  from  Co- 
lumbia College,  writing  I'm-  the  occasion  an  aide 
thesis  on  •'Chronic  Mania."  He  practised  the 
profession  for  a  few  years,  and  engraved  at  the 
same  time,  liking  that  employment  better.  Af- 
ter the  yellow -lexer  ill  171IS  had  swept  away 
nearly  his  whole  family,  he  abandoned  the  prac- 
tice of  medicine  and  made  engraving  his  life 
profession.    Having  seen  an  edition  of  Bewick's 


1  ANDERSON  AND  PICKENS 

History  of  Quadrupeds,  illustrated  with  wood- 
engravings  by  that  master.  Anderson  first  learn- 
ed that  icood  was  used  for  such  a  purpose.      He 


ALEXANI1KU   AXD 

tried  it  successfully:  and  from  that  time  (17!).r>) 
he  used  it  almost  continuously  until  a  few 
months  before  his  death,  a  period  of  seventy  - 
five  years.  A  vast  number  of  American  bunks 
illustrated  by  Anderson  attest  the  skill  and  in- 
dustry of  this  pioneer  of  the  art  of  wood-engrav- 
ing in  America.  The  writer  possesses  the  hist 
work  from  his  hand     an  unfinished  engraving 

on    wood,  executed   when    he   lacked   only    a   lew 

months  of  being  uinetj  -ii\  e  years  of  age. 

Anderson  and  Pickens  |  1860).    Major  Ander- 
son, in  Fort   Sumter,  keenly   felt   the  insult  to  his 

country's  flag  in  the  tiring  upon  the  Star  of  the 
Wert  (whicb  see).     lie  accepted  it  as  an  act  of 

war.  and  sent  a  letter,  under  a   Hag  of  truce,  to 

Governor  Pickens,  as  to  a  belligerent  enemy, 
asking  him  for  an  explanation  of  the  outrage. 
Pickens  replied  that  it  was  an  act  authorized 

by  the  State  of  South  Carolina,  and  that  any 
attempt  to  reinforce  Sumter  would  be  resisted. 
Anderson  referred  the  w  hob'  subject  to  his  gov- 
ernment, and  wrote  to  Pickens  to  that  effect, 
expressing  a  hope  that  he  would  not  prevent 
the  bearer  of  his  despatches  (Lieutenant  Tab 
hot)  from  proceeding  at  once  to  Washington. 
No  objection  was  interposed,  and  Talbot  carried 
to  the  North  the  liisl  lull  tidings  of  the  failure 
of  the  expedition  of  the  Star  of  the  lint.  Two 
days  after  the  attack  on  that  vessel,  Pickens 
sent  his  Secretary  of  State  (Magrath)  and  Sec- 
retary of  War  (.lamiesoni  as  commissioners  to 
Anderson  to  make  a  formal  demand  for  the  im- 
mediate surrender  of  Fort  Sumter  to  the  au- 
thorities of  South  Carolina.  They  tried  every 
art  to  persuade  and  alarm  him,  but  in  vain.  He 
assured  them  that  sooner  than  sutler  such  a  hu- 
miliation he  would  tiic  the  magazine  and  blow- 
tort  and  garrison  into  the  air.  They  perceived 
that  the  only  hope  of  gaining  possession  of  the 
tort  was  in  an  assault  or  the  starvation  of  tho 


ANDERSON  IN  FORT  BUMTEE 


42 


ANDERSON  IN  FORT  SUMTER 


garrison.  That  afternoon  the  authorities  had 
four  old  hulks,  filled  with  stones,  towed  into 
the  abip-ebannel  and  sunk,  to  prevent  rein- 
forcements reaching  Fort  Sumter. 

Anderson  in  Fort  Sumter  (1860).  Ander- 
son had  long  urged  his  government,  hut  in  vain, 
to  strengthen  the  military  works  in  Charleston 
harbor.  The  burden  of  the  i'vw  replies  was, 
"Be  prudent;  be  kind:  do  nothing  to  excite 
the  South  Carolinians.  It  will  not  do  to  send 
you  reinforcements,  for  that  might  bring  on  hos- 
tilities." At  length  he  was  satisfied  that  the 
Secessionists  of  South  Carolina  were  about  to 
attempt  to  seize  Fort  Sumter.     This  would  in- 


signal  guns  were  fired.  The  voyage  was  short 
and  successful:  and  the  little  garrison  of  sev- 
enty men,  with  the  women  and  children,  and 
several  weeks' provisions,  were  soon  safe  within 
the  strong  granite  walls  of  Fort  Sumter.  A  few 
officers  and  men  had  been  left  at  Port  Moultrie 
to  spike  the  guns,  destroy  their  carriages,  and 
cut  down  the  Hag-staff,  when  they  were  to  fol- 
low to  Sumter.  The  tidings  of  this  movement 
fell  among  the  Secessionists  at  Washington  like 
a  thunderbolt.  Floyd  was  dismayed.  Anderson 
was  cool.  The  next  day  (Dec.  27, 1860),  at  noon, 
the  stars  and  stripes  were  seen  floating  from 
the  flag-Staff  of  Sumter.     The  garrison  wanted 


FOKT   SCMTER   IN 


sure  the  capture  of  all  the  other  forts  and  his 
garrison,  and  he  resolved  to  take  position  in 
Sumter  before  it    should    he  too   late.      Be   was 

commander  of  all  the  defences  of  the  harbor, 
and,  in  the  absence  of  orders  to  the  contrary,  he 

might  occupy  any  one  lie  (hose  Vigilant  eyes 
were  watching  him.  He  revealed  his  secret  to 
only  three  or  four  officers,  for  he  did  not  know 
whom  he  might  trust.     He  fust   removed  the 

wo n  and  children,  with  a  supply  of  provi- 
sions, to  Fori  Sumter.  Tins  was  done  hy  decep- 
tive movements.  They  "ere  sent  first  to  Fori 
Johnson  (December  96)  in  vessels, with  an  am- 
ple supply  of  provisions,  where  thej  were  de- 
tained on  board  until  evening,  under  the  pre- 
text of  preparing  accommodations  for  them. 
Tin-  firing  of  three  guns  at  Moultrie  was  to  be 

the    Signal    for   them    I,,    lie    conveyed   to  S tcr. 

In  the  edge  of  the  evening  the  greater  part  of 
the  garrison  „t  Moultrie  embarked  for  Sumter. 
The  people  <>f  Charleston  were  aware  of  the 
women  and  children  of  the  garrison  being  be- 
fon  I  "it  Johnson,  and  concluded  Anderson  was 
going   there  siso   with   his  troops.     Then   three 


Anderson  to  hoist  it  at  dawn.  lie  would  not 
do  it  until  his  chaplain,  who  had  gone  To  the 
city,  had  returned.     Around  the  flag-staff,  not 

tar  from  a  graal  columhiad,  the  inmates  of  the 
fort  were  gathered.  The  commander,  with  the 
halliards  in  his  hand,  knelt  at  the  foot  of  the 
staff.  The  chaplain  prayed  reverently  for  en- 
couragement, support,  and  mercy;  and  when  he 
ceased.au  impressive  ••Amen"  fell  from  many 
lips.  Anderson  then  hoisted  the  flag  to  the 
head  of  the  slatl'.  It  was  greeted  with  cheer 
after  cheer,  and  the  hand  struck  up  "Hail  Co- 
lumbia!" Governor  Pickens  sent  a  message  to 
Anderson  demanding  his  immediate  withdrawal 
from  Fori  Slimter.  The  demand  was  politely 
refused,  and  the  MajOX  was  denounced  in  the 
Secession  Convention,  in  the  Legislature,  in 
public  and  private  assemblies,  u  a  ••traitor  to 

the  South."  beoaUM  he  was  a  native  of  a  slave- 

labor  siati'.  The  Secessionists  in  Charleston 
and  Washington  were  tilled  with  rage.  Floyd 
declared  the  ".solemn  pledges  of  tie 

incut  "  had    hecn    violated    h\    Anderson,  and    he 

demanded  of  the  President  perauasion  to  with- 


ANDERSON  IN  FORT  SUMTER 


draw  the  garrison  from  Charleston  harbor.  The 
President  refused;  a  disruption  of  the  Cabinet 
followed.  Floyd  fled;  and  Anderson  received 
(December  31)  from  Secretary  of  War  Holt — a 
Kentuckian  like  himself— an  assurance  of  his 
approval  of  what  he  had  done.  (See  Disruption 
of  the  Cabinet.)  Earlier  than  this  words  of  ap- 
proval had  reached  Anderson.  From  the  Leg- 
islature of  Nebraska,  two  thousand  miles  away, 
a  telegram  said  to  him,  "A  happy  New-Year!" 
Other  greetings  from  the  outside  world  came 
speedily;  and  a  poet,  in  a  parody  on  the  dear 
old  Scotch  song  of  "John  Anderson,  my  Jo," 
made  "  Miss  Columbia"  sing : 

"  Bob  Anderson,  my  beau,  Bob.  when  \vc  were  first  aquent, 
You  were  in  Mexico.  Hob,  because  by  order  sent  ; 
But  now  you  are  in  Sumter,  Huh,  because  yon  chose  to  go  ; 
And  blessings  on  you  anyhow,  Bob  Anderson,  my  beau! 

"  Bob  Anderson,  my  beau,  Bob,  I  really  don't  know  whether 
I  ought  to  like  you  so,  Bob,  considering  that  feather  ; 
I  don't  like  standing  armies.  Bob.  as  very  well  you  know, 
But  Hove  a  man  lliat  dares  to  act,  Bob  Anderson,  my  beau. " 


43  ANDERSON 

reduced  to  a  heap  of  ruins,  as  seen  in  the  fol- 
lowing engraving,  and  has  not  been  rebuilt. 

Anderson,  Major  Robert,  in  Command  in 
Charleston  Harbor.  In  October,  1860,  Secre- 
tary Floyd  removed  Colonel  Gardiner  from  the 
command  of  the  defences  of  Charleston  harbor 
because  he  attempted  to  increase  his  supply  of 
ammunition,  and  Major  Robert  Anderson,  a  na- 
tive of  Kentucky,  was  appointed  to  succeed 
him.  He  arrived  there  on  the  20th,  and  was 
satisfied,  by  the  tone  of  conversation  and  feel- 
ing in  Charleston,  and  by  the  military  drills 
going  on,  that  a  revolution  was  to  be  inaugu- 
rated there.  He  communicated  his  suspicions 
to  Adjutant-general  Cooper,  a  native  of  Duchess 
County, N.Y.,  who  had  married  Senator  Mason's 
sister.  In  that  letter  Anderson  announced  to 
the  government  the  weakness  of  the  forts  in 
Charleston  harbor,  and  urged  the  necessity  of 
immediately  strengthening  them.  He  told  the 
Secretary  of  War  that  Fort  Moultrie,  his  head- 


FOItT    SOU  i   i 


Governor  Pickens,  nettled  by  Anderson's  refu- 
sal to  give  up  Sumter,  treated  him  as  a  public 
enemy  within  the  domain  of  South  Carolina. 
Armed  South  Carolinians  had  been  sent  to  take 
possession  of  Fori  Moultrie,  where  they  found 
tbe  works  dismantled.  When,  the  next  morn- 
ing, Anderson  sent  to  inquire  by  what  authority 
they  were  there,  the  commander  replied.  "By 
the  authority  of  the  sovereign  State  of  South 
Carolina,  and  by  command  of  her  Governor." 
Prom  that  time  until  the  close  of  President 
Bnchanan's  administration,  and  even  longer, 
Major  Anderson  was  compelled, bj  government 
policy,  to  see  the  insurgents  gathering  by  thou- 
sands around  Charleston, erecting  fortifications 
within  reach  of  his  guns,  and  making  every 
needful  preparation  for  the  destruction  of  Fort 

Sumter,  without  being  allowed  to  tire  a  shot. 
Fori  Sumter,  then  in  perfect  order,  experienced 

some  sad  changes  before  tbe  war  was  over. 
During  the  siege  (see  Siege  of  Fort  Sumter)  the 
barracks  were  all  destroyed.  By  heavy  can- 
nonades and  bombardments  in  1803-64  it  was 


quarters,  was  so  weak  as  to  invite  attack. 
"Fort  Sumter  and  Castle  Pinckney,"  he  said, 
"must  bo  garrisoned  immediately,  it'  the  gov- 
ernment determines  to  keep  command  of  this 
harbor."  Fort  Sumter,  he  said,  had  forty  thou- 
sand pounds  of  cannon  powder  and  other  am- 
munition, but  was  lying  completely  at  the  mer- 
cy of  insurgents.      He  informed  the  secretary 

of  evident,  preparations  for  a  speedy  seizure  of 
the  defences  of  tbe  harbor  by  South  Carolinians. 
Anderson  continued  his  appeals,  not  suspecting 
that  the  ohief  of  the  War  Department  was  plot- 
ting for  the  destruction  of  his  government,  or 
that  Adjutant-general  Cooper,  his  medium  of 
communication  with  the  department,  was  in 
secret  league  with  his  chief.  Rumors  of  this 
condition  of  things  in  Charleston  caused  loyal 
members  of  Congress  to  ask  for  information; 
but  all  such  inquiries  were  suppressed  by  Floyd's 
friends  in  both  Houses,  and  no  correct  informa- 
tion could  be  obtained  about  affairs  connected 
with  the  War  Department  until  that  officer  with- 
drew and  Joseph  Holt,  a  loyal  man,  occupied  his 


ANDERSON 


44 


ANDERSONVILLE 


place.  The  Secessionists  discovered  Anderson 
to  be  too  loyal  for  their  purpose,  and  they  began 
to  fear  he  might  reveal  some  atarrting  things  to 
General  Scott,  to  whom  all  subordinate  officers 
had  to  report.  Scott,  aware  of  the  weakness 
of  the  Southern  torts,  urged  the  government 
from  time  to  time,  from  October  until  the  close 
of  December,  to  reinforce  those  on  the  coasts  of 
the  slave-labor  states.  But  nothing  was  done, 
and  Anderson,  left  to  his  own  resources,  was 
compelled  to  assume  grave  responsibilities.  He 
began  to  strengthen  Castle  Pinokney,  near  the 
city,  and  Fort  .Moultrie.  When  the  South  Caroli- 
na Ordinance  of  Secession  had  passed,  menaces 
became  more  t're<|tient  and  alarming.  He  knew 
that  the  convention  had  appointed  commission- 
ers to  repair  to  Washington  and  demand  the 
surrender  of  the  forts  in  Charleston  harbor,  and 
he  was  conscious  that  the  latter  were  liable  to 
be  attacked  at  any  moment.  He  knew,  too, 
that  if  he  should  remain  in  Fort  Moultrie,  their 
efforts  would  be  successful.  Watch-boats  were 
out  continually  spying  his  movements.  He  had 
applied  to  government  for  instructions,  but  re- 
ceived none,  and  he  determined  to  leave  Fort 
Moultrie  with  his  garrison  and  take  post  in 
stronger  Fort  Sumter.  This  he  did  on  the  even- 
ing of  I  December  26.  (See  Anderson  in  Fort  Sum- 
ter.) The  vigilance  of  the  Secessionists  had  been 
eluded.  They,  amazed,  telegraphed  to  Floyd. 
The  latter,  by  telegraph,  ordered  Andersou  to 
explain  his  conduct  in  acting  without  orders. 
Anderson  calmly  replied  that  it  was  done  to 
save  the  government  works.  In  Sumter,  he 
was  a  thorn  in  the  flesh  of  the  Secessionists. 
Finally  they  attacked  him.  ami.  after  a  furious 
bombardment,  the  tort  was  evacuated  by  Major 
Anderson  in  April,  1861.  (See  Full  of  Fort  Sumter.) 

Anderson,  RICHARD  11.,  was  born  in  South 
Carolina  about  1822,  and  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1842.  He  served  in  the  war  with  Mex- 
ico; and  in  March,  1861,  he  left  the  army  and 
became  a  brigadier-general  in  the  Confederate 
service,  lie  was  wounded  at  Antictam:  com- 
manded a  division  at  Gettysburg;  and  was 
made  lieutenant-general  in  May.  1864. 

Anderson,  ROBERT,  defender  of  Fort  Snmter 
in  1861,  was  born  near  Louisville.  Ky.,  June  14, 
1805;  died  at  Nice,  France,  Oct  26, 1871.  He 
was  a  graduate  of  West  Point  Military  Acad- 
emy, and  entered  the  artillery.  He  was  in- 
structor for  a   while  at  West  Point.      He   served 

in  the  Black  Hawk  War  (1838),  and  in  Florida. 
In  May,  1838,  be  became  assistant  adjutant-gen- 
eral on  the  staff  of  General  Boott,  and  accompa- 
nied that  officer  in  his  campaign  in  Mexico, 
wh.re  he  was  severely  wounded  in  the  battle 
of  Molinodel  Rey  (which  see).  In  1857  he  was 
commissioned  major  of  artillery,  and  assumed 
command  of  tin-  fortifications  of  Charleston 
harbor  in  Novemlx  r,  1860.  \-  a  precautionary 
measure  of  safety,  he  transferred  the  garrison 
of  Fort  Moultrie  to  Fort  Bomtor  on  the  night 
of  Deo. 96,  I860.  Bee  Anderson  in  Fort  8umhw.) 
There  he  was  besieged  by  South  Carolina  In- 
surgents until  near  the  middle'  of  April,  1881, 
when   he   and   the   ganisou   evacuated   the   fort 


(See  Sumter,  Evacuation  of.)  In  May,  1861,  he 
was  appointed  brigadier- general  in  the  U.  S. 
Army,  ami  commander  of  the  Department  of 
the  Cumberland,  but  failing  health  caused  hint 
to  retire  from  the  service.  In  1868  he  went  to 
Europe  for  the  benefit  of  his  health,  where  be 
died  iu  1871.  His  remains  are  buried  at  West 
Point. 


ROBERT   ANDERSON. 

Andersonville  and  other  Confederate  Pris- 
ons. Libby,  Belle  Isle,  and  Danville  prisons, 
in  Virginia :  Salisbury  prison  in  North  Caro- 
lina; Andersonville  and  Milieu  prisons  in  Geor- 
gia  ;  and  Charleston,  in  South  Carolina,  wire  the 
principal  places  of  confinement  of  Union  prison- 
ers during  the  Civil  War.  In  these  prisons  the 
captives  sometimes  endured  the  most  terrible  suf- 
ferings from  cold,  hunger,  filth,  and  cruel  person- 
al treatment.  Libby  prison  had  six  rooms,  each 
one  hundred  feet  in  length  and  forty  in  breadth. 
(See    LibhiJ    PrUOH.)       At    Olie    time    these     held 

twelve  hundred  Union  officers  of  every  grade, 
from  a  lieutenant  to  a  brigadier-general.  They 
were  allowed  no  other  place  in  which  to  cook, 
eat,  wash  and  dry  their  clothes  and  their  per- 
sons, sleep,  and  take  exercise.  Ten  feet  by  two 
feet  was  all  the  space  each  man  might  claim. 
Their  money,  watches,  and  sometimes  part  of 
their  clothing  were  taken  from  them  when  they 
went  in.  For  a  longtime  they  were  not  allowed 
a  seat  of  any  kind  to  sit  upon.  The  board  tloors. 
on  which  they  slept,  were  washed  every  after- 
noon, and  wen-  damp  at  night,  causing  many  to 
become  consumptive  and  die.  The  glasses  in 
the  numerous  w  indows  were  mostly  broken,  and 
they  Buffered  intensely  from  cold  in  winter,  for 

they  were  allowed  only  one  blanket  each,  and 
them  in  time  became  ragged,  filthy,  and  tilled 
with  vermin.  Tinner,  a  lieutenant  of  General 
Winder,  the  commissary  of  prisoners,  seemed  to 
make  cruelty  his  study.  He  ordered  that  no 
one  should  go  within  three  feet  of  a  window. 
A  violation  of  the  rule  gave  license  to  the  guard 
to  shoo)  the  offender.  Sometimes  an  officer 
would  accidental!]  break  the  rule,  and  he  would 
he  shot,  for  the  guard  seemed  to  take  pleasure 
in  the  sport  of  ••shooting  Yankees."  The  prut 
oners  were  also  deliberate!)  starved.     The  pro. 

ess  of  slow  Starvation  began  ill  the  fall  of  1863, 
ami  wis  BO  general  and  uniform  in  all  the  pris- 
ons that,  according  to  a  report  of  a  eomxnittec 


ANDERSONVILLE  - 

of  the  Sanitary  Commission,  there  can  be  no 
tiotilit  of  its  having  been  done  by  direct  orders 
from  the  Confederate  leaders  at  Richmond. 
This  starvation  was  done  when,  as  has  been 
proved,  there  was  abundance  of  food  at  the 
command  of  their  jailers.  Boxes  of  food  and 
clothing,  sent  to  the  prisoners  from  their  friends 
at  the  North,  were  denied  them  after  the  begin- 
ning of  January,  1864,  because,  it  is  alleged,  these 
interfered  with  the  starvation  scheme.  (See 
Prisoner*,  Exchange  of.)  "  Three  hundred  boxes," 
said  the  report, " arrived  every  week,  and  were 
received  by  Ould,  the  commissioner  of  exchange, 
bat,  instead  of  being  distributed,  were  retained, 
and  piled  op  in  a  warehouse  near  by.  .  .  .  The 
officers  were  permitted  to  send  out  and  liny  ar- 
ticles at  extravagant  prices, and  would  find  the 
slothes,  stationery,  hams,  and  butler,  which 
they  had  purchased,  bearing  the  marks  of  the 
Sanitary  Commission."  Over  three  thousand 
boxes  were  sent  to  the  captives  in  Libby  prison, 
and  on  Belle  Isle,  in  the  James  River  near  by, 
which  were  withheld  from  the  sutl'erers.  The 
writer  saw  a  large  number  of  them  stored  near 
the  prison  immediately  after  the  evacuation  of 
Richmond.  The  treatment  of  the  prisoners  in 
the  Libby  was  no  worse  than  in  other  prisons, 
nor  nearly  so  had  as  on  Belle  Isle  and  at  Andcr- 
sonville.  That  island  is  in  the  James  River,  in 
front  of  Richmond,  containing  a  few  acres.  A 
part  of  it  was  a  grassy  bluff,  with  a  few  trees, 
and  a  pari  was  a  low  sandy  barren,  a  few  feet 
above  the  surface  of  the  liver,  which  there  flows 
swiftly.  In  the  scorching  summer  sun  the  pris- 
oners were  kepi  on  the  open  sand-barren,  and 
never  allowed  to  touch  the  cool  grass  or  feel  the 
grateful  shade  of  the  trees      a  spot  a  lew  yards 

oil'  which  appeared  to  them  like  heaven,  In 
comparison  with  the  spot  on  which  they  were 
Buffering.  The  barren  spot,  about  five  acres, 
was  surrounded  by  earthworks,  and  guarded  by 
Confederate  soldiers.    There,  without   shelter, 

though  lumber  was  plentiful,  near  eleven  thou- 
sand captives  were,  at  one  time,  crowded  into 
that  bleak  space  of  live  acres,     The  winter  of 

1883  lit  was  one  of  the  severest  e\er  experi- 
enced in  the  South,  but  no  shelter  was  provided 
for  the  captives.  The  mercury  sank  to  zero,  and 
snow  lay  deep  on  the  ground  around  Richmond. 

Ice  formed  in  the  river,  and  water  left  in  buck- 
ets on  the  island  froze  two  or  three  inches  in 
thickness  in  a  single  night.  To  keep  from  per- 
ishing, the  captives  lay  in  the  ditches  on  top  of 
each  Other, taking  turns  as  to  who  should  have 
the  outside.  The  report  of  the  commit  tec  in- 
forms ns,  thai  "in  the  morning  the  row  of  the 
previous  night  could  be  marked  by  the  motionless 
forms  of  i  hose  w  ho  \\  ere  sleeping  on  in  their  last 
sleep — frozen  to  death!"  There,  likewise,  the 
prisoners  wen;  starved.  "The  cold  froze  them," 
said  the  report,  "because  they  were  hungry; 
the  bnnger  consumed  them,  because   they  were 

cold."     Hundreds  of  benevolent  women  nursed 

the  Confederate  sick  and  wounded  in  Northern 

prisons  and  hospitals;  not  mt  wat  ever  tern  upon 
lielle  hit  while  the  r>ii<»i  oaptive*  were  there.  At 
Anderson  ville,  Ga>,  the  Buffering!  of  the  captives 
were    still   more   acute   and  dreadful,  and   the 


i  ANDERSONVILLE 

cruelties  practised  upon  them  were  more  fear- 
ful. The  prison  was  one  open  pen,  in  an  un- 
healthy locality,  near  Anderson  Station,  about 
sixty  miles  from  Macon,  and  surrounded  by  the 
most  fertile  region  of  the  state.  The  site  was 
selected,  it  is  said,  at  the  suggestion  of  Howell 
Cobb,  the  commander  of  the  district.  It  com- 
prised twenty-seven  acres  of  land,  with  a  swamp 
in  the  centre.  A  sluggish  and  choked  stream 
crawled  through  it,  while  within  rifle-shot  dis- 
tance flowed  a  brook  of  pure,  delicious  water, 
fifteen  feet  wide  and  three  feet  deep.  Had  that 
stream  been  included  in  the  pen,  the  prisouers 
might  have  drunk  and  bathed.  The  spot  se- 
lected for  the  pen  was  covered  with  pine-trees. 
These  were  cut  down.  When  some  one  sug- 
gested that  the  shade  would  alleviate  the  suffer- 
ings of  the  prisoners,  Captain  M.  8.  Winder,  son 
of  the  commissary  of  prisoners  at  Richmond, 
declared  that  they  were  to  be  intentionally  de- 
prived of  that  comfort.  The  pen  was  a  quadran- 
gle, with  two  rows  of  stockades  from  twelve  to 

eighteen  feet  in  height  ;  and  seventeen  feel  from 
the  inner  stockade  was  the  "dead-line."  over 
which  no  captive  could  pass  and  live.  It  is  un- 
necessary   to   detail    the   cruelties  suffered   here 

by  Union  prisoners.     Suffice  it  to  say  thai  nn- 

impeaohable  testimony  proves  that  they  were 
far  more  malignant  and  intense  than  at  Libby 
or  Belle  Isle.  They  were  worse  after  the  elder 
Winder  arrived.  (See  Prisoners,  Exchange  of.) 
At  one  time  more  than  thirty  thousand  human 
beings  were  crowded  into  that  awful  prison-pen, 
sometimes  smitten  by  the  hot  sun,  at  other 
times  Hooded  w  ith  filthy  water:  exposed  to  frost 
and  heat  :  to  the  bullets  of  guards  in  wanton 
sport:  beaten,  bruised,  and  cursed;  driven  to 
madness  and  idiocy;  starved  into  skeletons; 
and  worse  than  all,  tortured  by  the  false,  decla- 
ration of  their  jailers  that  their  government  had 
forsaken  them,  leaving  them  no  other  relief  from 
misery  but  in  death.  To  almost  13,000  of  these 
sutl'erers  that  everlasting  relief  came.  The, 
graves  of  12,468  of  the  victims  tell  the  dreadful 
tale.  Of  these,  only  about  4."l)  are  unknown. 
See    Report    of  a    < 'am  m  it  lee  of  the    United  States 

8a  ni  to  i;i  ( '<>  m  in  issio  n . ) 

The  prison  records  show  that  the 

Total  number  of  prisoners  received  at  Andcrsonvillo 

was 49,485 

Largest  Bomber  in  prison  at  one  time,  Aug  9, 1864 —  83,006 
Tolal  number  of  deaths  as  v|n>\\n  |,y  hospital  til 

in  hospital s,7:tr> 

"            "        In  a  stockade  near 3,727 

Percentage  of  deaths  to  whole  number  received 26 

to  whole   number   admitt 

hospital 6913-17 

Dumber  of  deaths  for  each   or  the  thirteen 

months 958 

Largesl  number  of  deaths  In  one  day.  Auk.  23.  isiu 97 

Cases  returned  from  hospital  to  stockade 3,469 

Total  number  of  escapes 328 

The  method  of  burial  in  the  graveyard,  a  short 
distance  from  the  stockade  and  prison-pen,  was 

by  digging  trenches  van  ing  in  length  from  fifty 
to  one  hundred  yards,  in  which  the  bodies  were 
laid  in  rows  of  one  hundred  to  three  hundred, 
without  coffins  or  the  ordinary  clothing,  with  tin 
allowance  of  space  for  each  body  of  not  more 
than  twelve  Inches  in  width,  and  then  covered 
with  earth.     Henry  Wirz,  a  Swiss  by  birth,  was 


ANDRE  4 

appointed  by  General  Winder  as  superintendent 
of  the  prison  and  prisoners.  In  the  Bummer  of 
1865,  he  was  tried  on  numerous  charges  of  t  In- 
most horrid  cruelties  towards  the  prisoners  at 
Andersonville.  He  was  found  guilty  of  all  the 
charges,  and  hanged  in  November.  It  was 
proved  that  in  a  small  hut  between  the  stock- 
ade and  the  graveyard  he  kept  nine  blood- 
hounds to  hunt  down  prisoners  who  should  at- 
tempt to  escape. 

Andre,  John,  horn  in  London,  in  1751;  died  iu 
Rockland  County, N.Y.,  Oct.  2, 1780.  He  was  the 
son  of  a  Genevan,  who  was  a  merchant  in  Lon- 
don. After  receiving  an  education  at  Geneva, 
young  Andre  returned,  and  entered  a  mercantile 
bouse  in  London  when  he  was  eighteen  years  of 
age.  He  was  a  youth  of  great  genius— painted 
well  and  wrote  poetry  with  fluency.  His  literary 
tastes  brought  to  him  the  acquaintance  of  liter- 
ary people.  Among  these  was  the  poetess  Anna 
Seward,  of  Lichfield,  to  whose  cousin.  Honors 
Sneyd,  Andre  became  warmly  attached.  They 
were  betrothed,  but  their  youth  caused  a  post- 
ponement of  their  nuptials,  and  Andre*  entered 
the  army  and  came  to  America,  in  1774.  as  lieu- 
tenant of  the  Royal  Fusileers.  With  them,  in 
Canada,  he  was  taken  prisoner  by  Montgomery, 
at  St.  Johns  (Nov.  2,  1775),  and  was  sent  to 
Lancaster,  Penn.  In  December,  1776,  he  was  ex- 
changed, and  promoted  to  captain  in  the  British 
army.  He  was  appointed  aid  to  General  Grey 
in  the  summer  of  1777,  and  on  the  departure  of 
that  officer  he  was  placed  on  the  staff  of  Sir 
Henry  Clinton,  by  w  horn  he  was  promoted  (1780) 
to  the  rank  of  major,  and  appointed  adjutant- 
general  of  the  British  forces  in  America.  His 
talents  were  appreciated,  and  whenevertaste  was 
io  be  displayed  in  any  arrangements, the  matter 
was  left  to  Andre,  lie  was  the  chief  actor  in 
promoting  and  arranging  the  Mischianza  (which 
see),  aud  took  a  principal  part   in  all  private 


theatrical  performances,    sir  Henry  employed 

lii in  to  carry  on  tin'  correspondence  with  Ar- 
nold respecting  the  betrayal  of  his  country. 
Having  held  a  personal  interview  with  the  trai- 

lo    was  returning  to 
New  v,,ik  on  horseback,  when  he  was  arrested, 

Mown,  convex, -il  loTappan,  in   Kock- 


i  ANDRfi 

land  Connty,  nearly   opposite,  tried  as  a  spy, 

and  was  condemned  and  executed.  Oct.  2,  1780. 
Andre  carried  in  his  bosom,  it  is  said,  through 
all  his  vicissitudes  iu  America,  a  miniature  of 
his  "beloved  Honora,"  which  he  had  painted  at 
Lichfield  during  their  wooing.  She  had  mar- 
ried the  father  of  Maria  Edgeworth.  the  novel- 
ist, and  died  before  the  death  of  Andre  occurred. 


A.NURK  S    MOMMENT    IN    WESTMINSTER    AHUKY. 

The  latter  wrote  poems  for  the  loyal  papers  in 
America.  One  of  these  — "The  Cow-Chace" 
(which  see)  —  has  become  famous  in  history. 
The  king  caused  a  handsome  monument  to  be 
placed  in  Westminster  Abbey  to  the  memory 
of  Andre.  It  seems  to  be  quite  out  of  place 
among  the  ••worthies"  of  England,  for  he  was 
hung  as  a  spy,  and  was  a  plotter  for  the  ruin 
of  a  people  struggling  for  justice.  Nor  did  he 
have  the  prestige  of  a  spotless  private  charac- 
ter. Bui  his  monarch  honored  him  for  an  at- 
tempted State  service,  knighted  his  brother, 
and  pensioned  his  family.  His  remains  wen 
at  first  interred  at  the  place  of  his  execution, 
and  in  1821  were  exhumed  and  conveyed  to 
England,  Where  they  rest  near  his  monument  iu 

Andre,  MAJOR,  Fati:  OF.  The  story  of  .Major 
John  Andre's  career,  in  connection  with  the  oonv 
plot  of  Sir  Henry  Clinton  and  Genera]  Benedict 
Arnold,  occupies  a  conspicuous  place  iu  our  his- 
tory, and  sympathy  for  the  offender,  not  unmixed 
with  denunciations  id'  the  court  of  inquiry  that 

condemned  him.  have  been  abundant,  and  no; 
always  wise  >>r  just.  The  court  that  condemned 
him  saw  dearly,  by  his  own  confession, that  be 
deserved  the  fate  of  a  spyj  and  if  they  had  been 

sxxaycd  by  other  motives  than  those  of  Justice 
and  the  promotion  of  the  public  good,  the;  had 
full  justification  in  the  course  of  the  British  of- 

ficers  in  pursuit  of  the  British  policy  towards 
the  American-.      Scores  of  good  men.  not  guilty 

ofauj  offence  but  love  ofeountrj  and  defence 


ANDREW 


47 


ANDROS 


<if  tlicir  ri «xli ts,  bad  been  hanged  by  the  positive 
eiders  of  Cornwallis  in  the  South;  and  Sir 
Henry  Clinton  himself,  who  ungenerously  at- 
tributed the  act  of  the  board  of  inquiry  in  con- 
demning Andre',  and  of  Washington  in  approv- 
ing the  sentence,  to  "  personal  rancor," for  which 
no  cause  existed,  had  approved  of  tenfold  more 
"inhumanity"  in  the  acts  of  his  subordinates, 

One  of  them  wrote  to  Clinton.  "  I  have  ordered, 
in  the  most  positive  manner,  that  every  militia- 
man who  has  borne  arms  with  us,  and  after- 
wards joined  the  enemy,  shall  be  immediately 
hanged."  This  included  all  officers  and  men, 
even  those,  as  in  South  Carolina,  where  this 
subaltern  was  serving,  who  had  been  forced  into 
the  royal  service.  This  order  Clintou  approved, 
and  seut  it  to  Secretary  Germain.  That  secre- 
tary answered  Clinton's  letter,  saying,  "The 
mos1  disaffected  will  now  he  convinced  that  we 
are  not  afraid  to  punish."  The  order  was  vig- 
orously executed.  Men  of  great  worth  and 
purity  were  hanged,  without  the  forms  of  a 
trial,  for  bearing  arms  in  defence  of  their  liber- 
ties; Andr^-  was  hanged, after  an  impartial  trial, 
for  the  crime  of  plotting  and  abetting  a  scheme 
for  the  enslavement  of  three  million  people. 
lb-  deserved  his  fate  according  to  the  laws  of 
war.  It  was  just  towards  him  and  merciful  to 
a  nation.  Cicero  justly  said,  in  regard  to  Cati- 
line. '-.Mercy  tow  anls  a  traitor  is  an  injury  to 
tin-  state"  Andre*  was  treated  with  great  con- 
sideration by  Washington,  whose  headquarters 
at  Tappan  (yet  standing  in  1879)  were  near  the 
place  of  bis  trial.    The  commander-in-chief  sup- 


WASIIISGTOS's    IIKAIKjlAKTKKS  AT    TA1IAN 

plied  the  former  with  all  needed  refreshments 
for  his  table.  Washington  did  not  have  a  per- 
sonal interview  with  Andre,  but  treated  him  as 
leniently  as  the  rules  of  war  w  onld  allow  . 

Andrew,  .It hi \  Albion,  1.1.1)..  was  governor 
of  Massachusetts.  He  was  born  at  Windham, 
Me..  May  31,  1818;  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Oct. 
:;<>,  1887.     lb-  graduated  at  Bnwdoin  College  in 

1837, and  became  conspicuous  as  an  anti-slavery 

advocate,  lie  was  chosen  Governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts, in  I860,  by  the  largest  popular  vote 
ever  cast  for  any  candidate  for  that  office.  Fore- 
Seeing  a  conflict  w  ith  the  Secessionists,  he  took 
means  to  make  the  state  militia  efficient  :  ami. 


within  a  week  after  the  President's  call  for 
troops,  he  sent  five  regiments  of  infantry,  a  bat- 
talion of  riflemen,  and  a  battery  of  artillery  to 
the  assistance  of  the  government.  He  was  ac- 
tive iu  raising  troops  during  the  war  and  pro- 
viding for  their  comfort.  Au  eloquent  orator, 
his  voice  was  very  efficacious.  He  was  re-elect- 
ed in  1862, and  declined  to  be  a  candidate  in 
1864. 

Andrews,  GEORGB  L.,  was  born  at  Bridge- 
water.  Mass..  in  1--27.  and  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1851,  entering  the  engineer  corps.  He 
resigned  in  IS").").  He  was  first  lieutenant- 
colonel  and  then  colonel  of  the  Second  Massachu- 
setts regiment,  and  led  it  with  distinction,  first 
in  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  and  then  under  Pope 
in  his  campaign  in  August,  1862.  He  was  made 
brigadier-general  in  November  of  that  year,  and 
led  a  brigade  in  I'.anks's  expedition  in  Louisiana 
and  against  Port  Hudson  in  l-o",.  From  July, 
1863,  to  February,  1865,  he  commanded  the 
"Corps  d'Afrique,"  and  assisted  in  the  capture 
of  Mobile,  for  which  he  was  breveted  major- 
general  of  volunteers.  He  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  French  at  West  Point  early  in  1871. 

Audros,  Ki:(  KlMloN  in  .  i\  Ni  w  YORK.  In  the 
spring  of  1688  the  clear-headed  and  right-mind- 
ed Governor  Dongan,  of  New-  York,  was  super- 
seded by  Sir  Edmund  Audros,  who  was  called 
••  the  tj  rant  of  New  England."  He  entered  New 
York  City  early  in  August, with  a  viceregal  com- 
missiop  to  rule  that  province  in  connection  with 
all  New  England.  He  had  journeyed  from  Bos- 
ton, and  was  received  b\  Colonel  l!a\  a  id's  regi- 
ment of  fool  and  horse.  He  was  enter 
tained  by  the  loyal  aristocracy.  In  the 
midst  of  the  rejoicings,  news  came  that 
the  queen, the  second  wife  of  James  II.. 
had  given  birth  to  a  son,  who  became 
heir  to  the  throne.  The  event  was  cel- 
ebrated, on  the  evening  of  the  day  of  the 
arrival  of  the  intelligence, by  bonfires  in 
the  streets  and  a  feast  at  the  City  Hall. 
At  the  latter.  Mayor  Van  Cortlandt  be- 
came so  hilarious  that  he  made  a  notable 
display  of  his  loyalty  to  the  Stuart*  by 
setting  fire  to  his  hat  and  periwig,  and 
waving  the  burning  coverings  of  his 
head  over  the  banquet  on  the  point  of 
^  '  his  straight-sword.  A  few  months  later 
^3Pr  James  ami  Audros  were  both  driven  from 
power,  and  a  great  political  change  came 
over  New  York.  (Bee  BaooMion  in  Eng- 
land.) 
Andros,  8lH  Khminh.  born  in  London,  Dec. 
6,1637;  died  there  Feb.  24,  1714.  His  father  was 
au  officer  id'  the  royal  household,  and  Edmund 
was  reared  amidst  the  corruptions  of  a  court. 
He  accompanied  the  royal  family  in  exile.  lb 
was  commissioned  a  Major  in  Prince  Rupert's 
dragoons  when  quite  young,  and  in  1674  sue 
ceeiled  his  father  as  bailitf  of  Guernsey  Island. 
In  the  same  year  he  was  appointed  governor 
of  the  province  of  New  York,  and  received  the 
surrendered'  it  by  the  Dutch  in  fulfilment  of  a 
treaty.  Andros  was  destined  to  play  au  impor- 
tant part  in  our  history.  He  was  a  favorite  of 
the  Duke  of  York,  an  excellent  Dutch  and  French 


ANGLICAN  CI  II"  KC 1 1 


4s 


ANNAPOLIS 


scholar,  a  thorough  royalist,  and  an  obedient  ser- 
vant of  bis  superiors.  He  administered  public 
affairs  wholly  in  the  interest  of  his  master.  His 
private  life  was  unblemished ;  but  such  was  his 
public  career  that  he  acquired  the  title  of  "  ty- 
rant." The  duke,  his  master,  was  a  strange  com- 
pound of  wickedness  and  goodness  slow  to  per- 
ceive right  from  wrong,  and  seldom  seeing  the 
truth  in  its  purity— and  the  public  career  of  An- 
dres reflected  that  of  bis  employer.  Sometimes 
lie  exceeded  his  instructions,  and  became  in- 
volved in  serious  disputes  with  the  colonists.  In 
lli-i>  he  deposed  Philip  Carteret,  and  seized  the 
government  of  Past  Jersey.  The  next  year  he 
was  recalled,  and  retired  to  Guernsey,  after  hav- 
ing cleared  himself  of  several  charges  preferred 
against  him.  The  New  England  governments 
were  consolidated  in  1686,  and  Andros  was  ap- 
pointed governor-general.  Under  instructions, 
lie  forbade  all  printing  in  those  colonies.  He 
was  authorized  to  appoint  and  remove  his  own 
council,  and  with  their  consent  to  enact  laws, 
levy  taxes,  and  control  the  militia.  These  priv- 
ileges were  exercised  in  a  despotic  manner,  and 
bis  government  became  odious.  He  attempted 
to  seize  the  Charter  of  Connecticut,  but  failed. 
Sec  (  barter  of  Connecticut.')  New  York  and  New 
Jersey  were  added  to  his  jurisdiction  in  1688, 
but  his  rule  over  them  was  brief,  lie  appoint- 
ed Francis  Nicholson  lieutenant-governor  over 
the  two  latter  provinces.  When  news  of  the 
successful  revolution  in  England  reached  Bos- 
ton, the  people  seized  Andros  and  several  of  his 
officers  April  18,  1689),  and  imprisoned  them, 
and  the  New  England  colonies  resumed  their 
former  governments  under  their  charters.  (See 
Revolution  in  England.)  In  July  following  he 
was  sent  to  England  by  royal  order,  with  a  com- 
mittee of  his  accusers,  but  was  acquitted  with- 
out a  formal  trial.  Andros  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  Virginia  hi  1692,  where  be  became  pop- 
ular; but,  through  the  influence  of  Commissary 

Blair,  he  was  removed  in  1698.  In  1704-6  he 
was  Governor  of  Guernsey.  (Sec  Downfall  of 
Andros.) 

Anglican  Church  estaiii.isiikh  in  Mai:y- 
i.am>.     (8ee  Herniation  in  Maryland.) 

Anglican  Church  Establishment  AJBOLIBHBD 
in  Virginia,  1776.  When  the  state  government 
<>f  Virginia  was  organized,  the  Presbytery  of 
Hanover  demanded  the  abolition  of  the  Angli- 
can Church  Establishment  in  Virginia, and  the 
civil  equality  of  every  denomination.  In  this 
demand  t  he  (Quakers  and  I'.apt  ists  joined.  There 
was  a  contest   over  the  question  for  eight  weeks 

in  tie-  Legislature,  when  the  measure  was  car- 
ried, largely   by   the  activity  and    intluence   of 
Jefferson.      In   that    assembly   there   was  a    ma- 
jority of  Protestant  Episcopalians. 
Annapolis  (Maryland).  Puritan  refugees  from 

Massachusetts  I,  d  b\  I  turand.a  inline  elder,  set- 
tled on  the  site  iif  Annapolis  in  1649,  and,  in  im- 
itation of  Ko^er  VVilliains.  called  t  he  place  Pi  ov - 

uleace.  Tin- next  years  commissioner  of  Lord 
Baltimore  organised  there  the  county  of  Anne 
Arundel,  so  named  in  compliment   to  l.adv  Hal 

I i more,  and  Providence  was  called  Anne  Arun- 


del Town.  A  few  years  later  it  again  bore  the 
name  of  Providence,  and  became  the  scat  of 
Protestant  influence  and  of  a  Protestant  govern- 
ment, disputing  the  legislative  authority  with 
the  Soman  Catholic  government  at  the  ancient 
capitol,  St.. Mary's.  In  1694  the  latter  was  aban- 
doned as  the  capital  of  the  province,  and  tin- 
seat  of  government  was  established  on  the  Sev- 
ern. The  village  was  finally  incorporated  a  city, 
and  named  Annapolis,  in  honor  of  Queen  Anne. 
It  has  remained  the  permanent  political  capital 
of  Maryland.  It  was  distinguished  for  the  re- 
finement and  wealth  of  its  inhabitants  and  ex- 
tensive commerce,  being  a  port  of  entry  long 
before  the  foundations  of  Baltimore  were  laid. 
It  is  the  seat  of  the  I".  S.  Naval  Academy,  estab- 
lished there  in  1845.  The  only  remaining  traces 
of  the  ancient  capital  (St.  Mary's)  are  the  ruins 
of  a  brick  church. 

Annapolis,  CONGRESS  at.  On  April  14,  1755, 
General  Praddock  and  Commodore  Keppel,with 
governors  Shirley  of  Massachusetts,  De  Lancel- 
ot' New  York.  .Morris  of  Pennsylvania.  Sharpe  of 
Maryland,  and  Dinwiddie  of  Virginia,  held  a 
Congress  at  Annapolis.  Praddock  had  lately 
arrived  as  commander-in-chief  of  the  British 
forces  in  America.  Pnder  his  instructions,  he 
fust  of  all  directed  the  attention  of  the  govern- 
ment to  the  necessity  of  raising  a  revenue  in 
America.  lie  expressed  astonishment  that  no 
such  fund  was  already  established.  The  gov- 
ernors told  him  of  their  strifes  with  their  re- 
spective assemblies,  and  assured  Praddock  that 
no  such  fund  could  ever  be  established  in  the 
colonies  without  the  aid  of  Parliament.  The 
Congress  then  resolved  unanimously  that  it  was 
the  opinion  of  its  members  that  it  should  be  pro- 
posed to  his  majesty's  ministers  to  "  lind  out 
some  method  of  compelling"  the  colonists  to  es- 
tablish such  a  public  fund,  and  for  assessing  the 
several  governments  in  proportion  to  their  re- 
spective abilit  ies.  At  once  all  the  crow  n  officers 
in  America  sent  voluminous  letters  to  England, 
nrging  such  a  measure  upon  the  government. 
(See  Orovm  Officers'  Claims  for  Taxes.) 

Annapolis,  CONVENTION  at.  On  July  26, 
l??."i,  a  convention  assembled  at  Annapolis,  in 
Maryland,  and  formed  a  temporary  government, 
which,  recognising  the  Continental  Congress  as 
invested  with  a  general  supervision  of  public 
affairs,  managed  itsovt  n  internal  affairs  through 
a  provincial  Committee  of  Safety  and  subordi- 
nate executive  committees,  appointed  in  every 
county, parish,  or  hundred.  It  directed  the  en- 
rolment of  forty  companies  of  minutcmeii.  au- 
thorised the  emission  of  OVW $600,000  in  bills  of 
credit,  and  extended  the  franchise  to  all  freemen 

baviug  a  visible  estate  of  £810,  w  ithoul  anj  dis- 
tinction as  in  religious  belief.     The  convention 

fully  resolved  to KOStain  Massachusetts, and  meet 

force  by  tone  it'  accessary. 

Annapolis,  Di  s|i:i  (  nONOPTEAAT.  No  tea- 
ship  had  ever  entered  the  port  of  annapolis,  in 
Maryland,  but  the  Bepnblioana  there  felt  and 
expressed  strong  sympathy  with  the  act-  of  the 
Sons  of  Libert]  in  Boston.  On  the  morning  of 
Oct.  !•"'.  I774,a  vessel  owned  by  Anthonj  Stow- 


ANNE"  4 

art,  of  Annapolis,  entered  the  port  with  seven- 
teen packages  of  tea  among  her  cargo,  assigned 
to  Stewart.  When  tlii.s  became  known,  and  that 
Stewart  had  paid  the  duty  on  the  tea,  the  peo- 
ple gathered,  and  resolved  thai  the  plant  should 
not  be  landed.  Another  meeting  was  appoint- 
ed, and  the  people  declared  that  the  ship  and  her 
cargo  should  be  burned.  Stewart  disclaimed 
all  intention  to  violate  non-importatiou  agree- 
ments, but  the  people  were  inexorable.  They 
had  gathered  in  large  numbers  from  the  sur- 
rounding country.  Charles  Carrol]  and  others, 
fearing  mob  violence,  advised  Stewart  to  burn 
the  vessel  and  cargo  with  his  own  hands,  which 
lie  did.  The  vessel  was  run  ashore  and  de- 
stroyed, when  the  people  cheered  and  dispersed. 
Tins  was  the  last  attempt  at  importation  of  tea 
into  the  English-American  colonies. 

Anne,  QUEEN,  second  daughter  of  James  II. 
of  England,  born  at  Twickenham,  near  London, 
fib.  6,  1664  ;  died  Aug.  1,  1714.  Her  parents  be- 
came Soman  Catholics;  but  she,  educated  in  the 
principles  of  the  Church  of  England,  remained 
a  Protectant.     In  1683  she  was  married  to  Prince 


George  of  Denmark.  She  took  the  side  of  her 
sister  Mary  and  her  husband  in  the  revolution 
that  drove  her  father  from  the  throne.  She  had 
intended  to  accompany  her  father  in  his  exile  to 
France,  but  was  dissuaded  by  Sarah  Churchill, 
chief  lady  of  the  bed-chamber  (afterwards  the 
imperious  Duchess  of  Marlborough),  for  whom 
she  always  had  a  romantic  attachment  Bj  the 
act  of  settlement  at  the  accession  of  William 
and  Mary,  the  crown  was  guaranteed  to  her  in 
default  of  issue  to  these  sovereigns.  This  exi- 
gene\  happening,  Anne  was  proclaimed  <|iieen 
March  -J.  1702)  on  the  death  of  William.  Of 
her  seventeen   children,  only  one   lived  beyond 

infancy — Duke  of  Gloucester     who  died  at  the 

age  of  eleven  years.  Feeble  in  character,  but 
very  amiable.  Anne's  reign  became  a  conspicu- 
ous one  in  English  history,  for  she  was  governed 
by  some  able  ministers,  and  she  was  surrounded 
by  eminent  literary  men.  Her  reign  has  been 
I.— 4 


I  ANNEXATION  OF  VIRGINIA 

called  the  "Augustan  age  of  English  literature. v 
The  Duke  of  Marlborough,  the  husband  of  her 
bosom  friend,  was  one  of  her  greatest  military 
leaders.  A  greater  part  of  her  reign  was  occu- 
pied in  the  prosecution  of  the  War  of  the  Spanish 
Succession,  known  in  America  as  "  Qneen  Anna's 
War."  It  was  ended  by  the  Treaty  of  Utrecht, 
in  1713.  (See  Queen  Anne's  War.)  She  died  child- 
less at  the  age  of  fifty  years. 

Annexation  of  Plymouth  to  Massachusetts. 
In  1691  the  people  of  Plymouth  sent  an  agent  to 
England  to  solicit  a  separate  patent ;  but,  to  their 
mortification,  they  were  included  under  the  new 
royal  charter  for  Massachusetts  (which  see). 
The  Plymouth  colony  had  been  an  independent 
commonwealth  then  for  seventy-one  years. 

Annexation  of  Texas.  The  Southern  peo- 
ple were  anxious  to  have  the  State  of  Texas  an 
ncxed  to  the  United  States,  and  such  a  desire 
was  a  prevailing  feeling  in  that  sovereign  state. 
The  proposition,  when  formally  made,  was  op- 
posed l>\  the  people  of  the  North,  because  the 
annexation  would  increase  the  area  and  polit- 
ical strength  of  the  slave-power,  and  lead  to  a 
war  with  Mexico,  l'.nt  the  matter  was  persist- 
ed in  by  the  South,  and.  with  the  approbation 
of  President  Tyler,  a  treaty  to  that  effect  was 
signed  at  Washington  City,  April  12,  1844,  by 
Mi'.   Calhoun,   Secretary    of   State,  and    Messrs. 

Van  Zandl  and  Henderson  on  the  part  of  Tex- 
as. It  was  rejected  by  the  Senate  in  June  fid- 
lowing.  The  project  was  presented  at  the  next 
session  of  Congress  in  the  form  of  a  joint  reso- 
lution. It  had  bein  made  a  leading  political 
question  at  the  presidential  election  in  the  au- 
tumn of  1844  James  K.  Polk  had  been  nomi- 
nated over  Mr.  Van  Bnren,  because  he  was  in  fa- 
vor of  the  annexation.  The  joint  resolution  was 
adopted  March  1,  1845,  and  received  the  assent 
of  President  Tyler  the  next  day.  On  the  last 
day  of  his  term  of  office  he  sent  a  message  to 
the  Texas  government,  w  ith  a  copy  of  the  joint 

resolutions  of  Congress  in  favor  of  annexation, 

These  were  considered  by  a  convention  in  Tex- 
as, called  for  the  purpose  of  forming  a  state 
constitution.  That  body  approved  the  im  as 
me  (July  4,  1845),  and  on  that  day  Texas  be- 
came one  of  th(!  states  of  the  I'liion. 

Annexation  of  Virginia  to  the  Confederate 
States.      The  Virginia  Convention  appointed 

ex-President  John  Tyler,  W.  Ballard  Preston. 
S.  M.  I).  Moore.  James  1'.  Holcombc,  James  ('. 
Bruce,  and  Levi  E,  Harvie,  commissioners  to 
tnat   with  Alexander  II.  Stephens,  Vice-Presi 

dent  of  the  Confederate  States  of  Americn,  for 
the  annexation  of  Virginia  to  that  Southern 
league.  Mr.  Stephens  was  clothed  with  full 
power  to  make  a  treaty  to  that  effect.  It  was 
then  a  capital  plan  of  the  Secessionists  to  seize 
the  national  capital;  and  at  several  places  on 
his  way  towards  Richmond,  where  he  ha- 
rangued the  people,  he  raised  the  cry  of  "Oil 
to  Washington!"  Troops,  were  pressing  tow- 
ards that  goal  from  the  Smith.  lie  was  re- 
ceived in  Sichmond,  by  the  authorities  of  ev- 
ery kind,  with  assurances  that  his  mission 
would    be    successful.      The    Virginia   leaders 


ANNEXATION  OF  VIRGINIA 


50 


ANTI-BLOCKADE  PROCLAMATION 


were  eager  for  the  consummation  of  the  treaty 
before  the  people  should  vote  on  the  Ordinance 
of  Secession  (sec  Virginia,  Ordinance  of  Seces- 
xion);  and  on  Stephens's  arrival  be  and  the 
Virginia  commissioners  entered  npon  their  pre- 
scribed duties.  On  April  2A,  1861,  they  agreed 
to  and  signed  a  ''Convention  between  the  Com- 
monwealth of  Virginia  and  the  Confederate 
States  of  America,"  which  provided  that,  un- 
til the  union  of  Virginia  with  the  league 
should  be  perfected.  "  the  whole  military  force 
and  military  operations,  offensive  and  defen- 
sive, of  said  commonwealth  in  the  impendiug 
conflict  with  the  United  States,  should  be  un- 
der the  chief  control  aud  direction  of  the  Pres- 
ident of  the  Confederate  States."     On  the  fol- 


mond  its  headquarters.  The  proclamation  of 
the  annexation  was  immediately  put  forth  by 
John  Letcher,  the  governor  of  Virginia.  All 
this  was  done  almost  a  month  before  the  peo- 
ple of  Virginia  were  allowed  to  vote  on  seces- 
sion. 

Anthon,  Charles,  LL.D.,  was  born  in  New 
York.  1797;  died  there,  July  29,  1867.  His 
father,  a  surgeon-general  in  the  British  army, 
settled  in  New  York  soon  after  the  Revolution. 
Charles  graduated  at  Columbia  College  in  1815, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  in  1820  was  made 
professor  of  languages  in  his  alma  mater.  Pro- 
fessor Anthon  was  the  author  of  many  books 
connected  with  classical  studies.  He  was  made 
the  head  of  the  classical  department  of  the  ool- 


/ 


BIOSATCRES    OF    TIIK    COMMISSIONERS  OF   VIRGINIA    AMD  Till:   SOCTIIERN   CONFEDERACY. 


towing  day  (April  25)  the  convention  passed 

an  ordinance  ratifying  the  treaty,  and  adopt- 
ing and  ratifying  the  "Provisional  Constitu- 
tion of  the  Confederate  states  of  America." 
On  the  same  day,  John  Tyler  telegraphed  to 
Governor  Pickeus  of  South  Carolina,  "We  are 
fellow  -  citizens  once  more.  By  an  ordinance 
passed     this     day     Virginia     has     adopted     the 

Provisional  Governmeul  of  the  Confederate 
stall's."  They  also  proceeded  to  appoint  del- 
egates to  the  Confederate  Congress;  author- 
ised the  banks  of  the  state  to  suspend  specie 
payment;  made  provision  for  the  establish- 
ment of  a  navy  for  Virginia,  and  for  enlist- 
ments for  the  state  army,  and  adopted  other 
preparations  for  war.  They  also  invited  the 
"Confederate  States"  government  to  make  Bioh- 


lege  as  successor  of  Professor  Moore  in  1 -:>,->. 
Uaving  served  as   lector  of  the  grammar-school 

of  the  college  for  five  years.  Professor  Anthon 
was  \.is  methodical  in  his  habits.  Uc  retired 
at  ten  o'clock  and  rose  at  four,  and  performed 
much  of  his  appointed  day's  work  before  break- 
fast. By  industry  he  produced  about  fifty  vol- 
umes,  consisting  chiefly  of  the  Latin  classics  and 
aids  to  classical  study.  All  of  his  works  were 
republished  iu  England.  Mis  larger  works  are 
a  Clattioal  Dictionary,  and  a  Dictionary  of  Crest 

and  Unman  Antiquities.  When  he  Was  made  rec- 
tor of  the  grammar-school  he  conferred  oil  the 
public  schools  of  his  native  city  six  free  schol- 
arships. 

Anti  -  blockade  Proclamation     1-11        On 
April  8dj  1814,  Admiral  Cochrane  declared  the 


ANTI-MASONIC  PARTY 

whole  coast  of  the  United  States  in  a  state  of 
blockade.  On  June  29  the  President  of  the 
United  States  issued  a  proclamation  declaring 
t lie  blockade  proclaimed  by  the  British  of  the 
whole  coast  of  the  United  States,  nearly  two 
thousand  miles  in  extent,  to  be  incapable  of 
being  carried  into  effect  by  any  adequate  force 
actually  stationed  for  the  purpose.  It  declared 
that  it  formed  no  lawful  prohibition  or  obsta- 
cle to  such  neutral  or  friendly  vessels  as  might 
desire  to  visit  and  trade  with  the  United 
States;  and  all  pirates,  armed  vessels,  or  let- 
ters-of-inarque  and  reprisal  (which  see),  were 
warned  not  to  interfere  with  or  molest  any 
vessels,  belonging  to  neutral  powers,  bound  to 
an\  porl  or  place  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
United  States. 

Anti-Masonic  Party.  In  1626  William  Mor- 
gan, a  citizen  of  western  New  York,  announced 
his  intention  to  publish  a  book  in  which  the 
secrets  of  Preemasonry  were  to  be  disclosed. 
It  was  printed  at  Batavia,  X.  V.  On  Sept.  11 
Morgan  was  seized  at  Batavia,  upon  a  criminal 
charge,  by  a  company  of  men  who  came  from 

Canaildaigua.  He  was  taken  to  that  place, 
tried,  and  acquitted  00  the  criminal  charge, 
but  was  immediately  arrested  on  a  civil  proc- 
ess  tor   a.    trifling    debt.       lie    was   cast    into  jail 

there,  and  the  next  nighl  was  discharged  by 
those  who  procured  bis  arrest,  taken  from  pris- 
on at  nine  o'clock  at  night,  and  at  the  door  was 
seized  and  thrust  into  a  carriage  in  waiting, 
which  was  driven  rapidly  towards  Rochester. 
lie  was  taken  by  relays  of  horses,  by  the  agen- 
cy of  several  individuals,  to  Port  Niagara,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Niagara  Kiver,  and  deposited 
in  the  powder  magaziue  there.  It  was  known 
thai  I  he  freemasons  had  made  violent  at- 
tempts to  suppress  Morgan's  announced  l k, 

and  this  outrage  was  charged  upon  the  frater- 
nity.    A  committee  was  appointed,  at  a  public 

meeting  held  at  Batavia,  to  endeavor  to  tenet 
out  the  perpetrators  of  the  outrage.  They 
found  evidences  of  the  existence  of  w  hat    they 

bclieved  to  be   an   extended  conspiracy,  witli 

mans  agents  and  powerful  motives.  Similar 
meetings  were  held  elsewhere.  Public  excite- 
ment  became   very  cicat    and   widespread  i   and 

a  strong  feeling  soon  pervaded  the  public  mind 

that  the  masonic  institution  was  responsible 
for    the     crime.  The     profound     mystery     in 

whicb  the  affair  was  involved  gave  wings  to 
a  thousand  absurd  rumors.  Mutual  crimiua 
nations  and  recriminations  became  very  vio 
lent,  and  entered  into  all  the  religions,  social 
and  political  relations.  A  very  Strong  anti- 
masonic  party  was  soon  created,  at  first  only 
social  in  its  character,  hut  soon  it  became  po- 
litical. This  feature  of  the  party  first  ap- 
peared at  town-meetings  in  the  spline;  of  b<-27, 
where  it  was  resolved  that  no  mason  was  worthy 
to  receive  the  votes  of  freemen.  A  political 
party  for  the  exclusion  of  masons  from  public 
Offices  was  soon  spread  over  t  lie  State  of  New 
York  and  into  several  other  states,  and  ran  its 
Bourse  for  several  years.     In   1839  a  National 

Anti- masonic  Convention  was  held  at  Phila- 
delphia, in   which  several  states   were   repre 


51  ANTI-RENTISM 

sented,  and  William  Wirt,  of  Virginia,  was  nom- 
inated for  the  office  of  President  of  the  United 
States.  Although  the  party  polled  a  consid- 
erable vote,  it  soon  afterwards  disappeared. 
The  fate  of  Morgan  after  ho  reached  the  maga- 
zine at  Port  Niagara  was  never  positively  re- 
vealed, but  circumstances  make  it  pretty  cer- 
tain that  ho  was  taken  from  the  magazine  into 
a  boat  by  some  men,  and,  at  the  month  of  the 
Niagara  Kiver,  was  east  into  tho  water  and 
drowned. 

Anti-Rentism.  After  the  old  war  for  inde- 
pendence, when  the  laws  of  primogeniture  were 
abolished,  a  large  portion  of  the  lands  of  the 
settled  parts  of  the  State  of  Xew  York  was  held 
by  the  patroons,  and  the  cultivators  of  the  es- 
tates occupied  farms  on  leases  for  one  or  more 
lives,  or   from   year  to  year,  stipulating  for  the 

payment  of  rents,  dues,  and  services,  somewhat 

after  tho  manner  of  the  old  feudal  tenures  in 
England  and  Holland.     (See  Patroons.)    These 

feudal  tenures  having  been  abolished,  the  pro- 
prietors of  manor  grants  contrived  a  form  of 
deed  by  which  the  grantees  agreed  to  pay 
rents  and  dues  almost  precisely  as  before. 
This  tenure  became  burdensome  and  odious 
to  the  tillers;  anil  in  1839  associations  of 
farmers  were  forme. 1  for  the  purpose  of  dev  is- 
ing  a   scheme  of  relief  from  t  he  burdens.      The 

movement  was  soon  known  as  anti-rentism,  and 

speedily  manifested  itself  in  open  resistance  to 
the  service  of  legal  processes  for  the  collecting 
of  manorial  rents.  The  first  overt  act  of  law- 
lessness that  attracted  public  attention  was  in 
the  town  of  Grafton,  Rensselaer  County,  where 
a  band  of  anti-renters,  disguised,  killed  a  man, 
yet  the  criminal  was  never  discovered.  In 
1841  and  1842  Governor  Seward  in  his  mes- 
sages recommended  the  reference  of  the  al- 
leged grievances  and  matters  in  dispute  on 
both  sides  to  arbitrators,  and  appointed  three 
men  to  investigate  and  report  to  the  Legislat- 
ure. Nothing  was  accomplished,  and  the  dis- 
affection increased.  So  rampant  was  the  in- 
subordination to  law  in  Delaware  County  that 
Governor  Wright,  in  1845,  recommended  legis- 
lation  for  its  suppression,  and  he  declared   the 

county  in  a  state  of  insurrection,    finally,  the 

trial  and  convictii f  a  few  persons  lor  con- 
spiracy and  resistance  1o  law.  and  their  con- 
finement in  the  state  prison,  caused  a  ceSSfl 
tioii  of  all  operations  by  masked  bands.  There 
v\a>  so  much  public  sympathy  manifested  for 
the  cause  of  the  anti-renters  that  the  associa- 
tions determined  to  form  a  political  party  fa- 
vorable to  their  Cause.  It  succeeded  in  1842, 
and    several    years    afterwards,  in    electing    one 

eighth  of  the  Legislature  who  favored  the  anti- 
renters;  and  in  1846  a  clause  was  inserted  in 
d  constitution  of  the  stale  abolish- 
ing all  feudal  tenures  and  incidents,  and  for- 
bidding the  leasing  of  agricultural  lands  for  a 
longer  term  than  twelve  years.  The  same  year 
Governor  Wright,  who  was  a  candidate  for  re- 
election as  chief  magistrate,  was  defeated  by 
ten  thousand  majority  given  to  John  Young, 
the  anti -rent  candidate,  who  afterwards  re- 
leased   all    offenders   oj  the  law  who  were   in 


ANTI-SLAVERY  CHAMPIONS  52 

prison.  The  excitement  gradually  subsided, 
and  only  in  courts  of  law  were  the  anti-rent 
associations  actively  seen.  The  last  proprietor 
of  the  Van  Rensselaer  manor  sold  his  interests 
in  his  lands  a  few  years  ago  to  a  judicious  per- 
son who  made  amicable  arrangements  with  all 
the  tenants  for  the  rent,  sale,  and  purchase  of 
the  farms. 

Auti- Slavery  Champions  in  Massachu- 
setts (1766).  While  the  public  mind  was  agi- 
tated and  absorbed  by  the  political  questions 
of  the  day  at  the  time  of  the  repeal  of  the 
Stamp  Act  (which  see),  some  reflecting  per- 
sons had  been  struck  with  the  inconsistency 
of  contending  for  one's  own  liberty  while  de- 
priving others  of  theirs.  A  controversy  arose 
iu  1766  as  to  the  justice  and  legality  of  ne- 
gro slavery,  in  which  Nathaniel  Appleton  and 
James  Swan,  merchants  of  Boston,  distin- 
guished themselves  as  writers  on  the  side  of 
human  liberty.  Opposing  writers  generally 
concealed  their  names,  but  were  promptly  an- 
Bwered.  This  controversy  was  renewed  from 
time  to  time  until  1773,  wheu  it  became  so 
warm  that  it  was  a  subject  for  disputations  at 
Harvard  College.  The  Assembly  of  Massachu- 
setts made  repeated  attempts  to  restrict  the 
furl  her  importation  of  negroes  into  the  prov- 
ince, but  the  governors  interposed  their  ve- 
toes. The  question  whether  any  person  could 
be  held  as  a  slave  in  Massachusetts  was  car- 
ried before  the  Supreme  Court  in  a  suit  by 
a  negro  to  recover  wages  from  his  alleged 
master.  The  negroes  collected  money  among 
themselves  to  carry  on  the  suit,  and  it  was  de- 
cided iu  favor  of  the  alleged  slave.  Other 
suits  were  instituted  between  that,  time  and 
the  Revolution,  and  the  jurors  invariably  gave 
their  verdicts  in  favor  of  freedom.  The  col- 
ored people  placed  their  arguments  on  the 
broad  basis  of  the  royal  charter  of  the  prov- 
ince, which  expressly  declared  "  all  persons  born 
or  residing  in  the  province  to  be  as  free  as  the 
subjects  of  the  king  in  Great  Britain,"  and  the 
declaration  of  Judjic  Holt,  that  a  "slave  cau- 
not  breathe  in  England" — in  other  words,  that 
as  soon  as  a  slave  should  set  his  foot  on  Eng- 
lish soil  he  is  free  by  the  law  which  makes  it 
impossible  for  slavery  to  exist  there.  (See 
llolt'x  Ihcixioit  and  Slaves  in  England.) 

Anti-Slavery  Resolutions,  FlBBT,  in  Cuv 
OBI  B8,  Bufns  King,  delegate  in  Congress  from 
Massachusetts,  proposed  (March  16,  1787)  to 
modify  the  report  on  the  Western  Territory, 
already  accepted,  by  inserting  in  it  a  total  and 
immediate  prohibition  of  slavery.  This  was 
the  lii>t  proposition  for  the  abolition  of  sla- 
very laid  before  Congress.  The  motion  was 
referred  to  a  committee  by  a  vote  of  eight 
rtkwettern  Territory.) 

Anti  -  Slavery  Societies.  The  system  of 
slavery  was  opposed  by  many  of  the  best  men 
and  women  at  the  beginning  of  the  Revolu- 
tion mi  economic  and  moral  grooiids,  particu- 
larly in  the  Northern  and  Eastern  States, where 
it  was  not  bo  prevalent  and  apparently  indis- 
pensable  as   in  the  Soiyiliein  Slates.      The   first 


ANTIETAM,  BATTLE  OF 

society  established  for  promoting  a  public  sen- 
timeut  iu  favor  of  the  abolition  of  slavery  was 
formed  in  Philadelphia  on  April  14,  1775,  with 
Dr.  Franklin  as  president,  and  Dr.  Benjamin 
Rush  as  secretary.  John  Jay  was  the  first 
president  of  a  society  for  the  same  purpose 
formed  in  New  York," Jan.  25,  1785.  and  called 
the  "New  York  Manumission  Society."  The 
Society  of  Friends  or  Quakers  always  opposed 
slavery,  and  were  a  perpetual  and  active  abo- 
lition society,  presenting  to  the  National  Con- 
gress the  first  petition  on  the  subject.  Other 
abolition  societies  followed  in  other  parts  of  the 
Union.  A  society  was  formed  iu  Ohio  in  1815 
by  a  zealous  citizeu  named  Lundy  (see  First 
Abolition  Xewspaper) ;  and  in  1831  the  subject 
was  vehemently  revived  by  the  publication,  be- 
gun in  Boston  that  year,of  the  Liberator,  by  Will- 
iam Lloyd  Garrison.  It  denounced  slave-hold- 
ing as  "  a  sin  against  God  aud  a  crime  against 
humanity."  With  such  sentiments  Arnold  Bnf- 
fum  (a  Quaker)  and  eleven  others  formed  an 
anti-slavery  society  in  Boston  in  1832.  This 
was  followed  iu  1833  by  the  formation  in  Phil- 
adelphia of  the  "American  Anti-Slavery  Socie- 
ty," which  existed  until  after  the  civil  war  that 
destroyed  the  institution  of  slavery. 

Antietam  Creek,  Battle  of.  After  the  sur- 
render of  Harper's  Ferry,  Sept.  15, 1862  (see  Har- 
pers Ferry,  Surrender  of),  Lee  felt  himself  in  a 
perilous  position,  for  Geueral  Franklin  had  en- 
tered Pleasant  Valley  that  very  morning  and 
threatened  the  severance  of  his  army.  Lee  at 
once  took  measures  to  coucentrate  his  forces. 
He  withdrew  his  troops  from  South  Mountain 
aud  took  position  iu  the  Antietam  valley,  near 
Sharpsburg,  Md.  Jackson,  by  swift  marches, 
had  recrossed  the  Potomac  and  joined  Lee  on 
Antietam  Creek.  When  the  Confederates  hit 
South  Mountain,  McClellan's  troops  followed 
them.  Lee*s  plans  were  thwarted,  and  he  found 
himself  compelled  to  fight.  McClellan  was  very 
cautious,  for  he  believed  the  Confederates  were 
on  his  front  in  overwhelming  numbers.  It  was 
ascertained. that  Lee's  army  did  not  number 
more  than  sixty  thousand.  McClellan's  effec- 
tive force  was  eighty-seven  thousand.  McClel- 
lan's army  was  well  in  hand  (Sept.  16).  and  Lee's 
was  well  posted  on  the  heights  near  Sharps- 
burg, on  the  western  side  of  Antietam  Creek, 
S  sluggish  stream  with  few  fords,  spanned  by 
tour  stone  bridges.  On  the  right  of  the  Na- 
tional line  were  the  corps  of  Hooker  and  Sum- 
ner. In  the  advance,  anil  near  the  Antietam. 
General  Richardson's  division  of  Sumner's  corps 
was  posted.  On  a  line  with  this  was  Sykesfa 
(regular)  division  of  Porter's  corps.  Farther 
down  the  stream  was  Huriiside's  corps.  In  front 
of  Sn tuner  and  Hooker  were  batteries  of  94 
pounder  Parrot  guns.  Franklin's  corps  and 
Conch's  division  WOTS  farther  down  the  valley, 
and  the  divisions  of  Morrell  and  Humphrey,  of 
I'oi  tec's  corps,  were  approaching  from  Frederick. 
A  detachment  of  the  signal  corps,  under  Majoi 

M\.i.  was  on  a  spur  of  South  Mountain.  As 
McClellan    pmdently    hesitated    to    attack,    the 

Confederates  put  him  on  the  defensive  by  open- 
ing an  ariillcn  ftre  upon  the  Nationals  at  dawn 


ANTIETAM,  BATTLE  OF 


r.:: 


ANTIETAM,  BATTLE  OF 


(Sept.  lfi,  1862).  He  was  ready  for  response  in 
the  course  of  the  afternoou,  when  Hooker  cross- 
ed the  Antietam  with  a  part  of  his  corps,  com- 
manded by  Generals  Eicketts,  Meade,  and  Doub- 
leday.  Hooker  at  once  attacked  the  Confeder- 
ate left,  commanded  by  ".Stonewall  .Jackson," 
who  was  soon  reinforced  by  General  Hood. 
Sumner  was  directed  to  send  over  Mansfield's 
COTDS  daring  the  night,  and  to  hold  his  own  iii 
readiness  to  pass  over  1  he  next  morning.  Hook- 
er's first  movement  was  successful.  He  drove 
back  the  Confederates,  and  his  army  rested  on 
their  amis  that  night  on  the  ground  they  had 
won.  Mansfield's  corps  crossed  iii  the  even- 
ing, and  at  dawn  (Sept.  17)  the  contest  was  re- 
newed by  Hooker.  It  was  obstinate  and  se- 
vere. The  National  batteries  on  the  east  side 
of  the  creek  greatly  assisted  in  driving  the  Con- 
federates away,  with  heavy  loss,  beyond  a  line 
of  woods.  It  was  at  this  time,  when  Hooker 
advanced,  that  Jackson  was  reinforced.  The 
Confederates  swarmed  out  of  the  works  and  fell 
heavily  upon  Meade,  w  hen  Hooker  called  upon 
Doubleday  for  help.  A  brigade  nnder  General 
llartsull  pressed  forward  against  a  heavy  storm 
of  missiles,  and  its  leadei  was  severely  wound- 
ed. Meanwhile  Mansfield's  corps  had  been  or- 
dered up,  and  before  it  became  engaged  the  vet- 
eran leader  was  mortally  wounded.  The  com- 
mand then  devolved  on  General  Williams,  who 
left  li  is  division  in  the  care  of  General  Craw  ford, 
and  the  latter  seized  a  piece  of  woods  near  by. 
Hooker  had  lost  heavily;  Donbleday's  guns  had 
silenced  a  Confederate  batters  ;  Ricketta  was 
struggling  against  constantly  increasing  num- 
bers on  bis  front;  and  the  National  lino  began 
to  waver,  when  Hooker,  in  the  van,  was  wound- 
ed and  taken  from  the  held.  Sumner  sent  Sedg- 
wick t<>  the  support  of  Crawford,  and  Gordon 
and  Richardson  and  French  bore  down  upon 
the  Confederates  more  to  the  hit.  The  Nation- 
als now  held  position  at  the  Hunker  Church, 

and  seemed  about    to  ejaspthe   palm   of  victory 

(for  Jackson  and  Hood  were  falling  back),  when 


DOE,"  ASTISTAX  CREEK. 


fresh  Confederate  troops,  under  McLaws  and 
Walker,  supported  by  Early,  came  up.  They 
penetrated  the  National  line  and  drove  it  back, 
when  the  unflinching  Doubleday  gave  them 
such  a  storm  of  artillery  that  they,  in  turn,  fell 
back  to  their  original  position.  Sedgwick, 
twice  wounded,  was  carried  from  the  held,  and 
the  command  Of  his  division  devolved  on  Gener- 
al O.O.Howard.  Generals  Crawford  and  Dana 
were  also  wounded.  Franklin  was  sent  over  to 
assist  the  hard-pressed  Nationals.  Forming  on 
Howard's  left,  he  sent  Slocuni  with  his  division 
towards  the  centre.  At  the  same  time  General 
Smith  was  ordered  to  retake  the  ground  on 
which  there  bad  been  so  much  fighting,  and  it 
was  done  within  fifteen  minutes.  The  Confed- 
erates were  driven  far  back.  Meanwhile  the 
divisions  of  French  and  Richardson  had  been 
busy.  The  former  received  orders  from  Sumner 
to  press  on  and  make  a  diversion  in  favor  of  the 
right.  Richardson's  division,  composed  of  the 
brigades  of  Meagher, Caldwell,  and  Brooks  (who 
had  crossed  the  Antietam  at  ten  o'clock),  gained 
a  good  position.  The  Confederates, reinforced 
by    ticsh    troops,    fought    desperately.      Finally 

Richardson  was  mortally  wounded,  and  General 
W.S.  Hancock  succeeded  him  in  command,  when 
a  charge  was  made  that  drove  the  Confederates 
in  great  confusion.  Night  soon  closed  the  ac- 
tion on  the  National  right  and  centre.  General 
Meagher  had  been  wounded  and  carried  from 
the  tield.  when  the  command  of  his  troops  de- 
volved on  Colonel  Burke.  During  the  6erce 
Strifes  of  the  day  Poller's  corps,  with  artillery 
and  Pleasauton's  cavalry,  had  remained  on  the 
east  side  of  the  stream,  as  a   reserve,  until  late 

in  t  he  alien n,  w  hen  MeClellan  sent  o\  er  so 

brigades.  On  the  morning  of  the  17lh  the  left, 
nnder  Bnrnside, engaged  in  a  desperate  struggle 
for  the  possession  of  a  bridge  just  below  Sharps- 
burg.  That  commander  had  been  ordered  to 
cross  it  and  attack  the  Confederates.  It  was  a 
difficult  task,  and  Burnside,  exposed  to  a  raking 
tin-  from  the  Confederate  batteries  and  an  en- 
filading tire  from  sharp-shooters, 
w  as  several  times  repulsed.  Final- 
ly, at  a  little  past  noon,  two  regi- 
ments  charged   across   the   bridge 

and  drove  its  defenders  away.  The 

divisions  of  Sturgis,  Wilcox,  and 
Rodman,  and  Scammon's  brigade, 
with     four    batteries,    passed     the 

bridge  and  drove  the  Confeder- 
ates almost  to  Sharpabnrg.  \  P. 
Hill,  with  fresh  troops,  till  upon 
Burnside's  left,  mortally  wound- 
ing General  Rodman  and  driving 
the  Nationals  nearly   back   to  the 

in  idge.  General  O'B.  Branch,  of 
North  Carolina,  was  also  killed  in 
this  encounter.     The  Confederates 

were  checked  by  National  artil- 
lery on  the  eastern  side  of  the 
stream,  and,  reserves  advancing 
under  Sturgis,  there  was  no  fur- 
ther attempt  to  retake  "  the  Burn- 
side  Bridge,"  as  it  was  called.  Hill 
came  up  just  in  time  to  su\e  Lee's 


APACHES 


54 


APPOMATTOX  COURT-HOUSE 


army  from  destruction.  Darkness  ended  the 
memorable  struggle  known  as  the  Battle  of  Au- 
tietain.     The  losses  wen-  very  severe.     McClel- 

lan  reported  his  losses  at  12,460  men.  of  whom 
2010  were  killed.  Be  estimated  Lee's  loss  as 
liineli  greater.  The  losses  fell  heavily  upon 
certain  brigades.  That  of  Duryee  retired  from 
the  field  with  not  more  than  twenty  men  and 
four  colors.  Of  the  brigades  of  Lawtou  and 
Hays,  on  the  Confederate  side,  more  than  one 
half  were  lost.  On  the  morning  of  the  I8tli 
both  parties  seemed  more  willing  to  rest  than 
to  tight ;  and  that  night  Lee  and  his  shattered 
army  stole  away  in  the  darkness,  reerossed  the 
Potomac  at  Williainsport,  and  planted  eight  bat- 
teries on  the  high  Virginia  bank  that  menaced 
pursuers.  There  had  been  a  very  tardy  pursuit. 
At  dark  on  the  evening  of  the  19th  Porter,  who 
was  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river,  ordered  Grif- 
fin to  cross  the  stream  with  two  brigades  and 
carry  Lee's  batteries.  He  captured  four  of  the 
gnns.  On  tbe  next  morning  (Sept.  20)  a  part 
of  Porter's  division  made  a  recounoissance  in 
force  on  the  Virginia  side,  and  were  assailed  by 
Hill  in  ambush,  who  drove  them  across  the  Po- 
tomac and  captured  two  hundred  of  the  Nation- 
als. Maryland  Heights  and  Harper's  Ferry  were 
retaken  by  the  Union  troops. 

Apaches.  These  are  a  fierce  people  of  the 
Athabasca  nation.  (See  Athabasca*.)  They  are 
mostly  wanderers,  and  have  roamed  as  maraud- 
ers over  portions  of  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  Ar- 
izona, in  the  United  States,  and  several  of  the 
northern  provinces  of  Mexico.  Wanderers,  they 
do  not  cultivate  the  soil,  and  have  only  tempo- 
rary chiefs  to  lead  them.  Civil  government 
they  have  none.  Divided  into  many  roving 
bands,  they  resisted  all  attempts  by  the  Span- 
iards to  civilize  and  Christianize  them,  but  con- 
stantly attacked  these  Europeans.  So  early  as 
1762,  it  was  estimated  that  the  Apaches  had 
desolated  and  depopulated  one  hundred  and 
seventy-four  mining-towns,  stations,  and  mis- 
sions in  the  province  of  Sonora  alone.  For  fifty 
years  a  bold  chief-  Mangas  Colorado — led  pow- 
erful bands  to  war;  and  since  the  annexation 
of  their  territory  to  the  United  States,  they  have 
given  its  government  more  trouble  than  any  of 
the  Western  Indians.  Colorado  was  killed  in 
1863.  Whether  they  can  be  civilized  is  an  un- 
solved problem.  The  estimated  number  of  the 
Apaches  is  about  ten  thousand.  Though  fierce 
in  war.  they  never  scalp  or  torture  their  enemies. 
A  (iie.it  Spirit  is  the  central  figure  in  their  sim- 
ple system  of  theology,  and  they  reverence  as 
■acred  certain  animals,  especially  a  pure  white 
bird. 

Apostle  of  the  Indiana  A  name  given  to 
Rev.  John  Eliot,  a  missionary  among  the  ln- 
liiatii  "i  Massachusetts.  Burn  in  Essex,  Eng- 
land, in  1603,  he  died  at  Koxhui \  .  Mass.,  M..\  80, 
LOW  lb-  enrne  to  Boston  in  L631,aml  was  ap- 
pointed minister  at  Rnxbnry.  Among  the  t\\ent\ 
Indian  tribal  that  surrounded  the  English  plan- 
ration  he  labored  almost  fifty  yens  u  lib  zeal  and 
sin-,-,  ss.  learning  their  langnage  and  translating 
the  Scriptures  and  other  good  writings  iuto  their 


native  tongue.  He  is  supposed  to  have  been 
the  first  Protestant  minister  who  preached  to 
the  Indians.  In  1651  an  Indian  village  was 
built  at  Natick,  on  the  Charles  River,  and  there 
the  first  Indian  church  was  established.  His 
humane  efforts  in  behalf  of  the  •praying  In- 
dians." as  his  Converts  were  called,  during  King 
Philip's  war  were  successful.  Four  of  his  sons. 
educated  at  Harvard  University,  were  classed 
with  "the  best  preachers  of  their  generation." 
(See  Eliot,  John.) 

Appeals  from  Colonial  Courts.  In  1697  the 
right  of  appeal  from  the  colonial  courts  to  the 
king  in  council  was  sustained  by  the  highest 
legal  authority.  By  this  means,  and  the  estab- 
lishment of  courts  of  admiralty  (which  see), 
Great  Britain  at  length  acquired  a  judicial  con- 
trol over  the  colonies,  and  with  it  a  power 
afterwards  imitated  in  our  National  Constitu- 
tion) of  bringing  her 'supreme  authority  to  bear 
not  alone  upon  the  colonics  as  political  corpora- 
tions, but,  what  was  much  more  effectual,  upon 
the  colonists  as  individuals. 

Appeals  to  the  States  (1783).  Under  the 
Articles  of  Confederation  (which  see)  the  Con- 
gress had  no  power  to  levy  taxes  without  the 
cuiiseiit  of  the  several  state  legislatures.  These 
were  always  tardy  in  responding  to  appeals  for 
money  to  support  the  general  government.  On 
April  26, 1783, an  eloquent  address  in  the  form 
of  an  appeal,  prepared  by  Hamilton.  Madison, 
and  Ellsworth,  was  sent  forth  to  the  several 
states,  in  which  the  necessity  of  providing  for 
the  Federal  debt  was  strongly  urged  not  only  as 
a  matter  of  justice,  but  of  policy  in  sustaining 
the  public  credit.  •■  Let  it  be  remembered,"  said 
the  address.  "  that  it  has  ever  been  the  pride  and 
the  boast  of  America  that  the  rights  for  which 
she  contended  were  the  lights  of  human  nature. 
By  the  blessing  of  the  Author  of  these  rights  on 
the  means  exerted  for  their  defence  they  pre- 
vailed against  all  opposition,  and  form  the  basis 
of  thirteen  independent  states."  They  urged 
that  an  opportunity  was  then  offered  of  trying 

a  great  experiment  of  republicanism  under  more 
favorable  circumstances  than  ever  before.  On 
May  7.  another  Urgent  appeal  was  made  to  the 
states  to  provide  means  for  three  months'  pay 
for  the  furloughed  soldiers,  which  was  to  be  ad- 
vanced in  treasury  notes — a  new  species  of  pa- 
per currency — payable  six  months  after  date, 
and  receivable  for  all  Continental  taxes,  and  re- 
deemable at  Bigbt  by  all  Continental  receivers 
having  money.  The  preparations  then  making 
for  disbanding  the  army,  while  their  dues  re- 
mained unpaid,  had  produced  symptoms  of  dis- 
content again  among  the  soldiers  at  New  blirgll  : 
but  the  judicious  ionise  of  Washington  pacified 

them.     (See  Newburgh  Litton  and  Ditbantth^g  of 

lln   <  tiiilimiilal  ./run/.) 

Appomattox  Court-house,  SURKRNDKB  01 
l.i  i    vi.     The  Armj  of  Northern  Virginia  was 

reduced   by  famine,  disease,  death,  wounds,  and 

captnre    to    a    feeble    few.      These    straggled 

against  enormous  odds  with  almost  unexam- 
pled fortitude,  but  were  compelled  to  yield  to 
overwhelming  numbers  and  strength.   On  April 


APPOMATTOX  COURT-HOUSE  5 

8.  a  portion  of  Sheridan's  cavalry,  under  General 
Caster,  Btipportod  by  Devin,  captured  four  Con- 
federate supply-trains  at  Appomattox  Station, 


<m  the  Lynchburg  Railroad.     Lee': 


igu. 


,rd 


approaching,  were  pushed  hack  to  Appomattox 
Court-house,  five  miles  northward — near  which 
was  Lee's  main  army  —  capturing  twenty-five 
gnus  and  many  wagons  and  prisoners.  Shell- 
dan  hurried  forward  the  remainder  of  his  com- 
mand, and   on    that   evening   he   stood   directly 

across  Lee's  pathway  of  retreat.  Lie's  last  ave- 
nue of  escape  was  closed,  and  on  the  following 
day  he   met  General  Grant    at   the   residence   of 

Wilmer  McLean,  at   Ap] attox  Court  -  house. 

to  consummate  an  act   of  surrender.     The  two 


».  1 1  a 

commanders  met,  with  courteous  recognition, 
at  two  o'clock  P.M..  on  Palm  Siindas 
Grant  was  accompanied  by  his  chief  of  staff, 
Colonel  Parker;  Lee  by  Colonel  Marshall,  his 
adjutant-general.  The  terms  of  surrender  were 
discussed  and  settled,  iii  the  form  of  a  written 
proposition  by  Grant,  and  a  written  acceptance 

by    I and    at   half- past    three    o'clock    they 

win-  aigned.     Tin-  terms  prescribed  by  Grant 

were  extraordinary,  under  the  circumstances,  in 
their  leniency  anil  magnanimity,  and  Lee  pro- 
fessed to  he  touched  by  them.  They  Simply  re- 
quired Lee  and  his  men  to  give  their  parole  id' 
honor  that  they  would  not  take  up  anus  against 
the  government  of  the  United  states  until  reg- 
ularly exchanged;  gave  to  the  officers  their 
side -aims,  baggage,  and  private  horses;  ami 
pledged  the  faith  of  the  government  that  they 

should    not    he    punished   tor   their   treason   and 

rebellion  so  long  as  they  should  respeol  that 
parole  and  be  obedient  to  law.     Grant,  at  the 

suggestion  of  Lee.  actually  allowed  such  caval- 
rymen of  the  Confederate  army  as  owned  their 
own  horses  to  retain  them,  as  they  would,  he 
said,  need  them  for  tilling  their  farms.  Lee 
now  returned  to  Richmond,  where  his  family 
resided.  He  had  started  on  that  campaign 
villi  05,000  meu,  and  he  returned  alone;   and 


i  AQUEDUCT 

for  a  month  afterwards  he  and  his  family  were 
kindly  furnished  with  daily  rations  from  the 
National  commissariat  at  Richmond.  Lee  had 
lost,  during  the  movements  of  his  army  from 
March  96  to  April  0.  about  14.000  men."  killed 
and  wounded,  and  25,000  made  prisoners.  The 
number  of  men  paroled  was  about  26.000.  of 
whom  not  more  than  9000  had  arms  in  their 
hands.  About  1(5.000  small-arms  were  surren- 
dered, 150  cannon.  71  colors,  about  1100  wagons 
and  caissons,  ami  4000  horses  and  mules. 

Apportionment  of  Representatives,  Tiik 
First.  In  the  matter  id'  apportionment  there 
was  considerable  disagreement  when  the  sub- 
ject was  brought  before 'the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, in  1791.  A  bill 
was  passed  Nov.  24)  giv- 
ing to  every  :?0.000  inhab- 
itants one  member  of  the 
House  of  Representatives. 
A  distribution  was  agreed 
upon  giving  a  total  of  IP! 
members,  but  leaving 
lai^e  unrepresented  frac- 
tions in  several  of  the 
Northern  States.  The 
Senate  sent  back  the  bill 
so  amended  as  to  raise 
the  ratio  of  apportion- 
ment to  33,000,  with  the 
avowed  purpose  of  di- 
minishing the  fractions. 
Long  and  warm  debates 
ensued,  and  threats  of 
dissolving  the  Union  were 
freely  uttered.  The  Sen- 
ate amendment  was  disa- 

•i  to.    A  committee  of 

conference   was    appoint- 
ed (March,  1792),  bnl  pro- 
duced no  result.     The  House  finally  agreed  to 
the  amendment, 31  to  29,  the  North  in  favor  of 

.the  South  opposed  to  it.  When  the 
bill  was  sent  to  the  President,  he  asked  tin- 
opinion  of  his  cabinet  as  to  its  constitutional- 
ity. The  cabinet  weir  somewhat  divided  in 
opinion,  and  Washington  vetoed  the  bill.  An- 
other bill  soon  passed  (April,  1792),  making  the 
ratio  33,000. 

Aqueduct,  Tiik  CROTON.  This  is  the  great- 
est work  of  the  kind  constructed  in  modern 
times  in  its  extent  and  magnificence.  It  was 
completed  in  1842,  after  continued  labor  npou 
it  for  five  years,  under  the  superintendence  of 
John  15.  .lei  \  is.  at  an  expense  of  $10,375,000,  in- 
clnding  $1,800,000  for  distributing-pipes  and 
amounts  paid  for  right  of  way  and  other  inci- 
dental (barges.  The  entire  cost,  including  com- 
mission and  interest,  w  SB $12,500,000.      Its  w  hold 

length,  from  the  Croton  River  to  the  distribu- 
ting   reservoir    at    Fifth   Avenue   and    Fortieth 

Street,  is  forty  and  a  half  miles.  There  an  six- 
teen tunnels  on  the  line,  cut  mainly  through 
gneiss  rock:  and  much  of  the  open  cutting  is 
also  through  roek.  Croton  Lake  was  made  by 
easting  up  a  dam  across  the  Croton  River,  and 
raising  the  water  forty  feet.  This  is  the  source 
ut'  the  aqueduct.      It   is  built  of  stone,  luick, 


AQUIA  CREEK 


56 


ARCHDALE 


and  cement,  arched  over  and  uuder,  six  feet  nine 
inches  wide  at  the  bottom  (the  chord  of  an  arc), 
seven  feet  five  inches  at  the  springing-line  of 
the  arch,  and  eight  feet  five  and  a  half  inches 
high.  It  crosses  the  Harlem  River  over  a  high 
bridge,  uuder  the  arches  of  which  sailing-ves- 
sels may  pass. 

Aquia  Creek,  ENGAGEMENT  at.  Alarmed  by 
the  gathering  of  troops  at  Washington,  Govern- 
or Letcher,  of  Virginia,  by  command  of  the  Con- 
federate government,  called  out  the  militia  of 
that  state,  appointing  no  less  than  twenty  places 
as  points  of  reudezvons,  one  fourth  of  which 
were  west  of  the  mountains,  for  the  insurgents 
were  threatened  by  Ohio  and  Indiana  volun- 
teers. His  proclamation  was  issued  May  3, 1861. 
Batteries  were  erected  on  the  Virginia  branch 
of  the  Potomac,  below  Washington,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  obstructing  the  navigation  of  that  stream 
and  preventing  supplies  reaching  Washington 
that  way.  At  the  middle  of  May,  Captain  J.  H. 
Ward,  a  veteran  officer  of  the  navy,  was  placed 
in  command  of  a  flotilla  on  the  Potomac,  which 
he  had  organized,  composed  of  four  armed  pro- 
pellers. On  his  way  to  Washington  from  Hamp- 
ton Roads,  he  had  captured  two  schooners  filled 
with  aimed  insurgents.  He  then  patrolled  that 
river,  reconnoitring  the  banks  in  search  of  bat- 
teries which  the  Virginians  had  constructed.  On 
the  heights  at  Aqnia  Creek  (the  terminus  of  a 
railway  from  Richmond),  fifty-five  miles  below 
Washington,  be  found  formidable  works,  and  at- 
tacked them,  May  31,  with  his  Hag-ship,  Thomas 
Freeborn,  and  the  gunboats  Anacosta  and  Reso- 
lute. For  two  hours  a  sharp  conflict  was  kept 
up,  and  the  batteries  were  silenced.  Ward's 
ammunition  for  long-range  was  exhausted,  and 
on  the  slacking  of  his  fire  the  batteries  opened 
again.  Unable  to  reply  at  that  distance,  Ward 
withdrew,  but  resumed  the  conflict  the  follow- 
ing day,  in  company  with  the  Pawnee,  Captain 
S.  C.  Rowan.  The  struggle  lasted  more  than  five 
hours.  Twice  the  batteries  on  shore  were  si- 
lenced, but  their  tire  was  renewed  each  time. 
The  Pawnee  was  badly  bruised,  but  no  person 
on  hoard  of  her  nor  on  Ward's  flotilla  was  killed 
or  seriously  injured. 

Arapahoes.  This  is  one  of  the  five  tribes 
constituting  the  Blackfeet  confederacy,  residing 
near  the  head-waters  of  the  Arkansas  and  Platte 
rivers.  They  were  great  hunters,  and  lifty  years 
ago  numbered  10,000  souls.  With  the  <1  i->;i [>- 
pesrance  of  the  buffalo  they  have  rapidly  de- 
creased, and  are  now  less  than  1000. 

Arbitrary  Measures  towards  the  Colonies. 
In  the  Marion  of  Parliament  in  l?.">(l,  that  body 
attempted  to  extend  its  authority  in  a  signal 
manner  over  the  colonies.  The.\  passed  laws 
to  regulate  the  internal  policy  of  the  colonies, 
as  well  as  their  acts  for  the  common  good,  flu- 
law  in  Pennsylvania,  under  which  1'ranklin's 
militia  (which  see)  were  raised,  was  repealed 

by  the  kin;;   in  council  ;   the  commissions  of  all 

officers  elected  under  it  were  cancelled,  and  the 
companies  were  dispersed.  Volunteers  were  for- 
bidden to  organize  for  their  defence  :  and  the  ar- 
rangements made  by  the  Quakers  (see  Inanity 


Association)  with  the  Delaware*,  to  secure  peace 
and  friendship  with  the  Indians,  were  censured 
by  Lord  Halifax  at  the  head  of  the  Board  of 
Trade  and  Plantations,  as  "  the  most  daring  vi- 
olation of  the  royal  prerogative."  Each  north- 
ern province  was  also  forbidden  to  negotiate 
with  the  Indians.  But  the  spirit  of  the  colo- 
nists could  not  be  brought  iuto  subjection  to 
arbitrary  royal  authority.  A  person  who  had 
long  resided  in  America,  and  had  just  returned 
to  England,  declared  prophetically,  "In  a  few 
years  the  colonies  in  America  will  be  indepen- 
dent of  Great  Britain  ;"  and  it  was  actually  pro- 
posed to  send  over  William,  Duke  of  Cumber- 
land, to  be  their  sovereign,  and  to  emancipate 
them  at  once. 

Arbuthnot,  Marriott,  a  British  admiral,  was 
born  about  1711  ;  died  in  London.  Jan.  31,  1794. 
He  became  a  post-captain  in  1747.     From  1775 


MARRIOTT  ARBITH.NOT. 

to  1778  he  was  naval  commissioner  resident  at 
Halifax,  Nova  Scotia.  Having  been  raised  to 
the  rank  of  vice-admiral  in  1779,  he  obtained 
the  chief  command  on  the  American  station. 
and  was  blockaded  by  the  Count  D'Estaing  in 
the  harbor  of  New  York.  In  the  spring  of 
1780  he  co-operated  with  Sir  Henry  Clinton  in 
the  siege  of  Charleston,  8.  C.  In  February,  179;J. 
he  became  admiral  of  the  blue. 

Archdale  (John)  and  his  Administration. 
Faction  was  postponing  the  era  of  real  prosper- 
ity in  Carolina,  and  the  unwise  conduct  of  its 
governors  was  fanning  the  flame,  when  John 
Archdale,  a  Quaker,  and  a  native  of  Buckingham- 
shire, England,  was  sent  to  govern  the  province. 
The  proprietors  had  abandoned  <lti;»:{i  their  ab- 
surd  scheme   of  government    I  see    l'iiii(lannntal 

Constitutions),  and  Archdale  was  sent  to  soothe 
the  irritation  by  persuasive  and  mild  measures. 
He  had  taken  great  interest  in  colonial  sc  hemes, 
and  was  one  of  the  Carolina  proprietors.  In 
their  scheme  he  had  been  a  great   helper       His 

eldest  sister,  Mary,  had  married  Ferdinando 
( hn  gee,  grandson  of  Sir  Perdbiando  i  which  Bee), 
who  was  Governor  of  Maine, aud  in  1658  pub- 
lished America  Paintid from  lit',.      Archdale  had 

been  in  Maine  a-^  Gorges*  agent  in  L664,  was  m 
North  Carolina  m  1686,  and  was  commissioner 

in  Maine  in  1(187-88.     Ou  his  arrival 


ARCTIC  DISCOVERY  57 

in  South  Carolina  as  governor,  in  1694,  Arcbdale 
formed  a  commission  of  sensible  and  moderate 
men,  to  whom  ho  said,  at  their  first  meeting,- "I 
believe  I  may  appeal  to  your  serious  and  ration- 
al observations  whether  I  have;  not  already  so  al- 
layed your  heats  as  that  the  distinguishing  titles 
thereof  are  so  much  withered  away  ;  and  I  hope 
this  meeting  with  you  will  wholly  extinguish 
them,  so  that  a  solid  settlement  of  this  hope- 
ful colony  may  ensue  ;  and  by  so  (hung,  your 
posterity  «  ill  bless  God  fox  so  happy  a  conjunc- 
tion.'' He  told  them  why  he  had  been  sent,  and 
said,  "And  now  you  have  heard  of  the  proprie- 
tors' intentions  of  sending  me  hither,  I  doubt 
not  hut  the  proprietors'  intentions  of  choosing 
you  were  much  of  the  same  nature:  I  advise 
you,  therefore,  to  proceed  soberly  and  mildly  in 
this  weighty  concern;  and  I  question  not  hut 
we  shall  answer  you  in  all  things  that  are  rea- 
sonable and  honorable  for  us  to  do,  And  now, 
friends,  I  have  given  you  the  reason  of  my  com- 
ing, I  shall  give  you  the  reasons  of  my  calling 
you  so  soon,  which  was  the  consideration  of 
my  own  mortality  [he  was  then  neailx   seventj 

years  of  age],  and  that  such  a  considerable  trust 

might  not  expire  useless  to  you  ;  and  I  hope  the 
God  of  peace  will  prosper  your  counsels  here- 
in." Archdale  was  one  of  the  proprietors  of 
North  Carolina,  and,  arriving  there  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1696,  had  a  ver\  successful  though  brief 

administration.     Elected  to  Parliament  in  1686, 

he  would  only  affirm,  instead  of  taking  the  re- 
quired oath,  and  was  not  allowed  to  lake  his 
seat  in  oonseqnenoe. 

Arctic  Discovery.  During  almost  four  hun- 
dred years  efforts  have  been  made  by  European 
navigators  to  discover  a   passage   for   vessels 

through  the  Arctic  seas  to  India.  The  stories  of 
Marco  Polo  of  the  magnificent  countries  in  East- 
ern Asia  and  adjacent  islands  Cathay  and  Zip- 
angi,  China  and  Japan  stimulated  desirea  to  ac- 
complish such  a  passage.  TbeCabotswentinthe 
direction  of  the  pole,  northwestward,  at  or  near 

the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century. and  penetrated 
as  far  north  as  <i7  30',  or  half-way  up  to  I  pres- 
ent i  Da\  is  Strait.     The  next  explorers  were  the 

brothers  CortereaL  who  made  three  voyages  in 
that  direction,  1500-2.  In  1.".:,;;  Sir  Hugh  Wil- 
loughby  set  out  to  find  a  northeast  pas-age 
to  India,  but  was  driven  back  from  Nova  Zem- 

bla,  and  perished  on  the  shore  of  Lapland.  In 
157(5-78  Martin  Frobishcr  made  three  voyages  to 

tind  a  northwest  passage  into  the  Pacifio  Ocean, 
and  discovered  the  eutrance  to  Hudson's  Bay. 
Between  1586  and  1587  John  Davis  discovered 

the  strait  that  bears  his  name.  The  Dutch  made 
strenuous  efforts  to  discover  a  north-east  pas- 
sage.    William  Barents  made  three  voyages  in 

that  direction  in  l.'.'.M  '.Ml.  and  perished  on  his 
third  voyage.  Henrj  Hudson  tried  to  round 
the  north  of  Europe  and  Asia,  in   1607  -.  but 

failed,  and.  pushing   for  the    lower   latitudes  id' 

the  American  ooast,  discovered  the  river  that 

bears  his  name.  While  on  an  expedition  to  dis- 
cover a  northwest  passage,  he  found  Hudson's 
Hay.  and  perished  i  Ullilj  on  its  bosom.  In  Kilti 
Baffin  explored  the  ba>  called  by  his  name,  and 
eutered  the  mouth  of  Lane  aster  Sound.     After 


ARCTIC  DISCOVERY 


that,  for  fifty  years,  no  navigator  went  so  far 
north  in  that  direction.  In  1720  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Company  (which  see)  sent  captains  Knight 
and  Barlow  to  search  for  a  northwest  passage 
to  India.  They  sailed  with  a  ship  and  sloop, 
and  were  never  heard  of  afterwards.  Iu  1741 
Vitus  Behring  discovered  the  strait  that  bears 
his  name,  having  set  sail  from  a  port  iu  Kam- 
chatka. In  that  region  Behring  perished.  Rus- 
sian navigators  tried  in  vain  to  solve  the  prob- 
lem. Between  1769  and  177-2  Samuel  Hearne 
made  three  overland  .journeys  in  America  to  the 
Arctic  Ocean.  The  British  government  having, 
in  1743,  offered  8100,000  to  the  crew  who  should 
aCOOmplish  a  northwest  passage,  stimulated  ef- 
forts iu  that  direction.  Captain  Philips  (Lord 
Mulgrave)  attempted  to  reach  the  north  pole  in 
177I!;  and  before  setting  out  on  his  last  voyage 
(1776),  Captain  Cook  was  instructed  to  attempt 
to  penetrate  the  Polar  Sea  by  Behring's  Strait. 
He  went  only  aa  far  as 70  4.V.  In  1817  Captain 
Ross  anil  Lieutenant  Parry  sailed  for  the  Polar 
Sea  from  England;  and  the  same  year  Captain 
Bnohan  and  Lieutenant  (Sir  John)  Franklin 
went  in  an  easterly  direction  on  a  similar  errand. 
namely,  to  reach  the  north  pole.  At  this  time 
the  Chief  Object  Of  these  explorations  was  sci- 
entific, and  not  commercial.  Buchan  and  Frank- 
lin went  by  way  of  Spitsbergen  ;  but  they  only 
penetrated  to  BO    34'.     Roes  and  Parry  entered 

Lancaster  Sound,  explored  its  coasts,  and  Ross 
returned  with  the  impression  that  it  was  a  bay. 
Barry  did  not  agree  with  him  in  this  opinion, 
and  he  sailed  on  a  further  exploration  in  1819. 
lie  advanced  farther  iu  that  direction  than  any 
mariner  before  him,  and  approached  the  mag- 
netic pole, finding  the  compass  of  little  use.  On 
Sept.   1.  1819,  Parry  announced  to  his  crew  that 

they  were  entitled  to  |SO,000  offered  by  Parlia- 
ment for  reaching  so  westerly  a  point  in  that 
region,  for  they  had  passed  the  one  hundred 
and  tenth  meridian.  There  they  were  frozen  in 
for  about  a  year.  Parry  sailed  again  in  1-21. 
Meanwhile  an  overland  expedition,  led  by  Frank- 
lin, had  gone  to  co-operate  with  Parry.  They 
wire  absent  from  homo  about  three  years, 
travelled  over  live  thousand  miles,  and  accom- 
plished nothing.  They  had  endured  gnat  suf- 
fering.    Parry,  also,  accomplished  nothing,  and 

returned  iu  October,  1883.  Other  English  ex- 
peditions followed  in  the  same  direction,  by 
land  and  water.  Sir  John  Franklin  and  others 
went  overland,  and  Parry  by  sea,  on  a  joint  ex- 
pedition, and  Captain  Beeehey  was  sent  around 
Capo  Horn  to  enter  Behring's  Strait  and  push 
eastward  to  meet  Parry.  Franklin  explored  the 
North  American  coast,  but  nothing  else  was  ac- 
complished by  these  expeditions.  Mr.  Seoles- 
by,  a  whaleman,  and  his  son,  had  penetrated 
to  ,-i    north  latitude  in  1806.     His  experience 

led  him  to  ad\  ise  an  expedition  with  boats  lived 
on  sledges,  to  be  easily  dragged  on  the  ice.    Wit  h 

an  expedition  so  tit  ted  out,  Captain  Parry  sailed 

lor  the  polar  waters  in  1*27.  This  expedition 
was  a  failure.  Captain  Ross  was  in  the  polar 
waters  again  from  May,  1829,  until  the  midsum- 
mer of  1833.  The  party  had  been  given  up  as  lost. 
Another  party  had  started  in  search  of  Ross,  ex- 


AKGALL 


f>8 


ARGUS,  CAPTUKE  OF  THE 


ploreil  the  north  coast  of  America,  and  discov- 
ered Victoria  Land.  Other  lainl  expeditious  fol- 
lowed :  and  one.  under  Dr.  John  Rae.  completed 
a  survey  of  the  north  coast  of  the  American  con- 
tinent in  the  spring  of  1847.  Sir  John  Frank- 
lin vet  believed  a  northwest  passage  possible. 
With  two  vessels — the  Erebus  and  Terror — each 
lilted  with  a  small  steam-engine  and  screw-pro- 
peller, he  sailed  front  England  May  19,  L~45. 
They  were  seen  by  a  whale-ship,  in  July,  about 
to  enter  Lancaster  Sound,  and  were  never  heard 
ot  afterwards.  The  British  government  de- 
spatched three  expedit  ions  in  search  of  them  in 
1848.  <*ne  of  them  was  an  overland  expedition 
under  Sir  John  Richardson,  who  traversed  the 
northern  coast  of  America  eight  hundred  miles, 
in  1848,  without  finding  Franklin.  The  sea  expe- 
dition was  equally  unfortunate.  Dr. Rae  failed 
in  an  overland  search  in  1850.  Three  more  ex- 
peditions were  sent  out  by  the  British  govern- 
ment in  search  in  1850;  and  from  Great  Britain 
five  others  were  fitted  out  by  private  means. 
One  was  also  sent  by  the  United  Slates  govern- 
ment, chiefly  at  tin;  cost  of  Henry  (irinuell,  a  New 
York  merchant.  It  was  commanded  by  Lieuten- 
ant De  Haven,  of  the  U.  S.  Navy.  There  were 
two  ships,  the  Advance  and  Rescue.  Dr.  E.  K. 
Kane  was  surgeon  and  naturalist  of  the  expedi- 
tion. It  was  unsuccessful,  ami  returned  in  1851. 
Lady  Franklin,  meanwhile,  had  been  sending 
out  expeditions  in  search  of  her  husband,  and 
the  British  government  and  British  navigators 
made  untiring  efforts  to  find  the  lost  explorers, 
but  in  vain.  Another  American  expedition,  un- 
der Dr.  Kane,  made  an  unsuccessful  search,  ami 
finally  the  search  was  given  up.  In  a  sci- 
entific point  of  view.  Dr.  Kane's  expedition  ob- 
tained the  most  important  results.  It  is  believed 
that  he  saw  an  open  polar  sea;  and  to  find  that 
sea  oilier  American  expeditions  sailed  under  Dr. 
I.  I.  Hayes,  a  member  of  Kane's  expedition,  and 
Captain  Charles  1".  Hall.  The  latter  returned 
to  tin-  I'nited  Slates  in  I860,  and  Dr.  Hayes  in 
1861.  Hall  sailed  again  in  1864,  and  returned 
in  1869.  The  Germans  and  Swedes  now  sent  ex- 
peditions in  that  direction.  In  1869  Dr.  Hayes 
again  visited  the  polar  waters.    The  same  year, 

and  for  some  time  afterwards,  several  expedi- 
tions were  sent  out  from  the  < tinea)  of  Eu- 
rope. I'inally.  by  the.  help  of  Congress,  Captain 
Hall  was  enabled  to  sail,  with  a  well-furnished 
company,  in  the  ship  1'olaiix,  for  the  polar  seas. 
in  June.  1871.  In  October  Hall  left  the  vessel, 
and  started  northward  on  a  sledge  expedition. 
On  his  return  he  suddenly  sickened  anil  died, 
and  the  Polaris  returned  without  accomplishing 
much.     The  passage  from  the  coast  of  Western 

Europe,  around  the  north  of  I  hat  continent  ;md 

of  Asia,  into  the  Pacific  Ocean,  was  first  accom- 
plished in  the  summer  of  1879,  by  Professor  Nor- 
denskjold,  an  accomplished  Swedish  explorer,  in 

the  steamship  Vega,  she  passed  through  Behr- 
ing's  strait  into  the  Pacific  Ocean,  ami  reached 
Japan  in  the  first  week  in  September.    Thus  the 

great  problem  has  been  solved  nearly  four  hun- 
dred years  after  Cabot's  voyage  up  the  coast  of 
Labi  a. lor.      i  See  Cabot) 

Argaii,  Saw  it.  Brat  appears  iu  hiatorj  In  ■ 


nefarious  transaction  in  Virginia,  in  1612,  when 

he  was  forty  years  of  age.  He  was  born  at  Bris- 
tol, England,  in  1572,  and  died  in  1639.     Argall 

was  one  of  the  early  adventurers  to  Virginia. 
He  commanded  a  vessel,  and  was  a  sort  of  buc- 
caneer. He  was  in  Virginia  at  a  time  when 
Powhatan  was  particularly  hostile  to  the  Eng- 
lish settlers.  He  and  his  nearest  neighbors 
would  not  allow-  the  people  to  carry  food  to  the 
English  at  Jamestown,  mid  provisions  became 
very  scarce.  Argall  was  sent  with  a  vessel  on 
a  foraging  expedition  up  the  York  River.  Be- 
ing near  tin-  dwelling  of  Powhatan, he  bribed  a 
savage  by  a  gift  of  a  copper  kettle  to  entice  Poca- 
hontas on  board  his  vessel,  where  he  detained 
her  a  prisoner,  hoping  to  get  a  large  quantity  of 
corn  from  her  father  as  a  ransom,  and  to  recover 
some  arms  and  implements  of  labor  which  the 
Indians  had  stolen.  Powhatan  rejected  Argall's 
proposal  for  a  ransom  with  scorn,  and  would  not 
hold  intercourse  with  the  pirate:  but  he  sent 
word  to  th«>  authorities  at  Jamestown  that,  if 
his  daughter  should  be  released,  he  would  for- 
get the  injury  and  be  the  friend  of  the  English. 
They  would  not  trust  him,  and  the  maiden 
was  taken  to  Jamestown  and  detained  several 
months,  always  treated  with  great  respect  as  a 
princess.  There  she  became  tin-  object  of  a  young 
Englishman's  affections;  and  the  crime  of  Ar- 
gall led  to  peace  and  happiness  (see  PocahonUu). 
The  next  year  (1613)  Argall  went,  with  the  sanc- 
tion of  the  Governor  of  Virginia  (see  Thomas 
Dale)  to  expel  the  French  from  Acadia  as  in- 
truders upon  the  domain  of  the  North  and  South 
Virginia  Company.  He  stopped  on  his  way  at 
Mount  Desert  Island,  and  broke  up  the  Jesuit 
settlement  there.  (See  Acadia.)  The  priests. 
it  is  said,  feeling  an  enmity  tow  arils  the  authori- 
ties at  fort  Royal,  in  Acadia,  willingly  accom- 
panied Argall  as  pilots  thither  iu  order  to  be 
revenged.  Argall  plundered  the  settlement,  and 
laid  the  village  in  ashes,  driving  the  people  to 
the  woods,  and  breaking  up  the  colony.  In  1(>17 
Argall  became  deputy  governor  of  Virginia.  On 
going  to  Jamestown  he  found  it  fallen  into  de- 
cay, the  storehouse  used  as  a  church;  the  mar- 
ket-place, streets,  and  other  spots  in  the  town 
planted  with  tobacco;  the  people  dispersed  ac- 
cording to  every  man's  convenience  for  plant- 
ing; and  the  number  of  the  settlers  there  re- 
duced. Argall's  rule  was  so  despotic  that,  in 
L619,  he  was  recalled,  ami  Sir  George  Teardly 
was  put  iu  his  place,  lie  returned  to  England 
with    much    wealth.      After  the   death   of   Lord 

Delaware  Captain  Argall  took  charge  of  his 
estate,  and  Lady  Delaware  charged  him  with 

gloss  fraud  and  peculation. 

"Argus,"   Capture   of  tin    (1813).     The 
American  brig  Argue, Captain  W.  H.Allen, bore 

to  fiance  William  H.  Crawford,  I'nited  States 
minister  to  that  government.  She  afterwards 
cruised  in  British  waters,  ami  by  the  cchnlv 
of  her  movements  and  destructive  energj  she 
-piead  consternation  throughout  commercial 
England,    she  carried  32  pound  oarronadea  and 

two   Low   gnus:   and   her   commander,  who    had 

nerved  under  Decatur,  was  one  of  the  most  gal 
luut  men  of  the  navy.    He  roamed  the  "  chop-  of 


AEISTA 


59 


ARIZONA.  LEGEND  OF 


the  Clianm-l  "  successfully;  and,  sailing  around 
Land's  End,  in  the  space  of  thirty  days  be  capt- 
ured do  less  than  twenty  valuable  British  mer- 
chantmen, with  cargoes  valued  at  $2,000,000. 
Too  far  away  from  friendly  ports  into  which  he 
might  send  his  prizes,  he  burned  all  the  vessels. 
Every  non-combatant  captive  he  allowed  to  re- 
move his  private  property,  and  for  this  generos- 
ity he  was  thanked  by  them.  The  British  gov- 
ernment, alarmed  by  the  exploits  of  the  drgut, 
sent  out  several  cruisers  after  her.  Just  before 
the  dawn  of  the  14th  of  Angosl  1813),  the  Brit- 
ish brig  Pelioan,  L8,  Captain  J.  P.  Maples,  ap- 
pealed; ami  at  Bix o'clock  the  Argus  wore  round 

and  delivered  a  broadside  upon  her  at  grapeshol 

distance.  The  Bre  «as  immediately  returned, 
and  a  round  shot,  carried  away  Allen's  hit  leg. 
Be  refused  to  be  taken  from  the  deck  ;  but  soon 
becoming  unconscious  from  loss  of  blood,  he  w  as 

taken  to  the  cockpit,  and  died  the  next  day. 
The  men  of  the  Argue,  weakened  by  too  free  use 
of  captured  wine  the  uighl  before,  did  not  light 
with  their  usual  vigor,  yet  they  handled  the  ves- 
sel   admirably.      Lieutenant    W.  Howard    Allen 

was  hit  iii  chief  command.  Very  soon  the  Ar- 
gue became  so  badly  injured  that  she  begad  to 

reel.  All  her  braces  were  shot  away,  and  she 
could  not  be  kept  in  position.  The  Pelican  at 
length  crossed  her  stern,  and  raked  her  dread- 
fully ;  and  at  the  end  of  twenty-live  minutes 
from  the  beginning  of  the  action  the  drgut  be- 
came unmanageable.  Yel  she  fonght  on  feebly 
t  wenty  minutes  longer,  when  she  was  com] idled 

to  surrender,  the  Neil  -  liaise,  the  1'ilicmi'x  con- 
sort, having  hove  in  sight.  The  drgut  lost,  in 
killed  and  wounded,  23  men  ;  the  Pelican  lost  7 
men. 

Arista,  MARIANO,  a  Mexican  general,  was 
born  at  San  Luis  Potosi,  July  16,  1802;  died  in 
Spain,  Aug.  9,  1865.  Receiving  a  military  edu- 
cation,he  served  in  the  Spanish  army  until  June, 
1821,  when  he  joined  the  Mexican  revolutionists. 
Hi'  rose  rapidly  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-gen- 
Btal;  and  in  June,  L833,  he  was  made, by  Santa 
Aha.  second  in  command  of  the  Mexican  army. 
Joining  another  leader  in  an  unsuccessful  revolt, 
he  was  expelled  from  Mexico,  anil  came  to  the 
United  Slates.  In  1^;',;,  )„.  returned,  and  was 
restored  to  his  rank  in  the  army,  and  made 
Jndge  of  the  Supreme  Tribunal  of  War.     He  was 

taken  prist r  by  t  he  French  at  Vera  <  Irnz   I  >eo. 

.">.  1838  |  ''Hi   was  -,„,n  released  on  parole.     In 

1839  he  became  general-in-chief  of  the  northern 

division  of  the  army,  and  received  the  ■■  Cross  of 

Honor''  for  defeating  insurgents.     Though  only 

a  military  commander,  he  was  for  some  time  I  In- 
real  ruler  of  Mexico  when  Herrera  was  Presi- 
dent in  1844.  Commanding  at  the  battles  of 
Palo  Alto  and  L'esaca  de  la  Palma  (which  see). 
in  May,  1848,  he  was  appointed  Minister  of  War 
a  month  later.  Within  two  years  he  suppressed 
seventeen  revolts  in  Mexico;  and  in  i860  be  was 
elected  President  of  his  native  country.  He  re- 
signed the  government  in  July,  1853.  Banished 
from  his  country  by  his  enemies,  he  made  a  voy- 
age to  Europe;  and  died  there  on  the  day  when 
Santa  Aha,  who  had  usurped  his  seat,  was  com- 
pelled to  fly  from  the  city  of  Mexico. 


Arizona  and  California,  Jesuit  Missions  in. 
So  early  as  1658  Eusebio  Francisco  Kino,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  order  of  Jesuits,  was  engaged  in  the 
exploration  of  the  (present)  Territory  id'  Ari- 
zona; and  in  1070,  in  pursuance  of  a  vow  made 
when  he  supposed  he  was  dying,  he  undertook 
single-handed  the  spiritual  regeneration  of  the 
peninsula  of  California.  To  Kino  is  due  the 
honor  of  founding  the  first  settlements  in  Cali- 
fornia and  Arizona,  which  now  belong  to  the 
United  States.  In  1070  he  set  out,  with  Other 
priests,  on  a  mission  in  the  valley  of  the  Gila. 
They  established  live  missions  in  that  region 
during  the  next  eight  years;  and  in  1697  bis 
efforts  to  establish  permanent  missions  in  Cali- 
fornia were  gratified  when  a  station  was  planted 
in  that  country.  Salvaticrra,  vv  ho  was  person- 
ally engaged  in  founding  the  mission,  and  in 
the  introduction  of  civilization  into  thai  region, 
discovered,  by  the  aid  id'  the  "  Holy  Virgin  of 
1. met  to."  he  said,  that  California  was  really  a 
peninsula,  for  In'  passed  around  the  head  id'  the 
Pay  of  California  These  Jesuit  missionaries 
made  many  converts  among  the  Indians,  who 
were  provided  with  food  from  the  stores  of  I  he 
mission-house.  The  Indian  parishioners  of  the 
priests  were  clothed  by  the  good  father  wilh 
warm  cloth  from  Spain:  and  he  furnished  them 
with  cloaks  and  blankets.  They  were  taught 
the  art  of  agriculture  J  but  as  they  would  not 
save  the  crops,  they  were  taken  for  the  common 
use  at  the  mission.  Wine  was  thus  early  pro- 
duced at  the  missions  in  California.  Missions 
became  quite  numerous,  though  most  of  them 

were  small,  one  priest  and  one  soldier  Constitut- 
ing the  w  hole  of  the.  vv  bite  population.     A  senn- 

theocratic  government  was  established  at  each 

mission  village.  The  priest  appointed  one  In- 
dian as  gov  ernor,  one  to  the  charge  of  the  church, 
and  the  third  to  be  the  catechist  of  those  who 
were  learners.  In  the  absence  of  the  priest,  the 
soldier  acted  as  his  vicegerent.  At  some  sta- 
tions Ihe  Indians  were  taught  to  spin  wool  and 
weave  it  ,  also  to  make  sail-cloth  from  hemp,  in 
violation  of  the  navigation  laws  of  Spain.  Pueb- 
las  containing  semi -civilized  barbarians  were 
soon  formed  in  many  (daces  in  Arizona  and  Cali- 
fornia, where  men  and  women  were  trained  by 
the  Jesuits  in  the  elements  of  Christian  civiliza- 
tion; hut  their  progress  was  frequently  Inter- 
rupted by  inroads  tn<u\  the  wild  tribes  around 
them.  The  decline  in  the  power  of  Spain  hin- 
dered aid  to  Spanish  missions,  and  the  Indian 
converts  began  to  relapse  into  the  habits  of  sav- 
age life.  ReVOltS  ensued.  The  power  of  the 
Jesuits  at  the  Spanish  court  waned  and  disap- 
peared ;  and  on  June  20.  17(17,  the  king  (Charles 
III.)  issued  a  decree  for  the  expulsion  of  the  Jes- 
uits from  California.  Choiseul.  the  able  French 
minister,  and  the  equally  aide  Araiula,  convinced 
Charles  that  the  Jesuits  had  circulated  slanders 
in  regard  to  his  own  birth;  and  the  monarch 
eagerly  gave  the  sudden  and  unexpected  blow- 
to  their  power  in  the  Spanish  dominions. 

Arizona,  LkOBND  OF.  To  one  of  the  pioneer 
explorers  of  the  Arizona  region  the  Zunia  In- 
dians gave  the  follow  ing  account  id'  I  heir  origin 
a-  preserved  in  their  traditions.     Their  legend 


ARIZONA,  TERRITORY  OF 


60       ARKANSAS  SECESSION  ORDINANCE 


relates  that  in  the  beginning  a  race  of  men 
Bprang  up  out  of  the  earth,  as  plants  arise  and 
oome  forth  in  the  spring.  This  race  increased 
until  t hey  spread  over  the  whole  earth,  and,  after 
continuing  through  countless  ages,  passed  away. 
The  earth  then  remained  without  people  a  great 
length  of  time,  until  at  length  the  sun  had  com- 
passion on  the  earth,  and  sent  a  celestial  maiden 
to  repeople  the  globe.  This  young  goddess  was 
called  Arizonia,  the  name  signifying  "Maiden 
Queeu."  This  Arizonia  dwelt  npou  the  earth  a 
great  length  of  time  in  lonely  solitude,  until  at 
a  certain  time,  while  basking  in  the  sunbeams, 
a  drop  of  dew  fell  from  heaven  and  rested  upon 
Arizonia,  who  in  due  time  blessed  the  world 
with  twins,  a  son  and  daughter,  and  these  be- 
came the  father  and  mother  of  the  Zunia  In- 
dians, and  from  this  tribe  arose  all  other  races  of 
men  ;  the  black,  white,  olive,  and  all  other  clay- 
colored  men  being  merely  apostate  off-shoots 
from  this  original  tribe,  and  the  Zunias  being 
the  only  pure,  original  stock,  children  of  the  sun, 
now  upon  the  earth. 

Arizona,  Territory  of,  is  in  the  extreme 
southwestern  portion  of  the  republic,  lying  on 
the  border  of  Mexico.  The  region  was  early 
known  to  Spanish  explorers.  So  early  as  1526, 
Don  Jos6  de  Vasconcellos,  a  follower  of  Cortez, 
crossed  the  centre  of  this  territory  towards  the 
Great  Cafiou,  and  the  region  was  afterwards  vis- 
ited by  other  Spanish  explorers.  They  then,  as 
we  do  now,  found  on  the  river  banks  ruins  of 
cities  which  seemed  to  have  existed  for  centu- 
ries. These,  with  regular  fortifications,  reser- 
voirs, and  canals,  show  that  the  country  was 
once  inhabited  by  an  enterprising  and  cultivated 
people.  There  are  found  w  alls  of  solid  masonry, 
usually  two  stories  in  height.  It  is  estimated 
that  full  one  hundred  thousand  people  must 
have  inhabited  the  valley  of  the  Gila  alone. 
Arizona  was  settled  by  Spanish  missionaries 
from  Mexico  as  earl;  as  1687.  These  missions 
were  principally  seated  on  the  Lower  Colorado 
and  Gila  rivers.  The  territory  formed  a  part 
ofMexicO  until  its  purchase  by  the  Tinted  Slates 
in  1850.  It  was  organized  into  a  territory  by 
act  of  Congress,  Feb.  24.  1863,  with  its  area  de- 
scribed as  comprising  all  the  "  United  Slates 
lands  west  of  Longitude  109  to  tin-  California 
line."  Since  then  the  northwest  corner  has  been 
ceded  to  Nevada.  It  is  a  mountainous  region, 
and  much  of  the  northern  portion  remains  un- 
explored. 

Arkansas  was  discovered  by  De  Soto  in  1641, 
m  ho  crossed  the  Mississippi  near  the  site  of  lh- 

~.  .•  Ih  Solo. )  It  was  next  \isiled  by  l'a- 
I  hei  Marquette  (which  see)  in  167:?.  It  was  orig- 
inally a  pari  of  Louisiana,  purchased  from  the 
French  in  1803,  and  so  remained  until  1818,  w  hen 
it    formed   a   part    of  Missouri    Territory  (which 

si  ei.     it  was  erected  Into  a  territory  in  1819, 

with   its    present    name,  and    remained   under   a 

territorial  governmeul  until  1836, when  a  con- 
vention at  Little  Book,  its  present  capital, 
formed  a  state  constitution.  Its  litst  territo- 
rial legislature  met  at  Arkansas  Posl  in  1  ^v!»>. 
On   June   15,  1836,  Arkansas   was  admitted   into 


STATE    SEAL   OF    ARK  >V-A^ 


the  Union  as  a  state.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
Civil  War  a  state  convention  was  held  at  Little 
Bock,  and  on  May  6,  1861,  adopted  an  ordinance 
of  secession,  when  the  state  became  a  member 
of    the    Southern 

Confederacy.  Mean- 
while the  state  au- 
thorities had  seized 
the  national  prop- 
erty in  the  state. 
Dining  almost  the 
whole  period  of  the 
war.  National  or 
Confederate  troops 
occupied  the  state  ; 
and  one  of  the  most 
hotly  contested  bat- 
tles of  the  war  was 
fonghton  its  soil.  (See  Pea  Pidfle.)  OnOct.30,1863, 
a  meeting  of  loyal  citizens,  representing  about 
twenty  counties,  was  held  at  Fort  Smith,  to  take 
measures  for  reorganizing  the  state  go\  eminent. 
In  January  following,  a  convention,  composed  of 
representatives  of  forty-two  counties,  assembled 
at  Little  Rock,  and  flamed  a  loyal  constitution, 
which  was  ratified  by  the  people  in  March, 
1864.  Members  of  the  Legislature  were  elected, 
and  in  April  a  state  government  was  organized. 
In  1867  military  rule  was  established  in  Arkan- 
sas, which,  with  Mississippi,  constituted  a  mili- 
tary district.  A  new  constitution  was  framed 
by  a  convention  at  Little  Rock,  Jan.  7,  1868,  and 
was  ratified  by  a  small  majority  in  March.  On 
June  22,  Congress  declared  Arkansas  entitled  to 
representation  in  that  body,  and  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  government  was  transferred  from 
the  military  to  the  civil  authority. 

Arkansas  Post,  Capture  OF.    General  W.T. 

Sherman  and  Commodore  Poller,  near  Yicks- 
bnrg,  had  planned  an  attack  upon  Arkansas 
1'ost,  or  Fort  Ilindman,  on  the  Arkansas  River, 
fifty  miles  from  the  Mississippi.  General  McCler- 
nand,  who  had  arrived  and  taken  the  chief  com- 
mand, accompanied  the  expedition.  The  troops 
landed,  about  twenty-live  thousand  strong,  three 
miles  below   the  fort,  on  June'.',  and  were  led  bj 

Generals  MoClernand,  Sherman,  Morgan,  Steele, 

Slew  ait.  A.  J.  Smith,  and  Osterhaus.  Porter 
had  a  strong  flotilla  of  armored  and  nn.ii  niored 
gunboats.  The  latter,  moving  on,  shelled  the 
Confederates  out  of  their  rille  pits;  and  on  the 
11th  the  army  moved  against  Foil  Ilindman. 
When  the  gunboats  opened  lire  upon  if,  Morgan's 
artillery  cox  ered  the  advance.  Altera  short  tight 
t'or  about  two  hours,  the  Confederates  raised  a 
w  bite  flag,  w  bile  troops,  w  Inch  bad  stormed  the 
works,  were  swarming  over  them.  Arkansas 
I'. .si  was  surrendered.  The  Nationals  lost  i'77 
men.  of  whom  129  were  killed.  The  spoils  were 
ahoui  .".nun  prisoners, 7  cannons, 3000  small-arms, 
and  a  large  quantity .  of  stores.  The  fort  was 
blown  up,  and  property  which  could  not  lie  (al- 
lied away  was  destroyed. 

Arkansas  Secession  Ordinance.  The  peo- 
ple Of  Arkansas  were  attached  to  the  I'mon, 
but,  unfortunately,  the  governor  and  most  of 
flu'    leading   politicians   of  the   ltat«    were   ills- 


ARKANSAS,  THE  RAM  61 

loyal,  and  no  effort  was  spared  by  tliem  to  ob- 
tain the  passage  of  au  ordinance  of  secession. 
For  this  purpose  a  Mate  convention  of  delegates 
assembled  at  the  capital  (Little  Rock)  on  March 
4,1861.  It  was  composed  of  seventy-live  mem- 
bers, of  whom  forty  were  sueh  stanch  Unionists 
that  it  was  evident  no  ordinance  of  secession 
could  he  passed.  The  friends  of  secession  then 
proposed  a  plan  that  seemed  fair.  A  self-con- 
stituted  committee  reported  to  the  convention 
an  ordinance  providing  for  an  election  to  he 
held  on  the  first  Monday  in  August,  at  which 
the   legal   voters   of  the   state   should  decide,  by 

ballot,  lor  "secession"  or  "co-operation."    If  a 

majority  should  appear  for  "  secession,"  that  fact 
would  be  considered  in  the  light  of  instructions 
to  the  convention  to  pass  an  ordinance  to  that 
effect;  if  for  "co-operation,"  then  measures  were 
to  i>e  used,  iii  conjunction  with  the  border  slave- 
labor  states  "yet  in  the  Union,"  for  the  settle- 
ment of  existing  difficulties.  The  ni 
of  the  convention  was  fixed  for  August  17.  The 
proposition  seemed  so  fair  that  it  was  adopted  by 
unanimous  vote,  and  the  convention  adjourned. 
Subject    to   the    (all    of  its   president,  who   was 

known  as  a  Union  man.     Taking  advantage  of 

the  excitement  incident  to  the  attack  on  Fort 
Sumter  and  the  President's  call  for  troops,  the 
governor  (  Rector)  and  his  disloyal  associates 
adopted  measures  for  arraying  Arkansas  among 
the  "seceded  states."  In  violation  of  the  pledge 
of  the  convention  that  the  whole  matter  should 

be  determined  by  the  people  in  August,  the  gov- 
ernor induced  the  president  of  the  convention 
to  call  that  body  together  on  May  (i.  It  met  on 
that  day.  Seventy  delegates  were  present.  Aii 
ordinance  of  secession,  previously  prepared,  was 
presented  to  it  at  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon, 

when  the  hall  in  which  the  delegates  met  was 
crowded  bj  an  excited  multitude.  It  was  moved 
that  the  "yeas"  and  "nays"  on  the  question 
should   he   taken   without  debate.      Though  the 

motion  was  rejected  by  a  considerable  majority, 
the  president  declared  it  carried.  Then  a  vote 
on  the  ordinance  was  taken.  There  seemed  to 
he  a  majority  against  it  :  but  the  president  arose 
and  earnestly  exhorted  the  Unionists  to  change 
their  votes,  which  they  did,  as  they  perceived  a 
determination  on  the  part  of  the  crowd  of  .spec- 
tators to  compel  them  to  do  so.      The  place  (the 

hall  of  the  1  h  Mis,,  of  Representatives)  was  dense- 
ly  )iacked   with   human   beings.      As  each   vote 

w as  given  there  was  a  solemn  stillness,  and  one 
Union  man  after  another  prefaced  his  vote  by 
some  stirring  sentiment  iii  favor  of  the  South. 

When  the  result  was  announced  sixty-nine 
for  the  ordinance,  to  one  against  it  there  was 
tremendous  cheering.  The  negative  vote  was 
given  b.\  Isaac  Murphy,  who  was  the  I'nion  gov- 
ernor of  Arkansas  in  l-iil 

"Arkansas,"    I'm:   Ram.      The  Confederates 
had  a  powerful  "ram,"  named  ArkamsatfOTt  the 

Yazoo  River,  above  Vicksburg.  l'arragut  sent 
three  armored  vessels,  about  the  middle  id'. Inly. 
1883,  to  attack  her.  Six  miles  up  the  stream 
they  found  and  assailed  her;  but  she  repulsed 
the  al  tack,  and  took  sin  Iter  under  the  hat  I  cries 
at  Vicksburg.      Another  attempt   to  capture  her 


ARMED  NEUTRALITY 

was  made  on  July  22  by  the  Essex  (Captain  Por- 
ter) and  the  Queen  of  the  West.  Again  the  at- 
tempt was  unsuccessful.  After  the  repulse  of 
the  Confederates  at  Baton  Rouge,  early  in  Au- 
gust (see  Baton  Rouge),  Porter,  with  the  Essex 
and  two  other  gunboats,  went  in  search  of  the 
Arkansas,  and  found  her  five  miles  above  that 
city.  A  sharp  engagement  ensued.  The  Arkan- 
sas became  unmanageable,  when  her  crew  ran 
her  against  the  river  bauk,  set  her  on  fire,  and 
She  was  blown  up. 

Armand,  Chaklf.s  Tifix,  Marcjtis  de  la 
ROl  HUE,  was  born  near  Reuiies,  Fiance,  in 
17.")<i:  dud  .Ian.  311,  1793.  He  was  in  the  French 
army,  w  hen,  lighting  a  duel  in  Paris,  to  which 
his  passion  for  an  actress  had  led  him,  he  fled, 
came  to  America,  and  on  May  10,  1777,  he  en- 
tered the  Continental  army  as  a  volunteer.  He 
received  the  commission  of  colonel,  and  com- 
manded a  small  corps,  to  which  was  attached  a 
company  of  cavalry,  who  acted  as  the  police  of 
camps.     He  was  an  exceedingly  active  officer, 

and   was  highly  esteemed   by  Washington.      In 

February,  1780,  his  corps  was  incorporated  w  itli 

that  of  Pulaski,  who  was  killed  at  Savannah  a 
few  lnont  hs  before.  In  March,  1783,  his  services 
throughout  the  war  from  1777  were  recognized, 
and  be  was  created  a  brigadier-general.  Re- 
turning to  France,  he  took  part  in  the  Revolu- 
tion then-,  and  was  for  a  time  a  prisoner  in  the 
Bastile.  He  espoused  the  cause  of  the  royalists 
of  La  Vendee,  Brittany,  Anjoo,  and  Poiton.    The 

execution  of  Louis  \  V  I.  gav  e  such  a  shock  to  his 
ii.i  rout  ■]  Stem  that  he  sank  under  it  and  died. 
Armed  Neutrality  i  1780  i,  Tin:.  A  move- 
ment in  Europe,  known  as  i he  "Armed  Neutral- 
ity," threatened  to  serious]]  cripple  the  power 
of  Great  Britain  and  incidentally  aid  the  Amer- 
icans in  their  struggle  for  independence.  It 
was  a  league  of  the  leading  nations  of  Europe 
against  the  pretensions  of  Great  Britain  as 
•'Mistress  of  the  Seas."  It  was  conceived  in 
the  summer  of  177-.  w  ben  British  cruisers  seized 

American  vessels  in  the  Baltic  Sea  engaged  in 
commerce  with  Russia.  The  latter  nation  was 
then  assuming  colossal  proportions,  and  all  the 
others  courted  the  friendship  of  its  empress. 
Catherine  II..  who  was  able  and  powerful. 
Great  Britain  tried  to  induce  her  to  become  an 
ally  against  France.  Catherine  coquetted  a 
long  time  with  King  George,  while  her  sympa- 
thies were  with  Sweden,  I  leninaik,  and  Holland. 
whose  neutral  ships  were  continually  interfered 

with   by  British  sea-rovers,  whose  acts  were 

justified  by  their  government.  France  had 
gained  the  good-will  of  the  Noil  hern  powers  by 
a  proclamation  (July,  177^)  of  protection  to  all 
neutral  vessels  going  to  or  from  a  hostile  port 
with  contraband  goods  whose  value  did  not  ex- 
ceed three  fourths  of  the  w  hide  cargo.  From 
that  time  until  the  beginning  of  1780  the  inso- 
lence  of  British  cruisers  ami  tin-  tone  of  the 
British  ministers  offended  the  Northern  powers. 
The  tone  was  often  insulting.  ''When  the 
Dutch,"  said  Lord  North,  "say  •  JIV  maritime 
pow  ers,'  it  reminds  me  of  the  cobbler  who  lived 
next  door  to  the  lord  mayor,  and  used  to  say 
'My  neighbor  and   I.'"     Official  language   was 


ARMING   INDIANS  AND  NEGBOES  ( 

often  equally  offensive.  Tbe  Britisli  Minister 
at  the  Hague  said,  "For  the  present,  treaty  or 
no  treaty,  England  will  nor  sutler  materials  for 
ship-building  to  be  taken  by  the  Dutch  to  any 
Flench  port."  A  similar  tone  was  indulged  tow- 
ards the  other  powers,  excepting  Rnssia.  The 
shrew  .1  ( lather i ne,  perceiving  the  commercial  in- 
terests of  her  realm  to  he  involved  in  the  niain- 
tenauee   of  the   neutral    rights    of  others,   after 

long  coquetting  with   Great   Britain,  assumed 

the  attitude  of  defender  of  those  rights  before 
all  the  world.  Early  in  March,  1780,  she  is- 
sued a  declaration,  iu  suhstanee.  (1)  that  neu- 
tral ships  shall  enjoy  free  navigation  from  port 
to  port,  and  on  tin-  coasts  of  belligerent  powers; 
(2)  that  free  ships  free  all  goods  except  contra- 
band; (:5)  that  contraband  are  arms  and  muni- 
tions of  war,  and  nothing  else;  (4)  that  no  port 
is  blockaded  unless  the  enemy's  ships  in  ade- 
quate number  are  near  enough  to  make  the  en- 
try dangerous.  "In  manifesting  these  princi- 
ples before  all  Europe,"  that  state  paper  said. 
••  Her  Imperial  Majesty  is  firmly  resolved  to 
maintain  them,  she  has  therefore  given  an 
order  to  fit  out  a  considerable  portion  of  her 
naval  forces  to  act  as  her  honor,  her  interest, 
and  necessity  may  require."  The  empress  in- 
vited Sweden,  Denmark,  Portugal,  and  the  Neth- 
erlands to  join  in  support  of  her  declaration. 
These,  with  Prussia  and  Russia,  entered  into  a, 
league  in  the  course  of  the  year.  France  and 
Spain  acquiesced  in  the  new-  maritime  oode; 
ami  at  one  time  a  general  war  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  Continental  nations  seemed 
inevitable.  The  United  States  approved  the 
measure,  and  towards  the  close  of  1780  sent 
Francis  Dana  as  Ambassador  to  the  Court  of 
Si.  Petersburg,  to  licentiate  a  treaty  of  amity 
and  commerce.  The  alliance  neither  awed  nor 
in  any  sensible  way  affected  England.  The 
known  fickleness  and  faithlessness  of  Catherine 
made  ot  her  powers  hesitate  in  going- to  war,  and 

the  League  resulted  in  inaction. 

Arming  Indians  and  Negroes  (1775).  Hav- 
ing in.  siiliicient  force  al  home  to  send  for  the 
subjugation  of  the  colonies,  and  as  mercenaries 
from  the  Continent  ('011111  not  lie  immediately 
procured,  the  British  king  ordered  Dunmore, 
Governor  of  Virginia,  to  arm  negroes  and  In- 
dians, if  necessary,  to  crush  the  rebellion  in  that 
colony.  To  Dunmore  three  thousand  stand  of 
arms,  with  two  hundred  rounds  of  powder  and 
ball  for  each  musket,  together  with  tour  pieces 
of  light    artillery,  weri'   instantly   shipped.      An 

order  was  also  sent  directly,  iu  the  king's  at ■. 

lo  the  unscrupulous  Guy  Johnson,  agent  among 

the    Sil    Nations,  lo    seek    immediate    BSsistl 

from    the    Iroquois    Confederacy.      "Lose    no 

time,"  so   ran  the  order:    "induce   them   to  take 

up  the  hatchet  against  his  majesty's  rebellious 

subjects    iu    America.       It    is   a    service   of  V6TJ 

great  importance;  fail  not  to  exert  every  effort 

that  Uiaj   tend  to  accomplish  il  :   use  I  he  utmost 

diligence  and  activity."    Johnson  was  promised 

an  ample   supph   of  anus  and  amiiiunit  ion  from 

Quebec. 

Armistead,  GSOROB,  was  born  at   New   Mar- 


l  ARMISTICE 

ket,  Caroline  Co.,  Va.,  April  10.  1780:  died  in 
Baltimore,  April  -25,  1819.  He  entered  the  army 
as  second  lieutenant  in  1790;  was  appointed  as- 
sistant military  agent  at  Fort  Niagara  in  1808, 
and  assistant  paymaster  in  1806.    In  1813  he  held 


QEOBUK    AKMI.srKAU. 

the  rank  of  major  in  the  Third  Artillery,  and 
was  distinguished  at  the  capture  of  Foil  George 
in  May.  He  bad  married  (1810)  a  sister  of  the 
eminent  Christopher  Hughes  (  which  - 
before  that  had  served  much  among  the  Indians. 
His  gallant  defence  of  Fort  Mcllcnry  in  Septem- 
ber, 1814,  won  for  him  immortal  honors.  He 
had  tivc  brothers  in  the  military  service  in  the 
second  war  for  independence  three  in  the  reg- 
ular army  and  two  in  the  militia  service.  Be- 
cause of  his  bravery  in  defending  Baltimore,  be 
was  breveted  a  lieutenant -colonel  ;  and  the  cit- 
izens presented  him  with  an  elegant  Bilver  ser- 
vice   in    the    form    of   a    vase    fashioned    like    a 

bombshell,  with  goblets  and  salver.     After  his 

death   a   tine   marble   monument  was  erected   in 

the   citj    of  Baltimore   to   his   memory.     The 

grateful  citi/eus  also  erected  a  large  monu- 
ment, designed  by  Maximilian  Godefroy,  and 
wrought  in  white  marble,  iu  memory  of  all  the 
defenders  of  Baltimore.  Ii  is  a  cenotaph,  and 
was  creeled  ill  1815,  at  a  cost  ofsiltj  thousand 
dollars.      1 1   bears   the   names,  in   bronze  letters, 

of  the  officers  who  perished  in  defence  of  the 
city. 

Armistice  (1783).    <>n  the  day  when  the  Pre- 
liminary  Treaty   of  Peace   between    the    United 

states  and  Great  Britain  was  concluded  (Jan. 
120,  1783),  the   respective  commissioners  of  the 

two  powers  signed  an  armisiice  declaring  a  ces- 
sation of  hostilities  between  the  two  nations. 
It  was  signed  by  Allelic  Filzhcrheil  on  the 
part  of  (ileal  Britain,  and  .lohn  Adams  and  Ben- 
jamin, Franklin  on  the  part  of  the  Fnited  Stales. 

Armistice  (1812).     In  consequence  of  nego- 
tiations for  a  suspension  of  hostilities  between 

the  American  and  British  armies  then  proposed] 


ARMS  AND  MILITARY  STOKES  I 

general  Dearborn  agreed  with  Sir  George  Tre- 
vo.st,  Governor- general  of  Canada,  for  a  provi- 
sional armistice,  confined  to  the  American  troops 
on  the  northern  frontier  and  the  armies  of  the 
Britieb  along  tbe  opposite  and  corresponding 
line.  To  effect  this  armistice  Sir  George's  ad- 
jutant-general, Edward  Baynes,  repaired  to 
Dearborn's  headquarters  at  Greenbush,  opposite 
Albany,  and    there    the    armistice    was    signed, 

Ang.  y,  1813.  This  armistice  was  rejected  by 
the  government  of  the  United  States,  and  Dear- 
born was  directed  to  put  an  end  to  it  imme- 
diately. But  he  continued  it  until  Angnst 
•29,  tor  the  purpose,  as  he  alleged,  of  forwarding 
stores  to  Saokett'a  Harbor.  It  released  tbe 
British  troops  on  the  Niagara  frontier,  and  Sir 
Isaac  Brock,  Governor  of  Upper  Canada,  was 
enabled  to  hasten  to  tbe  Detroit  River  and  effect 
the  capture  of  the  arm]  of  General  Hull.  Dear- 
born gave  that  commander  no  intimation  of  tbe 
armistice;  and  it  was  during  its  unwarranted 
continuance  for  twenty  days  that  the  forced 
surrender  of  Hull  to  overwhelming  numbers 
(Aug.  16)  took  place.  Dearborirs  excuse  for 
his  silence  was  that  he  did  not  consider  Hull 
within  tbe  limits  of  his  command. 

Arms  and  Military  Stores,  EXPORTATION 
of,  Prohibited  (1774).  Towards  the  close  of 
1771  the  king  issued  a  proclamation  prohibiting 
t  he  exportation,  from  Great  Britain,  of  military 
stores.  As  soon  as  the  proclamation  reached 
America  it  created  great  excitement.  Prepara- 
tions were  made  for  tbe  manufact  in  i 
powder  and  of  cannons.     The  Assembly  of  Rhode 

[aland  passed  resolutions  for  obtaining  arms  and 
military  stores  and  for  arming  the  inhabitants. 
Prom  the  public  battery ai  Newport  about  forty 

ea ins  were  removed,  that  they  might  not  be 

used  by  the  government  authorities.  At  Ports- 
mouth, N.  11.,  a  similar  movement  had  taken 
place.  Paul  Revere  had  been  sent  there  ex- 
pressly, by  a  committee  at  Boston,  with  the 
kind's  otiler  and  an  account  of  the  proceedings 
of  a  meeting  in  the  New  England  capital.  On 
the  following  day  about  four  bundled  men  pro- 
ceeded to  Castle  William  and  Mary,  at  the  en- 
trance to  Boston  barbor,  seized  it.  broke  open 
the  powder-house,  and  carried  away  mote  than 

■  hundred  barrels  of  gunpowder. 

Arms   for   the   National   Troops.      One  of 

the  most  serious  difficulties  encountered  at  the 
beginning  of  the  Civil  War  was  a  lack  of  arms. 
l'h.-    arsenals    and    armories    of  the    free-labor 

states  had  been  stripped  b\  Secretary  Floyd, 
(gee  Floyd's  DMoyaliy.)  The  armors  at  Har- 
per's Perry  bad  been  destroyed,  and  that  at 
Springfield,  Mass..  was  the  only  one  upon  which 
iiiment  could  rely  for  tbe  manufacture 
ol  arms.  To  supph  this  lack  Colour]  George  L. 
Sebuylei   was   sent    to   Europe   to   buy   arms   for 

i  he  government.  He  bought  116,000  rifles, 
10,000  revolvers,  10,000  eavalrj  carbines,  and 
81,000  sabres,  at  an  aggregate  cost  of  $2,044, 

'.CI  It  was  not  long  before  the  private  and 
national    armories    of   the    United    States    were 

able    to    meet    all    demands.        I'll.-    loss    of  o\er 

8000  cannon  al  tbeGosport  Navy-yard  wasaee- 


$     ARMY  CHANGES  AT  ATLANTA 

rious  one.  but  very  soon  the  fonnderies  of  the 
country  supplied  all  that  were  required. 

Armstrong,  JOHN,  was  born  at  Carlisle,  Pa., 
Nov.  25,  1758;  died  at  Red  Hook,  N.  Y..  April  1. 
1843.  While  a  student  at  Princeton,  in  177.">, 
he  became  a  volunteer  in  Potter's  Pennsylva- 
nia regiment,  and  was  soon  afterwards  made 
an  aide-de-camp  to  General  Mercer.      He  was 


afterwards  placed  on  the  stall'  of  General  Gates, 
and  remained  so  from  the  begiuning  of  that  of- 
ficer's campaign  against  Bnrgoyne  until  the  end 
of  tbe  war.  having  the  tank  of  major.    Holding 

a  facile  pen,  he  was  employed  to  write  the  fa- 
mous Newburgh  dddreeeet  (whiob  see).  They 
were  powerfully  and  eloquently  written.  Af- 
ter  the    war   he   was  successively   Secretary  of 

State  and  Adjutant- general  of  Pennsylvania; 
and  iii  1784  be  conducted  operations  against 
the  sit  this  in  the  Wyoming  Valley.  The 
Continental  Congress  in  17-7  appointed  him 
c id'  tin-  judges  for  the  Northwestern  Terri- 
tory, but  he  declined.  Two  years  later  he 
married  a  sister  of  Chancellor  Livingston,  re- 
moved to  New  Yoik,  purchased  a  farm  within 
the  precincts  of  tbe  old  Livingston  manor  on 
the  Hudson,  and  devoted  himself  to  agricult- 
ure, lie  was  a  member  of  tbe  national  Sen- 
ate from  1800  to  1804,  and  became  United 
Sl:ites  Minister  al  the  Trench  court  in  the  lat- 
ter year,  succeeding  bis  brother-in-law  Chan- 
cellor Livingston.  He  was  commissioned  a 
brigadier-general  in  .Inly.  1812,  and  in  .January, 
1813,  became  Seoretarj  of  War  in  the  cabinet 

of  President  Madison.  His  lack  of  success  ill 
the  operations  against  Canada,  and  at  the  at- 
tack  upon  and  capture  of  Washington  in  ls14, 

made  him  so  unpopular  that  he  resigned  and 
retired  to  private  life.  General  Armstrong 
wrote  Votes  »»  //<«*  War  of  1812,  and  Lives  of 
Generals  Montgomery  <tn<l  Wayne  for  "Sparks's 
American  Biography;"  also  a  Review  of  Wilkin- 
son's Memoirs,  and  treatises  on  agriculture  and 
gardening. 

Army  Changes  at  Atlanta  (1  h;p.    The  Con- 
federate  government    became    dissatisfied    with 


ARMY 


64      ARMY  OF  LIBERATION  IN  MISSOURI 


General  Johnston's  steady  retrograde  move- 
ments before  Sherman's  advancing  forces,  and 
.suddenly  relieved  him  of  his  command,  and 
put  General  J.  B.  Hood  in  liis  place.  John- 
ston had  cared  more  for  the  salvation  of  his 
arm;  than  for  the  possession  of  ports;  Hood's 
feeling  was  the  reverse,  and  in  a  very  short 
time,  by  recklessness,  he  lost  nearly  one  half 
of  his  troops.  When  Hood  assumed  command 
his  army  numbered  about  fifty-one  thousand 
effective  men,  of  whom  ten  thousand  were  cav- 
alry. There  were  changes  also  of  commanders 
in  Sherman's  army.  By  order  of  the  President, 
O.  O.  Howard  was  made  successor  of  McPher- 
son  in  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee. 
This  gave  dissatisfaction  to  Hooker,  who  re- 
signed the  command  of  the  tenth  corps,  and  it 
was  assigned  to  General  H.\Y.  Slooum  :  General 
Palmer  resigned  the  command  of  the  fourteenth 
corps,  and  was  succeeded  by  General  Jefferson 
C.Davis;  General  Stanley  succeeded  Howard  as 
commander  of  the  fourth  corps. 

Army,  New.  Aitiiorized  (1808).  Jefferson's 
policy  had  always  been  to  keep  the  army  and 
navy  as  small  and  inexpensive  as  possible. 
The  army  was  reduced  to  a  mere  frontier 
guard  against  the  Indians.  In  1808  the  as- 
pect of  international  affairs  was  such  as  to 
demand  an  increase  of  the  military  strength 
of  the  republic,  aud  the  President  asked  Con- 
gress to  augment  the  number  aud  efficiency 
of  the  regular  army.  They  did  so,  though  the 
measure  was  strongly  opposed  by  the  Federal- 
ists. There  was  a  rising  war -spirit  iu  the 
land.  A  bill  to  raise  seven  new  regiments 
was  passed  by  a  vote  in  the  House  of  uinety- 
eight  to  sixteen.  Other  provisions  for  war 
followed.  The  sum  of  $1,000,000  was  placed  at 
the  disposal  of  the  President  for  the  erection 
of  coast  and  harbor  defences.  Another  sum 
,,f  s;i(>0.(HK)  was  appropriated  for  the  purchase 
of  arms,  and  $150,000  for  saltpetre  to  make 
gunpowder.  The  President  was  also  author- 
ized to  call  upon  the  governors  of  the  several 
states  to  form  an  army,  iu  the  aggregate,  of 
one  hundred  thousand  militia,  to  be  immedi- 
ately organized,  equipped,  and  "held  in  readi- 
ness t"  march  at  a  moment's  warning"  when 
called  for  by  the  chief  magistrate-  in  other 
Words,  one  hundred  thousand  minute -men. 
The  President  was  authorized  to  construct 
arsenals  and  armories  at  his  discretion;  and 
$900, >  were  placed  at  his  disposal  for  pro- 
viding equipments  for  the  whole  body  of  the 
militia  of  the  republic.  About  $1,000,000  were 
appropriated  to  pay  the  first  year's  expenses  of 
the  seven  new  regiments.  Altogether  the  gov- 
ernment appropriated   in   1008  about  $6, ,000 

for  war  purposes.  Efforts  to  increase  the  navy 
failed.  Men  were  needed  for  I  he  additional  one 
hundred  and  eighty-eight  gunboats,  the  con- 
struction id'  which  was  anthorised  in  Decem- 
ber, 1807.  Nothing  was  done  until  January. 
1800,  when  the  President  was  authorized  to 
equip  three  frigates  and  a  sloop  of  war. 

Army  Officers  (1818).  In  organizing  the 
military    (broM    tut    war    m    LB18  the   fallowing 


appointments  were  made:  Henry  Dearborn,  a 
soldier  of  the  Revolution,  collector  of  the  port 
of  Boston,  late  Secretary  of  War,  and  then  six- 
ty years  of  age.  was  appointed  (February. 
1812)  first  major-general,  or  acting  command- 
er-in-chief of  the  armies  in  the  field,  having 
the  Northern  Department  under  his  immediate 
control.  Thomas  Pinekney,  of  South  Carolina, 
also  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  was  appointed 
(March.  1812)  second  major-general,  and 
placed  in  command  of  the  Southern  Depart- 
ment. Joseph  Bloomfield  (Governor  of  New 
Jersey  .  James  Winchester  (of  Tennessee),  John 
P.  Boyd  (of  Massachusetts),  and  William  Hull 
(theu  Governor  of  the  Territory  of  Michigan). 
were  commissioned  (April  8,  1812)  brigadiers. 
The  same  commission  was  given  (June)  to 
Thomas  Flournoy,  of  Georgia.  John  Arm- 
strong, of  New  York  (see  Armstrong),  was  also 
commissioned  (July  4)  a  brigadier,  to  fill  a  va- 
cancy caused  by  the  recent  death  of  General 
Peter  (iansevoort.  This  was  soon  followed 
(July  8)  by  a  like  commission  for  John  Chand- 
ler, of  Maine.  Morgan  Lewis,  of  New  York, 
was  appointed  quartermaster -general  (April 
3).  and  Alexander  Smyth,  of  Virginia,  was 
made  inspector-genera]  (March  30) — each  bear- 
ing the  commission  of  a  brigadier.  Thomas 
dishing,  of  Massachusetts,  was  appointed  ad- 
jutant-general with  the  rank  of  brigadier. 
James  Wilkinson,  of  Maryland,  the  senior  brig- 
adier in  the  army,  was  sent  to  New  Orleans  to 
relieve  Wade  Hamilton  (now  a  brigadier),  who 
was  a  meritorious  subaltern  officer  in  South 
Carolina  during  the  Revolution.  Alexander 
Macomb  of  the  engineers  —  one  of  the  first 
graduates  of  the  United  States  Military  Acad- 
emy at  West  Point  (which  see) — was  promot- 
ed to  colonel,  and  Winfield  Scott.  Edward  Pen 
dleton  Gaines,  and  Eleazer  W.  Ripley  were 
commissioned  colonels.  Scott  and  Gaiues  were 
of  Virginia  :  Ripley,  of  Maine. 

Army  of  Liberation  in  Missouri.  By  in- 
vitation of  Governor  Jackson,  of  Missouri.  Gen- 
eral Gideon  J  Pillow,  in  command  of  Tennessee 
troops,  entered  Missouri  at  or  near  the  close  of 
July.  1861,  and  took  post  at  New  Madrid.  He 
had  suggested  this  movement  at  an  earlier  day 
as  a  part  of  a  plan  for  securing  possession  of 
Bird's  Point  (which  seel  to  the  Confederacy, 
lb-  was  empowered  to  make  and  enforce  sue), 
civil  police  regulations  as  he  might  deem  DM 
essary  for  the  security  of  his  forces,  the  preser- 
vation of  order  and  discipline  in  his  camp,  and 
the  protection  of  the  lives  and  property  of  the 
citi/ens  in  other  words,  to  establish  martial 
law.  Jackson  clothed  one  of  his  brigadiers 
(M.  J.  Thompson)  with  similar  authority,  and 
he  and  Pillow  .  with  W.  J.  Hardee,  w  ho  w  as  com 

missioned  a  brigadier  in  the  Confederate  sei 

\  ice.  held  military  possession  Of  the  southeast 
em  districts  of  the  common  wealth,  and  made 
vigorous  preparations  to  oo-operate  with  Gen 

era!  Price  and  his  associates  in  "expelling  tin 
enemy/'  from  the  state.  Pillow  assumed  tl  • 
pompous  title  of  "Liberator  of  Missouri,"  and 

in-  orders  and  despatches  wan  beaded,  "  Head 
quarters  a.rmj  of  Liberation." 


ARMY  OF  OCCUPATION  * 

Army  of  Occupation  (1845-46).  When  the 
annexation  of  Texas  caused  warlike  prepara- 
tions in  Mexico,  General  Zachary  Taylor  was 
ordered  to  proceed  to  a  point  near  the  frontier 
between  the  two  countries  to  defend  Texas 
from  Invasion.  Taylor  was  then  in  command 
of  the  Department  of  the  Southwest.  In  a  let- 
ter <>f  instructions  from  the  War  Department, 
he  was  told,  "  Texas  must  he  protected  from 
hostile  invasion  ;  and  for  that  purpose  you 
will,  of  course,  employ  to  the  utmost  extent 
all  the  means  you  possess  or  can  command." 
He  at  once  repaired  to  New  Orleans  with  fif- 
teen hundred  men  (July,  1845),  where  ho  em- 
barked, and  early  in  August  arrived  at  the  isl- 
and of  St.  Josephs  on  the  Texan  coast,  whence 
he,  sailed  fur  Corpus  Christi,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Neuces,  where  he  estaidished  his  headquar- 
ters. 'There  he  was  soon  afterwards  reinforced 
by  seven  companies  of  infantry  under  Major 
Brown  and  two  volunteer  companies  under  Ma- 
jor Gaily.  With  these  forces  he  remained  at 
Corpus  Christi  until  the  next  spring,  when  the 
ciimp  at  that  place  was  broken  Dp  i  Match  8, 
1846),  and  the  Army  of  Occupation  proceeded 
to  Point  Isabel,  nearer  the  Rio  Grande.  When 
approaching  Point  Isabel,  'Taylor  was  met  bj  a 
deputation  of  citizens,  and  presented  with  a 
protest,  signed  bj  the  Prefect  of  the  Northern 
District    of   the    Department    of  Tamanlipos, 

against  the  presence  of  his  army.  Hut  he 
pressed  forward  to  Point  Isabel,  from  whence, 
with  ;i  larger  portion  of  his  army,  he  proceed- 
ed t<>  the  Bio  Grande  opposite  MatAmoras,  arriv- 
ing there  on  March  29.      There  he  began  the 

erection  of  defensive  works:  and  so  the  Army 
Of  Occupation  in  Texas  assumed  a.  hostile  atti- 
tude towards  the  Mexicans.  (See  l/<  / /. ,..  War 
with.) 

Army  of  the  James,  OS  nir.  APPOMATTOX. 
When  Geueral  Grant  began  his  march  against 
Richmond  I  May.  1864  .  General  Benjamin  P. 
Butler  was  in  command  of  the  Army  of  the 
James,  ami  was  directed  to  co -operate  with 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  Butler  prepared 
to  make  a  vigorous  movement  against  Rich- 
mond •from  the  south,  while  (ir.int  moved 
down  from  the  north.     Butler's  effective  force 

was  about  forty  thousand  men  when  he  was 
ordered    to   advance.       It   was  Composed    chiefly 

of  tl ighteenth   army   corps,  commanded   by 

General  W.  I'.  Smith,  and  the  tenth  corps  un- 
der General  Q.  A.  Gillmore,  w  ho  arrived  at  Por- 
tress Monroe  May  :s.  Butler  successfully  de- 
ceived the  Confederates  as  to  his  real  inten- 
tions by  making  a  demonstration  towards 
Richmond  by  way  of  the  York  River  and  the 
Peninsula,  along    McClellan's    line   of  march. 

On  the  night  of  May  1.  lint  let's  army  was  em 
harked  on  transports  and  conveyed  around  to 
Hampton  Roads;  and  at  dawn  the  next  morn- 
ing thirty- live  thousand  t  roops,  accompanied 
by  a  squadron  of  war  vessels  under  Admiral 
Lee,  were  rapidly  ascending  the  .lames  tow- 
ards City  Point,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Appo- 
mattox. At  the  same  time,  General  A.  V. 
Kant/.,  with  three  thousand  cavalry,  moving 
swiftly  from  Suffolk,  south  of  the  .lames. 
I.— 5 


ARMY  OF  THE  NORTH 

struck  the  Weldon  railway  sonth  of  Peters- 
burg, and  burned  a  bridge  over  Stony  Creek, 
while  Colonel  R.  M.  West,  with  eighteen  hun- 
dred cavalry  (mostly  colored  men),  moved 
from  Williamsburg  up  the  north  bank  of  the 
James,  keeping  abreast  of  the  grand  flotilla. 
'The  bewildered  Confederates  made  no  serious 
opposition  to  these  movements.  A  division  of 
National  troops  took  quiet  possession  of  City 
Point  (May  5)  and  the  war  vessels  took  a  posi- 
tion above  the  month  of  the  Appomattox.  At 
the  same  time  a  heavy  force  landed  on  a  trian- 
gular piece  id'  land  between  the  James  and  Ap- 
pomattox, called  Bermuda  Hundred,  and  there 
established  an  intrenched  camp.  In  the  space 
of  twenty-four  hours.  Butler  gained  an  important 
foothold  within  fifteen  miles  of  Richmond  in  n 
straight  line,  and  only  about  eight  miles  from 
Petersburg.  This  movement  produced  great 
consternation  at  Richmond;  but  before  Peters- 
burg  could    be   seriously   threatened  by  Butler, 

Beauregard  was  therewith  troops  from  Charles- 
ton. 

Army  of  the  North,   OPKRATIONS   of   Tin-. 
(1813).     In  the  summer  of  1812, General  Joseph 

Bloomfield  was  sent  to  Lake  Champlaiu  with 
Several  regiments,  and  on   September   1    he   had 

gathered  at  Plattsb'urg  about  eight  thousand 
men — regulars,  volunteers,  and  militia  —  besides 
small  advanced  parties  at  cha/.y  and  Cham- 
plain.  General  Dearborn  took  direct  com- 
mand of  this  army  soon  afterwards,  and  about 
the  middle  of  November  he  made  an  unsuc- 
cessful attempt  to  invade  Canada.  No  other 
special  military  movements  occurred  in  that 
quarter  until  the  next  year.  Geueral  Wade 
Hampton  succeeded  Bloomfield  in  command 
on  I. .ike  Champlaiu,  and  in  the  summer  of 
1813  he  was  at  the  head  of  four  thousand 
men,  with  his  headquarters  at  Burlington,  Vt. 
'This  force  composed  the  right  wiug  of  the 
Army  of  the  North,  of  which  General  Wilkin- 
son was  commander-in-chief.  There  was  such 
personal  enmity  between  these  two  command- 
ers that  the  public  service  was  greatly  injured 
thereby.      'The  Secretary  of  War  (Armstrong) 

was    preparing    to    invade    Canada    by    way   of 

the   St.  Lawrence,  and,  fearing  the  effects  of 

this    enmity,   transferred    the    headquarters    of 

the  War  Department  to  Sockett's   Harbor,  at 

the   east    end    of   Lake   Ontario,  that    he    might 

promote  harmony  between  these  testy  old  gen- 
erals, in  arranging  for  the  expedition  down 
the  St.  Lawrence  (which  see),  Armstrong  di- 
rected Hampton  to  penetrate  Canada  towards 
Montreal  by  way  of  the  Sore!  River.     Instead 

of  obeying  the  order,  Hampton  marched  his 
troops  to  the  Chateangay  River,  and  at  Chn- 
teaugoy  lour  Corners  he  tarried  twenty -six 
davs  awaiting  orders.  Finally  he  was  or- 
dered to  descend  the  Chateangay  and  meet. 
Wilkinson  at  its  mouth.  lie  moved  forward 
late    in    October,   when    he    was    confronted    by 

Lieutenant  -  colonel    De    Salaberry,    near    the 

junction  of  Oularil  Creek  and  the  Chateau- 
gay,  where  Hampton  encamped  and  was  over- 
taken by  his  artillery.  De  Salaberry  "as 
encamped    with    a    force    about    one    thousand 


AK.MY  OF  THE  TOTOMAC 


60 


ARMY  OF  THE  POTOMAC 


strong,  and  Sir  Ceorge  Prevost  and  General 
J)e  Watteville  were  within  bugle-call.  Hamp- 
ton    resolved   to   dislodge   De   Salaberry,   and 

sent  a  force  under  Colonel  Robert  Pnrdy  on 
the  evening  of  Oct.  25  to  force  a  ford  and 
fall  upon  the  British  rear.  Pnrdy  lost  his 
way  in  a  hemlock  swamp.  Meanwhile  Hamp- 
ton put  three  thousand  five  hundred  of  his 
men  in  motion  under  General  George  Izard, 
who  moved  to  the  attack  at  two  o'clock  in 
the  afternoon.  De  Salaberry  came  out  with 
a  few  Canadians  and  Indians,  but  finding  over- 
whelming numbers  in  front  of  him  he  fell  hack 
to  his  intrenched  camp.  Firing  was  now  heard 
on  the  other  side  of  the.  river.  Pnrdy,  who 
had  neglected  to  post  pickets,  had  been  sur- 
prised, his  troops  flying  to  the  river.  Several 
of  his  officers  and  men  swam  across,  and  bore 
alarming  news  of  a  heavy  force  approaching. 
Instead  of  such  a  force  approaching,  those 
who  attacked  Pnrdy  had  fled  at  the  first  fire ; 
and  so  the  belligerents  were  in  the  ridiculous 
predicament  of  running  away  from  each  oth- 
er. De  Salaberry  now  tried  a  clever  trick. 
He  posted  buglers  at  some  distance  from  each 
other,  and  when  some  concealed  provincial  mi- 
litia opened  fire  almost  upon  Hampton's  flanks. 
the  buglers  sounded  a  charge.  Hampton  was 
alarmed,  for  the  position  of  the  buglers  indi- 
cated an  extensive  British  line,  and  he  sup- 
posed a  heavy  force  was  about  to  fall  upon  his 
front  and  flank.  He  immediately  sounded  a 
retreat  and  withdrawal  to  his  old  quarters  at 
Chateaugay  Four  Corners,  annoyed  all  the 
way  by  the  tire  of  Canadian  militia.  There 
this  inglorious  campaign  elided.  The  Ameri- 
cans lost  in  this  affair  fifteen  killed  and  twen- 
ty three  wounded.  The  British  lost  in  killed, 
wounded,  and  missing,  twenty-five.  "  No  offi- 
cer," said  a  distinguished  general  of  the  Unit- 
ed States  army,  "  who  had  any  regard  for 
his  reputation,  would  voluntarily  acknowl- 
edge himself  as  having  been  engaged  in  it." 
Hampton  refused  to  meet  Wilkinson  at  St.  Re- 
gis, as  the  latter  had  requested  after  the  bat- 
tle at  Chrysler's  Field.  Wilkinson  directed 
Hamjiton  to  join  the  camp  at  French  Mills. 
This  order,  also,  he  disobeyed,  and  retired  to 
I'lattsburg  with  his  army  of  four  thousand 
men.  lie  had  accomplished  the  defeat  of  ef- 
forts to  take  Canada,  by  which  he  gratified 
his  wish  to  thwart  Armstrong  and  Wilkinson, 
whom,  in  his  supreme  egotism,  he  despised. 
Leaving  General  Izard,  of  South  Carolina,  in 

command  at  I'lattsburg,  Hampton  abandoned 
llir  Service,  to  the  great  relief  of  the  Army  of 
tin-  North  and  tin-  people.  The  Army  of  the 
North  especially,  and  the  cause  generally,  "ere 
greatly  injured  by  the  appointment  of  Arm- 
strong, Wilkinson,  and  Hampton  to  high  of- 
fice, lie'  Services  intrusted  to  them,  and  in 
Which  they  all  signally  failed,  would,  un- 
doubtedly,   base     been     successfully    performed 

i.s   younger  officers. 

Army  of  the  Potomac  (  1«63  ).  When  the 
battle  of  Fredericksburg  i  w  Inch  see)  bad  ended, 
there  was  much  feeling  against  General  Bum- 

sicl the   part  Of  the   officer-.  Of  tin-  A  I  iii>    "I 


the  Potomac  who  had  participated  in  it.  An 
order  received  by  Burnside,  just  as  he  was  pre- 
paring for  other  active  operations,  from  the 
President  of  the  United  States  | 1  )ec.  30,  1862). 
directing  him  not  to  enter  upon  further  opera- 
tions withotit  his  (the  President's)  knowledge. 
satisfied  him  that  enemies  in  his  own  army 
were  at  work  against  him.  Burnside  hastened 
to  Washington  for  an  explanation,  when  he 
learned  that  general  officers  of  his  army  had 
declared  that  such  was  the  feeling  among  the 
troops  against  him  that  the  safety  of  the  army 
would  be  imperilled  by  a  movement  under  his 
direction.  He  believed  there  was  a  secret  con- 
spiracy among  the  officers  for  his  removal.  He 
returned  to  the  army,  determined  to  do  what  he 
might  to  retrieve  the  disaster  at  Fredericks- 
burg, but  was  soon  induced  to  return  to  Wash- 
ington, bearing  a  general  order  for  the  instant 
dismissal  or  relief  from  duty  of  several  of  the 
generals  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  whom 
he  charged  with  "  fomenting  discontent  in  the 
army."  Generals  Hooker,  Brooks,  and  Newton 
were  designated  for  instant  dismissal :  and  Gen- 
erals Franklin, W.  F.  Smith,  Cochran,  and  Ferre- 
ro,  and  Lieutenant-colonel  J.  H.  Taylor,  were  to 
be  relieved  from  duty  in  that  army.  Generals 
Franklin  and  Smith  had  written  a  joint  letter 
to  the  President  (Dec. 21)  expressing  their  opin- 
ion that  Burnside's  plan  of  operations  could 
not  succeed,  and  substantially  recommending 
that  McClellan  should  be  reinstated  in  com- 
mand. Burnside  was  competent  to  issue  the 
order  for  such  dismissal  and  relief  on  his  own 
responsibility,  but  he  submitted  it  to  the  Presi- 
dent. The  latter  was  perplexed.  He  talked 
with  Burnside  as  a  friend  and  brother,  and  it 
was  finally  arranged  that  the  general  should  be 
relieved  of  the  command  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  and  await  orders  for  further  service. 
Major-general  Joseph  Hooker  was  appointed 
Burnside's  successor.  In  making  this  appoint- 
ment the  President  wrote  a  fatherly  letter  to 
Hooker,  in  which,  after  speaking  of  his  many 
excellent  Qualities  as  a  soldier,  he  referred  to 
his  1 1  looker)  having  been,  with  others,  to  blame 
for  too  freely  criticising  the  military  conduct  of 
Burnside,  and  so  doing  a  great  wrong  to  him. 
lie  reminded  Hooker  that  he  would  now  lie 
open  to  such  criticism,  but  that  he  (Lincoln) 
would  do  what  he  might  to  suppress  it.  for  little 
good  could  be  got  out  of  an  army  in  which  such 
a  spirit  prevailed.  The  army  was  then  lying, 
weak  ami  demoralised,  at  Falmouth,  opposite 
Fredericksburg.  From  January  until  april 
(186:5)  Hooker  was  engaged  in  preparing  for  a 
vigorous   summer   campaign.      1 1 i  —   forces    i. 

mained  in  comparative  quiet  for  about  three 
months,  during  which  time  they  were  reorgaii 
i/ed  and  well  disciplined,  and  at  the  oloM  "t 
April  his  army  numbered  one  hundred  thousand 
effective  men.    General  Lee's  army. on  the  other 

side  of  the  river,  had  been  di\  iiled.  a  lai  ge  force, 

nuder  General  Longstreet,  liai  ing  been  required 
to  watch  tin-  movements  of  the  Nationals  nuder 
General  Peck  in  the  vicinity  of  Norfolk,     Lee 

had   in   hand   about   sixty  thousand  well-drilled 

troops,  lying  behind  strong  intrenobmenta  «\ 


ARMY  OF  THE  POTOMAC  CREATED   ( 

tending  twenty-five  miles  along  the  line  of  the 
Bappahannock  River.  Hooker  had  made  im- 
portant  changes   in    the    organisation    of  the 

army,  and  in  the  various  staff  departments; 
and  the  cavalry,  hitherto  scattered  among  the 
three  grand  divisions  into  which  the  six  corps 
of  the  army  had  been  consolidated — two  Corps 
in  each  -and  without  organization  as  a  corps. 
were  now  consolidated  and  soon  placed  in  a 
state  of  greater  efficiency.  To  improve  them  he 
had  sent  them  out  upon  raids  within  the  Con- 
federate lines,  and  tor  several  weeks  the  region 
liet  ween  Bull's  Run  and  the  Rapid  Anna  was  the 
theatre  of  many  daring  cavalry  exploits. 

Army  of  the  Potomac  Created  (1861).  On 
the  day  after  the  battle  of  Bull's  Run  (which 
see)  General  McClellan.  then  in  Western  Vir- 
ginia, was  summoned  to  Washington  and  placed 
in  command  of  the  shattered  army  there.  The 
Departments  of  Washington  and  of  Northeast- 
ern Virginia  were  created  and  placed  under  the 
command  of  McClellan.   The  Department  of  the 

Shenandoah  was  also  created,  and  General  N.  1'. 
Hanks  was  placed  in  command  of  it,  relieving 
Major-general  Patterson  McClellan  tinned 
o\  ei  the  command  of  the  troops  in  Western  Vir- 
ginia to  General  Roaecrana,  and  on  .Inly  °.7  be 

entiled  with  zeal  upon  the  duty  of  reorganizing 
I  lie  ai  my  in  the  vicinity  of  the  national  Capital. 

He  broughl  to  the  service  youth, a  spotless  mor- 
al character,  robust  health,  untiling  industry.  :. 
good  theoretical  military  education,  the  prestige 
of  recent  success,  and  the  II n  1  urn [ ed  confidence 
of  the  loyal  people.  Having  laid  a  liroad  moral 
foundation    for  an   efficient   army  organization, 

lie) ededwith  skill  and  vigor  to  mould  his 

material  into  perfect  symmetry.  So  energeti- 
cally was  this  done  that  at  the  end  of  fifty  days 
an  army  of  at  hast  UMi.lMKI  men,  well  organized. 
officered,  equipped,  and  disciplined,  were  in  and 
around  Washington.  At  that  time  the  entire 
tone  in  bis  department  inclnded  152,000  sol- 
dlera     Bj  the  1st  of  March,  1862,  that  number 

uas    M,    Increased   that    when,  at    that    time,  the 

forces  wen  put  in  motion,  having  been  thor- 
oughly drilled  and  disciplined,  the  grand  total 
of  the  army  was  222,000,  of  which  number  about 
30,000  were   sick   or  absent.      It    uas  called  the 

"Grand  Ai  my  of  t  he  Potomac" 

Army  of  the  Potomac   on  the  Peninsula 
Genera]  McClellan  left  Washington  for 

Fortress  Monroe,  April  1, 1862,  with  the  greater 
part  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  Iea\  ing  for  the 
del',  nee  of  the  capital  and  other  sei  \  ice  more  re- 
mote 75,000.  Very  soon  there  were  120,000  men 
ii  Fortress  Monroe,  exclusive  of  the  forces  of 
Genera]  Wool,  the  commander  there.  A  large 
portion  of  these  moved  up  the  Peninsula  in  two 
columns,  one  under  General  s.  I'.  rleiutzelman, 
marching  mar  the  Vmk  River;  the  other  under 
Geueral  Keyes,  near  the  .la i  River.      \  com 

paratively  small  Confederate  force,  under  Gen- 
eral .1.  I!.  Ma-ruder,  formed  a  fortified  line  across 
the  Peninsula  in  the  pathway  of  the  Nationals. 
The  ht't  of  this  line  was  at  Vol  ktow  n,  and  the 
right  on  the  Warwick  River,  that  falls  into  the 
James,     In  front  of  this  line  McClellau's  con- 


r  ARMY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

tinually  augmenting  army  remained  a  month, 
engaged  in  the  tedious  operations  of  a  regular 
siege,  under  the  direction  of  General  Fitz  John 
Porter,  skirmishing  frequently,  and.  on  one  oc- 
casion, making  a  reconnoissaiice  in  force  that 
was  disastrous  to  the  Nationals.  On  the  3d  of 
May.  Magruder,  who  had  resorted  to  all  sorts 
of  tricks  to  deceive  and  mislead  the  Nationals, 
w  rote  to  ( 'ooper.  of  the  Confederate  War  Depart- 
ment :  '•  Thus,  with  live  thousand  men.  exclusive 
of  the  garrison,  we  stopped  and  held  in  check 
over  one  hundred  thousand  of  the  enemy  " 
McClellan  now  began  those  approaches  toward 
Richmond  which  resulted  in  the  Seven  Days' 
battles  near  that  city. 
Army  of  the  United  States.     The  military 

■yStem  of  the  United  States  is  based  Upon  vol- 
unteer armies,  raised  as  occasion  may  require. 
A  small  standing  army  is  kept  up  for  the  sup- 
port of  good  order  and  for  safety  against  incur- 
sions of  barbarians  on  the  borders  of  expanding 
settlements:  and  a  well-regulated  militia,  un- 
der the  control  of  the  respective  states,  forms 
an  ample  body  of  citizen  soldiery.  The  first  act 
for  the  enrolment  in  the  militia  of  all  able-bod- 
ied white  men  of  eighteen  and  under  forty-five 
years  of  age  was  passed  bj  Congress  in  IT'.hJ. 
flic  act  provided  that  in  the  organization  there 
should  be  infantry,  cavalry,  and  artili 
act  was  passed  early  in  1796  which  empowered 
the  President,  in  Case  of  invasion,  or  imminent 
danger  thereof,  to  call  forth  the  militia  of  the 
stale  or  states  most   convenient  to  the  place  of 

I  le  w  as  also  empowered,  in 
insurrection,  or  when  the  laws  of  the  United 
States  should  be  opposed  by  a  combination  too 
powerful  to  he  suppressed  by  the  ordinary  course 
of  judicial  proceedings,  to  call  out  the  militia. 
The  late  Civil  War  gave  full  examples  of  the 
working  of  our  military  system.  When  combi- 
nations in  the  slave -labor  states  became  too 
powerful  for  the  civil  authorities  to  oppose,  the 
President  of  the  United  states  called  for  75,000 
militia  (designating  the  number  required  from 
each  state)  to  suppress  the  insurrection  I  See 
I'rrsid,  id's  (all  fur  Troop*.)  As  soon  as  the  va- 
rious regiments  from  the  states  were  mustered 
into  the  service  of  the  United  States  they  were 
no  longer  under  the  control  id' their  respective 
sine  governments,  but  of  that  of  the  national 
government,  and  were  assigned  to  brigades,  di- 
visions, corps,  and  armies,  according  to  the  re- 
quirements of  the  service.  They  were  then  en- 
tirely supported  by  the  national  government. 
All  their  general  and  staff  officers  were  commis- 
sioned by  the  President,  and  no  officers,  alter 
having  been    mustered    into  the   service  of  the 

United  states,  could  be  dismissed  by  the  state 

authorities.  During  the  Civil  War,  from  Bret  to 
last.  2,690,401    men,  including    reinforcements, 

wire  fin  oiled,  equipped,  and  organized  into  ar- 
mies. The  regular  army  during  that  war  was 
raised  to  something  over  "iO.ihki  men.  but  was 

reduced,  at  its  close,  to  30,000  men.  The  stand- 
ing army  now  1 1876)  numbers  25,000,  and  is  main- 
ly used  iii  garrisoning  the  permanent  fortifica- 
tions, protecting  the  routes  of  travel  and  com- 
merce across  the  continent,  and  preserving  or- 


ARMY  OF  VIRGINIA  6 

tier  among  the  Indian  tribes  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River. 

Army  of  Virginia  (18(52).  To  give  more  ef- 
ficiency to  the  troops  covering  Washington  in 
1862,  they  were  formed  into  an  organization 
called  the  "Army  of  Virginia,"  and  placed  un- 
der the  command  of  Major-general  John  Pope. 
General  Halleek  was  then  general-in-cbief  of 
all  the  armies,  with  his  headquarters  at  Wash- 
ington. The  corps  of  the  new  army  were  com- 
manded, respectively,  by  Generals  McDowell, 
Banks,  ami  SigeL  When  McCIellan  had  re- 
treated to  Harrison's  Landing  (which 
the  Confederate  leaders  were  satisfied  that  no 
further  attempts  would  then  he  made  to  take 
Richmond,  they  ordered  Lee  to  make  a  dash  on 
Washington.  Hearing  of  this,  Halleek  ordered 
l'ope,  in  the  middle  of  July,  to  meet  the  intend- 
ed invaders  at  the  outset  of  their  raid.  General 
Sllfns  King  lead  a  troop  of  cavalry  that  de- 
stroyed railroads  and  bridges  to  within  thirty 
or  forty  miles  of  Richmond.  Pope's  troops  were 
posted  along  a  line  from  Fredericksburg  to  Win- 
chester and  Harper's  Ferry)  and  were  charged 
with  the  threefold  duty  of  covering  the  nation- 
al capital,  guarding  the  valley  entrance  into 
Maryland  in  the  rear  of  Washington,  and  threat- 
ening Richmond  from  the  north  as  a  diversion 
in  favor  of  McCIellan. 

Army,  The  (1861).  When  Mr.  Lincoln  en- 
tered upon  the  duties  of  President  of  the  Re- 
public (March  4,  l~t;i  >  the  total  regular  force 
of  the  army  was  16,000  men.  and  these  were 
principally  in  the  Western  states  and  territo- 
ries, guarding  the  frontier  settlers  against  the 
Indians.  The  forts  anil  arsenals  on  the  sea- 
board, especially  within  the  slave-labor  states, 
were  so  weakly  manned,  or  not  manned  at  all. 
that  they  became  an  ca-\  prey  to  the  insur- 
gents. The  consequence  was  that  they  were 
seized:  and  when  the  new  administration  came 
into  power,  of  all  the  fortifications  within  the 
slave-labor  states  only  Fortress  Monroe,  in  Vir- 
ginia, and  Forts  Jefferson,  Taylor,  and  Pickens, 
on  the  Golf  coast,  remained  in  possession  of  the 
government.  Tin-  seized  forts  were  sixteen  in 
number.  They  had  cost  the  government  about 
|6,000,000,  aud  had  an  aggregate  of  1226  guns. 
All    the    arsenals    in    the    cotton-growing   states 

had  been  seized.  Twiggs  had  surrendered  a 
portion  of  the  National  army  in  Texas.  (See 
Twiggs's  Treasonable  Acts.)  The  army  had  been 
put  so  far  out  of  reach,  and  the  forts  anil  arse- 
nals in  the  North  had  been  so  stripped  of  de- 
fenders, by  the  treacherous  Floyd.  Buchanan's 
secretary  of  war.  in  preparation  for  the  assanll 
on  the  Union  (see  Floyd's  Disloyal  Acts),  that 
the  government  was  threatened  with  sudden 
paralysis. 

Arnold  at  New  London  (1781).  When  Sir 
Henry  Clinton  found  thai  the  allied  armies 
were  actually  going  to  Virginia,  he  tried  to 
alarm  Washington  by  threats  ami  marauding 
expeditions.  He  sent  the  1 1  ait  or.  Arnold,  w  it  h 
a  band  of  regulars  ami  Tories  to  commit  atroci- 
ties in  (' ecticul.      Arnold  crossed  the  Sound, 

from    Long    Island,  and   on   Sept.  6,  1781,  landed 


!  ARNOLD 

his  troops  on  each  side  of  the  Thames,  below- 
New  London.  He  plundered  and  burned  that 
town,  and  a  part  of  his  force  took  Fort  Gris- 
wold,  opposite,  by  storm.  It  was  gallantly  de- 
fended by  Colonel  Ledyard  and  a  garrison  of 
one  hundred  and  fifty  poorly-armed  militiamen. 
Only  six  of  the  garrison  were  killed  in  the  con- 
flict, but  after  the  surrender  the  British  officer 
in  command  (Colonel  Eyre)  murdered  Ledyard 
with  his  sword,  and,  refusing  to  give  quarter 
to  the  garrison,  seventy-three  were  massacred. 
Then  the  wounded  were  placed  in  a  baggage- 
wagon  and  sent  down  the  slope  towards  the 
liver,  with  the  intention  of  drowning  them  in 
the  stream  at  its  foot,  but  the  vehicle  was 
(•aught  by  an  apple-tree.  The  cries  of  the  suf- 
ferers could  be  heard  above  the  crackling  of 
the  burning  town  by  persons  across  the  river. 
With  this  atrocious  expedition  the  name  of 
Benedict  Arnold  disappears  from  the  records  of 
our  history. 

Arnold  at  Richmond.  Virginia  had  gener- 
ously sent  her  best  defenders  to  help  Greene  in 
the  Carolinas.  when  Arnold,  the  traitor,  invaded 
the  state,  by  way  of  the  James  River,  with  a 
band  of  British  and  Tories.  (See  Arnold  in  Vir- 
ginia.) Only  militia  remained  to  protect  the 
state.  These  were  called  out.  but  they  were  in- 
sufficient for  the  emergency.  Arnold  penetrated 
to  Richmond,  hoping  to  catch  Governor  Jeffer- 
son there,  but  the  latter  had  left.  Many  of  the 
inhabitants  fled  into  the  Country,  followed  by 
the  militia.  After  taking  possession  of  Rich- 
mond, destroying  the  cannon  -  fouudery  there, 
and  casting  the  powder  that  he  could  not  cany 
away  into  the  river,  Arnold  promised  to  spare 
the  town  if  his  vessels  might  be  permitted  to 
carry  off  the  tobacco  in  the  warehouses  unmo- 
lested. The  proposition  was  rejected,  when  he 
applied  the  torch.  A  great  number  of  public 
and  private  buildings  were  burned,  with  a  large 
quantity  of  tobacco.  He  then  retreated  down 
the  James  River,  for  he  found  dangers  rapidly 
gathering  around  him. 

Arnold,  lb  \t  nn  I.  born  at  Norwich.  Conn., 
Jan.  o.  17-11.    As  a  boj  he  was  hold,  mischievous. 


,  mum  n 

and  quarrelsome.  Apprenticed  to  an  apothe- 
cary .  he  ran  away,  enlisted  as  a  soldier,  but  de- 
seited.  For  four  yean  1763  67  be  was  :1  book- 
seller and  drnggial    in  New    lla\en.  Conn.,  and 


ARNOLD  6 

was  afterwards  master  and  supercargo  of  a  ves- 
sel trading  to  tbe  West  Indies.  Immediately 
after  the  affair  at  Lexington, he  raised  acorn- 
pany  of  volunteers  and  inarched  to  Cambridge. 
There  be  proposed  to  the  Massachusetts  Com- 
mittee of  Safely  an  expedition  against  Port  Ti- 
conderoga,  and  was  commissioned  a  colonel. 
Finding  a  small  force,  under  Colonels  Easton, 
Brown,  and  Allen,  on  tbe  same  errand  when  he 
reached  Western  Massachusetts,  he  joined  them 
without  command.  (See  Ticonderoga.)  Return- 
ing to  Cambridge,  he  w  as  placed  at  the  head  of 

an  expedition  for  the  capture  of  Quebec,  which 
went  by  the  way  of  the  Kennel  ice.  the  Wilderness, 
and  tbe  Chaudiere  River,  and,  after  terrible  suf- 
ferings, reached  the  St.  Lawrence  and  boldly  de- 
manded the  surrender  of  the  city.     (See  JmoloVs 

Expedition.)     He  assisted   Montgomery  in  the 

siege  of  Quebec,  and  w  as  t  here  severely  wounded 
in  the  leg.  Montgomery  was  killed,  and  Arnold 
was  promoted  to  brigadier-general  (Jan.  10, 17T(i  i 
and  took  command  of  the  remnant  of  the  Amer- 
ican troops  in  the  vicinity  of  Quebec.  Succeed- 
ed by  Wooster,  he  went  up  Lake  Champlain  to 
Ticonderoga, where  be  was  placed  in  command 

of  an  armed  flotilla  On  the  lake.  With  these  ves- 
sels be  had  disastrous  hat  I  lesfOct.  1 1  and  13, 1770) 
with  British  vessels  built  at  St.. Johns.  Arnold 
was  deeply  offended  by  tbe  appointment,  by  Con- 
gress, earlj  in  I777.nl  live  of  his  juniors  to  the 
rank  of  major-general.  lie  received  the  same 
appointment  soon  afterwards  (Feb. 7,  1777),  but 
tbe  affront  left  an  irritating  thorn  in  his  bosom, 
ami  be  was  continually  in  trouble  with  his  fel- 
low-officers, for  his  temper  was  violent  and  ho 
was  not  upright  in  pecuniary  transactions  Gen- 
eral Schuyhr  admired  him  for  his  bravery,  and 
was  his  abiding  friend  until  bis  treason,  lie  suc- 
cessfully went  to  i  he  relief  of  Fori  Schuyler  on  tbe 
upper  Mohawk  (August,  1777),  with  eight  hun- 
dred volunteers;  and  in  September  and  October 

following  he  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  the  de- 
feat of  Burgoyne,  in  spite  of  General  Ga 

y.'c;;u.s'.s  lliif/lilx,  Battles  oil.)  There  he  was  again 
Severely  wounded  in  the  same  leg,  and  was  dis- 
abled several  months.  When  the  British  evacu- 
ated Philadelphia  (June,  177-?  Arnold  was  ap- 
pointed commander  at  Philadelphia,  where  be 
married  the  beautiful  young  daughter  of  a  lead- 
ing Tory  (Edward  Shippeu),  lived  extravagant- 
ly, became  involved  in  debt,  was  accused  of  dis- 
honest official  conduct,  plotted  treason  against 
his  country,  and,  when    his  scheme   had   failed. 

lied  to  the  British  lines  and  obtained  his  prom- 
ised reward,  (See  Treason  of  Arnold.)  Arnold 
led  a  British  marauding  expedition  into  Virginia 

early  in  1781, W  hen  be  ascended  the  .lames  River 
and  inflicted  great  injury  by  burning  and  pil- 
laging property.      In  September  (1781)  he  led  a 

force  of  British  ami  Tories  to  the  coasts  of  Con- 
necticut, who  massacred  the  garrison  at   Fori 

Griswold,  opposite  New  London,  and  burned  I  be 
latter  place.  Arnold  went  to  England  at,  the 
close  .if  the  war,  where  he  was  despised  and 
shunned  by  all  fa ruble  nan.  He  was  after- 
wards a  resident  of  St.  Johns,  New  Brunswick, 
engaged  chiefly  in  trade  and  navigation,  but  w  as 
very  unpopular.     lb-  was  there  hung  in  effigy. 


i  ARNOLD 

His  son,  James  Robertson  (an  infant  at  the  time 
of  bis  father's  treason),  became  a  lieutenant- 
general  in  the  British  army.  Arnold's  second 
wife  (daughter  of  Chief-justice  Shippen,  of  Penn- 
sylvania), whom  be  married  when  sbe  was  not 
quite  eighteen  years  of  age,  survived  bim  just 
three  years.  Arnold  died  in  obscurity,  but  in 
comfortable  pecuniary  circumstances,  in  Glouces- 
ter Place,  London,  June  14,  1804. 

Arnold  in  Virginia.  With  great  generosity 
Virginia  had  sent  her  best  troops  to  assist  the 
Carolinians  in  their  attempt  to  throw  off  tbe 
yoke  laid  upon  their  necks  by  Cornwallis.  To 
call  these  troops  back  from  Greene's  army,  the 
British,  at  the  close  of  1780,  sent  Arnold,  the 
newly-bought  traitor,  into  Virginia  with  a  ma- 
rauding party  of  British  and  Tories,  about  six- 
teen hundred  in  number,  with  seven  armed  ves- 
sels, to  plnuder,  distress,  and  alarm  the  people 
of  that  state.  In  no  other  way  could  Arnold  be 
employed  by  his  master,  for  respectable  British 
officers  refused  to  serve;  with  him  in  the  army. 
He  arrived  at  Hampton  Roads  on  Dee.  30,  17S0. 
Anxious  to  distinguish  himself,  be  immediate- 
ly pushed  up  the  James  River  as  far  a-  Rich- 
mond, when,  after  destroying  a  large  quantity 
of  public  and  private  stores  there  and  in  the  vi- 
cinity (Jan.  5, 17S1 ),  he  withdrew  to  Portsmouth, 
opposite  Norfolk,  ami  made  that  place  his  head- 
quarters for  a  while  Earnest  efforts  wen1  made 
to  capture  tbe  marauder,  but  in  vain.    Jefferson 

Offered  $25,000  for  his  arrest,  and  Washington 
detached  Lafayette,  with  twelve;  bundled  men, 
drawn  from  the  New  England  and  New  Jersey 
levies,  who  marched  to  Virginia  for  that  purpose 

and  to  protect  the  state.  A  portion  of  the  Flinch 
fleet  went  from  Rhode  Island  (March  8)  to  shut 
Arnold  up  in  the  Elizabeth  River  and  as>i~l  in 
capturing  him.  Steuben,  who  was  recruiting 
for  Greene's  army  in  Virginia,  also  watched  bim. 
The  effort  failed,  for  Arnold  was  vigilant  and 
extremely  cautious.  He  knew  what  would  bo 
his  fate  if  caught.  "What  would  t  he  Americans 
do  with  me,  if  they  should  catch  me.'"  Arnold 
inquired  of  a  young  prisoner.  'They  would  cut. 
oil' and  bury  with  military  honors  your  leg  that 
was  wounded  at  Saratoga,  and  hang  the  rest  of 
you,"  replied  the  >  oung  American  soldier.  Gen- 
eral Phillips  joined  Arnold  (March  26)  with  more 
than  two  thousand  men,  and  look  the  chief  com- 
mand. The  traitor  accompanied  him  on  another 
expedition  up  the  James  River,  in  April,  and 
then  returned  to  New  York,  for  Cornwallis,  who 
came  into  Virginia  from  North  Carolina,  refused 
to  serve  with  him. 

Arnold,  RICHARD,  was  born  in  Providence, 
K.  I..  April  12,  1828,  and  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  1850.  Entering  the  artillery,  be  served  ill 
Florida,  and  was  aid  to  General  Wool  in  Cali- 
fornia. He  was  at  the  battle  of  Bull's  Run, 
served  on  tbe  Peninsula,  and  was  made  chief  of 
artillery  of  Banks's  expedition  in  November,  1862, 
when  he  was  commissioned  brigadier-general  of 
volunteers.  At  Port  Hudson  (which  Bee)  and 
iii  the  Red  River  campaign  (which  see)  he  ren- 
dered important  service;  also  in  the  capture  of 
Fort  Fisher,  and  of  Fort  Morgan,  near  Mobile. 


ARNOLD 

He  was  breveted  major-geueral  U.  S.  Army  in 
1866. 

Arnold,  Samuel  Greene,  was  born  in  Provi- 
dence, R.  I..  April  12,  1821.  He  graduated  at 
Brown  University  in  1841,  and  llie  Cambridge 
Law  School  in  1845.  After  extensive  travel  in 
Enrope,  the  East,  and  South  America,  he  became, 
in  1852,  lieutenant-governor  of  Rhode  Island,  and 
in  1861  a  delegate  to  the  Peace  Convention 
(which  see).  He  took  the  field  a  little  later  in 
command  of  a  battery  of  artillery,  and  as  aide- 
de-camp  to  Governor  Sprague.  He  was  lieu- 
tenant -  governor,  1861-62,  and  United  States 
Senator  in  1863.  He  was  the  author  of  a  vain- 
able  History  of  Rhode  Island,  published  in  1859- 
60.     Mr.  Arnold  died  Feb.  14, 1880. 

Arnold's  attempt  at  Corruption.  Soon  af- 
ter his  flight  to  the  British  army.  Arnold,  the 
traitor,  published  an  "Address  to  the  Inhabi- 
tants of  America,"  in  which  he  attempted  to 
gloss  over  his  treason  by  abusing  the  Congress 
and  the  French  alliance.  He  also  published  a 
"  Proclamation  to  the  Officers  and  Soldiers  of 
the  Continental  Army."  in  which  he  contrasted 
the  wretchedness  of  their  condition  with  the 
prompt  pay  and  abundant  supplies  of  the  Brit- 
ish service.  To  induce  them  to  desert  he  offered 
lift  ecu  dollars  to  every  private  soldier,  and  to  the 
officers  commissions  in  the  British  tinny  accord- 
ing to  their  rauk  and  the  number  of  men  they 
might  bring  with  them.  This  effort  by  a  traitor 
to  corrupt  those  whom  he  had  sought  to  betray 
produced  no  result  except  to  excite  the  contempt 
and  scorn  of  the  American  soldiers. 

Arnold's  Expedition  to  Quebec.  While 
Montgomery  was  successfully  invading  Canada 
by  way  of  Lake  Champlain,  Colonel  Benedict 
Arnold  was  making  his  way  to  the  St.  Lawrence 
and  Quebec  by  the  Kennebec  and  Chaudiere 
rivers,  through  a  terrible  wilderness.  Arnold, 
commissioned  a  colonel  in  the  Continental  Army, 
left  Cambridge  with  a  little  more  than  one  thou- 
sand men,  composed  of  New  England  musket- 
eers and  riflemen  from  Virginia  and  Pennsylva- 
nia, the  latter  under  Captain  Daniel  Morgan. 
He  sailed  from  Newburyport  for  the  Kennebec 
in  the  middle  of  September,  177f>.  Tbej  rendez- 
voused at  Fort  Western,  on  the  Kennebec  River, 
opposite  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Augusta, 
Blaine,  and  OD  the  Verge  Of  B  wilderness  un- 
inhabited except  by  a  few  Indian  hunters. 
At  Norridgewock  Palls  (see  Halle)  their  Bevere 
labors  began.  Their  bateaux  were  drawn  by 
oxen,  and  their  provisions  were  carried  on  their 

backs  around  the  falls     a  wearisome  task  often 

repeated  as  they  pressed  towards  the  head-wa- 
ters of  the  Kennebec, often  wading  and  pushing 
their  bateaux  against  swift  Currents.    At  length 

they  left  that  stream  and  traversed  tangled  ra- 
vines, craggy  knolls,  and  deep  morasses,  until 
they  reached  the   Dead  River.     Thai   stream 

tlowed  placid  I  \  on  the  si lit  of  the  Water  shed 

between  the  St.  Law  re  i  ice  and  the  Atlantic,  and 
they ved  pleasautl]  over  its  bosom  until  they 

encamped  at  the  foot  of  a  high  mountain  capped 
with  snow.      Sickness  and  desertion  now  began 

to  reduce  tii.'  mi  in  be  r  of  effective  men.    October 


70  ARSENAL  AT  ST.  LOUIS 

was  passing  away.  Keen 
blasts  came  from  the 
north.  A  heavy  rain  fell, 
and  the  water,  rushing 
from  the  hills,  suddenly 
filled  the  Dead  River  to 
its  brim  and  overflowed 
its  banks.  Some  of  the 
boats  were  overturned 
and  much  provision  was 
lost  or  spoiled.  Food 
for  only  twelve  days  re- 
mained. A  detachment 
was  sent  to  get  a  sup- 
ply, but  did  not  return. 
The  floods  began  to 
freeze  and  the  morasses  he- 
came  almost  impassable. 
Through  ice-cold  water 
they  were  frequently 
compelled  to  wade  ; 
even  two  women,  wives 
of  soldiers,  endured  this 
hardship.  At  length  they 
reached  the  Chaudiere 
River,  that  empties  into 

the  St.  Lawrence.     Star- 
vation threatened.     Sev- 
enty  miles  lay    between 
them    and    Sertigaii,  the 
nearest    French     settle- 
ment. Leaving  his  troops 
on  the  banks  of  the  up- 
per Chaudiere,  Arnold  and  fifty-five  men  start- 
ed down  the  river  for  Sertigaii  to  obtain  food. 
Two  or  three  boats  had  been  wrecked  just  be- 
fore their  departure,  and  much  of  their  scanty 
supply  of  food  was  lost.     Arnold  and  his  party 
reached  the  settlement.     Indians  were  sent  back 
with  provisions  and  as  guides  for  the  rest  of  t  he 
troops  to  the  settlement.    When  the  forces  were 
joined  they   moved  towards  the  St.  Law  renee  ; 
and  on  the  '.Hit  of  November,  in  a  heavy  snow- 
storm, they  suddenly  appeared   at    Point   Levi, 
opposite  Quebec,  only  seven  hundred  and  fifty 
in    number.      It   was  almost   two  months  after 
they    left    Cambridge    before    they    reached    the 
St.  Lawrence.      Their  Bufferings  from  cold  and 
hunger  had   been  extreme.      At  one  time  they 
had   attempted   to    make   broth   of  boiled    deer- 
skin moccasins  to  sustain  life,  and  a  dog  belong- 
ing to  Henry  (afterwards  General)  Dearborn 

made  savory  food  for  them.  Ill  this  expedit  ion 
were  men  who  afterwards  became  famous  in 
American  history  —  Aaron  Bun.  R  .1.  MelgS, 
Henry  Dearborn,  Daniel  Morgan,  and  others. 

Arsenal  at  St  Louis,   ATTEMPT!  D  Si  i/i  Rl 
nl  .     Under  tin'  inspiration  of  a  disloyal  graduate 

of  the  West  Point  Academj  (Daniel  M   I 
native  of  New  York,  ami  nnder  (he  lead  of  the 
Governor  of  Missouri  (C.  P.  Jackson),  an  attempt 
was  made  in  May,  1861,  to  seise  the  U.S.  Arse- 
Da]  at  si.  Louis.     The  Secessionists  had  already 

seized  one  unguarded  arsenal  at  Liberty,  Clay 
County,  under  the  direction  of  the  governor,  but 

the  one  at  st.  Louis  was  guarded  by  t\\f  bun- 
dled tegular  Hoops,  under  Captain  Nathaniel 
Lyon,  who  had   been  appointed  commander  of 


ARSENAL  AT  ST.  LOUIS 

the  post  in  place  of  Major  Bell,  a  Secessionist. 
The  goyernor  bad  senl  orders  to  the  militia  «>rti - 
eeta  of  tbe  state  i<>  assemble  their  respective 

commands  and  go  into  encampment  for  a  wick. 
the  avowed  object  being  "to  attain  a  greater 
degree  of  efficiency  and  perfection  in  discipline." 
For  weeks  before  the  President's  call  for  troops 
isionists  of  St.  Louis  were  drilled  in  the 
nee  of  fire-arms  in  a  building  in  that  city  :  were 
furnished  with  state  amis  by  the  governor;  re- 
ceived commissions  from  him.  and  were  sworn 
into   tli<'    military   service  id'  the   state.      They 


*^r 


111     Hi 

m  n 


02ILAAJ 


CNITKIi  BTATSS   UUOBAL    vr   H     I 

were  closely  watched  by  B  few  Unionists,  and 
filially  the   latter  olSM  in   St.  Louis   (who   were 

largely  of  the  German  population)  were  formed 
into  military  companies,  ami  drilled  in  the  use  of 
fire-arms,  When  tbe  President's  call  for  troops 
came,  they  openly  drilled,  made  their  place  of 
meeting  a  citadel,  established  a  perpetual  guard, 
and  kept  up  constant  communication  with  the 
arsenal.  Thej  were  denounced  by  the  Seces- 
sionists as  ••outlaws,  incendiaries,  and  miscre- 
ants," preparing  to  make  w  ar  on  Missouri.    They 

were  relieved  by  an  older  from  the  Presideul 
(April  :i0.  1861)  for  Captain  Lyon  to  enroll  into 
the  military  sen  ice  of  the  United  states  the  loy- 
al citizens  of  St.  Louis,  in  number  not  exceeding 
one  thousand.  This  order  was  procured  ehielly 
through  the  Influence  of  Colonel  (afterwards 
Major-geueral)  Prank  P.  Blair,  who  had  already 
raised  and  organized  a  regiment  of  Missonrians, 
and  assisted  in  the  primary  formation  of  four 
others.  Meanwhile,  in  accordance  with  an  or- 
der from  Genera]  Wool  (see  Wool,  Relief  of  ti*4 
Capital),  8  large  portion  of  the  arms  ,-u  the  arse- 
nal were  removed  (April  -Jtii  secret h  to  Alton. 
Illinois,  in  a  steamboat, and  thence  bj  railway  to 
Springfield.  Frost,  the  New  fork  Secessionist, 
whom  the  governor  had  commissioned  a  briga- 
il.  formed  I  militia  camp  in  the  suh- 
nrbs  of  St.  Louis,  and.  to  deceive  the  people, 

kepi   the  national   flag  flying  over  it.      Captain 

Lyon  had  enrolled  a  Large  number  of  volunteers, 

who  occupied  the  arsenal  grounds.  Some  of 
tin  in,  for  want  of  room,  occupied  ground  out- 
side. The  St.  Louis  police  demanded  their  re- 
turn to  tin-  government  grounds,  because  they 
wen  Federal  soldiers,  violating  the  rights  of 
■  mu  -tate  of  Missouri."  No  attention 
was  paid  to  tins  demand.  To  make  his  little 
force  appear  large,  Lyon  sent  out  squads  at  night 
to  distant  points,  to  return  in  the  morning  with 
drama  beatiug  and  Hags  flying.     Finally  word 


71  ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDERATION 

came  to  Lyon  that  cannons  and  mortars,  in  box- 
es marked  "marble,"  had  been  landed  from  a 
Steamboat  and  sent  to  Frost's  Secession  camp. 
Disguised  as  a  woman,  closely  veiled.  Lyon  rode 
around  that  camp,  and  was  satisfied  that  it  was 
time  for  him  to  act  with  vigor.  Early  in  the 
afternoon  of  .May  'J.  LyOU,bya  quick  movement, 
surrounded  Frost's  camp  with  six  thousand 
troops  and  heavy  cannon,  and  placing  guards 
so  as  to  prevent  any  communication  with  the 

city,  demanded  of  the  commander  the  immediate 
surrender  of  men  and  munitions  of  war  under 
him.  giving  him  only  thirty  minutes 
for  deliberation.     Intelligence  of 

this  movement  had  reached  the 
city,  and  an  armed  mob  ot  Seces- 
sionists rushed  out  to  assist  their 
friends.  They  were  too  late.  Frost 
surrendered  his  twelve  hundred 
militia, twelve  hundred  new  nlles, 
twenty  cannons,  several  chests  of 
muskets,  ami  a  large  qnantity  of 

ammunition.    Most  of  these  materi- 
als of  w  ar  had  been  stolen  from  the 
arsenal   at   Baton   Rouge.      As  the 
prisoners  were  inarching  out  of  the 
camii, the  mob  tiled  on  the  National 
troops.    The  fire  was  returned, and  about  twen- 
ty persons  in  the  crowd  were  wounded,  some  of 
them   mortally.     That    night   was  one  of  great 
excitement  in  St.  Louis.      The  mob  paraded  the 
streets  until  after  midnight,  hut  no  serious  dis- 
turbance occurred.     Twodays  afterwards  (May 
lli.  as   some   of  the   troops    were   entering   the 
town  from  the  arsenal,  a  boy  in  an  excited  crowd 
tired  a  pistol  at  the  soldiers.  The  rear  line  turned 
and  tired,  when  the  column,  broken,  tired  quick- 
ly upon  the  multitude  on  the  sidewalk-..      Sev- 
eral persons  were  killed  or  wounded,  and  some 
of  the  soldiers  were  badly  hurt  by  t  In-  w  ild  tiring 
of  the  mob.      The   arsenal   was  saved,      t  >n   the 

I2tb  General  W.  8.  Harney  resumed  command  of 

the    Department   of  the  West,  of  which    he   was 

the  head.    <  trdet  w  as  restored.    Excepting  once 

afterwards  (June  18),  Si.  Louis  was  spared  from 
scenes  of  bloodshed  during  the  war. 

Articles  of  Confederation.  In  July,  177.'), 
Dr.  Franklin  submitted  to  the  Continental  Con- 
gress a  plan  of  government  for  the  colonies,  t«. 

exist  until  the  war  then  begun  with  Great  Brit- 
ain should  cease.      It  was  not  acted  upon.      On 

July  12,  177(">.  a  committee,  appointed  on  July 

11,  reported,  through  John  Dickenson,  of  Penn- 
sylvania, a  draft  of  "  Articles  of  Confederal  ion." 
Almost  daily  debates  npon  it  continued  until 
August  20,  when  the  report  was  laid  aside,  and 
was  not  called  up  for  consideration  until  April 
8,  1777.      Meanwhile   several    of  the   states   had 

adopted  constitutions  for  their  respective  gov- 
ernments, ami  the  Congress  was  practically  ac- 
knowledged the  supreme  head  in  all  matters  ap- 
pertaining to  war, public  finances, etc., and  was 

exercising  the  functions  of  sovereignty.  From 
April  8  until  Nov.  15  ensuing,  the  subject  was 
debated  two  or  three  times  a  week, and  several 
amendments  were  made.  On  Nov.  15,  1777,  after 
B  spirited  debate,  daily,  for  a  fortnight,  a  plan 
of  government,  known   as  "Articles  of  ('unfed- 


AETICLES  OF  CONFEDERATION  7 

oration,"  was  adopted,  the  substance  of  which 

was.  that  the  thirteen  confederated  states  should 
be  known  as  the  "United  states  of  America;" 
that  all  engage  in  a  reciprocal  treaty  of  alliance 
and  friendship  for  mutual  advantage  :  each  to  as- 
sist the  other  when  help  should  he  needed;  that 
each  state  should  have  the  right  to  regulate  its 
own  internal  affairs;  that  no  state  should  sep- 
arately send  or  receive  embassies,  begin  any  ne- 
gotiations, contract  engagements  or  alliances,  or 
conclude  treaties  with  any  foreign  power,  with- 
out the  consent  of  the  general  Congress:  thai 
no  public  officer  should  be  allowed  to  accept  any 
presents,  emoluments,  office,  or  title  from  any 

foreign  power:  and  that  neither  Congress  nor 
state  governments  should  possess  the  power  to 
confer  any  title  of  nobility;  that  none  of  the 
states  should  have  the  right  to  form  alliances 
among  themselves  without  the  consent  of  Con- 
gress; that  they  should  not  have  the  power  to 
levy  duties  contrary  to  the  enactments  of  the 
Congress  ;  that  no  state  should  keep  up  a  stand- 
ing army  or  ships  of  war  in  time  of  peace,  be- 
yond the  amount  stipulated  by  Congress;  that 
when  any  of  the  states  should  raise  troops  for 
the  common  defence,  all  officers  of  the  rank  of 
colonel  or  under  should  he  appointed  by  the 
legislature  of  the  state,  and  the  superior  officers 
by  Congress  ;  that  all  expenses  of  t  he  war  should 
he  paid  out  of  the  public  treasury:  that  Congress 
alone  should  have  the  power  to  coin  money  ;  and 
t  hat  Canada  might  at  any  time  he  admitted  into 
the  confederacy  when  she  felt  disposed.  The  last 
clauses  of  the  "Articles  (d' Confederation''  were 

explanatory  of  the  powers  of  certain  government- 
al operations,  and  contained  details  of  the  same. 
Under  this  weak  government, without  a  sover- 
eign head  anywhere,  its  whole  being  subject  to 
the  caprices  of  thirteen  distinct  legislative  bod- 
ies, the  inchoate  nation  existed  about  seven 
years,  when  this  form  of  government  was  su- 
perseded by  one  under  a  const  it  ut  ion  plethoric 
with  national  life,  and  by  which  t he  republic  has 
become  one  of  the  leading  members  of  the  fami- 
ly of  nations.  The  "Articles  of  Confederation" 
were  submitted  to  the  several  state  legislatures, 
and  if  approved  by  them  they  were  advised  to 
authorize  their  delegates  to  ratify  the  same  by 
affixing  their  signatures  thereto.  Slowly  the 
States  ratified  them,  some  of  them  pointing 
out  serious  defects,  and  all  taking  time  to  dis- 
cuss them.  The  work  was  finally  accomplished, 
March  1,  L781,  by  the  signatures  of  the  delegates 
from  all  the  colonies.  (See  Articles  of  Confedera- 
tion, Signing  <;/'  the.  i 

Articles  of  Confederation,  SlONDt 
Congress  again  assembled,  in  Philadelphia,  on 
Julj  2,  1778,  and  on  the  9th  the  "Articles  of  Con- 
federation" (which  see), engrossed  on  parchment, 
were  signed  by  the  delegates  ofeighl  states.  A 
circular  was  sent  to  the  other  states,  urging  them 
••  to  conclude  the  glorious  compact  w  hiob  was  to 
unite  the  strength   ami   councils  of  the  whole." 

North  Carolina  acceded  to  the  Confederation  on 
tbe21sl  of  Jul j  :  Georgia  on  the  94tb,  and  New 
Jersey  on  the  86tb  of  November  following.  On 
Ma\  .">.  1 7  7  ■.  • .  the  delegates  from  Delaware  agreed 

to  the  compact  ;   but  Maryland  steadily  refused 


\  ARTS 

to  assent  withont  a  compliance  with  its  demands 
that  the  public  lands  northwest  of  the  Ohio 
should  first  be  recognized  as  the  common  prop- 
erty of  ail  the  states,  and  held  as  a  common  re- 
source for  the  discharge  of  the  debts  contracted 
by  Congress  for  the  expense  of  the  war.  Mary- 
land alone  stood  in  the  way  of  the  consumma- 
tion of  the  union  at  that  time.  This  point  was 
finally  settled  by  the  cession,  by  claiming  states, 
to  the  United  states,  of  all  unsettled  and  unap- 
propriated lauds,  for  the  benefit  of  the  whole 
Union.  This  action  having  removed  all  objec- 
tions, the  delegates  from  Maryland  signed  the 
"Articles  of  Confederation"  March  1,  1781,  and 
the  league  of  states  was  perfected. 

Artillery,  Titr.  Ancient  and  Honorable,  was 
organized  in  Boston,  Mass..  in  1  t>:>S.  and  is  still 
(1S70)  in  existence.  It  is  the  oldest  military 
organization  in  the  United  States.  On  the  oc- 
casion of  its  annual  election  of  officers  it  has 
a  sermon  preached.  The  first  one  was  by 
the  Rev.  Uriah  Oakes,  in  1672.  On  the  top  of 
the  Bunker  Hill  Monument  are  two  cannons, 
named  respectively  ''Hancock"  and  "Adams," 
which  formerly  belonged  to  this  artillery  com- 
pany. The  '-Adams''  was  burst  by  them  in  tiring 
a  salute.  Each  gun  hears  the  following  inscrip- 
tion :  "  Sacked  to  Liberty.  This  is  one  of  four 
cannons  which  constituted  the  whole  train  of 
field-artillery  possessed  by  the  British  colonies 
of  North  America  at  the  commencement  of  the 
war,  on  the  19th  of  April,  1775.  This  cannon 
and  its  fellow,  belonging  to  a  number  of  citizens 
of  Boston,  were  used  in  many  engagements  dur- 
ing the  war.  The  other  two,  the  property  of  the 
government  of  Massachusetts,  were  taken  by  the 
enemy." 

Arts,  Fins,  Introduction  or  thr.  The  ear- 
lier settlers  in  our  country  were  compelled  to 
battle  with  privations  of  every  kind,  and  for 
long  years  were  struggling  to  overcome  the  w  il- 
derness  and  to  procure  food  and  clothing.  This 
condition  did  not  admit  id'  the  cultivation  of 
esthetic  tastes.  Their  architecture  was  at  first 
little  superior  in  form  to  tin-  log-hut,  and  paint- 
ing and  sculpture  were  strangers  to  most  of  the 

inhabitants.  Music,  for  use  in  public  worship 
only,  was  cultivated  to  the  extent  of  the  ability 
of  the  common  singing-master,  and  only  occa- 
sionally poetry  was  attempted.  Kngrav  ing  was 
wholly  unknown  before  the  middle  of  the  last 
century.  At  about  that  time  Horace  Walpole 
w  rote,  ••  As  our  disputes  and  polities  have  trav- 
elled to  America,  it    is  probable   that    poetry 

and  painting,  too,  will  revive  amidst  those  ex- 
tensive tracts,  as  they  increase  in  opulence  and 
empire,  and  where  the  stores  of  nature  are  so 
vat  Ions,  so  magnificent,  and  so  new ."  Thai  w  as 
written  fourteen  years  before  the  Declaration  of 
Independence.  Little  could  he  comprehend  the 
value  of  freedom,  such  as  the  Americans  were 

then  about   to  Struggle  for.  in    the  development 

of  every  department  of  the  tine  arts,  of  which 
Dean  Berkeley  had  a  propbetio  glimpse  when  he 

w  role  : 


ARTS 

The  first  painter  who  found  his  way  to  America 
professionally  was  John  Watson,  a  Scotchman, 
who  was  bom  in  1685.  He  began  the  practice 
erf  liis  art  at  Perth  Anihoy,  then  the  capital  of 
New  Jersey,  in  1715.  where  lie  purchased  land 
and  huilt  houses,  lie  lived  long, and  died  at  an 
old  age.  John  Smyberl  (which  see)  came  with 
Dean  Berkeley  in  17-2^.  and  began  portrait-paint- 
ing in  Newport,  R.  1.  Nathan  Smybert,  "an 
amiable  yonth,"  began  the  practice  of  paint- 
ing, hut  died  young  in  17.77.  During  John  Smy- 
bert's  time  there  were  Blackburn  in  Boston  and 
Williams  of  Philadelphia  who  painted  portraits. 
'these  were  all  Englishmen.  The  first  Ameri- 
can painter  was  Benjamin  West,  who  spent  a 
greater  part  of  his  life  in  England,  where  he  at- 
tained to  a  high  reputation.  (See  n 
Singleton  Copley  was  his  contemporary,  and 
I  iain  ted  portraits  so  early  as  1760.  At  the  same 
time  Woollaston,  who  painted  the  portraits  of 
Mi^.  distil  (afterwards  Mis.  Washington)  and 
her  husband, about  17.">f>.  He  was  an  English- 
man. At  the  period  of  the  Revolution.  Charles 
Wilson  Peale,  who  had  learned  the  manipula- 
tion of  the  art  from  Hesselius,  a  portrait  paint- 
er, was  the  only  American,  if  we  except  yoong 

Trumbull,   who   might    he    called    ;i    good   artist. 

for  Copley  had  g to  England.    So  it  was  that 

the  line  Mil  of  painting  was  introduced.    At  that 

time  there  were  no  professional  architects  ju  the 

United  States.  Plans  for  churches,  other  than  the 
ordinar.s  buildings, were  procured  from  abroad. 
'I'lie  "meeting-house"  of  that  day  was  only  the 
shell  of  a  dwelling-house,  with  very  little  deco- 
ration, and  with  a  small  hell-tower  rising  a  few 

feel  above  the  roof.  The  dwelling-houses  were 
extremely  plain, generally.    When  a  tine  one  was 

to  he  huilt,  plans,  Mud  even  mate  rials  sometimes, 

were  procured  from  Europe.  Hut  from  the  be- 
ginning of  the  present  century  then-  have  been 
competent  Amerioan  architects,  who  have  car- 
ried the  people  through  the  various  styles  the 
Greek,  Oothio,  .and  Mansard  -of  architecture. 
Sculpture  waited  long  for  a  praet it ioner  in 
America,  and  very  little  of  the  sculptor's  an 
was  Known  in  this  country.  Within  forty  or 
ttfty  years  it  has  become  appreciated,  and  now 
the  demand  for  statuary  promises  a  fair  fut- 
ure   for    the    sculptor.       Among    the    earlier    of 

good  American  sculptors  were  Horatio  Green- 

migh    and    Hiram    Powers.       They  nia\    he    said 

to  have  introduced  the  art.     Greeuongh  was  the 

tii-i   American  who  produced  a  marble  group 

"The   Chanting  Cherubs,"  for  .1.  Fenimore 

Cooper.  Until  within  the  last  forty  years  there 
was  a  prudish  feeling  in  this  OOUntrj   that   made 

nnde  figures  an  abomination.     So  sensitive  were 

the  ladies  of  Philadelphia  concerning  the  an- 
tique figures  displayed  at  the  exhibitions  of  the 
Academj  of  Fine  Arts,  that  one  day  in  the  week 

was  set  apart  for  the  \isits  of  the  gentler  sex. 
Crawford  gave  to  American  sculpture  a  feme 
that   widened  that  of  Greeuongh  and  Powers. 

-"i  we  have  as  able  sculptors  as  any  in 
the    world.      Music    has   had    a    habitation    here, 

fnsi  in  the  form  of  psalm-singing,  from  the  ear- 
liest settlements.  Now  its  excellent  professors 
and   practitioners   are   legiou    in    number.     The 


73  ASBURY 

graphic  art  in  our  country  is  only  a  little  tnore 
than  a  century  old.  Nathaniel  Hurd,  of  Boston. 
engraved  on  copper  portraits  and  caricatures  as 
early  as  1762.  Paul  Revere,  also,  engraved  at 
the  period  of  the  Revolution.  He  engraved  the 
plates  for  the  Continental  money.  Amos  Doo- 
liitle  was  one  of  the  earliest  of  our  better  en- 
gravera  on  copper.  The  late  Dr.  Alexander  An- 
derson I  which  see)  was  the  first  man  who  en- 
graved on  wood  in  this  country — an  art  now 
brought  to  the  highest  perfection  here.  The 
earliest,  and  best  engraver  on  Steel  was  Asher 
B.  Durand,  now  (1880)  living,  who  became  one 
of  the  first  line-engravers  in  the  world,  hut  aban- 
doned the  profession  for  the  art  of  painting. 
The  art  of  lithography  was  introduced  into  the 
United  States,  in  1821,  by  Messrs.  Burnet  and 
Doolittle,  and  steadily  gained  favor  as  a  cheap 
method  of  producing  pictures.  It  is  now  ex- 
teneivelj  employed  in  producing  chromo-litho- 
graphio  pictures.  Photography,  t  he  child  of  the 
daguerreotype,  was  first  produced  in  England 
by  Mr.  Talbot,  and  was  introduced  here  chiefly 
by  the  labors  in  .science;  of  Dr.  J.  W.  Draper  of 
New  York.  Indeed,  the  discovery  of  the  proc- 
ess of  making  pictures  by  employing  sunlight 
as  the  artist  was  the  result  of  the  previous  exper- 
iments and  writings  concerning  the  chemical  ac- 
tion of  light  by  Dr.  Draper.  The  '•American 
Academy  of  Fine  Arts"  was  incorporated  in  1808, 
and  the  first  public  exhibition  of  works  (dart 
followed.  It  did  not  prosper.  At  t  he  suggest  ion 
ol  8.  I  '•  B.  Morse,  younger  painters  associated, 
and  in  1826  organized  the  '-National  Academy 

of  the  Arts  of  Design  in  the  United  Slates." 
Mr.  Morse  was  the  fust  president.  Only  two 
of  the  original  officers  (Asher  B.  Durand  and 
Thomas  8. Cummiugs)  survive  in  1890. 

Asboth,  ALEXANDER  San-don,  a  native  of 
Hungary,  where  he  was  born  Dee.  h.  1-1  I. 
died  in  Buenos  AyreS,  Jan.  21,  1868.  He  had 
seised  in  the  Austrian  army,  and  at  the  out- 
break of  the  European  revolution  in  1848  he 
entered  the  insurgent  army  of  Hungary,  strug- 
gling for  Hungarian  independence.  He  accom- 
panied Kossuth  in  exile  in  Turkey.  In  the  au- 
tumn of  1851  he  came  to  the  United  States  in 
the   frigate  Missitaippi,  and  became  a   oitizeu. 

When  the  Civil  War  broke  out  in  1861  h leicd 

Ins  aervioes  to  the  government,  and  in  .July  he 
went    as   chief  of   Fremont's    statf  to    Missouri, 

w  here  he  was  soon  promoted  to  brigadier-gener- 
al. He  performed  faithful  services  until  wound- 
ed in  the  face  and  one  arm,  in  Florida,  in  a  bat- 
tle on  Sept.'J7,  1864.  For  his  services  there  he 
was  breveted  a  major-general  in  the  spring  of 
1865,  and  in  August  following  he  resigned,  and 
w  as  appointed  Minister  to  t  he  Argentine  Repub- 
lic.    The  wound  ill  his  face  caused  his  death. 

Asbury,  I'kamis,  D.D.,  was  the  first  bishop 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  America. 
He  was  horn  at  Handsworth.  Staffordshire,  Eng- 
land, Aug. 26, 1745 ;  died  at  Spottsylvauia,  Va., 

March  31,  1816.  In  his  twenty-third  year  he 
became  an  itinerant  preacher  under  the  guid- 
ance of  John  Wesley,  and  came  to  the  United 
States  in  1771.     The  next  year  Wesley  appoint1 


ASGILL 


74 


ASSASSINATION  OF  LINCOLN 


e<l  him  general  superintendent  of  the  Methodist 
churches  in  America,  and  he  held  that  office  until 
the  close  of  the  Revolution,  when  the  Method- 
ists here  organized  as  a  body  separate  from  the 
church  in  England.  Mr.  Ashnry  was  consecrat- 
ed bishop  by  Dr.  Coke  in  1784.  After  that,  for 
thirty-two  years,  he  travelled  yearly  through  the 
United  States,  ordaining  not  less  than  3000  min- 
isters, and  preaching  not  less  than  17,000  sermons. 

AsgilL  Sin  Charles,  held  for  retaliation  by 
Washington.  (See  Huddy  and  AsgUl.)  He  was 
born  in  England  in  1702;  died  a  baronet  and 
British  general  in  July,  18-23.  He  was  a  sou  of 
Sir  Charles  Asgill,  Alderman  of  London.  He 
was  among  the  troops  under  Cora  wall  is  surren- 
dered at  Yorktown,  where  he  held  the  position 
of  captain.  After  his  narrow  escape  from  death 
under  the  law  of  retaliation,  he  returned  home, 
and  served  with  the  troops  engaged  in  suppress- 
ing a  rebellion  in  Ireland.  He  was  commis- 
sioned a  major-general  in  1814. 

Ashby,  TURNER,  was  born  in  Fauquier  Coun- 
ty, Va.,  in  1824;  killed  in  the  battle  of  Cross 
Keys  (which  see),  June  6, 1862.  When  the  Civil 
War  began  he  raised  a  regiment  of  insurgent 
cavalry,  which  soon  became  celebrated.  He 
covered  the  retreat  of  "Stonewall  Jackson" 
from  attacks  by  General  Hanks  and  General  Fre- 
mont, skirmishing  with  the  vanguard  of  each  ; 
and  he  was  made  a  brigadier -general  in  the 
Confederate  army  in  1802. 

Ashe,  John,  a  general  of  the  Revolution.  He 
was  born  in  England  in  1721  ;  died  in  Duplin 
County.  N.  C,  Oct.  24,  1781.  He  came  to  Amer- 
ica with  his  father  while  yet  a  small  child.  He 
was  in  the  North  Carolina  Legislature  for  sev- 
eral years,  and  was  speaker  in  1702-65.  He 
warmly  opposed  the  Stamp  Act  (which  see); 
assisted  Governor  Tryon  in  suppressing  the 
Regulator  movement  in  1771  (see  Regulators), 
but  soon  afterwards  became  a  zealous  Whig. 
He  was  an  active  patriot,  and  because  he  led 
live  hundred  men  to  destroy  Fort  Johnson 
(which  see)  he  was  denounced  as  a  rebel. 
Raising  and  equipping  a  regiment  at  his  own 
expense,  he  was  appointed  brigadier  of  the  Wil- 
miugi listrict  in  April,  1776.  He  joined  Lin- 
coln in  South  Carolina  in  1778;  and  after  he 
was  defeated  at  Brier  Creek  (which  see  i,  in 
March,  177!»,  he   returned   home.      General   Ashe 

suffered  much  at  the  hands  of  the  British  at 
Wilmington  after  the  battle  at  Guilford  (which 

see),  and  died  of  small-pox,  which  he   had  con- 
tracted in  prison. 
Ashmuii,  J  Kin  -hi,  Agenl  of  the  Colonization 

Society,  was   horn   al    Cbamplaili.  X.  Y„  ill  April, 

IT'.U:  died  Aug. 25, 182ft  He  graduated  al  Bow- 
iluin  College  in  1816,  and  prepared  for  the  min- 
istry, lb'  was  sent  with  a  reinforcement  to 
the  colony  of  Liberia  (which  see)  in  1822,  w  here 
be  acted   as   legislator,  soldier,  and   engineer  in 

constructing  fortification*,     He  bad  a  force  of 

only    thirty  live   men    and   boys,  with   which   he 

repulsed  the  attacks  of  eight  hundred  natives. 

J!in    wile   died,  and    he,  attacked    by    levels,  was 

compelled,  by  broken  health,  to  sail  for  Ameri- 
ca.   A  fortnight  after  his  arrival  al  New  Haven. 


Conn.,  he  died.  He  had  made  the  settlement  in 
Africa  orderly  and  permanent  during  the  six 
years  he  was  there. 

"Asia."  The,  at  Nbw  York.  This  British 
man-of-war  brought,  Governor  Tryon  to  New 
York  (June,  1775),  and  anchored  off  the  Grand 
Battery,  foot  of  Broadway.  A  party  led  by 
John  Lamb,  a  captain  of  artillery,  proceeded,  on 
the  evening  of  Aug.  23,  to  remove  the  cannons 
from  that  battery  and  the  fort  (for  war  seemed 
inevitable)  and  take  them  to  a  place  of  safety. 
There  was,  also,  an  independent  corps,  under 
Colonel  Lasher,  and  a  body  of  citizens,  guided 
by  Isaac  Sears.  The  captain  of  the  Asia,  in- 
formed of  the  intended  movement,  sent  a  barge 
filled  with  armed  men  to  watch  the  patriots. 
The  latter,  indiscreetly,  sent  a  musket -ball 
among  the  men  in  the  barge,  killing  and  wound- 
ing several.  It  was  answered  by  a  volley.  Tile 
Asia  hurled  three  round  shot  ashore  in  quick 
succession.  Lamb  ordered  the  drums  to  beat 
to  arms;  the  church-bells  in  the  city  were 
rung,  and,  while  all  was  confusion  and  alarm, 
the  war-ship  hied  a  broadside.  Others  rapidly 
followed.  Several  houses  were  injured  by  tin- 
grape  and  round  shot,  and  three  of  Sears's  party 
were  killed.  Terror  seized  the  inhabitants  as 
the  rumor  spread  that  the  city  was  to  be  sacked 
and  burned.  Hundreds  of  men.  women,  and 
children  were  seen,  at  midnight,  hurrying  from 
the  town  to  places  of  safety.  The  exasperation 
of  the  citizens  was  intense:  and  Tryon,  taking 
counsel  of  his  fears,  took  refuge  on  another  ves- 
sel of  war  in  the  harbor,  whence,  like  Dunmore. 
he  attempted  to  exercise  authority  as  governor. 
Among  the  citizens  led  by  Sears  was  Alexander 
Hamilton,  then  a  student  in  King's  (Columbia) 
College,  eighteen  years  of  age.  The  cannon 
were  removed  from  the  battery  and  fort,  ami 
were  bidden  on  the  college  grounds.  These  did 
good  service  in  the  patriot  cause  afterwards. 

Aspirations  for  Political  Independence, 
Tin:  In:-!  in  AMERICA.  With  the  dawn  of 
1700.  there  were,  here  and  there,  almost  whis- 
pered expressions  of  a  desire  for  political  inde- 
pendence of  Great  Britain.  Samuel  Adams  had 
talked  of  it  in  private;  but  in  Virginia,  where 
the  (lame  of  resistance  to  the  Stamp  Act  burned 
with  vehemence,  Richard  Bland,  in  a  printed 
"Inquiry  into  the  Bights  of  the  British  Colo- 
nies," etc.,  claimed  freedom  from  all  parliamen- 
tary legislation  :  and  he  pointed  to  independence 

as  a  remedy  in  case  of  a  refusal  of  redress.  He 
appealed  to  the  "  law  of  nature  and  those  rights 

of  mankind  which  flow  from  it."  and  pleaded 
that  the  people  of  the  English  colonies  ought  to 
be  as  lice  in  the  exercise  of  privileges  a--  the 
people  of  England  freedom  from  taxation,  cus- 
toms, and  impositions,  excepting  with  the  con- 
sent <>f  their  geueral  assemblies.  He  denounced 
the  navigation  laws  (which  see)  as  unjust  tow- 
ards the  ((douics,  because  tile  latter  were  not 
represented    in    Parliament.      This   was    but    an 

expression  of  sentiments  then  rapidly  spread- 
ing, .nid    which    soon    grew    into  stioiie;  desires 
On    political  independence. 
Assassination   of  President  Lincoln.     On 


ASSINIBOINS  \ 

the  morning  of  April  14, 1865,  General  Grant  ar- 
rived in  Washington,  and  attended  a  meeting 
of  the  Cabinet  at  eleven  o'clock.  An  arrange- 
ment was  made,  at  the  close  of  the  meeting,  for 
the  President  and  the  General  to  attend  Ford's 
Theatre  in  the  evening,  and  a  box  was  engaged. 
The  General  was  called  to  New  York,  and  did 
not  attend.  The  President,  with  Mrs.  Lincoln 
and  a  little  party,  "ere  there.  Mr.  Lincoln  was 
seated  in  a  high-back  chair.  The  play  was 
Dm-  American  Cousin;  and  just  before  its  close, 
at  a  little  past  ten  o'clock,  John  Wilkes  Booth, 
an  actor  by  profession,  entered  the  President's 
box,  closed  and  fastened  the  door  behiud  hirn, 
and  with  a  Derringer  pistol  in  one  hand  and  a 
dagger  in  the  other,  he  rested  the  former  on  the 
hack  of  tin'  chair  and  shot  the  President.  The 
hall  entered  behind  tin-  ear, passed  through  his 
brain,  and  lodged  near  oue  of  his  eyes.  The 
President  lived  nine  hours  afterwards,  hnt  in 
an  insensible  state.  The  assassin  was  seized  by 
Major  Batbbone,  who  was  in  the  box.  Booth 
dropped  his  pistol,  struck  Batbbone  on  the  arm 
with  his  dagger,  tore  away  from  his  grasp,  rush- 
ed to  the  fiont  of  the  box  with  the  gleaming 
Weapon  in  his  hand,  and  shouting  "Sic  semper 
tyrannis"  i  So  may  it  always  he  with  tyrants  — 
the  motto  on  the  seal  of  Virginia l,  leaped  upon 
the  Btage.  Be  was  hooted  and  spurred  for  a 
night  ride.  One  of  his  spins  caught  in  the  flag, 
and  he  fell.  Rising,  he  tinned  to  the  audience 
and  said, '-The  South  is  avenged!"  and  then  es- 
caped by  a  hark  door.  There  he  mounted  a 
bone  which  a  hoy  had  held  for  him,  lied  across 
the  Anaeoshi,  and  found  temporary  refuge 
among  sympathizing  friends  in  Maryland.  The 
President  died  the  next  morning,  April  l.">. 
Booth  was  pursued  and  overtaken  in  Virginia, 
oonoealed  in  a  ham.     lie  refused  to  surrender. 

Tin-  barn  was  sit  on   lire,  and  the   assassin  was 

shot  by  a  sergeant.     The  President's  body  was 

embalmed  and  taken  hack  to  his  home  in 
Springfield  by  almost  the  same  route  as  he  went 
to  tin-  capital  more  than  four  years  before. 
Everywhere  funeral  honors  were  performed, and 

the    Loyal    people   of  the    land   were    his   sincere 

mourners.  Foreign  governments  and  distin- 
guished men  expressed  their  grief  and  sympa- 
thy, and  forty  thousand  French  Democrats  tes- 
tified their  appreciation  of  his  character  and 
services  by  causing  a  magnificent  gold  medal 
to  in-  struck  ami  presented  to  the  President's 
widow.  (See  Lincoln  Medal.)  Mr.  Lincoln's  re- 
mains repose  at  Springfield,  111. 

Assiniboins,  a  branch  of  the  Dakota  family, 
inhabiting  each  side  of  the  boundary-line  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  British  America  in 
Montana  and  Manitoba.      They  were  originally 

a  part  of  the  Yankton  Sionx, but,  after  a  bitter 

Quarrel   abont   women,  they  separated   from  the 

main  body  at  the  beginning  of  tin-  seventeenth 

century,  and  the  two  hands  have  ever  remained 
hostile.  The  French  discovered  them  as  early 
as  1640.  In  1871  the  nnniher  of  Assinihoins  in 
the  United  Slates  was  estimated  at  four  thou- 
sand eight  hundred  and  fifty. 
Assistants,  CoTJKI  of.  (See  Court  of  Assistants.) 


>  ASTOR  LIBRARY 

Associated  Loyalists,  Board  of.  This 
board,  formed  in  the  winter  of  1779-80,  was  or- 
ganized for  the  purpose  of  embodying  such 
American  loyalists  as  did  not  desire  to  enter 
military  life  as  a  profession,  hut  were  anxious 
to  serve  the  king.  William  Franklin,  only  son 
of  Dr.  Franklin,  and  the  last  royal  governor  of 
New  Jersey,  was  made  president  of  the  hoard; 
and  in  the  course  of  1780-81  they  collected  a  con- 
siderable navy  of  small  vessels  in  Long  Island 
Sound  for  predatory  expeditions,  making  Oyster 
Bay  its  general  rendezvous.  They  established 
their  headquarters  at  Lloyd's  Neck,  an  elevated 
promontory  between  Oyster  Hay  and  Hunting- 
ton harbor,  where  the  Tories  had  erected  a  small 
fort.  The  chief  operations  of  the  association 
were  directed  against  the  Whig  inhabitants  on 
Long  Island  and  the  neighboring  shores.  There 
were  branches  in  New  Jersey  and  elsewhere. 
Their  depredations  aroused  a  tierce  spirit  of  re- 
taliation, and  the  manifest  mischief  to  the  royal 
cause  which  the  association  was  working  caused 
its  dissolution  at  the  close  of  1781. 

Astor,  John  Jacob,  founder  of  the  Astor  Li- 
hrary.  New  York,  was  horn  at  Waldorf,  Germany, 
July  17.  1763;  died  in  New  York  city.  March  39, 
1848.  Joining  his  brother,  a  dealer  in  musical 
instruments  in  London,  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  he 
remained  until  he  was  twenty,  when,  with  a 
small  stock  of  furs,  be  began  business  in  New- 
York.  He  built  up  a  vast  fur-trade  with  the 
Indians,  extending  his  business  to  the  mouth  of 
Columbia  River,  on  the  Pacific  coast,  where  he 
founded  the  trading  stat  ion  of  Astoria  in  1-11. 
By  this  and  other  operations  in  trade,  and  by 
investments  in  real  estate,  he  accumulated  vast 
wealth.  He  appropriated  four  hundred  thou- 
sand dollars  for  establishing  a  library  in  the 
city  of  New  York,  and  afterwards  added  an  en- 
dowment fund. 

Astor  Library,  The,  was  founded  under  the 
provisions  of  the  will  of  John  Jacob  Astor  (which 
see),  who  bequeathed  |400,000  "for  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  public  library  in  the  city  of  New- 
York."  It  was  placed  under  the  care  of  eleven 
trustees.  At  the  head  of  the  first  board  of  man- 
agers was  Washington  Irving;  and  the  mayor 
of  New  York  ami  the  chancellor  of  the  university 
of  the  state  for  the  time  being  are  ex  officio  mem- 
bers of  the  board  of  trustees.  Aided  by  Dr.J.G. 
Coggswell,  one  of  the  trustees,  Mr.  Astor  had,  so 
early  as  1839,  purchased  a  number  of  volumes  with 
the  ultimate  intention  expressed  in  his  will. 
The  first  meeting  of  the  trustees  was  in  May, 
1848,  when  Dr.  Coggswell  was  appointed  super- 
intendent. He  went  to  Europe  in  the  fall  of 
1H4*.  authorized  to  purchase  hooks  to  the  amount 
of  §20,000.  He  was  absent  four  months,  and  col- 
lected 20.(11111  volumes.  During  other  visits  to 
Europe    the  number  of  volumes   was   increased 

to  70,000,  with  which  the  library  was  first  opened, 
Jan.  9,  1J.">4.  The  library  building  is  in  Lafay- 
ette Place.  In  January,  1866, the  first  building 
(the  library  room  one  hundred  feet  in  length 
and  fifty-four  in  width)  having  become  tilled, 

William  B.  Astor.  eldest  son  of  the  fi ler,  gave 

a  lot  of  laud  adjoining  to  the  trustees,  ou  which 


ATHABASCAS 

another  library  building  was  erected  in  1859. 
liotb  buildings  may  contain  200,000  volumes, 
and  are  rapidly  tilling  up.  In  December,  1866, 
William  B.  Astor  made  a  farther  donation  to 
the  library  of  $50,000,  and  at  his  death,  in  1877, 
he  made,  by  his  will,  farther  provision  for  the 
enlargement  of  the  library. 

Athabascas.  A  nation  of  North  American 
Indians  divided  into  two  great  families,  one 
bordering  on  the  Esquimaux  in  the  northwest, 
and  the  other  stretching  along  the  Mexican 
frontier  from  Texas  to  the  Gulf  of  California. 
The  domain  of  the  northern  family  extends 
across  the  continent  from  Hudson's  Bay  to  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  There  are  some  smaller  hands 
of  the  same  nation,  scattered  along  the  Pacific 
coast  from  Cook's  Inlet  to  Unipqua  River,  in 
Oregon.  The  northern  family  is  divided  into  a 
large  number  of  tribes,  none  of  them  particular- 
ly distinguished.  The  population  of  the  north- 
ern family  is  estimated  at  32,000,  that  of  the 
scattered  bands  at  25,000,  and  the  southern  fam- 
ily at  17,000.  The  latter  includes  the  Navajos 
and  those  fierce  rovers,  the  Apaches,  with  which 
the  government  of  theUnited  Slates  has  had 
much  to  do.  (See  Navajos  and  Apaches.)  The 
southern  family  also  includes  the  Lipans  on  the 
borders  of  Texas.  (See  Lipoma.)  The  Athabascas 
are  distinguished  for  their  heavy  beards,  short 
hands  and  feet,  and  square,  massive  heads. 
They  derive  their  name  from  Lake  Athabasca, 
in  British  North  America,  in  latitude  59  north, 
and  half-way  between  Hudson's  Bay  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  They  claim  to  have  come 
from  the  West,  over  a  series  of  islands,  and  from 
a  land  covered  with  snow.  Some  _ 
observers  trace  in  their  language  and 
features  a  resemblance  to  the  Tartar 
race. 

Atlanta,  Evacuation  of.  Hood, 
Hanked  out  of  Atlanta,  was  .joined  by 
Hardee  near  Jonesborongh.  Helefl  the 
city  half  in  ruins  by  incendiary  tires. 
The  Nationals  marched  in  (Sept.  2, 
1864)  with  drums  beating  and  flags 
Hying.  Two  days  afterwards,  Sher- 
man issued  an  order  for  the  inhabit- 
ants to  leave  the  town  within  five 
days,  that  the  place  might  be  ap- 
propriated to  military  purposes.  He 
deemed  the   measure  humane,  under 

the  oironmstanoes,  for  he  expected 
the  Confederates  to  attack  him  there. 
To  a  remonstrance  by  Hood,  he  re- 
plied, "God  will  judge  me  in  good 
time,  and  he  will  pronounce  whether 
it  be  more  humane  to  fight  with  a 
town  full  of  women  and  the  families 
Of  8  bras  e  people  at   our  barks,  or  to 

remove  them  in  time  to  places  of 

safety  among  their  own  friends."   In 

B  lew  days  Atlanta  was  thoroughly 
evacuated  by   the  oil  ilians. 

Atlan'  I,    Bn  BR     wi> 

CAPTI  i:i  "l  1864),  The  malt]  National 
and  Confederate  armies  remained 
quiet    in  their  camps  after   tin n    at- 


76      ATLANTA,  SIEGE  AND  CAPTURE  OF 

rival  at  the  Chattahoochee  (which  see)  until  the 
middle  of  July.  Sherman  was  eight  miles  from 
the  city.  On  the  17th  he  resumed  offensive 
and  active  operations,  by  throwing  Thomas's 
army  across  the  Chattahoochee,  close  to  Scho- 
field's  right,  with  directions  to  move  forward. 
McPherson  moved  against  the  railway  east  of 
Decatur,  and  destroyed  (July  18)  four  miles  of 
the  track.  Schotield  seized  Decatur.  At  the  same 
time  Thomas  crossed  Peach-tree  Creek,  on  the 
19th,  in  the  face  of  the  Confederate  iutrench- 
ments,  skirmishing  heavily  at  every  step.  At  this 
juueture,  General  Rousseau,  who  had  swept 
through  Alabama  and  Northern  Georgia,  joined 
Sherman  with  2000  cavalry.  On  the  20th  the 
National  armies  had  all  closed  in,  converging 
towards  Atlanta,  and  at  4  o'clock  P.M.  the  Con- 
federates, under  Hood  (see  Army  Changes  at  At- 
lanta), made  a  sortie,  and  struck  Hooker's  corps 
with  great  strength.  The  Confederates  were  re- 
pulsed and  driven  back  to  their  intrenehments. 
The  entire  National  loss  in  this  conflict  was 
1500  men;  Sherman  estimated  that  of  the  Con- 
federates at  not  less  than  5000  men.  Hood  left 
on  the  field  500  dead,  1000  severely  wounded, 
and  many  prisoners.  On  the  morning  of  the 
21st,  the  Confederates  had  abandoned  their  po- 
sition on  the  south  side  of  Peach-tree  Creek, 
and  Sherman  believed  they  were  evacuating 
Atlanta,  lie  pressed  on  towards  the  town  in  a 
narrow  semicircle,  when,  at  the  average  dis- 
tance of  two  miles  from  it,  the  Nationals  were 
confronted  by  an  inner  line  of  intrenehments 
much  stronger  than  the  one  just  abandoned. 
Behind  these  swarmed  a  Confederate  host.      On 


ATLANTA,  SIEGE  AND  CAPTURE  OF   77 


ATLANTA  TO  THE  SEA 


tlie  22d,  McPherson  moved  from  Decatur  to  as- 
sail this  stroug  line;  Logon's  corps  formed  his 
centre,  Dodge's  his  right,  and  Blair's  his  left. 
The  latter  had  driven  the  Confederates  from  a 
commanding  eminence  the  evening  before,  and 

the  Nationals  pro) ded  to  plant  a  battery  upon 

it.  Hood  had  left  a  sufficient  number  of  troops 
in  front  of  Sherman  to  hold  them.  and.  by  a 
Dl'ght  march  to  the  Hank  and  rear  of  the  Nation- 
als, struck  them  a  severe  and  unexpected  blow. 
It  fell  with  heavies!  force  on  the  division  of 
General  G.  A.  Smith,  of  Blair's  corps.  Mcl'her- 
son  had  ridden  from  Sherman  to  Dodge's  mov- 
ing column,  and  had  entered  a  wood  almost 
alone,  for  observation,  in  the  rear  of  Smith's  col- 
umn. At  that  moment  Hardee  charged  upon 
the  Nationals,  and  his  men  were  pouring  into  a 
gap  between  Blair  and  Dodge.  McPherson  had 
just  given  an  order  from  his  place  in  the  wood 
for  a  brigade  to  till  that  gap,  when  the  bullet  of 
a.  sharp-shooter  killed  him.  Bis  body  was  re- 
covered during  the  heat  of  the  battle  that  en- 
sued. Logan  immediately  took  command  of  the 
Army  of  the  Tennessee.  At  that  moment  the 
battle  was  general  all  along  the  line,  and  raged 
fiercely  for  several  hours.  At  4  o'clock  P.M. 
there   was  a  brief  lull   in  the  contest.      Then   a 

charge  of  the  Confederates  broke  Logan's  line, 
pushed  back  a  brigade  in  much  disorder,  and 
took  possession  of  two  important  batteries. 
Sherman  ordered  up  reinforcements,  and  Logau 
sunn  recovered  the  ground  lost.     Very  soon  the 

Confederates  gave  vvav  and  fell  back  to  their  de- 
fences. The  losses  on  both  sides  were  heavy. 
That  of  the  Nationals  was  3722,of  whom  about 
Iimmi  were  prisoners.  Generals  Thomas  and 
Bobofield    having    well    closed    up.    Hood    was 

firmly  held  behind  bis  inner  line  of  iutrench- 

ments.  Sherman  concluded  to  make  a  Bank 
movement,  and  sent  Stoneman  with  about  5000 
cavalry,  and  HoCook  with  another  mounted 
force,  including  Rousseau's  cavalry,  to  destroy 

the  railways  in  Hood's  rear.  McCook  performed 
his  part  well  (see  MoCooWi  1,'iiitl):  but  Stone- 
mail,  departing  from  Sherman's  instructions,  did 
not  accomplish  much.  Simultaneously  with 
these  raids.  Slocnra  began  (July  27)  a  Hanking 
movement  from  Atlanta.  Hood  had  penetrated 
Sherman's  design,  knew  of  changes  in  his  army, 
and  acted  promptly.  Under  cover  of  an  artil- 
lery fire,  he  moved  out  with  the  larger  part 
of  his  army  (Julj  28),  with  the  expectation  of 

finding  Howard's  forces  in  confusion.  He  was 
mistaken,  and  disastrous  consequences  followed. 
He  threw  heavy  masses  of  his  troops  upon  Lo- 
gan's corps  on  Howard's  right,  and  was  met  by 
a  fire  that   made   fearful   havoc   in    their  ranks. 

Thej  recoiled,  but  returned  to  the  attack  again 

and  again,  'flic  battle  raged  fearfully  from 
noon  until  about  4  o'clock,  when  the  Confeder- 
ates ret  ired  to  their  intrenebmeuts,  leav  ing  se^  - 

era!  hundred  of  their  dead  on  the  field.       Hood's 

entire  loss  in  this  struggle  was  about  5000  men ; 
that  of  the  Nationals  did  not  exceed  600.  Lo- 
gan captured  2000  muskets,  and  took  'j:>:i  pris- 
Bherman  extended  his  right  along  an 
intrenched  line  to  the  junction  of  two  railways 
at   East  Point,  over  which  came  the  supplies  for 


Atlanta  and  Hood's  army:  and  the  latter,  ex- 
tending a  parallel  line  of  works,  stood  on  the 
defensive.  Sherman's  long-range  guns  kindled 
destructive  fires  in  Atlanta.  At  length  Hood, 
who  had  lost  half  his  infantry  in  rash  encoun- 
ters, in  sheer  desperation  sent  out  Wheeler  with 
his  cavalry  to  break  up  Sherman's  communica- 
tions and  capture  supplies.     Kilpatrick  made  a 

Successful  counter-move nt.     On  the  *25th  all 

of  Sherman's  munitions  of  war.  supplies,  and 
sick  and  wounded  men  were  sent  to  his  in- 
trenched position  on  the  Chattahoochee,  the 
siege  of  Atlanta  was  raised,  and  the  Nationals 
began  a  grand  flanking  movement,  which  events 
had  delayed,  and  which  finally  caused  Hood  to 
abandon  the  coveted  post,  cross  the  Chatta- 
hoochee, and  make  a  formidable  raid  upon 
Sherman's  communications.  The  Nationals  en- 
tered Atlanta  as  victors  on  Sept  "J.  18G4,  and 
the  national  flag  was  unfurled  over  the  court- 
house. 

Atlanta  to  the  Sea.  When  General  Sher- 
man had  resolved  to  march  through  the  heart 
of  Georgia  from  Atlanta  to  the  sea.  he  dele- 
gated to  Genera]  Thomas  full  power  over  all 
tin'  troops  under  his  i  Sherman's  i  command  ex- 
cepting four  corps.  He  also  gave  him  com- 
mand of  two  divisions  of  A.. I.  Smith's,  then  re- 
turning from  the  expulsion  of  Price  from  Mis- 
souri, also  of  ali  the  garrisons  in  Tennessee,  and 
all  the  cavalry  of  the  Military  Division  except- 
ing a  division  under  Kilpatrick,  which  he  re- 
served for  operations  in  Georgia.  General  Wil- 
son had  just  arrived  from  Petersburg  to  take 
command  of  the  cavalry  of  the  army.  He  was 
sent  to  Nashville  to  gather  up  all  the  Union 
cavalry  in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  and  report 
to  Thomas.  It  was  believed  that  Thomas  now- 
had  strength  sufficient  to  keep  Hood  out  of 
Tennessee,  whose  force  then  was  about  thirty- 
live  thousand  infantry  and  ten  thousand  caval- 
ry. When,  on  Nov.  1.  Hood  was  laying  a  pon- 
toon bridge  over  the  Tennessee  at  Florence  for 
the  invasion  of  Tennessee,  Sherman,  who  had 
pursued  him.  turned  his  forces  tow  aids  Atlanta, 
his  i  mops  destroying  all  the  mills  and  founderies 
at  Borne, and  dismantling  the  railway  from  the 
Etowah  River  to  the  Chattahoochee.  The  rail- 
ways around  Atlanta  were  destroyed,  and  on 
Nov.  14  the  forces  destined  for  the  great  march 
were  concentrated  around  that  doomed  city. 
Those  forces  were  composed  of  four  army  corps, 
the  right  wing  commanded  by  General  0.  <>. 
Howard,  and  the  left  wing  by  General  II.  W. 
Slocuni.      Howard's  right   was  composed  of  the 

corps  of  Generals  Osterhaua  and  Blair,  and 
the  left  of  the  corps  of  Generals  .1.  C.  Have, 
and  A.  S.  Williams.  General  Kilpatrick  com- 
manded the  cavalry,  COUsistiug  of  one  divi- 
sion. Sherman's  entire  force  numbered  sixty 
thousand  infantry  and  artillery  and  five  thou- 
sand live  hundred  cavalry.  On  Nov.  11.  Sher- 
man cut  the  telegraph  wires  that  connected 
Atlanta  with  Washington,  and  his  army  be- 
came an  isolated  column  in  the  heart  of  an 
enemy's  country.     It  began  its  march  for  tin' 

sea  on  the  morning  of  the  14th,  when  the 
entire   city   of  Atlanta — excepting   its  court- 


ATLANTA  TO  THE  SEA  ! 

house,  churches,  and  dwellings  —  was  commit- 
ted to  the  flames.  The  luiiliiings  in  the  heart 
dt'  the  city,  covering  two  hundred  aires  of 
ground,  formed  a  great  conflagration;  and. 
while  the  tire  was  raging,  the  hands  played. 
and  the  soldiers  chanted  the  stirring  air  and 
words.  ■•  John  Brown's  soul  goes  marching 
on!"  (8ee  Brown's  BaUL)  For  thirty-six  days 
that  army  moved  through  Georgia,  with  very 
little  opposition,  subsisting  off  the  country. 
It  was  a  sort  of  military  promenade,  requiring 
very  little  military  skill  in  the  performance, 
and  as  little  personal  prowess.  It  was  grand 
in  conception,  and  easily  executed.  Yet  on 
that  inarch  there  were  many  deeds  that  tested 
the  prowess  and  daring  of  the  soldiers  on  both 
sides.  Kilpatrick's  first  dash  across  the  Flint 
River  and  against  Wheeler's  cavalry,  and  then 
towards  Macon,  burning  a  train  of  ears  and 
tearing  up  the  railway,  gave  the  Confederates 
a  suspicion  of  Sherman's  intentions.  There 
was  wide-spread  consternation  in  Georgia  and 
South  Carolina,  for  the  invader's  destination 
was  uncertain.  Beauregard  was  sent  from  the 
Appomattox  to  the  Savannah  to  confront  the 
Nationals.  He  sent  before  him  a  manifesto  in 
which  he  said,  "  Destroy  all  the  roads  in  Sher- 


'8  ATLANTA  TO  THE  SEA 

soldiers.  But  the  people  did  none  of  these 
things,  and  only  ahout  one  hundred  convicts 
accepted  the  offer.  All  contidence  in  "Presi- 
dent Davis"  and  the  Confederate  government 
had  disappeared  in  Georgia,  and  a  great  por- 
tion of  the  people  were  satisfied  that  it  was.  as 
they  expressed  it.  "the  rich  man's  war.  and  the 
poor  man's  tight."  and  would  no  longer  lend 
themselves    to    the    authorities    ;it    Richmond. 

j  The    National    army    moved    steadily    forward. 

|  At  Griswohlsville  there  was  a  sharp  engage- 
ment (Nov.  •-'•-'.  1864)  with  a  portion  of  Har- 
dee's troops  sent  up  from  Savannah,  and  sev- 
eral brigades  of  militia.  The  Confederates 
were  repulsed  with  a  loss  of  twenty-five  hun- 
dred men.  Howard  could  have  taken  Macon 
after  this  blow  upon  its  defenders,  hut  such 
was  not  a  part  of  Sherman's  plan.  The  Na- 
tionals were  attacked  at  the  Oconee  Kivcr 
while  laying  a  pontoon  bridge,  but  the  assail- 
ants, largely  composed  of  Wheeler's  cavalry, 
were  defeated.  Kilpatrick  made  a  feint  tow- 
ards Augusta  to  mislead  the  Confederates  as 
to  Sherman's  destination,  also  to  cover  the 
passage  of  the  army  over  the  Ogeechee  River, 
and.   if  possible,  to   release    Union   captives   in 

[the    prison -pen    at   Milieu.       Kilpatrick    and 


man's  front,  flank,  and  rear."  and,  "be  trust- 
ful in  Providence.'1  Benjamin  11.  Hill,  of  Geor- 
gia, in  the  Confederate  Congress  at  Kiehmond, 
wrote  to  the  people  of  his  state.  ••  Every  citizen 
with  his  gun  and  every  negro  with  his  spade 
and  axe  can  do  the  work  of  a  soldier.  You 
can  destroy  the  enemy  by  retarding  his  march. 
Be  firm!"     The  representatives  of  Georgia  in 

the  Confederate  Congress  called  upon  their 
people  to  fly  to  arms.  "  Remove  your  negroes. 
bones,  cattle,  and  provisions  from  Sherman's 
army,"  they  said,  "and  burn  what  you  cannot 
BRIT}  away.  Born  all  bridges  and  block  up 
the  roads  in  his  ronte.  Assail  the  invader  in 
front,  flank,  and  rear,  by  night  and  by  day. 
Let  him  have  no  rest."  And  Governor  Brown, 
before  he  tied  from  Milledgeville  on  the  ep- 
proacfa  of  the  Nationals,  issued  a  proclama- 
tion  ordering  a   levy   an   rmmm  of  the   whole 

White     population     of    the     State     between     the 

Lxteen  and  forty -live,  and  offering 
pardon  t"  prisoners  in  the  penitentiary  if  they 
would   volunteer  ami   prove  themselves  good 


Wheeler  had  several  skirmishes,  but  no  se- 
vere   battles.        On     Nov.   SO,   Sherman's     whole 

army,  excepting  one  corps,  had  passed  the 
Ogeechee.    This  was  a  most  skilful  manonme; 

and  now,  having  destroyed  the  principal  rail- 
ways in  Georgia  over  long  distances,  Sherman 
was   prepared   to   make   a    final   conquest    of 

the  state.  Moving  on  seaward,  the  division 
of  Ha/en   had   a  severe  skirmish     Dee.  I     at 

Statesburg.  south  of  the  Ogeechee.  The  Con- 
federates were  dispersed.  On  the  same  day 
Kilpatrick  fought  Wheeler  on  the  railway 
between    Milieu    and   Augusta.  drn\e    him   from 

his   barricades    through    Waynesborongb,  and 

pushed  him  eight  miles,  while  a  support- 
ing column  of  Union  infantry  under  Baird 
wen'  tearing  up  the  railway  and  destroying 
bridges.        When    Sherman    leached    .Milieu,  the 

Union   prisoners   had   been   removed;   and   he 

pushed  on.  amid  swamps  and  sands,  with  the 
Oitj  Of  Savannah,  where  llaidee  was  in  com- 
mand, as  his  chief  object.  Kilpatrick  and 
Band    covered    the   rear  of   the    wing   columns 


ATLANTIC  TELEGRAPH  ', 

between  the  Ogeechee  and  Savannah  rivers. 
There  was  some  skirmishing,  bat  no  Confed- 
erates in  lone  were  seen  milil  within  fifteen 
miles  of  the  city  of  Savannah.  All  the  roads 
leading  into  tbat  city  were  obstructed  by  felled 
live-,,  earthworks,  and  artillery.  These  were 
turned,  and  by  Dee.  lo  t  h<-  Confederates  were  all 
driven  within  their  lines, and  Savannah  was  com- 
pletely beleaguered;  hut,  the  only  approaches 
to    it    were    by    live    narrow    causeways.      They 

had  broken  communications, so  that  no  supplies 
could  in-  received  in  Savannah.  Sherman  sought 
to  make  the  Ogeechee  an  avenue  of  supply, 
ocean  ward,  Cm-  his  army,  and  to  communicate 

with  the  Union   licet   outside.      The  latter   was 

soon  effected.  Fori  McAllister, near  the  mouth 
of  the  Ogeechee,  was  in  the  way,  ami.  on  the 
I3tb,  Slocum  ordered  General  Baeen  to  carry  it 

by  assault.  It  was  a  Strong  enclosed  redoubt, 
gurrisonei]  by  two  hundred  men.  It  was  car- 
ried i  sec  Mr.tllister.  Fort);  and  this  was  the 
brilliant  ending  of  the  march  from  Atlanta  to 
the  sea.  It  opened  to  Sherman's  army  a  new 
base  of  supplies.  Sherman  communicated  with 
the  officers  of  t  he  fleet,  and,  on  1  )ec.  17,  he  sum- 
moned  Hardee   to  surrender.       Hardee    refused. 

Perceiving  the  arrangements  made  to  cut  off 

his  retreat  I"  Charleston,  Hardee  seciclly  with- 
drew on  tin-  dark  and  stormy  nighf  of  Dec. 20, 
and,  w  ith  fifteen  thousand  men,  escaped  to  that 
eity.  The  National  army  took  possession  of 
Savannah  on  Deo.  22,  1864  Ou  the  36th  Sher- 
man wrote  to  President  Lincoln  :  •■  I  beg  t" 
present    to    you.   as   a    Christmas   gift,   t  lie   r  i t  \ 

of  Savannah,  with  one  hundred  and  fifty  heavy 

guns  and  plenty  of  a  mm  unit  ion,  and  also  about 
twenty -live  thousand  bales  of  cotton."  On 
his  march  Sherman  had  lived  generously  off 

the  country,  which  was  abundantly  tilled  with 

provisions.     He  appropriated  to  the  use  of  the 

army  1:5.000  beeves,  160,000  bushels  of  corn, 
mule  than  5000  tons  of  fodder,  besides  a 
large  number  of  sheep,  .swine,  fowls,  and 
quantities  of  potatoes  and  lice'.  He  forced 
into  the  service  5000  horses  and  4000  mules. 
He  captured  1328  prisoners  and  107  gUUB  | 
burned  '20.000  bales  of  cot  ton,  and  captured 
and    .secured    to    the    government    25,000    bales. 

Full  10,000  uegroes  followed  the  flag  to  Savan 

nah,  and  many  thousands  more,  chiclly  wom- 
en and  children,  had  been  turned  back  at  the 

erOSSiugS  Of  riven.  So  families  were  sepa- 
rated. 

Atlantic   Telegraph.       In    lsi:?   (Aug.   10), 

Professor  Samuel  1'.  II.  Morse,  who  had  en- 
dowed the  electro- magnet  ic  telegraph  (which 
sec)  with  Intellectual  power,  ill  a  letter  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  states, 
remarked,  after  alluding  to  recent  experiments, 
"The  practical  inference  from  this  law  is.  that 

a  telegraphic  communication  on  my  plan  may, 

with  certainly,  be  established  across  the  At- 
lantic. Startling  as  this  may  nine  seem,  the 
time  will  come  when  this  project  will  ho  re- 
alized."     Almost   eleven   years  afterwards  an 

attempt     was     made     to    establish     telegraphic 

communication  between  America  and  Europe 

by    means   of  an    insulated    metallic   cable   un- 


i  ATLANTIC  TELEGRAPH 

der  the  sea,  Mr.  Cyrus  W.  Field,  a  New  York 
merchant,  was  applied  to  for  aid  in  complet- 
ing a  land  line  id'  telegraph  on  the  Morse  plan, 
theu  in  the  course  of  construction  across  New- 
foundland—  about  four  hundred  miles.  The 
question  occurred  to  him,  Why  not  carry  t  lie 
line    across    tin-    ocean?     and    with    his    usual 

pluck  ami  energy  he  proceeded  to  the  acconi- 

plishnient  of  such  an  enterprise.  On  March 
lo.  1854,  live  gentlemen  met  at  the  house  of 
Mr.  Field,  on  Gromercy  Park,  New  York,  and 
signed  an  agreement  for  an  association  called 
■•The  New  fork,  Newfoundland,  and  London 
Telegraph  Company."  They  obtained  from 
the  Legislature  of  Newfoundland  a  charter 
guaranteeing  an  exclusive  right,  for  Bfty  years, 
to  establish  a  telegraph  from  the  American 
continent  to  that  island,  and  thence  to  Eu- 
rope.       These    gentlemen    well!    Peter    Cooper. 

Moses  Taylor,  Marshall   <  >.  Roberts,  Chandler 

White,  and  Cyrus  W.  Field.  Twenty -live 
years  afterwards,  all  but  one  (  Mr.  White  ) 
were  living,  and  again  met  in  the  same  room, 
and  around  the  same  table  whereon  that  as- 
sociation was  signed,  with  the  same  attorney 
of  the  association,  then  engaged,  David  Dud- 
Icy  Field.  Mi.  Cooper  was  chosen  president 
of  the  Company.  Mr.  Field  procured  a  cable 
ill  England  to  span  the  waters  between  Cape 
Kay  and  Cape  Breton  Island.  It  was  sent  out 
in    1855,  and    was  lost    in   an   attempt    to  lay   it. 

It  was  recovered,  and  was  successfully  laid  in 
1856.     The  same  year  Mr.  Field  organized  in 

Loudon     the    ••Atlantic    Telegraph    Company  " 

to  carry  the  line  across  the  ocean.  Mr.  Field 
subscribed  for  one  fourth  of  the  stock  of  the 
company.  The  American  and  British  govern- 
ments gave  them  aid  in  ships,  and  duriug  1867 
and  1858  expeditions  were  at  sea  laying  a  oa 
ble  across  the  ocean  to  Yalcntia  on  the  west- 
ern OOOSf  of  Ireland.  Twice,  in  1S.">7.  the  at- 
tempt failed,  but  was  successful  the  following 
year.  Vessels  starting  with  portions  of  the 
oable  from  Newfoundland  and  Ireland  met  in 
mid-ocean  ou  Wednesday,  Julj  28,  1858,  and 
on  the  following  day  spliced  the  two  portions, 
and  so  made  a  continuous  line  across  the  ocean. 
It  was  nine  hundred  and  fifty  miles  in  length, 
and  traversed  water  two  thirds  of  the  distance 
over  two  miles  in  depth.  These  wonderful 
facts  were  communicated  by  Mr.  Field,  by  tel- 
egram, from  Trill  it}  Boy,  Newfoundland,  on 
Aug.  .">.  1858,  and  created  intense  interest  all 
over    the    country.       The    first   public    messages 

across  the  Atlantic  were  transmitted,  Aug.  16, 

'i, ecu  Victoria  to  President  Buchanan, 
and  bj  him  in  an  immediate  reply,  hi  which 
they  congratulated  each  other  ou  the  success 

of  the  enterprise  by  which  the  two  countries 
were  connected  by  such  a  mysterious  tie.  The 
queen  hoped  that  it  would  "  prove  an  addi- 
tional link  between  the  nations,  whose  friend- 
ship is  founded  upon  their  common  interest 
and  reciprocal  esteem."  To  this  the  Presi- 
dent cordially  responded,  and  asked  :  "  Will 
not  all  nations  of  Christendom  spontaneously 
unite  in  the  declaration  that  it  shall  be  for 
ever  neutral,  and  that  its  communications  shall 


AT  LEE  i 

be  held  Bftcred  in  passing  to  their  places  of  desti- 
nation even  in  the  midst  of  hostilities."  Hon- 
tires  and  illuniiuations  throughout  the  Union 
followed  these  communications.  The  London 
Times  said  (Aug. 6,  1858),  "Since  the  discovery 
of  Colnmbns,  nothing  has  been  done  in  any  de- 
gree comparable  to  the  vast  enlargement  which 
has  thus  been  given  to  the  sphere  of  human 
activity."  In  a  very  short  time  the  cable  ceased 
to  work,  and  it  was  pronounced  a  failure.  It 
was  even  intimated  that  the  reputed  despatches 
were  only  part  of  a  huge  fraud.  Mr.  Field's 
faith  never  faltered,  though  discouragements 
that  would  have  paralyzed  the  euergies  of  most 
men  were  encountered.  He  crossed  the  Atlantic 
several  times  to  resuscitate  the  company.  The 
cable  had  cost  SL'iotWyO,  and  the  expenses  of 
tlio  company  up  to  Dec.  1,  1858,  amounted  to 
11,834,500.  The  civil  war  in  America  broke  out 
in  1861,  and  it  was  not  until  lSti.j  that  another 
expedition  to  lay  a  cable  was  fitted  out.  The 
Great  Eastern  then  carried  an  improved  cable. 
While  layiug  it.  a  sudden  lurch  of  the  ship 
snapped  the  line,  and  it  was  lost.  The  company 
was  discouraged.  Mr.  Field  went  to  Thomas 
Brassey,  a  great  and  liberal  English  capital- 
ist, and  told  him  that  the  Atlantic  Telegraph 
Company  had  suddenly  come  to  a  standstill. 
"Mr.  Field,''  said  Mr.  Brassey,  "don't  lie  dis- 
couraged: go  down  to  the  company  and  tell 
them  to  go  ahead,  and,  whatever  the  cost.  I 
will  bear  one  tenth  of  the  whole."  That  com- 
pany and  the  "  Telegraph  Construction  and 
Maintenance  Company"  joined  in  forming  a 
new  association  known  as  the  "Anglo-Ameri- 
can Telegraph  Company,"  with  a  capital  of 
$3,000,000.  Another  cable  was  laid,  and  per- 
manent electric  communication  between  Eu- 
rope and  America  was  established  July  27, 
1866.  After  twelve  years  of  hard  and  anxious 
labor,  during  which  time  Mr.  Field  crossed  the 
ocean  nearly  fifty  times,  he  saw  the  great  work 
accomplished.  He  had  been  nobly  aided  by 
men  in  Europe  and  America.  Congress  voted 
him  the  thanks  of  the  nation  and  a  gold  med- 
al, while  the  Prime  -  minister  of  England  de- 
clared that  it  was  only  the  fact  that  he  was 
a  citizen  of  another  country  that  prevented 
his  receiving  high  honors  from  the  British 
government.  The  glory  of  his  achievement 
transcends  all  that  man  could  bestow. 

At  Lee,  BAHUEL  JOHN,  a  colonel  in  the  Con- 
tinental   army,  was  born    in    Pennsylvania,  iu 
rt  in  Philadelphia, November,  1786.    Be 

commanded  a  company  of  l'cnnsvl  vanians  in  t  he 
French  and  Indian  War.  Filtering  the  Conti- 
nental army,  Pennsylvania  line,  he  commanded 
a  battalion  in  the  battle  of  Long  Island, Ang, 
27, 1776,  where  he  was  made  prisoner  and  re- 
mained some  time  iii  the  hands  of  the  British. 
Afterwards  he  was  appointed  a  commissioner  to 
treat    with   the   Indians.      He  was  a  member  of 

the  Continental  Congress  from  177-  to  17-.'. 

Atlixco,  Battue  at.  General  Lane  marched 
from  Poeblal  Mexico)  in  October,  1847,  to  attack 
the  Mexican  general  Bea,  of  Sauls  Afia'i  array, 

ut  Atlivco,  thirty  miles  from  that  place,     Lam's 


)  AUDUBON 

cavalry  first  encountered  Rea's  advanced  guard, 
and  skirmished  until  the  arrival  of  his  infantry, 
when  the  Mexicans  fell  back  towards  Atlixco, 
keeping  up  a  running  tight.  Less  than  two 
miles  from  that  place  their  main  body  was  dis- 
covered (Oct.  18,  1^47).  Lane's  cavalry  dashed 
in  among  them  and  drove  them  into  a  thick 
chaparral,  which  the  horses  could  not  enter. 
The  cavalry  dismounted,  entered  the  thicket, 
and  there  a  long  and  tierce  hand-to-hand  en- 
counter ensued.  The  rest  of  the  Americans  com- 
ing up,  the  Mexicans  were  forced  into  the  town, 
when  Lane's  artillery,  posted  on  a  hill,  cannon- 
aded the  place  most  severely  by  the  light  of  the 
moon.  The  Mexicans  were  driven  away  with 
much  loss.  At  Atlixco  Santa  Ana's  troops  final- 
ly deserted  him.  and  he  tied  alone  towards  the 
coast.      So   ended   the    active  hostilities   of  the 


Attakappas.  This  was  a  tribe  of  Indians 
found  on  the  borders  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  west 
of  the  Mississippi  Biver  in  Southern  Louisiana 
and  Eastern  Texas.  The  Choctaws  named  them 
Attakappas,  or  Man-eaters.  The  French  were  the 
first  Europeans  who  discovered  them:  and  the 
Attakappas  aided  the  latter  in  a  war  with  the 
Natchez  and  Chiekasaws.  When  Louisiana  was 
ceded  to  I  he  United  States  in  1803,  there  were 
only  about  one  hundred  of  this  nation  on  their 
ancient  domain,  near  Vermilion  Bayou,  and  they 
had  almost  wholly  disappeared  about  fifty  years 
ago.  What  their  real  name  was.  or  whence 
they  came,  may  never  be  known.  Their  lan- 
guage was  peculiar,  composed  of  harsh  mono- 
syllables. 

Attiwandaronk,  Indians  of  the  family  of  the 
Hurons  and  Iroquois,  named  by  tbe  French  thfl 
Neutral  Nation.  In  early  times  they  inhabited 
both  banks  of  the  Niagara  Biver,  but  were 
mostly  in  Canada.  They  were  first  visited  in 
1687  by  the  Beoolleot  father  Daillon,  ami  by 
l'.iebeuf  and  Chanmonot  in  1642.  The  Iroqnoia 
attacked  them  in  1651-53,  when  a  part  of  them 
submitted  and  joined  the  Senecas,  and  the  re- 
mainder tied  westward  and  joined  the  remnant 
of  the  fallen  Hurons  on  the  borders  of  Lake 
Superior. 

Audubon,   JOHN    Jahib,   ornithologist,  was 

horn  in  New  Orleans.  May  -I.  1780;  tiled  in  New- 
York  city,  Jan.  27,  1851.  lie  was  the  son  of 
a  French  admiral.  Educated  at  Paris,  he  ac- 
quired much  skill  as  an  artist  under  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  celebrated  David.  At  the  age  of 
seventeen  yean  be  began  to  make  a  collection 

of  drawings  of  the  birds  of  America,  and  be- 
came a  most  devoted  student  of  tin1  feathered 
tribes  of  our  country.  So  early  as  1810  be  went 
down  the  Ohio  River  with  his  wife  and  child, 
in  an  open  boat,  to  a  congenial  spot  for  a  lore-: 
home.     He  visited  almost   every  regiou  of  the 

Uuited  States.  In  some  >>['  Ins  Western  excur- 
sions, Wilson,  the  ornithologist,  w  as  his  compan- 
ion.      Ill   1826  he  went    to   Europe  to  secure   sllb- 

sciiptions  to  Ins  great  work,  The  Btrdt 

int.  It  was  issued  in  numbers,  each  containing 
li\e  plates.  Hi,-  sill  jects  drawn  and  colored  the 
si/.e    ami    tints    of  life.       It    was    completed    in 


AUGER 

four  volumes,  in  1838.  Of  the  one  hundred  and 
seventy  subscribers  to  the  work,  at  $1000  each, 
nearly  one  half  came  from  Englaud  and  France. 
He  also  prepared  a  work  entitled  Ornithological 
Biographies,  and  had  partly  completed  a  work 
entitled  Quadrupeds  of  America,  when  be  died. 
His  tWO  sons,  who  inherited  his  tastes  and  much 
of  his  genius,  finished  this  work,  which  was  pub- 


ion  JAMBS  Al  Dl  li"V 

lisheil  in  I860.  His  residence,  in  the  latter  years 
of  his  life,  was  on  t  he  banks  of  the  Hudson,  on 
Manhattan  01  New  fork  Island,  not  far  from 
Washington  Heights. 

Auger,  CHRISTOPHER  COLON,  was  born  in  Now 
York  about  1821,  and  graduated  at  West  Point 

in   1843.      He  served  as  aide  -de  camp  to  (ienerals 

Hopping  and  Cushiug  in  the  war  with  Mexico, 
and  in  1861  was  made  a  brigadier-general  of  vol- 
unteers, after  sen  ing  under  McDowell.  He  took 
command  of  a  division  under  Hanks,  and  was 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Cedar  Mountain  (which 
see).  In  November,  1862,  he  reported  to  Gen- 
eral Hanks  for  service  in  a  Southern  expedition, 
and  was  made  major-general  of  volunteers  in 
Angust,  1862,  General  Auger  was  very  active 
in  the  siege  and  capture  of  Port  Hudson,  from 
October,  L863,  to  August,  1866,  he  had  command 
of  the  Department  of  Washington,  and  in  L867 
he  was  assigned  to  the  Department  of  the  Platte. 
In  1869  he  was  made  brigadier -geueral  U.S. 
Army. 

Augusta,   Si ki, i :    .\\i>    CAPTURE     OF    (1781). 
When  Cornwallis  proceeded  to  subjugate  South 

Carolina,  he   sent    Lieutenant-colonel    Brown,  a 

Tory  leader,  to  hold  Augusta.  Over  this  garri- 
son Pickens  and  Clarke  had  kepi  watch,  and 
when,  on  Ma\  '20,  1781,  the j  were  joined  by  Lee 
and  his  Legion,  they  proceeded  to  invest  the  fort 
there.  They  took  Fort  Galphin,  twelve  miles 
below  ,  on  the  21st, Alld  then  an  officer  was  sent  to 
demand  the  surrender  of  Augusta.  Lieutenant- 
colonel  Brown  was  one  of  the  st  cruel  of  the 

Tories  in  that  region,  and  the  partisans  were 
anxious  to  make  him  a  prisoner.  He  refused  to 
surrender.  A  regular  siege  began  May  23,  and 
continued  until  June  4,  when  a  general  assault 
was  agreed  upon.  Hearing  of  this,  Brown  pro- 
posed to  surrender,  and  the  town  was  given  up 
I.-6 


81  AUTTOSE 

the  next  day.  In  this  siege  the  Americans  lost 
fifty-one  men  killed  and  wounded  ;  and  the  Brit- 
ish lost  fifty-two  killed,  and  three  hundred  and 
thirty-four,  including  the  wouuded,  were  made 
prisoners. 

Austin,  STEPHEN  F.,  founder  of  the  first  col- 
ony in  Texas.  His  father,  Moses  Austin,  of  Con- 
necticut, was  at  Bexar,  Texas,  in  1820,  and  ap- 
plied to  the  Mexican  commander  at  Monterey 
for  permission  to  colonize  three  huudred  families 
in  the  province.  His  son  Stephen  successfully 
carried  out  the  scheme.  The  latter  went  to  the 
city  of  Mexico  in  1821,  and  the  grant  given  to 
his  father  was  confirmed  in  February,  1823.  By 
it  he  was  invested  with  almost  absolute  power 
over  the  colonists,  whom  he  seated  where  the 
city  of  Austin  now  is,  the  site  selected  by  him 
for  the  capital  of  Texas.  In  March,  1833,  a  con- 
vention formed  a  state  constitution,  which  Aus- 
tin took  to  the  central  government  of  Mexico  to 
obtain  its  ratification.  There  were  delays:  and 
he  recommended  a  union  of  all  the  municipali- 
ties, and  the  organization  of  a  state  under  a 
Mexican  law  of  1^24.  He  was  arrested,  taken 
back  to  Mexico,  and  detained  until  September, 
lHli.").  On  his  return  he  found  the  country  in 
Confusion,  and  he  took  part  with  the  revolution- 
ary party.  He  attempted,  with  a  small  force, 
to  drive  the  Mexicans  out  of  Texas,  but  failed. 
In  November  (1835)  General  Sam.  Houston  was 
chosen  to  command  the  little  Texan  army,  and 
Austin  was  made  commissioner  to  the  United 
States.  In  July.  1836,  hi'  returned  to  Texas  and 
was  engaged  in  negotiations  to  obtain  the  ofB- 
eial  recognition  of  independence,  when  death 
closed  his  career.     (See  Texas.) 

Authority  of  Parliament.  Tour  great  wars 
bail  burdened  Great  Britain  with  a  debt  of  about 
|700,000,000  in  1763.  Her  treasury  was  low,  and 
she  looked  to  the  colonies  for  contributions  to 
her  revenues.  At  the  beginning  of  the  French 
and  Indian  War,  the  Board  of  Trade  had  contem- 
plated a  scheme  of  colonial  taxation,  and  Pitt 
had  intimated  to  more  than  one  colonial  gov- 
ernor that  at  the  end  of  the  war  the  govern- 
ment would  look  to  the  colonics  for  a  revenue ; 
yet  he  dared  not  undertake  a  scheme  which  the 
great  Walpole  had  timidly  evaded.  Pitt's  suc- 
cessors, more  reckless,  entered  upon  a  scheme  of 
taxation  under  the  authority  of  Parliament, 
boldly  asserting  the  absolute  right  and  power  of 
that  body  over  the  colonies  in  "all  eases  what- 
soever." 'Then  began  the  resistance  to  that 
claim  on  the  part  of  the  colonies  which  aroused 
the  government  to  a  more  vigorous  and  varied 
practical  assertion  of  it.  For  more  than  ten 
years  the  quarrel  raged  before  the  contestants 
came  to  blows.  The  great  question  involved 
was  the  extent  of  the  authority  of  the  British 
Parliament  over  the  English  American  colonies, 
which  had  no  representative  in  that  legislative 
body  a  question  ill  the  settlement  of  which 
the  British  empire  was  dismembered.  The  col- 
onics took  the  broad  ground  that  "taxation 
without  representation  is  tyranny." 

Auttose,  Battle  ok.  Late  in  November, 
1813,  the  Creek  country  was  invaded  by  troops 


AUTUMN  ELECTIONS  I 

from  Georgia.  A  cry  for  help  from  the  settlers 
among  the  Creeks  had  come  to  the  eara  of  the 
Georgians,  when  General  John  Floyd,  at  the 
head  of  950  militia  of  that  state  and  4.">U  friend- 
ly Indians,  gnided  by  Mordecai,  a  Jew  trader, 
entered  the  region  of  the  hostiics  from  the  east. 
Crossing  the  Chattahoochee,  he  pushed  on  tow- 
ards the  Tallapoosa,  where  he  was  informed  that 
a  large  number  of  hostile  Indians  had  gathered 
at.  the  village  of  Anttose.  on  the  "  Holy  Ground,'' 
on  which  the  prophets  had  made  the  barbarians 
believe  no  while  man  could  set  foot  ami  live. 
ll  was  on  the  left  hank  of  the  Tallapoosa,  about 
twenty  miles  above  its  confluence  with  the 
Coosa.  Floyd  encamped  unobserved  near  the 
town  on  the  evening  of  Nov.  28,  and  at  dawn 
he  appeared  before  the  village  with  his  troops 
arrayed  for  battle  in  three  columns,  lb-  also 
had  two  or  three  field-pieces.  There  were  two 
towns,  one  below  the  other.  The  towns  were 
simultaneously  attacked,  and  a  general  battle 
ensued.  After  a  brief  contest,  the  roar  of  ar- 
tillery and  a  furious  bayonet-charge  made  the 
Indians  fall  back  in  terror  to  whatever  shelter 
they  could  find.  Their  dwellings,  about  four 
hundred  in  number,  were  burned,  and  the  smit- 
ten and  dismayed  barbarians  were  hunted  and 
butchered  with  fiendish  cruelty.  If  was  esti- 
mated that  full  •>(«»  of  the  Indians  were  mur- 
dered. Floyd  lost  11  men  killed  and  54  wound- 
ed. He  had  marched  120  miles,  laid  waste  the 
town,  and  destroyed  the  inhabitants  in  the  space 
of  seven  days. 

Autumn  Elections  (1863).  To  the  appre- 
hensions of  reflecting  men  the  Civil  War.  in  the 
fall  of  18(5:1  had  assumed  the  grander  feature  of 
a  war  for  free  institutions.  There  was  ample 
evidence  that  the  government  would  not  recede 
from  the  position  taken  by  the  President  in  his 
Emancipation  Proclamation,  and  the  great  ma- 
jority of  the  people  seemed  ready  to  sustain  it. 
Thousands  of  the  opposition  party  refused  long- 
er to  follow  the  leadings  of  the  peace  fart  ion. 
and  at  the  elections  in  the  autumn  of  1  363  tbej 
voted  with  the  friends  of  the  government.  There 
were  overwhelming  majorities  in  favor  of  gov- 
ernment measures  everywhere.  The  state  of 
Ohio  gave  over  one  hundred  thousand  majority 
against  C.  L.  Yallandighain,  the  1  democratic  can- 
didate for  governor;  and  in  the  State  of  New 
York  Governor  Seymour's  majority  often  thou- 
sand in  1882  was  annihilated,  and  a  majority  of 
nearly  thirty  thousand  appeared  on  the  opposite 
■ide    of  the    political    balance-sheet.       Even   in 

Maryland,  where  the  emancipation  of  the  slaves 

was  made  a  distinct  issue  in  the  canvass,  then 
riven  at  the  polls  a  very  huge  Onion  ma- 
jority.    This  political  reaction  and  the 

successes  of  the  National  arms  encouraged  the 
government  ;  ami  appended  to  the  President's 
fust  measagi  to  the  Thirty-eighth 

lb  a  proclamation  in  w  bicb  he  offer- 
ed lull  pardon  and  restoration  of  all  rights  of 
property,  excepting  as  to  slaves,  t<>  all  persons 
(with  specified  exceptions)  who  had  participated 
in  the  rebellion  who  should  take  a  prescribed 
oath  of  allegiance  to  the  government.  It  also 
•  i  a  prescription  for  reorganising  oh 


!  AVERILL 

ernments  in  states  in  which  rebellion  existed, 
by  which  the  people  might  be  restored  to  all 
the  political  privileges  guaranteed  by  the  Na- 
tional Constitution.  This  proclamation  effected 
nothing. 

Averasborough,  Battle  of.  On  his  march 
from  Fayetteville  to  Goldsborough,  Sherman's 
were  menaced  by  the  Confederates,  and 
Kilpatrick  had  several  skirmishes  with  Wheeler 
and  Hamilton.  He  had  struck  the  rear  of  Hardee's 
column  (March  B,  1865)  in  its  retreat  towards 
Fayetteville.  He  had  fought  Hampton,  and  was 
defeated,  losing  many  men  (who  were  made  pris- 
oners) and  guns.  Kilpatrick  barely  escaped  on 
foot  in  a  swamp,  where  he  rallied  his  men. 
They  fell  upon  Hampton,  who  was  plundering 
their  camp,  routed  him,  and  retook  the  guns. 
Hampton  had  captured  103  Nationals  and  killed 
or  wounded  80.  At  Fayetteville,  Sherman  ut- 
terly destroyed  the  arsenal, with  all  the  valua- 
ble public  property  of  the  Confederates  there. 
Moving  on.  Sherman,  in  accordance  with  his 
usual  plan,  made  movements  to  distract  his  ad- 
versary. He  sent  Sloeiim  with  four  divisions 
of  the  left  wing,  preceded  by  cavalry, towards 
Averasborough  and  the  main  road  to  Raleigh  ; 
while  two  divisions  of  that  wing,  with  the  train, 
took  the  direct  road  to  Goldsborough.  Howard 
moved  with  four  divisions  on  the  right,  ready 
to  assi>r  the  left  if  necessary.  It  was  a  ter- 
rible march  over  quagmire  roads,  made  so  by 
incessant  rain.  They  had  to  be  corduroyed 
continually.  Slocum  found  Hardee  intrenched 
near  Averasborough  with  about  20,000  men. 
General  Williams,  with  the  20th  corps,  took  the 
lead  in  making  an  attack,  and  very  soon  he 
broke  the  Confederate  left  wing  into  fragments 
and  drove  it  back  upon  a  second  and  stronger 
line.  Ward's  division  pushed  the  fugitives  and 
captured  I?  guns  and  '217  men:  and  the  Confed- 
erates left  108  of  their  dead  on  the  field.  Kil- 
patrick was  just  seeming  a  footing  on  the  road 
to  Bentonville  (which  see)  when  he  was  furi- 
ously attacked  by  McLaws's division, and, after 
a  hard  light,  was  pushed  back.  Then  the  whole 
of  Slociim's  line  advanced, drove  Hardee  within 
his  iutrenehments.  and  pressed  him  so  heavily 
that  on  the  dark  and  stormy  night  of  March  lb, 
1n'i.">.  he  retreated  to  Smithfield    Slocom  lost  in 

the  battle  77  killed  and  477  wounded.  Hardee's 
loss  was  estimated  at  about  the  same.  Ward 
pursued  tin  fugitives  through  A\  eiasborough, 
but  soon  gave  up  the  chase. 

AverilL  William  \Y..  is  a  native  of  New  York, 
and  was  born  in  1830.  lb-  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1856.  Entering  the  mounted  titles,  he 
distinguished  himself  in  New  Mexico  by  the 
surprise  and  capture  of  a  body  of  Indians.      In 

that  warfare  he  was  severely  wounded.  Soon 
after  the  breaking  out  of  the  ('nil  War  he  was 
chosen  colonel  of  a  regiment  of  Pennsylvania 
cavalry,  and  in  cam  ■  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers in  September,  1862.  He  had  taken  an  ac- 
tive part  in  the  battles  on  tin  Peninsula  and  in 
Pope's  campaign  in  July  and  August.  Ifi 
reinforced  Pleasanton  in  the  advance  after  the 

battle  of  A  nl  ie  tain,  and  was  aflciuaids  v.  i  v   SO 


AVERILL'S  RAIDS  83 

five  in  Virginia,  especially  in  the  mountain  re- 
gions, in  1*03.  (See  Averill's  Raids.)  He  per- 
formed gallant  service  under  Hunter.  Sigel,  and 
Sheridan  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  in  1864  :  and 


AYRE! 


he  was  breveted  major-general  in  March,  1865. 
After  the  war  he  became  consul-general  in  Can- 
ada. 

Averill's  Raids  in  Western  Virginia  1 1 B63) 
There  had  been  comparative  qniel  in  that  re- 
gion after  the  closo  of  HOI  until  the  summer 
and  fall  of  1863,  when  General  W.  \Y.  AveriH, 

with  a.  oavalry  force,  made  exteusive  raids  in 
that  mountainous  country.  Before  the  dose  of 
that  year  he  had  nearly  pinged  Western  Virginia 
of  armed  Confederates,  and  seriously  interrupted 
railway  communication  between  the  armies  of 
Lee  and  Bragg.  Colonel  John  Tolland  had  led 
a  oavalry  raid  in  these  mountain  regions  in 
,Iiil\.  I-'.:'..  He  made  a  descent  upon  YVythe- 
ville,  on  the  Virginia  and  Tennessee  Railway. 
where  his  force  was  roughly  handled  by  Con- 
federates. Tolland  was  killed,  and  his  com- 
mand returned  to  the  Kanawha.  In  a  ride  of 
about  four  hundred  miles,  during  eight  days, 
they  had  suffered  much,  and  lost  82  men  and 
300  horses.  A  little  later  General  Averill  start- 
ed from  Ty gar t's Valley;  passed  through  several 
counties  southward;  drove  Confederates  over 
Warm  Spring  Mountain;;:  destroyed  saltpetre- 
\\  orks ;  menaced  Staunton  :  and  was  confronted 
by  a  large  force  of  General  S.  Jones's  command, 

near  While  Sulphur  Springs,  where  a  conflict  for 
Rock  Gap  occurred,  ami  lasted  a  greater  part  of 

August  26  and  27.  A  \<i  ill  was  repulsed,  and 
made   his   way  back   to  Tygart's  Valley,  having 

lost  207  men  and  a   Parrott  gnn,  which  burst 

during  the  tight.  Tin-  Confederates  lost  [56 
in  n.  Much  later  in  the  year  Averill  made  an- 
other aggressive  movement.  He  left  Beverly 
early  in   November  with   5000  men   of  all    alius, 

and  moved  southward,  driving  Confederates  an- 
der General  "Mnd  wall"  (W.  8.)  Jackson  to  a  post 

on  the  top  of  Droop  Mountain,  in  Greenbrier 
County;  stormed  them  |  N'.n  .  <;.  1863),  and  drove 
them  into  Monroe  County,  with  a  loss  of  ovei 
300  men,  3  guns,  and  700  small-arms.  Averill's 
loss   was  about  100  men.      West  Virginia  was 


now  nearly  free  of  armed  Confederates,  and 
Averill  started,  in  December,  with  a  strong 
force  of  Virginia  mounted  infantry,  Pennsylva- 
nia cavalry,  and  Ewing's  battery,  to  destroy 
railway  communications  between  the  armies 
of  Lee  in  Virginia  and  Bragg  in  Tennessee. 
He  crossed  the  mountains  amid  ice  and  suow, 
and  first  struck  the  Virginia  and  Tennessee 
Railway  at  Salem,  on  the  headwaters  of  the 
Roanoke  River,  where  he  destroyed  the  station- 
house,  rolling-stock,  and  Confederate  supplies. 
Also,  in  the  course  of  six  hours  his  troops  tore 
up  the  track,  heated  and  ruined  the  rails,  burn- 
ed five  bridges,  and  destroyed  several  culverts 
over  the  space  of  fifteen  miles.  This  raid  arous- 
ed all  the  Confederates  of  the  mountain  region, 
and  seven  separate  commands  were  arranged  in 
a  line  extending  from  Staunton  to  Newport  to 
intercept  the  raider.  He  dashed  through  this 
line  at  Covington  in  the  face  of  some  opposition, 
destroyed  the  bridges  behind  him,  and  one  of  his 
regiments,  which  had  been  cut  oil' from  thereat, 
swam  the  stream  and  joined  the  others,  w  it li 
the  loss  of  four  men  drowned.  Averill  captured 
during  the  raid  about  200  men.  "My  com- 
mand," he  said  in  his  report  (Deo. 21,  1863),"  lias 
marched,  (limbed,  slid,  and  swam  three  hundred 
and  forty  miles  since  the  ^l  h  inst."  He  report- 
ed a  loss  of  6  men  drowned,  5  wounded,  and  90 
missing. 

Avery,  WaIGHTSTTLL,   was   born    at   Groton, 

Conn.,  May  3.  174.">;  died  in  Burke  C. ty,  N.  ('., 

March  15,  1821.  He  studied  law  in  Maryland, 
and  began  its  practice  in  Mecklenburg  Coun- 
ty, N.  ('..  in  1769.  lb-  was  prominent  there 
among  the  opposers  of  the  obnoxious  measures 
of  the  British  Parliament  bearing  on  the  colo- 
nies, and  was  one  of  the  promoters  and  siguers 
of  the  famous  "Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence" (which  see).  He  was  a  delegate 
to  the  Provincial  Congress  at  Hillsborough  in 

1??.">  which  organized  the  military  forces  of  I  he. 
state;  and  in  the  summer  of  1776  he  joined  the 
army,  under  General  Rutherford,  in  the  Chero- 
kee country.  He  was  a  commissioner  in  fram- 
ing the  treaty  of  Holston,  which  effected  peace 
on  the  Western  frontier.  Mr.  Avery  was  active 
in  civil  affairs;  and  in  177'.)  was  colonel  of  the 
county  militia,  serving  with  great  zeal  <luring 
the  British  invasion  of  North  Carolina.  He  re- 
moved to  Burke  County  in  1781,  which  he  rep- 
resented in  the  State  Legislature  many  years. 
Mr. Avery  was  the  firsl  state  attorney  general 
of  North  Carolina. 

Ayres,  ROMETN  B.,  was  born   in   New  York, 
and  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1847.    He  served 

in  the  artillery  in  the  war  w  ith  Mexico,  and  com- 
manded a  battery  in  the  battle  of  Bull's  Run. 
In  October,  1861,  be  became  chief  of  artillery  of 

W.  F.  Smith's  division,  and  soon  afterwards  of 
the  sixth  corps.  He  was  in  the  campaign  on 
the  Peninsula,  and  the  chief  battles  afterwards 
in  Virginia  and  Maryland.  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction through  the  Richmond  campaign  of 
1804-65;  and  he  was  breveted  major-general  of 
volunteers  in  March,  1865. 


BABBITT 


84 


BACONS  REBELLION 


B. 


Babbitt,  Isaac,  inventor  of  the  "  Babbitt  met- 
al" used  DO  railway  ears,  axle-boxes,  etc,  was 
horn  at  Taunton,  Mass.,  July  2(>,  L799;  died  in 
McLean  Asylum,  Mass.,  May  2(>,  18(5*2.  About 
1831  he  made,  in  Taunton,  the  tirst  Britannia- 
ware  manufactured  in  tins  country  :  and  in  1839 
he  invented  the  anti-friction  metal  which  bears 
his  name.  Congress  gave  him  $20,000  for  his 
invention  ;  and  he  took  out  patents  in  England 
(1844)  and  Russia  (1847).  A  few  years  before 
his  death  he  became  deranged. 

Bache,  ALEXANDER  DAI.r.AS,  Superintendent 
of  the  Coast  Survey,  was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
July  19,  L8Q6;  died  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  Feb.  17, 
1867.    He  was  a  great-grandson  of  Dr.  Franklin. 


Graduating  at  the.  West  Point  Military  Academy 
with  high  honor  in  1825,  and  receiving  the  ap- 
pointment of  lieutenant  of  engineers,  lie  re- 
mained in  the  academy  a  while  as  assistant  pro- 
feasor.  Two  years  be  was  under  Colonel  Tot  ten 
in  the  construction  of  military  works  at  New- 
port, where  be  married  Miss  Fowler,  who, as  his 
wife,  was  his  <:rent  assistant  in  astronomical  ob- 
servations, lie  resigned  in  1*27,  and  from  that 
time  until  1838  lie  was  a  professor  in  the  CJni- 
versity  of  Pennsylvania.  Ardently  devoted  to 
scientific  pursuits,  he  made  important  disoov- 

eiies.       Iii    L836   be    was   chosen    President   of  the 

Hoard  of  Trustees  of  Girard  College,  and  he  was 

very  cllieient  in  the  organisation  of  that  insti- 
tution. He  visited  Europe  to  study  various  In- 
stitutions of  learning  there  :  and  in  l  >:'.'.'  be  pub- 
lished a  Report  on  the  European  8gttem  of  Bduaa- 
Hon.    Iii  I  —  *  l  be  became  the  fust  principal  of  the 

Philadelphia   High  School;   and    iii    1843   be   was 

appointed  Superintendent  of  the  United  states 
Coast  Survey  (which  see),     His  services  in  tins 

Ik  1<1   were   of  tbfl   In-best    import ance.      Vaiioiis 


universities  conferred  upon  him  the  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.  He  published  several  scientific 
essays  ;  was  a  member  of  the  Light-house  Board; 

a  regeut  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  and  ac- 
tive in  various  public  labors.  Dr.  Bache  be- 
queathed §42.000  to  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Science  in  Philadelphia,  for  the  promotion  of 
researches  in  physical  and  natural  science,  by 
assisting  experimenters  and  observers, 

Backwoodsmen  of  the  Carolinas,  GATHER- 
ING OK  THE  (1781).  Fugitives  from  their  dwell- 
ings in  the  Carolinas,  east  of  the  mountains,  the 
backwoodsmen  there,  aroused  by  the  cry  of  dis- 
tress that  came  from  the  region  of  their  homes, 
resolved  to  aid  their  brethren  in  driving  out  the 
British  invaders.  They  formed  themselves  into 
regiments, nnder  Isaac  Shelby  and  John  Sevier. 

The  former  sent  a  messenger  to  William  Camp- 
bell, on  the  Holston  River;  and  it  was  resolved 
that  he,  with  four  hundred  men,  should  join  an 
expedition  against  Major  Ferguson,  who  was 
embodying  the  Tory  militia  in  the  western  part 
of  the  Carolinas.  An  express  was  also  sent 
to  Colonel  Cleaveland.  of  North  Carolina.     The 

volunteers  all t  on  the  Watauga,  Sept.  25;  and 

On  the  following  day  all.  mounted  on  their  own 
horses  and  carrying  titles  and  provisions,  began 

a  ride  over  the  lofty untains.  where  there  was 

not  even  a  bridle-path,  nor  a  house  for  the  space 
of  forty  miles  between  the  Watauga  and  the 
Catawba.  They  asked  Gates  to  furnish  them 
with  a  general  officer.  Meanwhile  Ferguson, 
who  had  pursued  a  party  of  patriots  to  the  foot 
of  the  mountains,  had  moved  eastward  towards 
Corn wallis,  and  reached  King's  Mountain,  where 

he  formed  a  strong  encampment.     There  he  was 

attacked, defeated, and  killed.  (See  King's  Moun- 
tain, Battle  of.  • 

Bacon.  Numamm.  a  Virginia  patriot,  was 
born  in  Suffolk, England,  aboul  1830;  died  Oc- 
tober. 1876.  He  was  educated  at  the  Inns  of 
Court.  London  ;  came  to  America  with  a  consid- 
erable fortune;  settled  in  Gloucester  County. 
Ya.,  and   owned   a   large  estate   high   up  on  the 

James  River.  A  lawyer  by  profession  and  elo- 
quent in  speech,  he  easily  exercised  great  influ- 
ence over  the  people,  lie  became  a  member  of 
the  council  in  1672.  lie  was  a  republican  in 
sentiment  ;  and,  strongly  Opposing  the  views 
and  public  conduct  of  Governor  Berkeley,  the 
stanch  loyalist, he  stirred  np  the  people  to  re- 
bellion. (See  Bacon's  Rebellion.)  Be  died  from 
malarial  fever,  w  bile  conducting  military  opera- 
tions against  the  governor,  at  Aoooraao. 

Bacon  s  Rebellion  In  1876  Nathaniel  Bacon, 
a  wealthy  English  lawyer,  about  fort  \  -live  \cars 

of  age,  emigrated  to  Virginia.  He  was  popu- 
lar in  his  manners,  eloquent  anil   persuasive   in 

speech,  and  well-informed  in  legal  seienee.    Ba> 

con  wielded  ureal  inlluence  in  the  colony  imme- 
diately,  ami  was.  \n\  soon  alter  ins  arrival, 
chosen  a  member  o!  the  governor's  council,  lbs- 
eonti  nls  were  then  i  if.-  in  I  he  colony.     Berkeley, 


BACON'S  KEBELLION 


85 


BACON'S  REBELLION 


who  was  very  popular  at  first,  had  become  ty- 
rannical and  oppressive  as  an  uncompromising 
royalist  and  rigorous  executor  of  his  royal  mas- 
ter's will.  At  the  same  time  republicauism  had 
begun  a  vigorous  growth  among  the  people  of 
Virginia;  but  it  was  repressed  somewhat  by  a 
majority  of  royalists  in  the  House  ofBurgesses; 
ami  tin-  oonnoil  were  as  pliant  tools  of  Berkeley 
as  any  courtiers  who  paid  homage  to  the  king. 
The  governor  rigidly  enforced  navigation  laws 
oppressive  to  colonial  commerce;  ami  the  tnar- 
riage  laws,  anil  the  elective  and  other  fran- 
chises weir  modified,  abridged,  or  abolished. 
The  Church  of  England  was  made  supreme,  ami 
was  an  Instrument  of  persecution  in  tin-  hands 
of  the  dominant  party,  in  attempts  to  drive  Bap- 
tists, Quakers,  and  Puritans  ont  of  Virginia.  (See 
Berkeley.)  Stimulated  by  these  oppressions,  re- 
publicanism grew  vigorously  in  Virginia,  and 
the  toilers  and  righteous  men  of  the  aristocracy 

soon  formed  a  powerful  republican  party  thai 

threatened    ere    long    to    till    the    House   of  I'.ui  - 

gesses  with  men  of  their  creed.  Berkeley,  hav- 
lug  a  pliant  majority  of  the  cavalier  class  in  the 

Assembly,  sanctioned  unjust  and  arbitrary  de- 
crees of  the  king,  who  gave  to  profligate  court 
favorites,  first  large  tracts  of  land,  some  of  ii 
cultivated,  in  Virginia;  and,  finally,  in  1(573,  he 
gave  to  two  of  i hem  (Lord  Culpepper  ami  Karl 
of  Arlington), "  all  the  dominion  of  land  and  wa- 
ter called  Virginia"  for  thirty  years.  The  best 
men  in  the  colony  of  both  parties,  alarmed  by 
this  proceeding,  sent  a  committee  with  a  remon- 
strance to  the  king,  but  the  mission  was  fruit- 
less. The  republicans  were  very  indignant.  Re- 
bellions murmurs  were  heard  every*  hero  in  the 
colony  ;    and  the  toiling  people  were   taught  to 

regard  the  aristocracy  as  their  enemies, and  so 

the  majority  of  them  were.  Having  a  ma  jot  it  \  in 
the  Legislature  of  the  colony,!  hey  ruled  wit  bout 
any  regard  for.  the  happiness  of  the  people,  Ev- 
erything for  the   public   "ood   was  neglected. 

There  were ■oads  or  bridges  in  Virginia  ;  and 

the  people  were  compelled  to  travel  along  bridle- 
paths oil  land,  and  to  ford  or  swim  the  she. mis. 
They  journeyed  OU  the  water  in  canoes  or  boats, 
and  endured  many  hardships.  The  working  peo- 
ple lived  in  log-cabins  with  unglazed  windows. 
Tin-re  were  no  villages.  At  the  time  we  are  con- 
sidering, Jamestown,  the  capital,  consisted  of 

only  a  church,  a  stale-house,  and  eighteen  dwell- 
ings ;  ami,  uni  il  lately,  the  Assembly  had  met  in 
the  hall  of  an  ale-house.  This  was  abonl  seventy 
years  alter  the  founding  of  the  colony,  when  it 
contained  fifty  thousand  inhabitants.  The  large 
land-owners — the  aristocracy  -meanwhile  were 
living  in  luxury  in  line  mansions,  in  sigh!  of  some 
beautiful  river,  surrounded  by  negro  slaves  ami 

other  dependents,  and  enjoying  a  sort  of  patri- 
archal life.  The  governor  was  olamoring  for  an 
increase  of  his  salary,  while  his  stables  and  fields 
had  seventy  horses  in  them,  ami  flocks  of  sheep 

were  on  his  great  plantation,  called  "Green 
Bpring."  The  tendency  of  snch  a  state  of  So- 
ciety was  obvious  to  every  reflecting  mind.  It 
was  at  this  juncture  that  Bacon  arrived  in  Vir- 
ginia, and  espoused  the  cause  of  the  Republi- 
cans.   Iu  the  summer  of  1675,  the  Indians,  seeing 


their  domain  gradually  absorbed  by  the  en- 
croaching white  people,  in  their  despair  struck 
a  heavy  blow.  As  they  swept  from  the  North 
through  Maryland,  John  Washington,  grandfa- 
ther of  the  first  President  of  the  United  States, 
opposed  them  with  a  force  of  Virginians,  and  a 
fierce  border  war  ensued.  Berkeley,  who  had  the 
monopoly  of  the  fur-trade  with  the  barbarians, 
treated  the  latter  leniently.  Six  chiefs,  who  had 
come  to  camp  to  treat  for  peace,  were  treacher- 
ously slain  by  Englishmen.  The  wrathful  sav- 
ages  strewed  their  pathway,  in  the  country 
between  the  Rappahannock  and  James  rivers, 
with  the  dead  bodies  of  ten  Englishmen  for 
every  chief  that  was  treacherously  murdered, 
and  blackened  its  face  with  lire.  The  supine- 
nesS  of  the  governor  increased  the  sense  of  in- 
security among  the  people,  and  a  deputation 
headed  by  Bacon  petitioned  him  for  leave  to 
arm  and  protect  themselves.     Berkeley,  having 

reason,  as  he  thought,  to  suspect  Bacon  of  am- 
bitious rather  than  patriotic  motives  (for  he  had 
been  engaged  in  an  insurrection  before  ;,  refused 

to  grant  this  prayer.   At  this  Bacon  took  lire.   He 

knew  the  hidden  cause  of  the  refusal,  and  he  at 

once  proclaimed  that   he  was  ready  to  lead  the 

people  against  the  approaching  invaders  with- 
out permission,  if  another  while  person  should  be 
murdered  by  them.  Very  soon  news  reached  him 
that  some  on  his  own  plantation,  near  (present  > 
Riohmoild,  had  been  slain.  He  summoned  the 
people  to  a  consultation.  Mounting  a  stump, 
he  addressed  I  hem  with  impassioned  eloquence, 
denounced  the  governor,  and  advised  his  hear- 
ers to  take  up  alius  in  their  own  defence.  They 
wen-  soon  embodied  in  military  force, and  chose 
Bacon  as  their  general     lie  asked  the  governor 

lo  give  him  a  commission  as  Mich,  but  was  re- 
fused; ami  Bacon  marched  against  the  Indians 
without  it.     Before  he  had  reached  York  River, 

the  governor  proclaimed  him  a  rebel,  and  or- 
dered his  followers  to  disperse.  A  greater  por- 
tion of  them  followed  Bacon's  standard,  and  the 
expedition  pushed  forward  ;  while  the  lower 
settlements  arose  in  insurrection, and  demanded 
an  immediate  dissolution  of  the  aristocratic  As- 
sembly. The  Indians  were  driven  back  to  the 
Rappahannock,  a  new  assembly  was  chosen,  and 
BttCOD  was  elected  to  a  seat  iu  the  House  ut'Iliir- 
".esses  from   Henrico  County.      The   new    House 

represented  the  popular  will.  They  gave  Bacon 
a  commission  as  general,  but  Berkeley  refused  to 
sign  it.  Some  of  the  Assembly  supported  the 
governor  in  the  matter,  when  Bacon,  fearing 
treachery,  retired  to  the  ••Middle  Plantation" 
(now  Williamsburg),  where  five  hundred  follow- 
ers proclaimed  him  commander-in-chief  of  tin- 
Virginia  forces.  With  these  he  appeared  at 
Jamestown,  and  demanded  his  commission.  Ko- 
garding  t  be  mo\  ement  as  revolutionary,  the  gov- 
ernor again  refused  to  Bign  it.  The  sturdy  old 
cavalier  went  out  in  great  anger  before  the  in- 
surgent chief, and  baring  his  bosom,  exclaimed, 
•Shoot  !  shoot  !  it  is  a  fair  mark!''  Bacon  said, 
respectfully,  "  Not  a  hair  of  your  head  shall  be 
hurt;  we  have  come  for  our  commissions  to  save 
our  lives  from  the  Indians."  The  governor,  in- 
fluenced by  his  judgment  when  his  anger  had 


BACON'S  REBELLION        86        BACONS  REBELLION 

by  the  rising  of  the  country."  The  proclamation 
of  abdication  was  made,  on  the  ground  that  the 

governor  was  fomenting  civil  war;  and  writs 
were  issued  for  a  representative  convention. 
Meanwhile  Berkeley  had  gathered  a  motley  host 
of  followers  inched  by  promisee  of  plunder;  pro- 
claimed the  freedom  of  the  slaves  of  "rebels;" 
was  joined  by  some  Indians  from  the  eastern 
shore,  and  the  English  ships  were  placed  at  his 
service.  With  this  army,  commanded  by  Major 
Beverly,  the  governor  sailed  with  live  ships  and 
ten  sloops,  and  landed  at  Jamestown  early  in 
September,  1(>7(>.  where,  after  piously  offering 
thanksgiving  in  the  church,  he  proclaimed  Ba- 
con a  traitor.  Bacon  was  surprised,  for  he  had 
then  few  followers  in  camp  ;  hut  his  ranks 
swelled  rapidly  as  the  news  went  from  planta- 
tion to  plantation.  At  the  head  of  a  consider- 
able host  of  patriotic  Virginians,  he  inarched  tow- 
ards Jamestown,  seizing  by  the  way  as  hostages 
the  wives  of  loyalists  who  were  with  Berkeley. 
The  republicans  appeared  before  the  capital  on 
a  moonlit  evening,  and  cast  up  iutrenchments. 
In  vain  the  governor  urged  his  motley  troops  to 


cooled, or  by  his  fears,  not  only  signed  the  com- 
mission, hut  joined  his  council  in  commending 

Bacon  to  the  king  as  a  zealous,  loyal,  and  patri- 
otic citizen.     That    was   done    on   .July  4,  1676, 
just  one  hundred  years  before  the  famous  Dec- 
laration of  Independence,  written  by  a  Virginia 
"rebel"    (Thomas  Jefferson),   proclaimed    the 
English-American   colonies  •■free  anil   indepen- 
dent states."    Bacon,  so  encouraged,  immediately 
marched  against  the  Indians.    The  faithless  gov- 
ernor, relieved  id'  his  presence,  crossed  the  York 
River,  called  a  convention  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Gloucester    County,  and   proposed  to    proclaim 
Bacon  a  traitor.      The  convention  refused  to  do 
so,  when  the  haughty  baronet  issued  such  a  proc- 
lamation on  his  own  responsibility,  in  spite  of 
their  remonstrances.     The  news  of  this  perfidy 
reached  Bacon   at   his  camp  on  the  Pamnnky 
River.      He  addressed  his  followers  with  much 
warmth,  saying,  "It  vexes  me  to  the  heart  that, 
while  I  am  hunting  the  wolves  and  tigers  that 
destroy  our  lands,  I  should  myself  be  pursued  as 
a    savage.      Shall    persons    wholly   devoted    to 
their    king    and    country  —  men    who    hazard 
their   lives    against    the   public   enemy, 
deserve  the  appellation  of 'rebels'  and 
1  traitors  t'    The  whole  country  is  wit- 
ness to  our  peaceable  behavior.      But 
those   in   authority,  how  have  they  ob- 
tained their  estates  ?    Have  they  not  de- 
voured the  common  treasury  f     What 
arts,  what  sciences,  what  learning  have 
they  promoted!      I   appeal  to  the  king 
and  Parliament,  where  the  cause  id'  the 
people  will  be  heard  impartially."    Un- 
der the  circumstances,  Bacon  felt  com- 
pelled to  lead  in   a   revolution,      lie  in- 
vited the  Virginians  to  meet  in  conven- 
tion at  the  Middle  Plantation.    The  best 
men   in  the  colony   were  there.      They 
dtdiated    and    deliberated    on    a    warm 
August  day  from  noon  until   midnight. 
Bacon's  eloquence  and  logic  led  them  to 
take  an  oath  to  support  their  Leader  in 
subduing  the  Indians  and  in  preventing 
civil  war;    and  again   he   went   against 
the  barbarians.    The  governor, alarmed 

by  the  proceedings  at  the  Middle  Plan- 
tation, tied,  with  his  council,  to  the  easl 

ern  shore  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  where,  by 

promises    of    booty,    hi'     tried     to    raise 
an  arni\   among  the  inhabitants  and  the 

seamen  ofEuglish  vessels  there.  William  Drum- 
mond,  w  ho  had  been  t he  fust  governor  of  Norl  b 

Carolina,  with  his  brave  and  patriotic  w  ife.  Sarah, 
was  then  with  Bacon.    (See  Xorth  Cnriiliiiii.)    Mrs. 

Druinii 1  did  much  to  incite  the  Virginians 

to  go  on  in  the  path  of  revolt)!  ion,  and  she  was 
denounced  as  "  a  notorious,  w  icked  rebel."  Her 
husband  proposed  to  Bacon  to  proclaim  govern- 
ment in  the  Colony  abdicated  by  Berkeley  on  ac- 
count of  his  act.  li  w  as  suggested  that  a  power 
would  come  from  England  thai   would  ruin  the 

republicans  in  the  colony.     Sarah  snatched  up 

a  small  slick  from  the  ground,  and  exclaimed, 
"I  fear  the  power  of  England  no   more   than   a 

broken  straw.  The  ohild  thai  i-  unborn  shall 
base  cause  io  rejoice  for  the  good  ihat  will  cone 


THB  OLD  >  111  i:i  II   roWSB   at  JAMSSTOW* 

attack  them;  they  were  not  made  of  stuff  for 
soldiers.  Finally,  the  royalists  stole  away  in 
the  night,  and  compelled  the  indignant  governor 

to  follow  them,  w  lun  Bacon  entered  Jamestown, 

and  assumed  the  reins  of  civil  power.  Yer\  soon 
he  was  Startled  bj  a  rumor  that  the  royalists 
of  the  upper  counties  were  coining  down  upon 
him.  In  a  council  of  w  ar  it  w  as  agreed  to  burn 
the  capital  The  torch  was  applied  at  the  twi- 
light of  a  sofi  September  day,  aud  the  next 
tnoruing  nothing  was  left  but  the  brick  town 

of  the  church  and  a  few  chimneys.  (See  .Itimin- 
lowii.)  Then  Bacon  hastened  to  meet  ihe  ap- 
proaching royalists,  who,  not  disposed  to  light. 
deserted  their  leader  and  joined  the  "rebels." 
At  ihe   same  tune  the   royalists  of  Gloucester 


BADEAU  * 

yielded  their  allegiance  to  Bacon,  and  he  re- 
solved to  cross  the  Chesapeake  and  drive  the 
loyalists  and  Berkeley  from  Virginia.  His  plans 
were  suddenly  frustrated  by  a  foe  deadlier  than 
the  malignity  of  the  royalists  who  opposed  him. 
The  malaria  from  the  marshes  aroundJamestown 
in  September,  had  poisoned  his  blood,  and  on  the 
11th  of  October  (1676)  he  died  of  malignant  fe- 
ver. His  followers  made  lint  feeble  resistance 
thereafter;  and  before  November  Berkeley  re- 
turned to  the  Peninsula  and  resumed  the  func- 
tions of  government  at  the  Middle  Plantation, 
which  was  made  the  capital  of  Virginia.  (See 
Williamsburg.)  Bacon  had  failed  :  yet  those  ••  do 
not  fail  who  die.  in  a  good  cause.''  His  name  is 
embalmed  in  history  as  a  rebel;  had  he  succeed- 
ed, he  would  have'  been  immortalized  as  a  patriot. 
His  principal  followers  were  very  harshly  treat- 
ed by  the  soured  goveruor,  and  for  a  while  ter- 
ror reigned  in  Virginia.  (See  lUrkdvy.)  The 
rebellion  cost  the  colony  s."00,000. 

Badeau,  Adam,  was  horn  in  New  York,  and 
served  on  t  he  stall'  of  (  o-nei  al  Sherman  early  in 
the  Civil  War.  lie  was  severely  wounded  at 
Port  Hudson.  In  .January.  1864,  he  joined  Gen- 
eral Grant,  and  became  his  military  secretary, 

with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel.  In  March, 
Mi.">.  he  was  made  aide-de-camp  to  the  general 
of  thi'  army,  with  the  title  of  colonel,  and  re- 
tired in  1869,  when  he  was  made  secretary  of 
the  American  Legation  at  the  British  court. 

Badge  Designations  in  THE  A.RMY  01  i n i 
Potomac.  These  wen-  introduced  by  General 
Hooker  in  the  spring  of  1863.  The  idea  origi- 
nated with  General   Kearney  at  the  battle  of 

Seven  I'nies.or  Pair  Oaks  (which  see).  At  that 
time  it  was  impossible  for  the  common  volun- 
teer soldiers  to  renew  their  clothing  except  by 
drawing  from  the  quartermaster  the  same  as 
that  used  by  enlisted  men.  Officers  and  men 
were  thus  dressed  alike.  To  distinguish  them 
apart,  Kearney  issued  an  order  that  the  held  and 
stall'  officers  of  his  division  should  wear  a  red 
patch  on  the  top  of  their  caps,  and  the  line-olli- 
ccrs  the  same  in  front.  Kearney's  successor 
(General   Birney),  after   his  death,  ordered   this 

habit  to  he  continued,  in  memory  of  their  old 
commander;  ami  also,  for  the  same  purpose,  l  he 
rank  and  file  should  wear  a  red  patch  on  the 
side  of  their  caps.  When  General  Hooker  took 
command  of  the  army,  he  ordered  each  of  the 
seven  corps  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  to  he 
distinguished  by  a  badge,  as  follows:  The  first 


r  BAILEY 

by  colore.  The  badge  of  the  first  division  of 
each  corps  was  made  of  scarlet  (loth,  of  the  sec- 
ond of  white,  and  the  third  of  blue.  These  were 
all  placed  on  the  top  of  tin;  cap.  Those  who 
wok-  hats  placed  them  on  the  left  side. 

Badge  of  Military  Merit.  In  17S^  Washing- 
ton established  a  badge  of  military  merit,  to  be 
conferred  upon  non-commissioned  officers  and 
soldiers  who  had  served  three  years  with  brave- 
ry, fidelity,  and  good  conduct,  and  upon  every 
one  who  should  perform  any  singularly  merito- 
rious action.  The  badge  entitled  the  recipient 
••  to  pass  and  repass  all  guards  and  military  posts 
as  fully  and  amply  as  any  commissioned  officer 
whatever."  A  hoard  of  officers  for  making  such 
award  was  established,  and  upon  their  recom- 
mendation the  commander-in-chief  presented 
the  badge.  It  was  the  American  order  of  the 
"Legion  of  Honor." 

Badger  State,  a  name  popularly  given  to  the 
State  of  Wisconsin,  on  account  of  the  number 
of  badgers  found  there  by  tin-  early  settlers. 

Baffin,  William,  an  English  Antic  explorer, 
was  born  in  1584;  died  in  lti-.,-J.  He  made  voy- 
ages to  West  Greeuland  in  1612-15,  and  to  Spits- 
bergen in  ltd  1.  In  1616  he  commanded  a  ves- 
sel which  reached,  it  is  said,  eighty-one  and  a 
half  degrees  north  latitude.      He   was  killed   at 

the  siege  of  Ormuz,  on  the  Persian  Gulf.     He  is 

supposed  to  have  ascertained  the  limits  of  the 
great  bay  that  bears  his  name. 

Bahama  Islands,  THE,  were  granted  by 
Charles    11.   (1667)  to  the  eighl   courtiers  to 

whom  he  granted  the  Carolinas,  (See  <;nt>it<e.< 
Of  Carolina.)  They  had  sent  William  Saylc  to 
bring  them  some  account  of  the  Carolina  coast. 

His  vessel  was  driven  by  a  storm  among  the  Ba- 
hama islands,  lying  easl  w  aid  of  Florida.  There 
he  gaiued  much  knowledge  of  them,  especially 

of  New  Providence,  the  chief  among  them.  On 
his  return  to  England,  King  Charles  gave  a  pat- 
ent for  the  Bahamas  to  the  proprietors  of  Caro- 
lina, and  they  were  annexed.  At  that  time  these 
islands  were  uninhabited,  and  the  group  was  a 
favorite  resort  lor  the  buccaneers  i  which  see), 
thus  becoming  notorious.      The    island    of  New 

Providence  had  a  lc 1  harbor,  but  the  arid  soil 

did  not  inv  itc  cultivation.  It  is  now  a  favorite 
resort  lor  invalids. 

Bailey, Guilford  Dudley,  was  born  at  Mar- 

tinsburg,  Lewis  Co.,  N.  V..  .1  line  4.  1^34;  killed 
in  battle.  May  31,  1862.     He  graduated  at  West 


by  a  disk  ;  the  second  by  a  trefoil  ;  the  third  by  a 
loxenge;  the  fifth  by  a  Maltese  cross;  the  sixth 
by  a  plain  cross;  the  eleventh  by  a  crescent; 
and  the  twelfth  by  a  star.      F.ach  corps  had  three 

divisions,  and  the  badgea,  whose  form  deter- 
mined the  corps,  also  designated  the  divisions 


Point  in  1856,  and  entered,  as  lieutenant,  the 
Second  Artillery,  then  stationed  at  Port  Onta- 
rio, Oswego,  N.  Y.,  when-,  iii  1858,  he  married  a 
daughter  of  Colonel  C.  W.  Patten.  0.  S.  \.  lb- 
was  afterwards  stationed  at  Port  Leavenworth, 
Kansas;  and  when  the  Civil  War  began  he  v,as 


!  BAINBRIDGE 

attack  on  Fort  St.  Philip,  Fort  Jackson,  and  the 
Confederate  flotilla  It  was  one  of  the  most 
gallant  naval  operations  of  the  war;  and  Admi- 
ral Farragnt  specially  oonunended  Captain  Bai- 
ley as  the  leader  in  that  attack.     In  1862  lie  was 


BAILEY  8 

acting-adjutaut  of  the  post  at  Fort  Brown.  Tex- 
as, v,  host!  commander,  Captain  Stoneman,  re- 
fused to  surrender  to  the  insurgents  of  Texas 
in  obedience  to  the  orders  of  the  recreant  Gen- 
eral Twiggs  (which  see).  Captain  Stoneman 
chartered  a  steamboat,  and,  after  securing  the 
most  valuable  public  property  there,  evacuated 
the  fort,  and  sailed  for  New  York,  where  he  ar- 
rived March  15,  1861.  Soon  afterwards  Lieuten- 
ant Bailey  was  sent  with  reinforcements  for  Fort 
Pickens  (which  see).  His  mission  was  success- 
ful. Sickness  finally  compelled  him  to  return 
to  New  York  to  recruit  his  strength.  Soon  after- 
wards he  was  requested  by  Governor  Morgan  to 
organize  a  state  regiment  of  light  artillery,  of 
which  lie  was  made  colonel.  With  these  troops, 
which  he  had  well  disciplined  at  Elruira,  he  went 
to  Washington,  and  in  the  spring  of  1862  he 
joined  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  at  Fortress 
Monroe.  At  the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks,  or  Seven 
Pines  (which  see),  Colonel  Bailey  was  in  Gener- 
al Casey's  division.  When  the  sudden  and  furi- 
ous attack  was  made,  the  infantry  fell  back, 
leaving  Colouel  Bailey's  battery  exposed.  In- 
stead of  retreating  and  leaving  his  guns  in  the 
hands  of  the  Confederates,  he  determined  to 
make  their  spoils  useless  to  them.  Leaping 
from  his  horse,  he  was  in  the  act  of  spiking  one 
of  the  guns  with  his  own  hand,  when  the  bullet 
of  a  sharp-shooter  penetrated  his  brain,  and  he 
fell  dead.  His  remains  repose,  under  a  monu- 
ment erected  by  his  widow,  in  the  beautiful  ru- 
ral cemetery  of  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. 

Bailey,  Joseph,  acquired  great  fame  by  his 
skill  in  damming  the  Red  River  at  Alexandria 
|  Ma\  ,  1864),  by  which  the  squadron  of  iron-clad 
gunboats,  under  Admiral  Porter,  were  enabled 
to  pass  down  the  rapids  there  when  the  water 
was  low.  He  had  been  a  lumberman  in  'Wis- 
consin, and  in  that  business  had  learned  the 
practical  part  which  he  used  in  his  engineering 
at  Alexandria,  where  he  was  acting  chief-engi- 
neer of  the  Nineteenth  Army  Corps.  Other  en- 
gineers  said  his  proposition  to  dam  the  river  was 
absurd,  but  in  eleven  days  the  boats,  by  his  meth- 
od, passed  safely  down.  (See  Bed  Hirer  Dam.) 
For  this  achievement  he  was  made  brigadier- 
general.  He  settled  in  Missouri  after  the  war, 
where  he  was  a  formidable  enemy  of  the  "  bush- 
whackers,'' and  was  shot  by  them  in  Nevada,  in 
that  slate,  on  March  21.  L867. 

Bailey,  Tin  i  U". ins,  rear-admiral  U.S.  Navy, 
was  born  at  Chateaugav,  Franklin  <'"..  V  V. 
April  13,  1805;  .lied  in  Washington,  l>.  ('.,  Feb. 
10,  1-7?.     lb-  entered  the  navy  as  midshipman 

in  January,  1818,  and  was  captain  in  l-.">.~>.  In 
July,  1862,  he  was  made  commodore,  and  in  duly, 

1866,  rear-admiral  on  the  retired  list,  in  1861 
Captain  Bailey  was  in  command  of  the  Colorado, 
in  tin-  Western  Gulf  squadron,  and  was  second 
in  command  of  the  expedition  under  Butler  ami 
Farragnt  up  tin-  Mississippi  to  capture  New  <  u 

leans,  in  the  spring  Of  1868.      Bis  Vessel  was  too     He  anil  bis  \e~sel  and  on«  were  captured  in  the 

large  to  pass  the  bar,  and  taking  what  nun  and    West  [ndiesbj  a  Frenoh  cruiser  in  September  of 

gnni  b.-  OOUld  spare,  he  went  up  the  river  in  his    that  year,  but  were  released  in  December,  when, 

boateas  a  volunteer,  and  assumed  the  command   returning  home,  he  v.  as  promoted  to  the  oom- 

of  the   first   division.      II.-    led   in   the  .l.sperate    maud  of  a  brig.      In  Ma\ .  ItiOO,  he  was  comiuis- 


in  command  of  the  Eastern  Gulf  squadron,  and 
was  successful  in  breaking  up  blockade-running 
on  the  Florida  coast.  He  captured  about  one 
hundred  and  fifty  of  those  violators  of  the  neu- 
trality laws  of  his  country  in  the  space  of  B  year 
aud  a  half.  Iu  1865-67  he  was  in  command  of 
the  navy-yard  at  Portsmouth. 

Bainbridge,  Wii.i.iam.  an  American  commo- 
dore, was  born  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  May  7.  1774; 
died  in  Philadelphia,  July  28,  1833.  At  the  age 
of  sixteen  years  he  went  to  sea,  and  commanded 
a  ship  at  nineteen.  On  the  reorganization  of  the 
navy   in   17lJ8  he   was  appointed   a   lieutenant. 


BAINBRIDGE  8 

sioned  a  captain,  and  in  the  ship  Wmtliington  he 
earned  tribute  from  the  United  States  to  the 
Dey  of  Algien,  by  whom  he  was  treated  with 
nmeh  insolence.  By  threats  of  capture  and  a 
declaration  of  war  by  the  Algerine  ruler,  he  was 
compelled  to  take  an  embassy  to  Constantinople 
for  that  petty  despot.  On  his  return,  with  pow- 
er giveu  him  by  the  Sultan,  Bain  bridge  fright- 


)  BAIRD 

on  a  rock  near  Tripoli,  and  was  captured,  with 
her  commander  and  crew.  At  Tripoli  Bain- 
bridge  and  three  hundred  and  fifteeu  of  his  men 
remained  prisoners  about  nineteen  mouths.  On 
his  return  to  the  United  States,  he  was  received 
with  great  respect,  and  in  the  reorganization 
of  the  navy,  in  1806,  he  became  the  seventh  in 
the  list  of  captains.     Having  obtained  the  rauk 


i:a;m!I:iih:i    mf.iui 


ened  the  insolent  Dey,  compelling  him  to  release 
all  Christian  prisouers  then  in  his  possession. 
He  returned  to  the  United  States  in  1801,  and 
lie  «ms  again  sent  to  the  Mediterranean  with 
the  frigate  Essex.     Upon  the  declaration  of  war 


•   ■ 


against  the  United  States  by  Tripoli,  in  1803 
[see  War  with  Tripoli),  Bainbridge  was  put  in 
command  of  the  Philadelphia,  one  of  Preble's 
squadron.  On  October  11  the  Philadelphia  struck 


of  oommodore,  Bainbridge  was  appointed  to  the 
command  of  a  squadron  (September,  1818  i  om- 
poscd  of  the  Constitution  (dag-ship  .  Essex,  and 

Honut,  and  sailed  from  Boston  in  October.     Off 

the  ooaal  of  Brasil  the  Constitution  captured 
the  British  frigate  Java  Deo.  96  :  and  for  this 
exploit  the  oommodore  received  the  thanks  of 
( loagroaa  and  a  gold  medal,   |  See  Constitution  and 

'i  her  honors  were  bestowed  upon  him. 
In  1M.">  lie  \v;is  appointed  to  the  command  of  a 
squadron    of   twenty    sail,  destined    for   Algiers 

see  Algiers,  War  with),  but  peace  was  concluded 

before  it  reached  the  Mediterranean.  He  set- 
tled disputes   with  the   Barbary  Towers  (which 

see):  and  he  again  commanded  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean in  1819-81.  From  that  time  he  was  al- 
most constantly  employed  in  service  on  shore, 
being  at  one  time  President  of  the  Board  of 
Na\>  Commissioners.  Commodore  Bainbridge 
was  buried  in  Christ-church-yard.  Philadelphia, 
and  over  his  grave  is  a  plain  white  marble  obe- 
lisk.     His  wife's  remains  were  buried  near. 

Baird,  ABSALOM,  was  born  at  Washington. 
Penn.,Ang.20, 1824,  and  graduated  at  Weal  Point 
in  1849,  ha\  ing  studied  law  before  he  entered  the 
Military  Academy.  He  was  ordered  to  Washing- 
ton, I».  ('.,  in  March,  1861,  and  in  May  was  made 
assistant  adjutant-generaL  He  became  aid  to 
Genera]  Tyler  in  the  battle  of  Bull's  Bun, and  in 

November  was  made  assistant  inspector-general, 
with  the  rank  of  major.  In  March,  1868,  he  be- 
came General  Keya'a  chief  of  stall':  and  in  April 
he  was  made  brigadier-general  of  volunteers, 
and  sent  to  Kentucky.  He  commanded  a  divi- 
sion under  General  Granger  in  April,  1863,  and 
was  afierw anls  active  in  northern  Georgia  and 
in  the  Atlanta  campaign.  In  Sherman's  march 
to  the  sea  (which  seej  he  commauded  a  division 


BAKER 

of  the  14tb  Arm;  Corps,  and  also  in  the  advance 
through  the  Carolinas.  He  was  breveted  major- 
general  in  March,  1865. 

Baker,  Edward  Dickinson,  soldier  and  states- 
man, was  born  in  London,  Feb.  24,  1811;  killed 
at  Hall's  Bluff,  on  the  Potomac,  Oct.  21,  1861. 
His  family  came  to  America  w  lieu  be  was  a  young 


KM  WARD    DICKINSON    I1AKKR. 

child,  and  settled  first  in  Philadelphia  and  af- 
terwards (1825)  in  Illinois.  Young  Baker  chose 
the  law  for  a  vocation,  and  entered  upon  its 
practice  in  Green  County,  HI.  In  1837,  while 
residing  in  Springfield,  he  was  elected  to  the 
Legislature.  He  was  state  senator  in  1S40 — 14. 
and  then  a  member  of  Congress  until  the  begin- 
ning of  the  war  with  Mexico.  In  that  war  (1846- 
1?  he  served  as  colonel  of  Illinois  volunteers, 
and  was  elected  to  Congress  in  1848.  He  set- 
tled in  California  in  1852, where  lie  became  dis- 
tinguished in  his  profession,  and  as  an  orator  in 
the  ranks  of  the  Repnblicans.  In  L859  he  re- 
moved to  Oregon,  where  he  was  elected  United 
States  senator  in  I860.  He  was  in  that  service 
w  hen  the  Civil  War  broke  out.  in  L861,  when  he 
raised  a  body  oftroops  in  New  York  and  Phila- 
delphia. Those  of  Pennsylvania  were  called 
tin- "first  California  Regiment."  Declining  to 
he  appointed  general,  he  went  into  the  field 

as  colonel  at   the  head  of  his  regiment.      While 
li^htin^  at  Hall's  Hlutf,  in  Virginia, he  was  shot 
dead.     (See  BalV»  Bluff.) 
Baker,    Remember,    a    captain    of  "Green 

Mountain  Boys"  (which  see),  was  horn  at  Wood- 
bury, Conn.,  ahout    1740;   billed   by   Indians  on 
the    Soiel,    the    outlet    of    Lake    Chainplaiu, 
Angnst,  1775.      lie  went   to  the  New   Hampshire 

Grants  in  176*4,  before  the  Aliens  took  up  ih 
abode  there.     (8ee  New  Hampshire  Grants.)     He 

was   a    soldier   in   the    French   and   Indian   War. 

ami  was  in  i he  fierce  battle  at  Tioonderoga 
in  L768.  lie  settled  at  Arlington,  on  ••  the 
(i rants,"  and  was  very  active  with  Ethan  All 

ing  the  claims  of  New  KbrV  to  Vermont 
territory.  Baker  was  arrested, and  was  cmellj 
treated  while  a  prisoner,  bj  the  New  Yorkers. 
The  government  of  thai  province  bad  ontlaww 

him  and  set  a  price  upon  his  head.  Captaii 
Baker   was   with  Allen   when   he   took  Ticonde 


90  BALLOONS  IN  WAR 

roga,  in  May,  1775.     He  was  killed  while  on  a 
scout  in  the  Continental  service. 

Balboa.     (See  Nunee,Vasco  de.) 

Balcarras  (Earl),  ALEXANDER  Lindsay,  was 
horn  in  Scotland  in  17.VJ  ;  died  in  London.  March 
■J7.  1825.  He  served  three  years  in  America  un- 
der Carleton  and  Burgoyne.  and  was  captured 
with  the  latter  at  Saratoga.  At  the  battle  of 
Hubbardton  (which  see),  where  he  was  wound- 
ed, thirteen  halls  passed  through  his  clothes. 
He  was  made  major-general  in  179:?.  and  was 
lieutenant-governor  of  Jamaica  in  1794.  He 
was  made  general  in  1803,  and  was  oue  of  the 
representative  peers  from  Scotland. 

Balch,  George  B..  I  .  s.  Navy,  was  born  in 
Tennessee,  Dec.  30,  1821.  He  entered  the  navy 
n  1837;  engaged  in  the  war  against  Mexico, 
md  was  wounded  in  a  naval  engagement  at 
Shanghai, China  lie  was  engaged  actively  and 
successfully  in  the  South  Atlantic  blockading 
squadron  and  in  other  naval  operations  on  the 
Southern  coasts  during  the  Civil  War. 

Balfour,  NlSBET,  a  British  officer  who  served 
in  America,  was  horn  in  Edinburgh  in  174H: 
died  at  Denbigh,  Fifeshire,  Scotland,  Oct.  10, 
18-23.  He  was  a  son  of  an  auctioneer  and  hook- 
seller  in  Edinburgh;  entered  the  British  army 
as  an  ensigu  in  1761  :  commanded  a  company 
in  1770;  was  wounded  at  the  hat  lie  of  Bunkers 
Hill  in  June,  1775,  and  again  in  the 
battle  of  Long  Island.  He  was  sent 
home  with  despatches  after  the 
capture  of  New  York  in  177(>.  and 
was  breveted  major  in  November 
following.  Served  under  Lord  Com- 
wallis  in  Pennsylvania  and  the 
Carolinas;  and  was  in  command  at 
Charleston  in  1781,  when  he  re- 
luctantly obeyed  the  command  of 

Lord  b'aw  don  to  execute  Isaac 
11  ay  ne  (  which  sec).  He  was  then 
lieutenant-colonel.  He  was  made 
colonel  and  aide-de-camp  to  his 
king  in  17S-J,  a  major-general  in 
179:>,  lieutenant-general  in  L798, 
and  general  in  L803.  (See  /.'//„./, 
Mix.) 

Balloons    in    War.      At 
the  beginning  of  the  Civil 

War   the  telegraphic  opera- 
tions of  the  army  were  in- 
trusted to  Major  Thomas 
.1.  Eokert 
In  this  con- 
nection, T. 

S.  C.  I. owe, 

a  distin- 
g  u  i  s  h  e  d 
aerona  u  t, 
w  a  s  e in- 
plnvcd.and 
for  some 
time  bal- 
loons well' 
used     with 

great   >  ftV 

clellCN        ill 


BALLOU  < 

raconnoitriDg,  l>ut  later  in  the  progress  of  the 
war  they  fell  into  disuse.  At  the  height  of 
live  hundred  feet  above  Arlington  House,  op- 
posite Washington  City,  Ml.  Lowe  telegraphed 
to  President  Lincoln  as  fellows,  in  June.  1861  : 
••Sir,  from  this  point  of  observation  we  command 
an  extent  of  COUlitrj  nearly  fifty  miles  ill  diam- 
eter. 1  have  pleasure  in  sending  yon  the  first 
telegram  ever  despatched  from  an  aerial  station, 
and  acknowledging  indebtedness  to  your  en- 
couragement for  the  opportunity  of  demonstrat- 
ing the  availability  of  the  science  of  aeronautics 

in  the  service  of  the  conntrj ."  After  sending  the 
above  despatch,  Mr.  Lowe  was  invited  to  the 
Executive  mansion  and  introduced  to  General 
Scott;  and  he  w  as  soon  afterwards  employed  in 
the  military  service.  When  in  use,  the  balloon 
was  kept  under  control  by  strong  cords  in  the 
hands  of  men  on  the  ground,  who,  when  the  re- 
OOnnoisSailCe    was    ended,  drew     il    down    to   the 

phe-e  of  departure. 

Ballon,  IIosi-.A,  a  leading  clergyman  of  the  de- 
nominati »f  Uuiversalists,  was  horn  at  Rich- 
mond, N.  II..  April  30, 1771 ;  died  in  Boston,  Jane 
7,  1852.  lie  was  one  of  Bii  sons  of  a,  Baptist 
clergyman,  of  whom  three  became  Universalis! 
ministers.     Self-taught  to  read  and  write  at  the 

age  of  sixteen,  he  began  to  preach  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one,  laboring  principally  in  Rhode  Isl- 
and for  a  w  bile,  ami  afterw  aide  in  various  parts 
of  New  Bnglaud.  About  I-114  he  wrote  and 
published  Notes  on  tin  Parables  and  Treatise  mi 
the  Atonement,  lie  was  made  pastor  of  a  con- 
gregation in  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  in  1817,  where 
he  became  distinguished  as  a  controversialist 
writer, and  in  1819  he  began  the  publication  of 
1  he  Unirersalist  Magazine.  In  1831  he  began, 
with  his  nephew  (Hosea  Ballon, Jr.), a  quarterly 
publication  entitled  the  Universalis  Expositor. 

Ball's  Bluff,  Battle  at.  In  October,  I861,a 
National  force,  commanded  by  General  Charles 
I'.sione.was  encamped  between  Edwards's  and 
Conrad's  ferries,  on  the  Maryland  side  of  the 
Upper  Potomac,  while  the  left  wing  of  the  Con- 
federate army,  under!  leneral  K\  ana,  lay  at  Lees- 
burg,  in  Virginia.  Misinformation  had  caused  a 
belief  that  the  Confederates  had  left  1 
at   a  little    past    the    middle    of  October,  when 

General  McClelhui  ordered  (uncial  McCall,who 

commanded  tin-  advance  of  the  right  of  the  Na- 
tional  forces  in  Virginia,  to   move   forward  and 

ooonp3  Drainesville.  At  the  same  time  he  or- 
dered General  stone  to  co-operate  with  Genera] 
Mot  'all,  w  hich  he  dill  by  making  a  feint  of  cross- 
ing the  river  at   the  two  ferries  above  named 

on  the  afternoon  of  Sunday.  Oct".  20.  Al  the 
same  time  pari   of  a   Massachusetts   regiment, 

under  Colonel  I  levins,  was  ordered  to  take  post 
upon  Harrison's  Island,  in  the  Potomac,  abreast 

«.f  Hair,  itiuif.    Devens  went  to  the  island  with 

four  companies  in  Hat-boats  taken  from  the 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal.      About   3000  men. 

under  Colonel  Edward  D.  Baker,  of  the  National 
Senate,  acting  as  brigadier,  were  held  in  readi- 
ness as  a  reserve  in  ease  of  a  battle.  With  that 
reserve    was    a   hue    body   of  Pennsylvauians 

know  u    as    the    "first     California     Regiment." 


BALTIMORE 

These  movements  of  the  Nationals  caused  an 
opposing  one  on  the  part  of  the  Confederates, 
who  had  watched  their  antagonists  with  keen 
vigilance  at  a  point  of  concealment  not  far  off. 
Misinformed  as  to  the  position  of  the  insurgents, 
and  supposing  McCall  to  be  near  enough  to  give 
aid  if  necessary,  Stone,  on  the  morning  of  the 
"21st,  ordered  some  Massachusetts  troops  under 
Colonels  Lee  and  Devens  to  cross  to  the  Vir- 
ginia shore  from  Harrison's  Island  to  reconnoi- 
tre. They  did  not  find  the  foe  in  the  neighbor- 
hood. General  Evans,  nnperceived,  lay  not  far 
oil';  and  rilleineii  and  cavalry  were  hovering 
near  and  wailing  a  favorable  opportunity  to 
strike  Devens.  who.  leaving  a  part  of  Lee's  com- 
mand near  the  Bluff,  had  advanced  lo  near  Lees- 
bur-.  Alter  a  skirmish,  in  which  he  lost  one 
man  killed  and  nine  wounded, he  fell  back  tow- 
aids  the  Bluff.  While  halting  in  an  open  field, 
he  received  orders  from  Stone  to  remain  there 
until  support  could  be  sent  to  him.  His  entire 
force  consisted  of  only  600  men.  They  were  vary 
soon  attacked  by  the  Confederates.  It  was  a 
little    past     noon.       Pressed    by    overwhelming 

numbers,  Devens  fell  back  to  avoid  being  Hank- 
ed. Meanwhile  Colonel  Baker  had  been  press- 
ing forward  from  Conrad's  Perry  to  the  relief 
of  i  he  assailed  troops.    Ranking  Devens,  In1  had 

been  ordered  to  Harrison's  Island,  with  discre- 
tionary powers  to  reinforce  the  party  on  the 
Virginia  main  or  to  withdraw  all  the  troops  to 
the  Maryland  side  of  the  river.  lie  concluded 
to  go  forward,  supposing  the  forces  of  McCall 
and  others  to  lie  near,  lb-  was  ignorant  of  the 
feci  that  General  McClellau  had  ordered  McCall 
to  fall  back  from  Drainesville.  On  reaching 
the  held  of  conflict,  Laker  took  the  chief  com- 
mand of  all  the   forces  on   the  Bluff,  about    1700 

strong.  Very  soon  afterwards, while  he  was  in 
i  he  thickest  of  the  fight  encouraging  his  men,  a 
bullet  pierced  his  brain  and  he  fell  dead.  The 
battle  had  lasted  two  hours.  His  troops,  un- 
supported bj  others,  were  crushed  by  superior 
numbers.  Pressed  back  to  I  hi'  verge  of  the 
Bluff,  which  l here  rises  more  than  one  hundred 
feet  above  the  river,  they  fought  desperately  for 

a  while  at  twilight,  for  they  had  no  means  for 
crossing  the  swollen  tlood.  They  were  soon 
overpowered.  Some  had  been  pushed  down 
the  declivity.  Many  were  made  prisoners,  and 
many  perished  in  trying  to  escape  by  swimming 
in  the  dark.  Some  were  shot  in  the  water,  and 
others  were  drowned.  A  Hat-boat  laden  with 
the  wounded  was  riddled  with  bullets  and  sank. 
In  this  a  Hair  the  Nationals  lost,  in  killed,  wound- 
ed, and  prisoners, full  1000  men.  The  Confeder- 
ates lost  i">:i  killed.  The  Dumber  of  their  wound- 
ed is  unknown. 

Baltimore,  Aium  iiwtrvr  OF  COMGRKBfl  i" 
1 177C).  When  the  British  army  approached  the 
Delaware  River  (December,  1776),  and  it  was 
feared  that  they  would  cross  into  Pennsylvania 

and  march  on  Philadelphia,  there  was  much 
anxiety  among  the  patriots.  The  Continental 
Congress,  of  the  courage  and  patriotism  of 
which  there  was  a  -rowing  distrust,  were  un- 
easy. Leading  Republicans  hesitated  to  go  fur- 
ther, and   only   Washington    and    a    few    oilier 


BALTIMORE  CONVENTION 


92 


BALTIMORE  DEPUTATIONS 


choice  spirits  were  hopeful.  When  the  com- 
mander-in-chief was  asked  what  lie  would  do  if 
Philadelphia  should  be  taken,  he  replied,  "We 
will  retreat  beyond  the  Susquehanna  River,  and 
thence,  if  necessary ,  to  the  Allegheny  Moun- 
tains." The  great  body  of  Quakers,  numerous 
and  influential  in  Pennsylvania,  were  opposed 
to  the  war,  and  loyalists  abounded  everywhere. 
Mifflin,  who  was  a  disowned  member  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Friends,  and  had  witnessed  the  sudden 
growing  lukewarnmess  of  the  Congress,  fearing 
the  effect  of  Howe's  proclamation  (which  see) 
upon  both,  strongly  recommended  the  removal 
of  that  body  from  Philadelphia.  General  Put- 
nam, who  had  been  sent  to  that  city  to  fortify 
it,  earnestly  seconded  Mifflin's  proposition;  and 
the  Congress,  trembling  for  their  personal  safety, 
gladly  complied,  and  adjourned  (Deo.  12. 1776)  to 
meet  at  Baltimore,  December  20.  Putnam  was 
invested  with  almost  absolute,  control  of  mili- 
tary affairs  in  Philadelphia,  and  the  Congress 


Wtt 


mkktinc;  tlace  of  conckess  in  Baltimore  in 
delegated    its    executive   powers    to    a.    resident 

committee  composed  of  Robert  Morris.  George 
Clymer,  and  George  Walton,  to  act  in  their  be- 
half during  their  absence.  In  Baltimore,  the 
Congress  reassembled  (Dec.  20,  1776)  in  a  spa- 
cious brick  building  that  stood  until  within  a 
few  years,  with  fronts  <>n  Baltimore,  Sharpe, 
and  LibertJ  streets,  anil  where,  on  the  23d,  Re  V, 
Patriots  Allison,  first  minister  of  the  Presbyte- 
rian (hutch  in  Baltimore,  and  Rev.  William 
While,  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  Philadel- 
phia, were  appointed  chaplains. 

Baltimore  Convention  i  I860).  On  June  16 
the  adjourned  convention  of  Democratic  dele- 
gates who  had  aasembled  in  the  Front  Street 
Theatre  at  Charlesto el  at   Baltimore,  with 

Mr.  dishing  in  the  chair.  (See  I 'hnrlrslini  Com- 
iTiilinii.)  The  seceders  from  the  Charleston  Coo- 
vcution,  who  had   been    in   session    at    Kichniotid 

'.y«'  Convention  at  Richmond),  had  ad- 
journed to  Baltimore,  and  claimed  the  right  to 
sil  in  the  convention  from  which  the)  had  with- 
draw n.  Mr.  Cashing  declined  to  decide  the  del- 
icitc  question   which  arose,  aud   referred    the 


whole  matter  to  the  convention.  It  was  de- 
bated for  some  time,  when  it  was  proposed  that 
uo  delegate  should  be  admitted  unless  he  would 
pledge  himself  to  abide  by  the  action  of  a  ma- 
jority of  the  convention  and  support  its  nomi- 
nees. The  debates  were  hot  aud  acrimonious, 
and  at  evening  there  were  two  mass-meetings 
of  the  Democracy  in  Baltimore,  attended  by  tens 
of  thousands  of  citizens  and  strangers.  On  the 
morning  of  June  19  the  subject  of  contesting 
delegates  was  referred  to  the  committee  on  cre- 
dentials, and  on  the  21st,  the  committee  not 
agreeing,  two  reports  were  .submitted.  Then  a 
very  warm  debate  was  had,  in  which  free  rein 
was  given  to  the  expression  of  opinion,  and  the 
reopening  of  the  slave-trade  was  advocated. 
Finally,  on  Friday,  the  22d,  the  majority  report 
was  adopted,  and  the  places  of  most  of  the  se- 
ceders, who  were  unseated,  were  tilled  by  Doug- 
las men.  Then  there  was  another  secession  of 
delegates  from  the  slave  -labor  states,  and  on 
the  follow  ing  morning  Mr.  Clash- 
ing aud  a  majority  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts delegation  also  with- 
drew. "We  put  our  withdraw- 
al before  you,"  said  Mr.  Butler 
l  Benjamin  P.),  of  that  delega- 
tion, "upon  the  simple  ground, 
among  others,  that  there  has 
been  a  withdrawal,  in  part,  of 
a  majority  of  the  states,  and, 
further  (and  that,  perhaps,  more 
personal  to  myself),  upon  the 
ground  that  I  will  not  sit  in 
r.  a  convention  where  the  African 

!  slave-trade  —  which  is  piracy 
by  the  laws  of  my  country  — 
is  approvingly  advocated."  Gov- 
ernor David  Tod,  of  Ohio,  was 
then  called  to  the  chair  in 
place  of  retired  dishing,  and  the 
convention  proceeded  to  ballot 
for  a  Presidential  candidate. 
Some  of  the  Southern  members 
remained  in  the  convention  :  and  the  speech  of 
a  delegate  from  Arkansas  (Mr.  Flounnn  },  a  sla\  e- 
bolder  and  friend  of  the  system,  was  so  liberal 
that  it  had  a  powerful  effect  upon  delegates  from 
I  he  free-labor  states  in  favor  of  Mr.  Douglas.  Of 
194  votes  cast  on  the  second  ballot,  Mr.  Douglas 

received  181,  and  he  was  declared  duly  nomi- 
nated. Mr.  Fit/patrick,  of  Alabama,  nominated 
for  Vice-President,  declined  two  days  afterwards, 
and  Hersohel  V.Jobnson,  of  Georgia,  was  substi- 
tuted. The  convention  adjourned  .1  line  23,  I860. 
Baltimore  Deputations  in  Washington. 
Governor  Hicks  passed  the  night  of  April  19, 
1861,  at  the  house  of  Mayor  Brown  in  Baltimore. 

It  was  the  night  after  the  attack  on  the  Massa- 
chusetts t  roops  t  here.  At  11  o'clock  tlie  mayor, 
with    the    concurrence   of   the    governor,  Bent    a 

committee  of  three  persona  to  President  Lincoln 

with  a  letter  in  w  Inch  he  assured  the  chief  mag 
istrate  that  the  people  of  Baltimore  were  exas- 
perated to  the  highest  degree  bj  the  passage  of 
troops  through  that  city,  and  that  the  citizens 
were  "  universally  decided  in  the  opinion  that 
no  more  should  be  ordered  to  come."     Es  gave 


BALTIMORE  DEPUTATIONS 


93 


BALTIMORE  EXCITED 


notice  of  the  fearful  riot  the  day  before,  and  he 
requested  the  President  not  to  order  or  permit 
any  more  troops  to  pass  through  the  city,  add- 
ing, "  If  they  should  attempt  it  the  responsibili- 
ty for  the  bloodshed  will  not  rest  on  me."  The 
committee  saw  the  President  early  in  the  morn- 
ing (April  20,  1861).  The  President  told  them 
that  no  more  should  come  through  the  city  if 
they  could  pass  peaceably  around  it.  This  an- 
swer did  not  satisfy  the  Secessionists,  and  they 
pushed  forward  military  preparations,  making 
the  capital  more  isolated  from  the  loyal  people 
every  hour.  The  excitement  in  Washington  was 
now  becoming  fearful,  and  at  3  o'clock  on  Sun- 
day morning  (April  21)  the  President  sent  for 
Governor  Hicks  and  Mayor  Brown.  The  former, 
with  two  others,  hastened  to  Washington.  At 
an  interview  with  the  President  aud  General 
Scott,  the  latter  proposed  to  bring  troops  by 
water  to  Annapolis,  and  march  them  across 
Maryland  to  the  capital,  a  distance  of  about 
forty  miles.  The  Baltimore  Secessionists  were 
not  satisfied.  The  •■  soil  of  Maryland  must  not 
be  polluted  by  the  feel  of  National  troops  unii- 
where."  On  the 22d, Governor  Hicks  was  induced 
tosend  a  message  to  the  President,  advising  him 
not  to  order  any  more  troops  across  the  soil  of 
Maryland,  and  to  send  away  some  who  were  al- 
ready at  Annapolis.  The  President  replied  kind- 
ly but  firmly.  He  reminded  his  Excellency  that 
the  route  ofthe  troops  across  thai  state  chosen  by 
the  general-in-chief  was  farthest  removed  from 
populous  towns,  and  said,  ••The  President  can- 
not but  remember  that  there  has  been  a  time  in 
the  history  of  our  country  [1814]  when  a  gen- 
eral [Winder,  of  Maryland]  of  the  American 
Union,  with  forces  designed  for  the  defence  of 
the  capital,  was  not  unwelcome  anywhere  in 
the  State  of  Maryland,  and  certainly  not  at  An- 
napolis, then,  as  now,  the  capital  of  that  patri- 
otic slate  ;  and  then,  also,  one  of  the  capitals  of 
the  Union."  Governor  Hicks  had  also  unwisely 
recommended  the  President  to  refer  the  matter 
in  dispute  between  the  National  Government 
and  Maryland  to  Lord  Lyons,  the  British  Min- 
ister at  Washington.  To  this  proposition  Mr. 
Lincoln  replied:  "  If  eighty  years  could  have  ob- 
literated all  other  noble  sentiments  of  that  age 

from  Maryland,  the  President  would  be  hopeful, 

nevertheless,  that  there  is  one  that  would  ever 
remain  there,  as  elsewhere.  That  sentiment  is, 
that  no  domestic  contention  whatever  that  may 
arise  among  the  parties  of  this  republic  ought, 
in  U]  case,  to  be  referred  to  any  foreign  arbit- 
rament, least  of  all  to  the  arbitrament  of  n  Eu- 
ropean monarchy."  This  rebuke  was  keenly 
felt.  Vet  still  another  embassy  in  the  interest 
of  the  I'.altii -c  Secessionists  visited  the  Presi- 
dent. Five  members  ofthe  Young  Men's  Chris- 
tian Association  of  Baltimore,  with  Rev.  Dr. 
Fulton,  of  the  Baptist  Church,  at  their  head, 
waited  on  the  President,  and  assured  him  that 
if  he  would  let  the  country  know  that  he  was 
disposed  "to  recognize  the  independence  of  the 
Southern  States,  thai  they  had  formed  a  gov- 
ernment of  their  own,  and  that  they  would 
never  again  unite  with  the  North,"  he  could 
produce  peace.       When   the    Doctor  expressed  a 


hope  that  no  more  troops  would  be  allowed  to 
cross  Maryland,  the  President  replied,  substan- 
tially, "  I  ntiuri  have  troops  for  the  defence  of  the 
capital.  The  Carolinians  are  now  marching 
across  Virginia  to  seize  the  capital  and  hang  me. 
What  am  I  to  do?  I  must  have  troops,  I  say; 
aud,  as  they  can  neither  crawl  under  Maryland 
nor  fly  over  it.  they  must  come  across  it."  With 
this  significant  intimation  ofthe  Presideut  that 
he  should  take  measures  to  defend  the  Republic 
without  asking  the  consent  ofthe  authorities  or 
inhabitants  of  any  state,  the  deputation  retired, 
and  none  other  was  afterwards  seut  by  the  ene- 
mies ofthe  Union  in  Baltimore. 

Baltimore  Excited.  When  news  of  the  "  Se- 
cession of  Virginia"  reached  Baltimore,  the  dis- 
unionists  in  that  city  ventured  to  take  a  cannon 
to  Federal  Hill,  raise  a  Secession  Hag,  and  tire  a 
salute  on  April  18,  1861.  The  workmen  in  the 
iron-fonnderies  near  turned  out.  captured  the 
gun,  and  cast  it  into  the  Patapsco  River:  and 
they  tore  the  Secession  flag  into  shreds,  and  dis- 
persed the  disunionists.  On  the  same  day  some 
leading  Virginians  from  Winchester  came  down 
to  Baltimore,  and  demanded  from  the  managers 
of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railway  guarantees 
that  no  National  troops  or  munitions  of  war 
should  be  permitted  to  pass  over  if.  This  de- 
mand was  accompanied  with  a  threat  that  if  it 
was  not  complied  with,  the  Virginians  would 
destroy  the  bridge  of  the  road  at  Harper's  Ferry. 
In  the  afternoon,  after  the  Pennsylvanians  had 
passed  through  the  city  (see  I'innsiilraniaiix  in 
Baltimore),  the  "National  Volunteer  Associa- 
tion." which  had  attempted  to  tire  a  salute  on 

Federal  Hill,  held  a  meeting  in  Monument 
Sqnare.  T.  Parkins  Scott  presided.  The  excited 
citizens  were  gathered  there  by  t  hoiisauds,  and 

were  harangued  in  vehement  language.  "Co- 
ercion" was  denounced,  and  the  people  were 
exhorted  to  drill  and  prepare  for  eontlicl.  "I 
do  not  care,"  said  one  of  the  speakers,  "  how 
many  Federal  troops  are  sent  to  Washington, 
they  will  soon  find  themselves  surrounded  by- 
such  an  army  from  Virginia  and  Maryland  that 
escape  to  their  homes  will  be  impossible;  aud 
when  the  seventy-live  thousand  [called  for  by 
the  President]  who  are  intended  to  invade  the 
South  shall  have  polluted  that  soil  with  their 
touch,  the  South  will  exterminate  and  sweep 
them  from  the  earth."  This  meeting  prepared 
the  mob  that  attacked  the  Massachusetts  troops 
the  next  day.  I  See  Maatachttsetto  Troops  in  Balti- 
more.) After  the  events  of  that  day,  when  the 
troops  from  Massachusetts  and  Philadelphia  had 
passed  on  to  Washington,  a  meeting  was  con- 
vened at  Monument  Square,  by  the  dominant 
party,  George  H.  Stuart  (afterwards  a  leader  of 
Confederate  troops)  had  the  First  Light  Division 
there  with  ball-cartridges,  and  over  the  platform 
waved  the  Hag  of  Maryland.  Mayor  Brown, 
S.  Teakle  Wallis,  W.  P.  Preston,  ami  others  ad- 
dressed the  excited  multitude,  and  assured  them 
that  no  more  National  troops  should  pass  through 
the  city.  The  populace  were  requested  to  dis- 
perse quietly  to  their  homes.  Governor  Hicks, 
moved  by  the  caution  which  old  age  brings, 
yielded  to  the  storm.     He  aud  the  mayor  joined 


BALTIMORE,  POSSESSION  OF 


94 


BALTIMORE,  POSSESSION  OF 


in  a  despatch  to  President  Lincoln,  telling  him 
of  the  fearful  excitement,  and  Baying,  "  Seud  no 
more  troops  here."  (See  Baltimore  Deputations  in 
Washington.')  A  committee  of  the  meeting  in- 
vited Hicks  to  the  stand.  After  Mayor  Brown 
had  said  to  the  people,  "  It  is  folly  and  madness 
for  one  portion  of  the  nation  to  attempt  the  sub- 
jugation of  another  portion  ;  it  can  never  be 
done,"  Hicks  arose  and  declared  that  he  coin- 
cided in  the  sentiment  of  the  mayor.  "I  bow 
in  submission  to  the  people,"  he  said.  "I  am  a 
Marylander;  I  love  my  state,  and  I  love  the 
Union  ;  but  I  will  suffer  my  right  arm  to  be  torn 
from  my  body  before  I  will  raise  it  to  strike  a 
sister  state."  The  populace  were  not  quieted. 
They  paraded  the  streets  threatening  violence 
to  Union  men.  That  evening  (April  19,  1861) 
Marshal  Kane,  at  the  head  of  the  Baltimore  po- 
lice, and  an  earnest  disunion  is  t,  received  an  offer 
of  troops  from  Frederick,  which  he  accepted. 
and  urged  them  to  come  immediately.  "Send  ex- 
presses over  the  mountains  and  valleys  of  Mary- 
land and  Virginia,"  he  said,  "  for  the  riflemen  to 
come  without  delay."  The  events  of  the  two 
days  in  Baltimore  (April  18  and  19)  tilled  the 
loyal  people  of  the  country  with  indignation, 
and  they  determined  that  that  city  should  not 
present  a  barrier  to  troops  hastening  to  the  re- 
lief of  the  menaced  capital. 

Baltimore  in  Possession  of  National  Troops 
(1861).  The  authorities  of  Baltimore,  civil  and 
military,  took  measures  to  prevent  any  more 
National  troops  from  passing  through  the  city. 
Armed  men  flocked  into  the  town  from  the  conn- 
try  with  all  sorts  of  weapons.  Cannons  were 
exercised  openly  in  the  si  reels.  Marshal  Kane, 
under  the  direction  of  the  city  authorities,  for- 
bade the  display  of  the  national  Hag  for  thirty 
days,  that  it  might  not  "disturb  the  public 
peace."  The  exasperated  people  of  the  free- 
labor  states  could  hardly  be  restrained  from 
inarching  on  Baltimore  and  laying  it  in  ashes. 
Measures  were  soon  used  to  subdue  that  city  by 
force.  Steps  were  taken  to  repair  the  burned 
railway  bridges,  and  a  singular  railway  battery 
was  constructed  in  Philadelphia  for  tin-  protec- 
tion of  the  men  engaged  in  the  work — a  car 
made  of  boiler- iron,  musket  -proof,  with  a  "J4- 
pound  cannon  mounted  at  one  end  to  tire  grape 

and  chain  shot.  General  Scott  planned  a  grand 
campaign  against  Baltimore.      He  proposed  to 

move  simultaneous! y  upon  t  lie  city  four  columns 

of  troops  of  three  thousand  men  each  one  from 
Washington,  a  second  from  New  York,  a  third 
from  Perrysville,  or  Elk  ton,  by  land  or  water. 
or  both,  and  a  fourth  from  Annapolis.  It  was 
thonghl    twelve  thoUBand    men  WOnld  be  needed 

for  the  enterprise.     They  were  not  at  band,  for 

ten  thousand  troops  were  yet  needed  at  the  cap- 
ital for  its  perfect  seourity,     The  time  for  the 

execution  of  the  plan  seemed  souiewli.it  lemote. 
QeneTal  B.  F.  Blltler  conceived  a  more  expedi- 
tious and  leas  cumbersome  plan.  lie  was  satis- 
lied  thai  the  Secessionists  in  Baltimore  were 
i lerically  weak, and  that  the  Unionists,  with 

S   little   help,  could   easily  reverse   Hie  order  of 

things  there.  He  hastened  to  Washington  to 
consult  with  Geueral  Boott,  and  simplj  asked 


permission  to  take  a  regiment  or  two  from  An- 
napolis, march  them  to  the  Relay  House  on  the 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  railway  (nine  miles  from 
Baltimore)  aud  hold  it,  so  as  to  cut  the  Seces- 
sionists oil'  from  facile  communication  with 
Harper's  Ferry.  The  permission  was  granted. 
"What  are  the  powers  of  a  general  commanding 
a  Department  '.'"  asked  Butler.  '•  Absolute. " 
responded  Scott,  Butler  ascertained  that  Bal- 
timore was  in  his  "  Department,"  and  he  went 
back  to  Annapolis  to  execute  a  bold  plan  which 
he  had  conceived.  At  the  close  of  April,  1861, 
he  had  full  ten  thousand  men  under  his  com- 
mand, and  an  equal  number  were  guarding  the 
seat  of  government.  The  Unionists  of  Maryland 
were  already  asserting  their  rights  openly.  Gov- 
ernor Hicks  had  just  cast  a  damper  on  the  Seces- 
sionists by  recommending,  in  a  message  to  the 
Legislature,  a  neutral  policy  for  Maryland.  On 
the  evening  of  May  4.  an  immense  Union  meet- 
ing was  held  in  Baltimore.  These  proofs  of  the 
latent  force  of  the  Unionists  of  Maryland  gave 
Butler  every  encouragement.  He  had  proposed 
to  do  himself,  with  a  few  men,  at  once,  what 
Scott  proposed  to  do  with  twelve  thousand  men 
in  an  indefinite  time.    On  the  afternoon  of  May 

4.  he  issued  orders  for  the  Eighth  New  York 
and  Sixth  Massachusetts  regiments,  w  ith  a  bat- 
tery of  the  Boston  Light  Artillery,  to  proceed 
from  Washington  City  to  the  Relay  House  on 
the  morning  of  the  5th.  They  did  so,  in  thirty 
cars.  They  seized  the  railway  station  at  the 
Relay  House.  Butler  accompanied  them,  and 
remained  there  a  little  more  than  a  week.  From 
Unionists  of  Baltimore  he  obtained  all  desired 
information.  Through  Colonel  Schuyler  Hamil- 
ton, on  Scott's  staff,  he  received  permission  to 
essionists  in  and  out  id'  Baltimore,  to 
prevent  aimed  insurgents  joining  those  at  Har- 
per's Ferry,  ami  to  look  after  a  quantity  of  gun- 
powder said  to  be  stored  in  a  church  in  Balti- 
more. Towards  the  evening  of  the  I3tb,  the  en- 
tiri'  Sixth  M assae In i setts  regimeut,  a  part  of  the 
New  York  Eighth, with  the  Boston  Light  Artil- 
lery With  two  cannons  -about  one  thousand  men 
in  all— were  put  on  cars  headed  towards  liar- 
pet's  Ferry.  The  train  moved  np  the  Patapsco 
Valley  about  two  miles,  and  then  backed  slow  ]y 
to  the  Relay  House  and  past  it.  At  dark  it  was 
in  the  Camden  Street  Station  in  Baltimore.  A 
heavy  thunder-storm  was  about  to  burst  upon 
the    city,   and,  few    persons    being    about,  little 

was  known  of  this  portentous  arrival.    Butler 

matched  his  troops  from  the  station  to  Federal 
Hill  in  a  drenching  shower.  lie  sat  down  in 
his  wet  garments  at  past  midnight  and  wrote  a 
proclamation,  dated  "Federal  Hill,  Baltimore, 
Max  11.  1861,"  in  which  H  was  announced  that 
troops  nuder  bis  command  occupied  the  city  for 
the  purpose  of  enforcing  respect  and  obedience 
to  the  laws,  as  well  of  the  slate  as  of  the  United 

States,  whioh  were  being  "  violated  within  its 
limits  by  some  malignant  and  traitorous  men." 
fins  proclamation,  published  in  the  Baltimore 
CUpptr  in  the  morning,  was  the  first  intimation 

lo  the  citi/ens  that  National  troops  were  in  pos- 
session of  their  town.  The  conquest  was  com- 
plete ami  the  hold  thus  taken  on  Baltimore  waa 


BALTIMORE,  LORDS 

never  relinquished.  General  Scott  was  offended 
because  of  Hurler's  an  authorized  act,  and  re- 
quested President  Lincoln  to  remove  him  from 
the  Department.  The  President  did  so,  but 
gave  Hurler  the  commission  of  a  major-general 
and  the  command  of  a  much  more  extended  mili- 
tary district — the  "Department  of  Virginia," 
which  included  Fortress  Monroe. 

Baltimore,  LORDS.  I.  George  Calvert,  horn 
about  1580, at  Kipliug,  Yorkshire,  Eng.;  died  in 
London  April  1">,  1632.  He  was  graduated  at 
Oxford;  travelled  on    the   Continent;  became 

secretary  of  Sober!  Cecil;  married  Anne  Mi ■ 

in  1604;  was  a  clerk  of  the  privy  council;  was 
kuigllted  in  1(>17  ;  became  a  secretary  of  Male 
soon  afterwards, and  in  1620  was  granted  a  pen- 
sion of  $5000  a  year.  When,  in  L624,  he  publicly 
avowed  himself  a  Roman  Catholic,  he  resigned 
Ins  office,  but  Kiiifj  James  retained  him  in  the 
privy  council;  and  a  few  days  before  that  mon- 
arch's death  he  was  created  Baron  of  Baltimore 

in  the  Irish  peerage.  Calvert  had  already  en- 
tered upon  a  colonizing  scheme.  Ill  10:20  he 
pnrchased  a  part  of  .Newfoundland,  and  was  in- 
vested wiih  the  privileges  and  honors  of  a 
Count-Palatine.    He  called  his  new  domain  Avar 

ion,  and,  after  spending  about  $100,000  in  build- 
ing warehouses  there,  and  a  mansion  for  him- 
self, he  went  thither  in  1627.  He  returned  to 
England  the  following  spring.  In  the  spring 
of  1629  he  went  again  to  Avalon, taking  with 
him  his  wife  and  unmarried  children.  The  fol- 
lowing «  inter  w  as  a  severe  one,  and  he  began  to 
contemplate  a  desertion  of  the  domain  on  ac- 
count of  I  he  rigorous  climate.  He  sent  his  chil- 
dren home.  In  the  autumn  hi'  actually  aban- 
doned Newfoundland,  and  with  his  wife  and  re- 
tainers sailed  to  Virginia,  where,  because  he  re- 
fused to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance,  he  was 
ordered  away  by  Governor  Harvey.     His  wife 

and  retainers  remained  there  during  the  winter. 
Coin",  from  there  in  the  spring,  it  is  supposed 
he  explored  the  shores  of  Chesapeake  Hay,  and 
■  •hose  that  region  for  a  settlement.  In  1632, 
Lord  Baltimore  obtained  a  charter  from  Charles 

I.  of  the  territory  on  the  Chesapeake  now  form- 
ing th<'  State  of  Maryland.  "What  will  yon 
call  the  country.'''  asked  the  king.     Baltimore 

referred  the  matter  to  his  majesty.  ''Then  let 
iih  name  it  after  the  queen"  (Henrietta  Maria), 
said  Charles,  "and  call  it  Mariana."  The  ex- 
pert courtier  dissented,  because  that  was  the 
Dame  of  a  Spanish  historian  who  taught  that, 
•'the  will  of  the  people  is  higher  than  the  law 
of  tyrants."  Still  disposed  to  compliment  the 
qneen,  the  king  said.  "Let  ii  be  Terra  Maria  - 
Mary'B  Land."  And  it  was  named  Maryland. 
Before  the  great  seal  of  England  was  affixed  to 
the  charter,  Lord  Baltimore  died,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  ins  son  Cecil     ii.  ci'.i  it.its  or  Cecil 

C,\l.\  BR  I ,  second  Lord  Baltimore,  w  as  born  about 
1905.  \  ery  little  is  known  of  his  early  life. 
When  he  was  about  twenty  years  of  age  he  mar- 
ried Anne,  the  beautiful  daughter  of  the  Bar!  of 
Arundel,  who  was  one  of  the  most   influential 

Soman  Catholics  in  the  realm.  On  the  death 
of  his  father,  the  charter  tor  Maryland  was  is- 
sued  to  Ceeilius.  his  eldest   son   and  heir,  June, 


95 


BALTIMORE,  LORDS 


1032:  and  he  immediately  prepared  to  sail  for 
the  Chesapeake  with  a.  colony.  When  lie  was 
about  ready  to  depart,  he  changed  his  mind,  and 
sent  his  brother  Leonard,  as  governor,  with  his 
brother  George,  and  two  assistants  and  counsel- 
lors, Jeremy  Hawley  and  Thomas  Cornwallis, 
both  Protestants.  The  whole  company,  who 
sailed  in  two  vessels — the  Ark  and  Dove — num- 
bered over  three  hundred,  according  to  Lord 
Baltimore,  who  wrote  to  his  friend  Wentworth 
(afterwards  the  unfortunate  Earl  of  Strafford), 


"By  the  help  id' some  of  your  lordship's  good 
friends  and  mine,  I  have  sent  a  hopeful  colony 
into  Maryland,  with  a  fair  and  favorable  expec- 
tation of  good  success,  without  any  great  preju- 
dice to  myself,  in  respect  that  many  others  are 
joined  with  me  in  the  adventure.  There  are 
two  of  my  brothers,  wit  h  very  near  twenty  other 
gentlemen  of  very  good  fashion,  and  three  hun- 
dred laboring  men."  As  most  of  the  latter  took 
the  oath  of  allegiance  before  sailing,  they  were 
probably  Protestants.  Father  Andrew-  White, 
a  Jesuit  priest,  accompanied  the  expedition. 
They  sailed  from  the  Isle  id'  Wight,  and  took 
the  tedious  southern  route  by  way  of  the  Cana- 
ries. The  vessels  were  separated  by  a  furious 
gale,  but  met  at  Bermuda, whence  the  emigrants 

went  to  the  Chesapeake,  founded  a  settlement, 
ami  established  a  government  under  the  charter, 
which  was  nearly  the  same  in  form  as  all  char- 
ters then  granted.  (See  Maryland.)  It  conferred 
on  the  proprietor  absolute  ownership  of  the  ter- 
ritory, and  also  the  civil  and  ecclesiastical  power 
of  a  feudal  nature.  Entire  exemption  from  tax- 
ation was  conceded  to  the  colonists.  As  an  ac- 
knowledgment that  the  original  title  to  the 
land  was  still  in  the  possession  of  the  crown,  the 

proprietor  was  required  to  pay  to  the  king  the 
tribute  of  two  Indian  arrows.  Cecil  was  a  mem- 
ber of  Parliament  in  1634,  but  mingled  very  lit- 
tle in  pnblio  affairs  afterwards.  He  never  came 
to  America, but  managed  his  province  bj  depu- 
ties forty-three  years.     His  course  towards  the 


BALTIMORE,  LORDS  ! 

colonists  was  generally  wise  and  conciliatory, 
because  it  was  profitable  to  be  so.  In  religion 
and  politics  he  was  very  flexible,  being  quite  in- 
different to  either,  and  lie  did  very  little  for  the 
religious  and  intellectual  cultivation  of  the  col- 
onists. Negatively  good,  he  was  regarded  with 
great  respect  by  all  parties,  even  by  the  Indians. 
He  died  in  London,  Nov.  30,  1675.  III.  Charles 
Calvert,  third  Lord  Baltimore,  succeeded  his 
father  as  Lord-proprietor  of  Maryland  in  1675. 
He  was  born  in  London  in  1629;  died  there  Feb. 
24,1714.  He  was  appointed  governor  of  Mary- 
land in  1661.  and  married  the  daughter  of  Hon. 
Heury  Sewall,  whose  seat  was  on  the  Patnzent 
River.  After  the  death  of  his  father  he  visited 
England, but  soon  returned.  In  1684  he  again 
went  to  England,  and  never  came  back.  He  was 
suspected  of  favoring  King  James  II.  after  the 
Revolution,  and  was  outlawed  for  treason  iu 
Ireland,  although  he  was  never  in  that  coun- 
try. The  outlawry  was  reversed  by  William 
and  Mary  in  1691.  Charles  Lord  Baltimore  was 
thrice  married.  IV.  Benedict  Leonard  Cal- 
VKRT,  fourth  Lord  Baltimore,  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther, Charles,  in  1714.  In  1698  he  married  Lady 
Charlotte  Lee,  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Litchfield 
(granddaughter  of  the  notorious  Duchess  of 
Cleveland,  the  favorite  mistress  of  Charles  II.). 
from  whom  he  was  divorced  in  1705.  Benedict 
publicly  abjured  the  Roman  Catholic  faith  in 
1713.  and  died  in  1715.  only  thirteen  months  af- 
ter the  death  of  his  father.  V.  CiiAiu.r.s  CAL- 
VERT II.,  son  of  Benedict,  and  the  fifth  Lord  Bal- 
timore, was  born  Sept.  29,  1699,  and  was  an  in- 
fant in  law  when  he  succeeded  to  his  father's 
title.  In  July,  1730.  he  married  the  widow  Mary 
Janssen,  youngest  daughter  of  General  Theodore 
Jansseu.  His  life  was  spent  chiefly  in  England. 
In  1731  be  was  appointed  Gentleman  of  the  Bed- 
chamber to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  soon  after- 
wards was  elected  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 
He  was  in  Parliament  in  1734.  and  in  1741  was 
appointed  Junior  Lord  of  the  Admiralty.  In  the 
spring  of  1741  he  was  appointed  cofferer  to  the 
Pliuoe  of  Wales  and  Surveyor-general  of  the 
Duchy  lands  in  Cornwall.  After  having  ruled 
Maryland  in  person  and  by  deputy  more  than 
thirty  years,  he  died  April  24.  1751,  at  his  home 
in  London.  VI.  FREDERICS  Calvert,  sixth  and 
last  Lord  Baltimore,  was  born  in  1731.  and  suc- 
ceeded to  the  title  of  his  father,  Charles  II.,  in 
1761,  He  married  Lady  Diana  Egerton,  young- 
est  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Bridgewater,  in 

1753.  He  led  a  disreputable  life,  and  died  at  the 
Bge  of  forty,  at  Naples,  Sept.  14.  1771.  Yet  he 
was  ;i  patron  of  literature  and  a  friend  and  com- 
panion of  the  Earl  of  Chatham  (Pitt).  In  1767  he 
published  an  account  of  his  "Tour  iu  the  Last." 
lie  w;is  ;i  pretentious  author  of  several  other 
works,  mostly  of  a  we;ik  character.  Lord  Fred- 
erick bequeathed  the  province  of  Maryland  in 
tail  iiiiiIi;  to   Henry    Harford,  then    a    child,  and 

tin-   remainder,  in  fee,  to  his  sister,  the   Hon. 

IU.         He    left    ;,ll    Csl;lte   Mllllcd    .it    |6< , 

The  last  representative  of  the  Baltimore  family 
waa  baud  in  ■  debtor's  prison  in  England,  In 

I860,  by  ('"1 I  Angus  McDonald,  of  Virginia, 

when-  be  bad  been  confined  for  twenty  yean. 


6  BALTIMORE  POLICE 

Henry  Harford  was  the  last  proprietor  of  Mary- 
land. 

Baltimore,  ORIGIN  of  the  City  of.  David 
Jones,  the  first  settler  on  the  site  of  Baltimore. 
iu  1682,  gave  his  name  to  a  small  stream  that 
runs  through  the  city.  In  January,  1730,  a  town 
was  laid  out  on  the  west  of  this  stream,  con- 
tained in  a  plot  of  sixty  acres,  and  was  called 
Baltimore,  in  honor  of  Cecil,  Lord  Baltimore.  In 
the  same  year  William  Fell,  a  ship-carpenter, 
purchased  a  tract  east  of  the  stream  and  called 
it  Fell's  Point,  on  the  extremity  of  which  Fort 
McHenry  now-  stands.  In  1732  a  new  town  of 
ton  acres  was  laid  out  on  the  east  side  of  the 
stream,  and  called  Jonestown.  It  was  united  to 
Baltimore  in  1745, dropping  its  own  name.  Iu 
1767  Baltimore  became  the  county  town. 

Baltimore,  Patriotic  Movements  in  (1774). 
The  inhabitants  of  Baltimore  warmly  seconded 
the  recommendation  of  the  New  York  com- 
mittee for  a  general  congress,  and.  after  adopt- 
ing a  non-importation  agreement  (May,  1774). 
appointed  delegates  to  a  Continental  Congress, 
and  chose  a  numerous  committee  of  correspond- 
ence. This  example  kindled  new  life  in  New- 
York,  where  the  Tory  element  was  then  making 
the  spirit  of  the  colony  appear  lukewarm. 

Baltimore  Police  (1861).  The  Chief  of  Police 
in  Baltimore  was  George  P.  Kane,  with  the  title 
of  "  Marshal.''  He  was  a  leading  Secessionist  in 
that  city  and  an  active  opposer  of  the  government 

in  Maryland.  In  Baltimore  he  was  the  head  of  the 
Secession  movements  in  Maryland  ;  and  early  in 
June,  1861,  the  National  government  was  satis- 
fied that  a  powerful  combination  was  forming 
there,  whose  purpose  was  to  assist  the  army  of 
insurgents  at  Manassas,  under  Beauregard,  to 
seize  the  National  capital,  by  preventing  loyal 
soldiers  passing  through  thai  state,  and  aiding 
Mar\  landers  to  cross  into  Virginia  and  swell  the 

ranks  of  the  Confederate  forces.  The  govern- 
ment took  energetic  steps  to  avert  this  threat- 
ened danger.  N.  1'.  Banks.  ex-Covernor  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, lately  commissioned  major-general 
of  volunteers,  w as  assigned  to  the  command  of 
the  Department  of  Annapolis,  as  Butler's  suc- 
cessor, with  his  headquarters  at  Baltimore,  It 
was  evident  to  Banks  that  the  Board  of  Police 
and  Marshal  Kane  were  in  active  sympathy,  if 
not  in  actual  league,  with  the  leading  B 
lata  of  Maryland.  After  satisfying  himself  of 
the  complicity  of  certain  officials  iii  the  move- 
ment, he  ordered  a  large  body  of  soldiers,  armed 
and  equipped  with  ball  cartridges,  to  march  into 
Baltimore  from  Fort  McHenry  before  daybreak 
on  .Line  27,  and  to  arrest  Marshal  Kane  and 
place  him  a  prisoner  in  that  fortress.  At  the 
same  time  Banks  issued  a  proclamation,  giving 
his  reasons  for  the  act.  lie  did  not  intend  to  in- 
terfere with  the  lawful  acts  of  the  civil  author- 
ity, he  said,  hut  as  it  WHS  well  known  that  a  dis- 
loyal combination  existed  in  his  Department, 
and  that  the  chief  of  police,  "in  contravention 
of  his  duty  and  iu  violation  of  law,"  was  ••  In- 
direction or  indirection  both  witness  anil  pro- 
tector in  the  transactions  of  armed  parties  ea> 
gaged  therein,"  the  government  could  not  -le- 


BANCROFT  ! 

gard  him  otherwise  than  as  the  head  of  an  armed 
force  hostile  to  its  authority,  and  acting  in  con- 
cert with  its  avowed  enemies."  He  appointed 
Brigadier  John  K.  Kenly,  a  citizen  of  Baltimore, 
pros  list-marshal  in  and  for  that  city,  to  "  super- 
intend and  cause  to  be  executed  the  police  laws" 
of  Baltimore,  "  with  the  aid  and  assistance  of 
the  subordinate  officers  of  the  police  depart- 
ment," assuring  the  citizens  that  when  a  loyal 
man  should  be  appointed  chief  of  police  the 
military  would  at  once  yield  to  the  civil  author- 
ity. The  police  commissioners  met  and  protest- 
ed against  (his  act  as  illegal,  and  disbanded  the 
police.  Hanks  soon  regulated  the  matter  so  as 
to  quiet  tluv  citizens,  and  Kenly.  organizing  a 
police,  force  of  loyal  men,  whom  he  could  trust, 
two  hundred  and  fifty  strong, took  possession  of 
the  quarters  of  the  late  marshal  and  police  com- 
missioners. There  he  found  ample  evidence  of 
treacherous  designs.  Concealed  beneath  the 
lloors  in  several  rooms  he  found  a  large  number 
of  .small-arms,  of  every  description;  and  in  a 
Wood-yard  in  the  rear,  in  a  position  to  command 
an  alley,  were  four  iron  cannon  with  suitable 
cartridges  and  balls.  The  old  police  commis- 
sioners continuing  to  hold   meetings,  they  were 

arrested  and  sent   to  Fort   Warren,  in  Boston 

Harbor,  as  prisoners  of  state.     At  the  suggestion 

of  many  Union  citizens  of  Baltimore,  George  R. 
Dodge,  a  civilian  and  citizen,  was  appointed 
chief  of  police,   and    Colonel    Kenly  joined   his 

regiment     the  First  Maryland  Volunteers. 

Bancroft,  Edward,  a  political  and  philosoph- 
ies! writer,  was  born  at  Westfield,  Mass.,  Jan.  !), 
1744;  died  in  England, Sept. 8,  1820.     Be  was  a 

pupil  of  Silas  Deane  (which  sec;,  when  the  lat- 
ter  was    a  Schoolmaster.      His    early   education 

was  not  extensive.    Apprenticed  to  a  mechanic, 

lie  ran  away,  in  debt  to  bis  master,  and  went  to 

sea  :  but  returning  with  means,  he  compensated 
his  employer.  Again  he  went  to  sea  :  settled  in 
Qniana,  South  America,  as  a  physician,  in  17(il5, 

and  afterwards  made  his  residence  in    London, 

where,  in  1769,  he  published  a  Natural  History  <>/ 
Qniana.  He  became  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Col- 
lege Of  Physicians,  and  Fellow  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety. While  Franklin  was  in  England  on  a 
diplomatic  mission,  Dr.  Bancroft  became  inti- 
mate with  him;  and  through  the  influence  of 
the    philosopher    became    a    contributor    to    the 

Monthly  Review.  He  was  suspected  by  the  Brit- 
ish government  of  participation  in  the  attempt 
to  burn  the  Portsmouth  dock-yards  (see  John  lite 
l'liinhi  ,  and  he  lied  to  Passy,  Fiance.  SoOU  af- 
terwards he  met  Silas  Deane.  his  old  teacher,  in 
Paris,  and  offered  to  assist  him  in  his  labors  as 
agent    of  tlii'   Continental    Congress.       Bis  Ways 

were  sometimes  devious,  and  Mr.  Bancroft,  the 
historian,  accuses  him  of  being  a  spy  in  the  pay 
of  the  British  government,  and  of  making  a  dupe 

of  Deane.  After  the  peace,  I  >r.  Bancroft  obtained, 
in  France,  a  patent  for  the  exclusive  importation 
of  the  bark  of  the  yellow  oak.  for  the  dv  er.s.  and 
afterwards  be  obtained  a  similar  (latent  in  Fug- 
land.     Dr  Bancroft  never  returned  to  America. 

Bancroft,  GEORGE,  I. CD.,  historian,  was  born 

at  Worcester,  Mass.,  Oct.  3,  1800;  son  of  Rev. 

I.— 7 


BANCROFT 

Aaron  Bancroft,  a  distinguished  Unitarian  cler- 
gyman and  pioneer  in  "  liberal  Christianity." 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1817;  studied  at 
the  German  universities,  and  received,  at  Got- 
tingen.  the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Phi- 
losophy when  he  was  only  twenty  years  of  age. 


He  resided  some  time  in  Berlin  in  the  society 
of  distinguished  scholars,  and  on  his  return 
home,  in  1882,  he  became  a  tutor  of  Greek  m 
Harvard  I  "ni  v  ersity.  Be  published  a  volume 
of  poems  in  1823,  and  in  1824  a  translation  of 
Helen's  Politics  of  J  licit  lit  Citrtt.  In  1823,  in 
conjunction    with  . I.  (i.  Cogswell,  be   established 

the  celebrated  " Round  Bill  School,"  at  North- 
ampton, Mass.  While  iii  the  German  universi- 
ties, Mr.  Bancroft  studied  with  avidity  whatever 
was  taught  In  them,  but  made  history  a  spe- 
cialty. His  chief  tutors  there  were  llccren, 
Eichhorn,  and  Blnmenbach.  At  Berlin  he  be- 
came intimate  with  Wilheltn  von  Humboldt  and 
other  eminent  scholars  and  philosophers.     At 

Heidelberg  he  spent  some  time  in  the  study  of 
history   with   Sohlosser;    and   in    Paris  he  made 

the  acquaintance  of  Alexander  von  Bnmboldt, 

Cousin,  and  others.  At  Rome  he  formed  a 
friendship  with  Chevalier  Biinseu  ;  he  also  knew 
N'iebuhr.  While  engaged  in  the  Round  Hill 
School.  Mr.  Bancroft  completed  the  fust  volume 
<d'  his  History  »/  the  United  States,  which  was 

published  in  1834.  Ten  volumes  of  this  work 
have  been  published  (1876),  the  last  in  1874,  or 
forty  years  from  the  commencement  of  the  work. 
The  tenth  volume  brings  the  narrative  down  to 
the  conclusion  of  the  Preliminary  Treaty  of 
Peace  in  1782.  In  1838  President  Van  Buren 
appointed  Mr.  Bancroft  collector  of  the  port  of 

Boston.  He  was  then  engaged  in  delivering  fre- 
quent political  addresses,  and  look  a  deep  inter- 
est in  the  philosophical  movement  now  known 
as  "transcendentalism."      He  was  a  Democrat 


BANISHMENT  OF  QUAKERS 


98       BANKING  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 


in  politics,  and  in  1840  received  the  nomina- 
tion for  governor  of  Massachusetts,  but  was 
not  elected.  In  1*45  President  Polk  called 
Mi.  Bancroft  to  his  cabinet  as  Secretary  of  the 
Navy,  and  he  signalized  his  administration  by 
the  establishment  of  the  Naval  Academy  at  An- 
napolis. While  Secretary  of  the  Navy  lie  gave 
the  order  to  take  possession  of  California,  which 
was  done  by  the  navy:  and  while  acting  tem- 
porarily as  Secretary  of  War  he  gave  the  order 
for  Genera]  Taylor  to  cross  the  Bio  Grande  and 

invade  the  territory  of  Mexico.  In  ls4(i  Mi. 
Bancroft  was  sent  as  V.  S.  Minister-plenipoten- 
tiary to  England,  and  in  1849  the  University  of 
Oxford  conferred  upon  him  the  honorary  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Civil  Law.  During  this  residence 
in  Burope  lie  perfected  his  collection  of  mate- 
rials tor  his  history,  visiting  the  public  archives 
and  libraries  at  Paris.  Returning  to  America 
in  1849,  he  made  his  residence  in  New  York  city, 
where  he  prosecuted  his  historical  labors.  He 
was  engaged  in  these  labors  until  1867, when  he 
was  appointed,  by  President  Johnson  (May  14), 
Minister  to  Prussia,  and  accepted  ihe  office.  Iu 
1st;-  he  was  accredited  to  the  North  German 
Confederation,  and  in  187]  to  the  German  em- 
pire. In  August,  1868,  Mr.  Bancroft  received 
from  the  University  of  Bonn  the  honorary  de- 
gree of  "Doctor  Juris;"  and  in  1870  he  cele- 
brated the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  reception 
of  his  first  degree  at  Gottingen,  receiving  the 
congratulations  of  many  German  faculties  and 
societies.  Mr.  Bancroft  has  been  a  contributor 
of  numerous  essays  to  the  North  American  Re- 
view. His  History  of  the  United  States  has  been 
translated  into  several  languages.  It  is  not 
merely  a  narrative  of  events,  but  a  philosophic 
treatise,  dealing  with  causes  and  principles  as 
well  as  events. 

Banishment  of  Quakers.  The  "  Testimony  " 
of  friends,  or  Quakers,  at  their  yearly  meeting 
in  Philadelphia  in  May,  1775, against  the  move- 
ments of  the  American  patriots  attracted  special 
attention  to  that  body.  The  papers  and  rec- 
ords of  their  yearly  meeting  in  New  .  Jersey,  capt- 
ured by  Sullivan  in  his  expedition  against  the 
loyalist  regiments  on  Btaten  [eland,  gave  I  'in- 
gress the  first  proof  of  the  general  disaffection 

of  the  society.  The  Congress  i in >in mended  the 
executives  of  the  several  colonies  or  stales  to 
watch  their  movements;  and  the  Executive 
Council  of  Pennsylvania  were  earnestly  exhort- 
ed to  arrest  and  secure  the  persons  of  eleven  of 
the  leading  men  of  that  soeielv  in  Philadelphia, 
whose  names  wire  given.  It,  was  done  (Aug. 
28,  L777  I,  and  John  Fisher,  Abel  .James,  .lames 
Pembeitou,  Henry  Drinker,  brae]  I'euihet  ton, 
John  Pern berton,  JohD  Jain es,  Samuel  Pleasants, 
Thomas  Wharton, 8r., Thomas  Fisher,  and  Sam- 
uel Fisher,  hading  members,  were  banished  to 
Fredericksburg,  Va,     The  reason  given  by  Con- 

thla    act     was    that     when    the    enemy 

essing  on  towards  Philadelphia  in  De- 
cember, 1777.  a  eel  tain  seditions  publication,  ad- 
dressed ■•  To  "in  ii  lends  and  Brethren  in  Relig- 
ions Profession  in  these  and  the  adjacent  Prov- 
ince! Jobll  Pi  -ml  »■  Hon,  in  and  on  behalf 
of  I  In-  "  Meeting  of  Bufferings,"  held  in  Philadel- 


phia. Dec  '2fi.  1770.  had  been  widely  circulated 
among  Friends  throughout  the  states.  At  the 
same  time  the  Congress  instructed  the  Board  of 
War  to  send  to  Fredericksburg  .John  Peiin,  the 
governor,  and  Benjamin  Chew,  chief-justice  of 
Pennsylvania,  for  safe  custody. 

Bank  in  Pennsylvania,  Fikst.  In  the  great 
emergency  of  the  half-starved  Continental  army 
in  the  spring  of  1780,  the  Congress  resorted  to 
the  expedient  of  selling  bills  on  John  Jay,  who 
had  been  sent  to  the  Spanish  court  to  negotiate 
for  a  subsidy  or  a  loan.  These  bills,  amount ing 
in  the  aggregate  to  more  than  $500,000,  were 
made  payable  in  six  mouths  after  sight,  in  the 
hope  that  before  they  should  mature  Mi.  Jay 
would  obtain  the  desired  subsidy.  This  pro- 
ceeding shows  the  desperate  situation  of  the 
finances  of  Congress.  At  this  time  of  need  on 
the  part  of  t  he  army,  Robert  Morris,  George  (  ly- 
mcr.  and  other  leading  citizens  of  Philadelphia, 
having  received  on  deposit  some  of  the  bills 
drawn  on  Jay  as  a  support  to  their  credit  and 
an  indemnity  in  ease  of  loss,  established  a  joint- 
stock  company,  or  bank,  the  object  of  which  was 
to  trausport  to  the  camp  a  supply  of  provisions 
without  any  profit  to  themselves.  There  were, 
at  that  time,  two  political  parties  in  Pennsyl- 
vania— one,  calling  themselves  "  Republicans,'' 
were  radical;  the  other,  called  the  "Constitu- 
tional party,"  were  conservative.  Those  con- 
cerned in  the  establishment  of  the  bank  were 
of  the  Republican  party;  and  the  Constitution- 
al party,  not  to  be  outdone  by  the  other  in  zeal 
for  the  cause,  obtained,  by  their  majority  in  the 
Assembly,  authority  for  President  Reed  to  pro- 
claim martial  law,  should  such  a  step  Income 
nccc.-sai  \  in  order  to  carry  out  the  requisitions 
of  Congress. 

Bank  of  North  America.  It  was  soon  per- 
ceived  that  under  the  new  government  {Artidee 
of  Confederation,  which  see)  the  Congress  had 
no  power, independent  of  the  several  states,  to 
enforce  taxation.  Robert  Morris,  then  Superin- 
tendent of  Finance  (Secretary  of  the  Treasury), 
proposed  the  establishment  of  a  bank  at  Phila- 
delphia, to  supply  the  government  with  money, 
with  a   capita)   of  $400,000.     The  promissory 

notes  of  the  bank  wen-  to  lie,  a  legal-tender  cur- 
rency, to   be   received   in    payment   of  all   taxes, 

duties,  and  debts  due  the  United  States.     The 

plan  was  approved  by  the  Congress  (May  'J(i. 
17H1),  and  this  financial  agent  of  the  govern- 
ment  was  chartered  by  the  Congress  Dec  31. 

The    capital    stock    was   divided    into    shares    of 

|400eacb,in  money  of  gold  and  silver,  to  be  pro- 
cured by  subscriptions.  Twelve  directors  w  ere 
appointed  to  manage  the  affairs  of  the  bank. 
which  was  entitled  by  the  Congress  •'Ihe  Pres- 
ident, Directors,  and   Company   of  the   Bank   ot 

Ninth  America."     That   corporation  furnished 

adequate  means  for  saving  the  Continental 
army  from  disbanding. 

Bank  of  the  United  States.  (See  United 
State*  Bank.) 

Banking  in  the  United  States.  (See  Unit- 
ed  Slain    Hank.)       With    the    expiration    of  the 

charter  of  the  U.S.  Bank  in  1811,  ami  of  the  ex- 


BANKING  IN  MASSACHUSETTS  i 

istence  of  the  institution,  a  large  number  of 
state  banks  were  created.  In  the  course  of  four 
years  Hll-15)  one  hundred  and  twenty-three 
state  banks  were  created,  with  an  aggregate 
capital  of  §40,000,000,  and  an  estimated  emission 
of  notes  to  the  amount  of  s-i<  10,000,000,  a  large- 
portion  of  which,  in  the  Middle  States,  were  is- 
sued as  loans  to  the  government.  The  re-crea- 
tion of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  in  1816 
compelled  the  state  banks  to  resume  specie  pay- 
ment (which  had  been  suspended  during  the 
war)  or  wind  up.  Of  the  44(>  state  banks  then 
in  existence,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  about 
$90,000,000.  a  verj  Large  number  were  compelled 
to  liquidate.  Prom  1811  to  1830  165  banks,  with 
a  capital  of  $30,000,000,  closed  business,  with  a 
loss  to  government  and  individuals  of  about 
85,000,000.  The  United  states  Bank  became  a 
powerful  financial  machine,  and  the  state  banks 
complained  loudly  of  the  tyranny  exercised  over 
them  by  it  and  its  branches.  It  ceased  to  exist 
in  1836.  The  number  of  state  banks  had  then 
largely  increased,  being  634  in  1837,  with  a  cap- 
ital n't'  nearly  $291,000,000.  This  number  was 
Increased  in  1840  to  901,  with  a  capital  of  over 

1358,000,000.      In    I860  the   number  of  banks   in 

the  Union  was  1562,  with  an  aggregate  capital 

of  about  $422,000,000  and  a  circulation  of  about 

$207, .0(111.     At  that  time  they  held  $83,594,537 

in   specie,  ami  their  deposits  were   nearly  $254,- 

000, I.      A    national  bank  currency  system    of 

the  United  stairs  was  organized  by  act  of  Con- 
gress early  in  l>ii:> :  ami  under  an  act  of  June  3, 
1-1)4,  national  banks  were  organised  and  a  uni- 
form national  cuireney  was  established.  (See 
National  Currency.)  Early  in  the  late  Ci\  il  War 
all  tin-  banks  in  the  United  states  suspended 
specie  payments.      In  January,  1875,  Congress 

passed  an  act  providing  for  their  resumption  of 

specie  payments  on  the  Brat  of  January,  1879. 

As  that  time  approached  there  were  preliminary 
movements  towards  that  end,  such  as  redeeming 
the  fractional  currency  with  silver  ( 1876 ),  by 
which  a  large  amount  of  the  latter  coin  was  put 

into  circulation.  There  was  very  strong  oppo- 
sition to  resumption  at.  that  time,  and  prophets 
of  evil  foretold  Infinite  disasters  to  the  business 
of  the  country.  It  was  declared  that  tin-  de- 
mand for  gold  would  be  greater  than  the  sup- 
ply;   but    when   the  day  came,  and   the  clerical 

force  of  the  Bubtreasury  in  New  fork  was  in- 
creased in  order  to  facilitate  the  paying  out  of 
gold  for  "greenbacks'1  (which  see)  presented, 

they    had    nothing    to   do.      Then-    was    actually 

re  eohl  paid  in  than  was  paid  out.     From 

that  hour  the  business  of  the  country  perma- 
nently revived  for  the  first  time  since  the  great 

revulsion  of  l-::;. 

Banking  Schemes  in  Massachusetts.  In 
1740  the  colonies  were  called  upon  to  furnish 
men  and  means  in  a  war  against  the  Spanish- 
American    colonies.      The   call    found  the  people 

of  Massachusetts  engaged  in  bitter  strife  with 

Qoveruor  Beleher.  The  laws  authorizing  the 
circulation  of  a  paper  currency  would  soon  ex- 
pire. The  rapid  withdrawal  of  that  paper 
would  act  like  a  bank  contraction  in  our  day, 
but  with  more  stringency.     Belcher  resolutely 


I  BANKS 

refused  to  sanction  laws  for  the  extension  of 
the  period  of  redemption,  and  schemes  for  joint- 
stock  banking  were  revived.  Two  companies 
were  organized  —  one,  known  as  the  "Silver 
Scheme,"  proposed  to  issue  £150,000  in  notes 
redeemable  in  silver  at  the  end  of  fifteen  years: 
another,  called  the  "Manufactory  Scheme,"  or 
"Land  Bank,"'  undertook  to  circulate  double, 
that  amount,  to  be  redeemed,  at  the  end  of 
twenty  years,  in  colonial  produce.  The  Silver 
Scheme  was  patronized  by  the  merchants  and 
traders,  the  Land  Bank  by  the  fanners  and 
mechanics.  Belcher  opposed  both,  and  took 
away  the  commissions  of  all  officers  of  the  mili- 
tia and  justices  of  the  peace  who  had  anything 
to  do  with  either.  The  people,  in  spite  of  him, 
established  the  ''Land  Bank."  with  eight  bun- 
dled Stockholders,  who  controlled  the  Assembly. 
The  governor  issued  a  proclamation  against  the 
scheme.  The  leaders  in  the  scheme  retaliated 
by  plotting  for  his  removal.  This  was  accom- 
plished by  downright  lying;  and  William  Shir- 
ley was  appointed  his  successor.  The  bauk 
was  speedily  wound  up  by  an  act  of  Parliament 

which  prohibited  the  formation  of  unincorpo- 
rated stock  companies  with  more  than  six  part- 
ners. This  act  was  denounced  in  .Massachusetts 
and  South  Carolina  as  an  illegal  interference 
with  the  chartered  rights  of  the  people. 

Banks,  Nahiwii'.l  PbbHTISS,  was  born  at 
Waltham,  Mass.,  Jan.  30,  1816.  His  early  edu- 
cation was  obtained  at  a  common  school.  He 
became  a  lawyer  and  Democrat  ie  orator:  edited 
a  newspaper  in  Waltham  and  Lowell  :  and  dur- 
ing the  administration  of  President  Polk  he  held 
Office  in  the  Boston  Custom-house.      In   1849  he 


NATHANIEL  PRENTISS  BANKS. 

was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Legislature, 
and  Speakerof  the  Lower  House  in  l-Cji-52.  He 
was  President  of  the  State  Constitutional  Con- 
vention in  is.",:',,  and  a  member  of  Congress  in 
1853-57,  separating  from  the  Democratic  part] 
on  the  question  of  slavery;  and,  after  a  long 

contest,  was    elected    Speaker    of  the    House    of 

Representatives  in  1855.  Mr.  Banks  was  chosen 
Governor  of  Massachusetts  in  1858,  and  served 
until  1861.  When  the  Civil  War  broke  out  he 
was  President  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad. 


BANNEKER 


100      BAPTISTS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 


Offering  his  services  to  President  Lincoln,  he  j 
was  made  a  ma,  jor-geueral  of  volunteers  May  16, 
1861,  and  appointed  to  command  the  Annapolis 
military  district.  General  Banks  was  an  active 
and  skilful  leader  in  varions  battles  during  the 
war  in  Virginia  and  in  the  region  of  the  Lower 
Mississippi  and  Bed  rivers.  In  1865  he  was 
elected  to  Congress. 

Banneker,  Benjamin,  a  negro  mathematician, 
was  horn  in  Maryland.  Nov.  9,  1731  J  died  in 
Baltimore,  October,  1806.  His  maternal  grand- 
mother, who  had  charge  of  him  in  his  early 
childhood,  taught  him  to  read  and  -write.  'He 
taught  himself  mathematics  and  astronomy; 
and  for  many  years,  while  engaged  in  daily  la- 
bor, made  the  necessary  calculations  for  and 
published  an  almanac  for  Maryland  and  the  ad- 
joining states.  Mr.  Jefferson  presented  one  of 
his  almanacs  to  the  French  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences, where  it  excited  wonder  and  admiration, 
and  the  "African  Almanac"  became  well  known 
to  the  scientific  circles  of  Europe.  In  1790  he 
was  employed  by  the.  commissioners  in  the  sur- 
vey of  the  boundaries  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 
Banneker  was  also  a  poet.  His  grandmother 
was  an  Englishwoman,  who  purchased  a  small 
plantation  in  Maryland,  bought  two  slaves  from 
a  ship  just  from  Africa,  and  married  one  of  them. 

Banquets  to  Naval  Heroes.  On  Dec.  29, 1812, 
a  banquet  was  given  by  the  corporation  and  cit- 
izens of  New  York  to  Hull,  Jones,  and  Decatur, 
who  had  gained  naval  victories.  Hull  and  De- 
catur were  present ;  Jones  was  absent.  The  cor- 
poration of  New  York  also  gave  a  ban  quel  to  the 
gallant  crew  of  the  frigate  railed  States,  Deca- 
tur's victorious  vessel,  which  captured  the  Mair- 
doninn.  It  was  given  at  the  City  Hotel,  Jan.  7, 
1813.  The  sailors  present  numbered  about  four 
hundred  ;  and  as  they  marched  to  the  hotel  they 
were  greeted  by  crowds  of  men,  women,  and 
children  in  the  streets,  and  the  waving  of  hand- 
kerchiefs from  the  windows.  In  the  evening 
they  went  to  the  Park  Theatre,  by  invitation 
of  the  manager.  The  drop-curtain  had  on  it  a 
representation  of  the  fight  between  the  United 
State*  and  Macedonian.  Children  dancing  on  tin- 
stage  bore  letters  of  the  alphabet  in  their  hands, 
which,  being  joined  in  the  course  of  the  dance, 
produced   in  transparency   the   names  of  HULL, 

Jones,  and   Decatur.     MoFarland,  an   Irish 

clown,  then  sang  a  comic  song  of  seven  .stanzas 
written  for  the  occasion,  beginning  : 

"No  more  of  your  blathering  nonsenso 
'Bout  Nelsons  of  old  Johnny  Hull  ; 
I'll  sing  ynu  a  sons;,  by  m>  coiisneiiee, 

'Bout  Jones  tad  Decatur  and  Hull. 
Dad  Neptune  baa  long,  with  vexation, 

Beheld  with  wnal  Insolent  prulo 
The  turbulent,  billow  washed  nation, 

"CnoRi'3— Sine  lather  away,  eenteel  and  nisy, 

i  or  nob. 
In  I  very  tew  minutes  we'll  |>1  . 

ire  take  work  by  the  Job  " 
Such  banquets  occurred  several  limes  during 
the  Second  War  for  Independence     1818  16     In 

honor  of  the  unexpected  ami  complete  victories 
ol  the    \ met  lean  ships  and  seamen  0VW  those  of 

tiiiat  Britain.     i"t  these  occasions  song*  wen 


composed,  and  became  very  popular :  and  they 
continued  to  be  sung  at  social  gatherings  for 
ten  J  cars  afterwards. 

Baptist  Church,  Tiif.  Fihst,  in  America. 
Roger  Williams,  before  he  left  England,  had 
been  under  the  teachings  of  Baptists  there, 
some  of  whom  bad  been  refugees  from  persecu- 
tion in  Holland.  These  had  instituted  bap- 
tism among  themselves  by  authorizing  certain 
of  their  members  to  be  administrators  of  the 
rite.  Cast  out  from  the  Congregational  church- 
es in  Massachusetts,  Williams  conceived  the  idea 
of  forming  a  Baptist  church  in  his  new  home  at 
Providence,  R.  I.,  after  the  manner  of  the  refu- 
gees in  Holland,  but  in  a  more  simple  form.  In 
March,  16:59,  Ezekiel  Holliman,  a  layman,  first 
baptized  Williams,  and  then  Williams  baptized 
Holliman  and  "  some  ten  more."  These  men 
then  formed  a  Baptist  church  at  Providence. 
But  Williams  did  not  remain  a  Baptist  long. 
He  very  early  doubted  the  validity  of  Holli- 
man's  baptism,  and  consequently  of  his  own. 
He  believed  "a  visible  succession  of  authorized 
administrators  of  baptism-'  to  be  necessary  to 
insure  its  validity,  and  in  the  course  of  two 
months  he  withdrew  from  the  church,  and  nev- 
er rejoined  it;  but  that  first  Baptist  church  in 
America  still  exists  in  Providence. 

Baptists  in  the  United  States :  a  flourishing 
denomination  of  evangelical  Christians  who  dif- 
fer from  others  in  respect  to  the  mode  of  admin- 
istering the  rite  of  baptism.  They  reject  sprink- 
ling, and  hold  that  immersion  of  the  whole  body 
is  the  only  valid  mode  of  baptism,  and  essenl  ial 
to  its  specific  spiritual  purpose;  a  mode,  they 
claim,  that  was  universally  practised  through- 
out Christendom  fiw  thirteen  hundred  years. 
Their  Church  government  is  democratic.  Their 
writers  trace  their  origin  to  the  third  century; 
and  they  have  ever  been  the  champions  of  civil 
and  religious  liberty.  Until  the  Quakers  arose, 
at  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century,  they 
stood  alone  in  the  advocacy  of  "soul-liberty." 
I  is.)  There  w  ere  none  in  America  when 
Roger  Williams  founded  Providence.  Thai  "ar- 
tiest man  of  unstable  ecclesiastical  views,  be- 
lieving the  anabaptists  those  who  believe  in 
adult  baptist ily      were   right    in  their  view, 

caused  one  <>f  the  settlers  to  immerse  him  (Will- 
Lams),  when  the  latter  immersed  the  laj  man  and 
Others  in  return,  and  they  established  a  church  at 
Providence,  the  first  Baptisl  church  in  America. 
Within  two  months  Williams,  doubting  the  va- 
lidity of  the  baptism  be  had  received  and  given, 
for  lack  of  constituted  authority,  left  the  Bap- 
tisl i  hutch  forever.  lint  the  Church  and  its 
principles  remained, and  the  colony  embodied  in 
its  oral  cde  of  laws  (1637)  .i  provision  for  per- 
feet  toleration  in  matters  of  religion.  In  1784, 
when  numbering  only  about  60Q0  members  in 
all  America,  the  Baptists  established  their  first 
college  iu  Rhode  Island.  (See  Prom  Dnwartity.) 
With  one  exception,  the  Baptists  are  the  largest 
denomination  of  evangelical  Christians  in  the 
United  States,  having  (1876)  about  1,600,000 
members,  it  is  said  thai  the  firs!  article  of 
the  amendments  to  oar  National  Constitution, 


BARBARIAN  MONARCH  1< 

guaranteeing  religious  liberty  (offered  in  1789), 
was  introduced  chiefly  through  the  influence  of 
the  Baptist  denomination. 

Barbarian  Monarch,  Reception  at  the 
Coi  RX  OF  a.     The  authorities  at  Plymouth  had 

made  a  treaty  of  friendship  with  Massase.it,  King 
of  the  Wampanoags.  (See  Manmnoit.)  In  the 
summer  of  1821,  Governor  Bradford  sent  two 
envoys  (Winslow  and  Hopkins)  to  the  court  of 
that  monarch,  at  Pokanoket,  mar  Narragansel 
Bay,  forty  miles  from  Plymouth.  They  were 
kindly  received  by  the  king,  who  renewed  the 
covenant  with  the  English.  When  he  had  taken 
the  ambassadors  into  his  dwelling,  heard  their 
message,  and  received  presents  from  them,  he 
put  on  the  horseman's  scarlet  coal  which  they 
had  given  him,  and  a  chain  about  his  neck, 
which  made  his  people  "proud  to  behold  their 
king  so  bravely  attired."  Having  given  a  friend- 
ly answer  to  their  message,  hi'  addressed  his 
people  who  bad  gathered  around  him,  saying, 
••Am  not  I  Massasoit,  commander  of  the  country 

around  you  .'  Is  not  such  a  town  mine,  and  Un- 
people of  it  T  Will  you  not  bring  your  skins  to 
the  English  !''  Alter  this  manner  he  named  at 
least  thirty  places, and  all  gave  their  assent  and 

applause.     Ai  the  close  of  bis  speech  he  lighted 

tobacco  for  the  envoys,  and  proceeded  to  dis- 
course  about    England,  declaring   that    he    was 

'•  King  James's  man."  and  expressing  his  won- 
der hOW   the  kin-  could  live  without  a  wife  i  for 

the  queen  was  then  dead).     Massasoif  had  just 

returned  home,  and  had  no  food  to  offer  the  en- 
voys, who  craved   rest    by  sleep.      "He  laid  us,'' 

wrote  one  of  them,  "  on  a  bed  with  himself  and 
his  wife  thej  at  the  pne  end  and  we  at  the  oth- 
er; it  being  only  planks  laid  a  font  from  the 
ground,  and  a  thin  mat   upon  them.      Two  more, 

of  his  chief  men,  tor  want  of  room,  pressed  by 

and  upon  us.  so  that   we  were  more  weaiied  of 

our  lodging  than  of  our  journey." 

Barbary  Powers,  BUMBLING  OF  THE.  On 
the  southern  -bore  of  the  .Mediterranean  Sea, 
in  Northern  Africa,  were  the  independent  states 
of  Algiers,  'funis,  Tripoli,  and   .Morocco,  known 

as  the  ■•  Barbary  Powers,"  a  name  derived  from 
the  Berbers,  an  ancienl  race  who  peopled  the 
whole  northern  pan  of  Africa.    They  employed 

piratical  vessels  in  plundering  those  of  other 
nations  engaged  in  commerce  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean. To  secure  imiuiiiiit  v  from  these  depreda- 
tors, I  Im  United  States  and  other  nations  paid 
tribute  to  their  rulers.  Just  as  the  war  with 
Great  Britain  broke  out.  in  1812,  the  l»ey  of  Al- 
giers, taking  offence  at  not  bav  Lng  received  from 
tin-  United  States  the  precise  articles  in  the  way 

of  tribute  demanded,  unceremoniously  dismissed 

Tobias  I. ear.  the  American  consul,  declared  war, 
and  capt  ured  an  American  vessel  and  reduced  her 
crew  to  slavery.  Mr.  I. ear  was  compelled  to  pay 
the  Dey  |27,000  for  the  safety  of  himself  and 
family  and  a  few  Americans  who  wen-  there,  to 
save  them  all  from  being  made  slaves.  Believ- 
ing thai  Greal  Britain  had  almost  annihilated 

the  American  navy,  this  African  robber  renewed 

Ins  depredations  upon  American  commerce,  in 
violation  of  treaty  obligations.    Determined  no 


I  BARBER 

longer  to  submit  to  the  demands  and  hostile 
conduct  of  this  insolent  ruler,  the  United  States 
accepted  his  war-challenge,  and  in  May,  1815, 
sent  Commodore  Decatur  to  the  Mediterranean 
with  a  squadron  to  humble  the  Dey.  As  soon 
as  Decatur  had  passed  through  the  Strait  of 
Gibraltar  he  found  the  Algeriue  corsairs  cruis- 
ing in  search  of  American  shipping.  On  June 
17  the  commodore  met  the  Algeriue  flag-ship, 
of  forty-four  guns  (the  largest  in  the  Algeriue 
navy),  and  after  a  brief  engagement  captured 
her.  He  also  captured  another  vessel  of  the 
Dey,  with  about  six  hundred  men.  With  these 
prizes  Decatur  sailed  with  all  his  vessels  for  Al- 
giers. His  squadron  consisted  of  the  frigates 
Gvmrriere,  Macedonian,  and  Constellation,  the  On- 
tario sloop  of  war.  four  brigs,  and  one  schooner. 
On  June  28  Decatur  demanded  of  the  Dey  the 
instant  surrender  of  all  the  American  prisoners, 
full  indemnification  for  all  property  destroyed, 
and  absolute  relinquishment  of  all  claims  to  nil. 
ute  from  the  United  States  thereafter.  When 
the  Dey  was  assured  of  the  fate  of  a  part  of  his 
licet,  the  terrified  robber  hastened  to  comply 
with  D.catur's  demands.  The  commodore  or- 
dered the  Algeriue  ruler  to  appear  before  him  on 
the  quarter-deck  of  his  flag-ship, the  Gverriere, 
to  make  bis  submission  and  restitution.  He 
appeared  with  some  of  his  officers  of  state  and 
tin;  captives  to  be  released.  T here,  on  June  30, 
he  signed  a  treaty,  in  accordance  with  Decatur's 
demands,  and  departed  deeply  humiliated.  Af- 
ter this  triumph  at  Algiers.  Decatur  sailed  for 
'funis,  and  demanded  and  received  from  the 
Bashaw,  or  ruler  of  that  state,  SIC, 000,  in  pay- 
ment for  American  vessels  which  he  had  allowed 
the  British  to  capture  in  his  harbor.  Then  the 
commodore  proceeded  to  Tripoli,  the  capital  of 

another  of  the  Barbary  States,  and  demanded 
(August,  1815)  from  tin-  Bey,  its  ruler,  s->r,,(MI(l. 
for  the  same  kind  of  injury  to  property,  and  the 

prisonei  s.     The  treasury  of  tin1  Bey 

being  nearly  empty,  Decatur   accepted,  in   lieu 

of  cash,  the  release  from  captivity  of  eight  Danish 

and  two  Neapolitan  seamen.      This  cruise  gave 

full  security  to  American  commerce  in  tin-  Med- 
iterranean. It  elevated  the  American  character 
in  the  opinion  of  Europeans,  for  in  the  course  of 
two  months  Decatur  had  accomplished,  with  a 
small  squadron,  in  the  way  of  humbling  the 
pirates  Of  Northern  Africa,  what  the  combined 
powers  of  the  Christian  world  had  not  dared  to 

attempt. 

Barber,  li;  v\ets,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution, 
was  born  at  Princeton, N.  J., in  1751  ;  died  April 
19,  1783.  He  graduated  at  tin'  College  of  New 
Jersey  (Princeton)  iu  1767,  aud  in  1769  became 
rector  of  an  academy  at  Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  and 
pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  church  there.  Leav- 
ing these  positions,  he  joined  the  New  Jersey 
line  in  the  Continental  army  as  major,  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1771'..  In  November  he  was  made  a  lieu- 
tenant-colonel,  and  was  afterwards  assistant- 
inspector-general  under  Baron  de  Steuben.  He 
was  active-  in  several  battles  until  1779,  when 
he  was  adjutant-general  in  Sullivan's  campaign, 
and  was  wounded  in  the-  battle  at  Newtown. 
(See  8uilivan'a  Campaign.)     In  1781  he  was  sue- 


BARCLAY  H 

cessful  iii  quelling  the  mutiny  of  Pennsylvania 
and  New  Jersey  troops,  lie  was  with  the  ann\  at 

Newburgh,  in  1783,  and  on  the  day  when  Wash- 
ington announced  to  the  troops  the  preliminary 
treaty  of  peace  he  was  killed  by  1 1 1« -  falling  of  a 
tree  while  he  was  riding  in  the  edge  of  a  wood. 
Barclay,  ROBERT,  of  Try,  was  horn  at  Gor- 
donston,  Scotland,  Dec.  23,  1648;  died  at  Ury, 
Oct.  13,  1690.  Entering  a  Scotch  college  in  Tal- 
is, efforts  were  made  to  convert  him  to  Roman 
Catholicism,  when  lie  returned  home  (1664),  and 
three  years  afterwards,  at  the  age  of  nineteen, 
he  embraced  the  principles  of  the  Society  of 
Friends,  or  Quakers.  In  1670  he  vindicated 
them  from  false  charges  in  a  pamphlet  entitled 
Truth  Cleared  of  Calumnies.  He  also  published, 
in  Latin  and  English,  An  Apology  for  the  True 
Christian  Divinity,  as  the  some  is  held  forth  and 
preached  by  the  people  called,  in  scorn,  Quakers. 
Barclay  dedicated  it  to  King  ( 'harles.  with  great 
modesty  and  independence,  and  it  was  one  of  the 
ablest  defences  of  the  doctrines  of  his  sect.  His 
writings  attracted  public 'sympathy  to  his  co- 
religionists. The  first  remonstrance  of  Friends 
against  war  was  put  forth  by  Barclay,  in  lti77. 
entitled  a  Treatise  on  Universal  Love.  Barclay 
made  many  religious  journeys  in  England,  Hol- 
land, and  Germany  with  William  lVim-and  was 
several  times  imprisoned  on  account  of  the  pro- 
mulgation of  his  doctrines.  Charles  II.  was 
Barclay's  friend  through  the  influence  of  IVnn. 

and  made  his  estate  al  Ury  a  free  barony  in  1679, 
with  the  privilege  id'  criminal  jurisdiction.  He 
was  one  of  the  proprietors  of  Hast  Jersey,  and 
in  1688  he  was  appointed  its  governor  (see  New 
Jersey)',  but  lie  exercised  the  office  by  a  deputy. 
Bard,  John,  M.D.,  was  horn  at  Burlington, 
X.  J.,  Feb.  l,  1716;  died  at  Hyde  Park,  \.  V., 
March  30, 1799.  He  was  of  a  Huguenol  family, 
and  was  for  seven  years  a  surgeon's  apprentice 
in  Philadelphia.  Establishing  himself  in  New 
York,  he  soon  ranked  among  the  first  physi- 
cians and  surgeons  in  America.  In  1750  he 
assisted  Dr.  Middleton  in  the  first  recorded 
dissection  in  America.     In  1788  he  became  the 

first  president  of  the  New  York  Medical  Society  ; 

and  when,  in  1795,  the  yellow  fever  raged  in  New 
York,  he  remained  at  his  post,  though  then  nearly 
eights  years  of  age. 

Bard,  s.wu  i  i  .  M  1>..  1.1.. I'.,  son  of  Dr  John. 
was  horn  in  Philadelphia, April  1,1742;  died 
Ma>  24,  1821.  He  studied  at  the  (Jniversitj  of 
Edinburgh,  Where  lie  passed  about  three  years, 
and  was  an  inmate  of  the  family  of  Dr.  Hubert  - 
BOn,  the  historian.      Having  graduated  BS  M.D. 

in  l7ii.">,  he  returned  home,  and  began  tin-  prac- 
tice Of  medicine  in  New  York  eitj  with  his  fa- 
ther. He  organized  a  medical  school,  which 
was  connected  with  King's  (Colnmbia)  College, 

in  which  he  took  the  chair  id'  I'lnsie  in  1  Tt U». 
In     177'.'    he    purchased     his     father's    business. 

lb'  caused  the  establishment  of  a  public  hos- 
pital iii  the  oitj  Of  New  York  in  1791,  ami. 
while   the   seat    of   the   National   government 

Was     ii     New     fork,   he    was    the    plnsieian    of 

President  Washington.  He  was  also  appoint- 
ed President  of  tin-  College  of  Physicians  ami 


2  BARLOW 

Surgeons  in  1813.  While  combating  yellow 
fever  in  New  York  in  1798,  he  took  the  disease, 
but  by  the  faithful  nursing  of  his  wife  he  re- 
covered. Dr.  Paid  was  a  skilful  horticulturist 
as  well  as  an  eminent  physician. 

Barker,  Jacob,  financier,  was  born  in  Kene- 
bec  County,  Me..  Dec.  7,  1779;  died  in  Phila- 
delphia, Dec.  27,  1871.  He  was  of  a  Quaker 
family,  and  related  by  blood  to  the  mother  of 
Dr.  Franklin.     He  began   trade   in  New   York 


JACOB    1IAKKKK. 


when    quite     young,    and    at    twenty -One    he 

owned  four  ships  and  a  brig,  and  was  large- 
ly engaged  in  commercial  transactions.  As  ;i 
State  senator,  and  while  sitting  in  the  Court 
of  Errors,  he  gave  an  opinion  ill  an  insurance 
case  in  opposition  to  Judge  Kent,  and  was  sus- 
tained by  the  court.  During  the  war  of  1812 
his  ships  wen1  all  captured.  Being  in  Wash- 
ington oitj  during  its  sack  by  the  British  (Au- 
gust,  1814)  he  assisted  Mrs.  Madison  in  saving 
Stuart's  portrait  of  Washington  then  hanging 
in  the  President's  house,  which  was  s,t  on 
tin'  a  few  hours  later.  (See  Madison,  Mrs.) 
Barker  was  a  banker,  a  dealer  in  stocks,  and 
a  general  and  shrewd  financier  for  man\  years. 

He  finally  established  himself  in  New  Oilcans 
in  1834,  when'  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  as 
a  lawyer,  and  soon  became  a  political  and  bus- 
iness  leader  there.  He  made  and  lost  several 
fortunes  during  his  long  life.  The  Civil  War 
wrought  his  financial  ruin,  and  late  in  l>l>7  he 
was  again  in  bankruptcy  at  the  age  of  eighty- 
eight  yean. 

Barlow,  FRANCIS  ChaNKTNO,  "as  born  in 
Brooklyn,  V  1  .  <>,t.  19,  1834,  and  graduated 
at  Harvard  Universitj  in  |s.">."..  Alter  serving 
as  a  three  months'  man,  he  heeame  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  a  New  fork  regiment,  ami  as  oolo 
nel  distinguished   himself  in   the  campaign   on 

the  l'e sola  in   L868.      In  the  battle  of  Antie- 

tain  he  captured  two  stands  of  colors  and  three 
hundred  nun,  and  was  soon  afterwards  wound 


BARLOW  1 

cd  and  carried  off  the  field  for  dead.  He  was 
made  brigadier -general  in  September,  and  lie 
commanded  a  division  in  the  battle  of  Chan- 
eellorsville  in  May.  1863.  He  was  wounded  at 
Gettysburg,  and  was  also  distinguished  in  the 
Richmond  campaign  in  1864  He  rendered  es- 
sential service  in  the  final  struggle  that  ended 
with  the  sin  render  of  Lee. 

Barlow,  Jot-.i..  poet,  was  horn  at  Beading, 
Conn.,  Maxell  24.  1?."..");  died  near  Cracow,  Po- 
land, Dec.  22,  1812.  He  graduated  at  Yale  Col- 
lege  in    1778;    studied    theology    and    was    li- 


JOKL    HAItLOW. 

censed  a  Congregational  minister;  and  from 
177*  to  1783  was  a  chaplain  in  the  army, writ- 
ing patriotic  songs  and  addresses  to  keep  rrp 
the  spirits  of  the  soldiers.  When  the  army 
was  disbanded  (1783)  be  settled  at  Hartford, 
where  he  began  to  study  law,  and  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  1785.  He  had  tried  book- 
selling; and.  in  17-IS.  he  established  a  weekly 
newspaper,  entitled  the  American  Mercury,  pub- 
lished at  Westford.  His  poetic  talents  becom- 
ing widely  known,  he  was  requested  bj  several 
Congregational  ministers  to  revise  the  phrase- 
ology of  Watts'a  Hymns.     He  also  attempted  to 

revise  the  Bible  in  the  same  way.  A  cousin 
of  Benedict  Arnold,  who  would  talk  in  dog- 
gerel rhyme,  was  asked  by  Hallow  to  ji'we 
him  a  specimen  of  his  poetic  talent.      Arnold 

looked    the   poet   sharplj    in   the   face,  and  said, 

Instantly, 

"You've  proved  yourself  a  sinful  rroinr. 
You've  murdered  Walls  and  spiled  ilie  metre, 
You've  tried  the  Word  of  God  i<i  alter, 
And  for  your  pams  deserve  a  baiter. " 

With  Trumbull,  Dwight,  Humphreys,  and  oth- 
ers. Hallow  published  a  satirical  poem  enti- 
tled The  Anarchiad.  In  1787  he  published  his 
Virion  of  Columbus,  a  poem  which  obtained 
great  popularity,  \i-~it inn  Europe  in  17--  as 
agent  for  the  "Scioto  Land  Company"  (which 
see),  he  published,  in  aid  of  the  French  Invo- 
lution, Advice  i<>  the  Privileged  Orders.  To  this 
he  added,  in  1791,  a  Letter  t»  the  National  Con- 
tention, and  the  Conspiracy  of  Kings.  As  dep- 
uty of  the  London  Constitutional  Society,  be 
presented  Mil  address  to  the  Clench  National 
Convention,  and  took  up  his  abode  in  Paris, 
where    In-    became   a   French  citizen.      Barlow 


13  BARNARD 

was  given  employment  in  Savoy,  where  he 
wrote  his  mock-heroic  poem,  Hasty  Pudding. 
He  was  United  States  consul  at  Algiers  in 
1795-97,  where  he  negotiated  treaties  with  the 
ruler  of  that  state,  and  also  with  the  Hey  of 
Tunis.  He  took  sides  with  the  French  Di- 
rectory in  their  controversy  with  the  Ameri- 
can envoya  (See  Directory,  Tin-  Frank.)  Hav- 
ing made  a  large  fortune  by  speculations  in 
Fiance.  Mr.  Harlow  returned  to  the  United 
States  in  1805,  and  built  himself  an  elegant 
mansion  in  the  vicinity  of  Washington,  and 
called  his  seat  there  '•  Kalorama."  (See  l><<<i- 
tur.)  In  1807  he  published  the  Columbine!,  an 
epic  poem.  It  was  illustrated  with  engrav- 
ings, some  of  them  from  designs  hy  Robert 
Fulton,  and  published  in  a  quarto  volume  in  a 
style  more  sumptuous  than  any  hook  that  had 
then  been  issued  in  the  United  States.  It  was 
an  enlargement  of  his  Rmon  of  Columbus.  Iu 
1-11  he  commenced  the  preparation  of  a  His- 
tory of  the  United  States,  when  President  Madi- 
son appointed  him  minister  plenipotentiary  to 
the  Fnnch  court.  The  next  year  he  was  in- 
vited to  a  conference  with  Napoleon  at  Wilna. 
His  journey  into  Poland  was  fatal  to  his  life. 
It  was  made  in  such  hast.'  and  with  so  much 
exposure  to  cold  and  fatigue  that  he  perished 
before  reaching  Wilna. 

Barlow's  Journey  to  "Wilna.  Joel  Harlow, 
who.  as  American  minister  in  France,  had  la- 
bored incessantly  to  induce  Napoleon  to  estab- 
lish a  good  understanding  with  the  United 
Slates,  suddenly  received  a  request  from  the 
emperor,  through  the  Duke  of  Bassano  (Octo- 
ber, 1812),  to  come  to  his  camp  at  Wilna  in  Po- 
land for  the    nominal   object   of  completing  a 

Commercial    treaty   with   the   United  States.       Ii 

was  believed  by  the  war  party  that  some  ar- 
rangements would  he  made  by  which  French 
ships,  manned  by  Americans,  might  '"•  em- 
ployed against  Great  Britain.    Hut  such  hopes 

were  soon   extinguished.      Harlow  set   out  from 

Paris  immediately, and,  as  the  call  was  argent, 

he  travelled  day  and  night,  without  rest.  The 
fatigue  and  exposure  brought  on  a  disease  of 
the  bines,  and,  in  the  cottage  of  a  Polish  Jew 
at  Zarnowice,  mar  Cracow,  he  suddenly  ex- 
pired (Dec.  4, 1812),  from  the  effects  of  a  violent 
congestion  of  the  pulmonary  organs.  What 
the  real  object  of  Napoleon's  call  was  may 
never  be  known. 

Barnard,  Henry,  LL.D.,  promoter  of  educa- 
tion, was  born  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  Jan.  24.  1811. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1830;  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  liar  in  1835,  and  in  l-:!7  was 
elected  to  a  seat  in  the  stale  Legislature.     He 

was  twice  re-elected.  In  that  body  he  effect- 
ed a  reorganization  of  the  Connecticut  State 
School  System,  and  was  tor  four  years  gecre- 
tarj    of  the  Hoard  of  School   Commissioners, 

during  which  he  wrote  a  number  of  able  re- 
ports on  the  public  school-.  His  first  report 
1 -:;'.!  i  was  pronounced  by  Chancellor  Kent  a 
''bold  and  startling  document,  founded  on  the 
most  painstaking  and  critical  inquiry."  lb- 
edited    and   published    the    Connecticut    School 


BARNARD 


KM 


BARNEY 


Journal  From  1843  to  1849  he  had  charge 
of  the  public  schools  of  Rhode  Island,  where 
he  established  a  model  system  of  popular  edu- 
cation. Mr.  Barnard  took  great  interest  in  the 
subject  of  school-house  architecture;  and  from 
L850  to  1854   he  was  .stair  superintendent  of 

public  schools  of  Connecticut.  In  1855  lie 
began  the  publication  of  the  American  Journal 
of  Education.  The  same  year  he  became  presi- 
dent of  the  '•American  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Education,"  and  was  offered  the 
presidency  of  two  state  universities.  When 
the  Bureau  of  Education  was  established  at 
Washington,  he  was  appointed  the  first  com- 
missioner (.March,  1867).  Dr.  Barnard  has  writ- 
ten much  and  well  on  the  subject  of  popu- 
lar education.  A  London  n  view,  speaking 
of  his  work  on  National  Education  in  Europe 
1854  .  said,  "He  has  collected  and  arranged 
mine  valuable  information  and  statistics  than 
can  be  found  in  any  one  volume  in  the  Eng- 
lish language."  Mr.  Barnard  received  the  de- 
cree of  LL.D.  from  Harvard,  Yale,  and  Union 
colleges, 

Barnard,  JOHN  Guoss,  LL.D.,  was  born  in 
Basel  County.  Mass..  May  1'.),  Hi.").  lie  grad- 
uated at  the  West  Point  Military  Academy  in 
18:5:?.  and  entered  the  engineer  corps.  He  was 
made  captain  in  1838;  major  in  1858;  brevet 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  1861;  lieu- 
leiiant-colonel  of  regulars  in  1  — * i- i :  brevet  ma- 
jor-general of  volunteers  in  l>t>4  ;  brevet  brig- 
adier-general and  brevet  major-general  of  reg- 
ulars. Match,  1865;  and  colonel  of  the  corps 
of  engineers,  regular  tinny,  Dec.  28,  the  same 
year.  During  tin;  war  with  Mexico  he  forti- 
fied Tampico,  and  made  surveys  of  the  battle- 
fields around  the  capital.  In  1850-51  he  was 
chief- engineer  of  the  projected  Tehnantepec 
railroad;  and  in  1855-56  he  was  superintend- 
ent of  the  West  Point  Military  Academy.  He 
was  chief-engineer  of  the  Army  of  tin-  Potomac, 
1861  62;  also  chief-engineer  of  the  construc- 
tion of  the  defences  of  the  national  capital 
from   September,  1862,  to  May.  1864.     He  was 

chief-engineer  of  the  "armies   in  the  field,"  on 

Qeneral  Grant's  staff,  from  May,  1864,  until 
Lee's  surrender  at  Appomattox  (which  see)  in 
April.  1865.  Qeneral  Barnard  was  mustered 
out  of  the  volunteer  service  in  L866.  He  has 
published  The  Oyrotoope  and  Problem*  in  Rotary 

Millions,  which  evince  profound  mat  hematical 
investigation;  also  other  works  concerning  the 

civil  Wat  ami  its  operations.  The  degree  of 
LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  bj  Yale  Col- 
lage. 

Barnburners,  a  name  given  to  radical  or  pro- 
politicians  in  the  United  Stales,  and 
opposed  to  Hunkers  (which  see;,  it  was  giv- 
en to  the  anti-slaverj  section  of  the  Democrat- 
ic party,  especially  in  New  fork,  wftich  sepa- 
rated  from   the  lest   of  the   1  lelnocl  at  ic   National 

Convention   in   1846.     They   were  opposed   to 

eeilani    <  orpoi  at  ions,    and    the\     desired     to    do 

away   with  nil  corporations,      Thej    received 

their    n.i from    tin-   Story  of  the   man    w  bos.' 

ted  with   rats,  and  who  burned 


it  to  the  ground  to  get  rid  of  the  vermin.  At 
about  that  time  anti-rent  outrages  were  com- 
mitted, such  as  burning  barns,  etc.  The  rad- 
ical Democrats  sympathized  with  the  Anti- 
renters,  and  the  Hunkers  called  them  "barn- 
burners."    (See  Free-toil  Party.) 

Barnes,  Albert,  Rev.,  was  born  at  Borne, 
N.  V..  Dec.  1,1796;  died  in  Philadelphia, Dec 24, 
1870.  He  graduated  at  Hamilton  College  in 
1820;  studied  theology  at  Princeton;  and  was 
pastor  of  a  Presbyterian  church  at  Morristow  n, 
N.  J.,  from  1823  to  1830.  He  then  settled  as 
pastor  of  a  church  of  tin'  New  School  Presbyte- 
rians in  Philadelphia,  which  connection  contin- 
ued more  than  thirty  years.  He  early  took  a 
decided  stand  against  slavery.  As  a  commen- 
tator on  the  Scriptures.  Mr.  Barnes  has  a  high 
reputation,  and  his  writings  are  greatly  prized 
by  the  religious  world  on  both  6ides  of  the  At- 
lantic. It  is  estimated  that  the  circulation 
of  his  Notes  on  the  New  Testament,  in  eleven 
volumes,  up  to  l-7ii,  was  about  1,500,000  vol- 
umes. He  published  two  works  on  slavery, 
entitled,  respectively.  Inquiry  into  the  Scriptur- 
al I'itwx  of  Slavery  and  The  church  and  Slav- 
ery. His  contributions  to  periodicals,  ohieflj 
ou  religious  subjects,  were  many  and  highly 
esteemed. 

Barnes,  Jamks,  was  born  in  Boston,  Mass. ; 
died  at  Springfield,  Mass..  Feb.  1-.'.  1869.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1829,  and  resigned 
in  1836.  He  became  colonel  of  a  Massachu- 
setts volunteer  regiment  in  1861,  and  in  No- 
vember of  that  year  was  made  brigadier-gen- 
eral in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  participating 
in  its  most  exciting  operations.  He  command- 
ed a  division  at  the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  and 
was  severely  wounded.  General  Barnes  was 
breveted  major-general  in  March,  1865. 

Barney,  JOSHUA,  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.. 
Julj  6,1759;  died  at  Pittsburgh, Peon., Dee.  1, 

1818.  Inclined  to  a  seafaring  life,  he  went  to 
sea  in  his  early  youth;  and  when  he  was  only 
sixteen  years  of  age.  an  accident  caused  the 
care  of  his  ship  to  devolve  upon  him.  He  met 
the  exigency  with  courage  and  skill.  He  en- 
tered the  Continental  UBVJ  .  at  its  first  organiza- 
tion in  1775,  as  master's  mate,  in  the  sloop  Hor- 

net,  and  joined  Commodore  Hopkins.  In  an  ac- 
tion between  the  Continental  schooner  lla*ji 
and  British  brig  Tender,  in  Delaware  Bay,  be- 
fore he  was  seventeen  years  of  age,  his  conduct 

was  so  gallant  that  he  was  made  a  lieutenant. 
In  that  capacity  he  served  in  the  Sachem  (Cap- 
tain I.  Robinson  ).  and  after  a  severe  action  with 
a  British  brig,  in  which  his  commander  was 
wounded,  young   Barney  brought   her  into  port. 

Soon  afterwards  he  was  made  a  prisoner,  but 
was  speedily  released,  and  iii  the  Andrea  Doris 
he  was  engaged  in  the  defence  of  the  Delaware 
River  in  1777.     lie  was  again  mads  prisoner, 

and  was  exchanged  in  August.  177-.  A  thud 
time  he  was  made  captive  ( 177'.M.  and  after  Ins 

exchange  was  a  fourth  time  made  a  prisoner, 
while  serving  in  the  Saratoga,  16,  was  sent  to 
England,  and  confined  in  the  famous  Mill  prison. 

from   which   he  escaped   in   May.  17-1.      lb     WM 


BARNEY  H 

retaken,  and  again  escaped,  anti  arrived  in  Phila- 
delphia  in  March,  1782,  where  he  took  command 
of  tin-  Hyder  Ali,  10,  in  which  he  captured  the 
General  Monk,  of  heavier  force  and  metal.  For 
this  exploit  the  Legislature  of  Maryland  pre- 
sented him  with  a  Bword,  At  the  close  of  the 
war  he  engaged  in  business  on  shore,  bnl  very 
soon  took  to  the  sea  again.     At  Cape  Francois, 

\V.  [.,  he  received  on  his  ship  (17'J2)  a  large  i - 

her  of  women  and  children  who  had  escaped 
massacre  by  the  blacks.  His  vessel  was  capt- 
ured by  an  English  cruiser,  hut  Barney  recapt- 
ured her  from  the  prize  crew,  lie  was  again 
captured  by  an  English  cruiser  (17'J:S),  and  im- 
prisoned as  a  pirate.  His  ship  and  cargo  were 
condemned.  In  17'J4  he  went  with  Monroe  to 
Prance,  and  bore  the  American  flag  to  the  Na- 
tional Convention.      (Sec   Monroe's  Reception.) 

He  was  a  warm  partisan  of  the  French,  and  en- 
tered their  navy  as  commander  of  a   squadron, 

hut  resigned  lus  commission  in  L802.  \\'h 
the  war  of  1812-15  broke  out.  he  engaged  ill 
privateering  with  much  success.  He  was  ap 
pointed  captain  in  the  (J.  s.  Navj  in  April.  181  I, 
and  placed  in  command  of  a  flotilla  of  small  ves- 
sels for  the  defence  of  the  OOaStS  of  t  he  Chesa- 
peake.    Driven  up  the  Patuxenl  bj   a   British 

licet,   he    destroyed    his    vessels,  and    with    over 

live  hundred  men  he  joined  General  Winder  in 
tin-   defence    of  Washington.     ( See   ISIiKlinshiiri/, 

Battle  at. )     Barney  w  as  severely  w  ounded  I  Aug, 

'J  I.  1-1  1  i  near  liladenshurg,  and  made  a  prisoner. 
Too  much  butt   to  he  removed  as  a  prisoner,  he 

was  paroled  and  sent  to  Bladensbnrg, near  by, 

on  a  litter.  TheK  he  was  joined  by  his  wife 
and    son    ami    his    own    surgeon,  and    was    con- 


5  BARRE 

voted  him  a  sword,  and  the  Legislature  of  Geor- 
gia their  thanks.  In  May,  1815,  Barney  was 
sent  on  a  mission  to  Europe,  but  suffering  from 
his  wound  caused  him  to  return  in  the  fall. 
The  bullet  was  never  extracted  during  his  life. 
Just  as  he  was  about  to  depart  from  Pittsburgh, 
l'eiin.,  with  his  family,  to  Kentucky,  where  he 
had  bought  land,  he  died.  His  remains  repose 
iu  the  Allegheny  Cemetery. 

Barre,  COLONEL  Isaac,  was  born  in  Dublin, 
Ireland,  17-20;  died  in  London,  July  20.  1802. 
His   parents   were  French,  his  father   being   a 


veyed  to  his  farm  at  Flkridgo,  Md.  The  bul- 
let that  gave  him  the  wound,  from  which  be 
never  fairly  recovered,  is  preserved  in  the  Navj 
Department     The  Corporation   of  Washington 


i  OLONXL   BARKE. 

small  tradesman  in  Dublin.  Isaac  entered  the 
British  army  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  and  par- 
ticipated  ill    the  expedition    againsl    I.ouisbiirg 

iu  1758.     Wolfe  was  his  friend,  and  appointed 

him  major  Of  brigade ;   and  in  May.  1769,  he  was 

made  adjutant  -general  of  Wolfe's  army  that  as- 
sailed Quebec.  He  was  severely  wounded  in 
the    battle   on    the    Plains   of  Abraham    (which 

sec;,  by  which  he  lost  tin-  sight  of  one  eye.   Barre 

Served  under  Amherst  in  1760)  and  was  the  of- 
ficial bearer  Of  the  news  of  the  surrender  of 
Montreal  to  England.  In  17(il  he  was  promoted 
to  lieutenant-colonel,  and  the  same  year  he  ob- 
tained a  seat  in  Parliament,  win-re-  he  found 
himself  in  Opposition  to  the  ministry.      For  this 

offence  he  was  deprived  of  his  offices,  given  him 

as  a  reward  for  his  services  in  America.  lb- 
was  the  warm  friend  of  the  colonics,  and  made 

aide   speeches   in    Parliament   in   their   favor. 

Barre*  was  one  of  the  supposed  authors  of  the 
Letters  of  Junius.  Strong  in  person,  vigorous 
in  mind,  independent  in  thought  and  action,  he 
was    a    dreaded    opponent.        During     the    last 

twenty  years  of  his  lit.-  he  was  blind. 

Barre  (M.  DE  la),  Expedition  of.     In    1684 
M.  de    la     Kane    prepared     for     an    expedition 

from  Canada  to  the  country  of  the  Five  Nations 
(which  see).  His  forces  consisted  of  700  Cana- 
dians. 130  regular  Soldiers,  and  200  Indians. 
Detained,  by  an  epidemic  disease  among  the 
French  soldiers,  at  Fort  Frontcnac  for  si.\  weeks, 


BARRON"  1( 

be  was  compelled  to  conclude  the  campaign 
with  a  treaty.  He  crossed  Lake  Ontario  for 
thai  purpose,  and  at  a  designated  place  was 
met  by  Oneidas,  Onondagas,  and  Cayugas,  the 
Mohawks  and  Seneoas  refusing  to  attend.  Barre* 
assumed  much  dignity.  Seated  on  a  chair  of 
state,  with  his  French  and  Indian  officers  forming 
a  circle  around  him.  lie  addressed  himself  to  Gar- 
angula, the  Onondaga  chief,  in  a  very  haughty 
speech,  which  he  concluded  with  a  threat  of 
burning  the  castles  of  the  Five  Nations,  and 
destroying  the  Indians  themselves,  unless  the 
satisfaction  which  he  demanded  was  given.  To 
this  address  Garangula  made  a  cool  but  bold  and 
decisive  speech  in  reply.  It  made  the  haughty 
Barre"  very  angry,  and  he  retired  to  his  tent. 
where,  after  deliberation,  lie  prudently  suspend- 
ed his  menaces.  A  treaty  of  peace  was  con- 
cluded; and  two  days  afterwards  Barre  and  his 
retinue  departed  for  Canada.  Garangula  had 
said,  while  holding  a  calumet  in  his  hand,  as 
he  answered  the  arrogant  speech  of  the  French- 
man, "  Oununteo,  I  honor  you,  and  all  the  war- 
riors who  ate  with  me  honor  you.  Your  inter- 
preter has  finished  your  speech;  I  now  begin 
mine.  My  words  make  haste  to  reach  your 
ears:  hearken  to  them,  Oununteo.  In  setting 
out  from  Quebec  you  must  have  imagined  that 
the  scorching  beams  of  the  sun  had  burned  down 
tbe  forests  which  render  our  country  inaccessi- 
ble to  tbe  French,  or  that  the  inundations  of 
the  lakes  had  shut  us  up  in  our  castles.  But 
now  you  are  undeceived  ;  for  I  and  my  war- 
riors have  come  to  assure  you  that  the  Senecas, 
Cayugas,  Onondagas,  Oneidas.  and  Mohawks  are 
yet  alive."  After  ascribing  Bane's  pacific  over- 
tures to  the  impotency  of  the  French,  and  re- 
pelling the  charges  brought  against  his  coun- 
trymen, lie  added.  '•  We  are  born  free;  we  have 
no  dependence  on  the  Oununteo  or  the  Corleax." 
(These  names  Bignify  respectively  the  governors 

of  Canada  and  of  New  York.)  Garangula  con- 
cluded his  defiant  speech  by  saving  his  voice 
was  thai  of  tbe  Five  Nations;  and  thai  when 
they  buried  the   hatchet  at  a   former  treaty,  in 

the  presence  of  bis  predecessors, they  planted  a 
tree  of  peace  in  tbe  same  place,  and  thai  peace- 
ful relations  were  then  pledged  to  each  other. 
•■  I  do  assure  you,"  he  said,  "that  our  warriors 
shall  dance  to  the  calumet  of  peace  under  its 
branches,  and  that  we  shall  never  dig  up  the 
axe  to  cut  it  down  until  the  Oununteo  (the 
French)  or  tie-  Corlear  (the  English)  shall  either 
jointly  or  separately  endeavor  to  invade  tbe 
country  which  the  Great  Spirit  has  given  to 
our  ancestors." 

Barron,  Jambs,  commodore  F.  s.  Navy,  was 
born   in  Virginia    in   1768J   died  at   Norfolk.  Va.. 

April  21,  1851.  On  the  formation  of  the  U.S. 
Naw  in  1798,  Barron  |  who  bad  begun  bis  naval 
career  under  bis  father,  commander  of  the  Vir- 
ginia Navy  during  the  war  for  independence) 

was  made  a  lieutenant,  and  served  under  Barry 
in  the  brief  naval  war  with  Fiance.  In  1799 
he  was  made  a  Captain  anil  sent  to  tin-  Mediter- 
ranean, under  the  command  of  his  elder  brother, 

Conn lore  Samuel  Barron,  our  of  the  lust  dis- 

ciplinalians  in   the  sei  \  ice.      .lames  wa.>  in  coni- 


6  BARRY 

mand  of  the  frigate  Chesapeake  in  1*07,  and  sur- 
rendered her  to  \\w  Leojxud. a  British  ship  of  war, 
for  which  he  was  court-mart  hilled  and  sentenced 
to  be  suspended  from  service  for  five  years  with- 
out pay  or  emoluments.  (See  Chesapeake  and 
Leopard.)  During  that  suspension  he  entered 
the  merchanl  service,  and  remained  abroad  un- 
til 181S,  when  an  attempt  was  made  to  restore 


him  to  duty  in  the  naval  service.  Commodore 
Decatur  and  other  officers  resisted  this,  and  a 
bitter  correspondence  between  Barron  and  De- 
catur ensued.  Barron  challenged  bis  antago- 
nist to  fighl  a  duel.  They  met  near  Bladenshurg 
(March  22,  1820),  and  Decatur  was  mortally 
wounded.  Barron  was  severely  hurt,  but  recov- 
ered after  several  months  of  suffering.  During 
the  latter  years  of  his  long  life  Barron  held  sev- 
eral important  commands  on  shore. 

Barron,  SAMUEL,  was  a  brother  of  Commo- 
dore .lames  Barron,  and  was  born  at  Hampton. 
Va..  about  1763;  died  Oct.  29,  1-1".  He.  like 
bis  brother,  had  a  training  in  the  navy  under 
bis  father.      Ill   1798  he  Commanded  the  Aiti/iista, 

prepared  by  the  citizens  of  Norfolk  to  resist  the 
aggressions  of  the  French.  He  took  a  conspic- 
uous pari  in  the  war  with  Tripoli  (which  seel; 
ami   in    1805   hi'  commanded    a  squadron   of  ten 

vessels,  wnb  tb.'  President;  as  tbe  flag-ship.  He 
assisted  in  the  capture  of  the  Tripolitan  town 
of  Dei  -lie.  April  -J7.  l-n;>.  Barron  soon  after- 
wards relinquished  his  oommand  to  Captain  John 
dodgers,  and  on  account  of  ill-health  returned 
to  the  United  States. 

Barry,  John,  a  commodore  of  the  1 
was  born  at  Taeunubane, Wexford  Co.,  Ireland, 
m    it  I;.;  died   in   Philadelphia,  Sept.  IS,   i-"- 

He  went  to  sea  while  he  was  \  el  v  \oiing.  be- 
came the  commander  of  a  ship,  and  gained  con- 
siderable wealth.  Iii  February,  1776,  he  was  ap- 
pointed bj  Congress  to  oommand  the  Lexington, 

tout  teen  guns,  which,  alter  a  sharp  action,  capt- 


BARRY 


107 


BARTLETT 


nredtlie  tender  Edward.  This  was  the  first  vessel  successfully  until  May.  IT-4:*.  After  the  reorgan- 
captured  by  a  commissioned  officer  of  the  U.  S. '  izatiou  of  the  1".  S.  Navy  in  1794,  Barry  was 
Navy.      Barry   was    transferred    to    the   frigate    named    tin-    senior    officer.       He    superintended 


Effingham;  and  in  the  Delaware, at  the  head  of 
four  boats,  he  captured  an  English  schooner,  in 


1777,  without  the  loss  of  a  man.  lie  was  public- 
ly thanked  by  Washington.  When  Howe  took 
Philadelphia, late  in  1777.  Barry  took  the  Effing- 
ham ap  the  Delaware  with  the  hope  of  saving 
her,  hut  she  was  burned  by  the  British.  Howe 
had  offered  him  a  large  bribe  if  he  would  de- 
liver the  ship  to  him  at  Philadelphia,  but  it  was 
scornfully  rejected.  Barry  took  command  of 
the  Raleigh,  212,  in  September,  1778,  bul  British 
Cruisers  OOmpelled  him  to  run  her  ashore  in 
Penobscot  Bay.  In  the  frigate  Alliance,  in  1781, 
he  sailed  for  France  with  ColonelJohn  Laurens, 
who  was  sent  on  a  Bpeoial  mission;  and  after- 
wards ho  cruised  successfully  with  thai   Bhip. 


At  the  close  of  Maj  be  captured  the  Atlanta  and 
Trespass,  after  a  severe  fight.  Returning  in  Oc- 
tober, the  Alliance  "as  refitted,  and,  after  tak- 
ing Lafayette  and  the  Count  dc  Noailles  to 
Prance,  Barrj  cruised  in  the  West  Indies  very 


the  building  of  the  frigate  United  suites,  to  the 
command  of  which  he.  was  assigned,  hut  never 
entered  upon  the  duty.  Commodore  Barry  was 
buried  in  the  cemetery  <>f  St.  Mary's  Roman 
Catholic  Church  on  Fonrth  Street,  Philadelphia. 
The  large  recumbent  slab  of  white  marble  over 
his  grave  contains  a  long  inscription. 

Bartlett,  .John  h'rssri.i..  author,  was  born  in 
Providence,  K.  L, Oct. 23,  1806.  He  was  for  six 
years  of  his  early  manhood  cashier  of  the  Globe 
Bank  in  Providence,  and  an  active  member  <>f 
the  ■•  Pranklill  Society  for  the  Cultivation  of 
Science."  lie  was  also  one  of  the  projectors  of 
the  Atheneum  at  Providence.  In  1837  he  en- 
gaged in  business  in  New  York  City,  and  was 
for  some  time  an  efficient  corresponding  secre- 
tary of  tin'  New  York  Historical  Society.  Mr. 
Bartlett  was  associated  with  Albert  Gallatin  as 
a  projector  and  founder  of  the  American  Eth- 
nological Society.  In  1850,  in  company  with 
Mr.  Welford,  he  established  a  foreign  hook-store 
in  New  Fork;  and  in  thai  year  be  was  appoint- 
ed by  President  Taylor  a  commissioner,  under 
the  treaty  of  peace  with  Mexico  in  1848,  to  settle 
the  boundary-line  between  that  country  and  the 
United  states.  He  was  engaged  in  that  ser- 
vice until  Jau. 7,1853,  making  extensive  surveys 

and  explorations,  with  elaborate  scientific  obser- 
vations; hut,  owing  to  a  failure  of  Congress  to 
make  the  necessary  appropriations,  he  did  not 
complete  his  work,  lie  published  a  personal 
narrative  of  his  experience  in  that  region  in  1854. 
In  May.  1855,  he  was  chosen  Secretary  of  State 
of  Rhode  Island,  which  office  If  held  until  1872, 
a  period  of  seventeen  years.  He  edited  and 
published  the  Records  of  the  Colony  of  Rhode  Isl- 
and and  Providence  Plantations,  in  ten  volumes; 
also  an  Index  to  tin  Acts  mid  Resolves  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  of  Rhode  Island  from  1758  to  1862. 
In  1847  Mi.  Bartlett  published  a  little  volume 
on  the  Progress  of  Ethnology;  aud  in  1848  a  Dic- 
tionary of  Americanisms,  since  revised  ami  en- 
larged. He  also  published  a  Bibliography  of 
Rhode  Island,  Literature  of  the  Rebellion,  Memoir* 
of  Rhode  Island  Men.  Primeval  Man.  and  several 
other  works. 

Bartlett,  .lost am.  M.D.,  a  signer  of  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence,  was  horn  at  Amesbury, 
.21,  1729;  died  May  P.),  1795.  Edu- 
cated in  a  common  school  and  taught  the  Bci- 
euce  of  medicine  by  a  practitioner  in  his  native 
town,  young  Bartlett  began  the  business  of  a 
healer  at  Kingston,  N.  II.,  in  1750,  and  soon  be- 
came quite  eminent  by  his  success.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  New  Hampshire  Legislature  from 
17ti,")  until  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  of  the 
Revolution.  In  1771)  he  was  appointed  by  the 
royal  governor  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  militia, 
but  on  account  of  his  patriotic  tendencies  he 
was  deprived  of  the  Office  in  1775.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Committee  of  Safety,  upon  whom 
for  a  time  devolved  the  whole   executive  power 

of  the  government  of  the  state.  A  delegate  to 
Congress  iu  1775-76,  ho  was  the  first  to  give  his 


BARTLETT  1 

vote  for  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and 
its  lirst  signer  after  the  President  of  Congress. 

lie  was  with  Stark  in  theBeuningtou  campaign 
(see  Bennington,  Battle  of),  in  1777,  as  agent  of  the 
state  to  provide  medicine  and  other  necessaries 
for  the  New  Hampshire  troops.  In  Congress 
again  in  177c1,  lie  was  very  active  in  committee 
duties;  and  in  1779  he  was  appointed  chief-jus- 
tice of  the  Common  Pleas  in  his  stale.  In  1782 
he  was  a  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  New 
Hampshire,  and  chief-justice  in  1788.  Judge 
Bartle,tt  retired  from  public  life  in  17'J4.  on  ac- 
count of  feeble  health,  having  been  president  of 
the  state  from  1790  to  1793,  and,  under  the  new 
constitution,  governor  in  1793.  .He  was  the 
chief  founder  and  the  president  of  the  New 
Hampshire  Medical  Society,  ami  received  the 
honorary  degree  of  M.D.  from  Dartmouth  Col- 
lege. 

Bartlett,  William  Francis,  was  born  at  Hav- 
erhill, Mass.,  June  6,  1840,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1862.  He  entered  the  army  of  vol- 
unteers as  captain  in  the  summer  of  1861;  was 
engaged  in  the  battle  of  Ball's  Bluff  (which  Bee), 
and  lost  a  leg  in  the  siege  of  Yorktowu  in  1862. 
He  was  made  colonel  of  a  Massachusetts  regi- 
ment in  November,  1862,  aud  took  part  iu  the 
capture  of  Port  Hudson  in  1863.  In  the  siege 
of  Petersburg  (1864)  he  commanded  a  division 
of  the  Ninth  Corps,  and  at  the  explosion  of  the 
mine  there  he  was  made  prisoner,  but  exchanged 
in  September.  In  1865  he  was  breveted  major- 
general  of  volunteers. 

Barton,  William,  was  born  in  Providence, 
R.  I.,  in  1747;  died  there  Oct.  22, 1831.  Holding 
the  rank  of  lieutenant- colonel  in  the  Rhode 
Island  militia,  he,  with  a  small  party,  crossed 


WILLIAM    BARTON. 

Narraganset  Hay  in  the  nigh!  (Jnlj   10,  1777  |  and 

seized    aud    carried    away    the    British    general, 

1'reseotl.        I   See     I'll  sintt ,  Ciljitiin     <•!'.*         I'm      llu~ 

service  Congress  gave  trim  i  iword  and  ■  com 
mission  of  colonel  In  the  Continental  army.    He 

was   wounded    in   an   actum   at    Bristol    I  '■  i  r\    in 
August,  177-.  and  was  disabled  from  further  scr- 


8  BATTLE  OF  THE  KEGS 

vice  in  the  war.  Colonel  Barton  was  a  member 
of  the  Rhode  -Island  Convention  which  fiually 
adopted  the  National  Constitution. 

Bartram,  William,  naturalist,  was  born  at 
Kingsessing,  Penu.,  Feb.  9,  1739;  died  July  22, 
1^-23.  He  began  business  iu  North  Carolina  in 
1761,  aud  became  a  devoted  student  of  natural 
history.  His  father,  John,  a  native  of  Chester 
County,  Penu.,  was  the  founder  of  the  first  bo- 
tanical gardeu  in  America.  It  was  on  the 
banks  of  the  Schuylkill.  William  accompanied 
his  father,  when  the  latter  was  seventy  years 
of  age,  in  a  botanical  excursion  and  exploration 
of  East  Florida,  and  resided  some  time  ou  the 
banks  of  the  St. John's  River,  returning  home  in 
1771.  He  was  employed  by  Dr.  Fothergill  of 
London,  in  1773-78,  in  botanical  explorations 
aud  collections  in  Florida,  Georgia,  aud  South 
Carolina.  Mr.  Bartram  was  a  member  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society  and  other  sci- 
eiitilic  associations  in  the  United  States  and 
Europe.  In  1790  he  published  an  account  of 
his  travels  in  the  Gulf  region,  in  which  he  gave 
an  account  of  the  (reck,  Chocktaw,  and  Chero- 
kee Indians.  Mr.  Bartram  made  the  most  com- 
plete table  of  American  Ornithology  previous  to 
the  work  of  Wilson,  and  to  him  we  are  indebted 
for  a  knowledge  of  many  curious  and  beautiful 
plants  peculiar  to  North  America. 

Bastidas,  BODBBIGO  DK,  with  Juan  de  la 
Cosa,  sailed  towards  the  Western  Continent 
with  two  ships  in  1502,  and  discovered  the  coast 
of  South  America  from  (ape  de  Vela  to  tin- 
Gulf  of  Darien.  Ojeda,  with  Americus  Vespu- 
cius.  went  in  the  same  course  soon  afterwards, 
ignorant  of  this  expedition  of  Bastidas,  touched 
at  the  same  places,  and  proceeded  to  Hispaniola. 
or  Santo  1  lomingo. 

Baton  Rouge,  Battlk  at.  General  Williams 
was  in  command  at  Baton  Rouge  in  August. 
1862.  General  Van  Doru  sent  General  .).  ('. 
Breckinridge  to  seize  the  port.     He  expected 

to  be  aided  by  the  "ram"  Arl.uiisux  (which  seel. 
He  attacked  the  Nationals  vigorously  on  the 
morning  of  Aug.  5.  Williams  had  only  about 
2500  men  to  oppose  the  assailants;  Breckin- 
ridge had  50011.  The  tirst  blow  struck  fell  upon 
Maine.  Indiana,  and  Michigan  troops,  who  were 
pushed  back:  when  others  from  Connecticut. 
Massachusetts,  and  Wisconsin,  with  two  sec- 
tions of  a  battery,  hastened  to  their  relief.  The 
battle    raged    about    two   hours.       The  Twenty- 

t'ust  Indiana  lost  all  its  field  officers.  General 
Williams  then  to.de  command  of  tin-  regiment, 

and  was  leading  them  on,  when  he  was  killed 
by  a  bullet  that  passed  through  his  breast. 
The  Nationals  fell  back.  The  Confederates, 
dreadfully  smitten,  did   likewise,  and   retreated. 

Baton  Rouge  was  Boon  afterwards  evacuated 
ii\  t he  Nat ionals. 
Battle  of  the  Kegs.     In  January,  1778,  w  bile 

the  channel  of  the  Delaware  Ki\er  was  ncarh 
flee  of  ice,  some  WlligS  at   Iioldelltow  11 .  N  .  .1 ..  sell  t 

floating  down  the  stream  some  torpedoes  in  the 

form  of  kegs  filled  with  gunpowder,  and  BO  ar- 
ranged with  machinery  that  on  robbing  against 

an   object    I  In  y    would  explode.       It    was   hoped 


BATTLE  OF  THE  KEGS  1 

that  some  of  these  torpedoes  might  touch  a  Brit- 
ish war-vessel,  explode,  and  sink  her.  One  of 
them,  touching  a  piece  of  floating  ice  in  front  of 
the  city,  blew  up,  and  created  intense  alarm. 
For  twenty-four   hours   afterwards  not  a  thing 

was  seen  floating  ou  the  bosom  of  the  river  w  ith- 

out,  being  tired  at  by  musket  or  cannon.  This 
event  greatly  amused  the  Americans, and  Fran- 
cis Hopkinson,  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence,  wrote  a  satirical  poem 
entitled  the  "Battle  of  the  Kegs."  The  follow- 
ing is  a  copy  of  this  famous  poem: 

BATTLE   OF   THE   KEGS. 
Gallants  attend,  and  hear  a  friend 

Trill  forth  harmonious  dilty; 
Strange  things  I'll  toll,  which  late  befell 

In  Philadelphia  city. 
"Twas  early  day,  as  poets  say. 

.Inst  when  the  sun  was  rising, 
A  soldier  stood  on  log  of  wood. 
And  saw  a  thing  surprising 

As  in  amaze  he  stood  to  gaze 

(The  truth  can  i 
He  spied  ir  more, 

Come  Boating  down  the  tide,  sir. 

A  sailor,  too,  in  jerkin  hlue. 

nance  viewing, 

Then  said.  "Some  mischiefs  brewing: 

"These  kegs,  I'm  told,  the  rebels  hold, 

I  up  like  pickled  herring ; 
And  they've  nun.-  down  t  attack  the  town 
In  this  new  way  of  fen  | 

Tin'  -oldicr  flew,  Urn  sa 

.fd  almost  i"  death,  sir. 
Wore  "in  their  shoes  i"  spread  lb 

And  ran  till  out  of  breath,  sir 

Now  up  and  down,  throughout  the  town, 

nee  were  acted  , 
Ami  some  ran  here,  and  others  there. 

Like  men  almost  distracted 
Some  fire  cried,  which  some  denied, 

Bui  said  ihc  earth  had  quaked  ; 

And  girls  and  b 

Ran  through  tin-  streets  half  naked. 

Sir  William*  he.  snug  as  a  Ilea, 

In  am  d  of  barm  as  he  lay  warm 

In  hod  with  Mr-    I 

Now,  in  a  fright,  he  starts  upright, 
Awaked  by  such  a  clatter ; 

and  boldly  cries, 

" For  God's  sake,  what's  the  matter?" 
At  ins  bedside  he  then  i 

sir  Krskine.t  at  oomman 
Upon  one  fool  he  had  one  boot, 

Ami  t'other  In  hi-  hand,  sir 

"Arise  I  arise!"  Sir  Krskine  cries  ; 

■■The  rebels  -more's  tbi  | 
Without  a  boat,  are  all  afloat, 

And  ranged  before  the  city 
"The  motley  crew.  In  vessels  new. 

With  Satan  for  their  gu  di 
Pack-  d  np  In  b  i| 

Come  driving  down  the  i  d 

"Therefore  prepare  for  bloody  war; 
egs  iimsi  all  be  routed  ; 

Or  surely  we  despised  shall  he. 

And  British  courage  doubted  " 

The  royal  hand  now  ready  stand. 

All  ranged  in  dread  array,  sir. 
With  stomach  si 

And  make  a  bloody  da. 


«  Sir  William  Howe. 

ion  refugee,  who  was  then  a  commissary 
hi  Philadelphia  i  by  some  as 

■  i  uelty,  while  others 
speak  of  him  a    an  honorable  man. 
t  Sir  William  Bi 


The  cannons  roar  from  shore  to  shore, 

The  small  arms  loud  did  rattle; 
Since  wars  began  I'm  sure  no  man 

E  er  saw  so  slrange  a  battle. 

The  rebel  dales,  the  rebel  vales, 

With  rebel  trees  surrounded, 
The  distant  woods,  the  hills  and  floods, 

With  rebel  echoes  sounded. 

The  fish  below  swam  to  and  fro, 
Attack'd  from  every  quarter; 
Why  sure  (thought  they),  the  devil's  to  pay 
Mong  folks  above  tbe  water. 

The  kegs,  'tis  said,  though  strongly  made 

Of  rebel  staves  and  hoops,  sir. 
Could  not  oppose  their  powerful  foes, 

The  couq'ring  British  troops,  sir. 

From  morn  to  night  these  men  of  might 

Display'd  amazing  courage. 
And  when  tbe  sun  was  fairly  down, 

Ketired  to  sup  their  porridge. 

A  hundred  men,  with  each  a  pen, 

Or  more,  upon  my  word.  sir. 
It  Is  most  true,  would  be  too  few, 

Their  valor  to  record,  sir. 

Such  feats  did  they  perform  that  day 

Against  these  wicked  k. ■_ 
Thai,  years  to  come,  if  they  get  home. 
They'll  make  their  boasts  and  br  if 

Battles.  The  principal  battles  in  which  the 
people  of  the  United  States  have  been  engaged, 
as  colonists  and  as  a  nation,  are  as  follows: 

1   t:t   \<   II    AND    INDIAN    WAIi. 

fircat  Meadows May  38,  17,r>4 

July     4, 

Fori  Bean  Bejour lum 

Fort  Oasperaaux 17,   " 

Honongabela inly    !),    " 

Hi ly  Pond  (near  Lake  George),   .     .    .     .Sept 

Head  of  Lake  George "       8,    " 

Oswego Aug.  14,1756 

Fort  William  Henry July    6, 1757 

" 

Ticomleroga "       8,     " 

Loulsburg "    26,    " 

Fort  Fronlenac Aug.  27,    " 

Allegheny  Mountains Sept.  21,     " 

ira July  ■!:>,  I7r>;i 

Monimorcmi •■     81,    " 

Plains  of  Abraham, Bapl  IS,    " 

Biliary, April  38, 1760 

OLD   WAR   FOU    INDEPENDENt  K. 

Lexington April  10,  177."i 

Hunker's  (Breed's)  Hill June  17,     " 

Near  Montreal  (Ethan  Allen  captured), .     .     Sept.  26,    " 
SI  John's,  Siege  and  Capture  of,    . 

Ureal  Bridge, Dec 

"     31,    " 

reek  Hridge Feb   37,  i77r. 

Huston  (Evacuation  of) Mar    17.  '< 

la May     9,  " 

June    8,  " 

Fort  Sullivan  (Charleston  harbor),    .    .    . 

l.ong  Island.     .     .                                         .     .  Aug.  27,  ' " 

Harlem  Plains Sept    18,  " 

Wl Plains Ocl 

Fori  Washington Nov.  16,  " 

Trenton Dec.   36,  " 

Princeton Jan.     3,  1777 

Habbardton Juh 

on Aug.  li'.,  ■■ 

Brandywine Sept  it,  " 

Bemis's  Heights  (first] "    19,  " 

" 

Germantown Oct.     4,  " 

Forts  Clinton  and  Montgomery,     ....-•      6,  " 

Bemis's  Heights  (second), "      7,  " 

"     22,  " 

lort  Mitllin Nov 

b lime  38  1778 

July    4.  " 

Quaker  Hill  (H.  I), Aug.  39,  " 

Savannah Dec.  29,  " 

h Feb.    14,1779 

k Mar.     a,  ■' 

rry Juno  20,  " 

Stony  Point July  16,  " 


BATTLES 

Paulus's  Hook, Aug.  19, 1779 

Chemung  (near  Elmlra,N.Y.),     ....       "29,  " 

Savannah, Oct.     9,  " 

Charleston  (Siege  and  Surrender  of),     .     .     .May   12, 1780 

Springfield  (N.  J.), June  23, 

Rocky  Mount  (N.  C), July  30,  " 

Hanging  Rock  (N.C.) Aug.    6,  " 

itu,  S.  C),   .     .        "     16,  " 

King's  Mountain  (S.  C.), Oct.      7,  " 

Fish  Dam  Ford, Nov.  is, 

Blackstocks, "     20,  " 

Cowpens, Jan.   17,1781 

Guilford Mar.  U,  " 

Hobkirks  Hill April  25,  " 

Ninety  six  (Siege  of), May  &  June,  " 

Augusla  (Siege  of), "  " 

Jamestown, July    9,  " 

Entaw Spring Sept    x,  ■> 

Yorktown  (Siege  of), Sept.  4:  Oct.  " 

WAR  WITH  THE  INDIANS. 

Miami  River Oct.  19  &  22, 1790 

St  Clair's  Defeat, Nov.    4.1791 

Fort  St.  Clair, "       6,  1798 

Near  Fort  St.  Clair Oct.    17.  1793 

Fort  Recovery June  30, 1794 

Maumee  Rapids  (Fallen  Timber),    ....  Aug.  20,  " 

Tippecanoe, Nov.    7, 1811 

SECOND   WAR    FOR    INDEPENDENCE— 1812-15. 
Fort  Mackinaw, July  17. 1813 

Brownstown, Aug.    4,  " 

Maguaga, ••       9,  " 

Chicago  (Massacre  at), "     16,  " 

i  rendered), "     16,  " 

Fort  Harrison, Sept  4  &  6,  " 

Fort  Madison, Sept  4-6,  " 

Gananoqul Sepl  21,  •■ 

u  Heights, Oct.    13,  " 

si.  Regie "    28,  " 

■  ra, Nov.  21,  " 

Black  Rock " 

French  Town  (River  Raisin),    ....      Jan.  18-22, 1813 

Elizabethtown  (Canada), Feb.     7,  " 

irg "     22,  " 

York  (Toronto), April  27,  " 

Fort  Meigs Way     5,  " 

ge, "     27,  " 

Sackett'S  Harbor, "     29,  " 

Stony  (reek, Juno   6,  " 

Hampton  (Defence  of) ■'     13,  " 

Crane;  island, 

Beaver  Dams "    2:1.  " 

Near  Fort  George, July    8,  " 

Black  Rock, "     11,  " 

Fort  George  (Defence  of  Outworks),     ..."     17,  " 

Fori  Stephenson Aug.    2,  " 

Slonington  (Bombardment  of) Aug. 9-11, 

Fori  Minis Aug.  30,  " 

Thames ■    .     .     .     .  Oct.     5,  " 

French  Creek, Nov.  142,  " 

Tallasehatche, Nov.   3,  •• 

Talladega 

Field "     11,  '• 

Hillabee  Town, "    18, 



ira Dec.   19,  " 

:i "       23,  " 

Black  Rock, 

Emucmu  (Ala.) I.u. 

Eootochopco  (Ala.), 

Camp  Defiance, "    27, 

Longwoode Mar.    4,  " 

I'.end "     27,  " 

LaColle  Mills, 

Ma]  1 

Bandy  Creek Hi 

Odell  Town lune  28,  " 

July    3,  " 

Chippewa 

Champlain July  18 

I. undy's  Lane  (Niagara  Falls) Jul] 

Fort  Mackinack  (Mackinaw) Aug     1 

Fori  Km- 

Bladensburg \ 

Plallslmrg Sepl   11,  " 

North  Polnl  

Fort  McHenry  (Bombardment  of), .  "     13,  " 

Fori  Bower,  

■m) ■■      17.  ■■ 



ek ■'     !'■'.  '■ 

I 
;  mutton  [New  Orleans),  r> 

Rodriguez  .us), .     ...     Jan       I  ISIS 


BATTLES 

New  Orleans, Jan.    8  1815 

inlip "     9,    " 

Point  l'etre  (Ga), "   13,    " 

hlack  hawk  war  (which  see). 

May  to  August,  1832. 

SEMINOLE    WAR 1835-42. 

Micanopy j„ne    9>  lg36 

Fori  Drane Aug.  21,    " 

Wahoo  Swamp Nov.  17, 18,  &21,    " 

Okeechobee  Lake, Dec.  25,1837 

uchee July  23,  lb39 

Fort  King, Apr,128,  1840 

Near  Fori  Brooke »ar     2  1841 

Big  Hammock, April  19,  1842 

WAR  AGAINST  MEXICO. 

Fort  Brown, May    3,  1846 

Palo  Alto, "       8,  " 

la  Talma "       9,  " 

Sonoma  and  Sonoma  Pass June  15,  " 

Monterey Sept.  21-23,  " 

Braceta Dec.  25,  " 

San  Gabriel, Jan.     8,  1847 

"       9,  " 

F.ncarnacion, "     23,  " 

Buena  Vista Feb.  23  I 

Chihuahua Feb.  28,  " 

Vera  Cruz  (Surrendered!, Mar.  20.  •• 

Alvarado April  2,  " 

Cerro  Gordo, "     18,  " 

Coutreras Aug.  20,  " 

Churubusco, ••     20,  " 

El  Molino  del  Rey, Sept    8,  " 

Chapultepec, Sept.  12-14,  " 

Puebla Sept  a 

Huaniantla, Oct      9,  " 

Allixco, "     18,  •' 

CIVIL   WAR. 

Fort  Sumter  (Evacuated) April  14, 1861 

Big  Bethel  (Va.) June  10,     " 

li  (Mo.) ••     17,    '• 

Carthage  (Mo.), July     6,     " 

Rich  Mountain  (Va.) ■•     10,    " 

Bulls  Run  (Va)  (first) "     21,     " 

Aug 

Hatleras  Forls  Captured Aug. 21 

Carnifez  Ferry  (Va.) Sept  10,    " 

Lex  ngton  (Mo.) " 

Santa  Rosa  Island Oct.     9.     ■ 

Ball's  Bluff  (Va.) ••    21.    •• 

Port  Royal  Expedition  [&  C.) Oct.  to  Nov.     " 

Belmont  (Mo.) Nov.    7.     " 

Middle  Creek  (Ky.) Jan.  10,1862 

Fort  Henry  (Tenn.) Feb.     6,     " 

Roanoke  Island  (N.  C.) Feb: 

Ion  Donelson, Feb.  18,    " 

Valvcnd  (New  Mexico) "21.     » 

Pea  Ridge  (Ark.) Mai    I 

Hampton  Roads  {.Won  iter  and.  W<  rri  nine), .   .  Mai 

Shiloh  (Tenn.), April 

Island  Number  Ten  (Surrendered),  .    .    .    April   7, 

Forts  Jackson  and  Bt  Philip April  18-27,    " 

New  Orleans  (Captured) tpril  25  to  May  1, 

Yorktown  (Siege                          ...  April  and  ' 
Williamsburg M   . 

■     ■■ 

Hanover  Court  house '•     27.     " 

Seven  Pines,  or  Fair  Oaks.  M  ■ 

Memphis  (Tenn.1 rui 

-  and  Port  Republic hUK   - 

Seven  Days  before  Richmond,     .        .  June  A  July,    " 

Baton  Rouge  (Iji.) Aug.     5,     " 

Cedar  Monniam  (Va.) 

Hull's  Run  (8       1   ! 

South  Mountain  (Md.) Sepl 

i    rry  (10,000  Nationals  surrend'd), 

Anlielam  (M.I  I. 

luka  (Miss  1 Sepi  IS 

Corinth  (MIsb.) .    Osl 

Perryville  (Ky  ) 

Fredericksburg  [Va  ), 

Holly  Sprin.-    ' 

Btone  River  (Murlrai  sboro',  Tenn  ), 

and  .1 
Jan    11. 
tprll  11  1  ■  M 

M  i]     1.    " 
Chancellors           1  1  1       • 



BAYAED  i: 

Jarkson  (Miss .) May  14, 18G3 

Champion  Hill  (Miss.), "     16,  " 

Big  Black  River  (Miss.), "     17,  " 

Vicksburg(Miss.) Hay  19-22,  " 

Port  Hudson  (U), May  27,  '• 

Hanover  Junction  (Pa.), June  30,  " 

Gettysburg  (Pa.) July  1-4,  >< 

i-g  (Surrendered!, "       4, 

Helena  (Ark.) "       4,  " 

Port  Hudson  (Surrendered) "       9,  " 

Jackson  (Miss.) "      Ni.  " 

Port  Wagner  (S.  C. ) July  10-18,  " 

I .  real  Raid  (Ind.  and  0. ),  June  24  to  July  36,  " 

Ctaiclcamauga Sept.  19  &  20,  " 

Campbell's  Suction  (Tenn.) Nov.  16,  " 

Knoxville  (Tenn. ;  Besieged),     .    .  Nov.  17  to  Dec  4,  " 

Lookout  Mounuin  (Tenn.) Nov.  24,  » 

Missionaries' Ridge  (Tenn.) " 

01ustoe(Fla.), Feb.   30,  1864 

Sabine  Cross  Roads  (La.), April    8,  " 

Hill  (La.), 

Fort  Pillow  (Tenn. ;  Massacre  at),  .     ..."     12,  " 

Wilderness  (Va. ) May  5  4  6,  ■ 

...  ) May  Hk  15,  " 

inia Courthouse  (Va.) May  7-12,  " 

Bermuda  Hundred May  10,  " 

New  Hope  Church  (Ca. ), "     26, 

Cool  Arbor  (Va  |, Junel-3,  " 

:  ib's  Attack),    ...        "      16,  '■ 

■ad(Va), June  21  • 

Juno  27,  ■ 

I  .'reek  (Ca.) July  20,  " 

Decatur  (Ga  i "     23,  " 

Atlanta  («a.) 

Petersburg  (Va. ;  Mine  Explosion),  ...       "     BO,  -; 

Mobile  llav AQg  6,      " 

Auk  :)1  .v.  Sc-j.t  I 

Atlanta  ((la  ;  Captured), Sept.  2,     " 

r  (Va.) 

.1.11  (Va.) 

Oct.      II,     •' 

i:.lll(Va.) " 

Franklin  (Tens  I v 

-hi'  (Ha  I lice     II,     •• 

Nashville  (Tenn  |,  .  .     .   Dec  ISA  16,    " 

■   34  ft  as, 

Port  Fisher  (N.  C. ;  Capture  of) Jan 

Kun  (Va.),     .     .  I  eb.     S, 

Five  Forks  (Va.) Mar. 31  &  Apr.  1,    " 

rough  (N.  C),       Mar.   16, 

Bentonville  (N.  C.) 

inlt) April   2,     " 

Appomattox  Court  house  (near) 

' 

Then  has  l d,  from  colonial  times,  desultory 

warfare  quite  frequently  between  the  English- 
American  OolotlistS  anil  llic  Inilian  tribes.  Tin- 
most  formidable  of  these  encounters  were  the 
Peqnod  war,  the  Esopua  war,  King  Philip's  war. 

PoUtiao's  «ar,  I  he  (  reek  and  Seminole  w  ;ii.  and 
wars    with    the   BiOUX.      (See   all   of  these   under 

the  respective  titles.)  # 

Bayard,  QEOROE  D.,  was  horn  in  New  Tort 
in  1835;  killed  at  Fredericksburg,  Va,,  Dec.  14, 
[80S.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1866,  and 
entered  the  cavalry  corps.  Early  in  April,  1861, 
he  was  made  brigadier  general  of  volunteer  cav- 
alry,and  was  attached  to  the  Pennsylvania  Re- 
sei'M-s  (wbich  see).  He  participated  in  the  1  "tit- 
tles fought   bj  thai  eminent  bodj   of  soldiers. 

General    Bayard    served    under    McDowell    and 

Pope  in  Virginia;  and,  after  the  haul.-  of  \u 
tietani  Creek,  he  commanded  a  cavalry  brigade, 
making  frequent  attacks  mi  the  retreating  Con- 
federates, and  driving  them  from  the  gaps  of 
the  Bine  Ridge.  He  was  chief  of  oavalrj  of 
the  Third   \nn\  Corps,  and  was  engaged  in  the 

battles  of  Cedar  .Mountain,  Manassas,  and  in 
the  defence  nf  Washington  City.  In  the  bat- 
tle   of    Fredericksburg,    where     he    fell,    he    was 

attached  to  Franklin's  corps. 

Bayard,  JAMES  AbHTON,  statesman,  was  born 


1     BAYLIS'S  CEEEK,  BATTLE  AT 

in  Philadelphia,  July  28, 1767  ;  died  in  Wilming- 
ton, Del.,  Aug.  6,  1815.  He  was  of  Hugnenot  de- 
scent; graduated  tit  Princeton  in  1784;  studied 
law  tinder  General  Joseph  Reed;  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1787,  and,  settling  in  Delaware, 
soon  acquired  a  high  reputation  as  a  lawyer. 
Mr.  Bayard  was  a  member  of  Congress  from  1797 
to  1803,  and  a  conspicuous  leader  of  the  Federal 
party.     In  1804   he  was  elected  to  the  United 


i:ite,  in  which  he  distinguished  him- 
self in  conducting  the  impeachment  of  Senator 
Blount,  lie  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  secur- 
ing the  election  of  Jefferson  over  Burr  iu  1800; 
and  made,  in  the  House  nf  Representatives,  iii 
1802,  a  powerful  defence  of  t  he  existing  judiciary 
system,  hut  which  was  overthrown.  He  was 
in  l  lie  Senate  when  war  was  declared  against, 
Great  Britain  in  181-2.  In  May.  1813,  he  left  the 
United  States  on  a  mission  to  St.  Petersburg,  to 
treat  for  peace  w  ith  Great  Britain  under  I; ii ssi an 
mediation  (which  Bee).  The  mission  was  fruit- 
less, [n  January,  1814, he  went  to  Holland,  and 
t  hence  to  England.  At  Ghent,  during  that  year, 
he,  with  .J.  Q.  Adams,  Clay,  Gallatin,  and  Rus- 
sell, negotiated  a  treaty  of  peace  with  England 
(which  see).  He  was  preparing  to  go  to  Eng- 
land as  a  commissioner  under  the  treaty, when 
an  alarming  illness  seized  him,  and  he  returned 
home  early  in  1815.  He  died  soon  after  his  ar- 
rival. 

Baylis's  Creek,  Battle  at  (1864).     General 

Hancock  proceeded  to  attack  the  Confederates 
in  front  of  Deep  Bottom  on  the  .lames  River 
Aug.  12,  1864,  His  whole  force  was  placed  on 
transports  at  City  Point,  and  its  destination  re- 
ported to  he  Washington.  This  was  to  deceive 
(In-   Confederates.      That    night   it  went  up  the 

James  River;  hut  so  tardy  was  the  debarkation 

that  the  intended  surprise  of  the  Confederates 
was  not  effected.  Hancock  pushed  some,  of  his 
troops  by  Malvern  Hill  to  (lank  the  Confeder- 


BAYLOR 


112 


BEAUMARCHAIS 


ates'  defence  behind  Baylis's  Creek,  -while  ten 
thousantl  men  were  sent,  uuder  General  Harlow, 
to  assail  their  flank  and  rear.  There  were  other 
dispositions  for  attack-;  but  the  delnj  had  al- 
lowed Lee  to  send  reinforcements,  for  the  move- 
ment seemed  to  threaten  Richmond.  On  the 
morning  of  the  Kith,  General  Birney,  with  Gen- 
eral Terry's  division,  attacked  and  carried  the 
Confederate  lines,  and  captured  three  hundred 
men.  The  Confederates  soon  rallied  and  drove 
him  back.  Another  part  of  the  attacking  force 
was  driven  back,  and  the  attempt  failed. 

Baylor,  George,  a  cavalry  officer  in  the  Rev- 
olution, was  born  in  Hanover  County,  Va. ;  died 
in  Barbadoes  in  1784.  Soon  after  Washington's 
arrival  at  Cambridge  in  1778,  he  appointed  (Aug. 
15)  young  Baylor  as  his  aid.  He  was  a  partici- 
pant in  the  battle  at  Trenton  (which  see),  and 
carried  the  news  of  the  victory  to  Congress, 
when  that  body  presented  him  with  a  horse  ca- 
parisoned for  service,  and  made  him  colonel  of 
dragoons  (Jan.  8,  1777).  A  portion  of  his  com- 
mand were  taken  by  surprise  and  massacred 
(see  Baylor's  Regiment  Surprised)  in  September, 
1778.  Colonel  Baylor  served  until  the  close  of 
the  war. 

Baylor's  Regiment  Surprised.  On  the  night 
of  Sept.  27,  1778,  Lieutenant -colonel  Baylor's 
troop  of  horse,  lying  iu  barns  unarmed,  near 
old  Tappan,  were  surprised  at  midnight  by  the 
British  general  Grey,  while  asleep.  The  Brit- 
ish had  sileutly  cut  off  a  sergeant's  patrol  and 
fell  suddenly  upon  the  sleeping  troopers.  The 
latter,  without  arms  and  powerless,  asked  for 
quarter.  Grey  bad  given  special  orders  not  to 
grant  quarter,  and  out  of  one  hundred  and  four 
prisoners  sixty-seven  were  killed  or  wounded. 
Some  of  the  men  were  bayoneted  in  cold  blood. 
Lieutenant  -  colonel  Baylor  was  wounded  and 
made  prisoner,  and  seventy  horses  were  butch- 
ered. 

Bayonne  Decree.  Bonaparte's  response  to 
the  Embargo  Act  of  1807  (which  see)  was  issued 
from  Bayonne,  April  17,1808.  lie  was  there  to 
dethrone  his  Spanish  allj  to  make  place  for  one 
of  his  own  family.  His  decree  authorized  the 
seizure  and  confiscation  of  all  American  vessels 
in  Fiance,  or  which  might  arrive  in  France.  It 
was  craftily  answered,  when  Armstrong  remon- 
strated that,  as  no  American  vessels  could  be 
lawfully  abroad  after  the  passage  id'  the  Em- 
bargo Act,  those  pretending  to  be  such  must  be 
British  vessels  in  disguise. 

Bayous  in  the  Yazoo  River.  After  the  re- 
pulse of  Sherman  at  Chickasaw  Bayou  (which 
sec.,  other  efforts  were  made  by  troops  and  gun- 
boats to  gain  t he  rear  or  Vicksbnrg.    About  ii\ e 

hundred   troops  under  General    Boss,  with    two 

of  Porter's  gunboats  and  two  mortars,  made  an 
expedition  for  the  purpose.  Passing  through 
bayous,  they  got  into  the  Tallahatchie,  and  not 

far  from  its  junction  with  the  Yalabusha.  near 
the   village   of  Greenwood,  they   encountered 

a   strong    work    called    I'oi  t   lYmhcrton   (March 
After  a    severe   ttrnggle   fol 

days  tin  Nationals  wen-  compelled  to  withdraw. 
Other  expeditions  were  undertaken  in  the  same 


region  ;  and  the  story  of  the  campaign  among 
these  side  waters  of  the  Mississippi,  for  some 
time  in  the  spring  of  1863,  forms  one  of  the  most 
stirring  and  romantic  chapters  iu  the  history 
of  the  Civil  War. 

Bay  State,  the  popular  name  of  Massachu- 
setts, the  colonial  corporate  title  of  which  was 
"The  Massachusetts  Bay."  This  name  it  bore 
until  the  adoption  of  the  National  Constitution 
in  1788. 

Beatty,  John.  M.D..  was  born  in  Bucks  County. 
Peun.,  Dec.  10, 1749;  died  at  Trenton,  N.  J.,  May 
30,  1826.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1769; 
studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Rush  :  took  up  arms, 
and  became  a  colonel  in  the  Pennsylvania  line. 
He  was  made  prisoner  at  Port  Washington 
(which  see),  and  Buffered  much.  In  1778  he  suc- 
ceeded Elias  Boudinot  as  commissary-general  of 
prisoners,  but  resigned  in  17.-0.  He  was  a  dele- 
gate iu  the  Congress  of  the  Confederation.  1783- 
85,  and  of  the  National  Congress,  1793-95.  lb- 
was  Secretary  of  State  for  New  Jersey  for  ten 
years— 1795-1805. 

Beauharnais,  Charles.  Mabqcis  DK,  a  nat- 
ural son  of  Louis  XIV.  He  was  governor  of  New 
France  (Canada)  from  1726  to  174G,  and  held  the 
rank  of  commodore  in  the  French  navy.  On  the 
breaking-out  of  war  with  England  (1745),  be 
built  the  fortress  of  Crown  Point,  which  was 
afterwards  enlarged  and  st  lengthened  by  Am- 
herst.    (See  Croicn  Point.) 

Beaumarchais,  Pierre  ArofSTix  Caron  de, 
born  in  Paris,  Jan. 24, 1732 ;  died  May  19,1799. 
In  his  extreme  youth  he  evinced  great  mechan- 
ical and  musical  talents,  lie  assisted  his  fa- 
ther in  watch-making,  and  afterwards  became 
teacher  of  the  harp  to  the  daughters  of  Louis 
XV.  By  a  marriage  with  the  young  widow  of 
an  old  government  officer,  Caron  obtained  a 
profitable  situation.  She  soon  died.  In  1761 
he  purchased  a  commission  as  secretary  to  the 
king,  a  sinecure  which  conferred  noble  rank  on 
its  possessor,  and  the  name  of  Meauniarchais, 
which  he  had  assumed,  was  legally  confirmed. 
Filtering  into  mercantile  speculations,  he  soon 
acquired  a  large  fqjtnne  and  lucrative  offices. 
Ill  April,  1768,  having  acquired  some  fame  as  a 
dramatic  critic,  he  married  a  rich  widow.  His 
literary  ventures  did  not  succeed  at  first.  Iu 
177H  a  wealthy  financier,  with  whom  he  had 
made  a  valuable  contract,  died.  His  heirs  con- 
tested the  contract,  ami  for  seven  years  Beau- 
marchais carried  on  the  suit,  and  won.  after 
making  wonderful  displays  of  oratorical  pow- 
ers, .lust  afterwards  appeared  his  famous  play, 
i he  Barber  of  Seville.    lb-  was  engaged  in  some 

scandalous  trials.      In   September,  177.").  he  suh- 

mitted  a  memorial  to  the  French  monarch,  in 
which  he  insisted  upon  the  neoeesiij  of  the 
French  government's  secretly  aiding  the  English- 
American  colonies ;  and  as  agent  of  his  govern- 
ment he  passed  some  time  in  England,  where  he 
became  acquainted  with  Arthur  Fee,  which  ac- 
quaintance led  to  diplomatic  and  commercial 
relations  with  the  Continental  CongTt 
IYanoe,  ReldHotU  irith.)  lie  conducted  the  busi- 
ness of  supph  ill",  the  Americans  with  munitions 


BEAUMONT  1 

of  war  with  great  ability,  and  afterwards  be- 
came involved  in  a  lawsuit  with  them.  In  1784 
he  produced  his  Marriage  of  Figaro,  which  was 
violently  opposed  by  the  court.  His  political 
tendencies  were  republican,  and  he  sympathized 
with  the  French  revolutionists,  but  did  not  en- 
ter with  his  usual  enthusiasm  into  their  meas- 
ures. Suspected  by  the  Jacobins,  lie  was  com- 
pelled to  leave  the  country,  and  his  property 
was  confiscated.  1  te  w  as  finally  permitted  to  re- 
turn to  France,  but  OOUld  DOt  recover  his  wealth. 
Beanmarchaia  lived  in  comparative  poverty  un- 
til May.  17'J'J,  when  he  was  found  dead  in  his 
bed,  having  died  of  apoplexy.  A  suit  which 
he  had  commenced  Against  the  United  states 
for  payment  for  supplies  furnished  to  the  Con- 
tinental Congress,  between  I77(>  and  177'.»,  under 
the  mercantile   firm  name  of  Roderiqne  Hor- 

tales,   A    Co.,   tinned    about   fifty  years,  and 

resulted  in  l-:!.~>  in  the-  payment  to  his  beirs  bj 
the  United  States  of  the  sum  of  about  two  hun- 
dred thousand  dollars. 

Beaumont,  Wn.i. iam.  M. IV.  was  born  at  Leb- 
anon, Conn., in  1786 j  died  in  st.  Louis.  April  25, 
lsr>:{.    In  1812  he  was  made  assistant-engineer  in 

tin-  United  States  Army,  and  served  until  l-::7. 
While  stationed  at  Michillimackinac  (Mackinaw) 

in  1825,  he  treat  eel  Alexis  St.  Mart  in,  a  Canadian, 
who  hail  a  gunshot  wminil  in  his  side  ;  the  wound 
healed  W  ItllOUl  closing  np,  exposing  to  view  the 
operations  of  the  stomach  in  iis  digestive  func- 
tions. Dr.  Beaumont  made  careful  experiments 
with  this  man,  for  several  years,  upon  the  proc- 
ess of  digestion,  and  published  the  result  of  liis 

researches.  St. Martin  was  yet  living  in  July, 
1879,  or  fifty-four  yean  after  the  accident.  The 
orifice  exposing  the  stomach  had  never  closed. 
He  was  living  in  Canada,  at  the  age  of  eighty- 
■even  yean,  too  poor,  it  was  said,  to  permit  him 
to  join  his  aged  wife  in  Massachusetts,  by  whom 
lie  had  had  fourteen  children. 

Beauregard,  PbtkB  GubTAVTO  Tot  r\\i.  a 
Confederate  general,  was  born  on  a  plantation 
near    New    Orleans    in    1-17.      He   graduate. 1   at 


.»k». 

West  point  Military  Academy  in  1838,  and  en- 
tered the  artillery  service,  but  was  transferred 
to  the  engineer  corps.  He  won  the  brevets  of 
eaptaiu  and  major  in  the  war  with  Mexico,  and 
I.— 8 


3    BEAVER  DAMS,  AFFAIR  AT  THE 

was  wounded  at  Chapultepec  (which  see);  also 
at  the  taking  of  the  city  of  Mexico.  He  left  the 
service  of  the  United  States  iu  1801,  and  joined 
the  Confederates  in  February.  He  conducted 
of  Fort  Sumter,  and  was  afterwards 
active  as  a  leader  in  Virginia  and  other  parts  of 
the  late  slave -labor  states.  Beauregard  was 
made  brigadier-general  in  the  insurgent  army 
Feb.  20,  1861,  and  major-general  after  the  battle 
of  Hull's  Run  (which  see)  in  July.  He  took  com- 
mand of  the  Army  of  the  Mississippi,  under  Gen- 
eral A.  S.  Johnston,  and  directed  the  battle  of 
Bhiloh  in  April.  1862,  after  the  death  of  Johnston. 

(Sec  Shiloh.)  He  successfully  defended  Charles- 
ton in  1862-63,  and  iu  May.  IStU,  he  joined  Lee 
in  defence  of  Petersburg  and  Richmond  As 
commander  of  the  forces  in  the  Carolines  in 
[865,  he  joined  them  with  those  of  General  J. 
E.  Johnston,  and  surrendered  them  to  Sher- 
man. At  the  close  of  the  war.  with  the  full 
rank  of  general  in  the  Confederate  service,  he 
took  up  his  abode  in  New   Orleans. 

Beauregard's  Proclamation.  I'.  (!.  T.  Beatt- 
regard,  a  native  of  Louisiana,  who  was  commis- 
sioned a  brigadier-genera]  by  President  Davis, 

was  placed  in  command  of  the  gathering  army 
of  Confederates  at  Manassas  Junction  —  the 
••  Department  of  Alexandria."  He  took  the  com- 
mand at  the  beginniug  of  June,  1861,  and  issued 
a  proclamation  which  was  calculated  and  in- 
tended to  "lire  the  Southern  heart."  He  said: 
"A  reckless  and  unprincipled  tyrant  has  in- 
vaded your  soil.  Abraham  Lincoln,  regardless 
of  all  moral,  legal,  and  constitutional  restraints, 
has  thrown  his  abolition  hosts  among  us,  who 
are  murdering  and  imprisoning  your  citi/ens, 
confiscating  and  destroying  your  property,  and 
Committing  other  acts  of  violence  and  outrage 
too  shocking  and  revolting  to  humanity  to  he 
enumerated.  All  rules  of  civilized  warfare  an 
abandoned, aud  they  proclaim  by  their  acts,  if 
not  on  their  banners,  that  their  war-cn  is  ■  Beau- 
ty and  Booty.'  All  that  is  dear  to  man  you* 
honor,  and  that  of  your  wives  and  daughters, 
your  fortunes,  aud  your  lives— an  involved  in 
this  monstrous  contest."    He  then,  as  "General 

of  the  Confederate  States,  commanding  at  Camp 
Pickens,  Manassas  Junction,"  invited  the  people 
of  Virginia  to  ■  vindication  of  their  patriotism, 
"by  the  name  and  memory  of  their  revolutionary 
fathers,  and  by  the  purity  and  sanctity  of  their 
domestic  firesides,  to  rally  to  the  standard  of 
their  state  and  country."  and  by  every  means  in 
their  |iower  ''compatible  with  honorable  war- 
tare,  to  drive  back  and  expel  the  invaders  from 
the  land."  The  speech  of  President  Davis  at 
Richmond  (see  Davis,  Reception  of,  at  Bichmond) 
and  this  proclamation  of  Beauregard's  were 
landed  by  the  Secessionists  at  Washington  and 
Baltimore  as  having  the  ring  of  true  metal. 

Beaver  Dams,  Affair  at  tiif..  After  leav- 
ing Fort  George  (see  Capture  of  Fort  Qoorge)  the 

British  established  a  strong  post  and  depot  of 
supplies  at  the  Beaver  Dams,  among  the  hills 
eighteen  miles  west  of  Queenstown,  and  made  a 
st. house  belonging  to  De  Con  a  sort  of  cita- 
del for  the  garrison.    Dearborn  determined  to  at- 


BECK  1 

tempt  the  capture  of  this  post  ami  its  stores, 
and  for  that  purpose  he  detached  live  hundred 
ami  seventy  infantry,  some  cavalry  under  Major 
Chapin,  a  few  artillerymen,  and  two  field-pieces, 

all  under  the  command  of  Lieutenant-colonel 
Charles  G.  Boerstler.  They  marched  up  the  Ni- 
agara River  to  Queenstown  (June  23, 1813),  and 
the  next  morning  pushed  oil' westward.  Their 
march  appears  to  have  been  discovered  by  the 
British, for  while  Chapin's  mounted  men  were 
in  the  advance  and  marching  among  the  hills, 
Iiu-rsth  r's  rear  was  attacked  by  John  Brant,  at 
the  head  of  four  hundred  and  fifty  Mohawk  and 
Canghuawaga  Indians,  who  lay  in  ambush.  Cha- 
pin was  instantly  called  back,  and  the  Ameri- 
cans in  a  body  charged  upon  the  Indians  anil 
drove  them  almost  a  mile.  Then  Bu'istler  hesi- 
tated, and  the  Indians,  rallying,  bore  upon  his 
flank  aud  rear,  and  kept  up  a  galling  tire  at  ev- 
ery exposed  situation.  The  Americans  pushed 
forward  over  the  Heaver  Dam  Creek,  lighting 
the  dusky  foe  at  a  great  disadvantage,  and  made 
conscious  that  they  were  almost  surrounded  by 
them.  After  keeping  up  this  contest  for  about 
three  hours,  Boerstler  determined  to  abandon 
the  expedition,  when  he  found  himself  confront- 
ed by  an  unexpected  force.  Mrs.  Laura  Secord, 
a  slight  and  delicate  woman,  living  at  Queens- 
town,  became  acquainted  with  Dearborn's  plans, 
and  at  the  time  when  Boerstler  aud  his  forces 
left  Fort  George — a  hot  summer  evening — she 
made  a  circuitous  journey  of  nineteen  miles  on 
foot  to  the  quarters  of  Lieutenant-colonel  Fitz- 
gibbou  (who  was  in  command  of  some  regulars 
at  the  Beaver  Dams)  and  warned  him  of  his  dan- 
ger. Thus  forewarned,  he  had  ordered  the  In- 
dian ambush,  and,  displaying  his  men  to  the  best 
advantage  after  Bffirstler had  crossed  the  creek, 
he  boldly  demanded  the  surrender  of  the  Amer- 
icana to  Major  De  Haven,  commander  of  the  dis- 
trict. For  this  purpose  Pitzgibbon  bore  a  flag 
himself.  He  falsely  assured  Boerstler  that  his 
party  was  only  the  advance  of  fifteen  hundred 
liritish  troops  and  seven  hundred  Indians,  under 
Lieutenant-colonel  Biashopp,  and  that  the  bar- 
barians were  so  exasperated  that  it  would  be 
difficult  to  restrain  them  from  massacring  the 
Americans.  Boerstler,  deceived  and  alarmed, 
agreed  to  surrender  on  certain  conditions.  De 
Haven,  whom  Fitzgibbon  had  sent  for,  came  up 
with  two  hundred  men,  and  Bmrstler  and  live 
hundred  soldiers  were  made  prisoners.  It  had 
bean  agreed  that  the  captives  should  be  pro- 
tected and  scut  hack  on  parole.  This  promise 
was  broken.  Tin'  Indians  plundered  the  cap- 
tive troops,  and  the  latter  were  sent  to  Burling- 
ton Heights  and  kept  prisoners  of  war.  When 
BcBTStler  was  first  attacked  by  the  Indians,  he 
sent  a  courier  back  to  Dearborn  for  aid.  and 
that  commander  sent  Colonel  Christie  with  three 

hundred  men  t"  reinforce  him.  When  they 
reached  Queenstown,  the]  heard  of  the  surren- 
der, and  hastened  back  to  camp  with  the'  sad  In- 
telligence. The  British  advanced  upon  Queens- 
town,  and,  Occupying  that    place,  soon   invested 

Fori  I  leorge. 

Beck,    THKODOmC     BOMXTH,    WM     bom     at 

NeheneclacU  ,  N.  V..  A ii".  11,  1791  :  clod  at   1'tica, 


4  BELCHER 

N.  Y.,  Nov.  19,  1855.  He  was  graduated  at  Union 
College  in  1807;  studied  medicine  under  Dr. 
Hosack, aud  began  the  practice  of  it  in  Albany. 
In  1813  he  prepared  a  report  of  American  min- 
erals (believed  to  be  the  first  public  systematic 
account  of  the  mineral  deposits  of  the  United 
States)  for  the  Albany  Society  of  Arts.  In  1815 
he  was  appointed  Professor  of  the  Institutes  of 
Medicine  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons in  western  New  York,  and  from  1826  to 
1836  he  was  Professor  of  Medical  Jurisprudence 
at  Fairfield  Medical  College.  From  1836  to  1840 
he  was  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  there,  and 
held  the  same  professorship  in  the  Albany  Medi- 
cal College  from  1-40  to  1-54.  Dr.  Keck  was 
President  of  the  state  Medical  Society  in  1829, 
a  manager  of  the  New  York  State  Lunatic  Asy- 
lum, and  a  founder  and  active  supporter  of  the 
Albain  Institute.  Dr.  Beck  gave  such  statistics 
of  the  deaf  and  dumb  that  the  Legislature  of 
New  York  adopted  measures  for  their  education. 
For  many  years  he  edited  the  American  Journal 
of  Insanity.  So  early  as  1823  he  published  his 
famous  work  on  Medical  Jurisprudence — a  stand- 
ard book  in  America  and  Europe. 

Bedel  Timothy,  was  a  native  of  New  Hamp- 
shire,     lb-  was  a  brave  and  faithful  officer  in 

the  war  for  independence,  and  died  at  Haver- 
hill, N.  H.,  in  February.  1787.  He  was  attached 
to  the  Northern  Army,  and  had  the  full  confi- 
dence and  esteem  of  General  Schuyler,  its  com- 
mander. He  was  captain  of  rangers  in  1775, 
aud  early  in  1776  was  made  colonel  of  a  New 
Hampshire  regiment.  He  was  with  Montgomery 
at  the  capture  of  St.  John's  on  the  Son  1,  and 
was  afterwards  in  command  at  the.  Cedars 
(which  see  '.  not  far  from  Montreal,  where  a  cow- 
ardly surrender  by  a  subordinate,  in  Bedel's  ab- 
sence, caused  the  latter  to  be  tried  by  a  court- 
martial,  on  a  false  charge, made  by  General  Ar- 
nold. He  was  deprived  of  command  for  a  while, 
but  was  reinstated. 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward,  son  of  Bev.  Lyman 
Beecher,  was  born  at  Litchfield,  Conn..  June  24, 

1813,  aud  graduated  at  Amherst  College  in  1834 
lie  afterwards  studied  theology  in  Lane  Semi- 
nary, for  a  lew  years  he  was  pastor  of  a  Pres- 
byterian Church  in  Indiana,  first  at  l.awrenee- 
burgand  then  at  Indianapolis.  In  I  —  IT  he  was 
called  to  the  pastorate  of  a  new  Congrcgat  ional- 
ist  organization  in  Brooklyn,  called  Plymouth 
Church,  over  which  he  still  presides  as  pa-tor. 
From  the  beginning  of  his  ministry  Mr.  Beecher 
has  held  a  hi.uh  rank  as  a  public  teacher  and 
im  I  pit  orator,  with  a  constantly  increasing  repu- 
tation.     Laying  aside   the  conventionalities  of 

his  sacred  profession, and  regarding  the  Gospel 

minister  as  peculiarly  a  leader  in  social  life,  his^ 
sermons  have  always  been  marked  by  practical 

good    Bense,  and    embraced    in    their    topics   the 

whole  liehl  of  human  society.  They  arc  hugely 
made  u  ]>  of  illustrations  draw  n  from  every  phase 
of  life  and  the  instructions  of  nature.  He  has 
an  abiding  love  of  music,  the  fun'  arts,  flowers, 
and  animals;  anil  believing  Christianit  \  to  be. 
not  a  philosophical  system,  bu<  an  exalted  rule 

of  conduct,  he  has  never  hesitated  to  discuss  m 


BEHE1XG 


115 


BELLIGERENT  ACT 


the  pulpit  the  great  problems  of  the  times  in 
politics  and  social  life  —  slavery,  temperance, 
social  evils,  and  the  lust  for  power  and  gain. 
Mr.  Beecher  has  led  a  most  active  life  as  preach- 
er, editor,  lyceum  lecturer,  and  author  of  numer- 
ous books.  He  began  editorial  labors  before  he 
began  to  preach,  conducting  for  a  year  (1836) 
The  Cincinnati  Journal;  and  for  nearly  twenty 
years  he  was  an  editorial  contributor  to  the  New 
York  Independent,  a  weekly  newspaper.  Since 
1870  he  has  been  editor  of  the  Christian  Union,  a 
weekly  naiier  also  published  in  New  York.  He 
is  a  constant  contributor  to  other  publications. 
The  intellectual  labors  of  Mr.  Beecher  are  un- 
doubtedly as  great  as  those  of  any  man  living. 

Bearing,  Virts,  a  Danish  navigator,  was  born 
:v  rloraen,  in  Jutland,  in  1680;  dnd  Dee.  8, 
1741.  In  his  youth  he  made  several  voyages  to 
the  East  and  West  Indies.  He  entered  the  Rus- 
sian navy,  and  served  with  distinction  against 
i  -:  and  in  1725  lie  commanded  a  scien- 
tific expedition  to  the  Sea  of  Kaintehatka.  He 
ascertained  that  Asia  and  America  were  sepa- 
rated by  water  -a  strait  which  now  bears  his 
Dame.  'This  problem  l'eter  theOreat  had  been 
very  desirous  of  having  solved.  Bearing  was 
appointed  captain  commandant  in  17:iv>.  and  in 
1741  set  out  on  a  second  voyage  to  the  same  le- 
gion. \\  Ian  he  discovered  a  part  of  the  North 
American  continent  Bapposed  to  have  been  New 
Norfolk.  He  and  his  crew,  being  disabled  by 
sickness,  attempted  to  return  to  Kaintehatka, 
but  were  wrecked  on  an  island  that  now  bean 
his  name,  where  Retiring  died  soon  afterwards. 
His  discoveries  were  the  foundation  of  the  claim 
of  Russia  to  a  large  region  in  the  far  northwest 
of  the  American  colli  incut.        Bee     I 

Belcher  and  the  General  Court  of  Massa- 
chusetts.   Governor  Belcher  was  authorized  to 

accept    from   the  Legislature  of  .Massachusetts  a 

standing  salary  of  $5000  a  year,  to  be  paid  first 
out  of  the  annual  grants.  When  he  first  met 
the  Legislature  (September,  17:50),  he  tried  to 
bring  about  a  settlement  for  a  standing  salary, 
bin  could  not. and  the  Assembly  was  dissolved. 
To  sci  are  a  majority  in  tin'  next  House,  the  gov- 
ernor tried  to  gain  the  influence  of  certain  lead- 
ers by  gifts  of  office;  but  their  acceptance  di- 
minished their  popularity,  and  he  gained  noth- 
ing. The  people  had  been  encouraged  by  the 
English  press,  which  had  commended  the  Boe- 
toniaus  for  their  ••  noble  stand"  againsl  the  de- 
mands of  Burnet,  which  had  "endeared  them  to 
all  lovers  and  asaertera  of  liberty."  The  new 
court  was  numanageable  by  the  governor,  and 
he  accepted  of  a  grant  of  a  salary  for  one  year. 
This  was  a  popular  and  signilicant  triumph. 

Belcher,  Jonathan,  a  colonial  governor,  was 
bom  mi  Cambridge,  M;iss..  in  January,  1682; 
dud  at  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  Aug.  31,  17.".:  II. 
graduated  at  Harvard  University  in  1699.  He 
visited  Europe,  where  hi'  became  acquainted 
with  tin-  Princess  Sophia  and  her  sou  (after- 
wards Qeorge  I.  of  England),  which  led  to  his 
future  honors.  After  a  six-years'  sojourn  he  re- 
turned to  America,  engaged  in  mercantile  busi- 
ness in  Boston,  became  a  member  of  the  Provin- 


cial Assembly,  and  in  1729  was  sent  as  agent  of 
the  provinces  to  England.  In  1730  he  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Massachusetts  and  New 
Hampshire,  which  office  he  held  eleven  years. 
In  consequence  of  a  clamor  against  him.  he  was 
superseded  in  1741,  but  succeeded  in  vindicating 
himself  before  the  British  court.  Belcher  was 
made  governor  of  New  Jersey,  and  arrived  in 
1747,  where  he  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
He  extended  the  charter  of  the  College  of  New- 
Jersey,  and  was  its  chief  patron  aud  benefactor. 

Belknap,  Jekemy.  U.D.,  was  born  in  Boston. 
June  4.  1744;  died  there  June  20,  1798.  i[, 
graduated  at  Harvard  University  in  17(5-2  ;  stud- 
ied theology:  taught  school  four  years;  was 
pastor  of  a  church  in  Dover,  N.  H.,  from  1767  to 
1786,  and  of  the  Federal  Street  Church,  in  Bos- 
!  ton,  from  April  4,  17-7.  until  his  death.  He 
founded  the  Massachusetts  Historical  .Society: 
was  an  overseer  of  Harvard  University;  was  a 
patriot  during  the  war  for  independence,  an  op- 
ponent of  African  slavery,  and  a  promoter  of  lit- 
erature and  science.  He  published  a  History  of 
New  Hampshire,  3  vols.  (l7~4-'>2) :  a  collection  of 
Psalms  and  Hymns  ^17'.>r>);  The  Fonslci:*,  B  work 
of  wit  and  humor  1792  :  American  Biography, 
•1  vols.  (1794-98),  besides  sermons  aud  other  re- 
ligious writ  ings. 

Bell  and  Breckinridge.  John  Bell  was  the 
candidate  of  the  "National  Constitutional  Union 
Party"  (which  see)  for  President  of  the  United 
States,  in  I860.  John  ('.Breckinridge  was  the 
candidate  of  the  Secessionists  of  the  Charleston 
Convention  (which  Bee)  for  the  same  office,  in 
1860.  The  former  was  a  native  of  Tennessee  ; 
the  latter  of  Kentucky — both  slave-labor  states. 
On  April  23,  1861,  Bell,  in  a  speech  at  Nash- 
ville, declared  that  Tennessee  was  virtually 
"out  of  the  Union,"  and  urged  the  people  of 
his  state  to  prepare  for  vigorous  war  upon 
iment.  On  April  17,  Breckinridge 
wrote  to  a  friend  at  Louisville,  saying.  ■Ken- 
tucky should  call  a  convention  without  delay, 
and  Lincoln's  extra  session  of  Congress  should 
be  confronted  by  fifteen  states.''  In  that  Con- 
greas  Breckinridge,  as  a  professed  Unionist,  took 
his  seal  as  senator  in  July  ensuing,  where  he 
remained  some  time,  and  then  joined  the  Con- 
federates in  making  war  upon  the  Republic. 
He  held  the  commission  of  a  brigadier-general 
in  the  Confederate  Army. 

Bell,  CHARLES  H..  was  born  in  New  York, 
Aug.  1.").  1798;  died  at  New  Brunswick,  N.  J., 
Fob.  19,  1~7.">.  He  entered  the  naval  service  in 
June,  1812;  Served  with  Decatur  in  1813-14; 
with  Chauncey.  on  Lake  Ontario,  in  1>14.  and 
with  Decatur  again,  in  the  Mediterranean,  in 
1815.  He.  was  with  the  squadron  in  the  West 
Indies  (1824-29)  operating  against  the  pirates 
there.  Iii  I860  be  was  in  command  of  the  Nor- 
folk navy-yard:  commanded  the  Pacific  squad- 
ron in  1862-64,  and  the  navy-yard  at  Brooklyn 
In  July,  1866,  he  was  made  rear-ad- 
miral. 

Belligerent  Act  towards  France.  On  July 
B,  1798,  Congress  passed  an  act  authorizing  the 
President  to  give  instructions  to  the  commaud- 


BELLINGHAM  1 

ers  of  American  public  armed  vessels,  and  to 
grant  commissions  to  the  commanders  of  private 
armed  vessels,  to  capture  auy  French  armed  ves- 
sel anywhere  met  with,  bnt  not  unarmed  ves- 
sels. The  three  vessels  so  long  building — the 
Constitution,  Constellation,  and  United  States  — 
were  now  completed  and  sent  to  sea. 

Bellingham.  Richakd,  Governor  of  Massachu- 
setts, was  born  in  England  in  1592;  died  Dec. 
7,  11172.  Bred  a  lawyer,  he  came  to  America  in 
1634,  and  was  chosen  deputy-governor  the  next 
year.  He  was  elected  governor,  in  opposition  to 
Winthrop,  in  1641.  He  was  rechosen  in  1654, 
and  in  1666,  after  the  death  of  Governor  Endi- 
cott,  continuing  in  office  the  rest  of  his  life. 
His  administration  was  a  somewhat  stormy  one. 
Bellingham  was  so  opposed  to  all  innovations 
in  religious  matters,  that  he  was  severe  in  his 
conduct  towards  the  Friends,  or  Quakers. 

Bellomont  (Richard  Coote),  Earl  of,  was 
horn  in  1636;  died  in  New  York.  March  5.  1701. 
He  was  of  the  Irish  peerage,  and  was  among  the 
first  to  espouse  the  cause  of  the  Prince  of  Or- 
ange when  he  invaded  England.  (See  English 
Revolution.)  He  was  created  earl  in  1689,  and 
made  treasurer  and  receiver-general  of  Queen 
Mary.  Ill  May,  1095,  he  was  appointed  Govern- 
or of  New  York,  bnt  did  not  arrive  there  until 
May,  1698.  Meanwhile  he  had  been  commis- 
sioned Governor  of  Massachusetts,  including  New 
Hampshire;  and  on  going  to  Boston,  in  1699,  he  ] 
was  well  received,  and  his  administration  was 
popular.  Bellomont  had  been  one  of  the  Par- 
liamentary committee  appointed  to  investigate 
the  affair  Of  Leisler's  trial  and  execution,  and 
had  taken  a  warm  interest  in  the  reversal  of  the 
attainder  of  that  unfortunate  leader.  On  his 
arrival  in  New  York,  he  naturally  connected 
himself  with  the  Leisler  party,  whom  Governor 
Fletcher  had  strongly  opposed.  Bellomont  came 
with  power  to  inquire  into  the  conduct  of  Gov- 
ernor Fletcher,  and  he  was  BO  well  satisfied  of 
his  malfeasance  in  oilice  that  he  sent  him  to 
Eugland  under  arrest.  (See  Fletcher.)  The  re- 
mains of  Leisler  and  Milborne  were  taken  up, 

anil  after  lying  in  state  several  days  were  i« - 
buried  in  the  Hutch  Church.    (See  Lett 

1  onion  t  id  lose  for  his  council  a  majority  of"  Leis- 
lerians;"  and  that  party SOOn  obtained  a  major- 
ity in  the  Assembly  also.     One  of  their  first  acta 

w  as  to  1  Ote  an  indemnity  to  the  heirs  of  Leisler. 

Bellomont  used  every  means  to  gain  the  good- 
will of  the  people  in  both  provinces,  anil  suc- 
ceeded. The  carl  was  a  shareholder  in  the  pri- 
vateer ship  commanded  by  Captain  Kidd;  and 

when   that    seaman    was  accused   of  piracy  (sec 

Kidd)  Bellon t  procured  his  arrest  in  Boston, 

ami  mil  him  to  England  for  trial.  The  Bello- 
mont earldom  finally  expired  in  the  yeai  1800. 

Bellows,  Henry  Whttnby,  D.D.,  a  Unitari- 
an clergyman,  was  born  in  Most  on,  June  11.  181  I 
Educated  af  Harvard  and  the  Divinity  School 
at  Cambridge,  he  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  first 
Unitarian  Church  in  New  York  city  in  Janua- 
ry, I-:-  It  was  and  -till  i>  called  "All-Souls' 
Church."  Dr.  Bellows  is  ye(  (1880  its  pastor. 
lb-  WM  tin-  proJectOl  of  the  Christian  Inquirer, il\ 


6  BELMONT 

1846,  and  he  has  occupied  from  the  beginning  a 
conspicuous  place  in  the  pulpit,  iu  letters,  and 
in  social  life,  wielding  great  influence  for  good. 
Dr.  Bellows  was  one  of  the  originators  of  the 
"United  states  Sanitary  Commission,"  which 
performed  such  prodigious  benevolent  work 
during  the  late  civil  war.     He  was  president 


HE.NRt   WHITNEY   BELLOWS,  D.D. 

of  the  Commission  from  the  beginning.  (See 
United  States  Sanitary  Commission.)  Besides  nu- 
merous pamphlets  and  published  discourses.  Dr. 
Bellows  is  the  author  of  a  thoughtful  work — a 
collection  of  sermons  —  on  christian  Doctrine, 
published  in  I860;  and  later  he  gave  a  pictu- 
resque account  of  a  European  tour  in  1868-69, 
in  two  volumes,  entitled  The  Old  World  in  its 
New  Face. 

Belmont,  BaTTLK  at  (1861).  Just  before  Fre- 
mont was  deprived  of  his  command  Bee  Fre- 
mont* Embarrassments)  he  ordered  General  Grant 

to  move  a  co-operative  force  along  the  line  of 

the  Mississippi  River.  It  was  promptly  done. 
A  column  about  three  thousand  strong,  chief- 
ly Illinois  volunteers,  under  General  John  A. 
McClemand,  went  down  from  Cairo  in  transports 
and   WOOden  gunboats  I  Tyler  and    f.(.rin</ton)  to 

menace  Columbus  by  attacking  Belmont,  oppo- 
site. At  the  same  time  another  column,  under 
General  C.  F.  Smith,  marched  from  Padncah  to 
menace  Columbus  in  the  rear.  Grant  went  w  ith 
McClernand.  The  troops  landed  three  miles 
above  Belmont,  Nov.  7. 1861,  aud  while  they  were 

pushing  on  the  gUllboatS  opened  fire  upon  Co- 
lumbus. General  (Bishop)  Folk,  the  command- 
er, sent  General  Pillow  over  the  river  to  nun- 
force  the  little  garrison  at   Belmont.     A  sharp 

battle  ensued,  anil  the  Nationals  were  victori- 
ous; but,  exposed  to  the  heavy  artillery  al  Co- 
lumbus, the  post  was  untenable.     Giving  three 

died-  tor  the  Union,  the  Nationals  set  lire  to 
the  Confederate  camp,  and  hastened  back  tow- 
ards their  boats  with  caplurcd  men.  bom  -.  and 

artillery.     Folk  opened  seven  of  his  heaviest 

guns    upon    them,   and    al    ihc   same    lime   sent 

over  some  fresh  troops  under  General  Cheat- 

ham.      Then    he   orOWed  OVST  himself,  with  tWO 

regiments,  making  the  whole  Confederate  fores 
about  five  thousand  men.     They  fell  upon  Grant, 

and  a  dcspeialc  Struggle  ensued,     (iraut  fought 


BEMIS'S  HEIGHTS 


117 


BEMIS'S  HEIGHTS 


his  way  back  to  the  transports  under  cover  of  a 
fire  from  the  gunboats,  and  escaped.  The  Na- 
tionals lost  about  live  hundred  men,  and  the 
Confederates  over  six  hundred,  killed,  wounded, 
aud  missing. 

Bemis's  Heights,  Fihst  Battle  of  (1777). 
General  Schuyler,  with  his  feeble  army,  had  so 
successfully  opposed  the  march  of  Burgoyne 
down  the  valley  of  the  Hudson  that  he  had 
not  passed  Saratoga  the  first  week  in  August, 
1777.  When  the  expedition  of  St.  Legez  from 
the  Mohawk  and  the  defeat  of  the  Germans  at 
Hoosick,  near  Bennington,  had  crippled  and  (lis-  | 
couraged  the  invaders,  and  Schuyler  was  about  | 
to  turn  upon  them,  and  strike  for  the  victory  for 
which  he  had  bo  well  prepared,  he  was  super- 
seded by  General  Gates  in  the  command  of  the 
Northern  Army.  Yet  his  patriotism  was  not 
cooled  by  the  ungenerous  act,  the  result  of  in- 
trigue, and  he  offered  Gates  every  assistance  in 
his  power.  Had  the  latter  acted  promptly,  he 
might  have  gained  a  victory  at  once;  but  be 
did  not.  At  the  end  of  twenty  days  he  moved 
the  army  to  a  strong  position  on  Bemis's  Heights, 


wing,  'with  tho  immense  artillery  train,  com- 
manded by  Generals  Phillips  and  Riedesel,  kept 
upon  the  plain  near  the  river.  The  centre,  com- 
posed largely  of  German  troops,  led  by  Burgoyne 
in  person,  extended  to  a  range  of  hills  that  were 
touched  by  the  American  left,  and  upon  these 
hills  General  Eraser  and  Lieutenant -colonel 
Breymau,  with  grenadiers  and  infantry,  were 
posted.  The  front  and  flank  of  Burgoyne's 
army  were  covered  by  the  Canadians,  Tories, 
and  Indians  who  yet  remained  in  camp.  Gen- 
eral Gates,  who  lacked  personal  courage  and 
the  skill  of  a  good  commander,  resolved  to  act 
on  the  defensive.  General  Arnold  and  others, 
who  observed  the  movements  of  the  British, 
urged  Gates  to  attack  them,  but  he  would  give 
no  order  to  fight.  Even  at  eleven  o'clock,  when 
the  booming  of  a  cannon  gave  the  signal  for  the 
general  advance  of  Burgoyne's  army,  he  remain- 
ed in  his  tent,  apparently  indifferent.  Arnold, 
as  well  as  others,  became  extremely  impatient  as 
peril  drew  near.  He  was  finally  permitted  to 
order  Colonel  Daniel  Morgan  with  his  riflemen, 
and  Dearborn  with  infantry,  to  attack  the  Cana- 


NKll.SUN    HOISE   ON    KEM 


where  his  camp  was  fortified  by  Kosciusko,  a 
Polish  patriot  and  engineer.     Burgoyne  called 

in  his  outposts,  and  with  his  shattered  forces 
anil  splendid  train  of  artillery  he  Crossed  the 
Hudson  on  a  bridge  of  boat-  (Sept.  13,  1777). 
ami  encamped  on  the  Heights  of  Saratoga, 
now  Srhuylervillc.  New  oonrage  had  been  in- 
fused into  tin'  hearts  of  the,  Americans  by  the 
events  near  Bennington  and  on  the  Upper  Mo- 
hawk, and  Gates's  army  was  rapidly  increasing 
in  numbers.  Burgoyne  felt  compelled  to  move 
forward  speedily.  Some  American  troops,  un- 
der Colouel  John  Brown,  had  got  in  his  rear, 
and    surprised    a    British    post    at    the    foot    of 

Lake  George  (Sept.  L8).  They  also  attempted 
to  capture  Ticonderoga.     Burgoyne  had  moved 

slowly  southward,  and  on  the  morning  of  Sep- 
tember 19  he  offered  battle  to  Gates.     His  left 


*  Tlic  in .m-inii  of  Mr  Wilson.  :in  active  Wind  at  the  limp 
of  ilo-  battle     ii  was  the  head  i  neral  I'mir  ami 

Colonel  Morgan  T"  It  the  wounded  Major  Acland  was 
conveyed,  and  there  was  joined  by  his  wile,  (See.  Lady 
AclauU) 


dians  and  Indians,  who  were  swarming  on  the 
hills  in  advance  of  Burgoyne's  right.  These 
were  driven  back  and  pursued.  Morgan's  troops, 
becoming  scattered,  were  recalled,  and  with  New 
England  troops,  under  Dearborn,  Scamincl,  and 
Cilley,  another  furious  charge  was  made.  After 
a  sharp  engagement,  in  which  Morgan's  horse 
was  shot  under  him,  the  combatants  withdrew 
to  their  respective  lines.  Meanwhile  Burgoyne 
had  moved  rapidly  upon  the  American  cen- 
tre and  left.  At  the  same  time  the  vigilant 
Arnold  attempted  to  turn  the  British  right. 
Gates  denied  him  reinforcements,  and  restrain- 
ed him  in  every  way  in  his  power,  and  he  failed. 
Masked  by  thick  woods,  neither  party  was  now 
certain  of  the  movements  of  the  oilier,  and  they 
suddenly  and  unexpectedly  met  in  a  ravine  at 
Freeman's  farm,  at  which  Burgoyne  had  halted. 
There  they  fought  desperately  for  a  while.  Ar- 
nold was  pressed  back,  w  hen  Eraser,  by  a  quick 
movement,  called  up  some  German  troops  from 
the  British  centre  to  his  aid.  Arnold  rallied  his 
men,  and  with  New  England  troops,  led  by  Colo- 


BEMIS'S  HEIGHTS 


118 


BEMIS'S  HEIGHTS 


nels  Brooks,  Dearborn,  Scammel,  Cilley.  and  Ma- 
jor Hull,  he  struck  the  enemy  such  heavy  blows 

thai  bia  line  began  to  waver  and  fall  into  confu- 
sion. General  Phillips,  below  the  Heights,  heard 
through  the  woods  the  din  of  battle,  and  hurried 
over  the  hills  with  fresh  English  troops  and 
some  artillery,  followed  by  a  portion  of  I  he  Ger- 
mans under  l.'iedescl,  and  appeared  on  the  bat- 
tle-field just  as  victory  seemed  about  to  be  yield- 
ed to  the  Americans.  The  bat  tie  continued.  The 
British  ranks  were  becoming  fearfully  thinned, 
when  Kiedesel  fell  heavily  upon  the  American 
flank  with  infantry  and  artillery,  and  they  gave 
way.  The  Germans  saved  the  British  army  from 
ruin.  A  lull  in  the  battle  succeeded,  but  at  the 
middle  of  the  afternoon  the  contest  was  renewed 
with  greater  fury.  At  length  the  British,  fear- 
fully assailed  by  bullet  and  bayonet,  recoiled 
and  fell  back.  At  that  moment  Arnold  was 
at  headquarters,  seated  upon  a  powerful  black 
horse,  and  in  vain  urging  Gates  to  give  him  re- 
inforcements. Hearing  the  roar  of  the  renewed 
battle,  he  could  no  longer  brook  delay,  and  turn- 
ing his  horse's  head  towards  the  field  of  strife, 
and  exclaiming,  "I'll  soon  put  an  end  to  it!" 
went  off  on  a  full  gallop,  followed  by  one  of 
tiates's  staff,  with  directions  to  order  him  back. 
The  subaltern  could  not  overtake  the  general, 
who,  by  words  and  acts,  animated  the  Ameri- 
cans. For  three  hours  the  battle  raged.  Like 
an  ocean -tide  the  warriors  surged  backwards 
and  forwards,  winning  and  losing  victory  alter- 
nately. When  it  was  too  late.  Gates  sent  out 
the  New  York  regiments  of  Livingston  and  Van 
Cortlandt  and  the  whole  brigade  of  Genera] 
Learned.  Had  tiates  complied  with  Arnold's 
wishes,  the  capture  of  Burgoyue's  army  might 
have  been  easily  accomplished.  Night  closed 
the  contest,  and  both  parties  slept  on  their  arms 
until  morning.  Bui  for  Arnold  and  Morgan, no 
doubt  Burgoyne  would  have  been  marching  tri- 
umphantly on  Albany  before  noon  that  day. 
So  jealous  was  Gates  because  the  army  praised 
those  gallant  leaders,  that  he  omitted  their 
names  in  his  official  report.  The  number  of 
Americans  killed  and  wounded  in  this  action 
was  about  three  hundred;  of  the  British  about 
six  hundred. 

Bemis's  Heights,  Si:<  .  >ni>  Batti  B  of.  Bur- 
goyne found  his  broken  army  utterly  dispirit- 
ed on  the  morning  after  the  first  battle,  on 
Sept.   19,    1777.    and     he    withdrew     to    a    point 

two  miles  from  the  American  lines.  Arnold 
urged  Gates  to  attack  him  at  dawn,  but  that 
Officer  would  not  consent.  Burgo\  in-  wa- 
lloping to  receive  good  news  from  Sir  llenr\ 
Clinton,  who  was  preparing  to  ascend  the  Hud- 
son with  a  strong  force.     So  lie  intrenched  his 

camp,  (nit  his  troops  in  better  spirits  by  a 
cheerful  harangue,  and  resohed  to  wall  for 
Clinton.  The  next  morning  he  was  himself 
cheered  by  a  message  from  Clinton,  who  prom- 
ised to  make  a  diversion  in  his  favor  Immedi- 
ately ;  also  by  a  despatch  from  Howe,  an- 
nouncing a  victory  over  Washington  on  the 
Brandywine.  (See  BrandywiM,  Battle  of .)  Bur- 
goyne gave  the  glad  tidings  to  hi-  army,  and 
wrote    to    Clinton    that     he    could    sustain    Im- 


position until  Oct.  12.  But  his  condition  rap- 
idly grew  worse.  The  American  army  hourly 
increased  in  numbers,  and  the  militia  were 
swarming  on  his  Hanks  and  rear.  His  forag- 
ing-parties  could  get  very  little  food  for  the 
starving  horses,  the  militia  so  annoyed  them. 
In  his  hospitals  were  eight  hundred  sick  and 
wounded  men.  and  his  effective  soldiers  were 
fed  on  diminished  rations.  His  Indian  allies 
deserted  him.  while,  through  the  exertions  of 
Schuyler.  Oneida  warriors  joined  the  forces  of 
Gates.  Lincoln,  with  two  thousand  men,  also 
joined  him  on  the  22d  ;  still  Gates  remained  in- 
active. His  officers  were  impatient,  and  Ar- 
nold plainly  told  him  that  the  army  was  clam- 
orous for  action,  and  the  militia  were  threaten- 
ing to  go  home.  He  told  him  that  be  bad 
reason  to  think  that  if  they  had  "  unproved  the 
20th  of  September  it  might  have  ruined  the 
enemy.  That  is  past,"  he  said;  '•let  me  entreat 
you  to  improve  the  present  time."  Gates  was 
offended,  and,  treating  the  brave  Arnold  with 
silent  contempt,  sat  still.  A  long  time  Bur- 
goyne waited  for  further  tidings  from  Clinton. 
On  Oct.  4,  he  called  a  council  of  officers.  It  was 
decided  to  tight  their  way  through  the  Amer- 
ican lines,  and,  on  the  morning  of  Oct.  7.  1777. 
the  whole  army  moved.  Towards  the  Amer- 
ican left  wing  Burgoyne  pressed  with  fifteen 
hundred  picked  men,  eight  brass  cannons,  and 
two  howitzers,  leaving  the  main  army  on  the 
heights  in  command  of  Brigadiers  Specht  and 
Hamilton,  and  the  redoubts  near  the  river  with 
Brigadier -general  Gall.  Phillips.  Eraser,  and 
Kiedesel  were  with  Burgoyne.  Canadian  ran- 
gers, loyalists,  and  Indians  were  sent  to  bang 
on  the  American  rear,  while  Burgoyne  should 
attack  their  front.  This  movement  was  dis- 
cerned before  the  British  wore  ready  for  bat- 
tle. The,  drums  of  the  American  advanced 
guard  beat  to  arms.  The  alarm  ran  all  along 
the  lilies.  Gates  had  ten  thousand  Hoops  — 
enough  to  have  crushed  the  weakened  foe  if 
properly  handled.  He  inquired  the  cause  of 
the  disturbance,  and  then  permitted  Colonel 
Morgan  to  ••begin  the  game."  Morgan  soon 
gained  a  good  position  on  the  British  right. 
while  General  Poor,  with  his  New   Hampshire 

brigade,   followed    b\    (ieneral   Ten    Broeck.   with 

New  -Yorkers,  advanced  against  their  left. 
Meanwhile,   tin-   Canadian   rangers   and   their 

companions  had  gained  the  American  rear, 
and   attacked    their   pickets.      They    Were    BOOB 

joined  by  grenadiers.  The  Americans  were 
driven  back  to  their  lines,  when  a  sharp  tight 
ensued.  By  this  time  tin'  whole  British  line 
wafl  in  battle  order,  the  grenadiers  under  Ma- 
jor Aeland.  with  artiller\  under  Major  Will- 
iam-,  forming    the    left  ;    the    centre    composed 

of  British  and  grenadiers  under  Phillips  and 

Kiedesel.  and   the   right   of  infantry   under  Ear] 

Balcarras.  General  Praaer,  with  Ave  hundred 
pioked  men,  was  in  advance  of  the  British  right 

read]  to  fall  upon  the  left  Hank  of  the  Amer- 
icans when  the  action  should  begin  on  the 
front.  It  was  now  between  three  ami  four 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon.  As  Burgoyne  was 
about    to    advance,   he    was    astonished    b\     the 


BEMIS'S  HEIGHTS 


119 


BEMIS'S  HEIGHTS 


thunder  of  cannon  on  his  left,  and  the  crack 
of  rifles  on  his  right.  Poor  bad  pressed  up  the 
thick  -  wooded  slope  <>u  which  Majors  Aclaud 
and  Williams  were  posted,  unobserved,  until 
lie  was  near  the  batteries,  which  were  captured 
after  a  desperate  straggle,  in  which  tin-  leader 
of  the  British  grenadiers  was  severely  wound 


sued  by  a  subaltern  to  call  him  back.  He 
dashed  into  the  vortex  of  danger,  where  the 
pnrsuer  dared  not  follow.  He  was  received 
with  cheers  by  his  old  troops,  and  he  led  them 
against  the  British  centre.  With  the  despera- 
tion of  a  madman  he  rushed  into  the  thick- 
est of  the  tight.     When,  at  the  head  of  his  men, 


ed,  and  Major  Williams,  of  the   artillery,  was    he   dashed    into   the   firm   German   lines,  they 

broke  and  lied  in  dismay.  The  battle  was 
now-  general.  Arnold  and  Morgan  were  the 
ruling  spirits  on  the  American  side.  Fraser 
was  the  soul  that  directed  the  most  potent 
energies  of  the  British.  One  of  Morgan's  ri- 
tleinen  singled  him  out  by  his  brilliant  uni- 
form, and  shot  him  through  the  bt>dy,  wound- 
ing him  mortally.  Then  a  panic  ran  along  the 
British  line.  At  the  sight  of  three  thousand 
fresh  New  York  militia,  under  General  Ten 
Broeck,  approaching,  the  wavering  line  gave 
way,  ami  the  troops  retreated  to  their  intreneh- 
ments,  leaving  their  artillery  behind.  Up  to 
their  intrenchnieiits,  the  Americans,  with  Ar- 
nold at  their  head,  eagerly  pressed,  in  the  face 
of  a  terrible  storm  of  grapeshol  ami  bullets. 
The  works  were  assailed  with  small  arms. 
Baloarras  defended  them  bravely  until  he 
could    resist    no    longer.     The   voice   of  Aruold 


made  prisoner.  live  times  one  of  the  cau 
Rons  was  taken  and  retaken.  When  the  Brit- 
ish fell  back,  and  the  gun  remained  with 
the  Americans,  Colonel  Cilley  leaped  upon  it, 
waved  his  sword  over  his  head,  dedicated  the 
piece  to  the  "American  cause,-' and,  turning  it 
Upon  the  foe.  he  opened  lis  destructive  ener- 
glee  upon  tin-in  with  their  own  ammunition. 
Sir  Francis  Clarke,  Bnrgoyne's  chief  aid.  who 
was  sent  to  secure  the  cannons,  was  mortally 
wounded,  made  a  prisoner,  and  sent  to  Gates's 
tent.  The  whole  eight  cannons  and  the  pos- 
session of  the  tield  remained  with  the  Ameri- 
cans. Meanwhile  Colonel  Morgan  had  assailed 
l'l.iMi's  flanking  corps  so  furiously  that  they 
were  driven  back  to  their  lines.  There  Mor- 
gan fell  upon  the  British  right  BO  fiercely  that 
it  was  thrown  info  confiis A  panic  pre- 
vailed,      It    was   followed    by    an    onslaught    in 


front    by     Dearborn,    with    fresh    troops,    when     was    heard    above    the    din    of   battle,   and    his 
the    British    broke  and   lied   in   terror,      Baloar-    form    was    seen,    in    the    midst    of   tin'    smoke, 

dashing  from  point  to  point.  With  the 
troops  first  of  Generals  l'aterson  and 
Glover,  and  then  of  Learned,  he  assailed 
the  enemy's  right,  which  was  defended 
by  Canadians  and  loyalists.  The  English 
gave  way,  lea\  ing  the  Germans  exposed. 

Then  Arnold  ordered  Dp  the  troops  of 
Livingston  and  Wesson,  with  Morgan's 
riflemen, to  make  a  general  assault,  while 
Colonel  Brooks,  with  his  Massachusetts 
regiment,  accompanied  by  Arnold,  attack- 
ed the  troops  commanded  by  Lieutenant- 
colonel  Breyman.  Arnold  rushed  into 
the  sally-port  on  his  powerful  black 
hone,  and  spread  such  terror  among  the 
Germans  that  they  lied,  giving  a  parting 
volley  of  bullets,  one  of  which  gave 
Arnold  a  severe  wound  in  the  same  leg 
that  was  badly  liurt  at  Quebec.  At  that 
moment  he  was  overtaken  by  the  sub- 
altern, who  had  been  sent  by  Gates  to 
recall  him,  "  lest  he  should  do  some 
rash  thin;;."  lie  hail  done  it.  lb-  had 
achieved  a  victory  for  which  Gates  re- 
ceived the  honor.  The  Germans  had 
thrown  down  their  weapons.  Breyman 
was  mortally  wounded.  The  light  ended 
at  twilight,  and  before  the  dawn,  Bur- 
goyue,  who  had  resolved  to  retreat,  re- 
moved his  whole  army  a  mile  or  two 
north  of  his  int  reiichinenls.  In  this  remarkable 
battle  won  bj  an  officer  who  had  been  deprived 
of  his  command  -the  Americans  lost,  in  killed 
and  wounded,  one  hundred  and  fifty  men;  that 
of  I  he  British,  including  prisoners,  was  about 
seven  hundred.     Arnold  was  the  only  American 

commanding  officer  who  received  a  wound.     It 

is  said  that  Gates  did  not  leave  his  tent,  all  that 


PLAN   OF   BATTLES 


ras  soon  rallied  them,  while  the  centre,  com- 
posed chiefly  of  Germans,  though  convulsed, 
stood  linn.  Now  Arnold  came  upon  the  scene, 
dates,  offended  by  what  he  called  Arnold's 
•'impertinence,"  had  deprived  him  of  all  com- 
mand, and    he    was  an    impatient    spectator   id' 

the  battle.     When  he  could  no  longer  restrain 

himself,  he  sprang  upon  his  charger  and  stall- 
ed  on    full  gallop   for   the    field    of  action,  pur- 


day,  uot  having  recovered  from  a  debauch  iu 


BENEDICT 


120 


BENNINGTON 


which  he  had  indulged  the  night  before.  (See 
Surrender  ofBurgoyne.) 

Benedict,  Lewis,  was  born  in  Albany,  N.  Y., 
Sept.  2,  1817 ;  killed  iu  the  battle  of  Pleasant 
Hill,  La.,  April  9,  1864.     He  was  a  graduate  of 

Williams  College;  was  admitted  To  the  bar  iu 
1841  ;  was  surrogate  of  Albany  County  in  1848, 
and  member  of  Assembly  in  1861.  He  entered 
the  military  service  as  lien  tenant-colonel  of  vol- 
unteers in  1861  :  seised  in  the  campaign  on  the 
Peninsula  in  1862;  was  captured,  and  confined 
in  Libby  and  Salisbury  prisons  several  months, 
and  when  exchanged  was  sent  to  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  pulf,  where  he  was  distinguished  for 
his  wisdom  and  bravery.  He  served  as  brigadier- 
general  ill  the  Red  River  campaign,  in  which  he 
lost  his  life.     (See  Pleasant  Hill,  Battle  of.) 

Benezet,  Anthony,  was  born  in  France,  Jan. 
31,  1713  :  died  in  Philadelphia,  May  3, 1784.  He 
emigrated  to  Philadelphia  in  1731,  and  taught 
school  there  nearly  all  his  life.  He  became  a 
member  of  the  Society  of  Friends;  and  his  life 
was  conspicuous  for  acts  of  benevolence.  He 
wrote  much  against  war  and  African  slavery, 
and  bequeathed  his  estate,  on  the  death  of  his 
wife,  to  the  African  school  in  Philadelphia. 

Benham,  Henuy  W.,  was  born  at  Cheshire, 
Conn.,  in  1816,  and  graduated  at  West  Point, 
first  in  his  class,  in  1837,  entering  the  engi- 
neer corps.  He  served  under  General  Taylor 
in  the  war  with  Mexico,  and  was  wounded  in 
the,  battle  of  Buena  Vista  (which  see).  Early 
in  the  Civil  War  he  was  active  in  Western  Vir- 
ginia, and  afterwards  on  the  South  Carolina 
coast.  He  assisted  in  the  capture  of  Fort  Pu- 
laski ;  and  in  1863-64  he  commanded  an  engi- 
neer brigade  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  He 
was  breveted  brigadier-general  for  services  in 
the  campaigns  ending  with  the  surrender  of 
Lee,  and  major-general  (March.  I860)  for  "mer- 
itorious services  in  the  rebellion." 

Benjamin,  JUDAB  PeTBB,  was  born  in  St. 
Domingo,  of  Jewish  parents,  in  1812,  and  in 
1816  his  family  settled  in  Savannah,  ( la.     Ju- 


Jl    li  Ml     II    I  I  I; 


dab   cut.  red    Vale   College,  but    left    it.  in    L8S7, 

without  graduating,  and  became  a  lawyer  in 
New  Orleans,  lie  taught  school  for  a  while, 
man  led  one  <•!  hil  pupils,  and  became  a  leadl  1 


of  his  profession  iu  Louisiana.  From  1853  to 
1861,  lie  was  United  States  Senator.  Mr.  Benja- 
min was  regarded,  for  several  years,  as  one  of 
the  leaders  of  the  Southern  wing  of  the  Demo- 
cratic party ;  and,  when  the  question  of  seces- 
sion divided  the  people,  he  withdrew  from  the 
Senate,  and,  with  his  coadjutor.  John  Slidell, 
he  promoted  the  great  insurrection.  He  be- 
came Attorney-general  of  the  Southern  Confed- 
eracy, acting  Secretary  of  War,  and  Secretary 
of  State.  After  the  war  he  went  to  Loudon, 
where  he  has  since  practised  his  profession 
with  great  success. 

Bennett,  James  GORDON,  founder  of  the 
New  York  Herald,  was  born  in  BantVshire,  Scot- 
land, in  1795;  died  in  New  York,  June  1,  1872. 
Intending  to  enter  upon  the  ministry  in  the 
Roman  Catholic'  Church,  he  studied  theology 
in  Aberdeen  some  time,  but,  abandoning  the 
intention,  he  came  to  British  America,  arriv- 
ing at  Halifax.  N.  S.,  in  1819.  where  he  taught 
school.  He  made  his  way  to  Boston,  where  he 
became  a  proof-reader,  and  in  1822  he  went  to 
New  York,  and  thence  to  Charleston,  where  ho 
made  translations  from  the  Spanish  for  the 
Charleston  Courier.  Returning  to  New  York. 
he  became  proprietor  (1825)  of  the  New  York 
(Sunday)  Courier,  but  did  not  succeed.  After 
various  editorial  and  journalistic  adventures 
iu  New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  Mr.  Bennett, 
in  May,  1S:S.">,  began  the  publication  of  the  New 
York  Herald.  His  method  was  a  "  new  depart- 
ure" iu  journalism.  The  Hi  raid  obtained  an 
immense  circulation  and  advertising  patron- 
age. The  profits  of  the  establishment,  al  the 
time  of  Mr.  Bennett's  death,  were  estimated  at 
from  $500,000  to  $700,000  a  year.  He  died  In 
the  Roman  Catholic  faith,  and  bequeathed  the 
Herald  to  his  only  son,  James  Gordon  Bennett, 
Jr. 

Bennington,  Battle  neab  (1777).  Falling 
short  of  provisions,  Burgoyne  sent  out  an  ex-' 
pedition  from  his  camp  on  the  Hudson  River 
to  procure  cattle,  horses  to  mount  Riedeeel's 
dragoons,  t>>  "try  the  affections  of  tin-  coun- 
try." and  to  complete  a  corps  of  loyalists.  Col- 
onel Banme  led  the  expedition, which  consisted 
of  eight  hundred  men,  comprising  German  dra- 
goons and  British  marksmen,  a  body  of  Cana- 
dians and  Indians,  some  loyalists  as  guides,  and 

two  pieces  of  artillery.     Tbe\    penetrated  the 

country  eastward   of  the   Hudson  inwards  l.eu- 

niugton,  N't.,  where  the  Americans  had  gath- 
ered a  considerable  quantity  of  supplies.  At 
that  time  (August.  1777).  General  Stark,  dis- 
gusted because  he  had  not  been  made  a  Conti- 
nental brigadier,  had  resigned  his  colonelcy. 
taken  the  leadership  of  the  New  Hampshire 
militia,  with  the  stipulation  that  he  was  to 
have    an    independent     command,    and    was    at 

Bennington  with  pan  of  a  brigade,  lie  had 
laieh  refused  to  obej  a  command  of  Genera] 
Lincoln  to  join  the  main  army  opposing  Bur- 
goyne.  It  was  a  fortunate  circumstance,  for 
In-  did  better  service  when  Banme  approached 

ami  began  to  cast  up  int  leiichnients  ,  \ uu 
I  I.     I":       in    the    township    of    lloosi,  k.    N.    V.. 


BENSON 


121 


BENTON'S  PROPHECY 


■within  about  five  miles  of  Bennington.  In- 
formed of  that  approach,  Stark  had  sent  ex- 
presses for  Warner's  shattered  regiment,  and 
for  militia,  and  he  soon  gathered  many  fugi- 
tives from  tin-  disaster  at  Habhardton.  (See 
Battle  at  Htibliardton.)  The  15th  was  rainy. 
Baume  had  sent  hack  to  Burgoyne  for  rein- 
forcements, and  Stark  was  waiting  for  tin-  ar- 
rival of  more  expected  troops  from  Berkshire. 
Warmr  joined  Stark  on   the  morning  of  the 

15th — he  and  his  men  drenched  daring  a  night 

march  in  the  rain.  The  16th  dawned  bright  and 
hot,  and  stark  proceeded  to  execute  a  plan  of 
attack  on  Baurae's  intrenched  position  by  divid- 
ing his  force,  and  making  a  simultaneous  attack 
at  different  points.  The  frightened  Indians  with 
Baume  dashed  through  the  encircling  lines  of 
the  Americans,  and  lied  to  the  shelter  of  tin- 
woods,  after  a  severe  contest  of  two  hours' 
duration,  the  ammunition  of  the  Germans  failed, 
and  they  attempted  to  break  through  the  line 
of  besiegers  with  bayonets  and  sabres.  In  that 
attempt  Banme  was  slain  and  his  veterans  were 
made  prisoners.  At  that  moment  Lientenant- 
eolonel  Breyman  appeared  with  the  jaded  re- 
inforcements which  Burgoyne  had  sent,  and 
Staik  was  joined  by  some  fresh  troops  fur- 
nished by  Warner.  The  battle  was  instantly 
renewed.  The  cannons  whiefa  had  been  taken 
from     the    Germans    were    immediately    turned 

upon  Breyman's  men.  A  fierce  battle  contin- 
ued until  sunset,  when  Breyman  retreated. 
leaving  all  his  artillery,  and  nearly  all  of  his 
wounded, behind.    The  Germans  lost,  in  killed, 

wounded,   and    prisoners,   inaily   one    thousand 

men.  Over  Beven  hundred  were  prisoners. 
The  Americans  lost  less  than  one  hundred. 

Benson,   EGBERT,   LL.D.,  was    horn    in   New- 
York    city,   .lane    21,    1748;     died    at    Jamaica, 

L.  L,  Aug.  24,  1833.  He  graduated  at  King's 
(now  Columbia)  College  in  L765;  took  an  ac- 
tive pari  in  political  events  preliminary  to  the 
war  lor  independence-;  was  a  nieinher  of  the 
Committee  of  Safety,  and.  in  1777.  was  ap- 
pointed the  first  attorney-general  of  the  state 

of  New  York.  He  was  also  a  incmhcr  of  the 
first  State-  Legislature;  and  was  on.-  of  the 
three  commissioners  appointed  to  superintend 
the  embarkation  of  the  Tories  for  Nova  Scotia 
from  New  York  in  June,  1783.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Continental  Congress  from  17-1  to 
1789, and  of  the  new  Congressfrom  I7-'J  to  i T*»:;. 
also  from  1813  to  l-i:..  From  I7^'.»  t<>  1802, he  was 
a  regent  of  the  New  York  University,  jndge  of 

the  Supreme  Court  of  New  York  (1794-1801), 
and  of  the  United  states  Circuit  Court.  He 
was  the  first  president  of  the  New  York  His- 
torical Society.  Jndge  Benson  was  the  author 
of  a  Vindication  cf  tin  Captors  of  Major  Audit', 
and  a  Memoir  on  Dutch  Names  <;/'  Places. 

Benton,  Thomas  Hart,  statesman,  was  horn 

neat    IhlUhoio',   N.  ('.,  March    11.  1782;   died   in 

Washington,  April  10,  1868.    Before  finishing  his 

studies  at  chapel  Hill  University,  North  Caro- 
lina, he  removed  to  Tennessee,  studied  law,  and 
obtained  (Treat  eminence!  in  Ids  profession.     In 
slatnre  of  that  state  he  procured  the 


enactment  of  a  law  giving  to  slaves  the  benefit 
of  a, jury  trial.  He  had  been  on  intimate  terms 
with  General  Jackson  at  Nashville  (1813),  when, 
a  quarrel  ensued,  and  in  a  personal  encounter  in 
that  town  with  deadly  weapons  both  parties 
gave  ami  received  severe  w  ouuds.    He  was  colo- 


T1IOMA9   HART    IIKSTOS. 

nel  of  a  Tennessee  regiment  from  December, 
1812,  to  April,  1813,  and  lieutenant  -colonel  of 
regulars  from  1813  to  1815.  Removing  to  St. 
Louis  in  1813,  he  established  the  Missouri  In- 
quirer there,  and  practised  his  profession.  He 
took  an  active  part  in  favoring  the  admission  of 
Missouri  as  a  state  of  the  Union,  and  was  one  of 

its  fint  representatives  in   the  United  states 

Senate,  which  position  he  held  thirty  cous.-cu- 
tive  years,  where  he  was  ever  the  peculiar  expo- 
nent and  guardian  of  "  The  West."  lie  was  an 
early  and  untiring  advocate  of  a  railway  from 
tin-  Mississippi  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  He  warmly 
opposed  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compromise 

(which  see)  in  1854.  His  frec-lahor  sentiments 
caused  his  defeat  as  a  candidate  for  the  Senate 
by  the   ultra-slavery  men   of  his    party  in  1850, 

and  in  1852  he  was  elected  to  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives. By  a  combination  of  his  old  oppo- 
nents with  the  American  party  (which  see),  he 
was  defeated   in   1*54.  and  failed  of  an   election 

for  governor  in  1856,  He  had  then  begun  to  de- 
vote himself  to  literary  pursuits;  and  he  com- 
pleted his  Thirty  Yeats'  View  of  the  United  States 

Senate  in  1-51.  He  prepared  an  Abridgment  of 
the  Debates  of  Congress,  lioni  17*'.»  to  1*5(1.  in  six- 
teen volumes  Bvo.  They  contain  a  complete 
political  history  of  the  country  during  that  pe- 
riod, so  Ear  as  the  National  Legislature  is  con- 
cerned. 

Benton's  Prophecy.  Not  long  before  his 
death,  in  1*57,  Senator  Benton  said  to  Senator 
Wilson,  "So  long  as  the  people  of  the  North 
shall  l>e  content  to  attend  to  commerce  and 
manufactures,  and  accept  the  policy  and  rule  of 
the  disuiiionisls.  they  will  condescend  to  remain 
in  the  Union;   hut   should   the  Northern   people 

attempt  to  exercise  their  just  influence  in  the 

nai ion,  they  will  attempt  to  sei/.e  the  govern- 
ment or  disrupt  the  Union  ;  hut,"  he  said,  with 
great  emphasis, " God  and  their  own  crimes  will 
put  them  in  the  hands  of  the  people!''     Benton 


BENTONVILLE,  BATTLE  OF 


122 


BERKELEY 


-wax  a  senator  from  a  Blare-labor  state,  and  knew 
the  plans  of  the  disimionists.  for  they  had  loiig 
.endeavored  to  enlist  him  in  their  schemes. 

Bentonville,  Batti.k  <»k.  After  the  defeat  of 
Hardee  at  Averasborongh  (vrliich  see),  Sherman 
believed  he  would  meet  with  no  more  serious  on- 
position  in  his  march  to  Goldsborongh.  He  issued 
orders  accordingly.  This  sense  of  security  proved 
almost  fatal  to  Sherman's  army,  for  at  that  mo- 
ment..Johnston,  who  had  come  down  from  Smith- 
field  (X.  C.)i  on  a  rapid  but  stealthy  march,  un- 
der cover  of  night,  was  hovering  near  in  full 
force.  He  found  the  Nationals  in  a  favorable 
position  for  him  to  attack  them.    General  J.  C. 


It  was  one  of  the  most  notable  battles  of  the 
Civil  War.  The  main  forces  of  the  I'nion  and  of 
its  enemies  were  then  concentrating  at  one  point 
for  a  desperate  last  struggle  —  Sherman  and 
Johnston  in  North  Carolina,  and  Grant  and  Lee 
in  Virginia  Had  Johnston  won  at  that  time 
the  consequence  probably  would  have  been  the 
loss  of  th«-  whole  of  Sherman's  army  and  the 
quick  and  fatal  dispersion  or  capture  of  Grant's 
before  Petersburg  and  Richmond.  On  the  night 
after  the  battle  reinforcements  came  to  the  left 
of  the  Nationals.  The  Confederates  prepared 
for  another  onset,  but  when  Johnston  heard  of 
the  actual  connection  of  three  National  armies  in 


Davis's  corps  was  encamped  (March  IS,  1865)  on  the  vicinity  of  Goldsborongh  (which  see),  he  per- 
the  Goldsborongh  road,  at  a  point  where  it  was  ceived  that  all  chance  for  success  against  Sher- 
orossed  by  one  from  Clinton  to  Smithfield.  Two  man  had  vanished.  There  had  been  hard  fight- 
divisions  of  Williams's  were  encamped  ten  or  ing  all  day  (March  30, 1865),  and  that  night,  after 
twelve  miles  in  the  rear  of  this,  in  charge  of  having  bis  only  line  of  retreat  severely  menaced 
Slocnin's  wagon-trains.  The  remainder  of  the  by  a  flank  movement  under  Genera]  Mower, 
forces  were  scattered  to  the  south  and  east,  in  Johnston  withdrew  and  went  towards  .Smith- 
fancied  security.  On  the  morning  of  the  ltith,  field  in  such  haste  that  he  left  his  pickets,  wonnd- 
Sberman  left  Slooum,  nearest  the  Confederates,  ed  in  hospitals,  and  dead  behind.  The  aggregate 
to  join  Howard's  troops,  ■which  were  scattered  loss  of  the  Nationals  near  Bentonville  was  1<>4*. 
and  moving  on  oxer  the  wretched,  muddy  road.  The  loss  of  the  Confederates  was  never  reported. 
On  March  19,  Sherman,  while  on  his  way  to  The  Nationals  captured  1625  of  their  men.  aud 
Howard,  heard  cannonading  on  his  left  wing,  buried  2(u  of  their  dead. 
but  did  nor  think  there  was  anything  serious 


in  it.  It  proved,  however,  to  be  a  complete  sur- 
prise. The  Confederates,  iu  overwhelming  num- 
bers, were  found  pressing  Slocum.  A  very  se- 
vere battle  ensued,  in  a  densely  wooded  swamp, 
dark  and  wet  and  dismal.  In  this  encounter, 
General  J.  C.  Davis  conducted  much  of  the  bat- 


Berkeley,  ADMIKAL.  CIRCULAR  OF  (1807). 
Berkeley,  in  command  of  the  British  North  Amer- 
ican naval  station,  issued  a  circular  (June  1,1807) 
at  Halifax,  addressed  to  all  commanders  on  his 
station,  reciting  that  many  seamen,  subjects  of 
his  Britannic  Majesty,  and  serving  in  vessels  of 


..,  ,     ,  ...        ,  ,,      the  roval  fleet  (naming  them),  had  deserted  those 

tie    with    great    skill   and   courage,  continually  .''         ,.   .V.  ,  i     ,       ,  c  ■ 

vessels,  enlisted  on  board  the  American  frigate 

Chesapeake, and  had  openly  paraded  the  streets 


cheering  his  men  with   assurances   of  victory. 
Johnston  had  assured  his  men  that  he  was  con- 


of  New    York,  in   sight    of  their  officers,  under 


ident   ot  victory,  and   the  troops  on  both   sides 

.                             •,          .,      .     ,     '    .           ,„            ,  American   colors,  and   protected  by   the   magis- 

fought  desperately.      Davis  had  formed  General  ...          '             ',    ., 

...      .     ,    .       ,  *  .     .,      ,   ..          ,  ,      ,    ,   .,  (rates  <>t   the  town  and  the  recruiting  ofhecr. 

rearing  s  brigade  to  the  left  and  hurled  them  ,          .         ,  .               .,                        ,          '  i     e    1 

upon  the  flank  of  the  Confederates.     The  latter  wh"  ""  ^^ve  them  up  on  demand  of  the 

.         .            ,         .  ,      .,                        .  commanders  ot  the  ships  to  which  they  belonged. 

were  stagirered  and  paralyzed  by  this  unexpect-  .        .  .     ..  .  .'             .     ,..,  •           p   . 

,                      .  .   '      .    ■             •       ...      .'  or  on  that  ol  the  British  consul.     I  he  command- 

ed  and  stunning  blow  from  aforce  hitherto  ,,„-  whom          ^^          ;lll(ln.ss,(1  „,.,,. 

seen  by  them,  for  I  earing  s  troops  were  in  re-  m                      Chm^eah  at 

serve.    They  reeled  and  tell  back  in  amazement.  ...          ..     ,.    .         ..  .;      ,. 

,....,                                      ,           ,     .          .      ,.  sea.  w  ithout  the  limits  ol   the  I  lilted  Mates,  to 

and  the  attack  was  not  renew  eil  on  that  part  or  ,           ,  .         .            ,  .              ...               ,  ,.       , 

,     ,.,,,.               ,            .          ...           /     ,r.  show  this  order  and  to  search  the  vessel  for  de- 

the  fieldfor  more  than  an  hour  afterwards.    The  ^^                           ^  ^  AMm  ^n. 

army  was  saved.     1  he   young  general  (rearing;  ^.^  ^  ^^  ^  ^^ 


was  disabled  by  a  bullet,  and  hundreds  of  his 
brigade,  dead  and  wounded,  strewed  the  field 
of  conflict.     Davis  re-formed  the  disordered  left 


'  kmapmkt 

(Did  Leopard.) 

Berkeley,  Georoe,  Bishop  of  Cloyne,  was 


and  centre  of  his  line  in  open  fields  half  a  mile  born   in    Kilkenny  County.  Ireland,  March  12, 

In   the   rear  of  the  old  line.      The  artillery  was  1684;    died   at   Oxford.  Jan.  11.  lT.MS.      Educated 

moved  t<>  a  commanding  knoll,  and  Kilpatrick  at  Trinity  College, Dublin, he  became  a  Fellow 
massed  his  cavalry  on  the  left.  Meanwhile  an  there,  and  at  an  early  age  wrote  on  scientific 
attack  upon  Morgan's  division  of  the  Fourteenth  subjects.  Between  1710  and  1713,  his  two  la- 
Corps  had  beeu  very  severe  and  unceasing.  The  moiis  works  appeared,  in  which  he  denies  the 
National  forces  received  six  distinct  assaults  by  existence  of  matter,  and  argues  that  it  is  not 
the  combined  troops  of  Hardee,  Hoke,  and  Cheat-  without  the  mind,  but  within  it.  and  that  that 


ham.  under  the  immediate  command  of  General 
Johnston,  without  yielding  an  inch  of  ground, 
and  all  the  while  doing  much  execution  on  the 
Confederate  ranks,  especially  with  the  artil- 
lery. With  darkness  ibis  conflict,  known  as 
the  battle  of  Bentom  ills,  en. led.    •■  Soldiers  of 


which    is  called   matter   is    only   an    impression 

produced  by  divine  power  on  the  mind  by  the 

invariable  laws  of  nature.     <  in  a  tour  iu  France 

be  visited  the  French  philosopher  Malebranehe, 
win.  became  so  excited  bj  ■  discussion  with 

Berkeley  on  the  non-existence  of  matter,  that. 


that  command," writes  Brevet  Brigadier-genet*]    being  ill  at  the  time,  he  died  a  few  days  after- 

Mcdnrg,  to  the  writer, "  will  tell  yon  they  never   ward*.    If  i*s  Vauhomrigh  (Swift's  "  \ 

San  anything  like  the  lighting  at  BentonvUle."   bequeathed  to  Berkelej  |20,000;  and  in  1728  Us 


BERKELEY 


1-23 


BERKELEY 


income  was  increased  $5500  a  year  by  being 
made  DeanofDerry.  Berkeley  oouoeived  a  plan 
for  establishing  a  college  in  the  Bermudas  tor 
the  instruction  of  pastors  for  tbe  colonial  church- 
es and  missionaries  forthe  Indians.  He  resigned 
his  offices  to  become  rector  of  the  projected  ool- 
lege  at  a  salary  of  s.">< in  a  year.  The  Honse  of 
Commons  authorized  the  appropriation  of  a  por- 
tion of  the  money  to  he  obtained  from  the  sale 
of  lands  in   Si.  Kit t's  (St. Christopher's),  which 

had  been  ceded  to  England  for  tbe  establish- 
ment of  the  institution.  With  these  assurances 
Berkeley  went  to  Newport,  It.  I.  (17-29),  bought 
a  farm  and  built  a  house,  intending  to  invest 
Che  college  Gauds, when  received,  in  American 
lands,  and  then  to  make  arrangements  for  B 
■upply  of  pupils.  lie  had  just  married,  and 
brought  bis  bride  with  him.    The  scheme  for 

the  college  failed  for  lack  of  government  co- 
operation after  ihe  death  of  the  king,  who  fa- 
vored it.  In  1731  he  was  made  Bishop  of  (loyne. 
which   [dace    he    held    for  almost    twenty  years. 

He  gave  to  Yale  College  his  estate  in  Rhode 
Island,  known  as '•  White  Hall."  and  also  eight 
hundred  and  eighty  volumes  for  its  library. 
Wishing  to  he  near  his  son,  who  was  in  college 
at  Oxford,  he  removed  thither  in  17.")2.  where  he 
died.  Pope  ascribed  to  him  ''every  virtue  un- 
der the  sun."  It  was  in  \  iew  of  the  establish- 
ment of  the  college  that  he  wrote  his  famous 
lines  ••tin  the  Prospeol  of  Planting  Arts  and 
Learning  hi  America,"  in  w  hiehooours  tliisoftou- 
quoted  line, 

■  Westward  t! rarse  of  empire  takee  its  way." 

Berkeley,  Sn;  JOHN,  was  horn  in  lf,il7,  and 
was  in  the  military  service  of  Charles  I.  when 
the  king  knighted  him  at  Berw  ick  on  the  Tweed. 
In  tli«'  civil  war  that  afterwards  ensued,  he  bore 
aconspie s  pa  it.  and  he  remained  in  exile  with 

the  royal  family  many  years,     in  it;."):'.  Berkeley 

w  as  placed  at  t  he  head  of  t  he  I  hike  of  York's  es- 
tablishment ;  and  two  years  before  the  Restora- 
tion 1 1660),  of  thai  of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  who. 
when  crowned  kin;;  (Charles  IL),  raised  Berkeley 
to  the  peerage  as  Baron  Berkeley  of  Stratton,  in 
the  enmity  of  Somerset.  <>n  the  Restoration  he 
became  one  of  the  privy  council,  and  late  in 

1669  lie  was  appointed  Eord-lieuteiiant  of  Ire- 
land.     He    was   then   one   of  the   proprietors   of 

New  Jersej  (see  New  Jersey), and  was  not  above 
suspicion  of  engaging  in  the  oorrapl  practice  of 
selling  offices,  Samuel  Pepys,  who  v 
tars  of  the  Admiralty  (1664),  speaks  of  him  in 
his  Diary  as  "the  most  hot, fiery  man  in  his  dis- 
course, without  any  cause,"  he  ever  saw.  Lord 
Berkeley  was  appointed  Ambassador  Extraordi- 
nary to  the  ( louri  of  \  ersailles  in  1675,  and  died 
-Vnii.  28,  167& 

Berkeley,  Sn;  William,  was  born  near  Lon- 
don ;  died  at  Twickenham,  England,  July  13, 
1(')77.  He  was  brother  of  Lord  John  Berkeley, 
one    of    the    early   English    proprietors    of  New 

Jersey       Appointed  governor  of  Virginia,  he 

arrived  there  in  February,  Hi  1-2.     Berkeley  was 

a  tin.'  specimen  of  a  young  English  courtier. 
He  was  then  thirty-two  years  of  age,  Well  edu- 
cated  at   Oxford,  handsome    in    person,  polished 


by  foreign  travel,  and  possessing  exquisite  taste 
in  dress.  He  was  one  of  the  most  accomplished 
cavaliers  of  the  day.  He  adopted  some  salutary 
measures  in  Virginia  which  made  him  popular; 
and  at  his  mansion  at  "Green  Spring."  not  far 
from  .Jamestown,  he  dispensed  generous  hospi- 
tality for  many  years.  Berkeley  was  a  stanch 
but  not  a  bigoted  royalist  at  first;  and  during 
the  civil  war  in  England  he  managed  public  af- 
fairs in  Virginia  with  so  much  prudence  that  a 
greater  proportion  of  the  colonists  wore  in  sym- 
pathy with  him.  In  religions  matters  there  was 
soon  perceived  the  spirit  of  persecution  in  tbe 
character  of  the  governor.  The  Puritans  were 
then  not  only  tolerated  in  Virginia,  hut  had 
heen  invited  to  settle  there.  The  civil  war 
drew  a  line  of  clear  demarcation  between 
churchmen  and  non-conformists.  A  large  ma- 
jority of  the  people  of  Virginia  were  at  nich- 
ed to  the  Church  of  England;  so  was  the  gov- 
ernor. In  England  the  Puritans  wore  identified 
with  tin'  republicans,  and  Berkeley  thought  it 
to  be  his  duty  to  suppress  them  in  his  colony  as 
enemies  to  royalty.  So  lie  fust  decreed  that  no 
Puritan  minister  should  preach  except  in  con- 
formity to  the  rules  of  the  Church  of  England  ; 
and,  finally,  all  non-conformists  were  banished 
from  Virginia  In  the  war  with  the  Indians  in 
1(544,  in  which  Opeohancanongh  led  the  sa\  ages, 

the  governor  behaved  with  promptness  and  ef- 
ficiency, and  soon  crushed  the  invaders.  (See 
Opedumcanough.)  Then  the  colonists  had  peace 
and  prosperity  for  some  years.  In  KUs  they 
numbered  twenty  thousand.  "The  cottages 
were  filled  with  children,  as  the  ports  with 
ships  and  emigrants."  The  people  wore  loyal 
to  the  king;  and  when  the  latter  lost  his  bead, 
and  royalty  was  abolished  in  England,  they 
opened  wide  their  arms  to  receive  Ihe  cavaliers 
(many  of  them  of  the  gentry,  nobility,  and  cler- 
gy  of  the  realm)  who  fled  in  horror  from  the 
wrath  of  republicans.  They  brought  refine- 
ment in  manners  ami  intellectual  culture  to 
Virginia,  ami  strengthened  the  loyalty  of  the 

colonists.  When  tin'  king  was  slain  they  rec- 
ognized  his  exiled   son   as  their  sovereign,  and 

Berkeley  proclaimed  him  King  of  Virgiuia.  Sir 
William  administered  the  government  under  a 
commission  senl  bj  Charles  from  his  place  of 
exile  (Breda,  in  Flanders).  Virginia  was  the 
last  country  belonging  to  England  that  submit- 
ted to  the  government  of  tin'  republicans  on  the 

downfall  of  monarchy.  This  persistent  attach- 
ment to    the    Smarts   offended    the    republican 

Parliament,  and  they  sent  sir  Qeorg 

with  a  Strong  licet,  early  in  the  spring  of  1662, 
to  reduce  the  Virginians  to  submission.  The 
tleet  bore  commissioners  authorized  to  use  harsh 
or  conciliatory  measures  — to  make  a  compro- 
mise, or  to  declare  the  freedom  of  the  slaves  >■! 
the  royalists, put  arms  in  their  hands,  and  make 
war.  The  commissioners  were  met  with  firm- 
ness by  Berkeley.  Astonished  by  the  boldness 
of  the  governor  and  his  adherents,  they  deemed 
it  more  prudent  t<>  compromise  than  to  attempt 

coercion.     The  result   was,  the  political   freedom 

of  the  oolonists  was  guaranteed.  Berkeley  re- 
garding those   whom  the  commissioners  repre- 


BERKELEY 


124 


BERMUDA  HUNDRED 


sented  as  usurpers,  ho  would  make  no  stipula- 
tions with  them  for  himself,  and  he  withdrew 
from  the  governorship  and  lived  in  retirement 
on  his  plantation  at  Green  Spring  until  the  res- 
toration of  monarchy  in  England  in  1660,  when 
the  loyalty  of  the  Virginians  was  not  forgotten 
by  the  new  monarch.  (Sec  Old  Dominion.)  The 
people  elected  Richard  Bennett  governor;  and 
he  was  succeeded  by  two  others — Edward  Diggs 
(1665)  and  Samuel"  Matthews  (1656),  the  latter 
appointed  by  Oliver  Cromwell.  At  his  death 
(1660)  the  people  elected  Berkeley,  but  he  re- 
fused to  serve  excepting  under  a  royal  commis- 
sion, and  he  went  to  England  to  congratulate 
Charles  11.  on  his  restoration  to  the  throne. 
Charles  gave  Berkeley  a  commission,  and  he  re- 
turned to  Virginia  to  execute  his  master's  will 
with  vigor.  He  enforced  various  oppressive 
laws,  for  he  was  less  tolerant  than  when  he 
was  younger  and  politically  weaker,  and,  with 
the  cavaliers  around  him,  he  hated  everything 
that  marked  the  character  of  the  Puritans. 
These  cavaliers  despised  the  '•common  people" 
of  New  England,  and  opposed  the  ideas  of  popu- 
lar education.  Berkeley  wrote  to  his  govern- 
ment in  1665,  "I  thank  God  there  are  no  free 
schools  nor  printing  in  Virginia,  and  I  hope  we 
shall  not  have  them  these  hundred  years:  for 
learning  has  brought  heresy  and  disobedience 
and  sects  into  the  world,  and  printing  hath  di- 
vulged them,  and  libels  against  the  best  govern- 
ment; God  keep  us  from  both!"  Oppression  of 
the  people  finally  produced  civil  war  in  1670.  the 
events  of  which  soured  Berkeley,  who  had  then 
grown  old  (see  Union's  Rebellion);  and  after  it 
was  over,  and  he  was  firmly  seated  in  power,  he 
treated  the  principal  abettors  of  the  insurrec- 
tion with  harshness  and  cruelty.  His  king  had 
proclaimed  Bacon  (the  leader  of  the  insurrec- 
tion) a  traitor,  and  Bent  an  armament  under  Sir 
John  Berry  to  assist  in  crushing  the  rebellion. 
This  was  the  first  time  royal  troops  were  sent 
to  America  to  suppress  the  aspirations  of  the 
people  for  freedom.  The  act  was  repeated  one 
hundred  years  afterwards  without  success.  (See 
Independence,  War  for.)  Feeling  strong,  Berke- 
ley pursued  the  adherents  of  Bacon  with  malig- 
nant severity  until  twenty-two  of  them  were 
banged.  The  first  martyr  was  Thomas  Hauford, 
a  gallant  young  native  of  Virginia.  Standing 
before  the  governor,  lie  boldly  avowed  his  re- 
publicanism ;  and  when  sentenced  to  he  hanged, 
lie  said.  "  I  ask  no  favor  but  that  I  may  be  shot 
like  a  soldier,  and  not  hanged  like  a  dog."  At 
the  gallows  he  said.  ••  Take  notice  that  I  die  a 
loyal  subject  and  a  lover  id' my  country."  Ed- 
mund Cheeseman,  when  arraigned  before   the 

governor,   was    asked    why    he    engaged    in    the 

wicked  rebellion,  and  before  he  could  answer 
his  young  wife  stepped  forward  and  said.  ••  My 
provocations  made  my  husband  join  in  the  cause 

for  which  Bacon  contended:  but  for  me, he  had 

never  done    what    he   has  done.       Since   what   is 

done,"  the  said,  as  she  knell  before  the  gov- 
ernor, with  her  bowed  head  covered  with  her 
hands,  "was  done  by  my  means,  1  am  most 
guilty;  let  me  bear  the  punishmeut;  lei  me  be 
hanged  ;  lei  my  husband  be  pardoned."    The 


governor  cried  out  angrily,  "  Away  with  you  !"  , 
and  brutally  added  a  coarse  insinuation  against 
her  chastity.  The  poor  young  wife  swooned, 
and  her  husband  was  led  to  the  gallows.  When 
the  brave  Drummoiid  was  brought  before  the 
governor,  Berkeley,  with  wicked  satire,  made  a 
low  bow  and  said,  "  You  are  very  welcome;  I 
am  more  glad  to  see  you  than  any  man  in  Vir- 
ginia ;  you  shall  be  hanged  in  half  an  hour." 
Drummond  replied,  with  dignity,  "  I  expect  no 
mercy  from  you.  I  have  followed  the  lead  of 
my  conscience,  and  done  what  I  might  to  free 
my  country  from  oppression."  He  was  con- 
demned at  one  o'clock  and  hanged  at  four;  and 
his  brave  wife.  Sarah,  was  denounced  as  a  •■  trai- 
tor" and  banished,  with  her  children,  to  the  wil- 
derness, there  to  subsist  on  the  bounty  of  friends. 
(See  Bacon's  Rebellion.)  When  these  things  were 
brought  to  the  notice  of  the  profligate  monarch, 
even  he  was  disgusted  with  Berkeley's  cruelties, 
and  said,  "The  old  fool  has  taken  more  lives  in 
that  naked  country  than  I  have  taken  for  the 
murder  of  my  father:"  and  Berkeley  was  ordered 
to  desist.-  But  he  continued  to  tine  and  impris- 
on the  followers  of  Bacon  until  he  was  recalled 
in  the  spring  of  1677,  and  went  to  England  with 
the  ret  inning  licet  of  Sir  John  Berry.  The  col- 
onists fired  great  guns  and  lighted  bonfires  in 
token  of  their  joy  at  his  departure.  In  England 
his  cruelties  were  severely  censured,  and  hi'  died 
of  grief  and  mortified  pride  before  he  had  a 
chance  to  stand  before  his  king. 

Berlin  Decree.     (See  Orders  and  Decrees.) 

Bermuda  Hundred,  OPERATIONS  near  (1864). 
General  Butler  had  intrenched  a  greater  portion 
of  the  Army  of  the  James  at  Bermuda  Hundred, 
at  the  junction  of  the  James  and  Appomattox 
livers,  early  in  May,  1864, to  co-operate  with  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  approaching  from  the 
north.  His  chief  care  at  first  was  to  prevent 
reinforcements  being  sent  to  Lee  from  Peters- 
burg and  the  South.  For  this  purpose  Butler 
proceeded  to  destroy  the  railway  between  Pe- 
tersburg and  Richmond, and  so  to  cm  oil' direct 
communication  between  the  Confederate  capital 
and  the  South.  When  it  was  known  that  General 
(iillmore  had  withdrawn  his  troops  from  before 
Charleston  to  join  Butler,  Beauregard  was  or- 
dered to  hasten  northward  to  confront  the  Army 
of  the  James.  He  had  arrived  at  Petersburg, 
and  was  hourly  reinforced.  Some  of  these  troops 
he  massed  in  front  of  Butler,  under  General  I). 
11.  Hill  :  and  finally,  on  the  morning  of  May  16. 
under  cover  of  a  dense  log,  thev  atlempted  to 
turn  Bullet's  right  think.  A  sharp  conflict  en- 
sued between  about  four  thousand  Nationals 
and  three  thousand  Confederates,  which  result- 
ed in  the  retirement  of  Butler's  forces  within 
their  iiitrenehmeiils,  lor  several  days  after- 
wards there  was  much  skirmishing  in  front  of 
Butler's  lines,  when  hi1  received  orders  to  semi 
nearly  two  thirds  of  his  effective  force  to  the 
north  side  of  the  James  to  a^-ist  the  Army  of 

the  Potomac, then  contending  with  Lee's  armj 
of  Northern  Virginia.  Butler  complied  w  ith  the 
requisition,  which  deprived  him  of  all  power  to 
make  an)  further  offensive  movements 


BERMUDAS 


125 


BIDDLE 


necessities  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,"  he  said, 
"  have  bottled  me  np  at  Bermuda  Hundred." 
This  expression  was  afterwards  used  to  his  dis- 
advantage. 

Bermudas,  Fii;st  English  in  the.  Henry 
May,  an  English  mariner,  returning  from  a  voy- 
age to  the  West  Indies  in  a  French  ship,  was 

wrecked  (Dec.  IT.  1593 >ne  of  the  islands. 

lie  and  his  companions  in  distress  remained 
there  five  months,  when  they  rigged  a  small 
vessel  of  eighteen  tons  from  the  material  of  the 
ship,  put  in  thirteen  live  turtles  for  provisions, 
sailed  to  Newfoundland,  and  thence  returned  to 
England.  These  islands  were  named  in  honor 
iif  Jnan  Bermndez,a  Spaniard  who  was  wrecked 
there  in  1522.  May  was  the  first  Englishman 
who  set  foot  upon  them.     (See  Somers't  Isles.) 

Bernard,  Francis,  was  horn  in  Lincoln  Coun- 
ty, England,  in  1714;  died  in  London,  June  16, 

1789.        lie    was    educated    at    Oxford,   where    hi' 

graduated  iu  17:>i>.  The  law  was  his  chosen 
profession.  In  17.>  he  was  appointed  governor 
of  New  Jersey;  and  in  17(>o  lie  was  transferred 
to  the  chief  magistracy  of  Massachusetts,  where 

he  was  a  most  obedient  servant  of  the  crown 
and  ministry  in  the  rapport  of  measures  obnox- 
ious to  the  colonists.  After  a  stormy  adminis- 
tration of  nearly  nine  years  Bernard  was  re- 
called, when  he  was  created  a  baronet,  chiefly 
because  of  his  recommendation   to   transfer  the 

right  of  selecting  the  governor's  council  from 
the  Colonial  Legislature  to  the  crown.  Ber- 
nard was  a  friend  of  learning,  and  gave  a  part 
of  his  Miliary  to  Harvard  College,  lie  had  he- 
come  so  thoroughly  unpopular  that  when  he 
left  Boston  the  hells  were  rung,  cannon  were 
fired,  and  "Liberty-tree"  was  hung  with  Saga, 

in  token  of  the  joy  of  the  people. 

Berry,  Hiram  Gbobge,  was  horn  at  Thomas- 
ton.  Me..  Aug.  27,  1824  ;   killed  in  battle  at  Chan- 

oeliorsville,Va.,May  :(,  1863.  He  was  first  a  car- 
penter, then  a  navigator,  and  finally  became  a 
state  legislator  and  mayor  of  Bockland,  Me.    He 

was  col -1  of  Maine  volunteers  in  thebatlle  of 

Boll's  Sou;  became  brigadier -general  in  May, 
1869;  ami  was  active  in  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac throughout  the  campaign  on  the  Peninsula 

in  1869  and  until  the  bailie  of  ( 'hancellors\  ille 
in  1863,  where  he  perished.  His  brigade  was 
especially  distinguished  in  the  battle  of  Freder- 
icksburg, in  December,  1889.  In  March.  1863,  be 
«  as  made  Major-general  of  Volunteers,  and  com- 
manded a  division  in  the  Third  Corps  at  Chan- 
cellorsville  when   he   fell.       (See  I  li,uir,Uonirillr.) 

Beyond  the  Penobscot.     (See  Cattku,  Capt- 

in  the  oonntrj  beyond  the  Penobscot, 
which  the  British  held  in  l-ii.  the  Inhabit- 
ants, I'oily  thousand  strong,  rather  enjoyed  the 
change;  for.  while  few  of  their  privileges  were 

abridged,  they  were  relieved  from  dralts  for 
military  service,  alarms,  and  taxes.  They  had 
access    |<>    m,„mI    markets,  and    enjoyed    freedom 

of  trade.  The  national  government  was  anx- 
ious for  the  reoonqneat  of  that  territory,  which 

had  one  hundred  miles  of  sea-coast  lull  of  har- 
bors and  inlets  easily  accessible  to  British  ships, 
and   where   naval   stores  abounded.      It   offered, 


if  Massachusetts  would  nnderta'ke  to  furnish, 
feed,  and  pay  a  corps  of  five  thousand  men,  to 
undertake  the  reconqnest.  But  Governor  Strong 
declined  the  offer;  for  he  saw  in  the  proposed 
movement,  without  the  aid  of  a  strong  naval 
force,  another  evidence  of  the  military  folly  of 
the  administration.  He  feared  the  now  com- 
fortable inhabitants  Would,  in  case  of  such  au 
attempt,  meet  the  fiery  fate  of  (lie  Niagara  fron- 
tiersmen.   (See  Niagara  Frontier,  Desolation  of.) 

Bible,  First  Editions  or  mr.  Printed  in 
the  United  States.  A  German  edition  of  the 
Bible,  in  quarto,  was  printed  at  Germautown, 
near  Philadelphia,  in  1743,  by  Christopher  San- 
er. In  1782  Robert  Aitkin,  printer  and  book- 
seller in  Philadelphia, published  the  first  Amer- 
ican edition  of  the  Bible  in  English,  also  in 
quarto  form;  and  iu  1791  Isaiah  Thomas  print- 
ed the  Bible  in  English,  in  folio  form,  at  Wor- 
cester. Mass.  This  was  the  first  in  that  form 
issued  from  the  press  in  the  United  States.  The 
same  year  Isaac  Collins  printed  the  English  ver- 
sion, in  quarto  form,  at  Trenton.  X.  J. 

Bible  Society,  Tut:  AMERICAN.  The  first 
Bible  Socictv  iu  thi'  Uuited  Sialcs  was  formed 
iu  Philadelphia  in  1802.  When,  in  1816,  the 
American  Bible  Society  was  organized,  there 
were  between  fifty  and  sixty  societies  in  the 

Union.  Delegates  from  these  met  in  New  York 
in  May,  1816,  and  founded  the  •'American  Bible 
Society."  Eliae  Bondinot  (which  see)  was  chos- 
en president, and  thirty-six  managers  were  ap- 
pointed, all  of  whom  were  laymen  of. seven  dif- 
ferent denominations.  The  avowed  object  of 
the  socictv  was  to  "  encourage  a  wider  circula- 
tion of  the  Holy  Scriptures  withool  note  or  com- 
ment." In  the  first  year  of  its  existence  it  is- 
sued 6410  copies  of  the  Scriptures.  Ii  has  since 
issued,  iu  one  year,  l. '.tin i. ooi i  copies.  It  has 
primed  the  Bible  iii  twenty-seven  new  trans- 
lations, and  printed  and  published  the  entire 
Scriptures  iu  raised  letters  for  the  use  of  the 
blind.  In  1836  the  Baptists  seceded  from  the 
American  Bible  Society,  and  founded  the  ••Amer- 
ican and  Foreign  Bible  Society,"  conducted  en- 
tirely by  that  denomination.  Iu  1870  it  had 
published  the  Scriptures  iii  fort v  different  lan- 
guages and  circulated  over  4,000,000  copies  in 
foreign    lands.       A    secession    from    this    Baptist 

Bible  Society  occurred  in  1850,  when  the  "Amer- 
ican Bible  Uuiou"  was  formed. 

Biddle,  CLEMENT,  was  born  iu  Philadelphia, 
May  111.  1740;   died  there  .July  11.  1814     He  was 

descended  from  one  of  the  early  Quaker  settlers 
in  Western  New  Jersey,  and  when  the  war  for 
independence  broke  out  he  assisted  ill  raising  a 

company  of  soldiers  in  Philadelphia.  He  was 
deputy  quartermaster-general  of  Pennsylvania 
militia  in  1776, and  commissar)  of  forage  under 
General  Greene  <>n  the  organization  of  the  na- 
tional government,  he  was  appointed  Uuited 
siaies  marshal  for  Pennsylvania 

Biddle,  Jambs,  naval  commander,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia, Feb. 99,  1783;  died  there  Oct.l, 

1848  lb'  was  educated  at  the  I'liiversity  of 
Pennsylvania  (which  see  .and  entered  the  navy, 

as  midshipman, Feb.  Pi,  1800.    He  was  wrecked 


BIDDLE 


126 


BIENVILLE 


in  tin-  frigate  Philadelphia  (which  see),  off  Trip- 
oli, iu  October,  1803,  and  was  a  prisoner  nine- 
teen months.     As  first  Lieutenant  of  the  Wasp, 

he  led  the  boarders  in  the  action  with  the  Frolic 


JAMES    111  DOLE. 

(see  Wasp  and  Frolic),  Oct.  18,  1812.  Captured 
by  i li«'  Poiotiers,  he  was  exchanged  in  March, 
1813;  and  was  made  master  commander  in 
charge  of  a  flotilla  of  gunboats  in  the  Delaware 
Biversoon  afterwards.  In  command  of  the  Bor- 
ne* lie  captured  the  Penguin  (see  Hornet  mid  Pen- 
guin |,  March  23,  1813.  For  this  victory  Congress 
voted  him  a  gold  medal,  and  other  honors  were 
bestowed  upon  bim.  Made  captain  in  Febru- 
ary, 1815,  he  held  important  commands  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  world.  While  in  command 
of  a  squadron  in  the  Mediterranean  (1830-: $2), 
he  was  given  a  commission  to  negotiate  a  com- 
mercial treaty  with  the  Turkish  government.  In 
1845  lie  performed  diplomatic  service  in' China, 
and  \  isited  Japan. 


Biddle,  Nicholas,  naval  commander,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  .Sept.  10,  17.">o ;  killed 
March  7,  1778.  He  made  a  voyage  t<>  Quebec 
before  he  was  fourteen  years  of  age.     In  a  voy- 


MCHOLAS  BIDDLE. 

age  to  the  West  Indies  he  was  cast  away  on  an 
uninhabited  island,  where  he  remained  two 
months.  He  entered  the  British  navy  in  1770. 
Wliile  a  midshipman,  he  absconded,  and  became 
a  sailor  before  the  mast  in  The  Carcass,  iu  the 
exploring  expedition  of  Captain  l'hipps  in  which 
Horatio  Nelson  served.  Returning  to  Philadel- 
phia after  the  commencement  of  the  Revolution, 
he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  brig  An- 
Area  Doria,  under  Commodore  Hopkins.  In  I77t'> 
he  captured  two  transports  from  Scotland,  with 
four  hundred  Highland  troops  hound  lot  Amer- 
ica. In  February,  1777.  he  sailed  from  Philadel- 
phia in  the  frigate  Randolph,  and  soon  carried 
four  valuable  prizes  into  Charleston.  Then  he 
cruised  in  the  West  India  waters  with  a  small 
squadron;  and  in  an  action  with  a  British  64- 
gun  ship,  in  March.  177S,  Biddle  was  wounded. 
A  few  minutes  afterwards  the  Randolph  was 
blown  up;  and  of  the  entire  ore*  .  consisting  of 

three  hundred  and  fifteen  men.  only  four  es- 
caped to  tell  the  dreadful  tale. 

Bienville,  Jkan  BAPTIST  Lk  Moynk.  brother 


BIG  BETHEL,  BATTLE  AT 


127 


BIG  BETHEL,  BATTLE  AT 


of  Le  Moyne  Iberville,  who  founded  a  French 
settlement  at  Biloxi,  near  the  month  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, in  1698.  (See  Louisiana.)  He  was  born 
in  Montreal,  Feb.  23,  1680;  died  in  France  in 
1768.  For  several  years  he  was  in  the  French 
naval  service  with  Iberville,  and  accompanied 
him.  with  bis  brother  Sanville,  to  Louisiana. 
In  1699  Bienville  explored  the  country  around 
Biloxi.  Sanville  was  appointed  governor  of 
Louisiana  in  1699,  and  the  next  year  Bienville 
constructed  a  fort  fifty-four  miles  above  the 
■Booth  of  the  river.  Sanville  died  in  1701, when 
Bienville  took  charge  of  the  colony,  transfer- 
ring the  seat  of  government  to  Mobile.  In  1704 
he   was  joined  by  hi-  brother  Chateaugay.  who 

brought  seventeen  settlers  from  Prance.  Soon 
afterwards  a  ship  brought  twenty  young  women 

as  wives  for  settlers  at  Mobile.  Iberville  soon 
afterwards  died,  and  Bienville,  charged  with 
mi-conduct,  was  dismissed  from  office  in  1707. 
His  successor  dying  on  his  way  from  France,  Bi- 
enville retained  the  office.  Having  tried  un- 
sucec— fully  to  cultivate  the  land  by  Indian  la- 
bor. Bienville  proposed  to  the  government  to 
exchange  Indian-  for  negroes  in  the  West  In- 
dies, at  the  rate  of  three  Indians  for  one  negTO. 
Bienville  remained  at  the  head  of  the  colony 
until  1713,  when  Codillac  arrived,  as  governor, 
with  a  commission  for  the  former  as  lieutenant- 
governor.  Quarrels  between  them  ensued.  Co- 
dillac was  superseded  in  1717  by  Epinay,  and 
Bienville  received  the  decoration  of  the  Cross 

Of  St.  Louis.  Iii  171-  be  founded  the  city  of 
New  Orleans;  and  war  breaking  out  between 
France  and  Spain,  he  seized  l'ensacola  and  put 
hi-  brother,  Chateaugay,  in  command  there.  He 
was  summoned  to  France   in  1721   to  answer 

here  he  remained  until  171!:?,  when  he 

was  sent  back  to  Louisiana  as  governor,  with 
the  rank  of  lieutenant-general.  Having  made 
isful  expeditions  againBt  the  Chiokasawa 
(which  Bee),  he  was  superseded  in  1743,  and  re- 
turned to  France. 

Big  Bethel,  Battle  at.    When  General  But- 
ler arrived  at  his  headquarters  at  Fortress  Mon- 

1861  I,  he  first  established  Camp  Ham- 
ilton, near  the  fort,  aa  a  rendesvous  for  troops 
gathering  there.  There  were  first  gathered 
Phelps's  Vermont  regiment,  and  another  from 

\.;    and    soon    afterwards    they    were 

joined  by  a  well-disciplined  regiment  of  Zou- 
aves, under  Colonel  Abraham  Duryee,  of  New 
York  city.  Duryee  was  assigned  to  the  command 
of  the  camp  as  acting  brigadier-general.  Butler 
conceived  a  plan  of  taking  possession  of  the  coun- 
try between  Suffolk  and  Petersburg  and  Nor- 
folk, and  so  threaten  the  Weldon  Railroad,  the 
great  highway  between  Virginia  and  the  Caro- 
lina-. But,  husking  troops,  he  contented  him- 
self with  taking  possession  of  aud  fortifying  the 
important  strategic  point  of  Newport-Newce. 
Mas  27.  L861  |  Colonel  Phelps  thither 
in  a  steamer  with  a  detachment  to  fortify  that 

promontory.  He  was  accompanied  by  Lieuten- 
ant John  Trout  Greble, an  accomplished  young 
graduate  of  West  Point,  whom  he  appointed 
naste]  of  ordnance,  to  superintend  the  construc- 
tion of  fortifications  there  which  commanded  the 


ship-channel  of  the  James  River  and  the  month 
of  the  Nansemond.  The  forced  inaction  of  the 
National  troops  at  Fortress  Monroe,  aud  the 
threatening  aspect  of  affairs  at  Newport-Newce, 
made  the  armed  insurgents  under  Colonel  J.  B. 
Magrnder  bold,  active,  and  vigilant.  Their  prin- 
cipal rendezvous  was  at  Torktown  (see  Surren- 
der of  ConwalUe),  on  the  York  River,  which  they 
were  fortifying.  They  pushed  down  the  Pen- 
insula to  impress  slaves  into  their  service,  and 
to  force  Union  men  into  their  ranks.  At  Big 
and  Little  Bethel  (two  churches  on  the  road  be- 
tween Yorktown  and  Hampton)  they  made  for- 
tified outposts.  It  was  evident  that  Magrn- 
der was  preparing  to  seize  Newport-Newce  and 

Hampton,  and  confine  Butler  to  Fortress  Mon- 
roe. The  latter  determined  on  a  countervailing 
movement  by  an  attack  on  these  outposts.  Gen- 
eral E.W.  l'earee.  of  Massachusetts,  was  placed 
in  command  of  an  expedition  for  that  purpose, 
composed  of  DnryeVa  Zouaves  and  the  Troy 
troops  at  Camp  Hamilton, Vermont  and  Massa- 
chusetts noop-.  some  German  New  York  troops, 
under  Colonel  Bendix.  and  two  6-pounders  (field- 
pieces),  under  Lieutenant  Greble,  from  Newport- 
Newce.  The  latter  hail  under  him  eleven  regu- 
lar artillerv  men.  The  troops  from  the  two  points 
of  departure  were  to  be  joined,  in  the  night,  near 
Little  Bethel.  The  soldiers  wore  on  their  left 
arms  a  white  rag  or  handkerchief,  so  that  they 
might  recognize  each  other  in  the  dark.  Their 
watchword  was  "Boston."  Lieutenant-colonel 
Wa-hbiirne  led  the  Column  from  New  port -New  ce, 
followed  by  Bendix  with  his  Germans.  Duryee 
poshed  forward,  followed  by  Colonel  Townsend 
with  the  Troy  troops.  The  latter  and  Bendix 
approached  each  other  in  the  gloom,  near  Little 
Bethel,  the  appointed  place  of  junction.  Bendix 
and  his  men,  ignorant  of  the  order  to  wear  a 
white  badge,  were  without  it.  and  the  two  col- 
umns mi-iook  each  other  for  enemies.  The  Ger- 
mans opened  lire  on  Tow  nseml's  Column.  After 
a  -boil  skirmish,  in  which  two  men  were  killed 

and  several  wounded,  the  mistake  was  discov- 
ered. Hoi  vie  and  Washborne,  hearing  the  tir- 
ing, hastened  their  march,  and  soon  joined  the 
confused  regiments.  The  insurgents  had  been 
warned  of  the  approaching  troops  by  the  tiring, 
and  Brigadier-general  l'earee.  in  chief  Command, 
-tut  back  for  reinforcement-,  a-  a  surprise  was 
then  mil  of  the  question.  The  in-in  % 
Little  Bethel  fell  back  to  Big  Bethel,  four  or 
live  miles  distant,  and  all  of  them  at  the  latter 
place  were  on  the  alert.  There  were  about 
eighteen  hundred  insurgents  behind  works,  with 
several  pieces  of  cannon  in  battery.  The  Na- 
tional-, about  two  thon-and  five  hundred  strong, 
attacked  them  between  nine  and  ten  o'clock  on 
the  morning  of  June  10,  1861.  Troops  under 
Captains  Kilpatriok, Bartlett,  and  Window  (all 

of  which   wore    under  Lieutenant-colonel  Q.  K. 

Warren,  of  the  Zouaves)  were  thrown  out  on 
each  side  of  the  road,  while  Lieutenant  Greble, 
with  his  two  little  field-pieces,  kept  the  road. 
The  troops  on  each  side  of  the  road  were  finally 
driven  to  the  shelter  of  the  w  ooil-  by  a  storm  of 
shot  and  shell  :  but  Greble  Continued  advancing, 
aud  poured  a  rapid  aud  effective  storm  of  grape 


BIG  BLACK  RIVER,  BATTLE  AT  1 

and  canister  shot  from  liis  battery.  He  held  liis 
position  while  the  rest  of  the  army  was  prepar- 
ing for  a  general  assault.  At  about  noon  a  charge 
was  sounded,  with  instructions  to  dasli  across 
a  morass,  dank  i  lie  works  of  the  insurgents,  and 
drive  out  the  occupants  at  the  point  of  the  bay- 
onet. The  Nationals  were  nearly  successful, 
when  a  portion  of  them  were  driven  back  by  a 
murderous  tire  from  the  insurgents.  This  and 
other  adverse  circumstances  caused  Pearce  to 
order  a  retreat.  All  of  treble's  men  had  been 
disabled  but  live,  and  he  could  only  work  one 
gun.  He  wasjusl  limbering  them  up,  when  a 
shot  from  the  insurgents  Btruck  a  glancing  blow- 
on  his  head,  and  he  fell  dead.  Major  Theodore 
Winthrop,  one   of  General   Butler's   aids,  was 

also  instantly  killed  by  a,  bullet  from  a  North 
Carolina  druninier-bov.  Young  Greble's  body 
was  taken  to  Philadelphia,  where  it  lay  in  state 
in  Independence  Hall,  and  was  buried  by  a  pub- 
lic funeral  under  the  direction  of  tho  councils 
of  the  corporation.  Lieutenant  Greble  was  the 
first  officer  of  the  regular  army  of  the  United 
States  who  fell  in  the  Civil  War.  The  result 
of  the  expedition  to  Big  Bethel  was  national 
exasperation  and  mortification.  The  Unionists 
Inst  sixteen  killed,  thirty-four  wounded,  and 
live  missing.  The  loss  of  the  insurgents  was 
trilling. 

Big  Black  River,  Battle  at  (1864).  From 
Champion  Hills  (which  see)  the  Confederates 
wore  pursued,  and  bivouacked  that  night  on 
the  hill  overlooking  Edwards's  Station  and  the 
fertile  plain  between  it  and  the  Big  Black  Biv- 
er.  The  pursuit,  was  renewed  in  the  morning 
(May  17,  1863),  but  the  Confederates  were  soon 


8  BIG  BLUE  LICK,  BATTLE  AT 

Iowa  and  Wisconsin  troops,  to  charge.  They 
sprang  forward  with  cheers,  and  drove  the 
Confederates  to  their  hit  rein  diluents,  but  suf- 
fered fearfully  from  an  cntilading  lire  from  a 
curtain  of  the  insurgents'  breastworks,  which 
prostrated  one  hundred  and  fifty  of  their  num- 
ber. The  assailants  waded  a  shallow  bayou. 
and  charged  on  the  works  before  the  Confeder- 
ates had  time  to  reload.  Meanwhile,  many  of 
those  within  lied  across  the  river,  and  commu- 
nicated their  own  panic  to  the  troops  there, 
liny  expected  the  Nationals  would  immedi- 
ately cross  the  stream;  so  they  burned  both 
bridges — cutting  off  the  retreat  of  their  com- 
rades, who  were  yet  lighting.  They  tied  pell- 
mell  towards  the  defences  around  Yicksbmg. 
The  assailed  garrison,  about  fifteen  hundred 
strong,  was  captured,  with  seventeen  guns, 
several  thousand  small  -  arms,  and  a  large 
quantity  of  stores.  They  lost,  in  killed  and 
wounded,  two  hundred  and  sixty -two  men. 
General  Osterhaus  of  the  Nationals  was  wound- 
ed, and  the  command  of  his  troops  devolved 
upon  Brigadier  -  general  A.  L.  Lee.  Sharp- 
shooters in  the  works  on  the  high  banks 
across  the  river  covered  the  retreat  of  the 
Confederates,  and  for  hours  kept  the  Nationals 
from  constructing  floating  bridges.  Grant's 
pontoon  train  was  with  Sherman,  who  had 
been  making  his  way  from  Jackson  to  anoth- 
er point  (above)  on  the  Big  Black  Eiver.  The 
Confederates  at  the  bridge  lied  to  Yicksburg. 
A  floating  bridge  was  constructed,  and  at  the 
same  time  (May  18,  1863)  the  three  corps 
crossed  the  river,  and  began  tho  siege  of 
Vickshurg  (  w  hich  see). 


TI1K    HKi    BLACK    RIVER. 


found  well  posted  on  both  sides  of  the  river, 
near    the    railway    bridge,    and    were    strongl] 

fortified.  Behind  their  defences  <>n  the  east- 
ern side  of  the  river  were  several  brigades; 
and  above  the  bridge  l'emberton  had  con- 
structed ,-,  passage -way  for  troops,  composed 
of  the  hulks  of  steamboats.  Genera]  Can's 
division   led   the  Nationals,  and  lirst   engaged 

in    battle;    and    \ei\    sunn    there    was    ;i    fierce 

struggle  between  the  two  armies  In  the  thick 
finest    fur   aim'ut    three   hours,   when   Genera] 

l.awler,     Commanding     Can's     extreme     right, 

gave  an  older  for  ins  brigade,  oomposed  of 


Big  Blue  Lick,  Bvntr  at  (1788).  Barnes 
Of  Indians  and  Tories,  from  north  of  the  Ohio, 
continued  to  harass  the  settlements  in  Ken- 
tucky. A  large  body  of  these,  headed  by  Si- 
mon Girty,  a  ornel  white  miscreant,  entered 

these  settlements  in  August.  1788.  They  were 
pursued  by  about  one  hundred  and  eighty  men 
under    Colonels    Todd.   Trigg,    and     I'.nuiie.    who 

rashly  attacked  them  (Ang.  19)  ai  the  Big 
Bine  Liok,  where1  the  road  from  Ifaysville  to 
Lexington  crosses  the  Licking  River  In  Nicho- 
las County.     One  ><i'  the  must  sanguinary  bat» 

t!.s  ,N,|    fought    in    Kentucky   then    and   Ihere 


BIGELOW  1 

occurred.  The  Kentuckians  lost  sixty -seven 
men,  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners:  and,  af- 
ter a  severe  Btruggle,  the  rest  escaped.  Tlie 
Slaughter  in  tlio  river  was  great,  the  ford  be- 
ing crowded  with  white  people  and  Indians, 
all  fighting  in  horrid  confusion.  The  fugi- 
tives were  keenly  pursued  for  twenty  miles. 
This  was  the  last  incursion  south  of  the  Ohio 
by  any  large  body  of  barbarians. 

Bigelow,  EEASTUS  BriQHAM,  inventor,  was 
horn  at  West  Boyleston,  Mass.,  April,  1814. 
His  father  was  a  cotton  manufacturer;  and 
tins  son,  before  he  was  eighteen  years  of  age, 

had  invented  a  hand-loom  for  weaving  suspen- 
der webbing.     In  1838  he  obtained  a  patent 

for  an  automatic  loom  for  weaving  knotted 
counterpanes,  bul  soon  made  great  improve- 
In  !-:'.:>  he  entered  into  a  oontract 
with  a  Lowell  manufacturing  company  to  con- 
struct a,  power-loom  for  weaving  two-ply  in- 
grain carpets  (that  were  before  woven  ex- 
clusively by  the  hand-loom,  which  could  pro- 
duce only  eight  yards  a  day).    The  new  power- 


THIS  laicritecL  Bill  of  TWn  ly  -^ 
SkviU/nCT^iuefvom  ike  Maliackufetr^ 
Colon/  io  tkeuPoiTelTor  [kail  t  e. vn  value^o 
equal  to  money  8£lkallW^cccrrdmgly~> 
acce/ptedky  tke.  Areafu/reT  a/n.dKeceiA'OT.r 
fub ordinate  to  kvm  T/nallPuklick  payrr\: 
a/n_cUor  aixy  -Jtock  ad;  a/ny  ttrru^  t/rutke-3?© 
Treafu/ry.  BoJtoruin-  iNiew^t,  na lam. oU 
February  tke  tkircUlf5aO<»By  OrcLer  of 
tke->  U  e/n  er  a  I  Co  u/r  t/D>n>a 


FlCslWll.E    OF    THE    FIRST    AMERICAN    PATER    MONEY. 

I.— 9 


9  BILLS  OF  CREDIT 

loom  first  produced  ten  or  twelve  yards  a  day. 
Its  capacity  has  since  been  doubled  by  improve- 
ments.    Mr.  Bigelow  died  Dec.  6, 1879. 

Bigelow,  Timothy,  was  born  at  Worcester, 
Mas..,  Aug.  12,  17:59;  died  there,  March  31, 
1790.  Ho  was  a  blacksmith  and  a  zealous  pa- 
triot . ;  member  of  the  Provincial  Congress;  led 
minute-men  to  Cambridge;  and  accompanied 
Arnold  in  his  notable  expedition  to  Quebec  in 
1775,  where  he  was  made  a  prisoner.  As  colo- 
nel,  he    assisted    in    the   capture   of   ISnrgovne, 

ami  was  active  in  some  of  the  stirring  scenes 

of  the  war  afterwards.  Colonel  Bigelow  was 
in  charge  of  the  Springfield  Arsenal  after  the 
war.  and  was  one  of  the  original  grantees  of 
Montpelier,  Yt, 

Bill  of  Rights.  (See  Colonial  PoUog  of  Will- 
iam III.) 

Bills  of  Credit,  FIRST,  IN  AMERICA.       Tho 

first  hills  of  credit,  or  paper-money,  issued  in 
the  English  American  colonies  were  put  forth 
liv  Massachusetts,  in  1690, to  pay  the  troops  who 
went  on  an  expe- 
dition against  Que- 
bec, under  Sir  Will- 
iam  I'hipps.     The 

expedition  was  un- 
successful. The  men 
had  Buffered  from 
sickness;     had    not 

gained     expected 

plunder;  and  when 

they  arrived  at  Bos- 
ton (Deo.,  1690),  dis- 
gusted and  out  of 
temper,  the  treasury 

of   the    colony    had 

become  exhausted, 
and  there  was  do 
money  to  pay  them. 
They  threatened  a 
riot.  The  General 
Court  resolved  to 
issue  bills  of  credit, 
or  treasury  notes, 
varying  from  Ave 
shillings  to  five 
pounds,  receivable 
in  paj  incut  of  taxes, 

anil  redeemable  out 

of  any  money  in 
tin-  treasury.    The 

total  amount  off  bis 
paper  currency  is- 
sued was  a  little 
more  than  - 

but  long  before  that 
limit  was  reached 
thebillsdepreoiated 
one  half.  The  Gen- 
eral Court  re\  ived 

their  credit  in  1691, 
by  making  them  a 
legal  tender  in  all 
payments.  The  first 
issue  was  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1(391,  though 


amiiu 


BILLS  OF  CREDIT 


130 


BIRXEY 


the  lulls  -were  dated  1690 — the  year,  according    a  legal  tender,  the  back  of  which  is  shown  in 
to  the  calendar  then  in  use.  not  beginning  until    the  engraving.     The  literal  translation  of  the 

words  is,  "  He  seeks  by  the  sword  calm  repose 
under  the  auspices  of  freedom." 

Bills  of  Credit,  Indian.     During  the  war  in 

I'l/titi'ir'a  War),  Poniiac  established  a 

commissary  department  with  a  careful  bead; 


March.     (See  Old  and  New  Style.) 

Bills  of  Credit,  I-'ihst.  in  Virgin 
the  Virginia  Assemblj 


In  1755. 
oted  £100,000  towards 
the  support  of  the  colonial  service  in  the  im- 
pending French  and  Indian  War.  In  antici- 
pation of  the  taxes  imposed  to  meet  this  and  during  the  siege  of  Detroit  (170:3-64)  he 
amount,  the  Assembly  authorized  the  issne  of  issued  promissory  notes,  or  bills  of  credit,  to 
treasury    notes — the    tirst    paper -money    put    purchase    food    for   his    warriors.       These    bills 

were  written  upon  birch  bark,  and  signed  with 
When    llis  totem — the  figure  of  an  otter:  and  so  high- 
ly was  that  chief  esteemed  by  the  French  iu- 


forth  in  Virginia. 

Bills  of  Credit,  in  MASSACHUSETTS. 
an  expedition  for  the  conquest  of  Canada  was 
determined  on  in  1711,  the  credit  of  the  Eng-  habitants  lor  his  integrity  that  these  bills  were 
lish  treasury,  exhausted  by  costly  wars,  was  received  by  them  without  hesitation.  Uulike, 
so  low  at  Boston  that  nobody  would  purchase  <>»>'  Continental  bills  of  credit,  these  Indian 
bills  upon  it  without  an  endorsement,  which    uotos  weie  a11  redeemed. 

Massachusetts  furnished  in  the  form  of  hills  of         Bird's  Point,   opposite  Cairo  (which   see), 
credit   to   the   amount   of  about  £200,000,   ad-  ,  was  early  fortified  by  the  National  troops.     It 

was  on  the  west  side  of  the  Mississippi 
River,  a  few  feet  higher  than  Cairo,  so 
that  a  battery  upon  it  would  completely 
command  the  latter-named  place.  The 
Confederates  were  anxious  to  secure  this 
point,  and  to  that  end  General  Pillow, 
who  was  collecting  Confederate  troops 
in  western  Tennessee,  worked  with  great 
energy.  When  Governor  .Jackson,  of 
Missouri,  raised  the  standard  of  revolt 
at  Jefferson  City,  with  Sterling  Price  as 
military  commander.  Genera]  Lyon,  in 
command  of  the  department,  moved 
more  vigorously  in  the  work  already 
begun  in  the  fortification  of  Bird's  Point. 
His  attention  had  been  called  to  the  im- 
portance of  t  he  spot  by  Captain  Benhani 

of  the  engineers,  who  constructed  the 
works.  They  were  made  so  strong  that 
they  might  defy  any  force  the  insurgents 
might,  bring  against  them.  With  these 
opposite  points  so  fort i lied,  tin-  Nationals 
controlled  a  gnat  portion  of  the  navi- 
gation of  the  Mississippi  River. 

Birge,  Hi.nky  YV..  was  born  at  Nor- 
wich, Conn.,  and  was  one  of  Governor 
Buckingham's  aids  when  the  Civil  War 
began.  Hi'  entered  the  serv  ice  in  June. 
1861,  as  major,  and  early  in  1868  was 
made  colonel.    For  Sen  ices  on  the  Lower 

Mississippi  he  was  made  brigadier-gen- 
eral, Sept.  19, 1863.  He  was  in  the  Bed 
Biver  campaign  and  in  Sheridan's  cam- 
paign in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  in  l-i>f. 
In  June.  1866,  he  was  appointed  to  command  the 
military  district  of  Savannah. 


KkV  F.HSE    OK 


ISkTTS    TKL'ASl 


vanecd  to  the  merchants  who  supplied  the 
licet  with  provisions.  The  province  issued 
paper -m y  to   the  amount   of  about  |50,000 


Bimey,   JaVBS   G.,   an    earnest    advocate   of 

t«.  meet   us  share  of  ti spenses  of  the  pro-   anti-slavery  views,  was  born  at  Danville,  Ky., 

po>ed  expedition.  After  the  affair  at  Lexing-  |>i,..|.  i;;ij:  died  at  Bngiewood,  N.J..  Nov. 34, 
ton  and  Concord,  the  patriots  of  Massachusetts  i-;,7.  He  graduated  at  the  College  of  New  Jer- 
made  vigorous  preparations  for  war.  On  May  gey  (Princeton)  in  1819;  studied  law  with  A.J. 
the   Provincial  Congress  formally  re-    Dallas,  of  Phil 


ongn 
nounced  allegiance  to  the  Brii 

prepared  for  the  payment  of  at 

all  encroachments  upon  their  liberties. 


Philadelphia;  ami  began  its  practice 
h    power,  and     in  Kentucky  in  1814.      He  was  a  member  of  the 

army  to  resist    State  Legislature  at  the  age  of  twenty-two;  be- 

They     came  a  planter  in  Alabama;   served  in  the  Ahi- 


also  authorized  on  August)  the  Uwue  of  hills  of  bama  Legislature;  and  praotiaed  law  in  Hunts- 
credit,  or  paper  monej .  in  the  form  of  treasury  v  ill.'.  Removing  to  Kentucky  in  1834,  he  eman- 
notasj  to  the  amount  of  $375,000,  making  them   oipated  his  slaves,  and  proposed  to  prinl  there 


BLACK  COCKADE  1 

an  anti  -  slavery  paper.  He  could  not  find  a 
printer  to  undertake  it ;  so  he  went  to  Ohio  and 
established  one,  at  great  personal  risk,  the  oppo- 
sition to  "abolitionists"  then  being  very  vehe- 
ment everywhere.  About  1836  he  was  in  New 
York  as  Secretary  of  the  American  Anti-Slavery 
Society,  and  tried  to  build  up  a  political  party 
upon  that  sole  issue.  lie  went  to  England  ill 
1840.  and  took  part  in  the  anti-slavery  move- 
ments there.  In  1844  he  was  the  candidate  of 
the  "Liberty  Party"  (which  see)  for  the  Presi- 
dency of  the  Republic,  the  result  of  which  was 
not  only  his  own  defeat,  but  that  of  Henry  Clay, 
the  candidate  of  the  Whig  party  for  the  same 
office.  Mr.  Birney  was  the  father  of  the  merito- 
rious general  David  Bell  Biruey, who  did  excel- 
lent service  for  the  Union  in  the  Civil  War,  and 
died  in  Philadelphia,  Oct.  8.  L864. 

Black  Cockade,  Tut:.  Ever  since  Minister 
Adet's  proclamation  the  Democrats,  or  friends 
of  the  French,  had  worn  the  tri-colored  cock- 
ade. (See  Cockade  Proclamation.)  When,  in  the 
spring  of  1798,  President  Adams  took  strong 
ground  against   France,  a   decided   war  spirit 

was  aroused  throughout  the  country:  addresses 
poured  in  on  the  President;  and  everywhere 
were  seen  e\  idem  cs  of  8  rctlex  of  opinion  which 

sustained  the  President.  In  Philadelphia,  an 
■'  Address  to  the  President,"  signed  by  five  thou- 
sand citizens,  w  as  presented  to  Adams  ;  and  this 

was  followed  by  an  address  by  the  young  men 
of  the  city,  who  went  in  a  body  to  deliver  it, 
many  of  them  weariug  black  cockades  —  the 
same  which  were  worn  in  the  American  army 
diirine  the  Revolution.  This  was  done  in  the 
way  of  defiance  to  the  tri-colored  cockades. 
From  this  circumstance  was  derived  the  term, 
so  familiar  to  politicians  three  fourths  of  a  een- 
tury  ago,  of  " Black  Cockade  federalists."  It 
became,  in  time,  a  term  of  reproach,  and  the 
wearers  were  exposed  to  personal  attacks. 

Black  Hawk  (Ma-ka-tae-mish-kia-kiah)  was 

born  at  Kaskaskia,  111.,  in  lTliT.  lie  w  as  a  Pota- 
watomie  bj  birth,  but  became  a  noted  ohiefof 

the  Sacs  and   FoX6B.      He  was  accounted  a  brave 

when  he  was  fifteen  years  of  age, and  soon  after- 
wards led  expeditions  id'  war-parties  against 

the  Osa^e  Indians  in  Missouri  and  the  Chcrn- 
kces  in  Georgia.  He  became  head  chief  of  the 
Saes  when  he  was  twenty-one  years  old  (1788). 
Inflamed  bj  Tecumtha  and  presents  from  the 
British  agents,  he, joined  the  British  in  the  war 
of  L812  15,  with  the  commission  of  brigadier- 
general,  leading  about  live  hundred  warriors. 
He  again  reappears  in  history  in  hostilities 
against    the    white    people    on    the    nol't  h  w  esl  ern 

frontier  settlements  in  1832.  (See  Black  Hawk 
War.)      He  opposed  the  removal  of  the  Sacs  ami 

Foxes  to  lands  west  of  the  Mississippi  after  they 

had  ceded  those  east  of  that  stream;  and  this 
was  the  origin  of  the  war.  He  did  not  long 
survive  that  conflict.  He  died  at  his  camp  on 
the  River  l>es  Moines, Oct. :!.  1838. 

Black  Hawk  "War,  Tin:.  In  1838  eight  of 
a  party  of  Chippewas,  on  a  visit  to  Fort  Snel- 

liBg,  on   the  west   bank  of  the  Upper  .Mississippi, 

were  killed  or  wouuded   by  a  party  of  Sioux. 


1  BLACK  REPUBLICAN 

Four  of  the  latter  were  afterwards  captured  by 
the  commander  of  the  garrison  at  Fort  Snelling 
and  delivered  up  to  the  Chippewas,  who  imme- 
diately shot  them.  The  chief  of  the  Sioux  (Red 
Bird)  resolved  to  be  revenged,  and  he  and  some 
companions  killed  several  white  people.  Gen- 
eral Atkinson,  in  command  in  the  northwest, 
finally  captured  Red  Bird  and  a  party  of  Winne- 
bagoes.  Red  Bird  died  in  prison  soon  after- 
wards, when  Black  Hawk,  a  fiery  chief  of  the 
Sacs  and  Foxes  and  an  ally  of  the  Sionx,  having 
been  released  from  confinement,  at  once  began 
hostilities  against  the  white  people  on  the  fron- 
tier. General  Gaines  marched  to  the  village  of 
the  Sacs,  when  they  humbly  sued  for  peace.  At 
the  same  time  Black  Hawk  and  a  band  of  fol- 
lowers were  murdering  the  Menomouees,  who 
were  friendly  to  the  white  inhabitants.  Black 
Hawk  crossed  the  Mississippi,  and  General  At- 
kinson took  the  field  against  him;  but  in  July 
the  cholera  broke  out  among  the  troops,  and 
whole,  companies  were  almost  destroyed.  In 
one  instance  only  nine  survived  out  of  a  corps 
of  "208.  Atkinson  was  reinforced,  and,  with  a 
command  greatly  superior  to  that  of  Black 
Hawk,  pressed  him  so  closely  that  the  latter 
sent  the  women  and  children  of  his  band  down 
tin-  Mississippi  in  canoes  and  prepared  for  a 
final  Straggle.      A  severe  fight  occurred  (Aug.  1. 

1832)  on  Bad  Axe  River,  in  which  twenty-three 

Indians  were  killed  without  loss  to  the  troops. 
The  contest  was  between  four  hundred  Indians 
and  some  United  States  troops  on  board  the 
steamboat  Warrior,  which  had  been  sent  up  the 
river.  After  the  fight  the  Warrior  returned  to 
Prairie  du  Chien.  'flic  contest  was  renewed  the 
next  morning  between  Black  Hawk  and  troops 
Led  by  General  Atkinson,  when  the  Indians  were 
defeated  and  dispersed,  with  a  considerable  loss 
ill  killed  and  wounded,  and  thirty-six  of  their 
women  and  children  made  prisoners.  There  were 
eight  of  the  troops  killed  and  seventy-seven 
wounded.  Black  Hawk  was  pursued  over  the 
Wisconsin  River,  and  at  a  strong  position  the 
fugitive  chief  made  a,  stand  with  about  three 
hundred  men.  After  a  severe  battle  for  three 
hours,  he  tied,  and  handy  escaped,  with  the  loss  of 
one  hundred  and  fifty  of  his  bravest  warriors  and 
his  second  in  command.      The  chief  himself  was 

finally  captured  by  a  party  of  friendly  Winne- 
bagoes  and  given  np  to  General  Steele  at  Prairie 
du  Chien.     Treaties  were  then  made  with  the 

hostile  tribes  by  which  the  United  States  ac- 
quired valuable  lands  on  favorable  terms.  Black 
Hawk,  his  two  sons,  and  six  principal  chiefs 
were  retained  as  hostages.  The  chief  and  his 
sons  w  ere  taken  to  Washington  to  visit  the  Pres- 
ident; and  I  hen  they  were  shown  senium  of  the 
principal  cities  of  the  North  and  East  to  impress 
t  hem  w  ith  t  he  greatness  of  the  American  people. 
The  hostages,  after  confinement  in  Fortress  Mon- 
roe, were  liberated  at  Fort  Armstrong,  Rock  Isl- 
and, 111.,  in  August,  1833.  Black  Hawk-  being 
deposed,  Keokuk  was  made  chief  of  the  Saes 
and  Foxes,  when  the  former  settled  on  the 
banks  Of  the  Mississippi,  where'  hi-  died   in   1838. 

Black  Republican  was  the  name  applied  in 
derision  to  the  Republican  party  formed  in  18j(i, 


BLACK  ROCK 


132 


BLACKBURN'S  FORD,  BATTLE  AT 


because  of  their  friendship  for  the  black  bonds- 
men in  the  Southern  States  and  their  efforts 
for  the  restriction  of  the  slave  system  of  labor. 
For  several  years  it  was  used  as  a  term  of  re- 
proach. 

Black  Rock,  Surprise  of  (1813).  On  the 
1 1  tli  of  July,  1813.  Lieutenant -colonel  Cecil 
Bisshopp,  with  a  motley  party  of  regulars,  Ca- 
nadians, and  Indians,  about  four  hundred  in 
number,  crossed  the  Niagara  River  and  landed 
a  little  below  Black  Rock  (which  was  a  naval 
station,  two  miles  below  Buffalo),  just  before 
daylight.  His  object  was  to  surprise  and  capt- 
ure the  garrison,  and  especially  the  large  quan- 
tity of  stores  collected  there  by  the  Americans; 
also  the  ship -yard.  These  were  defended  by 
only  about  two  hundred  militia  and  a  dozen 
men  in  a  block-house.  There  were  some  infan- 
try and  dragoon  recruits  from  the  South  on  their 
way  to  Fort  George,  besides  a  little  more  than 
one  hundred  Indians  under  the  young  Corn- 
planter,  who  had  been  educated  at  Philadelphia, 
and  had  gone  back  to  his  blanket  and  feather 
head-dress.  The  former  were  under  the  com- 
mand of  General  Peter  B.  Porter,  then  at  his 
home  near  Black  Rock.  Bisshopp  surprised 
the  camp  at  Black  Rock,  when  the  militia  lied 
to  Buffalo,  leaving  their  artillery  behind.  Por- 
ter narrowly  escaped  capture  in  his  own  house. 
He  hastened  towards  Buffalo,  rallied  a  part  of 
the  militia,  and,  with  fifty  volunteer  citizens, 
proceeded  to  attack  the  invaders.  At  the  Bame 
time  forty  Indians  rose  from  an  ambush  in  a 
ravine  and  rushed  upon  the  invaders  with  the 
appalling  war-whoop.  The  frightened  British, 
after  a  very  brief  contest,  fled  in  confusion  to 
their  boats,  and,  with  their  commander,  hastily 
departed  for  the  Canada  shore,  followed  by  vol- 
leys from  American  muskets.  In  the  flight  Bis- 
shopp was  mortally  wounded.  He  was  a  gallant 
young  man,  only  thirty  years  of  age.  He  was 
taken  to  his  quarters  at  Lundy's  Lane,  where 
he  died  five  days  after  he  received  his  wound. 


HBBHI  ! 

Over  his  remains,  in  a  small  cemetery  on  the 
south  side  of  Lundy's  Lane,  more  than  thirty 
years  afterwards,  the  sister  of  the  youug  soldier 
erected  a  handsome  monument. 

Black  Warrior,  Ail  ah:  •>!  mi.  Then  had 
been,  tor  some  time,  causes  for  irritation  be- 
tween th«'  Spanish  authorities  of  Cuba  and  the 
United  States,  on  account  of  invasions  of  the 
territory  of  the  formex  from  thai  of  the  latter. 


Under  cover  of  a  shallow  pretence,  the  steam- 
ship Black  Warrior, belonging  to  citizens  of  the 
United  States,  was  seized  (Feb.  28,  1854)  at 
Havana,  by  order  of  the  Spanish  authorities  in 
Cuba,  and  the  vessel  and  cargo  were  declared 
confiscated.  This  flagrant  outrage  aroused  a 
bitter  feeling  against  those  authorities;  and  a 
motion  was  made  in  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives to  suspend  the  neutrality  laws  and  com- 
pel those  officials  to  act  more  justly.  A  better 
measure  was  adopted.  A  special  messenger  was 
sent  to  Madrid,  with  instructions  to  the  Ameri- 
can minister  there,  Mr.  Soul£,  to  demand  from 
the  Spanish  government  immediate  redress  in 
the  form  of  indemnification  to  the  owners  of  the 
vessel  in  the  amount  of  §300,000.  The  Spanish 
government  justified  the  outrage,  and  this  justi- 
fication, operating  with  other  causes  for  irrita- 
tion, led  to  the  famous  consultation  of  American 
ministers  in  Europe  known  as  the  "  Ostend  Con- 
ference.'' (See  (Mend  Manifesto.)  Meanwhile  the 
perpetrators  of  the  outrage  became  alarmed,  and 
the  Captain-general  of  Cuba,  with  pretended 
generosity,  ottered  to  give  up  the  vessel  and 
cargo  on  the  payment,  by  the  owners,  of  a  fine 
of  $6000.  They  complied,  hut  under  protest. 
The  governments  of  the  United  States  and 
Spain  finally  made  an  amicable  settlement. 

Blackburn's  Ford,  BATTLE  at  (1861).  Pre- 
liminary to  the  severe  conflict  at  Bull's  Run 
(July  21,  1861)  was  a  sharp  fight  on  the  same 
stream,  at  Blackburn's  Ford.  This  ford  was 
guarded  by  a  Confederate  force  under  General 
James  Longstreet.  Some  National  troops  un- 
der General  D.  Tyler — a  part  of  McDowell's  ad- 
vancing army  (see  Bull's  Bun) — went  out  tow- 
ards this  ford  on  a  reconnoissance  on  the  18th. 
The  troops  consisted  of  Richardson's  brigade,  a 
squadron  of  cavalry,  and  Ayies's  battery.  Sher- 
man's brigade  was  held  in  reserve.  He  found 
the  Confederates  there  in  strong  force,  partly 
concealed  by  woods.  Hoping  to  draw  their  lire 
and  discover  their  exact  position,  a  20-pound 
cannon  of  Ayies's  battery  tired  a  shot  at  ran- 
dom among  them.  A  battery  in  view  only  re- 
sponded with  grape-shot.  Richardson  sent  for- 
ward the  Second  Michigan  regiment  as  skir- 
mishers, who  were  soon  engaged  in  a  hot  con- 
test on  low  ground.  The  Third  Michigan, First 
Massachusetts,  and  Twelfth  New  York  pushed 
forward,  and  wen  soon  fighting  severely.  Cav- 
alry and  two  howitzers  were  fiercely  assailed 
by  musketry  and  a  concealed  battery, when  the 
Nationals,  greatly  outnumbered,  recoiled  ami 
withdrew  behind  Ayies's  battery  on  a  hill. 
Just  then  Sherman  came  up  with  his  brigade, 
when  ayres's  battery  again  opened  tire,  and  for 
an  hour  an  artillery  duel  was  kept  up,  the  Con- 
federates responding,  gnn  for  gun.  Satisfied 
that     he     could     not     Batik     the     Confederates, 

McDowell  ordered  the  whole  body  to  fall  hack 
to  (Vntiwille.     The  Confederates  called  this 

the  '•  Battle  Of  Hulls  Run,"  and  that   which  the 

Nationals  designate  by  that  name  they  called 
the  •■  Battle  of  Manassas."  The  loss  of  the  com- 
batants at  Blaokbnrn's  Ford  was  nearly  equal  - 

that   of  the   Nationals  seventy-three,  and  of  the 

Confederates  seventy. 


BLACKSTOCK'S,  BATTLE  AT  t 

Blackstock's,  Battle  at  (1780).  Sonera] 
Sumter  had  collected  a  small  force  near  Char- 
lotte, N.  C,  and  with  these  returned  to  South 
Carolina.  (See  Fishing  Creek.)  For  many  weeks 
he  annoyed  the  British  and  Tories  very  much. 
Cornwallis,  who  called  him  the  "  Carolina  Game- 
cock," tried  hard  to  catch  him.  Tarleton,  Wcin- 
yss,  and  others  were  sent  out  for  the  purpose. 
On  the  night  ofNov.  12,  1780,  Major  Wemyss,  at 
the  head  of  a  British  detachment, fell  upou  him 
mar  the  Broad  River,  hut  was  repulsed.  Eight 
days  afterwards  he  was  encamped  at  Black- 
stock's  plantation,  on  the  Tyger  River,  in  Union 
District,  where  he  was  joined  by  some  Georgians 
under  Colonels  Clarke  and  Twiggs.  There  lie 
was  attacked  by  Tarleton,  when  a  severe  hat  tie 

ensued  (Nov.  20).  The  British  were  repulsed 
With  a  loss  in  killed  and  wounded  of ahout  three 
hundred,  while  the  Americans  lost  only  three 
killed  and  five  wounded.  General  Sumter  was 
among  the  latter,  and  was  detained  from  the 
field  sc\  era!  months. 

Blackstone  in  Rhode  Island.  Governor 
Winthrop  found  on  the  Shawniut  I  the  penin- 
sula of  Boston)  a  solitary  settler  there  named 
Blackstone.  Soon  afterwards  he  received  a 
granl  of  fifty  acres  of  land  from  the  new  town 
of  Boston  planted  there,  which  he  sold,  and  then 
went  into  the  wilderness  with  .some  cattle,  lie 
had  left  England  because  lie  could  not  endure 
the  '■  lords  bishops,"  and  he  liked  the  "  lords 
brethren"  no  better.  Blackstone  seated  him- 
self on  the  upper  waters  of  the  l'awtucket  Riv- 
er,  where  Roger  Williams  found  him  when,  on 
his  banishmenl  from  Massachusetts,  In-  went 
into  the  Narraganset  country.  JSlackstonc  did 
not  sympathize  with  Williams,  and  always  ac- 
knowledged his  allegiance  to  Massachusetts. 
He  was  the  lirst  white  settler  in  Rhode  Island, 
but  did  nothing  towards  founding  the  colony. 

Blackwater,  1!  \  i  1 1  i  \i  int..  Late  in  1861 
the  department  of  Missouri  was  enlarged,  and 
Genera]  Henry  W.  Halleck  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  it.  General  Price  had  been  there  rap- 
idly gathering  Confederate  forces  in  Missouri; 
ami  General  John  Pope  was  placed  in  command 
of  a  considerable  body  of  troops  to  oppose  him. 
Pope  acted  with  great  vigor  and  skill.  He 
made  a  short,  sharp,  and  decisive  campaign. 
Detachments  from  his  camp  struck  telling  hlow's 

here  and  there.  One  was  inflicted  by  General 
Jefferson  C.  Davison  the  Blackwater, near  Mil- 
ford,  which  much  disheartened  the  Secessionist 
of  that  state.  Davis  found  the  insurgents  in  a 
wooded  bottom  opposite  his  own  forces.  He 
earned  a  well-guarded  bridge  by  storm,  and  fell 
upon  the  Confederates  with  such  vigor  that 
they  retreated  in  confusion,  and  were  so  closely 
pursued  that  they  surrendered,  in  number  about 
1300,  cavalry  and  infantry.  The  spoils  of  vic- 
tory were  -Oil  horses  and  mules.  1000  stand  of 
arms,  and  over  71)  wagons  loaded  with  tents. 
buggage,  ammunition,  and    supplies   id'  everj 

kind.       In  a  brief  space  of  time  the  power  of  the 

insurgents  in  that  quarter  was  paralyzed,  and 
Halleck  complimented  Pope  on  his  "brilliant 
campaign." 


3  BLADEXSBFRG,  BATTLE  AT 

Bladensburg,  Battle  at  (1814).  General  Win- 
der had  continually  wanted  the  President  and 
his  cahinet  of  the  danger  to  the  national  capital 
from  a  contemplated  invasion  by  the  British. 
The  obstinate  and  opinionated  Secretary  of 
War  (Armstrong)  would  not  listen  ;  hut  when 
Admiral  Cochrane  appeared  in  Chesapeake  Bay 
with  a  powerful  land  and  naval  force,  tin 
alarmed  secretary  gave  Winder  a  carte  blanche, 
almost,  to  do  as  he  pleased  in  defending  the 
capital.  Commodore  Joshua  Barney  was  in 
command  of  a  flotilla  in  the  hay.  composed  of 
tin  armed  schooner  and  thirteen  barges.  These 
were  driven  into  the  Patuxent  River,  up  which 
the  flotilla  was  taken  to  a  point  beyond  the 
reach  of  the  British  vessels,  and  where  it  might 
assist  in  the  defence  of  either  Washington  or  Bal- 
timore, whichever  city  the  British  might  attack. 
To  destroy  this  flotilla,  more  than  live  thousand 
regulars,  marines,  and  negroes  were  landed  tit 
Benedict,  with  three  cannons:  and  the  British 
commander,  General  Robert  Boss,  boasted  that 
he  would  wipe  out  Barney's  fleet,  and  dine  in 
Washington  the  next  Sunday.  The  hoast  heing 
known,  great  exertions  were  made  for  the  de- 
fence of  the  capital.  General  Winder,  relieved 
from  restraint,  called  upon  the  veteran  general 
Samuel  Smith  (see  Fori  Mifflin)  of  Baltimore,  to 
bring  out  his  division  of  militia,  and  General 
Van  Ness,  of  Washington,  was  requested  to  sta- 
tion two  brigades  of  the  militia  of  the  District 
of  Colombia  at  Alexandria.  Winder  also  called 
for  volunteers  from  till  the  militia  districts  of 
Maryland.  General  Smith  promptly  responded, 
hut  the  (till  for  volunteers  was  not  very  effec- 
tual Meanwhile  the  British,  who  had  pursued 
Barney  up  the  Patuxent  in  barges,  were  disap- 
pointed. Seeing  no  chance  for  escape,  the 
Commodore  blew  up  his  flotilla  at  Pig  Point 
(Aug.22,  1814),  and  with  his  men  hastened  to 
join  Winder  at  his  headquarters.  When  Gen- 
eral Boss  arrived,  perceiving  Barney's  flotilla  to 
he  a  smoking  ruin,  he  passed  on  to  Upper  Marl- 
borongh,  where  a  toad  led  directly  to  Washington 
city, leaving  Admiral  Cockburu  (see  Amphibiout 
War  fan)  in  charge  of  the  British  flotilla  of 
..  oppose  this  formidable  force, Winder 
had  less  than  three  thousand  effective  men.  most 
of  t  hem  undisciplined  ;  and  he  prudently  ret  l  eated 
towards  Washington,  followed  by  Boss,  who  had 
been  joined  by  Cockhurn  and  his  sailors  ready 
for  plunder.  That  night  (Aug.  23)  the  British 
encamped  within  ten  miles  of  the  capital.  At 
the  hitter  place  there  was  great  excitement,  and 

there  were  sleepless  vigils  kept  by  soldiers  and 
civilians.  Uncertain  whether  Washington  city 
or  Fort  Washington  was  the  intended  destina- 
tion of  the  invaders,  Winder  left  a  force  near 
Bladensburg  (four  miles  from  the  capital),  and 
with  other  troops  closely  watched  the  highways 
leadiug  in  other  directions.  The  anxious  Pres- 
ident and  his  cahinet  were  awake  that  night, 
and  at  dawn  the  next  morning  (Aug.  "24),  while 
Winder  was  in  consultation  with  them  at  his 
headquarters,  a  courier  came  in  hot  haste  to  tell 
them  that  the  British  were  marching  on  Bla- 
densburg. Winder  sent  troops  immediately  to 
reinforce  those  already  there,  and  soon  followed 


BLADENSBURG,  BATTLE  AT 


134 


BLAKELEY 


in  person.  The  overwhelming  number  of  the  land,  leaving  the  battle-field  in  full  possession 
invaders  put  his  little  army  in  great  peril.  He  of  the  British.  The  Ainerieans  lost  2fi  killed 
was  compelled  to  fight  or  surrender;  be  chose  and  SO  wounded.  The  British  loss  was  more 
to  fight,  and  at  a  little  past  noon  a  severe  eon-  than  500  killed  and  wounded,  among  them  sev- 
test  began.  The  troops  under  General  Winder,  era!  officers  of  rank  and  distinction.  Tbe  bat- 
including  tbose  from  Baltimore  < about  2200)  tie  lasted  about  four  hours.  The  principal 
and  detachments  at  various  points  watohiug  troops  engaged  were  militia  and  voluuteers  of 
the  movements  of  the  British,  with  the  men  of  tbe  District  of  Columbia  ;  militia  from  Balti- 
Barney's  flotilla,  were  about  7000  strong,  of  more,  under  tbe  command  of  General  Stansbury  ; 
w  bom  000  were  enlisted  men.  But  many  of  various  detachments  of  Maryland  militia;  a  reg- 
these  were  at  distant  points  of  observation,  iment  of  Virginia  militia,  under  Colonel  George 
The  cavalry  did  not  exceed  400.  Tbe  little  Minor,  600  strong,  with  100  cavalry.  The  reg- 
army  bad  twenty-six  pieces  of  cannon,  of  which  alar  army  contributed  300  men;  Barney's  flo- 
twenty  were  only  six -pounders.  With  these  I  tilla  400.  There  were  120  marines  from  the 
troops  and  weapons  Winder  might  have  driven  Washington  navy- yard,  with  two  eighteen- 
back  the  invaders,  hail  he  been  uutrammelled  pound  and  three  twelve-pound  cannons.  There 
by  the  Secretary  of  War  and  the  rest  of  the  were  also  various  companies  of  volunteer  cav- 
seemiugly  bewildered  cabinet.  As  the  British  airy  from  the  District,  Maryland,  and  Virginia, 
descended  the  hills  and  pressed  towards  the  300  in  number,  under  Lieutenant-colonel  Tilgh- 
bridge  at  Bladeusburg,  they   commenced  hurl-  J  man  and  Majors  O.  H.  Williams  and  ('.  Sterett. 

There  was  also  a  squad- 
ron of  United  States  dra- 
goons, commanded  by  Ma- 
jor Laval. 

Blair,  JOHN,  jurist,  was 
born  at  Williamsburg, Va., 
in  1732;  died  there  in  Au- 
gust, 1800.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  College  of 
William  and  Mary  (which 
see)  :  studied  law  at  the 
Temple. London:  soon  rose 
to  the  first  rank  as  a  law- 
yer :  was  a  member  of  the 

House  ofBnrgesses  so  early 

as  17(').">.  and  was  one  of  the 
dissolved  Virginia  Assem- 
bly  who  met    at   the  Ra- 
leigh Tavern,  in  the  sum- 
mer  of   1774,  and  drafted 
I  lie  Virginia  non-importa- 
tion agreement.      He  was 
one  of  the  committee  who. 
in  June,  177ti.  drew  up  the 
plan  for  the  Virginia  Slate 
government,  and  in   1777 
was  elected  a  judge  of  the 
Court  of  Appeals;  then  chief-justice,  and.  in  17,-0, 
a  judge   of  the   High    Court    of  Chancery.      He 
was  one  of  the  trainers  of  the   National  Consti- 
t  ut  ion  ;   and.  in  1789,  Washington  appointed  him 
a  judge  of  the  United  Stales  Supreme  Court.    He 
resigned  his  seat  on  the  bench  of  that  court  in 
1796. 

Blakeley,  JOHNSTON,  Captain,  United  Stales 
Na\y,  was  born  at  Seafonl.  Down.  Ireland,  Oc- 
tober,  1771:   was  lost    at    sea    in    1-1  I.      lie   was 

graduated  at  the  University  of  North  Carolina 
in  1800,  and  entered  the  navy,  as  midshipman, 
Feb.- 5,  1800.  He  was  made  lieutenant  in  1807, 
niaster-coniinandri  in  1813,  and  captain  in  1-14. 
lie  commanded  the  brig  Emtmjiritt  in  protect- 
ing the  American  coast-trade.  In  August,  1-14. 
he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  FPtMp, 
which    Captured    the    litimlnr.      (See    Wasp    mid 

Reindeer.)  For  this  exploit  Congress  voted 
linn  a  gold  medal.  Capturing  the  brig  Mihiniu 
on  Sept. 21, that  reaael  was  sent  to  Savannah, 


ing  rockets  at  the  exposed  Americans.  They 
were  repulsed  at  fust  by  the  American  artil- 
lery, but,  being  continually  reinforced,  they 
pushed  across  the  stream  (cast  branch  of  the 
Potomac)  in  the  face  of  a  deadly  fire.  A  terri- 
ble oonflicl  ensued,  when  another  shower  of 
rockets  made  the  regiments  of  militia  break  and 
Am  in  t  he  wildest  disorder.  Winder  tried  in  vain 
to  rally  them.  Another  corps  held  its  position 
gallantly  for  a  while,  when  it,  too.  tied  in  disor- 
der, covered  bj  riflemen.  The  Brat  and  second 
lines  of  the  Americans  wire  now  dispersed.    The 

British  still  pressed  on  and  enoonntered  (  om 
modore  Barney  ami  his  gallant  flotilla -men. 
After  a  desperate  struggle,  in  which  the  Com* 

modore  was  severely  wounded,  Winder  ordered 

a  general  retreat.  Barnej  was  too  badly  hurt 
to  be  removed,  and  was  taken  prisoner.  He 
was  Immediately  paroled.  The  great  bod] 
of  the  Americana  who  were  not  dispersed  re 
treated  towards  Montgomery  Court-house, Marj  - 


BLAKELY,  BATTLE  OF  1 

and  brought  the  last  intelligence  of  the  Wasp. 
It  is  supposed  she  foundered  in  a  gale,  and  no 
tidings  were  ever  heard  of  her  afterwards. 


JOHNSTON    H1.AKKLIV 

Blakely,  BATTLE  OF.    Ever  since  81 
rival  from  Pensaeola  (see  MMU,  Captmrt  iff), 
Blakely  had  been  held  in  a  state  of  siege.     By 

the  fall  of  Spanish  Fort  (whir!  - 
miinication  between  Blakely  and  Mobile  had 
been  cut  off  It  was  defended  by  abatis,  (lie- 
vaux-de-tiise.  and  terra-torpedoes,  and  had  a 
ditch  in  the  rear  of  these.  In  front  of  these 
Cauby formed  a  Btrong  line  of  battle.  Hawkins's 
negro  troop-  being  on  the  right,  the  divisions  of 

Veateh  and  Andrews  in  the  centre,  and  Garrard's 
division  on  the  left.  On  Sunday  afternoon, April  B, 
when  the  aaaanlt  commenced, a  heavy  thunder- 
storin  was  gathering.  There  was  a  fierce  strug- 
gle with  obstacles  in  front  of  the  fort.  They  were 
finally  cleared,  ami  while  the  colored  troops 
climbed  the  face  of  the  works.  Other  soldiers 
turned  their  right,  entered  the  fort,  and  captured 
the  commander  (General  Thomas)  and  1000  men. 
Instantly  load  cheers  announced  the  victory, and 
several  National  llau's  appeared  on  the  parapets. 
At  the  sa time  the  whole  National  line  partici- 
pated in  the  assault.  Great  gnna  were  making 
fearful  lanes  through  their  ranks.  Tempests 
at*  grape  and  canister  from  the  armament  of  the 
fori  made  dreadful  havoc.  At  length  the  col- 
ored brigade  were  ordered  to  cany  tin'  works. 
They  sprang  forward  with  a  shout.  "Bemem- 
ber  Knit  Pillow:"  They  went  oyer  the  Confed- 
erate embankments  scattering  everything  be- 
fore tbem.  The  victory  for  the  Nationals  was 
complete.  The  struggle  had  been  brief  lint  very 
severe.       The    National-    lost    about     1000    men: 

the  Confederates  500.     The  spoils  were  nearly 
Hi  pieces  of  artillery,  4000  small-arms,  lti  battle- 
bags,  and  a  vast  quantity  of  ammunition. 
Bland,  Richard, statesman, born  in  Virginia, 

l?n- :  -bed  at  Williamsburg,  Va.,  Oct.  88,  1776. 

Educated  at  the  College  of  William  and  Mary, 


a  BLENNERHASSETT 

he  became  a  fine  classical  scholar,  and  was  an 
oracle  touching  the  rights  of  the  colonies.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  House  of  Burgesses  from 
1745  until  his  death  —  a  period  of  thirty-one 
yean;  antl  he  was  one  of  the  most  active  of  its 
patriotic  members.  In  1774  he  was  a  delegate 
in  the  Continental  Congress,  but  decliued  to 
serve  the  next  year.  In  17(5ti  he  published  one 
of  the  ablest  tracts  of  the  time,  entitled  An 
Inquiry  into  the  Bights  of  the  British  Colonies. 

Bland,  Thbodoric,  statesman  and  soldier, 
was  born  in  Prince  George's  County.  Ya..  in 
174-2:  died  in  New  York.  June  1.  1790.  He 
was.  by  his  maternal  side,  fourth  in  descent 
from  Pocahontas  (which  see),  his  mother  being 
.lane  Knife.  John  Kandolph  was  his  nephew. 
He  received  the  degree  of  M.l).  at  Edinburgh, 
returned  home  in  17l>4.  and  practised  medicine. 
Bland  led  volunteers  in  opposing  Governor 
Dnnmore,  and  published  some  bitter  letters 
against  that  officer  over  the  signature  of  "Cas- 
sias."  He  became  captain  of  the  first  troop 
of  Virginia  cavalry,  and  joined  the  main  Con- 
tinental army  as  lieutenant  -  colonel  in  1777. 
Brave,  vigilant,  and  judicious,  he  was  intrust- 
ed with  the  command  of  Bnrgoyne's  captive 
troop- at  Albemarle  Barracks  in  Virginia;  and 
was   member   of  the  Continental  Co 

In  the  Legislature  and  in  the  Con- 
vention of  his  state  he  opposed  the  adoption 
of  the  National  Constitution;  but  represented 
Virginia  in  the  first  congress  held  under  it, 
dying  while  in  attendance  then'  in  New  York. 
Colonel  Bland  was  a  poet  as  well  as  a  soldier 
and  patriot  Th.'  Bland  Papers,  containing 
many  valuable  memorials  of  the  He  volution, 
were  edited  and  published  bv  Charles  Camp- 
bell in  184 

Blenker,  Lewis,  was  born  at  Worms,  Hesse- 
Darmstadt,  in  1812;  died  in  New  Jersey,  Oct. 
31,  1863.     He  was  one  of  the  Bavarian  Legion, 

raised  to  accompany  King  Otho  to  Gn  I 

l-4^-4'.l.  he  became  a  leader  of  the  revolution- 
ists, and  finally  fled  to  Switzerland.  Ordered  to 
leave  that  country  (September,  1849),  he  came 
to  the  United  states.      At   the   beginning  of 

the  Civil  War  he  raised  a  regiment,  and.  early 
in  July.  1861,  was  put  at  the  bead  of  a  brigade. 
chiefly  of  Germane.  In  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac h.-  commanded  a  division  for  a  while, 
which  was  sent  to  Western  Virginia,  and  par- 
ticipated   in   the  battle  of  Cross  Keys  (which 

Blennerhassett,  HBRMAN,  born  in  Hamp- 
shiie.  England,  in  17ti7;  died  in  the  island  of 
Guernsey  in  183L  He  was  of  Irish  descent : 
was  educated  at  the  University  of  Dublin; 
studied  law  and  practised  there;  and  in  1796 
married  the  beautiful  Adelaide  Agnew,  daugh- 
ter of  Genera]  Agnew.  who  was  killed  in  the 
battle  at  (iermantow  n.  1777.  (Sec  .l</;«ir.)  Be- 
ing a  republican  in  principle,  he  became  in- 
volved in  the  political  troubles  in  Ireland  in 
17'.l-.  when  he  sold  his  estates  m  England,  and 
came  to  America  with  an  ample  fortune.  He 
purchased  an  island  in  the  Ohio  River,  nearly 
opposite    Marietta,   built    an    elegant    mansion. 


BLIND  1 

famished  it  luxuriously,  aud  there  he  and  his 
accomplished  wife  were  living  in  happiness  and 
contentment,  surrounded  by  books,  philosophi- 
cal apparatus,  pictures,  aud  otber  means  lor  in- 
tellectual culture,  when  Aaron  Burr  entered 
that  paradise,  and  tempted  and  ruined  its 
dwellers.  (See  Burr's  Mysterious  Expedition.) 
A  mob  of  militia-men  laid  the  island  waste,  in 


BLENNEKHASSKTl    S    ISLAND    RESIDES 

a  degree,  and  Blennerhassett  and  his  wife  be- 
came  fugitives  in  1807.  He  was  prosecuted  as 
.in  accomplice  of  Burr,  but  was  discharged. 
Then  ho  became  a  cotton-planter  near  Port 
Gibson,  in  Mississippi,  but  finally  lost  his  fort- 
une. Mini,  in  1819,  went  to  Montreal,  and  there 
began  the  practice  of  law.  In  1822,  he  and  his 
wife  went  to  the  West  Indies.  Thence  they  re- 
turned to  England,  where  Blennerhassett  died, 
at  the  age  of  sixty-one  years.  His  widow  came 
back  to  America  to  seek,  from  Congress,  re- 
muneration for  their  losses;  but,  while  the 
matter  was  pending,  she,  also,  died  (1842),  in 
poverty,  in  the  city  of  New  York,  and  was  bur- 
ied by  the  Sisters  of  Charity. 

Blind,  THK,  in  our  country,  receive  a  full 
-hare  of  public  sympathy.  In  1870  there  were 
about  twenty  thousand  blind  persons  in  the 
United  States.  The  first  public  asylum  for 
the  blind  established  in  our  country  was  the 
Perkins  Institute  and  Massachusetts  Asylnm 
fin  the  Blind,  founded  in  1829,  and  opened  in 
1832,  with  the  late  Dr.  Samuel  (Ridley  Howe 
at  its  bead.  Similar  ones  were  founded  in 
New  York  .and  Philadelphia  at  about  the  same 
time.  In  1876  there  wen-  twenty-seven  insti- 
tutions in  the  United  States  for  the  instruction 
of  the  blind,  with  an  aggregate  of  about  two 
thousand  pupils. 

Block  Island,  EVENTS   at.      In    1636,  John 

Oldham  (which  sect  was  trading  in  a  vessel  of 
his  own  alone  the  shores  of  Connecticut,  and 
mar  Block  island  (  so  named  from  Adrian 
Block,  the   Dutch   navigator,  who  discovered 

it)  he  was  attacked  by  Indians  id'  that  island, 
and  he  and  his  crew  were  murdered.  Filled 
with  the  barbarians,  who  did  not  know  how 
to  manage  rudder  or  sail,  the  vessel  was  found 
drifting  bj  John  Gallop,  a  Massachusetts  fish- 
erman, w  bo  had  only  a  man  and  t  w  0  OOJ  -  w  it  h 
him.      They   gallantly   attacked   the   Indians, 

killed   or  drove   them   into  the  sea.  and   recapt- 


6  BLOCKADE 

ured  the  vessel  —  the  fust  naval  light  on  the 
New  England  coast.  They  found  the  dead 
body  of  Oldham  on  the  deck,  yet  bleeding. 
The  Block  Island  Indians  were  allies  of  the 
Pequods,  and  were  protected  by  the  latter. 
The  murder  of  Oldham  was  a  signal  for  war. 
In  August,  live  small  vessels,  carrying  about 
one  hundred  men,  under  John  Endicott,  sailed 
from  Boston  to  punish 
the  Block  Island  sax- 
ages.  His  orders  in  m 
the  magistrates  were  to 
kill  all  the  men.  but  to 
spate  the  women  and 
children.  There  wen 
four  captains  in  the 
company,  because  the 
Indians  in  fighting  usu- 
ally divided  iuto  small 
squads,  and  it  w  as  nec- 
essary to  attack  them  in 
like  detachments.  One 
of  these  captains  was 
LE  the  famous  John  Under- 

bill (See  Fetjiiod  War.) 
Endicott's  party  landed  in  a  heavy  surf,  and  in 
the  face  of  a  shower  of  arrows,  but  only  one 
Englishman  was  wounded.  The  Indians  lied 
into  the  interior  of  the  island.  Everything — 
dwellings,  crops,  and  the  simple  furniture  of  the 
Indians — was  destroyed.  The  island  was  com- 
pletely desolated.  Endicott  could  not  find  the 
Indians  to  kill  them,  but  he  left  them  in  a  con- 
dition to  starve  to  death.  Endicott  attacked 
the  Pequods  at  the  mouth  of  the  Pequod  Riv- 
er (now  the  Thames),  but  was  unsuccessful: 
then,  coasting  along  the  shores  of  the  Narra- 
ganset  country,  he  burned  the  wigwams,  de- 
stroyed the  crops,  and  so  aroused  the  fiercest 
indignation  among  the  native  inhabitants. 

Blockade,  Actual  and  Proclaimed.  In 
Maj  .  1-1:!.  the  British  proclaimed  a  formal  block- 
ade of  New  York,  the  Delaware.  Chesapeake 
Bay.  Charleston,  Savannah,  and  the  mouth  of 
the  Mississippi.  On  June  11,  the  United  Statei, 
Macedonia)),  and  Hornet,  under  the  command  of 
Decatur,  blockaded  in  the  harbor  of  New  York, 
attempted  to  gel  to  sea  through  the  East  River 
and  Long  Island  Sound,  but  oil' the  Connecticut 

shore  they  were  intercepted  by  a  British  squad- 
ron and  driven  into  the  harbor  of  New  London. 
The  militia  were  called  out  to  protect  these  ves- 
sels, and  the  neighborhood  was  kept  in  constant 
alarm.  The  British  blockading  Bqnadron, com- 
manded by  Sir  Thomas  Hardy,  consisted  of  the 
dag-ship  ItamiUic*.  of  the  Orpheus,  Valiant,  deasim, 
and  smaller  vessels.  The  commander-in-chief 
had  won  the  respect  of  the  inhabitants  along 
the  coast  because  of  bis  honorable  treatment  of 
them.  The  blockade  of  New  London  harbor 
continued  twenty  months,  or  dnriug  the  remain- 
der of  the  war.  In  the  spriug  of  1814, all  hopes 
of  their  being  able  to  escape  having  faded,  the 

lulled  Static  and  Maiedioiian  were  dismantled, 
and  laid  up  just  below  Norwich,  while  the  //«<•- 
not,  after  remaining  in  the  Thames  about  a  year, 
slipped  out   of  the  harbor  and  escaped  to  Vw 

York. 


BLOCKADE  OF  THE  POTOMAC  1 

Blockade  of  the  Potomac.  By  batteries  on 
the  Virginia  shore  a  blockade  of  the  Potomac 
River  against  the  passage  of  vessels  with  sup- 
plies for  the  troops  at  Washington  was  kept  np 
for  Bome  time.  In  September,  1801,  General 
UcClellan,  in  command  of  the  rapidly  increas- 
ing Army  of  the  Potomac,  was  ordered  to  co- 
operate with  the  naval  force  on  the  river  in  re- 
moving the  blockade,  bat  he  failed 
to  do  so;  and  it  was  kept  up  until 
the  Confederates  voluntarily  aban- 
doned their  position  in  front  of  Wash- 
ington in  1862. 


Blockade  of  the  Potomac  Re- 
moved. The  insurgents  planted  can- 
nons on  the  Virginia  shores  of  the  Po- 
tomac River,  at  various  points,  to  in- 
terrupt the  navigation.  Oue  of  these 
redoubts  was  at  Matthias  Point  —  a 
hold   promontory   in    King   George's 

County,  Va. — and   coi anded    the 

river  a  short  time.  The  Point  was 
heavily  wooded.  Captain  Ward,  with 
his  flag-ship  Freeborn,  of  the  Potomac 
Hot  ilia,  was  below  this  point  when  ho 
heard  of  the.  insurgents  being  busy 
ing  a  battery  then'. 


7  BLOCKADING  SQUADRONS 

and  tobacco.  Enormous  profits  were  made  for 
the  owners  of  these  vessels  when  a  successful 
voyage  was  accomplished  ;  hut  so  many  of  them 
were  captured  by  the  blockading  fleets,  destroy- 
ed or  wrecked,  that  it  is  believed  their  losses 
were  greater  in  amount  than  their  gains.  The 
number  of  blockade-runners  captured  or  de- 
stroyed (luring  the  war  by  the  national  navy 


£."**. 


was  1504.  The  gross  proceeds  of  the  property 
captured  and  condemned  as  lawful  prize,  before 
the  Ant  of  November  following  the  olose  of  the 
war,  amounted  to  nearly  §22,000,000.  This  sum 
was  subsequently  increased  by  new  decisions. 
The  value  of  the'vessels  captured  and  destroyed 
(114'J  captured  and  356  destroyed)  was  not   less 

than  |7,000,000,  making  a  total  loss,  chiefly  to 
British  owners,  of  al  hast  (30,000,000.    Besides, 

..  in  consequence  of  the  remissness  in  duty  of  the 
insurgents.  Captain  Ward  accompanied  Chap-  j  British  government  in  permitting  piratical  ves- 
liu.      A  body  of  about  four  hundred  insurgents     sels   to   be  built   and  furnished  in  the  realm  for 

were    seen    a pproac b i n g.  when    Ward    hastened     the    Confederates,  that    government    was    eom- 

baek  to  the  Freeborn,  and  the  marines  took  to  '  polled  to  pay.  in  the  form  of  damages  to  Amer- 
their  boats.    They  returned, but  were  called  off  ican  property  on  the  seas,  $15,500,000  in  gold. 

the  number  of  the  insurgents  wi 


erect- 
ile procured  from  <  !om- 
modore  Rowan,  of  the  Pawnee,  then  lying  off 
Aqnia  Creek  (which  see),  two  companies  of  ma- 
rines, in  charge  of  Lieutenant  Chaplin.  Ward 
hail  determined  to  laud  there,  denude  the  Point 

of  trees,  and  leave  no  shelter  for  the  insurgents. 
On  the  morn  ing  of  .June  27,  1861,  Chaplin  and  the 
marines,  under  cover  id' a  lire  from  the  vessels, 
landed,  and  B I  encountered  the  pickets  of  the 


because  me  niiinuer  oi  I  lit-  insurgents  was  over 
whelming.    A  spirited  skirmish  ensued  between 

the   insurgents   on   shore   and    the   Nationals   on 

their  vessels.  While  Captain  Ward  was  man- 
aging one  of  his  cannons,  he  was  mortally  wound- 
ed in  the  abdomen  by  a  well  aimed  Millie  bullet 

from  the  shore,  tie  lived  only  forty-five  minutes, 
the  bullet  having  passed  through  the  intestines 

and  the  liver.  His  was  the  onlj  Hie  lost  on  the 
Union  side  on  I  hat  occasion.  Captain  Ward  was 
the  lirsi  naval  officer  killed  during  the  war.  His 
body  was  conveyed  to  the  navy-yard  at  Brook- 


ibunal  of  Arbitration.) 

Blockading  Squadrons  on  the  New  Eng- 
land Coast.  From  the  spring  of  1813  until  the 
close  of  the  war.  British  blockading  squadrons 
were  hovering  along  the  whole  American  coast; 

and  these,  with  embargo  acts  (which  see),  double- 
barred  its  seaports  against  commerce,  and  threat- 
ened its  sea-coast  cities  and  villages  with  de- 
struction. The  year  1814  was  a  peculiarly  trying 
one  for  New  England.  The  blockade  of  New 
London,  begun  in  1813,  was  kept  up  strictly  un- 
til  the   close  of  the  war.      Early  in  dune,  1814, 


lyn,  Where,  Oil  the  North  (  iirolum,  it     a\    instate.  ., 

■,  .,         .    . ,       ,        ■.  British   blockading   vessels  began  depredations 

and  was  then  taken  to  Hart  lord,  w  here  imposing  .,  ...  .         ,.  ,  , 

,,'       ,,  °  on   the   coast    ol    Massachusetts,  under   an   order 

issued  by  Admiral  Cochrane  to  "destTOJ  the  sea- 
port tow  ns  and  devastate  the  country."  At  Ware- 
ham,  on  Buzzard's  Bay.  they  destroyed  vessels 


funeral  ceremonies  were  performed  in  the  Ro- 
man  <  latholic  cathedral. 

Blockade-Runners.    The  British  government 

professed  to   be   neutral  when  the  Civil  War  in  and   other  property   valued   at   §40.000.      In   the 

the    United    States    broke   out,  but.   the  Confed-  same  month  fifty  armed  men  in  live  large  barges 

Urates   were  permitted  to  have  privateer  vessels  entered    the    Saco    River,   Maine,  and    destroyed 

built  and  supplied  in  Great  Britain,  w  bile  swift-  property  to  the  amount  of  about  $20,000.      New 

sailing  British  merchant  Bteam-vessels, built  for  Bedford, and  Fair  Haven  opposite,  were  tbreat- 


the  purpose,  were  permitted  to  carry  on  an  ex 
tensive  trade  with  the  insurgents  by  running 
the  blockade  of  Southern   ports.      These  Vessels 

carried  arms,  ammunition,  and  other  supplies  to 


ened  by  British  cruisers.     Eostport  and  Cast  inc. 
in  Maine,  were  captured  by  the  British.     In  July 

(1814)  sir  Thomas  M.  Eardy  sailed  from  Bali- 
fax   with   a  considerable   land   and   naval   force. 


the  insurgents,  and  received  in  exchange  cotton    to  execute  the  order  of  Cochrane.     The  country 


BLOODY  MARSH.  BATTLE  OF 


138 


BLUE  LIGHTS 


from  Passamaqnoddy  Hay  to  the  Penobscot 
Biver  speedily  passed  under  British  rule  and 
remained  .so  until  the  close  of  the  war.  After 
capturing  Eastport  Hardy  sailed  westward,  and 
threatened  Portsmouth  and  other  places.  An 
attack  on  Boston  was  confidently  expected.  It 
was  almost  defenceless, and  offered  a  rich  prize 
for  plunder.  There  ships  wire  built  for  the 
war:  hut  when  real  danger  appeared,  the  in- 
habitants were  aroused  to  intense  action  in  pre- 
paring defences.  All  classes  of  citizens  might 
be  s.cn  with  implements  of  labor  working  daily 
in  casting  up  fortifications  on  Noddle's  Island 
(now  East  Boston).  Informed  of  these  prepa- 
rations and  the  enthusiasm  of  the  people,  Hardy 
passed  by  and  took  a  position  off  the  coast  of 
Connecticut,  where  he  proceeded,  with  reluc- 
tance, to  execute  Cochrane'*  cruel  order.  He 
bombarded  Stonington,  bnt  was  repulsed.  (See 
Stonington,  Bombardment  of.)  His  squadron  lay 
off  the  mouth  of  the  Thames  (Conn.)  when  the 
news  of  peace  came.      (See  New  London.) 

Bloody  Marsh,  Battle  of.  (See  Georgia,  In- 
ration  of.) 

Bloomfield,  JOSEPH,  was  horn  at  Woodbridge, 
X..I.:  dud  at  Burliugton,N.J.,Qct.3,1823.  He 
was  a  law  student  when  the  war  for  indepen- 
dence broke  out,  when  he  was  made  a  captain, 
and  entered  the  service  of  the  patriots,  serv- 
ing until  the  end  of  the  war.  Then  lie  had  at- 
tained the  rank  of  major.  After  the  war  he  was 
attorney-general  of  New  Jersey  ;  governor  in 
1801-12;  brigadier-general  during  the  war  of 
1812-15;  member  of  Congress  1817-21 :  and  was 
always  esteemed  a  sound  legislator  and  a  judi- 
cious leader. 

Blooming  Gap,  SKIRMISH  at  (1862).  General 
F.W.  Lander  was  sent,  early  in  January,  1862, 
to  protect  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railway.  He 
had  a  wily  and  energetic  opponent  in  •■stone- 
wall Jackson,"  who  was  endeavoring  to  gain 
what  the  Confederates  had  lost  in  Western  Vir- 
ginia, and  to  hold  possession  of  the  Shenandoah 
Valley.  With  about  four  thousand  men  Lander 
struck  Jackson  at  Blooming  Gap  (Feb.  14),  capt- 
ured .seventeen  of  his  commissioned  officers, 
nearly  sixty  of  his  rank  and  tile,  and  compelled 
him  to  retire. 

Blount,  William,  was  bom  in  North  Caroli- 
na in  1711:  died  at  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  March  21, 
1800.  Hi'  was  a  delegate  to  the  Continental 
Congress  in  IT-.'  SI.  1786,  and  1 T-T  :  and  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  that  framed  the  Na- 
tional Constitution.      In   IT'.Ml  he  was  appointed 

governor  of  the  territory  south  of  the  Ohio. 
(See  Northwestern  Territory.)     He  was  president 

of  the  convention  that   formed  the  Slate  ofTcn- 

neasee  in  1796,  and  was  chosen  the  Ural  United 

I)  a  tor  from  the  new   .state.      Mount  was 

impeached  in  l?'.i?  by  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives, obarged  with  having  intrigued,  while  ter- 
litoiial  governor,  tn  transfer  New  Orleans  and 
neighboring  districts  |  then  belonging  t<«  Spain  t 
to  Great  Britain  bj  means  of  a  joint  expedition 
■if  Englishmen  and  (  reek  and  Cherokee  Indians. 
I   .pilled  from  the  Senate,  and  the  proc- 

disoontiuued  In  the  House.     His  popu- 


larity in  Tennessee  was  increased  by  these  pro- 
ceedings, and  he  became,  by  the  voice  of  the 
people,  a  state  senator  aud  president  of  that 
body. 

Blue  Hen,  a  cant  or  popular  name  for  the 
State  of  Delaware.  Captain  Caldwell,  of  the 
First  Delaware  regiment  in  the  Revolution,  was 
a  brave  anil  very  popular  officer,  and  noted  for 
his  fondness  for  cock  -  tight  ing.  When  officers 
were  sent  to  his  state  to  yet  recruits  for  the 
regiment,  it  was  a  common  remark  that  they 
had  gone  for  more  of  Captain  Caldwell's  game- 
cocks.  The  captain  insisted  that  no  cock  could 
be  truly  game  unless  the  mother  was  a  bine 
hen  :  and  the  expression  "  Blue  Hen's  Chick- 
ens" was  substituted  for  game-cocks,  and  filial- 
ly applied  to  the  whole  Delaware  line. 

Blue  Laws,  the  name  given  to  the  first  col- 
lection of  laws  framed  for  the  government  of 
the  Connecticut  colony.  They  were  published, 
in  collected  form,  in  1650,  and  issued  in  blue- 
paper  covers.  From  this  fact  they  derived  the 
name  of  Blue  Laws.  They  contained  rigid  en- 
actments against  every  social  vice,  as  well  as 
for  social  regulations,  and  revealed  the  stern- 
ness of  the  Puritan  character  and  morals.  Cop- 
ies of  these  laws  found  their  way  to  England, 
where  they  first  received  the  inline  of  "  Blue 
Laws."  After  the  restoration  of  Charles  II.  the 
word  blue  was  applied  to  rigid  moralists  of 
every  kind,  especially  to  the  Presbyterians. 
Butler,  in  Hndibrax,  say*  : 

"  For  his  religion  it  was  writ. 
To  match  li  s  learning  ami  liis  wit, 
Iih  Presbyterian  true  blue." 

To  ridicule  the  Puritans  of  New  England,  a  series 
of  ridiculous  enactments,  falsely  purporting  to 
be  a  selection  from  the  Blue  Laws,  were  pro- 
mulgated, and  gained  general  belief. 

Blue  Lights.  The  Macedonian  and  Horns* 
were  blockaded  in  New  London  harbor.  Deca- 
tur was  anxious  to  run  the  blockade,  and  might 
have  accomplished  it  but  for  the  mischievous, 
if  not  treasonable,  conduct  of  a  section  of  the 
ultra-Federalists  known  as  the  "l'eace  l'aity" 
(which  see).  He  had  fixed  on  Sunday  evening, 
Dec.  12,  1813, for  making  an  attempt  to  run  the 
blockade.  The  night  was  very  dark,  the  wind 
was  favorable,  and  the  tide  served  at  a  conven- 
ient hour.  When  all  things  were  in  readiness 
atid  he  was  about  to  weigh  anchor,  word  came 
from  the  " row-guard"  of  the  blockade. l  vessels 
that  signal-lights  wore  burning  on  both  sides 
of  the  river,  near  its  mouth.  The  lights  were 
blue,  and  placed  in  position  by  treasonable  men 

to  warn  t  he  British  bloekaders  of  l  locator's  final 

movements.  There  were  "  Peace  -  men  "  in  al- 
most everj  place  in  New  England,  who  did  all 
they  could  to  embarrass  their  government  in  its 

prosecution  of  the  war.     So  betrayed,  Deoatnr 

gave   up   the   design,  and   tried    every   means   to 

diaoovei  the  betrayers,  but  without  suooeas. 
The  Federalists  denied  the  fact,  but  the  blue 
signal  -  lights  had  been  seen  bj  too  many  to 
make   tin'   denial   of  any   effect      In    a   letter  to 

tary   of  the    Navy,   Deoatar   wrote: 
"Notwithstanding  these  signals  have  been  sa> 


BLUE  SPRINGS.  BATTLE  AT  I 

peated,  aud  have  been  seen  by  at  least  twenty 
persons  in  thie  sqaadrou,  there  are  men  in  New 
London  who  have  the  hardihood  to  affect  to 
disbelieve  it  and  the  effrontery  to  deny  it." 
The  whole  Federal  party,  traditionally  opposed 
to  the  war,  were  often  compelled  to  bear  the 
odium  of  the  bad  conduct  of  the  Peace  taction. 
They  had  to  do  so  in  this  case  and  for  more 
than  a  generation;  and  long  after  that  organ- 
isation was  dissolved  members  of  that  party 
wen-  stigmatized  with  the  epithet  of  "Blue 
Light  Federalists." 

Blue  Springs,  Battle  at.    While  Burnside's 
forces  in  East  Tennessee  were  concentrating  at 

Knoxville  (see  A' no.irill, I,  Si,//,-  of)  they  had  many 
encounters  with  the  ( 'on  federates.  One  of  these 
occurred  at,  Blue  Springs,  not  far  from  Bull's 
(Jap.  There  the  Confederates  had  gathered  in 
considerable  force.  A  brigade  of  National  cav- 
alry, supported  by  a  small  force  of  infantry, 
was  then  at  Bull's  Gap.  The  cavalry  pressed 
forward  to  Blue  Springs,  where  the  Confeder- 
ates wire  commanded  by  General  S.  .Tones.  Af- 
ter a  desultory  Bghl  for  about  twenty -four 
hours  (Oct.  in   and    11.  l-ii;!i   the    Confederates 

broke  ami  fled,  leaving  their  dead  on  the  field. 

They   were    pursued    and    struck    from    time    to 

time  by  Geueral  Sbackleford  and  his  cavalry, 

am)  driven  out  of  the  state.  The  pursuers  pen- 
etrated Virginia  ten  miles  beyond  Bristol.  In 
the  battle  of  Blue  Springs  tin'  Nationals  losl 
about  one  hundred  nun   in  killed  and  wounded. 

The  Confederate  loaa  was  a  little  greater. 

Board   of  Trade    and   Plantations.      This 
commission  was  ftrsf  snggested  by  Charles  Dav- 

enant,  sou  id'  the  eminent  Sir  William  Daven- 
anl.  and  an  Bngliah  author  of  note.  He  pro- 
posed, in  an  essay,  that  the  care  of  the  Ameri- 
can colonies  should  be  made  "  the  pro\  ince  of  ;i 

■elect  number  of  lords  and  geutlemen  of  reputa- 
tion both  for  parts  and  fortunes;"  and  suggest- 
ed   that    it    would    be    in    their   power  "to   put 

things  into  a  form  and  order  id'  government 
that  should  always  preserve  these  countries  in 

obedience  to  the  crown  and  dependence  npou 
Hie  kingdom."  At  the  same  time,  he  advo- 
cated the.  keeping  of  the  conditions  of  their 
charters  sailed  and  inviolate.  A  Standing 
council  of  commerce  had  been  established,  but 
in  It)?:?  it  was  dropped.  From  that  time  un- 
til 1696  all  disputes  and  regulations  relating 
to  commerce  and  the  colonies  wen-  nsuallj 
referred  to  a  committee  of  the  privy  council. 
The  Board  of  Trade  and  Plantations  was  estab- 
lished by  King  William  III.  in  that  year.  It 
consisted  of  a  first  hud  commissioner,  who  was 
\  pier  of  the  realm,  and  seven  other  commis- 
sioners, w  it  h  a  salary  of  s.~,lllli)  each.  The  mem- 
bers of  the  board  were  Styled  the  ,;  Lord  Com- 
missioners for  Trade  and  Plantations.''  With 
this  board  the  governors  of  the  Bnglish-Ameri- 
can  colonies  held  continual  correspondence  oon- 
Seming  their  respective  governments:  and  to 
this  board  they  transmitted  the  journals  of  their 
councils  and  assemblies,  the  accounts  of  the  ool- 
lcctors  of  Customs  and  naval  otlicers.  and  simi- 
lar articles  of  official  intelligence.    On  the  death 


BOARD  OF  WAR 

of  Queen  Anne,  in  1714,  George.  Elector  of  Han- 
over, ascended  the  English  throne.  The  new 
ministry  reduced  the  powerful  Board  of  Trade 
to  a  subordinate  position — a  mere  committee 
for  refereuce  aud  report,  and  a  dependent  upon 
the  Secretary  of  State  for  the  colonies.  In 
March,  1749,  Horace  Walpole.  at  the  instigation 
of  the  Board  of  Trade  and  Plantations,  reported 
a  bill  to  overrule  all  charters,  and  to  make  the 
orders  of  the  king,  or  under  his  authority,  the 
supreme  law  in  America.  This  seemed  to  be 
.■(insistent  with  the  high  claim  of  legislative 
authority  for  Parliament.     Onslow.  Speaker  of 

the  lloii-e  of  Com US,  believed  the  Parliament 

had  power  to  tax  America,  but  not  to  delegate 
it.  He  ordered  the  objections  to  the  measure 
to  be  spread  at  length  on  the  journals  of  the 
I  louse,  aud  the  Board  of  Trade  dropped  the  mat- 
ter. 

Board  of  War.  On  the  Pith  of  June.  1776, 
the  Congress  appointed  John  Adams.  Roger 
Sherman,  Benjamin  Harrison,  .lames  Wilson, 
and  John  Rutledne  commissioners  constitut- 
ing a  ••  Board  of  War  and  Ordnance.''  and  ap- 
pointed Richard  Peters  their  secretary.  This 
was  the  germ  of  the  War  Department  of  our 
government.  It  had  a  geueral  supervision  of 
all  military  affairs  :  kept  exact  records  of  all 
transact  ions,  with  the  names  of  officers  and  sol- 
diers: and  had  charge  of  all  prisoners  of  war 
and  of  all  correspondence  on  the  subject  of  the 

army.    The  secretary  and  clerks  were  required 

to  take  an  oath  of  secrecy  before  entering  upon 

their  duties.     The  salary   of  the  secretary  was 

--on  a  year;  of  the  clerk-.  £66.66.     A 


seal  was  adopted.  Owing  to  the  extent  of  the 
field  of  war,  subordinate  boards  were  author- 
ized  in  177S.      In   November.  1777,  a   new  board 

was  organized,  consisting  of  three  persons  not 
members  of  Cougress,  to  sit  in  the  place  where 

that  body  should  be  in   session,  each  member  to 

be  paid  a  salary  of  $4000  a  year.  Iii  177-  an- 
other organisation  of  the  board  occurred.  It 
then  consisted  of  two  members  of  Congress  and 
three  who  were  not  members,  any  three  to  consti- 
tute a  quorum.  Then  the  salary  of  the  secretary 
of  Hi.'  board  was  increased  to $301  0.  On  the  new 
organization  of  the  govern  menl  in  17-1  (see  Ar- 
tielta  of  Confederation),  the  Congress  resolved  to 
Seoretarj  of  War,  and  General  Lincoln 


BOBADILLA 


140 


BOGUS  PROCLAMATION 


was  chosen.  His  salary  was  .§5000  a  year.  He 
held  the  office  until  the  close  of  the  war.  After 
thai  military  affairs  were  managed  by  a  board 
of  war  until  the  organization  of  the  government 

under  the  National  Constitution,  when  they  were 
placed  under  the  supreme  control  of  a  Secre- 
tary of  War. 

Bobadilla,  Francisco,  a  Spanish  magistrate, 

was  sent  to  Santo  Doniiugo  by  Queen  Isabella 
in  1500  to  ascertain  the  condition  of  the  Span- 
ish colony  there,  so  many  complaints  of  the  ad- 
ministration of  Columbus  having  reached  her. 
Coveting  the  place  of  Columbus,  Bobadilla  made 
many  unjust  charges  against  him.  He  arrested 
the  illustrious  man  and  sent  him  to  Spain  in 
chains.  But  the  sovereigns,  satisfied  that  he 
was  innocent,  reinstated  Columbus,  recalled  Bo- 
badilla, and  sent  Ovando  to  take  his  place.  (See 
Ovando.)  On  his  return  homeward,  Bobadilla 
was  lost  at  sea  in  a  furious  tempest  with  many 
Others  of  the  enemies  of  Columbus,  together 
with  the  immense,  wealth  which  they  were  car- 
rying away  with  them. 

Bogardus,  Everariu's.  was  the  first  clergy- 
man in  New  Netherland.  He  and  Adam  Roe- 
landson,  school-master, came  from  Holland  with 
Governor  Van  Twiller  in  1033.  He  was  a  hold, 
outspoken  man,  and  did  not  shrink  from  giving 
"a  piece  of  his  mind"  to  men  in  authority. 
Provoked  by  what  he  considered  maladminis- 
tration of  public  affairs,  he  wrote  a  letter  to 
Governor  Van  Twiller,  in  which  he  called  him 
"a  child  of  thi!  devil,"  and  threatened  to  give 
him  "such  a  shake  from  the  pulpit"  the  next 
Sunday  as  would  "make  him  shudder."  About 
the  year  1638  Bogardus  married  Annetje, widow 
of  Roeloff  Jansen,  to  whose  husband  Van  Twil- 
ler had  granted  sixty-two  acres  of  land  on  Man- 
hattan Island,  now  in  possession  of  Trinity 
Church,  New  York.  This  is  the  estate  which 
the  "heirs  of  Annetje  Jansen  Bogardus"  have 
been  seeking  to  recover.  Being  charged  before 
the  Classis  of  Amsterdam  with  conduct  unbe- 
coming a  clergyman,  Bogardus  was  about  to  go 
thither  to  defend  himself  on  the  arrival  of  Kieft, 
but  the  governor  and  council  determined  to  re- 
tain him  for  the  "good  of  souls."  A  daughter 
of  Mr.  Bogardus  by  his  first  wile  was  married 
in  K54--2 ;  and  it  was  on  that  occasion  that  Gov- 
ernor Kieft  procured  generous  subscriptions  for 
building  a  new  church.  At  the  wedding  feast, 
"after  the  fourth  or  fifth  round  of  drinking," 
he  made  a  liberal  subscript  ion  himself  to  the 
church  fund,  and  requested  the  other  guests  to 
do  the  same.  All  the  company,  with  "light 
heads  and  glad  hearts,"  vied  with  each  other  in 
"subscribing  richly;"  and  some  of  them,  after 
they  returned  home,  "well  repented  it."  but 
were  not  excused.  John  and  Kichard  Ogden, 
of  Stamford,  Conn.,  were  employed  to  build  the 
chinch,  in  which  Bogardus  officiated  about  four 
years.     When  Kieft, in  Hi  13,  was  about  to  make 

WSJ    "U    the    Indian-   |  St  ,idns,  w  DO 

hail  been  invited  to  the   council,  warned  him  in 

warm  words  sgsinsl  his  rashness.     Two  yean 

later   he    shared    with    the    people    in    disgust    of 
rUOTJ   and  he  boldlj  denounced  him.  as 


he  had  Van  Twiller,  from  the  pulpit,  charging 
him  with  drunkenness  and  rapacity,  and  said. 
"  What  ate  the  great  men  of  the  country  but 
vessels  of  wrath  and  fountains  of  woe  and 
trouble?  They  think  of  nothing  hut  to  plun- 
der the  property  of  others,  to  dismiss,  to  banish. 
to  transport  to  Holland."  Kieft  and  some  of 
the  provincial  officers  absented  themselves  from 
church  to  avoid  further  clerical  lashings.  Kieft 
encouraged  unruly  fellows  to  keep  op  a  noise 
around  the  church  during  the  preaching.  Oil 
one  occasion  a  drum  was  beaten,  a  cannon  was 
tired  several  times  during  the  service,  and  the 
communicants  were  insulted.  The  plucky  dom- 
inie denounced  the  authorities  more  fiercely  than 
ever,  aud  the  governor  brought  the  contuma- 
cious clergyman  to  trial.  The  excitement  ran 
high,  but  mutual  friends  finally  brought  about 


cessation   of  hostilities,  if  not  peace.     Tl 


,e,e 


were  then  two  other  clergymen  in  the  province 
— Samuel  Megapoleusis  and  Francis  Doughty  — 
the  latter  preaching  to  the  English  residents 
there.  The  conduct  of  Bogardus  had  become  a 
subject  of  remark  in  the  Classis  of  Amsterdam, 
and  after  the  arrival  of  Stuyvesant  (1647)  he 
resigned,  and  sailed  tor  Holland  in  the  same 
vessel  with  Kieft.  He,  too,  was  drowned  when 
the  vessel  was  wrecked.     (See  Kieft.) 

Boggs,  Cn.viii.Es  Stewart,  was  horn  at  New 
Brunswick,  N.  J.,  Jan.  28,  1811;  entered  the 
navy  in  lS->(>:  served  on  stations  in  the  Medi- 
terranean. West  Indies,  the  coast  of  Africa,  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  .and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  He  WS£ 
made  lieutenant  in  1837;  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  commander  in  1855;  and  in  1858  was 
appointed  light-house  inspector  on  the  Pacific 
coast.  Placed  in  command  of  the  gunboat  lit- 
rniia,  when  the  Civil  War  broke  out,  he  was 
with  Admiral  Farragut  in  the  desperate  tight 
on  the  Mississippi,  near  Forts  Jackson  and  St. 
Philip.  (See  Xeir  Orleans,  Capture  of.)  In  that 
contest  his  conduct  was  admirable  for  bravery 
and  fortitude.  He  has  since  been  in  command 
of  various  vessels  on  American  and  European 
stations.  Captain  Boggs  was  commissioned 
rear-admiral  iu  the  United  States  Navy  in 
July,  1870. 

Bogus  Proclamation,  The.  Early  in  tin 
campaign  of  1864,  a  proclamation,  bearing  the 
names  of  the  President  of  the  United  States 
and  of  the  Secretary  of  state,  appeared  in  the 
Xeir  York  World  and  Sen-  York  .Journal  <>/ 
Cojiniitrei  (newspapers  opposed  to  the  adminis- 
tration), in  which  defeats  and  disasters  to  tin- 
Nat  ional  armies  were  narrated,  a  day  of  fasting 
and  prayer  recommended,  and  a  call  made  foi 
live  hundred  thousand  more  troops  to  suppress 
the  great  insurrection.  This  proclamation  was 
calculated  to  cans.'  graal  depression  among  all 

loyal  people,  discourage  enlistments,  and  give 
enoourageuieul   to  the  insurgents.     The   uov 
eminent  regarded  it  as  the  work  of  an  enemj 

of    the    Republic        The    tWO    newspapers    that 

published  the  proclamation  were  promptly 
suppressed  by  military  power,  and  the  author 
of  the  proclamation,  when  discovered,  was  sent, 
a  state  prisoner,  to  Port   Lafayette.    The  an- 


BOLDNESS  OF  THE  COLONIAL  PRESS    141    BONHOMME  RICHARD  AND  SERAPIS 


thor  was  Joseph  Howard,  one  of  the  editorial 
staff  of  the  Brooklyn  Eagle,  an  opposition  news- 
paper. Howard  declared  that  it  was  intended 
only  as  a  .joke — a  burlesque  of  tlie  method  of 
conducting  the  war.  The  government  regard- 
ed it  as  a  serious  misdemeanor,  and  acted  ac- 
cordingly. 

Boldness  of  the  Colonial  Press.  When, 
early  in  .January,  17f>(3,  the  speech  of  the  king 
at  the  opeuing  of  Parliament  was  published  in 
the  Boston  C.<Kill<.  its  editors  (Edes  and  (Jill) 
said  to  the  monarch, " Great  Sir,  retreat,  or  you 
are  ruined.''       A  Philadelphia   newspaper  said: 

-  X in    this  day  of  liberty   will   say  that 

duty  hinds  us  to  yield  obedience  to  any  man, 
or  body  of  men,  forming  part  of  the  British 
Constitution,  when  they  exceed  the  limits  pre- 
scribed by  that  Constitution.  The  Stamp  Act 
js  unconstitutional,  and  no  more  obligatory 
than  a  decree  of  the  Divan  of  Turkey."  De- 
limit   essays    upon    the    rights    of    the    colonies 

were  issued  in  pamphlet  form,  and  the  news- 
papers teemed  with  Bqnibs  and  epigrams  aimed 
at  the  authority  of  Parliament  and  even  of  the 
crow  n. 

Bollan,  William,  an  English  lawyer,  came 
to  America  about  1740,  settled  in  Boston,  and 
died  iii  England  in  177f>.  He  married  a  daugh- 
ter of  Governor  Shirley,  of  Massachusetts,  and 

was  appointed  Collector  of  Customs  at  Salem 
and  Marblehead.  In  174.">  he  was  sent  to  Eng- 
land to  solicit  the  reimbursement  of  more  than 
$800,000  advanced  by  Massachusetts  for  the  ex- 
pedition against  Cape  Breton.  He  was  success- 
ful; and  was  agent  for  Massachusetts  in  1762, 
hut  was  dismissed.     Being  in  England  in  1769, 

he  obtained  copies  of  thirty-three  letters  writ- 
ten by  Governor  Bernard   and  General  Gage, 

Calumniating  the  colonists,  and  sent  them  to 
Boston.  lor  this  act  he  was  denounced  in 
Parliament.        lie    strongly    recommended    the 

British  government  to  pursue  conciliatory 
measures  towards  the  colonists  in   l??.">:   and 

in  various  ways,  in  person  and  in  writing,  lie 
showed  his  warm  friendship  for  the  Americans. 
Mr.  Bollan  wrote  several  political  pamphlets 
relating  to  American  affairs;  and  in  1774  he 
presented,  as  colonial  agent,  a  petitiou  to  the 
king  in  council 

Bonaparte  and  Peace.  While  war  with 
Prance  seemed  inevitable,  and  was  actually 
Occurring  on  the  ocean,  a  change  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  that  country  occurred,  which  avert- 
ed from  the  United  States  tie  calamity  of  war. 
For  a  long  time  the  quarrels  id'  political  tac- 
tions had  distracted  France.  The  Directory 
(which  see1)  hail  become  very  unpopular,  and 
the  excitable  people  were  ripe  for  another 
revolution.  Napoleon  Bonaparte  was  then  at 
the  head  of  an  army  in  the  East.  His  brothers 
informed   him  of  the   state  of  affairs   at   home. 

and  he  suddenly  appeared  in  Paris  with  a  few 

followers,  where  he  was  hailed  as  the  good 
genius  of  the  republic.  With  his  brother  Lu- 
cien,  then  President  of  the  Council  of  Five 
Hundred,  and  the  Abbe"  Sieyes,  one  of  the  Di- 
rectory, and  of  great  inlluence  in  the  Council 


of  the  Ancients,  lie  conspired  for  the  overthrow 
of  the  government  and  the  establishment  of  a 
new-  one.  Sieyes  induced  the  Council  of  the 
Ancients  to  place  Bonaparte  in  command  of  the 
military  of  Paris,  Nov.  9,  1799.  Then  Sieyes 
and  two  other  members  of  the  Directory  re- 
signed, leaving  France  without  an  executive 
authority,  and  Bonaparte  with  its  stroug  arm 
—  the  military  —  firmly  in  his  grasp.  The 
Council  of  the  Ancients,  deceived  by  a  trick, 
assembled  at  St.  Cloud  the  next  day.  Bona- 
parte appeared  before  them  to  justify  his  con- 
duct. Perceiving  their  enmity,  he  threatened 
them  with  arrest  by  the  military  if  they  should 
decide  against  him.  Meanwhile  Lncien  had 
read  the  letters  of  resignation  id' the  three  Di- 
rectors to  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred.  A 
scene  of  terrible  excitement  occurred.  There 
were  shouts  of  "No  Cromwell!  no  dictator! 
the  constitution  forever!''  Bonaparto  entered 
that  chamber  with  four  grenadiers,  and  at- 
tempted to  speak,  but  was  interrupted  by 
cries    and   execrations.       The   members   seemed 

about  to  offer  personal  violence  to  the  bold 
soldier,  when  a  body  of  troops  rushed  in  and 
bore  him  oil'.  A  motion  was  made  for  his  out- 
lawry, which  Lucien  refused  to  put,  and  left 
the  chair.  He  went  out  and  addressed  the 
soldiers.  At  the  conclusion  of  his  speech, 
Mural  entered  with  a  body  of  armed  men, 
and  ordered  the  Council  to  disperse.  The 
members  replied  with  defiant  shouts  and  ex- 
ecrations. The  diums  were  ordered  to  be 
beaten  ;  the  soldiers  levelled  their  mnskcis, 
when  all  but  about  fifty  of  the  Council  es- 
caped   by    the    windows.      These,    with    the   All- 

cicnis,  passed  a  decree  making  Sieyes,  Bona- 
parte, and  Ducros  Provisional  Consuls.  In 
December,  Bonaparte  was  made  first  Consul, 
or  supreme  ruler,  for  life.  New  American  en- 
voys  had  jusl    reached  Paris  at  this  crisis,  and 

very  soon   Bonaparte  concluded  an   amicable 

settlement    of  all    difficulties    between    the    two 

nations.  Peace  was  established;  the  envoys  re- 
turned home;  and  the  Provisional  Army  of  the 
United  States  which  had  been  organized  was 
disbanded. 

Bonhonime  Richard  and  Serapis,  Action 
BSTWKBN.  During  the  spring  and  summer 
»\'  1779,  American  cruisers  were  very  active, 
both  in  American  and  European  water-.  At 
the  middle  of  August,  .John  Paul  Jones  was 
sent  out  from  the  French  port  of  L'Orieut, 
with  live  vessels,  to  the  coast  of  Scotland. 
His  flag-ship  was  the  Bonhomnu  Richard.  Ashe 
was  about  to  strike  some  armed  British  vessels 
in  the  harbor  of  Leith,  a  storm  arose,  which 
drove  him  into  the  North  Sea.  When  it 
ceased,  he  cruised  along  the  Scottish  coast, 
capturing  many  prizes,  and  producing  great 
alarm.  Late  in  September,  while  Jones's 
squadron  lay  a  few  leagues  north  of  the  mouth 
of  the  Humber,  he  discovered  the  Baltic  fleet 
of  forty  merchantmen  (convoyed  by  the  Sero- 

p*»,  a  forty-four-gun  ship,  and  the  Countess  of 
Scarborough,  of  twenty -two  guns),  stretching 
out  from  Plainborongh  Head.  Jones  signalled 
for   a   chase,  and   all   but    the   Alliance.  Captain 


BOONE  1 

Landaia,  obeyed.  While  the  opposing  war- 
ships  were  manoeuvring  for  advantage,  night 
fell  upon  the  seem'.  At  seven  o'clock  in  the 
evening  (Sept.  23,  1779),  one  of  the  most  des- 
perate of  recorded  sea-fights  began.  The  Bon- 
homme  Richard  and  Scrapie,  Captain  Pearson, 
came  so  close  to  each  other  that  their  spars 
and  rigging  became  entangled,  and  Jones  at- 
tempted to  board  his  antagonist.  A.  short 
contest  with  pike,  pistol,  and  cutlass  ensued, 
and  Jones  was  repulsed.  The  vessels  separat- 
ed, and  were  soon  placed  broadside  to  broad- 
side, so  close  that  the  muzzles  of  their  guns 
touched  each  other.  Both  vessels  were  dread- 
fully shattered;  and,  at  one  time,  the  Serapis 
was  on  fire  in  a  dozen  places.  Just  as  the 
moon  rose,  at  half-past  nine  o'clock,  the  Rich- 
ard, too,  caught  fire.  A  terrific  hand-to-hand 
tight  now  ensued.  Jones's  ship,  terribly  dam- 
aged, could  not  float  much  longer.  The  flames 
were  creeping  up  the  rigging  of  the  Serapis, 
and,  by  their  light,  Jones  saw  that  his  double- 
headed  shot  had  cut  the  mainmast  of  the  Sera- 
pis almost  in  two.  He  hurled  another,  and 
the  tall  mast  fell.  Pearson  saw  his  great  per- 
il, hauled  down  his  flag,  and  surrendered.  As 
he  handed  his  sword  to  Jones,  he  said,  in  a 
surly  tone,  "  It  is  painful  to  deliver  np  my 
.sword  to  a  man  who  has  fought  with  a  rope 
around  his  neck!"  (Jones  had  been  declared  a 
pirate  by  the  British  government.)  The  king 
knighted  Pearson.  "  Well,"  observed  Jones, 
when  informed  of  this,  "he  deserves  it;  and 
if  I  fall  on  him  again,  I'll  make  a  lord  of  him." 
The  battle  ceased,  after  raging  three  hours. 
The  vessels  were  disengaged,  and  the  Richard 
soon  went  to  the  bottom  of  the  North  Sea. 
For  this  victory  Congress  gave  Jones  the 
thanks  of  the  nation  and  a  gold  medal. 


2  BOOXE 

explore  the  forests  of  Kentucky.  There  he 
was  captured  by  some  Indians,  but  escaped, 
and  returned  home  in  1771.  In  177:5  he  led  a 
party  of  settlers  to  the  wilds  he  had  explored  : 


and  in  1774  he  conducted  a  party  of  surveyors 
to  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio  (now  Louisville).  He 
had  taken  his  family  with  the  other  families 
to  Kentucky  in  1773,  where  they  were  in  per- 
petual danger  from  the  barbarians  of  the  for- 
est. He  had  several  fights  with  the  Indians; 
and  in  1775  he  built  a  fort  on  the  Kentucky 
River  on  the  present  site  of  Boonesborongb.  iii 
1777  several  attacks  were  made  on  this  fort  by 
the  Indians.  They  were  repulsed,  but  in  Febru- 
arj .  1778,  Boone  was  captured  by  them,  and  tak- 
|  en  to  Chillicothe,  beyond  the  Ohio,  and  thence 


■ 


Boone,    Danii-x,   an    American    pioneer   and  to    Detroit.     Adopted    as   a   son    in   an   Indian 

explorer,  was   horn   in    I'.nrks  County,  Pa.,  Feb.  family,  he   became   a    favorite,  lull    managed   to 

II,  17:t:>;   died   al    Chaiettc.  Mo.,  Sept.  96,  1880,  aaoape   in  .Juno  follow  ring,  and  returned   to  his 

Prom   Ins  yontfa  he   was  a    hniOUS  hunter,  and.  fort    and  kindled.      In  August,  about    four  hun- 

while   yet   a   minor,  he  emigrated,  with   his   fa-  died  and  fifty  Indians  attacked  his  fort,  which 

iher,    to    North    Carolina,     where     he     married,  he  bravely  defended   w  il  h  about   fifty  men.      At 

In    May.   1759,   BOOIM    and    live    others    went    to  different    times   two  of  his  sons   were  killed  by 


BOOTH 


143 


BORGNE,  LAKE 


the  Indians.  Boone  accompanied  General 
Clarke  on  bis  expedition  against  the  Indians 
OB  the  Scioto,  in  Ohio,  iu  1782,  soon  after 
a  battle  at  the  Blue  Licks.      Having  lost  his 


lands  in  Kentucky  in  consequence  of  a  defec- 
tive   title,  he    went    to  the  Missouri   country  in 

17i).">,  and  settled  <>n  the  Osage  Woman  River, 

where  lie  continued  the  occupat  ions  of  hunter 
and  trapper.  Again  he  was  deprived  of  a  large 
tract  of  land  in  Missouri,  obtained  under  the 
Spanish  authority,  by  the  title  being  declared 
invalid.     Boone's  remains,  with   those  of  bis 

wile,  rest  in  the  beautiful  public  cemetery  near 
Frankfort,  Ky.,  on  the  banks  of  the  Kentucky 
Jviver. 

Booth,  John-  Wii.ki:s.  was  born  in  Harford 
County,  Md.,  in  1839;  died  in  Virginia,  April 
••id,  1865.  lie  became  a  dramatic  performer  in 
1856;  and  when  the  Civil  War  broke,  out  he 
was  a  zealous,  and  even  violent,  secessionist. 

lie    became    morbidly    sensitise    00    the   subject 

of  '•Southern  independence ;"  and  seems  to 
have  been  the  bold  instrument  and  co-opera- 
tor of  le>s  courageous  conspirators  for  the  over- 
throw of  the  Republic.  <>n  the  night  of  April 
14,  1865,  he  shot  President  Lincoln  in  a  theatre 

at  Washing! was  pursued,  and  was  killed  in 

Virginia  in  the  process  of  his  arrest.     (See  Lin- 
ooln'i  -  Isaaetination.) 
Booth,  Junius   Bhutub,  ■  great  tragedian. 

was  bom  in  London,  May  1,  17!N>;  died  on  the 
Mississippi  River  while  on  a  passage  towards 
Cincinnati    from    New   Orleans,   Dec   l,    1852. 

lie  was  a  lineal  descendant  of  John  Wilkes 
(which  see),  lie  joined  a  company  of  stroll- 
ing players  in  Bugland,  rose  rapidly  in  that 
profession,    and     soon     competed     successfully 

with  Edmund  Kean  in  tragedy.  He  came  to 
ted  States  in  1821,  and  from  that  time 
until  near  the  close  of  his  life  he  was  a  popu- 
lar actor  everywhere.  His  irregular  habits 
shortened  his  life.  His  son  Edwin  has  risen 
to  the  highest  position  as  an  actor  in  tragedy. 

Border  State  Convention.  At  the  sugges- 
tion of  Virginia,  a  Border  State  Convention  was 
held  at  Frankfort,  Ky..  on  March  27,  1-iil.  The 
Unionists  in  Kentucky  had  elected  nine  of  their 
representatives  and  the  Secessionists  one.  The 
convention    was   a   failure.      No  delegates  from 


Virginia  appeared,  and  only  five  besides  those 
from  Kentucky.  The  venerable  John  J.  Crit- 
tenden presided.  Four  of  the  five  outside  of 
Kentucky  were  from  Missouri,  and  one  from 
Tennessee.  The  "  wrongs  of  the  South  "  and 
the  "sectionalism  of  the  North"  were  spoken 
of  as  the  principal  cause  of  the  trouble  at  hand. 
It  condemned  rebellion, hut  did  not  ask  the  loy- 
al people  to  put  it  down.  Its  chief  panacea  for 
existing  evils  was,  in  substance,  the  Crittenden 
Compromise  (which  see);  and  the  convention 
regarded  the  national  protection  and  fostering 
of  the  slave  system  as  '•essential  to  the  best 
hopes  of  our  country." 

Borgne,  Lake,  Naval  Battle  ox.  The  rev- 
elations made  by  Latitte  caused  everybody  to 
be  vigilant  at  New  Orleans.  (See  Lafitte  und  the 
Baratarians.)  Early  in  December,  1812,  Commo- 
dore D. T. Patterson,  in  command  of  the  naval 
station  there,  was  warned,  by  a  letter  from  Pen- 
saeola,  of  a  powerful  British  land  and  naval 
armament  in  the  Gulf.  He  immediately  sent 
Lieutenant  Thomas  Ap  Catesby  Jones  with  live 
gunboats,  a  tender,  and  a  despatch-boat,  to 
watch  for  their  enemy.  Jones  sent  Lieutenant 
McKeever  with  two  gunboats  to  the  entrance 
of  Mobile  Bay  for  intelligence.  McKeever  dis- 
covered the  British  Heel  on  I  >ec.  10,  and  hastened 
back  with  the  news.  In  the  afternoon  of  the 
same  day  the  licet  appeared  near  the  entrance 
to  Lake  Borgne,  and  Jones  hastened  with  his 
flotilla  towards  Bass  Christian,  where  he  an- 
chored, and  wailed  the  approach  of  the  invad- 
ers to  dispute  their  passage  into  the  lake.  He 
was  discovered  by  the  astonished  Britons  on 

the  loth,  when  Admiral  Cochrane,  in  command 
of  I  he  licet,  gave  orders  for  a  change  in  the  plan 
of  operations  against  New  Orleans.  It  would 
not  do  to  attempt  to  land  troops  while  the  wa- 
ters of  I  he  lake  were  patrolled  by  America n  gun- 
lioals.  A  flotilla  of  about  sixty  barges  was  pre- 
pared, the  most  of  them  carrying  a  oarronade  in 
the  bow  ,  and  an  ample  number  of  armed  volun- 
teers from  the  fleet  were  sent,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Captain  Lockyer,  to  capture  or  destroy 

the  American  vessels.  Perceiving  his  danger, 
Jones,  in  obedience  to  orders,  proceeded  with 
his  flotilla  tow  aids  the  RigoletS,  between  Lakes 
Borgne  and  Poutohartrain.  Calm  and  currents 
prevented  his  passing  a  channel,  and  he  anchored 
at  two  in  the  morning  of  the  14th.  Jones's  flag- 
ship was  a  little  schooner  of  eighty  tons.  The 
total  number  of  men  in  his  squadron  was  182, and 
ofgnns23.  At  daylight  the  British  barges, con- 
taining 1200  men,  bore  down  upon  Jones's  little 
squadron.  They  bad  six  oars  on  each  side,  anil 
formed  in  a  Ions,  straight  line.  Jones  reserved 
his  lire  until  the  invaders  were  within  close 
rifle  range.  Then  McKeever  hurled  a  32-pomid 
ball  over  the  water  and  a  shower  of  grapeshol . 
which  broke  the  British  line  and  made  great 
confusion.  But  the  invaders  pushed  forward, 
and  at  half-past  eleven  o'clock  the  engagement 

became  general  and  desperate.  At  one  time 
Jones's  schooner  was  attacked  by  fifteen  barges. 
The  British  captured  the  tender  Alligator  early 
in  the  contest  ;  and  finally,  by  the  force  of  over- 
whelming numbers,  they  gained  a  victory,  which 


BOSCAWEN 


144        BOSTON,  FIRST  SETTLEMENT  OF 


gave  them  undisputed  command  of  Lake  Borgne. 
The  triumph  cost  them  about  300  men  killed  and 
wounded.     The  Americans  lost  6  men  killed  and 

:!.")  wounded.  Among  the  latter  were  Lieuten- 
ants Jones,  MeKeever.  Parker,  and  Speddon. 
The  British  commander,  Lockyer,  was  severelj 

wounded  ;  so,  also,  was  Lieutenant  Pratt,  the  ol- 
lieer  who,  under  the  direction  of  Admiral  Cock- 
luirn.  set  (ire  to  the  public  baildings  in  Wash- 
ington city.  Several  of  the  British  barges  were 
shattered  and  sunk.  The  lighter  transports, 
filled  with  troops,  immediately  entered  Lake 
BOTgne.  Ship  after  ship  got  aground,  until  at 
length  the  troops  were  all  placed  in  small  boats 
and  conveyed  about  thirty  miles  to  Tea  Island, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Pearl  River,  where  General 
Keane  organized  his  forces  for  future,  action. 
i See  Louisiana,  Invasion  of.) 

Boscawen,  Edward,  a  British  admiral,  son 
of  Viscount  Falmouth,  was  born  in  England, 
A.ng.  14,  1711  ;  died.  Jan.  1(1,  1761.  He  was 
made  a  captain  in  the  Royal  Navy  in  March, 
17:57.  Distinguished  at  Porto  Hello  and  Car- 
thagena,  he  was  promoted  to  the  oommand  of 
a  sixty -gun  ship  in  1744,  in  which  he  took 
the  Media.  He  signalized  himself  under  An- 
son in  the  battle  oil'  Cape  Fin'islerre  in  1747. 
and  against  the  French  in  the  Indies  as  rear 
admiral  the  next  year.  He  made  himself  mas- 
ter of  Madras,  and  returned  to  England  in  1751. 
Admiral  of  the  Bine,  he  commanded  an  expe- 
dition against  Lonisbnrg,  Cape  Breton,  in  I7f>s, 
with  General  Amherst.  In  1759  he  defeated 
the  French  fleet  in  the  Mediterranean  —  capt- 
uring two  thousand  prisoners.  For  these  scr- 
vioes  he  was  made  General  of  the  Marines  and 
Member  of  the  Privy  Council  (which  see). 
Parliament  also  granted  him  a  pension  of 
si.",. mm  a  year. 

Boston  and  Illicit  Trade.  From  the  begin- 
ning of  the  war  of  L812— 15  there  was  a  mis- 
chievous peace  faction  (which  see  ),  composed 
largely  of  selfish  and  unpatriotic  politicians, 
and  confined  almost  exclusively  to  New  Low- 
land, whose  commercial  interests  had  been  ru- 
ined by  the  war.  Boston  was  their  headquar- 
ters. Embargo  acts  had  (dosed  all  American 
ports  against  the  legal  admission  of  goods  from 
abroad,  and  these  could  only  be,  obtained 
through  contraband  or  illicit  trade.  Such  a 
trade  was  carried  on  extensively  at  Boston, 
where'  the  magistrates  were  not  zealous  in  the 
enforcement  of  laws  restricting  commerce. 
Smuggling  was  so  prevalent  that  it  became  al- 
most respectable.  That  distinguished  citizen 
of  Boston,  Harrison  Gray  Otis,  charged  the  ad- 
ministration at  Washington  and  the  war  with 
the  authorship  of  that  "  monstrous  depreciation 
of  morals"  and  "execrable  course  of  smuggling 
and    fraud,"   and    said   that    a    class   of  citizens, 

"encouraged  by  the  just  odium  against  the 
war,  sneer  at  the  restraints  of  conscience,  laugh 
at  perjury,  mock  at  legal  restraints,  and  acquire 

ill-gOtten  wealth  at  the  expens,.  ol  public  mor- 
als ami  the  mora  sober,  conscientious  pan  of 
the  community."      Foreign  ^oods,  shut  out  from 

morts,  found   their  waj    into  Boston. 


Into  that  port  many  valuable  British  prizes 
were  taken  :  and  from  these  sources  and  from 
extensive  smuggling  that  city  became  so  ple- 
thoric with  foreign  moods  that  the  merchants 
of  other  cities  of  the  Union  looked  to  Boston 
for  their  regular  supplies.  Boston  became  the 
financial  centre  of  tin'  Republic,  and  held  that 
position  during  a  greater  part  of  the  war. 

Boston  Boys,  TEMPEB  of.  The  boys  of  Bos- 
ton were  in  the  habit  of  building  mounds  of 
snow  on  the  " Common "  in  winter.  The  Brit- 
ish soldiers,  who.  under  General  Gage,  took  pos- 
session of  Boston  in  1768,  battered  down  these 
snow  structures  merely  to  annoy  the  boys.  This 
had  been  repeated  several  times,  when  a  meet- 
ing of  the  larger  boys  was  held,  and  a  represen- 
tation was  sent  to  General  (Same  to  remonstrate. 
'■  We  come,  sir."  said  the  tallest  boy,  "to  demand 
satisfaction."  "  What  !"  exclaimed  Gage,  "  have 
your  fathers  been  teaching  you  rebellion  and 
sent  you  here  to  exhibit  it  .'"  •■  Nobody  sent 
us  here,  sir."  said  the  boy,  while  his  eyes  flashed 
with  indignation.  "  We  have  never  insulted 
nor  injured  your  soldiers,  but  they  have  trodden 
(low  n  our  snow-hills  and  broken  the  ice  in  our 
skating  -  grounds.     We  complained,  and  they, 

calling  us  young  rebels,  told  us  to  help  our- 
selves if  we  could.  We  told  the  captain  of  this, 
and  lie  laughed  at  us.  Yesterday  our  works 
were  destroyed  for  the  third  time,  and  we  will 
bear  it  no  longer."    Gage  admired  the  spirit  of 

the  boys,  promised  them  redress,  and.  turning  to 
an  officer,  he  said,  "  The  very  children  here  draw 
in  a  love  of  liberty  with  the  air  they  breathe." 

Boston  First  Incorporated  a  City.  In  1829 
Boston  was  first  incorporated  a  city,  and  .John 
Phillips  was  elected  the  fust  mayor.  It  then 
contained  about  fifty  thousand  inhabitants. 
The  first  of  May  was  appointed  by  the  charter 
the  beginning  of  its  municipal  year,  and  the 
ceremonies  of  inducting  the  mayor  and  other 
Officers  into   their  official   places   were  attended 

at  Faneuil  Hall.     After  an  introductory  prayer 

by  Rev.  Dr.  Baldwin,  senior  minister  of  the  city. 
Chief-justice  Parker  administered  the  oaths  of 
a  llemia  nee  and  office  to  the  ma\  or-  elect,  who  ad- 
ministered similar  oaths  to  other  officers.  The 
chairman  of  the  selectmen  then  arose,  and.  after 
an  address  to  the  mayor,  delivered  to  him  the 
city  charter,  contained  in  a  superb  silver  case, 
with  the  ancient  act  Incorporating  the  town 
nearly  two  hundred  years  before.  Boston  is 
now  1876)  the  seventh  city  in  the  Union  in 
populat  ion. 

Boston,  Fti:s  i  Sri  in  mini  OF.  On  a  pen- 
insula on  the  south  side  ol'  the  mouth  of  the 
Charles  River  (which  the  natives  called  Shaw- 

mill,  but  which  the  Bugllsh  named  Tri-moun- 
tain,  because  of   its   three    hills)   lived   William 

Blackstone, a  supposed  Episcopal  minister,  who 

went    there    from    Plymouth   about    1683 

Bkukttons.)  He  went  over  to  Charleetown  to 
pa>  Ins  respeota  to  Governor  Winthrop,  and  in- 
formed him  that  upon  Shaw  unit  was  a  spring  of 
excellent  water.      He  invited  Winthrop  to  come 

over.  The  governor,  with  others,  orossed  the 
river,  and  finding  the  situation  there  delightful, 


BOSTON  MASSACRE  1 

began  a  settlement  by  the  erection  of  a  few  small 
cottages.  At  a  court  held  at  Charlestown  in 
September,  L630,  it  was  ordered  that  Tri-monn- 
tain  should  he  called  Boston.  This  name  was 
given  in  honor  of  Rev.  John  Cotton,  vicar  of 
Bt.  Botolph's  Church  at  Boston,  in  Lincolnshire, 
England,  from  which  place  many  of  the  settlers 
came.  The  governor,  with  most  of  his  assist- 
ants, removed  their  families  to  Boston,  and  it 
soon  became  the  capital  of  New  England. 

Boston  Instructs  its  Representatives.  As 
soon  as  intelligence  of  the  introduction  of  the 
Stamp  Act  into  Parliament  reached  Boston,  a 

town-meeting  was  called  (May.  1761),  and  the 

representatives  of  that,  municipality  were;  in- 
structed to  stand  by  the  chartered  rights  of  the 
colonists;  to  oppose  every  encroachment  upon 
them;  to  oppose  all  taxation  then  in  contem- 
plation; and  concluded  by  saying,  "  As  his  Maj- 
esty's other  .Northern  American  colonies  are  em- 
barked with  us  in  this  most  important  bottom, 
we  further  desire  you  to  use  your  best  endeav- 
ors that  their  weight  may  be  added  to  that  of 
this  province,  and  that,  by  the  united  applica- 
tions of  all  who  are  aggrieved,  all  may  happily 
obtain  redress." 

Boston  Massacre,  I'lini  ANNIVERSARY  <>i 
tiik.  on  the  5th  of  March  each  year  the  "  Bos- 
ton massacre"  was  commemorated  by  a  pnblic 

meeting  and  an  oral  mn.  In  1775  the  orator 
was  young  Dr.  Joseph  Warren.  Gage  regarded 
the  oommemoration,  and  especially  the  subject 
of  the  orati as  an   affront   to  himself  and  his 

officers,  for  it  was  on  the  baleful  effects  of  stand- 
ing armies  in  tunes  of  peace.      The  offence  was 

heightened  because  it  was  delivered  to  the 
town  in  a  town-meeting,  contrary  to  an  act  of 
Parliament  which  Gage  was  there  to  enforce. 
Among  the  croud  that  overflowed  tl 
lieetiug-honse  were  about  forty  British  officers 
of  the  army  ami  navy  Samuel  Adams  pre- 
sided, and.  with  studied  courtesy,  placed  these 
officers  near  the  orator,  BOme  of  them  on  the 
platform.     Warren  drew  a  vivid  picture  of  the 

horrid  scenes  on  the  night  of  the  massacre.      He 

inveighed  against  the  attempt  of  Parliament  to 

tax  the  Americans  without  their  consent.  He 
alluded  to  the  ••malice  of  the  Port  Bill."  He 
declared  that  the  sending  of  troops  to  Boston 
had  been,  in  one  respect,  beneficial  to  the  col- 
ony; for  their  discipline  showed  the  youth  of 
America  how  to  use  arms  affectively,  "Charles 
the  ln\  incible,"  he  said.  "  taught  Peter  the  Great 

1 1 1 « ■  ait  of  war;   the  battle  of  I'll  It  own  convinced 

Charles  of  the  profloiencj  Peter  had  made."   The 

whole  oration  was  a  Btiugitlg  commentary  on 
the    errand    of    the    Hritish    troops    in     Boston. 

When,  at    the    C Iiimoii,  a    motion    was    made 

for  the  appointment  of  an  orator  for  tin-  ensn- 
lug  year,  the  British  officers  began  to  hiss.  The 
audience  became  greatly  excited  and  threaten- 
ed vengeance  for  the  insult,  but  at  the  com- 
mand of  Adams  order  was  soon  restored.  The 
army  was  maddened,  and  officers  and  soldiers 
thirsted  tor  revenge.  They  really  seemed  to 
try  to  provoke  the  people  into  some  act  that 
would  give  them  a  pretext  for  slaughter. 
I.— 10 


5  BOSTON  NECK  FORTIFIED 

Boston  Massacre,  The  (1770).  The  British 
troops  in  Boston  were  a  continual  source  of  irri- 
tation. Daily  occurrences  exasperated  the  peo- 
ple against  the  soldiers.  The  words  "tyrant" 
and  "rebel"  frequently  passed  between  them. 
Finally  an  occurrence  apparently  trifling  in  it- 
self led  to  riot  and  bloodshed  in  the  streets  of 
Boston.  A  rope-maker  quarrelled  with  a  sol- 
dier and  struck  him.  Out  of  this  grew  a  fight 
between  several  soldiers  and  rope-makers,  when 
the  latter  were  beaten:  and  the  event  aroused 
the  inori'  excitable  portion  of  the  citizens.  A 
few  evenings  afterwards  (March  5.  1770)  about 
seven  hundred  of  them  assembled  in  the  streets 
for  the  avowed  purpose  of  attacking  the  troops. 
Near  the  Custom- house  a  sentinel  was  assaulted 
with  missiles,  when  Captain  Preston,  command- 
er of  the  guard,  went  to  his  rescue  with  eight 
men.  The  mob  attacked  these  soldiers  with 
stones,  pieces  of  ice,  and  other  missiles,  daring 
them  to  tire.  One  of  the  soldiers  who  received 
a  blow  tired,  and  his  companions,  mistaking  an 
order,  fired  also.  Three  of  the  populace  were 
killed  and  tive  were  dangerously  wounded.  The 
leader  of  the  mob  (who  was  killed)  was  a  pow- 
erful mulatto  or  Indian  named  Crispus  Attucks. 
The  mob  instantly  retreated,  when  all  the  bells 
of  the  city  rang  out  an  alarm,  and  in  less  than 
an  hour  several  thousands  of  exasperated  citi- 
zens were  in  the  streets.  A  terrible  scene  of 
bloodshed  might  have  ensued  had  not  Govern- 
or Hutchinson  assured  the  people  that  justice 
Should  be  vindicated  in  the  morning.  They  re- 
tired, bm  were  firmly  resolved  not  to  endure 
military  despotism  any  longer.  The  governor 
was  called  upon  at  an  early  hour  to  fulfil  his 
promise.  The  people  demanded  the  instant  re- 
moval of  the  troops  from  Boston  and  the  trial 
of  Captain  Preston  and  his  men  for  murder. 
Their  demands  were  complied  with.  The  troops 
were  removed  to  Castle  William  (March  12),  and 
Preston, ably  defended  by  John  Adams  and  Jo- 
siah  Qllincy, two  of  the  popular  leaders  in  Bos- 
ton, was  tried  and  acquitted,  with  six  of  his 
men,  by  a  Boston  .jury.  This  loyalty  to, justice 
and   truth,  in   the   midst  of  unreasoning  public 

excitement,  gave  the  friends  of  the  Americans 
in  England  a  powerful  argument  in  favor  of 
being  just  towards  the  colonists. 

Boston  Neck  Fortified  (1771).  Alarmed  by 
warlike  preparations  every  where,  General  Gage 
began  to  fortify  Boston  Neck,  for  the  purpose  of 
drt.  nee  only,  as  he  declared.  The  Neck  was  a 
narrow  isthmus  that  connected  the  peninsula 
of  Shawinut,  on  which  Boston  stood,  with  the 
mainland  at  Koxbury.  He  also  removed  the 
seat  of  government  from  Salem  back  to  Boston. 
The  work  of  fortifying  went  slowly  on.  for  Brit- 
ish gold  could  not  buy  the  labor  of  Boston  car- 
penters, though  suffering  from  the  dreadful  de- 
pression, and  workmen  had  to  be  procured  else- 
where. Workmen  and  timber  shipped  at  New 
York  for  Boston  for  carrying  on  the  fortifica- 
tions were  detained  by  the  "Sons  of  Liberty" 
in  the  latter  city.  Finally  the  fortifications 
were  completed,  and  became  the  source  of  great 
irritation  among  the  people.  They  .stretched 
entirely  across  the  isthmus,  aud  intercourse  be- 


BOSTON  PORT  BILL 


146 


BOSTON  TEA  PARTY 


tweeu  the  town  and  country  was  narrowed  to  a  governor  was   to   receive   his   salary  from  the 

guarded  by  a  military  sentinel.     The  crown.     They  regarded  it  as  an  infraction  of 

fortifications  consisted  of  a  line  of  works  of  tinj-  their  charter,  declaring  that  it  provided  for  the 

her  and  earth,  with  port  -  holes  for  cannon,  a  support  of  all  the  civil  officers  of  the  colonial 

Btrongly  built  sally-port  in  the  centre,  and  pick-  government  by  the  colony  itself,  independent  of 

ets  extending  into  the  water  at  each  end.  the  crowu.     The  governor  opposed  them.    The 


VIEW   OF  TUE   LINES 


BOSTOH   VE'  K 


Boston  Port  Bill.  'When  intelligence  reach- 
ed Loudon  of  the  destruction  of  tea  in  Boston 
harbor  there  was  almost  universal  indignation. 
and  the  friends  of  the  Americans  were  abashed. 
Ministerial  anger  rose  to  a  high  pitch,  aud  Lord 
North  introduced  into  Parliament  (March  14, 
1774)  a  bill  providing  for  the  shutting-up  of  the 
port  of  Boston  and  removing  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment to  Salem.  Tiie  measure  was  popular. 
Even  Barrel  and  Conway  gave  it  their  approval, 
and  the  Bostonians  removed  their  portraits  from 
Faneuil  Hall.  Violent  language  was  used  in 
Parliament  against  the  people  of  Boston.  "They 
ought  to  have  their  town  knocked  about  their 
ears  aud  destroyed."  said  a  member,  and  con- 
cluded his  tirade  of  abuse  by  quoting  the  fac- 
tious cry  of  the  Romans,  "  Deleuda  est  Cartha- 
go." Burke  denounced  the  hill  as  unjust,  as 
it  would  punish  the  innocent  for  thi 
the  guilty.  The  bill  was  passed  by  an  almost 
unanimous  vote,  aud  became  a  law  March  31, 
1774. 

Boston  Port  Bill  in  Boston".  The  king  be- 
lieved that  the  torture  which  the  closing  of  the 
pott  of  Boston  (see  Boston  Port  Bill)  would  inflict 
upon  the  inhabitants  of  that  town  would  make 
them  speedily  cry  for  mercy  aud  procure  uncon- 
ditional obedience.  Not  so.  When  the  act  was 
received  at  Boston,  its  committee  of  correspond- 
ence invited  eight  of  the  neighboring  towns  to 
a  conference  "ou  the  critical  state  of  public  af- 
fairs." At  three  o'clock  on  the  afternoon  of 
May  12. 1774.  the  committees  of  Dorchi 
bury.  Brookline,  Newtown.  Cambridge,  Charles- 
town,  Lynn,  and  Lexington  joined  them  in 
Faneuil  Hall.  Samuel  Adams  was  chosen  chair- 
man. They  denounced  the  Boston  Port  Act  as 
cruel  and  unjust,  by  accusing,  trying,  and  con- 
demning the  town  of  Boston  without  a  hearing, 
contrary  to  natural  right  as  well  as  the  laws  of 
civilized  nations.  The  delegates  from  the  eight 
towns  were  told  that  if  Boston  should  pay  for 
see  Boston  Tea  Party),  the  port  would 
not  he  closed  :  but  their  neighbors  held  snch  a 
measure  to  be  uncalled  for  under  the  (  ireiim- 
stanies,  and  the  humiliating  oiler  not  worthy 
to  be  thought  of.  They  nobly  promised  to  join 
••their  suffering  brethren  in  every  measure  of 
relief." 

Boston  Report  and  Address  OH  Sal  kBTJH 

■  >i  Crowd  Omci  as.   in  .July,  1772,  i 
Assembly  of  Massachusetts  expressed  their  dis- 
satisfaction at  the  new  regulation,  by  which  the 


inhabitants  of  Boston  took  up  the  matter  in 
town  meeting.  They  appointed  a  committee 
who  were  instructed  to  inquire  whether  the 
regulation  complained  of  had  actually  taken 
place.  The  governor  chose  not  to  tell  them. 
They  then  requested  him  to  allow  the  General 
Court  to  meet  at  the  time  to  which  it  was  ad- 
journed. The  governor  refused.  At  another 
town  meeting  (Nov.  2.  1772)  a  large  committee 
of  the  most  respectable  citizens  was  chosen  to 
state  the  rights  of  the  colonists,  and  of  those  of 
Massachusetts  in  particular;  to  communicate 
the  same  to  the  several  towns  iu  the  province: 
aud  to  request  each  town  to  communicate  to 
the  committee  their  sentiments  on  the  subject. 
This  was  the  origin  of  tin-  Massachn- 
mittee  of  Correspondence  (which  see).  The 
towns  heartily  approved  the  report  and  ad- 
dress. 

Boston  Tea  Party,  a  popular  name  given  to 
an  occurrence  in  Boston  Harbor  in  December, 
1773.  To  compel  Great  Britain  to  be  just  tow- 
ards her  American  colonies,  in  the  matter  of 
1  enforced  taxation  in  the  form  of  duties  upon 
articles  imported  into  the  colonies,  imposed  by 
English  navigation  laws,  the  merchants  of  the 
latter  entered  into  agreements  not  to  import 
anything  from  Great  Britain  while  such  oppres- 
sive laws  existed.  The  consequence  was.  Brit- 
ish manufacturers  anil  shipping-merchants  felt 
t  the  American  trade  severely.  The 
Parliament  had  declared  their  right  to  tax  the 
colonists  without  their  consent  :  the  latter  took 
the  position  that  "taxation  without  representa- 
tion is  tyranny,"  and  resisted.  The  quarrel  had 
grown  hotter  and  hotter.  Some  of  the  duties 
wen-  removed  under  pressure:  but  several  ar- 
ticles, anion g  theni  tea,  were  -till  burdened  by 
duties  in  1773.  The  English  Last  India  Com- 
pany felt  the  loss  of  their  American  customers 
for  tea.  of  which  they  had  the  monopoly,  most 
severely, and  ottered  to  pay  the  government, as 
an  export  duty,  more  than  the  threepence  a 
pound  exacted  iii  America,  if  they  mighl  deliver 
it  there  free  of  duty.  The  government  consid- 
ered itself  in  honor  bound  to  enforce  its  laws, 
just  or  unjust,  instead  of  conciliating  the  Amer- 
icans by  Compliance.  It  allowed  the  Last  India 
Company  to  take  their  tea  to  America  on  their 
own   aoOODnt   tree  of  export   duty.      As   tlu>   ai- 

raagement  would  enable  the  Americans  to  pre- 

OUre  their  tea  as  <  heaply  as  if  it  were  duty  tree, 

the  ministry  supposed  they  would  submit.     But 

m  *  principlt  which  the  oolouu 


BOSTOXIANS  U 

not  yield.  However  small  the  tax.  if  levied 
without  their  consent,  they  regarded  it  as  oppressive. 
They  refused  to  allow  any  cargo  of  tea  even  to 
be  landed  in  some  of  their  ports.  Vessels  were 
sent  immediately  hack  with  their  cargoes  un- 
touched. Two  ships  laden  with  tea  were  moored 
at  a  wharf  in  Boston,  and  the  royal  governor 
and  Ins  friends  attempted  to  have  their  cargoes 
landed  in  defiance  of  the  popular  will.  An  im- 
mense indignation  meeting  of  the  citizens  was 

held  in  the  Old  South  Meeting-house  (see  p.  10); 
and.  at  twilight,  oo  a  cold  moonlit  evening,  on 
the  16th  of  December,  177:;.  about  sixty  men. 
disguised  as  Indians,  rushed,  by  preconcert,  to 
the  wharf,  boarded  the  vessels,  tore  open  the 
hatches,  and  cast  three  hundred  and  forty  chests 
of  tea  into  the  waters  of  the  harhor.     The  eiti- 


7  BOUDINOT 

signed  hy  the  king  —  the  act  that  dissevered 
the  realm. 

Botetourt  (NoBBORNE  I5i.rkei.ey),  Baron. 
Governor  of  Virginia,  was  horn  in  Gloucester- 
shire, England,  about  1717:  died  at  Williams- 
burg, Va..  Oct.  15, 1770.  But  little  is  known  of 
In-  career  in  bis  earlier  life.  He  was  colonel 
of  the  Gloucestershire  militia,  and  was  sum- 
moned to  Parliament  as  Baron  Botetourt  (the 
title  having  been  in  abeyance  since  1406)  in 
April,  1704.  He  succeeded  Sir  Jeffrey  Amherst 
as  governor-in-chief  of  Virginia,  and  arrived 
there  in  November,  1768.  Having  been  instruct- 
ed to  assume  great  dignity,  he  appeared  in  the 
streets  of  Williamsburg  in  a  coach,  with  gnards 
and  other  insignia  of  vice-regal  pomp;  and  en- 
tered upon   his  duties  with  a  determination   to 


/ens  of  Boston  offered  to  pay  for  the  tea.     The 
governmeul  punished  them  by  closing  their  port 
the  next  year  against  all  commerce  and  naviga- 
tion,    (8ee  Boston  Port  Hill.) 
Bostoiiiaus,  Slanders  against.     After  the 

destruction  of  the  tea  in  Boston  harhor.  the  most 
extravagant  stories  were  told  in  England  and 
believed  abonl  tin'  barbarism  and  perfect  nn- 
mliness  of  the  people  of  that  town  Ministers 
actually  made  the  king  believe  that  they  had  a 
regular  committee  for  tarring  and  feathering 
crown  officers  and  their  friends  in  the  colony. 
The  puss  was  employed  to  rouse  the  indigna- 
tion of  the  people  against  the  Americans,  until 
their  zeal  for  the  maintenance  of  England's  su- 
premacy in  the  colonies  bees a  passion.    The 

merchants  and  manufacturers  were  made  to  be- 
lieve that  their  command  of  the  American  mar- 
ket depended  on  the  enforcement  of  the  claim 
of  parliamentary  authority  in  all  things  what- 
soever. For  a  moment  Americans  seemed  hard- 
ly to  have  a  friend  in   Englnud;  and  it  was 

under    this    cloud    that     the    Boston     Tort     Bill 

( which'  sec  |  became  a  law.  and  m  .<• 


enforce  submission  to  parliamentary  authority. 
With  a  generous  mind  he  perceived  tin'  right- 
eousness of  colonial  indignation  because  of  the 
taxation  sthenics  of  the  ministry,  and  he  for- 
warded to  England  remonstrances  of  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  people,  with  his  own  opinion 
against  the  wisdom  and  justice  of  parliamen- 
tary measures.  In  interfering  with  the  wishes 
of  the  people,  he  obeyed  instructions  rat  1mm-  than 
the  promptings  of  his  own  will.  A  malarial 
fever  which  attacked  him  was  so  aggravated  by 
chagrin  because  of  the  aspect  of  political  affairs 
that  he  died  at  his  post.  The  colony  erected 
his  statue  in  front  of  the  Capitol  in  1774.  for  he 
was  generally  beloved  by  the  people.  In  17!»7 
it  was  removed  to  the  front  of  William  and  Mary 
College,  of  which  he  was  a  benefactor;  and 
thence  it  was  taken  to  the  enclosure  of  the  .\s\  - 
lum  for  the  Insane  in  Williamsburg  during  tin' 
late  Civil  War. 

Boudinot,  Ki.ias,  I.I..D.  of  Huguenot  descent, 
was  born  in  Philadelphia, May  -2.  1740 :  died  at 
Bnrlington,  N.J.,  « ».  i.  24,  l-.'l.  He  began  the 
practice  of  law  in  New  .leisey.  and  was  au  early 


BOUNDARIES  1 

advocate  of  freedom  for  the  American  colonies. 
Congress  appointed  liim  commissary-general  of 
prisoners,  iu  1777;  and  during  the  same  year  lie 
was  elected  a  member  of  that  body,  lie  became 
its  president  in  17S-2,  and  as  such  he  Bigned  the 
ratification  of  the  treaty  of  peace.  Mr.  Boudi- 
not  resumed  the  practice  of  law  in  1789.  In 
1796  Washington  appointed  him  superintend- 
ent of  the  mint,  which  position  he  held  until 
Hi).".,  when  he  resigned  all  public  employments, 
and  retired  to  Burlington.  On  becoming  trustee 
of  the  college  at  Princeton  iu  1805,  he  endowed 
it,  with  a  valuable  cabinet  of  natural  history. 
Mr.  Bondinot  took  great  interest  in  foreign  mis- 
sions, and  became  a  member  of  the  board  of 
commissioners  in  L812;  and  in  1816  he  «as  oho- 
sen  the  first  president  of  the  American  Bible 
Society  (which  see),  to  both  of  which  and  to 
benevolent  institutions  ho  made  munificent  do- 
nations. Dr.  Bondinot  was  the  author  of  The 
Age  of  Revelation ;  Second  Advent  of  the  Messiah  : 
and  Star  in  the  West,  or  an  Attempt  to  Discover  the 
Long-lost  Tribes  of  Israel. 

Boundaries,  The,  between  Connecticut  and 
New  Netherland  settled.  On  Sept.  19, 1650,  Peter 
Stuyvesant,  Governor  of  New  Xetherland,  ar- 
rived at  Hartford,  and  demanded  of  the  com- 
missioner of  the  Connecticut  colony  a  full  sur- 
render of  the  lands  on  the  Connecticut  River. 
After  a  consultation  for  several  days,  it  was 
agreed  to  leave  the  matter  to  arbitrators.  The 
Commissioner  (hose  Simon  Bradstreet,  Of  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  Thomas  Prince,  of  Plymouth; 
Stuyvesant  chose  Thomas  Willett  and  George 
Baxter,  both  Englishmen.  It  was  agreed  that 
on  Long  Island  a  line  should  be  drawn  from  the 
westernmost  part  of  Oyster  Hay  straight  to  the 
sea;  the  easterly  part  to  belong  to  the  English, 
the  remainder  to  the  Dutch.  On  the  mainland 
a  lino  should  begin  at  the  west  side  of  (ireen- 
wioh  Bay,  about  tour  miles  from  Stamford,  and 
run  northerly  twenty  miles;  and  beyond  that 
distance,  as  it  should  be  agreed  by  the  two  gov- 
ernments of  the  Dutch  and  New  Haven,  pro- 
vided that  line  should  not  come  within  ten  miles 
of  Hudson's  River.  It  was  also  agreed  that  the 
Dutch  should  not  build  a  house  within  six 
miles  of  the  dividing  line. 

Boundary,  Tin:,  between  Xew  Netherlands 
and  Maryland.  In  1659  a  deputation  arrived 
at  Xew  Amsterdam  from  Maryland  to  present 
the  claim  of  Lord  Baltimore  to  the  whole  terri- 
tory of  the  "  South  River," or  Delaware,  to  fortj 
degrees  north  latitude.  The  Dutch  resorted  to 
negotiation  instead  of  a  hopeless  open  resist- 
ance py  arms,  though  the  courageous  Stu\  vesant 
was  disposed  to  do  so.  After  much  discussion 
the  Baltimore  patent   was  shown  to  tin-  earn- 

missioners,  in   which  was  a   clause   limiting  the 

proprietor's  graul  to  lands  hitherto  nnonltivat- 

ed  and  inhabited   only  by  Indians.      The  Dutob 

oommissionen  rested  their  ease  on  this  clause. 
They  argued  that  the  South  River  (Delaware) 
region  was  distinctly  exolnded  from  Lord  Bal- 
timore's patent  h\  its  own  terms,  inasmuch  as 
when  the  grant  was  made  that  country  had 
been    purchased    of   the    Indians    b\     the    Dutch 


18  BOUNDARY 

some  time  before.  The  argument  was  unan- 
swerable. Here  the  controversy  about  jurisdic- 
tion ceased,  but  the  matter  was  never  adjusted 
between  the  Dutch  and  English. 

Boundary,  THE,  between  Xew  York  and  Con- 
necticut was  long  a  subject  of  dispute,  and  has 
not  been  definitely  settled  with  exactness.  <>u 
the  surrender  of  Xew  Xetherland  to  the  English 
|  1664)  and  the  change  of  its  name  to  Xew  York, 
the  commissioners  to  whom  the  COnqHest  of  the 
Dutch  province  and  the  settlement  of  troubles 
in  Xew-  England  had  been  intrusted,  proceeded 
to  define  the  boundary  between  the  two  colo- 
nies. It  was  decided  that  the  boundary  should 
be  twenty  miles  east  of  the  Hudson  River  and 
run  parallel  to  it.  It  was  determined  that  the 
line  should  run  X.X.YY".  from  tide-water  on  the 
Mamaroueck  to  the  southern  limits  of  Massa- 
chusetts; but  it  was  found  that  this  line  would 
cross  the  Hudson  in  the  Highlands  and  not  run 
parallel  with  it — certainly  not  twenty  miles  east 
of  it.  The  commissioners  reversed  their  deci- 
sion, and  the  controversy  was  renewed.  In  1(>K{ 
another  boundary  commission  was  appointed. 
It  was  finally  agreed  to  allow  Xew  York  the 
whole  of  Lon<;  Island  and  all  the  islands  in  the 
Sound  to  within  a  few  rods  of  the  Connecticut 
shore,  and  Connecticut  to  extend  her  boundaries 
west  along  the  Sound  to  a  point  within  about 
fifteen  miles  of  the  Hudson,  the  strip  extending 
an  average  of  about  eight  miles  north  of  the 
Sound;  Xew  York  to  receive  a  compensation  in 
the  north  by  the  surrender  of  a  narrow  tract  of 
til. 44H  acres,  called  "The  Oblong,"  by  Connecti- 
cut. The  lines  were  established  in  1731  :  but 
the  exact  line  remaining  a  subject  of  dispute, 
commissioners  were  appointed  in  1856  to  tix  it. 
but  they  failed  to  agree.      (Bee  New  York.) 

Boundary,  Tin:,  between  Pennsylvania  and 

Maryland.  In  17:?:!  the  proprietary  id'  Man  land 
agreed  with  the  heirs  of  l'enn  that  the  boun- 
dary-line between  their  respective  provinces  and 
Delaware  should  be  as  follows:  Eor  the  south- 
ern boundary  of  Delaware,  a  line  commencing 
at  Cape  llenlopcu.  to  be  drawn  due  west  from 
Delaware  Ba\  to  the  Chesapeake.  The  west 
boundary  of  Delaware   was  to  be   a   tangent 

drawn  from  the  middle  point  of  this  line  to  a 
circle  of  twelve  miles  radius  around  Xew  Castle. 
A  due  west  line,  continued  northward  to  a  par- 
allel of  latitude  fifteen  miles  south  of  Philadel- 
phia, was  to  be  the  southern  boundary  of  Penn- 
sylvania. On  his  arrival  in  Maryland,  the  pro- 
prietary, on  the  plea  of  misrepresentation,  re- 
fused to  be  bound  by  this  agreement.  Be  pe- 
tioned  the  king  to  be  confirmed  iu  possession  of 

the    whole    peninsula    between    the   Chesapeake 

and  Delaware  Bays.    The  boundary  was  finally 

determined  (see  Mason  and  Ih.nni's  I. in,  I  sub- 
stantially in  accordance  with  the  original  agree- 
ment. 

Boundary,  THE,  between  the  provisoes,  of 
New  York  and  Massachusetts  was  a  subject  of 
long  dispute.  It  was  filially  Settled  in  177;t  by 
commissioners   respectively   appointed   h\    Qov- 

ernors  rryon  of  New  fork  and  Hutchinson  of 
Massachusetts.    rhoM  magistrates  attended  the 


BOUNDBROOK,  ACTION  AT  1 

convention  held  for  the  purpose  at  Hartford  in 
May,  1773,  and,  with  the  commissioners,  sigued 
the  agreement. 

Boundbrook,  Action  at.  A  considerable 
force  under  General  Lincoln,  detached  to  guard 
the  upper  valley  of  the  Raritan  River,  in  New 
Jersey,  was  stationed  at  Bonndbrook  in  April, 
1777.  It  was  not  far  from  a  British  post  at  New 
Brunswick.  Owing  to  the  negligence  of  a  mili- 
tia guard,  Lincoln  came  near  being  surprised  by 
a  detachment  under  <  ornwallis,  which  marched 
out  of  New  Brunswick  I  April  13)  and  fell  sud- 
denly upon  the  Americans.     The  latter,  after  a 

Sharp   action,  escaped    with    the    loss    of  twenty 

men,  two  pieces  of  artillery,  and  some  baggage. 
Bouquet,  HENRY,  was  horn  at  Salle,  Switzer- 
land, in  1711);  died  at  I'ensacola.  l'la.,  in  Febru- 
ary, 17bl>.  Ill  1748  he  was  lieutenant-colonel 
of  the  Swiss  Guard  in  the  service  of  Holland; 

and  be  entered  the  English  service  with  the 
same  rank  in  1750.  In  1762  he  was  made  colo- 
nel, and  in  17i>.">  brigadier -general.     Bonqnet 

was  active  in  Western  Pennsylvania  in  connec- 
tion with  operations  against  Fori  Dnqnesne 
(which  see);  also  in  relieving  Fori  I'in  in  1763. 
(See  Pontes*  War.)  In  17iit  he  subdued  the  Ohio 
Indians,  ami  compelled  the  Shaw  noese  ami  Dcla- 
wares  to  make  peace.  (See  Bouquet's  Expedition.) 
Dr.  William  Smith, of  Philadelphia,  wrote  a  his- 
tory of  this  expedition,  and  published  it  in  17o\">, 
wil  h  plates  and  a  map. 

Bouquet  River,  BuRGOYNE  at.  Bnrgoyne, 
on  his  way  up  Lake;  Chauiplain,  landed  some  of 
his  troops, encamped  (Jnne  21, 1777)  at  the  falls 
of  i  In-  Bouquet  River  (now  Willeborough,  Essei 
Co.,  X.  V.  I,  and  there  gave  a  war-feast  to  about 
four  hundred  Indians  (Algonqnins,  Iroquois,  and 

Ottawas),  who   were  accompanied  by   Roman 

Catholic  priests.  They  had  come  to  join  the 
British  army  in  the  campaign.  Bnrgoyne  made 
a  speech   to   them,  ill   which   he  tried   to   soften 

their savagism  and  restrain  their  ferocious  thirst 
for  blood.  At  the  same  time  he  exhorted  them 
to  light  valiantly  for  the  king.  These  Indians 
promised  much,  but  performed  little. 

Bouquet's  Expedition.  During  Pontiac's 
War  i  which  see  >,  Fort  Pitt  i  now  Pittsburgh, 

Penn.)  was  in  imminent  danger,  and  Colonel 
Bonquel   was  sent   to  its  relief.      lie  arrived  at 

Fort  Bedford,  in  Western  Pennsylvania,  on  .inly 
96, 1763,  in  the  neighborhood  of  which  eighteen 
person-  had  been  made  prisoners  or  scalped  by 

the  Indians.  The  barbarians  were  then  hesieg- 
blg  Foil    Pitt.       So  s as  they  heard  of  tile  ap- 

proach  of  Bonqnet,  they  raised  the  siege  with 

the  intention  of  meeting  and  attacking  him. 
Uncertain  of  their  strength  and  motives,  Bon- 
quel left  Fort  Bedford  and  went  to  Fori  Ligo- 

nier,  where  he  left   his  wagons  and   stores,  and 

pushed  on  towards  Foi t  Pitt,  with  the  troops 
in  lifjht  marching  order,  ami  346  pack-horses 
carrying  flour.  On  Aug.  5  his  advanced  guard 
was  attacked  near  Bushy  Run  by  Indians  in 
ambuscade,  who  were  driven  some  distance  by 
the  troops.  The  barbarians  returned  to  the  at- 
tack, and  a  general  action  ensued,  the  Indians 
being  continually  repulsed  and  then  return  in  g 


9  BOWDOIN 

to  the  fight.  They  were  finally  driven  from 
their  posts  with  lixed  bayonets  and  dispersed. 
They  rallied,  and  the  next  morning  surrounded 
Bouquet's  camp.  After  a  severe  conflict,  they 
were  again  dispersed.  In  these  engagements 
the  English  lost  fifty  killed  and  sixty  wounded. 
Colonel  Bonqnet  reached  Fort  Pitt  four  days 
afterwards,  and  the  campaign  was  closed. 

Bowditch,  Nathaniel,  LL.D.,  F.R.S..  mathe- 
matician and  astronomer,  was  born  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  March  ^(5,177:?;  died  in  Boston  March  l(i. 
1838.     With  meagre  education,  be  learned  the 


business  of  a  ship-chandler,  and  then  spent  nine 
years  on  the  sea,  attaining  the  rank  of  master. 
With  greal  native  talent  and  equal  industry,  he 
became  one  of  the  greatest  men  of  science  of  bis 
time.  While  be  was  yet  on  the  sea  be  publish- 
ed (1800)  his  Practical  Navigator.  He  made  the 
first  entire  translation  into  English  of  La  Place's 
Meoanique  Celeste,  and  published  it,  in  four  vol- 
umes, in  1829,  «  ith  most  valuable  commentaries, 

in  which  were  recorded  the  more  recent  discov- 
eries in  astronomy.  If  was  estimated  that  there 
were  at  that  time  only  two  or  three  persons  in 
America,  and  not  more  than  twelve  in  Great 
Britain,  who  were  able  to  read  the  original  work 
critically.  La  Place  added  much  to  his  work 
many  years  after  it  was  published.  Bowditch 
translated  this  supplement  ;  and  it  has  been 
published,  as  a  tilth  volume,  under  the  editorial 
care  of  Professor  Benjamin  Pierce,  with  an  elab- 
orate commentary.  Bowditch  had  acquired  a 
knowledge  of  various  languages,  and  drew  his 
greal  store  of  knowledge  from  many  sources. 
He  became  a  member  of  the  principal  scientific 
societies  in  Europe. 

Bowdoiii,  .1  LME8,  was  Governor  of  Massachu- 
setts at  the  time  ofShays's  Insurrection  (which 
Bee),  lb-  was  a  descendant  of  Pierre  Bowdoin, 
a  Huguenot  who  tied  to  America  from  persecu- 
tion in  Fiance.  He  was  born  in  Boston, Aug. 8, 
17v!7;  died  Nov.  6,  1790.  He  graduated  at  Har- 
vard in  174o,  and  became  a  member  of  the  Gen- 
eral Court,  a  senator  of  Massachusetts,  anil  a 
Councillor.  He  espoused  the  cause  of  the  colo- 
nists, was  President  of  the  Massachusetts  Coun- 
cil in  1775,  and  was  chosen  president  of  the  con- 
vention that  framed  the  state  constitution.  He 
succeeded  Hancock  as  governor  of  the  state. 
By  vigorous  measures  be  soon  suppressed  the 


BOWYER,  FORT 


150     BOYDTON  PLANK-ROAD.  BATTLE  OF 


rebellion  led  by  Daniel  Shays.  His  son  James. 
born  Sept.  22, 1752,  and  died  Oct.  11,  1-11.  also 
graduated  at  Harvard  (1771),  and  afterwards 
spent  a  year  ar  Oxford.  He  was  minister  to 
Spain  from  1805  to  1808;  and  while  in  Paris 
he  purchased  an  extensive  library,  philosoph- 
ical apparatus,  and  a  coBection  of  paintings, 
which,  with  a  line  cabinet  of  minerals,  he  left 
at  his  death  to  Bowdoin  CoBege,  Maim',  so 
named  in  honor  of  his  father.  He  had  before 
made  a  donation  to  the  CoBege  of  one  thousand 
Korea  of  land  ami  more  than  §5(100  in  money. 
By  his  will  he  also  gave  the  college  six  thou- 
sand acres  of  land  and  the  reversion  of  the  Isl- 
and of  Nanshon,  one  of  the  Elizabeth  Islands 
i  which  see),  in  Buzzard's  Bay,  where  he  died. 

Bowyer,  Four.  ATTACK  UPON  (1814).     At  the 

entrance  to  Mobile  Bay,  thirty  miles  from  the 
village  of  Mobile,  was  Fort  Bowyer  (now  Fort 
Morgan),  occupying  the  extremity  of  a  narrow 
cape  on  the  eastern  side  of  that  entrance,  and 
commanding  the  channel  between  it  and  Fort 
Dauphin  opposite.  It  was  a  small  work,  in 
semicircular  form  towards  the  channel,  with- 
out bomb-proofs,  and  mounting  only  twenty 
guns,  marly  all  of  them  12-ponnders.  It  was 
the  chief  defence  of  Mobile;  and  in  it  .lack- 
son,  on  his  return  from  Pensacola,  placed  Major 
William  Lawrence  and  130  men.  On  Sept.  12, 
1814,  a  British  squadron  appeared  off  Mobile 
Point  with  land  troops,  and  \  cry  soon  Lieuten- 
ant-colonel Nichols  appeared  in  rear  of  the  fort 
with  a  few  marines  and  tioo  Indians.  The  squad- 
ron consisted  of  the  Ilcrini*,  22  guns  ;  Sophia,  IS  : 
Caron,  20;  and  Anaconda,  18  —  the  whole  under 
Captain  Percy,  the  commander  of  a  squadron  of 
nine  vessels  which  Jackson  drove  from  Pensa- 
cola Bay.  (See  Pauacola,  1-14.)  By  a  skilful 
use  of  his  twenty  cannon,  Lawrence  dispersed 
parties  who  Hied  to  cast  up  intrenchnients  and 
sound  the  channel.  Early  in  the  afternoon  of 
the  loth  the  British  began  an  attack  on  land 
and  water.  The  garrison  adopted  as  the  signal 
for  the  day  '-Don't  give  up  the  foil."  A  fierce 
and  general  battle  ensued,  and  continued  until 
half-past  five  o'clock,  when  the  flag  of  the  Her- 
mes was  shot  away.  Lawrence  ceased  firing  to 
ascertain  whether  she  had  surrendered.  This 
humane  act  was  answered  by  a  broadside  from 
another  vessel.      A  raking  lire  soon  disabled  the 

Hermes.    At  length  the  flagstaff  of  the  fori  was 

shot  away,  when  the  ships  redoubled  their  tire. 
Supposing  the  foil  had  surrendered,  the  British 
leader  on  land  assailed  it  with  his  Indians.      He 

was  s i  undeceived.     They  were  driven  back 

bj  a  terrible  storm  of  grape-shot,  and  tied  in  ter- 
ror.     The   battered   ships  withdrew,  all  but   the 

Hermes.    She  was  set  on  tire  by  her  friends, and 

at  midnight  her  magazine  exploded.  The  Brit- 
ish, w  ho  had  brought  to  bear  upon  Port  Bowyer 
9i  pieces  of  art  illery,  and  array  ed  over  1300  men 
against  a  garrlsou  of  ISO,  were  repulsed  with  a 
Ion  ol  238  men,  of  whom  162  were  killed.  The 
loss  ol  the  Americans  was  four  men  killed  ami 
four  w  ounded. 

Bowyer,   FORT,  Sdrrbndkh   "i       When   the 
British  hit  tin-  \  1 1 1 1 1 1 1  \  of  New  Orleans  (Jan. 


19,1815)  they  proceeded  to  attack  Fort  Bowyer, 
yet  commanded  by  Major  Lawrence.  They  be- 
sieged it  nearly  two  days,  when  the  commander 
was  compelled,  by  a  superior  force,  to  surrender 
it.  The  British  were  about  to  attack  defence- 
less Mobile,  when  news  of  peace  caused  the  ar- 
rest of  further  attempt  at  conquest. 

Boyd,  John  Parker,  was  born  at  Newhury- 
port,  Mass.,  Dec.  2\,  1708;  died  in  Bostou  Oct.  4, 
1830.  He  entered  the  military  service  of  the 
I'nited  States  in  1786,  but  soon  afterwards  went 


JOHN    PARKER   BOYD. 

to  the  East  Indies  and  entered  the  Mahratta  ser- 
vice, in  which  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  commander, 
and  at  one  time  led  ten  thousand  men.  He  first 
raised  three  bat  talions  of  live  hundred  men  each, 
with  a  tew  English  officers,  whom,  as  well  as  his 
men,  he  hired,  at  a  certain  amount  a  month,  to 
any  of  the  Indian  princes  who  needed  their  ser- 
\  ices.  Their  equipment,  including  guns  and  el- 
ephants, was  at  his  own  expense.  He  was  at 
one  time  in  the  pay  of  llolkar,  in  the  Peishawa's 
service,  and  afterwards  in  that  of  Nehain  Ali 
Khan.  Arriving  at  Madras  in  Jnlj  .  1789,  he  was 
given,  by  the  ruler,  the  command  often  thousand 
men.  When  demands  for  his  services  almost 
ceased,  he  sold  out  and  went  to  Paris.  In  L806 
he  returned  to  the  I'nited  States,  and  re-entered 
the  army  as  colonel  of  the  Fourth  Infantry  on 
Oct. 7  of  that  year.  In  that  capacity  he  was 
distinguished  in  the  battle  at  Tippecanoe  (w  hich 

1811.    Boyd  was  commissioned  brig- 
adier general  Ang.26, 1812,    lie  w  as  in  command 

of  fifteen  hundred  men  in  the  expedition  down 
the  St.  Law  re  nee  in  1-11!;  and  fought  bravely  at 
Chrysler's  Field,  in  Canada.  Nov.  11.  1813.  (See 
Chrysler's  Field.)  He  led  his  brigade  in  the  capt- 
ure "f  Ion  George,  Upper  Canada.  Genera] 
Boyd  was  Naval  Officer  at  the  port  of  Boston  la 
L830 
Boydton  Plank  -  road.    BaTTLB  Ol       1884) 

Since  the  possession  of  t  he  Wcldon  lead  (whioh 
see)    by    the   Nationals,  the    Boydton    plank-load 


BRACETI,  BATTLE  OF 


151 


BRADDOCKS  DEFEAT 


had  become  the  chief  channel  <>f  communica- 1 

lion  lor  Lee  in  that  quarter,  and  lie  bad  ex- 
tended his  intrenchmcnts  along  its  line  to  the 
vicinity  of  Batcher's  Bun.  The  corps  of  War- 
ren  and  Parke  were  sent   to  assail  the  extreme 

right  of  these  intreuchments,  while  Hancook's 

corps  and  Gregg's  cavalry,  well  towards  its 
left,  should  swing  around  to  the  west  side  of 
Hatcher's  Run,  sweep  across  the  Boydton  road, 
and  seize  the  Southside  Railway.  The  Boydton 
road  was  a  few  miles  west  of  the  Wehlon  Rail- 
way. The  movement  began  on  the  morning 
Of  Oct.  27,  1864,  and  at  nine  o'clock  the  Con- 
federate line  was  struck,  but  it  was  not  bro- 
ken. Warren's  corps  made  its  way  to  the  west 
Of  Hatcher's  Run  to  gain  the  Confederate  rear. 

Crawford's  division  got  entangled  and  broken 
in  an  almost  impassable  swamp.  An  attempt 
of  a  pail  of  Howard's  corps  to  form  a. junction 
with  Craw  lord's  troops  was  defeated  by  the 
tangled  swamp.  These  movements  had  been 
eagerly  watched  by  the  Confederates.  lleth 
was  Beni  by  Hill  to  strike  Hancock.  It  was 
done  at  four  o'clock,  P.M.  The  blow  firs!  fell 
upon  Pierce's  brigade,  and  it  gave  way.  leav- 
ing two  guns  behind.  The  Confederates  were 
pursuing,  when  they,  in  turn,  were  struck  by 
the  Nationals,  driven  back,  and  the  two  j^nns 
recaptured.  Full  one-  thousand  Confederates 
were  made  prisoners,  others,  in  their  flight, 
rushed  into  Crawford's  lines,  and  two  hundred 
of    them     were     made     prist is.        Meanwhile 

Hancock   bad  been  Borelj   pressed  on  his  left 

ami  rear  by  five  brigades  under  Wade  Hamp- 
ton. Gregg  fought  them,  and  with  infantry 
supports  maintained  his  ground  until  (lark. 
In  these  encounters  Hancock  lost  about  fif- 
teen hundred  men,  and  the  Confederates  about 
an  eqnal  number.  Hancock  withdrew  at  mid- 
night, aud  the  whole  National  force  retired  be- 
hind  their   int  rem  hinenls  at    Petersburg.      The 

movement  was  intended  to  favor  Butler's  oper- 
ations on  the  north  side  of  the  .lames  River. 
8i .   Fori  Harrison.) 

Braceti,  or  Brazito,  I'. \ (184 

nel  Alexander  W,  Doniphan,  in  command  of 
one  thousand  mounted  volunteers  from  Mis- 
souri, was  detached  from  General  Kearney's 
command  for  independent  service  Iii  No- 
vember, 1846,  he  marched  towards  Chihuahua. 
Mexico,  alter   forcing  the  Navajo   Indians  to 

make    a    treaty    of    peace.        Hi-,    object    w.is    to 

.join  the  forces  under  General  Wool,  \i  Bra 
ceti,  or  Brazito,  in  the  valley  of  the  Bio  del 

Norte,  not    far  from    I'd    Paso,  he   was  attacked, 

in  his  camp,  by  a  large  Mexican  forot 
under  General  Ponce  de  I. con,  w  ho  sent  a  black 
flag,  bearing  the  device  of  a  skull  and  cross- 
bones,  to  the  American  commander,  with  the 
"We  will  neither  take  nor  give  quar- 
ter."     Doniphan   was  surprised,  and   his   men 

had    not    lime   to   saddle  their  horses  before  the 

Pantry,  cavalry,  and  artillerj     assailed 

them.  Doniphan  hastily  drew  up  his  men  in 
front  of  his  camp.  The  Mexicans  tired  three 
muds  in  <|iiiek  succession,  and  the  bfissouri- 
ans  all  fell  upon  their  faces.  The  Mexicans, 
supposing  them  all  to  be  slain,  rushed  forward 


to  plunder  the  dead,  when  the  Americans  sud- 
denly arose,  poured  deadly  volleys  from  their 
titles,  killed  about  two  hundred  of  the  foe, 
seized  their  cannon,  anil  dispersed  the  whole 
body  of  the  assailants. 

Braddock,  Dkatii  of.  Competent  testimony 
seems  to  prove  that  General  Braddock.  who 
was  mortally  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Hie 
Monongahela  (July  9,  1755)  was  shot  by  Thom- 
as Fancett,  one  of  the  provincial  soldiers.  His 
plea  ill  extenuation  of  the  crime  was  self-pres- 
ervation. Braddock,  who  had  spurned  the  ad- 
vice of  Washington  about  the  method  of  light- 
ing Indians,  had  issued  a  positive  order  that 
none  of  the  English  should  protect  themselves 
behind  trees,  as  the  French  and  Indians  did. 
Faucett's    brother   had    taken    such    a    position, 

and   when   Braddock   perceived   it.   he   -truck 

him  to  the  earth  with  his  sword.  Thomas,  on 
seeing    his    brother    fall,  shot    ISraddoek    in    the 

back,  and  then  the  provincials,  fighting  as 
they  pleased,  were  saved  from  utter  destruc- 
tion. 

Braddock, Genbrax  Edward, born  in  Perth- 
shire, Scotland ;  died  .Inly  13,  1755.  Entered 
the  army  as  ensign  in  the  Coldstream  Guards. 
He  served  in  the  wars  in  Flanders,  received  a 


UKSKUAI.    KIIWAK1)    BKASOOCI 

commission  as  brigadier -general  in  1740,  and 
major-general  in  March,  1754  He  arrived  in 
Virginia  in  February,  1755;  conduoted  an  ex- 
pedition against  Fort  Duquesne,  and  was  mor- 
tally wounded  in  battle  (.it  is  believed  by  one 
of  his  own  men)  in  July.  (See  Braddock' t  De- 
feat.) (ieneral  ISraddoek  was  haughty  and 
egotistical,  and  his  private  character  was  uol 
good,  he  being  known  as  a  gambler  and  spend- 
thrift 

Braddock's  Defeat,  (ieneral  Edward  Brad- 
dock, in  command  of  an  expedition  BgaillSt 
Fort    Duquesne,    commenced    his    inarch    from 


BRADFORD 


152 


BRADSTREET 


Will's  Creek  (Cumberland.  Md.),  June  10,  1755, 
with  about  two  thousand  men,  regulars  and 
provincials.  Anxious  to  reach  his  destination 
before  Fort  Dnquesne  should  receive  reinforce- 
ments, he  made  forced  marches  with  twelve 
bundled  men,  leaving  Colonel  Dunbar,  his  sec- 
ond in  command,  to  follow  with  the  remainder 
and  the  wagon-train.  On  the  morning  of  July 
9  the  little  army  folded  the  lionougahela  Riv- 
er, and  advanced  iu  solid  platoons  along  the 
southern  shores  of  that  stream.  Washington 
saw  the  perilous  arrangement  of  the  troops 
after  the  fashion  of  European  tactics,  and  he 
ventured  to  advise  Braddook  to  disperse  his 
army  iu  open  order  and  employ  the  Indian 
mode  of  fighting  in  the  forests.  The  haughty 
general  angrily  replied,  "What!  a  provincial 
colonel  teach  a  British  general  how  to  fight  I" 
The  army  moved  on,  recrossed  the  river  to  the 
north  side,  and  was  matching  in  fancied  secu- 
rity at  about  noon,  when  they  were  suddenly 
assailed  by  volleys  of  bullets  and  clouds  of  ar- 
rows on  their  front  and  Hanks.  They  had  fall- 
en into  an  ambush,  against  which  Washington 
had  vainly  warned  Braddock.  The  assailants 
were  French  regulars.  Canadians,  and  Indians, 
less  than  one  thousand  in  number,  under  De 
Beaujeu,  who  had  been  sent  from  Fort  Uu- 
qnesne  by  ContreccBur  (see  Fort  Duqueene),  and 
who  fell  at  the  first  onslaught.  The  sudden- 
ness of  the  attack  and  the  horrid  war-whoop 
of  the  Indians,  which  the  British  regulars  had 
never  heard  before,  disconcerted  them,  and 
they  fell  into  great  confusion.  Braddock.  see- 
ing the  peril,  took  the  frout  of  the  tight,  and 
by  voice  anil  example  encouraged  his  men. 
For  more  than  two  hours  the  battle  raged 
fearfully.  Of  eighty-six  English  officers  six- 
ty-three were  killed  or  wounded;  so.  also,  were 
one  half  the  private  soldiers.  All  of  Brad- 
dock's  aids  were  disabled  excepting  Washing- 
ton, who,  alone  unhurt,  distributed  the  gen- 
oral's  orders.  Braddock  had  five  horses  Bhol 
under  him,  and  finally  he,  too,  fell,  mortally 
wounded.  (See  Braddock,  Death  of.)  The  pro- 
vincials fought  bravely,  and  nearly  all  were, 
killed.  The  remnant  of  the  regulars  broke  and 
fled  when  Braddook  fell.  Washington,  who 
was  left  in  chief  command,  perceiving  the  day 
was  lost,  rallied  the  few  provincial  t  mops,  and. 
carrying  with  him  his  living  general,  gallantly 
covered  the  retreat.  The  enemy  did  not  pur- 
ine. The  British  hit  their  cannons  and  their 
dead  on  the  battle-field.  Three  days  after  the 
battle.  Braddock  died,  and  was  buried  in  the 
forest  more  than  fifty  miles  from  Cumberland. 
Washington,  surrounded  by  sorrowing  officers, 
read  the  funeral  .service  of  the  Chinch  of  Eng- 
land by  torch-light  at  his  grave.  (See  Fremak 
and  Indian   War.  | 

Bradford,  William,  first  printer  in  Pennsyl- 
vania and  New  York,  was  bom  at  Leicester, 
England,  in  1660;  died  iu  New  York.  Max  S3, 
1768.  \  Friend,  or  Quaker,  he  came  to  Ameri- 
ca with  I'enn's  early  colonists  in  1682, and  land- 
ed near  the  spot  when-  Philadelphia  was  after- 
wards built.  He  bad  learned  the  printii-  trade 
iu  London,  and,  in  [686,  hi   printed  an  almanac 


in  Philadelphia.  Mixed  up  in  a  political  and 
social  dispute  in  Pennsylvania,  and  Buffering 
thereby,  he  removed  to  New  York  in  1693,  ami 
in  that  year  printed  the  laws  of  that  colony. 
He  began  the  hist  newspaper  ill  New  Y'ork. 
Oct.  16.  17'2."> — the  Xctc  York  Gazette.  He  was 
printer  to  the  government  of  New  York  more 
than  fifty  years,  and  for  thirty  years  the  only 
one  iu  the  province. 

Bradford  William.  Governor  of  Plymouth 
Colony,   was    a    passenger    in    the    Mayflower. 

He  was  born  at  Austei  field,  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, in  March.  L588;  died  at  Plymouth,  New 
England.  May  9,  1657.  At  the  early  age  of 
seventeen  years  he  made  an  attempt  to  leave 
England  with  dissenters,  for  Holland  (see  Pil- 
grim Fathers),  and  suffered  imprisonment.  He 
finally  joined  his  dissenting  brethren  at  Am- 
sterdam, learned  the  art  of  silk-dyeing,  and, 
coming  into  the  possession  of  a  considerable 
estate  at  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  he  en- 
gaged successfully  iu  commerce.  One  of  Mr. 
Bobiuson's  congregation  at  Ley  den,  he  accom- 
panied the  "Pilgrims"  to  America,  and  was 
one  of  the  foremost  in  selecting  a  site  for 
the  colony.  Before  the  "Pilgrims"'  landed,  his 
wife  fell  into  the  sea  from  the  Mai/flower,  and 
was  drowned.  He  succeeded  John  Carver 
(April  5,  1621)  as  Governor  of  Plymouth  Col- 
ony. He  cultivated  friendly  relations  with 
The  Indians';  and  he  was  annually  rechosen 
governor  as  long  as  he  lived,  excepting  in  live 
years.  He  wrote  a  history  of  Plymouth  colo- 
ny from  1680  to  1617.  which  was  published  by 
the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society  in  1856. 

Bradstreet,  John,  was  born  in  1711;  died 
in  New  York  city.  Sept.  25.  1774.  He  was  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  Pepperell's  regiment  in  the 
expedition  against  Louisburg  in  1745;  and  in 
September,  the  same  year,  he  was  made  a  cap- 
tain of  a  tegular  regiment.  The  following 
year  he  was  appointed  Lieutenant-governor  of 
St.  Johns,  Newfoundland  —  a  sinecure  place. 
Braddook  ordered  him  to  accompany  Shirley  to 
Oswego,  iii  17.V>.  as  his  adjutant:  and  in  1756 
he  was  charged  with  conveying  supplies  to  Os- 
wego. In  1757  he  was  appointed  captain  of 
a  company  in  the  regiment  of  Royal  Ameri- 
cans: and  late  iu  the  same  year  he  was  pro- 
moted to  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  same  regi- 
ment, and  deputy  quartermaster  -  general,  with 
the  rank  of  colonel.  He  was  quartermaster- 
genera]  of  Abeicrombie's  forces,  w  ith  the  rank 
of  colonel,  in  the  expedition  against  Ticon- 
deroga  in  July.  1758;  and  in  August  he  led 
an  expedition   which  captured   Port    I'rontenac. 

Bradstreet  was  with  Amherst  in  his  expedition 
against  Ticouderoga  and  Crown  Point  in  1759. 
In  Ma>.  176-j.  he  was  commissioned  a  major- 
general,  and  in  1764  he  commanded  an  expedi- 
tion against  the  western  Indians. 

Bradstreet,  Simon.  Qovernor  of  Maseaeba- 
setts,   was  born   in   Lincolnshire,  England,  in 

March.    1603;  died    at    Salem,   ItftSS.,   Mai  eh  87, 

1687.  alter  studying  one  year  in  college, 
young  Bradstreet  became  steward  to  the  Coun- 
tess "I   W.ii'M'  k.      11.    married  Anne,  a  daugh- 


BRADSTREETS  EXPEDITION 


153 


BRAGG'S  ARMY  EXPELLED 


ter  of  Thomas  Dudley,  and  was  persuaded  to 
engage  in  the  settlement  of  Massachusetts. 
Invested  with  the  office  of  judge,  he  arrived 
at  .Salem  in  the  summer  of  1630.  The  next 
year  he  was  among  the  founders  of  Cam-  j 
bridge,  and  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  at  An- 
dover.  Very  active,  he  was  almost  continual- 
ly in  public  life,  and  lived  at  Salem.  Ipswich, 
and  Boston.  He  was  Secretary,  Agent,  and  j 
Commissioner  of  the  United  Colonies  of  New 
England  (see  New  England  Confederacy);  and  in 
1082  be  was  despatched  to  congratulate  Charles 

ll.on  his  restoration.  He  was  assistant  (see 
Court  of  Assistants)  from  1630  to  107'.),  and  dep- 
uty-governor from  1673  to  1679.  From  that  j 
time  till  1686  (when  the  charter  was  an- 
nulled) he  was  governor.  When,  in  1689,  An- 
dros  was  imprisoned,  he  was  restored  to  the 
office,  which  he  held  until  the  arrival  of  Gov- 
aruor  Phipps,  in  1692,  with  the  new  charter. 
His  wife,  Aune  Bradstreet,  was  a  poetess  of 
considerable  merit.  Her  poems  were  pub- 
lished in  London  in  1650,  and  a  second  edition 
was  published  in  Boston  in  1678. 

Bradstreet' s  Expedition.  Pontiac's  War  had 
filled  the  settlements  on  the  western  frontiers 
with  dire  alarm,  and  they  sent  piteous  calls 
for  help.  In  .Inly,  1764,  a  little  army  of  eleven 
hundred    men,   composed    chiefly   of   provincial 

battalions  from  New  Jersey,  New  York,  and 
Connecticut,  led  by  the  gallant  .John  Brad- 
■tree!  (see  Fort  Frontenao),  reached  Fort  Ni- 
agara on  its  way  farther  westward.  Brad- 
street  found  a  large  concourse  of  Indians 
there,  of  various  nations,  ready  to  renew 
friendship  witb  the  English,  and  expecting 
presents.  The  Senecas,  to  placate  the  Eng- 
lish, brought  in  prisoners,  and  ratified  a  treaty 
of  peace.  <»u  his  march  along  the  southern 
shores  of  Lake  Erie,  Bradetreel  was  met  by 
dusky  deputations  from  the  Ohio  country, 
who  desired  to  have  the  chain  of  friendship 
brightened  :   and  he  made  a  treaty  with  the 

nations  dwelling  between  Lake  Erie  and  the 
Ohio.  Be  was  welcomed  at  Detroit  with  ex- 
pressions of  great  respect  and  satisfaction: 
and  from  that  post  he  Bent  a  detachment  to 
take  possession  of  Mackinaw  (which  see).  Ou 
Sept.?.  the  OttaWBS  and  Chippcwas  met  Brad- 
slreei  in  council,  and.  cashiering  their  old 
chiefs,  the  young  warriors  made  a  covenant 
of  friendship  w  ith  the  English,  as  brothers,  and 
asked  for  peace  in  the  name  of  their  wives  and 
children,  l'ontiac  did  not  appear,  but  was  in- 
cluded in  the  treaty  of  peace  then  made.  By 
that  treaty  the  Indian  country  became  a  pari 
of  the  royal  domain;  its  tribes  were  bound  to 
render  aid  to  the  English  t loops;  and,  in  re- 
turn, were  promised  English  protection.  (See 
Pacification  of  the  Indians  in  Hie  West.) 

Bragg,  I'.kavi'i.n.  was  born  in  Warren  Coun- 
ty, N.  C,  aboul   1-15;  died  at  Galveston,  Tex., 

Sept. 27,  1-76.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  Mil- 
itary Academy  In  1837;  entered  the  artillery; 

and  served  in  the  Seminole  War  anil  in  the  war 
with  Mexico,  receiving  for  good  conduct  in  the 
latter  several  brevets  and  promotions.  Tin'  last 
brevet  was  that  of  lieutenant-colonel,  for  Bueua 


Vista,  Feb.  23,  1847.  He  was  made  major  in 
1855  ;  resigned  the  next  year,  and  lived  (au  ex- 
tensive planter)  in  Louisiana  until  the  breaking 
out  of  the  Civil  War.  when  (March,  1861)  he  was 
made  a  brigadier- general  in  rhe  Confederate 
army.  Made  major-general  in  February,  1862, 
he  took  an  important  part  in  the  battle  of  Shi- 
loh  (which  see)  in  April.  He  was  made  general 
in  place  of  A.  S.  Johnston,  killed;  and  in  May 
succeeded  Beauregard  in  command.  Early  in 
the  fall  he  invaded  Kentucky,  but  was  driven 
out  with  much  plunder.  (See  Perryville.)  He 
fought  Rosecrans  with  great  spirit  at  Mur- 
freesborough  (December,  1862);  was  driven  into 
Georgia  in  the  summer  of  1863;  defeated  Kose- 
crans at  Chickamauga  (which  see)  in  Septem- 
ber; and  was  defeated  by  Grant  at  Missionaries' 
Ridge  late  in  November.  A  few  weeks  later  he 
was  relieved  of  Command,  but  led  a  small  force 
from  North  Carolina  to  Georgia  in  1864.  He  lost 
favor  with  the  Confederate  leader. 

Bragg's  (  CONKEDEBATR  )  Army  Expelled 
from  Tennessee.  The  armies  of  Eosecrans 
and  Bragg  confronted  each  other  for  several 
months  in  Tennessee  after  the  battle  of  Stone's 
River  (which  see).  Rosecrans  remained  on  the 
scene  of  the  battle:  Bragg  was  below  the  Duck 
River.  Finally  the  Arm;  of  the  Cumberland,  in 
three  divisions,  commanded  respectively  bj  Gen- 
erals Thomas,  McCook.  and  Crittenden,  began  its 
march  (.June  23,  1863)  from  Mm  freesborough  to 
Chattanooga.  General  Bnrnside,  in  Kentucky, 
was  ordered  to  move  through  the  mountains 
into  East  Tennessee  to  co-operate  with  Rose- 
crans. At  that  time  Bragg's  hit  wing,  under 
General  (Bishop)  Polk,  lay  at  Shelbyville,  be- 
hind formidable  intrenchments  about  five  miles 

in  length,  east  up  by  legally  emancipated  slaves 
drawn  from  Northern  Georgia  and  Alabama.  Geu- 
eral  Hardee,  with  12,000  men,  was  at  War  Trace, 
on  the  railway  between  Mnrfreesborongh  and 
Chattanooga,  and  holding  the  front  of  rugged 
hills,  behind  which   was  a  strongly   intrenched 

camp  at  Tullahoma.  Bragg  had  about  40,000 
men.  and  Rosecrans  60,000.  By  skilful  move- 
ments he  manoeuvred  Bragg  out  of  his  strong 
position.  The  latter  was  pressed  back  to  Tulla- 
homa. Rosecrans  meanwhile  had  seized  moun- 
tain passes  on  Bragg's  front  and  seriously  men- 
aced his  Hank.  Perceiving  this,  Bragg  turned 
and  tied  without    giviug  a   blow,  the  Nationals 

bard  upon  his  rear.  Having  the  ad- 
vantage of  railway  communication,  the  retreat- 
ing forces  verj  easilj  kept  ahead  of  their  pur- 
suers; and  passing  rapidly  over  the  Cumberland 
Mountains    towards   the   Tennessee    River,  they 

crossed  that  stream  at  Bridgeport,  destroying 
the  bridge  behind  them,  and  made  a  rapid 
march  to  Chattanooga.   The  expulsion  of  Bragg 

from  Tennessee  alarmed  and  disheartened  the 
Confederates,  and  they  felt  that  everything  de- 
pended upon  their  holding  Chattanooga,  the 
kej  to  Basl  Tennessee  and  Northern  Georgia 

Towards  that  point  the  Army  of  the  Cumber- 
land pressed  on  slow  1\  ;  and  late  in  August  it 
had  crossed  the  mountains,  and  was  stretched 
along  the  Tennessee  River  from  above  Chatta- 
nooga many  a  league  westward. 


BRAGG'S  INVASION  OF  KENTUCKY       lo4         BRANDYWINE,  BATTLE  ON  THE 


Bragg's  Invasion  of  Kentucky.  John  Mor- 
gan, of  Alabama,  a  famous  guerilla  chief,  and  N. 
B.  Forrest,  the  leader  of  a  strong  cavalry  force, 
had  ("or  some  time  (in  1862)  roamed,  with  very 
little  serious  opposition,  over  Kentucky  and  Ten- 
nessee, preparatory  to  the  invasion  of  the  for- 
mer by  a  large  Confederate  force  under  General 
Braxton  Bragg.  E.  Kirby  Smith,  a  native  of 
Connecticut,  led  Bragg's  advance,  lie  entered 
Kentucky  from  East  Tennessee,  pushed  rapidly 
to  Lexington,  after  defeating  a  National  force 
near  Richmond,  in  that  state,  and  was  warmly 

welcomed    by    the    Secessionists.      The    alarmed 

Legislature,  sitting  at  Frankfort,  fled  to  Louis- 
ville; while  Smith  pressed  on  towards  the  Ohio, 
where  he  was  confronted  by  strong  fortifications 
opposite  Cincinnati.  The  invader  recoiled,  and 
failing  back  to  Frankfort,  awaited  the  arrival 
of  Bragg,  who  entered  Kentucky  (Sept. 5)  with 
forty  regiments  and  as  many  cannons.  His 
advance,  8000  strong,  under  General  Chalmers, 
encountered  a  National  force  under  Colonel 
Wilder  at  Mumfordsville,  on  the  line  of  the 
Nashville  and  Louisville  Railway.  The  Con- 
federates were  repulsed;  but  Wilder  was  com- 
pelled to  yield  to  General  Polk  a  few  days  later. 
Bragg  joined  Smith  at  Frankfort,  where  the 
combined  armies  numbered  about  65,000  effec- 
tive men.  He  now  expected  to  make  an  easy 
march  to  Louisville, but  was  confronted  by  Gen- 
eral Buell,  who  had  been  marching  abreast  of 
Bragg.  Buell  suddenly  turned  upon  Bragg  with 
about  60,OJO  troops,  and  a  fierce  battle  ensued 
near  IVrryville  (Oct.  8, 1862),  in  which  the  in- 
vaders were  so  roughly  handled  that  they  fled 
in  basic  towards  Bast  Tennessee,  followed  by 
their  marauding  bands,  who  had  plundered  the 
inhabitants  in  every  direction.  Indeed,  the 
whole  expedition  seemed  to  be  a  plundering 
raid.  It  was  disastrous  to  Bragg,  who  soon  af- 
terwards abandoned  Kentucky. 

Brandy  Station,  SKIRMISH  NBAS.  While 
Meade,  with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  was  bait- 
ing on  the  north  side  of  the  Rappahannock 
River,  in  the  summer  of  lS(i;i,  his  cavalry  were 
not  idle.  On  Aug.  1,  General  Bnford,  with  his 
troopers,  dashed  across  that  river,  struck  Stu- 
art's  cavalry,  and  pushed  them  back  almost  to 
Culpepper  Court-house.  So  vigorous  and  sud- 
den was  the  assault  that  the  daring  Confeder- 
ate leader  and  his  stall'  came  near  being  capt- 
ured at  a  house  near  Brandy  station,  where  tbey 
were  about  to  dine.  They  left  t  heir  dinner  un- 
touched and  immediately  decamped,  leaving  the 
viands  to  be  eaten  by  the  Union  officers.  Bn- 
ford  pursued,  and  from  Auburn  (the  residence 
of  the  stanch  Virginia  Unionist,  John  Minor 
liotts)  there  was  a  running  fight  back  towards 
Brandy  Station;  for,  strongly  confronted  there 
bj  Stuart.  Buford  became  a  fugitive  in  turn. 
In  that  engagement  he  lost  one  hundred  and 
forty  men,  ol  whom  sixteen  were  killed. 

Brandywine,  i:.\t  it  i  '.s  mi.  When  Wash- 
ington learned  that  Howe  was  ascending  Ches- 
apeake Baj   in  the  Heel   ol'  lli-  brother,  lie  march- 

ed  Log.  84,  IT"  i  from  Philadelphia  i«  meet 
him.      At   about  the  time   he  reached  Wilming- 


ton Howe  was  landing  his  army.  IS. 000  strong, 
at  the  head  of  the  Elk  River,  fifty-four  miles 
from  Philadelphia.  Washington'.- effective  force 
did  not  exceed  ll.oiio  men,  including  1800  Penn- 
sylvania militia.  Howe's  objective  was  Phila- 
delphia, and  he  began  his  march  (  Sept.  :i  i 
in  that  direction  through  a  country  swarming 
with  Tories.      One  division   was   led   by  Earl 


WASHINGTON'S    HKADOl'ARTERS. 

Coruwallis,  and  the  other  by  General  Knyphan- 
seu.     Washington  had  advanced  almost  to  Bed 

Clay  Creek,  and  sent  General  Maxwell  with  his 
brigade  to  form  an  ambuscade  in  the  direction 
of  the  enemy.  In  a  skirmish  tin-  British  were 
checked,  but  moved  forward  (Sept. 8)  to  attack 
Washington  and  turn  his  Hank.  By  a  dexter- 
ous movement  in  the  night,  the  latter  fell  back 
to  Chad's  Ford,  on  the  Brandy  w  ine  Creek,  above 
Wilmington,  and  took  post  in  a  strong  position 
on  the  hills  that  skirt  the  eastern  borders  of 
I  hat  stream.  The  astonished  Britons  gave  chase 
the  next  morning,  but  found  Washington  stand- 
ing in  their  pathway  to  Philadelphia,  The  two 
divisions  of  Howe's  army  met  at  Kennet  Square 
(Sept.  10),  and  the  next  morning  Coruwallis 
led  a  large  portion  of  them  np  the  Lancaster 
Road  towards  the  forks  of  the  Brandywine.  leav- 
ing all  their  baggage — even  their  knapsacks — 
wiib  the  other  division.  The  latter  moved  for 
Chad's  Ford  a  few  hours  later  in  a  dense  fog. 
Washington's  left  win;:,  composed  of  the  bri- 
gades of  Muhlenberg  and  Weedon,  of  (.reeiie's 
division,  and  Wayne's  division,  wit h  Proctor's 
artillery,  were  on  the  bills  east  of  Chad's  Ford. 
The  brigades  of  Sullivan.  Stirling,  and  Stephen, 
composing  the  right  wing,  extended  along  I  lit" 
Brandywine  Creek  to  a  point  above  tin'  forks; 
and  1000  Pennsylvania  militia  under  General 
Armstrong  were  at  l'yle's  Ford,  two  mile-  be- 
low chad's.  General  Maxwell,  with  1000  light 
troops,  w  as  posted  on  the  wot  Bide  of  the  creek 
to  dispute  the  passage  of  Knyphausen.  The  lat- 
ter attempted  to  dislodge  Maxwell,  who, after  a 

severe    fight,    was    pu-hed    to    the    edge    of    I  he 

Brandywine,  where  he  was  reinforced,     Then 

he   turned   upon    his   pursuers   and  drove  them 

back  to  the  mam  line.     Perceiving  da 

being  flanked, Maxwell  tied  across  the  stream, 


BRANDYWINE,  BATTLE  ON  THE         1 

leaving  its  western  banks  in  possession  of  the 
enemy.  Knyphansen  now  brought  his  great 
nuns  to  bear  opon  tlic  Americans  at  Chad's 
Ford.  It  was  to  divert  Washington's  attention 
iVotn  Cornwallis,  who  was  pushing  forward  to 
cross  the  Brandywine  and  <xa\n  the  rear  of  the 
Americans.  This  accomplished,  Knyphansen 
was  to  cross  over,  when  a  simultaneous  attack 


5         BRANDYWINE,  BATTLE  ON  THE 

so,  Cornwallis,  with  his  rested  troops,  fell  upon 
Sullivan,  and  a  severe  conflict  ensued.  For 
a  while  the  result  was  doubtful.  Finally  the 
right  wing  of  the  Americans,  under  General  De- 
borre,  gave  way;  then  the  left,  under  Sullivan  ; 
but  the  centre,  under  Stirling,  remained  firm  for 
a  while.  Then  it,  too,  broke  and  fled  in  confu- 
sion.    Lafayette,  who  was  with  this  corps,  light- 


VIKW    AT    CHADS    FOKU. 


by  both  parties  was  to  be  made.  Washington 
resolved  to  strike  a  blow  at  once.  He  direct- 
ad  Sullivan  to  cross  the  Brandywine  above 
ami  attack  Cornwallis,  while  be  (Washington) 

should  ckiss  the  Stream  and  assail  Knyphansen. 

Through  misinformation,  Sullivan  failed  to  per- 
form his  part.  A  message  which  he  sent  to 
Washington  kept  the  latter  in  suspense  a  ion- 
time.  Greene,  who  had  crossed  at  Chad's  Ford 
with  his  advanced  guard,  was  recalled;  and 
Cornwallis,  in  the  meantime,  had  made  a  wide 
circuit,  crossed  the  Brandy  w  inc.  and  gained  a 
hill  near  Birmingham  Meeting- house,  not   far 


ItlltMIMUl  \M     >O.I    I. 


from  Sullivan's  right,  before  that  officer  dis 
covered  him.  The  surprised  general  informed 
Washington  of  his  peril,  and  immediately  pre- 
pared to  attack  the  enemy.     Before  lie  oonld  do 


ing  as  a  volunteer  on  foot,  was  badly  wounded 
in  his  leg.  The  scattered  troops  could  not  be 
rallied,  excepting  a  few  who  made  a  stand  at 

Dilwortb.      They,  too,  soon  joined  the  fugitives 

in    the    flight    towards    the    main    army,  closely 

pursued  by  the  victors,  Com  wall  is's  cannons 
having  made  dreadful  havoc  in  the  ranks  of 
the  Americans.  Meanwhile  Washington,  with 
Greene  and  two  brigades,  had  hastened  to  the 

aid  of  the  right  wing.      They  met   the  fugitives, 

opened  their  ranks  to  receive  them,  and,  by  a 

constant  cannonade,  checked  their  pursuers; 
and  at  a  narrow  defile  the  regiments  of  Stephen 
ami  Stewart  held  the  British  back  until  night, 
when  the  latter  encamped.  In  the  meantime 
Knyphansen  had  crossed  at  Chad's  Ford  and 
attacked  the   left   wing   under  Wayne.      Altera 

gallant  fight, the  latter, seeing  the  British  gain- 
ing his  rear,  abandoned  his  cannons  and  muni- 
tions of  war  and  made  a  disorderly  retreat  be- 
hind the  division  of  Greene.  At  twilight  then' 
was  a  skirmish  uearDilworth  between  Maxwell 
and  his  light  troops.  lyin<j  in  ambush  to  cover 
the  retreat  of  the  Americans,  and  some  British 

grenadiers.  The  contest  was  brief,  for  darkness 
put  an  end  to  it.  The  AmericanB,  defeated, 
marched  leisurely  to  Chester;  for  the  British, 
who  held  the  field,  did  not  puisne.  The  next 
morning  (Sept.  19,  it??  i  Washington  gathered 
Ins  broken  army,  marched  towards  Philadel- 
phia, and  encamped  near  Qermantown.     It  was 

estimated  that  the  Americans  lost,  in  killed, 
wounded,  and  prisouers,  about  1200;  the  Brit- 
ish, about  eOO. 


BRANT  1 

Brant,  John,  son  of  Joseph  Brant,  was  bora 
at  the  Mohawk  village  on  the  Grand  River,  in 
Canada, 8ept. 27, 1794;  and  died  there  at  the  age 
of  forty-eight  years.  He  took  up  amis  for  the 
British  when  the  War  of  1812-15  broke  out,  and 
led  a  party  of  Indians  at  the  battle  of  Queens- 
ton  (which  see).  He  was  then  only  eighteeu 
years  of  age,  and  was  conspicuous  for  his  brav- 
ery. He  had  received  a  good  English  educa- 
tion at  Aneaster  and  Niagara,  and  was  a  dili- 
gent student  ot  English  authors.  Young  Brant 
was  an  ardent  lover  of  nature,  was  manly  and 
amiable,  and  was  in  every  respect  an  accom- 
plished gentleman.  On  the  death  of  his  father, 
in  1^07.  he  became  tin-  principal  chief  of  the  Six 
Nations, although  he  was  the  fourth  and  young- 
est son.  Brant  was  engaged  in  most  of  the  mil- 
itary events  on  the  Niagara  frontier  during  the 
war:  anil  at  its  close  he  and  his  young  sister 
Elizabeth  occupied  the  homestead  at  the  head 
of  Lake  Ontario,  and  there  dispensed  a  generous 
hospitality.  He  went  to  England  in  1821  on 
business  for  the  Six  Nations,  and  there  took  oc- 
casion to  defend  the  character  of  his  father  from 
the  aspersions  contained  in  Campbell's  Gertrude 
of  Wyoming.  He  proved  that  his  father  was  not 
present  at  the  massacre  in  Wyoming;  but  the 
poet  had  not  the  generosity  or  manliness  to 
strike  out  of  the  poem  the  calumnious  words. 
and  so  it  remains  until  this  day.     In  1827  Gov- 


0  BRANT 

him  to  Dr.  Wheelock's  school  at  Hanover.  N.  II.. 
where  he  translated  portions  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment into  the  Mohawk  language.  Branl  en- 
gaged in  the  war  against  l'ontiac  in  1703  (see 


JOHN    11KA.NT. 

ernor  Dalhonsie  gave  him  the  commission  of 

captain,  and  as  such  he  appeared  as  in  the  en- 

graving.  In  L83S  lie  was  elected  a  member  of 
ili«'  Provincial  Parliament  for  the  County  of 
llaldimand. 

Brant,  JOSKPH  (Thay-en-da-ne -gea),  a  noted 
Mohawk  chief,  was  born  about  1712;  died  an 
Ins  estate  nl  the  bead  of  Lake  Ontario,  Canada, 
Nov .  M,  1807.     In  1701  Sir  William  Johnson  sent 


Pontine  it  Conspiracy) ;  and  at  the  beginning  of 
the  war  for  independence  he  was  secretary  to 
Guy  Johnson,  the  Indian  Superintendent.  In 
the  spring  of  177(5  he  was  in  England;  and  to 
the  ministry  hi-  expressed  his  willingness,  and 
that  of  his  people,  to  join  in  the  chastisement 
of  the  rebellions  colonists.  It  was  an  unfavor- 
able time  for  him  to  make  such  an  offer  with  an 
expectation  of  securing  very  favorable  arrange- 
ments for  his  people,  for  the  ministry  were 
elated    with    the    news   of  the   disasters   to   the 

"rebels"  at  Quebec.  Besides,  they  hail  com- 
pleted the  bargain  for  a  host  of  German  mer- 
cenaries >  w  Inch  see), 8  part  of  whom  were  then 
on  their  way  to  America  to  crush  the  rebellion. 
They  concluded  the  next  ship  would  bring  news 
that  the  Americans  were  willing  to  agree  to  un- 
conditional submission,  the  only  terms  which 
the  imperial  government  would  grant.  I  '.rant 
returned,  but  to  tiud  the  Americans  successful 
in  many  places,  ami  determined  to  persevere. 
He  took  up  arms  for  the  British  :  and  in  the  raids 
of  Tories  and  Indians  in  Central  New  York  upon 
the  patriotic  inhabitants  he  was  often  a  leader, 
holding  the  commission  of  colonel  from  the  King 
of  England.  He  prevailed  on  the  Six  Nations 
to  make  a  permanent  peace  after  the  war:  and 
in  17-0  he  Weill  to  England  the  second  time,  lint 
then  for  the  purpose  of  collecting  funds  to  build 
a  church  on  the  Indian  reservation  on  the  Grand 
River,  in  Canada.  This  was  the  lirst  church 
erected  in  the  Upper  Pro\  inoe.  Brant  did  much 
to  induce  his  people  to  engage  in  the  ails  of 
peace.  The  remains  of  lirant  rest  beneath  a 
handsome  mausoleum  near  the  church  on  the 
reservation  on  the  Grand  River,Canada.  li  was 
erected  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  vicinity  in 

I860.  II  is  composed  of  light-brown  sandstone. 
On  the  slali  that  surmounls  it  is  an  appropri- 
ate inscription  in  commeinoratiou  of  the  chief, 


BRASHEAR  CITY  1 

and  of  his  accomplished  son  John,  who  was  con 
Hpicnons  on  the  Niagara  frontier  in  the  War  of 
1812-15. 


W    MOM  MKYr. 


Brashear  City,  Military  Operations  m  w. 

This  town  was  in  a  .singular  country, 
oomposed  of  fertile  plantations,  extensive  for- 
ests,  sluggish  lagoons  and  bayous,  passable  and 
Impassable  swamps,  made  dark  by  umbrageous 
•ypresB-trees  draped  with  Spanish  muss  and  fes- 
tooned «  it  li  interlacing  vims,  the  earth  in  many 
places  mailed  and  miry,  and  the  waters  abound- 
ing in  alligators.  At  that  time  the  whole  coun- 
try was  half  submerged  by  the  superabundant 
waters  of  the  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries. 
A  single  railway  passed  through  this  country 
from  New  Orleans  to  Brashear  City,  on  the  Atoh- 

afalaya,   B    distance    of   eighty    miles,  at    which 

point  the  waters  of  the  gnat  bayou  Teohe  meet 
those  of  the  Atchafalaya  and  others.  Near  l'at- 
tersonville,  on  the  Teche,  the  Confederates  had 

erected  foi  t  ilieations,  and  gathered  hoops  to  dis- 
pute the  passage  of  these    important   waters  by 

National  gunboats.  Banks,  in  command  of  the 
Department  of  the  Qnlf,  determined  to  expel 
the  armed  Confederates  from  Brashear  City  and 
its  vicinity.  An  expedition  for  that  purpose 
was  led  by  General  Godfrey  Weitzel,  accompa- 
nied by  a  squadron  of  gunboats,  under  Commo- 
dore McKeau  Buchanan,  brother  of  the  com- 
mander- of  the   Merrimac  (which   see).     They 

penetrated  to  Brashear  City,  and  then  prot ded 

(Jan.  11,  1863)  to  attack  the  works  near  Patter- 
son vi  He.  Weil/el's  infantry  were  placed  in  the 
gunboats, and  his  cavalry  and  artillery  proceed- 
ed by  land.  They  encountered  formidable  river 
obstructions  torpedoes,  an  armored  steamboat, 
ami  batteries  well  manned  by  eleven  hundred 
men,  on  each  side  of  the  bayou.  These  were  at- 
tacked   on    the    15th,  and    in    that    engagement 

Buchanan  was  killed  by  a  rifle-boll  that  passed 

through  his  head.  The  Confederates  were  driv- 
en from  their  works,  and  their  monster  M,  am 
er  was  abandoned  and  burned.  In  this  affair 
the  Nationals  lost  tbirly-fonr  men  killed  and 
wounded. 

Braxton,  CARTES,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration 


7  BREVARD 

of  Independence,  was  born  at  Newington,  Va., 
Sept.  10,  1736  ;  died  Oct.  10,  1797.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  College  of  William  and  Mary  in  1756, 
and  resided  in  England  until  1760.  He  was  a 
distinguished  member  and  patriot  in  the  Vir- 
ginia House  of  Burgesses  in  supporting  the  res- 
olutions of  Patrick  Henry  in  1765,  and  in  sub- 
sequent assemblies  dissolved  by  the  governor, 
lie  remained  in  the  Virginia  Assembly  until 
royal  rule  ceased  in  that  colony,  and  was  ac- 
tive in  measures  for  defeating  the  schemes  of 
Lord  Dunmore.  Braxton  was  in  the  Convention 
at  Richmond  in  1775,  for  devising  measures  for 
the  defence  of  the  colony  and  the  public  good; 
and  in  December  he  became  the  successor  of 
Peyton  Randolph  iu  Congress.  He  remained 
in  that  body  to  vote  for  and  sign  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence.  In  1786,  after  serving  in 
the  Virginia  Legislature,  he  became  one  of  the 
executive  council. 

Breckinridge,  JOHN  CABBLL,  was  born  near 
Lexington,  Ky.,  Jon.  21, 1821 ;  died  at  Lexing- 
ton, May  IT.  l-7.">.  Studying  law  at  the  Tran- 
sylvania Institute,  he  began  its  practice  at  Lex- 
ington.    He  served   as  major  in  the  war  with 


JOHN   CABELI.   HKKCKISR1DQE. 

Mexico;  was  a  member  of  his  State;  Legislature; 
and  from  1851  to  1855  was  in  Congress.  Presi- 
dent Pieroe  tendered  him  the  mission  to  Spain, 
which  he  declined.  In  March,  1857,  he  became 
Vice-President,  under  Buchanan,  ami  succeeded 
John  .I.Crittenden  iu  the  Senate  of  the  United 
States  in  1861.  He  was  then  a  defeated  candi- 
date for  the  Presidency.  His  friendship  for  the 
insurgents  caused  his  expulsion  from  tin'  Senate 

in  December,  1861,  when  he  joined  the  Secession- 
ists, and  was  made  a  Confederate  major-gen- 
eral, Aug.  5,  1862.  Ho  was  active  at  various 
points  during  the  remainder  of  the  war.  Breck- 
inridge was  Secretary  of  War  of  the  Confeder- 
acy when  it  fell  (1865),  and  soon  afterwards  de- 
parted for  Kurope,  returning  to  his  native  state 
in  a  short  time. 

Brevard,  Kpiikaim,  was  a  native  of  Mecklen- 
burg County,  N.  ('.,   and    was   secretary    of  the 

famous  "  Mecklenburg  Convention"  (which  see) 

that  issued  a.  declaration  of  independence  iu 
1775.  H(i  died  at  Charlotte,  N.  C,  near  the 
close  of  the  Revolution.  Mr.  Brevard,  one  of 
seveu  sous  of  a  widow,  graduated  at  the  College 


BREVET 


158  BRISTOW  STATION,  BATTLE  AT 


of  New  Jersey  in  1768;  was  educated  for  a  phy- 
sician, and  practised  the  profession  in  Char- 
lotte. When  the  British  invaded  the  Carolinas, 
Dr.  Brevard  entered  the  Continental  army  as  a 
Burgeon,  and  was  made  a  prisoner  at  Charleston 
in  1780.  Broken  with  disease,  he  returned  to 
Charlotte  after  his  release,  and  soon  afterwards 
died. 

Brevet  implies  (in  French)  a  royal  act,  con- 
ferring  some  privilege  or  distinction;  in  Eng- 
land it  is  applied  to  a  commission  giving  nom- 
inal rank  higher  than  that  for  which  pay  is  re- 
ceived. Thus,  a  hie  vet-major  serves  and  draws 
pa]  as  captain.  The  first  time  it  was  used  in 
the  United  States  Army  was  in  1812,  when  Cap- 
tain Zachary  Taylor  was  promoted  to  major  by 
brevet  for  his  defence  of  Fort  Harrison  (which 
see).  It  was  sometimes  used  in  the  Continental 
army  after  the  arrival  of  the  French  troops  in 
1780. 

Brewster,  WILLIAM,  horn  at  Scrooby,  Eng- 
land, in  1566  ;  died  at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  April  1G, 
1(544.  Educated  at  Cambridge,  he  entered  the 
service  of  William  Davidson,  ambassador  of 
Queen  Elizabeth  iu  Holland.  The  ambassador 
was  much  attached  to  Brewster,  and  procured 
for  him  the  office  of  postmaster  at  Scrooby. 
When  his  mind  was  turned  very  seriously  tow- 
ards religious  subjects,  he  withdrew  from  the 
Church  of  England,  and  established  a  dissenting 
society,  or  rather  a  society  of  Separatists.  This 
new  society  worshipped  on  Sabbath  days  at 
Mr. Brewster's  house  until  persecution  began  to 
interrupt  them.  He,  with  Mr.  Bradford  and 
others,  was  among  those  who  attempted  to  fly 
to  Holland  in  1607.  (See  Uohinson,John.)  They 
were  arrested  and  imprisoned  at  Boston  in  Lin- 
colnshire. As  Mr.  Brewster  had  the  most  prop- 
erty, he  was  the  greater  sufferer.  At  much  ex- 
pense he  gained  bis  liberty,  and  then  be  assisted 
the  poorer  members  of  the  church  to  escape,  fol- 
lowing them  himself  soon  afterwards.  At  Ley- 
den  he  opened  a  school  for  teaching  the  English 
language,  to  replenish  his  exhausted  funds.  He 
bad  then  been  an  elder  and  teacher  for  some 
time.  By  the  assistance  of  some  friends  he  pro- 
cured a  printing-press,  and  published  several 
books  against  the  English  hierarchy.  Iu  Mr. 
Robinson's  church  in  Leyden  Brewster  was  a 
ruling  elder,  and  was  so  highly  esteemed   that 


M   lit  It     I 


IHWI  I;    HIT 


lie  was  chosen  the  spii  Itnal  guide  of  the  ••  I *i  1 
".rims"  who  emigrated  to  America,  lie  took 
with  him  to  the  w  ildci  ness  his  w  ife  and  numer- 
ous children.      It   was  upon  the  lid  of  his  chest 


that  the  political  compact  was  signed  on  board 
the  Mayflotcer.  At  New  Plymouth  he  supplied 
the  vacant  pulpit  most  of  the  time  for  nine 
years,  preaching  very  impressive  scrmous  ;  but 
he  could  never  be  persuaded  to  administer  the 
Lord's  Supper,  though  he  had  the  care  of  the 
church.  Some  of  Elder  Brewster's  descendants 
were  very  long-lived.  Mrs.  Polly  (Brewster) 
Buckingham,  who  died  in  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.. 
in  January,  1873,  aged  ninety-five  years  and 
seven  months,  was  sixth  in  descent  from  the 
elder.  She  had  heard  her  grandmother,  who 
died  at  the  age  of  ninety-eight  years,  say  that 
she  had  conversed  with  persons  who  came  over 
in  the  Mayflower. 

Bridgman,  Laura,  was  born  at  Hanover, 
N.  H.,  Dec.  21,  1829.  Severe  illness  deprived 
her  of  sight  and  hearing,  and  consequently  of 
speech,  when  she  was  two  years  of  age.  Her 
sense  of  smell  was  also  destroyed,  and  that  of 
touch  much  impaired;  On  the  recovery  of  her 
health,  none  of  her  senses  were  restored.  The 
late  Dr.  S.  G.  Howe  took  great  interest  in  her 
case,  and  she  became  an  inmate  of  the  "Perkins 
Institute"  for  the  blind,  iu  Boston,  of  which  he 
was  the  founder,  where  she  was  taught  the 
names  and  qualities  of  objects  ami  how  to 
write.  She  also  acquired  the  rudiments  of 
arithmetic;  became  quite  a  skilful  pianist:  and 
acquired  a  practical  knowledge  of  some  house- 
hold duties,  as  well  as  needlework.  The  case 
of  Laura  Bridgman  is  the  most  remarkable  on 
record  in  all  its  phases.  She  is  yet  (1880)  an 
inmate  of  the  Perkins  Institute. 

Brier  Creek,  Battle  of  ( 1779 ).  Colonel 
Ashe,  of  North  Carolina,  was  sent  by  General 
Lincoln,  with  two  thousand  men.  to  drive  the 
British  from  Augusta.  The  latter  fled  when 
Ashe  appeared  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river, 
and  pushed  towards  the  sea,  led  by  Lieutenant- 
colonel  Campbell.  Ashe  crossed  and  pursued 
as  far  as  Brier  Creek,  forty  miles  below  Augus- 
ta, on  the  Georgia  side  of  the  Savannah  Biver, 
where  he.  encamped.  He  was  surprised  (March 
3, 1779)  and  utterly  defeated  by  General  Provost, 
who  was  marching  up  from  Savannah  to  sup- 
port Campbell.  Ashe  lost  almost  his  entire 
army  by  death, captivity,  and  dispersion.  Some 
were  killed,  others  perished  in  the  morasses, 
and  many  were  drowned  in  attempting  to  pass 
the  Savannah  Biver.  This  blow-  deprived  Lin- 
coln of  about  one  fourth  of  his  army  and  led  to 
the  temporary  re-establishment  of  royal  author- 
ity in  Georgia 

Bristow  Station,  BATTLE  or  (1863).  In 
the  third  race  for  Washington  (which  Bee), the 
Btrnggle  to  fust  pass  Bristow  station,  on  the 
Central  Virginia  Railway,  was  very  hot.  Lee 
poshed  Hill  and  Ewcll  forward  to  gain  that 
point  before  the  Nationals  should  reach  it. 
When  they  approached  it  the  entire  Army  of 
the  Potomac  had  passed  il ,  excepting  Genera] 
Warren's  corps,  which  was  then  not  in  Bight  of 
the  Confederates.  Hill  was  about  to  attack 
the  Third  Corps,  when,  at  about  noon  (Oct.  16), 
he  was  startled  by  the  appearance  of  Warren's 

troops  approaching  his  rear.     The\  had  Outstrip- 


BRITISH  AID  TO  THE  CONFEDERATES   159 


BRITISH  FLAG  AT  NEW  YORK 


ped  Ewell's,and  were  expecting  to  meet  Sykes's 
at  Bristow  Station.  Hill  instantly  turned  and 
opened  lii.s  batteries  upon  Warren,  who  was  sur- 
prised for  a  moment ;  but  in  tin;  space  of  ten 
minutes  the  batteries  of  Arnold  and  Brown,  as- 
sisted by  the  infantry  divisions  of  Hayes  and 
Webb, drove  back  the  Confederates  and  captured 
six  of  their  guns.  These  were  instantly  turned 
upon  the  fugitives.  A  flank  attack  b*y  the  Con- 
federates was  repulsed  with  a  loss  to  them  of 
460  men  made  prisoners.  This  was  an  effectual 
check  upon  Hill's  march.  .Just  at  sunset  Ewell 
came  up,  and  Warren's  corps  (Second)  was  con- 
fronted by  a  greater  portion  of  Lee's  army. 
Seeing  his  peril,  Warren  skilfully  withdrew 
under  cover  of  the  approaching  darkness,  and 
joined  the  main  army  in  the  morning  on  the 
heights  of  Centreville.  Warren's  loss  in  the 
battle  of  Bristow  Station  was  about  two  hun- 
dred in  killed  and  wounded. 

British  Aid  to  the  Confederates.  The 
amount  of  aid  given  to  the  Confederates  by 
British  sympathizers  through  the  ngenoy  of 
blockade -runners  may  be  approximately  esti- 
mated by  the   fact  that  from  Oct.  26  to  Dec.  31, 

18C4 — only  thirty-five  days— there  were  carried 

into  the  single  port  of  Wilmington,  N.  C,  for 

their  use.  8,320,000  pounds  of  meat.  1,600, 

pounds  of  lead.   1,993,000   pounds    of  saltpetre, 

546,000  pans  of  shoes,  316,000  pairs  of  blankets, 
680,000  pounds  of  coffee,  69,000  tides.  1)7  pack- 
ages of  revolvers, 2639  packages  of  medicine,  48 

cannons,  and  many  miscellaneous  art  icles. 

British  Alliance  with  Indians  Urged  (1813). 
The  new  s  of  Perrj  's  victory  on  Lake  Erie  (which 
■ee) startled  the  British  public, and  Btrange  con 
of  weakness  were  made  in  the  English 
and  provincial  newspapers.  "We  have  been 
conquered  on   the   Lake,"  said   a  Halifax  paper, 

"and  so  we  shall  be  on  every  other  lake,  if  we 

take  as  little  care  to  protect  them.''  Others 
Urged  tin-  necessity  of  an  alliance  with  the  In- 
dians to  secure  the  possession  of  Canada.  "We 
dare  assert,"  said  a  w  riter  in  one  of  the  leading 
British  reviews, " and  recent  events  have  gone 
far  in  establishing  the  truth  of  the  proposition, 
that  the  (anadas  cannot  be  effectually  and  du- 
rably defended  without  t  lie  friendship  of  the 
Indians  and  command  of  the  Lakes  and  River 
St.  Lawrence."  He  urged  his  countrymen  to 
consider  the  interests  of  the  Indians  as  their 
own  ;  "  for  men,"  he  said,  "  whose  very  name  is 
so  formidable  to  an  American,  ami  w  hose  friend- 
ship has  recently  been  shown  to  be  of  such  -teat 

importance  to  us,  we  cannot  do  too  much." 

British  and  American  Fleets  at  Charleston 
(1780).     On  Match  21,  1780,  the  British  marine 

force,  under  Admiral  At  but  hunt,  e Kissed  the  bar 
at  Charleston.  It  consisted  (done  64-gun  ship, 
two  1 1-gun  ships,  four  of  32  guns,  and  i  he  8and- 
irirli,  also  an  armed  ship.  Commodore  Whipple 
was  in  the  Charleston  outer  harbor  with  a  flo- 
tilla   of   small    \essels.        Finding    he    could    not 

prevent  the  British  ships  from  passing  the  bar, 
he  fell  back  to  the  waters  immediately  in  front 
of  Charleston  and  transferred  all  the  crews  and 
guns  of  bis  vessels,  excepting  one,  to  the  batter- 


ies on  the  shore.  The  commodore  sunk  most 
of  his  own  and  some  merchant  vessels  near 
Shute's  Folly,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cooper  River, 
to  prevent  British  vessels  from  entering  it. 

British  Cantonments  in  New  Jersey.  Af- 
ter chasing  Washington  and  his  shattered  army 
to  the  banks  of  the  Delaware  (1776),  the  British 
did  not  attempt  to  cross,  but  were  established 
in  a  line  of  cantonments  at  Trenton,  Penning- 
ton. Bordentown,  and  Burlington.  Other  corps 
were  quartered  in  the  rear  of  these,  at  Prince- 
ton, Brunswick,  and  Elizabethtown. 

British  Denial  of  the  Right  of  Search.  At 
the  Treaty  of  Utrecht  (1713)  Spain  gave  to  Eng- 
land the  privilege  of  transporting  to  the  Span- 
ish-American colonics  a  certain  number  of  ne- 
gro -laves.  This  was  a  special  favor,  for  all  but 
Spaniards  were  rigidly  excluded  from  those  col- 

tking  an  unfair  advantage  of  this  priv- 
ilege, the  Buglish,  under  cover  of  the  slave-trade, 
carried  on  extensive  smuggling.  The  British 
government,  in  assuming  this  illicit  trade,  did 
not  seem  to  consider  the  blow  they  were  giving 
at  tin;  very  principles  on  which  their  own  co- 
lonial policy  was  founded.  The  Spaniards,  to 
guard  against  this  systematic  violation  of  their 
laws,  maintained  a  numerous  fleet  of  vessels  in 
the   preventive   service,  called  a   t/iiartla  COBta,OT 

coast-guard.  This  guard  were  sometimes  pretty 
severe  iii  their  treatment  of  English  smugglers, 
and  they  very  frequently  made  thorough  search- 
es of  English  vessels  suspected  of  the  crime. 
These  acts  were  greatly  exaggerated  in  Eng- 
land, and  the  old  hatred  of  the  Spaniards  was 
renewed.  There  was  a  loud  clamor  against  this 
assumed  right  of  search.  Despising  the  Span- 
iards as  weak,  and  envying  them  for  their  rich- 
es, the  merchants  loudly  opposed  an  amicable 
settlement  of  the  difficulty,  and  forced  Walpolc 
into  a  w  ar  with  Spain,  hoping  t<>  have  the  Span- 
ish-American porta  thereby  opened  free  to  Eng- 
lish commerce.  See  Spanish  Hist  India  Sctilc- 
im  nln,  liar  iijion.) 

British  Flag  at  New  York.  On  the  day 
when  the  British  evacuated  the  city  of  New 
Yoik  (Nov.25,  IT—:; )  they  nailed  their  colors  to 
the  flag-staff  at  Foit  George  ("the  Battery"), 
knocked  Off  the  (hats,  and  "slushed"  the  pole 
from  top  to  bottom  to  prevent  its  being  climbed. 
John  Van  Arsdale,  a  sailor-boy.  sixteen  years  old 
(who  died  in  1836),  ascended  the  pole  by  nailing 
on  cleats  and  applying  sand  to  the  greased  flag- 
stall'.  In  this  way  he  reached  the  top,  hauled 
down  the  British  colors,  and  placed  the  flag  of 
the  United  States  in  their  place  before  the  fleet 
was  out  of  sight.  Il  is  believed  that  the  nailing 
of  the  flag  of  Great  Britain  to  the  staff  at  that 
time  had  a  higher  significance  than  was  visible 
in  the  outward  act  -namely,  a  compliance  with 
secret  orders  from  the  imperial  government  not 

to  strike  the  flag,  as  in  a  formal  surrender,  but 
to  leave  it  dying,  in  token  of  the  claim  of  Great 
Britain  to  the  absolute  proprietorship  of  this 
country, then  abandoned.  It  was  generally  be- 
lieved in  England,  on  the  misrepresentation  id' 
the  Tory  refugees,  that  the  absence  of  British 
authority  in  America  would  he  only  temporary. 


BRITISH  INTERFERENCE  1 

British  Interference  with  the  Rights  of 
Neutrals.  Under  the  pressure  of  war,  the 
French  Convention,  by  decree  (1793),  allowed 

neutral  vessels  the  privileges  of  French  ships. 
A  rich  commerce  was  at  once  created  for  Amer- 
ican shipping.  The  jealous  British  government 
revived  the  Rule  of  1756  (which  see),  and  Brit- 
ish cruisers  claimed  the  right  to  seize  French 
property  on  board  of  American  vessels.  At  that 
time  there  was  much  trade  between  America 
and  the  West  Indies,  anil  American  vessels  were 
carrying  away  many  people,  besides  much  prop- 
erty belonging  to  them,  who  were  fleeing  to  the 
United  States  from  the  horrors  of  insurrection 
in  Santo  Domingo.  Much  of  the  property  of 
these  wretched  people  was  seized  on  American 
vessels.  The  British  government  refused  to 
recognize  as  neutral  the  trade  between  France 
and  her  West  India  colonics,  which  nothing  but 
the  pressure  of  war  had  cansed  to  be  opened  to 
other  than  French  vessels.  The  British  govern- 
ment also  issued  an  order  to  British  cruisers  to 
seize  and  bring  in  all  vessels  loaded  with  bread- 
stuffs  and  bound  for  France,  even  though  both 
vessel  and  cargo  should  be  neutral  property. 
Such  vessel  and  cargo,  on  proof  of  neutrality, 
were  not  to  be  forfeited;  but  the  cargo  was  to 
be  paid  for,  and  the  vessel  released  on  bonds 
being  given  to  land  in  countries  friendly  to 
Great  Britain. 

British  Marauding  Expeditions  (1778).  Sir 
Henry  Clinton,  before  he  returned  to  New  York 
from  Rhode  Island,  sent  out  General  Grey  (see 
Paoli)  to  land  with  troops  at  New  Bedford. 
They  proceeded  to  destroy  the  shipping  in  the 
harbor  there.  About  seventy  vessels  were  burn- 
ed. Many  of  them  had  been  captured  by  the 
American  privateers.  They  also  burned  the 
stores,  wharves,  warehouses,  vessels  on  the 
stocks,  and  the  mills  and  barns  at  Fairhaven, 
opposite.  The  value  of  property  destroyed  was 
estimated  at  $323,000.  Then  they  went  to  Mar- 
tha's Vineyard,  where  they  dest  roved  several  ves- 
sels and  made  a  successful  requisition  for  the  mi- 
litia arms,  the  public  money,  three  hundred  oxen, 
and  ten  thousand  sheep.  Clinton  also  sent  out 
an  expedition  from  New  York  to  attack  Colonel 
Baylor's  troop  of  horse,  quartered  at  Tappan 
Grey  was  Bent  on  this  errand  also.  1 1,  took 
them  by  surprise,  as  they  lay  asleep,  and  bay- 
oneted nearly  seventy,  some  of  them  while  they 

begged  for  quarter.  (See  Hat/lor.)  Another  ex- 
pedition, under  Captain  Patrick  Ferguson,  burn- 
ed Little   Egg  Harbor,  on  the  New  Jersey  coast. 

with  vessels  there,  and  ravaged  the  Burronnd- 
[ug  country.  A  pioket-gnard  of  infantry,  thirty 
in  number,  with  Pulaski's  Legion, on  their  way 
from  Trenton  to  Little  Egg  Harbor,  were  sur- 
prised i>\  these  marauders,  and  all  of  them  were 
butchered. 

British  Minister,  A  Snni>.  In  the  last 
century    there    were    two    secretaries    of    state 

charged  with  the  foreign  relations  of  the  Brit- 
ish empire.  The  officer  in  charge  of  the  execu- 
tive power  relating  to  the  American  colonies 
had  the  care  of  what  was  called   the  Southern 

Department,    sir  Robert  Walpole,tbc  able  l're- 


10  BRITISH  MINISTER 

mier  of  England,  endeavored  to  shape  the  cabi- 
net so  that  men  of  superior  talents  might  not 
become  his  rivals.  In  1704  he  managed  to  have 
the  Duke  of  Newcastle  made  the  keeper  of  the 
seals  of  the  '•Southern  Department."  He  had 
high  rank,  wealth,  personal  influence  over  the 
boroughs,  and  was  stupid  in  intellect  :  and  he 
was  kept  in  that  responsible  station  for  nearly 
twenty-four  years.  While  he  could  give  full 
statistics  of  every  election,  he  had  very  little 
idea  of  the  country  or  people  of  whose  interests 
he  was  the  official  guardian.  He  was  frivolous 
and  shallow,  and  during  his  long  administra- 
tion vast  numbers  of  memorials  and  letters 
from  the  colonies  were  left  unnoticed  in  his  of- 
fice. Perhaps  his  imbecility  left  the  Americans 
more  liberty  than  they  would  have  enjoyed  un- 
der an  able  and  energetic  statesman.  It  is  said 
the  duke  was  so  deficient  in  his  geographical 
knowledge  that  be  once  inquired  whether  Amer- 
ica could  not  be  reached  easier  by  land  than  by 
water;  and  he  used  to  address  letters  to  tho 
•'Island  of  New  England."  He  could  not  tell 
whether  Jamaica  was  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea 
or  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Newcastle  was  insin- 
cere, deceptive, and  fond  of  rewarding  incompe- 
tent friends  with  important  offices.  It  was  writ- 
ten of  him: 

"  He  makes  no  promise  but  to  break  it, 

Faithful  to  naught  but  his  own  ends, 

The  bitterest  enemy  to  his  fr  ends; 

But  to  his  fixed,  undaunted  foe, 

Obsequious,  base,  complying,  low. 

Cunning  supplies  li.s  want  of  parts; 

Treason  anil  lies  are  all  Ins  arts." 

In  1748  Newcastle  was  succeeded  by  the  Duke 
of  Bedford,  a  man  of  inflexible  honesty,  unsul- 
lied honor,  not  brilliant,  but  sound,  patriotic, 
and  sincere. 

British  Minister  Dismissed.  Early  in  1855 
enlistments  for  the  British  army,  then  employed 
in  the  war  in  the  Crimea,  were  undertaken  in 
the  United  States  under  the  sanction  of  British 
officials  and  in  violation  of  neutrality  laws.  In 
this  business  the  British  Minister  at  Washing- 
ton (Cratnpton)  was  implicated.  The  United 
States  government  demanded  his  recall.  The 
British  government  refused  compliance.  After 
waiting  several  months  while  diplomatic  corre- 
spondence was  going  on,  the  President  I  Pierce) 
dismissed  the  offending  minister;  also  the  Brit- 
ish consuls  at  New  York.  Philadelphia,  and  Cin- 
cinnati, who  had  been  uuilty  of  a  similar  of- 
encc.  Mutual  national  irritation  followed;  but 
law  and  equity  were  BO  clearly  on  the  side  of 
the  United  States  that  B  new  minister  was  sent 
to  Washington,  and  friendly  relations  wire  re- 
stored. 

British  Minister,  FAST,  in  mi  I  \iin> 
Status.  When  (ireat  Britain  observed  that 
the  National  Constitution  was  the  foundation 
of  a  compact  nation,  and  that  the  United  Slates 
were  no  longer  a  mere  league  of  common- 
wealths, she  condescended  to  send  a  minister 
plenipotentiary  to  reside  at  the  seat  of  t  he  gov- 
ernment of  the  new  republic.  QeOTge  Ham- 
mond was  that   minister,  who  delivered  his  lct- 

i.  is  of  credence  soon  after  Washington's  return 

from  In-  Southern  tour  i  which  see).      With  Mr. 


BRITISH  MINISTRY 


161 


BRITISH  SLAVE-TRADE 


Hammond,  Mr.  Jefferson,  Secretary  of  State,  en- 
tered into  an  elaborate  correspondence  on  sev- 
eral unsettled  questions  which  were  still  open 
between  the  two  governments — the  inexecntion 
of  the  treaty  as  to  the  evacuation  of  the  fron- 
tier posts;  the  slaves  carried  away  l>y  the  de- 
parting British  troops  at  the  close  of  the  Rev- 
olution ;  the  disputed  eastern  boundary;  and 
the  stipulations  concerning  British  creditors  of 
the  Americans  and  of  the  loyalists. 

British  Ministry,  Blixdnkss  of  the.  When 
Parliament  assembled  on  Nov.8,  1768, the  king, 
in  his  speech,  alluded  with  much  warmth  to 
the  "spirit  of  faction  breaking  <>nt  afresh  in 
some  of  the  colonies.  Boston,"  he  said.  ••  ap- 
pears to  be  in  a  state  of  disobedience  to  all 
law  and  government,  and  has  proceeded  to 
measures  subversive  of  the  constitution,  and 
attended  with  circumstances  that  might  mani- 
fest a  disposition  to  throw  off  its  dependence 
on  Qrea<  Britain."  lie  asked  for  the  assist- 
ance of  Parliament  to"defea1  the  mischievous 
designs  of  those  turbulent  and  seditious  per- 
sons" who  had  deluded.  by  false  pretences, 
numbers  of  his  subjects  in  America.  An  ad- 
dress was  moved  promising  ample  support  to 
the  king,  and  providing  for  the  snbjeotion  of 
the  rebellious  spirit  of  the  Americans.  Vehe- 
ment   debates    ensued.       The   Opposition    were 

very  severe.  Lord  North,  the  recognised  lead- 
er of  the  ministry,  replied,  saying:  "America 

must  tear  you  before  she  can  love  you.  If 
America  is  to  be  the, judge,  you  may  tax  in  no 
instance:  you  may  regulate  in  DO  instance.  .  .  . 
We  shall  go  through  with  our  plan,  now  that 
we  have  brought  it  so  near  snocesa  I  am 
against  repealing  the  last  act  of  Parliament, 

securing  to  us  a  revenue  out  of  America  :  I 
will  never  think  of  repealing  it  until  1  see 
America  prostrate  at  my  feet."  This  was  a 
fair  expression  of  the  sentiments  of  the  minis- 
try and  of  Parliament.  The  address  "as  car- 
ried by  an  overwhelming  majority  —  in  the 
House  of  Lords  by  unanimous  vote.  (See  Lord 
BRllsborough  a  ml  Colonial  Agents.) 

British  Offers  to  Treat  for  Peace.  On 
.Ian.  6.  l~ll.  the  United  states  Government  re- 
ceived from  that  of  Greal  Britain  an  offer  to 
treat    tor   peace   directly    at    London,   that    city 

being  preferred  because  ii  would  afford  great- 
er facilities  for  negotiation.  It  was  proposed, 
in    case   there   should   be   insuperable  objections 

to  London,  to  bold  the  conference  at  Gotten- 

burg,  in  Sweden.  This  offer,  with  the  selec- 
tion of  Gottenbnrg,  was  accepted  by  President 
Madison,  who.  at  the  same  lime,  complained  of 
the  rejection  of  Russia's  mediation,  which  had 
been  offered  three  separate  limes.  He  nomi- 
nated as  commissioners  to  negotiate  for  peace, 
John  Qnincy  Adams  ami  .lames  A.  Bayard,  to 
whom  Henry  (lay  and  Jonathan  Russell  were 
added  as  special  reprcscntat i ves  of  the  war 
party.  At  the  same  time.  Russell  was  nomi- 
nated and  continued  as  minister  to  Sweden. 

British    Plan    of   Conquest    in   America 

So   early    as    the    summer   of   1776.   intimations 

reached  the  Americans   that    the   British  mill is- 

I.— 11 


try  had  devised  a  grand  scheme  for  dividing 
the  colonies,  and  so  to  effect  their  positive 
weakness  and  easy  conquest.  It  contemplated 
the  seizure  of  the  valleys  of  the  Hudson  River 
and  Lake  C'hamplaiu.  and  the  establishment  of 
a  line  of  military  posts  between  the  mouth  of 
the  Hudson  and  the  River  St.  Lawrence,  and 
so,  separating  New  England  from  till 
the  uuiou,  easily  accomplish  the  subjugation 
of  the  whole.  To  effect  this.  English  and  Ger- 
man troops  were  sent  both  to  the  St.  Lawrence 
and  to  New  York  in  the  spring  and  summer  of 
1775.  It  was  the  grand  aim  of  the  expedition 
of  Burgoyne  southward  from  the  St.  Lawrence 
in  1777.  To  counteract  this  movement,  the 
Americans  cast  up  strong  fortifications  in  the 
Hudson  Highlands,  and  kept  their  pas6es 
guarded.  It  was  in  anticipation  of  such  a 
scheme  that  the  colonists  made  the  unsuccess- 
ful attempt  to  win  Canada  either  by  persua- 
sion or  conquest.  (See  Canada,  Invasion  of; 
Burgoynts  Campaign.) 

British  Power  Vanishing  in  the  South 
17-1  |,  General  Greene  was  yet  on  the  High 
Hills  of  Bautee  when  news  of  the  surrender  of 
Cornwallis  reached  him.  The  day  of  its  ar- 
rival was  kept  by  his  army  as  one  of  great  re- 
joicing. The  event  seemed  to  he  a  sure  proph- 
ecy that  peace  and  independence  were  near. 
So  felt  the  patriots  throughout  the  State  of 
South  Carolina.  Governor  Rutledge  called  a 
legislative  assembly  at  Jacksonborough.  S.  ('.. 
to  re-establish  civil  authority.  An  offer  of 
pardon  brought  hundreds  of  Tories  from  the 
British  lines  at  Charleston  to  accept  clemency. 
The  North  Carolina  Tories  were  dismayed,  for. 
immediately  after  the  surrender  of  Cornwal- 
lis, St.  Clair  had  marched  upon  Wilmington. 
The  alarmed  British  troops  there,  under  Ma- 
jor Craig,  immediately  abandoned  that  post, 
and  the  Tories  in  his  ranks  left  him,  and  re- 
turned to  their  homes.  With  a  few  followers 
Craig  took  post  upon  St.  .John's  Island,  near 
Charleston.  The  vigilance  of  the  Republicans 
was  not  allowed  to  slumber.  Marion  and  his 
men  kept  "watch  and  ward'"  over  the  regios 
between  the  Cooper  ami  Santee  rivers,  while 
Greene's  main  army  advanced  to.  and  lay 
along,  the  Edisto  River,  and  Wayne's  tores 
imprisoned  the  British  in  Savannah. 

British  Slave -Trade.  By  the  treaty  of 
Orcein,  in  1711!.  provision  was  made  for  Eng- 
land to  supply  America  with  kidnapped  ne- 
groes.   The  qneen  (Anne1)  undertook  to  cany 

to  the  Spanish  West  Indies,  in  tin;  space  of 
thirty  years,  144,000  negro  slaves,  at  the  rati' 
sofa  >ear.  paving  a  duty  on  each  of 
them  of  thirty -three  and  one  third  dollars  a 
head.  The  British  might  introduce  as  many 
more  as  they  pleased  at  a  less  rate  of  duty, 
only  no  scandal  was  to  be  offered  to  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  religion.  Great  care  was  tak- 
en  to   secure   a  monopoly  of  the    business.      As 

great    profits   were   expected  from   the  trade. 

Philip  V.  of  Spain  took  one  quarter  of  the 
common  stock:  Qneen  Anne"  reserved  another 
quarter   to    herself,   and    the    remaining    half 


BRITISH  SPY  IN  CONGRESS 


162    BROCK  AND  CANADA  LEGISLATURE 


was  to  be  divided  among  het  subjects.  So  the 
monarcha  of  England  and  Spain,  a  century  and 
a  half  ago,  figure  as  the  largest  slave  merchants 

in  the  world. 

British  Spy  in  Congress  (1774).  It  is  as- 
serted that  Joseph  Galloway  (which  see),  who 
was  a  member  of  the  First  Continental  Con- 
gress, was  a  voluntary  spy  for  the  British 
government.  His  conduct  throughout  the  ses- 
sion, viewed  in  the  light  of  subsequent  his- 
tory, appears  insincere  and  disingenuous.  He 
was  one  of  the  most  bitter  Tories  who  mis- 
represented the  colonies  in  England,  to  which 
he  fled  when  his  principles  Were  discovered 
and  denounced.  He  quailed  before  Samuel 
Adams,  the  stern  Puritan  and  patriot,  and 
cordially  bated  him  because  he  feared  him. 
"Though  by  no  means  remarkable  for  brill- 
iant abilities,"  wrote  Galloway,  "  ho  is  equal 
to  most  men  in  popular  intrigue  and  the 
management  of  a  faction.  lie  eats  little, 
drinks  little,  sleeps  little,  and  thinks  much; 
and  is  most  decisive  and  indefatigable  in  the 
pursuit  of  his  objects.  He  was  the  man  who, 
by  his  superior  application,  managed  at  once 
the  faction  in  Congress  at  Philadelphia  and 
the  factions  in  New  England."  And  it  may 
bo  added  that  he  was  the  man  who  so  well 
read  Galloway's  character  in  that  Congress 
that  he  thwarted  the  schemes  of  the  British 
spy.     (See  Galloway's  Plan.) 

British  Tampering  with  the  Slaves  (1813). 
Admiral  Cochrane  had  succeeded  Admiral  War- 
ren in  command  on  the  American  station,  and, 
on  April  2,  he  issued  a  proclamation,  dated  at 
Bermuda, the  rendezvous  of  the  more  southern 
blockading  fleet.  That  proclamation  was  ad- 
dressed to  slaves  under  the  denomination  of 
■  persons  desirous  to  emigrate  from  the  United 
States."  Owing  to  the  inability  of  nearly  all 
the  slaves  to  read,  the  proclamation  had  very 
little  effect.  It  is  said  that  a  project  had  been 
suggested  by  British  officers  for  taking  posses- 
sion of  the  peninsula  between  the  Delaware 
and  Chesapeake  bays,  and  there  training  for 
BritiBh  service  an  army  of  negro  slaves.  The 
project  was  rejected  only  because  the  British, 
being  then  slave-holders  themselves,  did  not 
like  to  encourage  insurrection  elsewhere. 

British  Troops  in  Boston  (  1768 ).  Be- 
fore  news   of  the    riot    in    Boston  (Juno,  1768) 

reached  England,  two  regiments  of  troops  had 
been  ordered  to  that  town  from  Halifax.  That 

D6W8  caused  two  others  to  be  ordered  from  Ire- 
land. General  Gage  scut  an  officer  from  New 
York  to  provide  quarters  for  them.  This  oc- 
casioned a  town-meeting  in  Boston,  and  a  re- 
quest tor  the  governor  to  call  a  meeting  of  the 
Assembly.  He  refused.  The  troops  from  Hal- 
ifax came  to  the   number  of  one  thou  - 

tember,  1768),  and,  tl jru  there  was  room  in 

the  barracks  at  Castle  William,  they  were  or- 
dered to  lie  quartered  in  the  town.  The  gov- 
ernor declared  that  the  barracks  were  reserved 
tor  the  two  regiments  expected  from  Ireland. 
His  council  was  now   opposed  to  him,  and   they 

refused  to  provide  quarters  for  tin'  troops  in 


Boston.  One  of  the  regiments  encamped  on  the 
Common.  The  Sons  of  Liberty  (  which  see  ), 
having  compassion  on  the  exposed  troops,  al- 
lowed part  of  the  other  regiment  to  occupy  Fan- 
euil  Hall  temporarily,  and  tin;  remainder  went 
into  the  Tow  ii-hnu-o.  Cannons  were  planted 
in  front  of  the  latter,  sentinels  were  posted 
in  the  streets,  the  inhabitants  were  challenged 
as  they  passed,  and  the  Sabbath  stillness  was 
disturbed  by  the  tread  of  inarching  soldiers  and 
the  beating  of  drums.  Boston  had  the  appear- 
ance of  a  garrisoned  town,  and  great  irritations 
ensued.  In  October,  General  Gage  appeared  in 
Boston  to  urge  the  provision  of  quarters  for  the 
troops.  The  council  referred  him  to  the  select- 
men. The  latter  declined  to  take  any  steps  in 
the  matter.  The  governor  organized  what  he 
called  a  Board  of  Justice  to  find  quarters,  hut 
the  members  appointed  refused  to  serve.  Gage 
was  compelled  to  biro  buildings  for  the  purpose, 
and  to  procure,  out  of  his  own  military  chest, 
various  articles  for  their  comfort. 

British  "War  Party.  In  Great  Britain,  at  the 
time  of  the  first  downfall  of  .Napoleon,  there  was 
a  furious  war  party  in  England,  with  the  Londou 
Times  as  its  leader.  They  demanded  that  the 
released  troops  should  be  sent  to  America  to 
punish,  with  severity,  a  nation  of  insolent  dem- 
ocrats, which  had  taken  advantage  of  Great 
Britain's  greatest  pressure  to  make  an  unnatu- 
ral war  upon  her.  The  naval  successes  of  the 
Americans,  they  said,  had  made  them  insolent, 
and,  unless  they  received  a  signal  check,  they 
might  become  a  rival  for  the  mastery  of  tin- 
seas.  The  government  sent  over  (1-14)  thou- 
sands of  Wellington's  veterans,  w  ho,  in  northern 
New  York,  at  Baltimore,  and  at  New  Orleans, 
found    themselves    overmatched    by    the    slurdy 

defenders  of  the  rights  of  the  Republic. 

Brock  and  the  Canada  Legislature.  Gen- 
eral Brock,  Governor  of  Upper  Canada,  heard 
of  Hull's  invasion  from  Detroit  on  July  SO, 
1812,  and  took  immediate  measures  to  resist 
it.  He  knew  the  weakness  of  Fort  Maiden, 
below  Detroit,  and  felt  anxious.  The  Legis- 
lature was  about  to  assemble  at  York  [Toron- 
to), and  he  could  not  personally  conduct  af- 
fairs in  the  west.  Divided  duties  perplexed 
him.  Leaving  the  military  which  he  had 
gathered  along  the  Niagara  frontier  in  charge 
of  Lieutenant -colonel  Myers,  he  hastened  t<> 
York,  and,  with  much  parade,  opened  the  ses- 
sion of  the  Legislature.  His  address  was 
warmly  received,  but  he  found  that  either  dis- 
loyalty or  timidity  prevailed  in  the  Legislat- 
Bome  were  decidedly   in   favor  of  the 

Americans,  and   most    of  them   were   lukewarm. 

Peroeiviug  this.  Brock  prorogued  the  Assembly 

so  soon  as  they  had  passed  the  necessary  sup- 
ply-bills. But  a  change  soon  came.  x 
the  seizure  of  Mackinaw  and  reverses  to  the 
Americans  on  the  Detroit  frontier,  together 
with  Brock's  continually  confident  tone  in 
public  expressions,  gave   the   people  courage, 

and  he  was  enabled  to  write  to  Sm  George 
Prevosl  .'oh  89,  1818),  "The  militia  stationed 
here  have  volunteered  their  services  this  morn- 


BROCK  1 

ing  to  any  part  of  tlio  province."  He  soon 
leil  quite  a  large  body  of  tbem,  and  captured 
Detroit.     (See  Detroit,  Surrender  of.) 

Brock,  Sn:  Isaac,  was  born  in  Guernsey,  Oct. 
6,1769;   killed  at  Queenston,  Canada,  Oct.  13, 


0)    OKNBKAL 


1812.  He  entered  tlie  Britisb  army  as  an  en- 
sign in  17KS;  saw  service  in  Holland,  and  was 
in  the  attack  on  Copenhagen  in  1801.  Rising 
by  degrees,  he  became  a  major-geueral,  and  was 
appointed  president  and  administrator  of  the 
government  ofUpper  ( !anada,<  tot.9, 1811.  When 
war  was  declared  by  the  United  8tates,  he  took 
prompt  measures  fur  the  defence  of  the  prov- 
ince, and  led  the  military  in  person  at  the  capt- 
ure of  Detroit  and  in  the  battle  of  Queeuston. 
At  the  latter  place  he  was  killed  while  rally- 
ing his  troops  to  attack  the  Americans  on  the 
Heights.  (See  Queenston  lla<jlits.)  His  body 
was  pierced  by  three  ballets.  The  British  gov- 
ernment caused  a  tine  monument  to  he  erected 
to  his  memory  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  London, 
hearing  the  following  inscription:  "Erected  at 


3  BROKE 

attack  on  Queenston,  Upper  Canada."  To  the 
four  surviving  brothers  of  Brock  12,000  acres  of 
land  in  Canada  were  given,  and  a  pension  of 
.$1000  dollars  a  year  each  for  life,  lu  1816  the 
Canadians  struck  a  medal  to  his  memory;  and 
on  the  Heights  of  Queenston  they  raised  a  beau- 
tiful Tuscan  column  135  feet  in  height.  In  the 
base  of  the  monument  a  tomb  was  formed,  in 
which  the  general's  remains  repose.  They  were 
taken  to  this  last  resting-place  from  Fort  George 
on  Oct.  13,  1824.  A  small  monumeut  marks  the 
place  where  he  fell. 

Brodhead,  John  Romeyn.  historian,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia,  Jan.  2,  1S14  ;  died  in  New  York, 
May  6, 1873.     He  graduated  at  Rutgers  College 


MUM    MINT     tt  ill   III      UKMCK     HI   II 


the  pnblii  I  lie  memory  of  Major-gen 

era]  Sir  Isaac  Brook,  who  gloriously  fell  ou  tin 

13th    of   October,   MDCCCXIL,   in    resisting   ai 


SIR    PU1L1P    BOWES    VERS    UKOKE. 

in  1831;  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1835;  was 
attached  to  the  American  legation  at  the 
Hague  in  is:i(j,  and  was  appointed  by  the 
Legislature  of  New  York  its  agent  to  pro- 
cure and  transcribe  original  documents  con- 
cerning the  history  of  the  stale.  lie  spent 
three    years    in    searching    the    archives    of 

Holland,  England,  and  Prance, and  obtained 

Copies  of  more  than    live   thousand  separate 

papers,  comprising  the  reports  of  home  and 

colonial  authorities.  They  have  been  pub- 
lished  in   eleven   quarto   volumes   by   the 

St, !!,•  of  New  York,  edited  by  P..  B.  O'Calla- 
glian,  LP. I).       Mr.  Brodhead   was   secretary 

of  the  American  legation  in   London  from 

1846  till  l-i<.>.  On  his  return  he  began  the 
preparation  of  a  History  of  Hie  stair  of  New 
York.  The  first  volume  was  published  in 
1-:,:;.  and  the  second  in  1-71.  He  was  naval 
officer  of  .New  V,.ik  from  1853  till  1857.  Mr. 
Brodhead  left  his  History  of  the  State  of  New 

)  in/:,  unfinished. 

Broke,  Sir  Philip  Bowes  Verb,  an  Eng- 
lish admiral,  born  Sept. 9,  177tl;  died  Jan. -J,  1841. 

He  entered  the  IJrilish  navy  in  17i>2.  and  became 
post  captain  in  1801.     His  most  conspicuous  ex- 


BROOKFIELD  1 

ploit  was  li is  capture  of  the  American  frigate 
Chesapeake  in  June,  1H13.     (See  Chesapeake  and 

Shannon.)  This  affair  caused  liim  to  receive 
knighthood;  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  lie 

held  the  commission  of  rear-admiral  of  the  Red. 
In  the  action  with  \]w  Chesapeake  he  was  so  badly 
wounded  that  he  was  never  tit  for  service  after- 
wards. His  sou,  Sir  Philip  Broke,  was  born  on 
Jan.  15,  1-114:  was  educated  at  the  Royal  Naval 
College  at  Portsmouth;  and  entered  the  navy 
in  1819,  rising  to  the  rank  of  post-captain,  when 
he  left  the  Bervice  and  became  high -sheriff  of 
the  county  of  Suffolk. 

Brookfield,   ENCOUNTER   with   Indians  at. 

In   August.  1675,  a    ( ference    with   the  Nip- 

mnofi  at  Brookfield,  Mass..  was  proposed.  But 
no  Indians  were  there.  Captain  Wheeler,  with 
twenty  horsemen,  went  in  search  of  them,  and 
fell  into  an  ambush  not  far  away,  when  eight 
of  the  white  men  were  killed.  The  survivors 
hastened  to  Brookfield,  and  had  just  gathered 
the  men,  women,  and  children  of  the  village — 
seventy  in  number — into  a  strong  house,  when 
three  hundred  savages,  glowing  with  war-paint, 
filled  the  street,  yelling  and  brandishing  torches, 
with  which  they  fired  every  house  excepting 
the  one  in  which  the  English  had  taken  refuge. 
Upon  that  the  Indians  made  a  furious  attack. 
and  the  siege  continued  two  days.  Every  effort 
was  made,  by  lire  and  weapons,  to  dislodge  the 
garrison.  On  the  third  day,  when  the  savages 
had  contrived  a  successful  met  hod  for  burning 
1  he  building,  a  heavy  shower  of  rain  extinguish- 
ed the  flames  :  and  soon  afterwards  Major  Simon 
YVillard,  of  Boston,  arrived  with  about  sixty  men 
and  drove  off  the  besiegers,  who  hist  eighty  of 
their  warriors  in  the  tight.  (See  King  Philip's 
War.) 

Brooks,  John,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  soldier  and  states- 
man, was  born  at  Medford,  Mass.,  May  3,1753; 
(lied  March  1,  1825.  He  received  a  common- 
school  education,  studied  medicine,  and  settled 


in  its  practice  at  Reading,  where  he  commanded 
a  company  of  minute-men  (which  see)  w  hen  the 

devolution   began.      With  his  men   he    was  en 

gaged  in  the  affairs  of  Apt  il  19, 177."..  at  Lexington 
and  Concord,      Brooks  was  aotive  in  iiitrenoh- 

d  -  1 1  ill  'sir  lUinkn'l  Bill)  on  the  night 


4  BROTHERLY  LOVE,  CITY  OF 

of  June  16,  1775,  and  was  major  of  a  regiment 
that  assisted  in  fortifying  Dorchester  Heights. 
Early  in  177(5  he  accompanied  it  t<>  Long  Island, 
and  fought  there.  The  battle  of  White  Plains 
tested  his  capacity  as  a  disciplinarian  and  lead- 
er ;  and  early  in  1777  he  was  promoted  to  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  the  Eighth  Massachusetts  Reg- 
iment, which  was  chiefly  recruited  by  himself. 
He  became  colonel  of  the  Seventh  Massachusetts 
Regiment  late  in  1778;  and  he  accompanied  Ar- 
nold on  his  expedition  to  relieve  Fort  Stanwix 
in  1777.  (See  Fori  Stcmwix.)  He  led  his  regi- 
ment in  battle  with  great  prowess  anil  success  at 
Saratoga  (see  Bemis's  Heights),  Oct.  7,  1777:  ami 
in  the  battle  of  Monmouth  (which  see)  he  was 
acting-adjutant -general.  Colonel  Brooks  re- 
sumed the  practice  of  medicine  at  Medford  after 
the  war,  and  was  for  many  years  major-general 
of  militia.  He  served  cheerfully  and  efficiently 
in  any  civil  or  military  duty  to  which  his  coun- 
trymen called  him;  was  adjutant -general  of 
Massachusetts  during  the  War  of  1812-15,  and 
was  governor  of  that  common wealt h  from  1816 
to  1823,  when  he  retired  to  private  lib-.  In  I81(j 
Harvard  University  conferred  upon  him  the  de- 
grees ofM.D.  and  LL.D.  From  1817  until  his 
death  he  was  president  of  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society;  of  the  State  Society  of  the 
Cincinnati  from  1787;  and  of  the  Massachusetts 
Bible  Society. 

Brooks,  William  T.  II  .  was  born  in  Ohio 
iu  1815;  died  at  Huntsville.  Ala.,  July  19, 
1870.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1841, 
served  under  Scott  in  the  war  against  Mexico, 
and  became  brigadier-genera]  of  Volunteers  in 
1861,  serving  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac 
through  all  its  operations  and  vicissitudes.  In 
July.  1864,  he  was  temporarily  in  command  of 
the  Tenth  Army  Corps,  and  resigned  the  same 
month. 

Brother  Jonathan,  Okic.ix  ok  THE  Phrask. 
When  Washington  took  command  of  the  Con- 
tinental army  at  Cambridge,  he  found  il  in  want 
of  ammunition  and  other  supplies,  and  this  want 
continued,  more  or  less,  for  months.  Jonathan 
Trumbull  was  then  the  popular,  efficient,  and 
patriotic  governor  of  Connecticut,  and  Wash- 
ington had  frequent  occasion  to  rely  upon  his 
judgment  and  aid.  On  one  occasion,  at  a  coun- 
cil of  war,  when  there  seemed  to  be  no  way  to 
make  provision  against  an  expected  attack  of 
the  enemy,  the  commander-in-chief  said,  "  W« 
must  OOllBUlf  brother  Jonathan  on  the  subject." 
lie  did  so,  and  the  governor  was  successful  in 
supplying  many  of  the  wants  of  the  army 
When  the  army  was  afterwards  Bpread  over  the 
country  and  difficulties  arose,  it  was  a  common 
saying  among  the  officers,  as  a  bv-word, "  We 
must  consult  brother  Jonathan."  The  origin 
of  these  words  were  soon  lost  sight  of,  and 
"  Brother  Jonathan"  became  the  title  of  our  na- 
tionality, like  that  of  "John  Bull"  of  England. 

Brotherly  Love,  ('it  v  or.  This  is  the  mean- 
ing at  Philadelphia,  the  name  given  by  William 
Peon  to  the  city  which  he  (banded  | : 

tvveen  the  D.laware  and  Schuylkill  rivers,  lb 
bought    the   hUld   of  the   Swedes,  and,  with   the 


BROTHERLY  LOVE,  CITY  OF  1 

assistance  of  Thomas  Holme,  the  surveyor  of 
his  colony,  lie  laid  out  the  city  at  the  close  of 
1682.  He  caused  the  boundaries  of  the  streets 
to  be  marked  ou  the  trunks  of  chestnut,  wal- 
nut, locust,  spruce,  pine,  and  other  forest  trees, 
;nnl  several  of  the  streets  hear  the  names  of 
those  trees.  The  new  city  grew  rapidly. 
Within  a  year  after  the  surveyor  had  finished 
his  work  almost  a  hundred  houses  were  erect- 
ed there,  and  Indians  came  almost  daily  with 
the  spoils  of  the  forest  as  gifts  for  "Father 
Penn,"  as  they  delighted  to  call  the  proprie- 
tor. In  March  following  (1681$),  the  city  was 
honored  as  the  gathering- place  of  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  people  to  consider  a  constitu- 
tion of  government  which  I'enn  had  prepared. 
It  constituted  a  representative  republican  gov- 
ernment, with  free  religious  toleration  and  jus- 
tice for  its  foundation  ;  and  the  proprietor,  un- 
like those  of  other  provinces,  surrendered  his 
charter  -  rights  to  the  people  on  the  appoint- 
ment   of   public    Officers.      Wise   and    benelireiit 

laws  were  enacted  under  the  (baiter.  To  pre- 
vent lawsuits,  it  was  decreed  that  three  arbi- 
trators, called  peace  -makers,  should  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  county  courts  to  hear  and  de- 
termine differences  among  the  people:  thai 
children  should  be  taughl  some  useful  trade  : 
that  factors  wronging  their  employes  should 
make  satisfaction  and  one  third  over;  that  all 
causes  for  irreligion  and  vulgarity  should  be 
repressed;  and  thai  no  man  should  bo  molest- 
ed for  his  religious  opinions.  They  also  de- 
creed that  the  days  of  the  Week  and  the 
months  of  the  year  should  be  called,  as  in 
Scripture,  first,  second,  etc.  The  settlers  lived 
in  huts  before  houses  could  be  built,  also  in 
oaves  in  the  river-banks,  arched  over  with 
boughs.  The  chimneys  were  built  of  clay, 
strengthened  by  grass.  A  man  named  Guest 
built   the  tiist  house,  it  is  believed,  which  was 

the  Blue  Anchor  Tavern  afterwards,  and  Guest 
was  its  liist  keeper.  Ten  other  houses  were 
soon  built  near  of  frames  tilled  in  with  clay. 
■  mi's  arrival  a  little  cottage  had  been 
built  on  the  site  of  the  new  city  by  a  man 
named  1  >i  inker,  and  this  was  the  fust  habita- 
tion of  a  while  man  there.  The  name  of  Phila- 
delphia—city  of  brotherly  love      was  given  by 

Penn  to  the  town  to  impress  the  people  with 

an  idea  of  the  disposition  which  he*  hoped 
would  prevail  there.  Liberty  in  the  oolonj 
caused  a  greal  Influx  of  emigrants,  and  in 
the  space  of  two  years  Philadelphia  had 
grown  so  rapidly  that  there  were  six  hun- 
dred houses.  There  had  arrived  in  1682  twen- 
ty-eight ships.  A  large  emigration,  chiefly  of 
Friends,  arrived  there  from  I  lolland,  Germany. 
England,  and  Wales  in  Hi-:!  si;  and  the  pop- 
ulation was  estimated,  at  the  close  of  the  lat- 
ter   year,    at     twenty -live    hundred.         Scdiocds 

iblished;  and  in  1687  William  Brad- 
ford  set    up   a    printing-preSB  in   Philadelphia. 

A  city  charter  was  given  by  l'enn,  Oct.  28, 
1701,  ami  a  court-house  was  built  in  17(17. 
During  the  whole  colonial  period  Philadel- 
phia was  the  most  important  city  in  the  coun- 
try, and  remained  so  for  more  than  a  quarter 


BROWN 

of  a  century  after  the  establishment  of  state 
government  in  Pennsylvania  in  1776.  Writ- 
ing to  Lord  Halifax  from  Philadelphia,  Penn 
said,  with  righteous  exultation,  "I  must,  with- 
out vanity,  say  I  have  led  the  greatest  colony 
into  America  that  ever  any  man  did  upon  pri- 
vate credit,  and  the  most  prosperous  begin- 
nings that  ever  were  iu  it  are  to  be  fouud 
among  us." 

Brown,  Jacob,  was  born  in  Bucks  County, 
Penn.,  May  (J,  1775,  of  Quaker  parentage;  died 
in  Washington  city,  Feb.  24,  1828.  From  his 
eighteenth  to  his  twenty-first  year  he  taught 


JACOB   BBOH  V 


school  at  Crosswicks,  X.  J.,  and  passed  the 
next    two    years    in    surveying    lands    in   Ohio. 

In     ITU-    he    opened    a     select    scdiool    iu   the    city 

of  New  York,  and  studied  law.  Soino  of  his 
newspaper  essays  attracted  the  notice  of  Gen- 
eral  Alexander   Hamilton,  to   whom   he   became 

secretary  while  thai  officer  was  acting  general- 
in-ohief  of  the  tinny  raised  to  fighl  the  French. 

On  leavi.ng  that  service  he  went  to  northern 
Xew  York,  purchased  hinds  on  the  banks  of  the 
Black  River,  not  many  miles  from  Sackett's 
Harbor,  and  founded  the  flourishing  settle 
nient  of  Brownsville,  where  he  erected  the 
first  building  within  thirty  miles  of  Lake  On- 
tario. There  he  became  county  judge  ;  colo- 
nel of  the  militia  in  1809;  brigadier-general  in 
1810;  and,  in  1812,  received  the  appointment 

of  commander  of  the  frontier  from  Oswego  to 
Lake  St.  Francis,  a  line  two  hundred  miles  in 
extent.         He    performed    excellent    service    on 

that  frontier  and  that  of  the  Niagara  during 

the  War  of  1812-15,  receiving  two  severe 
wounds  in  battle,  lor  his  services  be  received 
the  thanks  of  Congress  and  a  gold  medal.  At 
the  close  of  the  war,  Genera]  Brown  was  re- 
tained in  command  of  the   northern  division  of 

the  army,  and  was  made  general-in-ohief  of 
the  Army  of  the  United  States,  March  10,  1821. 


HKOVVN   S    MONCMENT. 


BROWN  1 

Genera]  Brown's  remaius  were  interred  in  the 
Congressional  buryiug-gronnd,  and  over  them 
is  a  truncated  column  of  white  marble  upon  an 
inscribed  pedes- 
tal. 

Brown,  .John, 
a  patriot  of  the 
Revolution,  was 
born  at  Sandis- 
tield,  Mass.,  Oct. 
19,  1744  ;  killed 
by  Indians  in  the 
Mohawk  Valley, 
Oct.  19, 1780.  lie 
graduated  at 
Yale  College  in 
17G1 ;  became  a 
lawyer  and  ac- 
tive patriot ;  en- 
tered Canada  in 
disguise  (  1774- 
75)  to  obtain  in- 
formation and 
secure  the  co- 
operation of  the 
Canadians  with 
the  other  colo- 
nists, and  aided 
Ethan  Allen  in 
the  capture  of 
Tioouderoga.  lie 

was  active  with 
Montgomery  in  the  siege  of  Quebec.  In  August, 
177G,  he  was  made  lieutenant-colonel,  and,  on 
the  morning  of  Sept.  18,  177ti.  be  surprised  the 
outposts  of  Tioouderoga,  set  free  one  hundred 
American  prisoners,  captured  four  companies  of 
British  regulars,  a  quantity  of  stores  and  can- 
nons, and  destroyed  a  number  of  boats  and  an 
armed  sloop.  He  left  the  service  because  of  his 
detestation  of  Benedict  Arnold,  but  continued 
to  act  with  the  militia. 

Brown,  John  (Ossawattotnie).  was  born  at 
Torrington,  Conn.,  May  9,  1800;  banged  at 
Charlestown,  Ya.,  Dee.  2,  1859.  He  was  a  de- 
scendant of  Peter  Brown  of  the  Minijlowt r.  His 
grandfather  was  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution, 
and  perished  in  that  war.  When  John  was 
five  years  of  age,  his  father  moved  to  Ohio; 
and  in  1815-30  he  worked  at  the  trade  of  a 
tanner.  He  became  a  dealer  in  wool:  \  isited 
Europe  on  business:  and  in  1866  he  emigrated 
to  Kansas,  where,  as  an  anti-slavery  champion, 
he  took  an  active  pari  against  the  pro-slavery 
party, engaging  in  some  of  the  oonfUota  of  the 
short  civil  war  in  that  territory.  Devout, 
moral,  courageous,  and  intensely  earnest,  be 
BOUghl  to  lie  an  instrument  for  the  abolition 
of  African  slavery  from  the  Republic.  The 
idea  that  he  mighl  become  a  Liberator  WBS 
conceived   so   early   as   1839.      In    Mas.   ISY.l.  be 

made  bis  Aral  movement  in  an  attempt  to  lib- 
erate  the   slaves    in    Virginia,   which    ended    so 

disastrously    t<>    biroself    at    Harper's    Ferry. 

(See  John  BrOten'l  Haiti.)  That  movement  pre- 
cipitated tin'  .secession  measures  wbiob  led  to 
the  Civil  War  and  the  destruction  of  the  in- 
stil utioii  of  sla\ cry  in  the  United  States. 


6  BROWNISTS 

Brown,  John  Cartkk.  was  horn  in  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  Aug.  28,  1797  ;  died  there,  June  10, 
1874.      He  was  a  second  son  of  Nicholas  Brown. 

the  patron  of  Brown  University,  at  which  he 
graduated  in  1810.  lie  engaged  largely  in 
the  business  of  manufactures  and  merchan- 
dise, lie  travelled  much  in  the  United 
States,  and  resided  in  Europe,  at  different 
times,  for  several  years.  In  1828  he  was 
chosen  a  trustee,  and  in  1S42  a  fellow,  of 
Brown  University,  and  so  remained  until  his 
death,  bestowing  many  munilicent  gifts  upon 
that  institution.  Together  they  amounted  to 
$70,000.  In  his  will  he  made  liberal  provision 
for  a  new  library  building,  which  has  since 
been  erected.  His  entire  benefactions  to  the 
university  amount  to  nearly  §100,000.  Mr. 
Brown  never  took  any  prominent  part  in  pub- 
lic affairs;  but  he  was  an  active  friend  of  the 
bondsmen,  and  did  much,  in  his  quiet  way.  in 
aid  of  the  cause  of  freedom  in  the  struggle  in 
Kansas  (which  see),  giving  money  liberally  for 
the  promotion  of  emigration  thither  from  New 
Englaud.  During  almost  his  whole  lite  Mr. 
Brown  was  engaged  in  the  collection  of  a  li- 
brary of  American  history,  in  which  his  friend 
Hon.  J.  Russell  B.irllett  materially  aided  him. 
He  aimed  to  gather  early,  rare,  and  valuable 
books,  which,  by  proper  classification,  would 
show  the  methods  of  American  colonization 
and  subsequent  development  of  its  civiliza- 
tion. For  full  forty  years  before  his  death  he 
pursued  this  object  with  zeal,  and  has  left  one 
of  the  rarest  and  grandest  collections  of  the 
kind  ever  made.  It  comprises  about  teu 
thousand  volumes;  and  it  gives  to  John  Car- 
ter Brown  a  foremost  place  among  the  distin- 
guished historical  collectors  of  the  world. 

Brown,  Nicholas,  a  munilicent  patron  of 
Browu  University,  front  whom  it  derives  its 
name.  (See  Ilroicu  Uttiverttty.)  He  was  born 
in  Providence,  R.  I..  April  4.  1769;  died  there, 
Sept.  •■>:.  1841.  He  graduated  at  Rhode  Isl- 
and College  (Brown  University)  in  1786,  be- 
came a  very  successful  merchant  from  1791, 
was  a  member  of  the  Hhode  Island  Legislat- 
ure, and  giving  money  liberally  to  his  alm<i 
mater,  the  name  of  Brown  University  was  giv- 
en  to  it.  He  j.r;,ve  in  all  about  $100,000  to  that 
college,  and  liberally  patronised  other  institu- 
tions id'  learning.  He  gave  neaiiv  $10,000  to 
the  Providence  Athenarom,  and  bequeathed 
$30,000  for  an  insane  asylum  in  Providence. 

Brownists.  The  Puritans  who  went  to 
Holland,  and  after"  aids  emigrated  to  New 
England,  were   of  the   sect    called   ••Brownists," 

so   named   from   their  leader.   Robert    Brown. 

I'd.  sect  sprang  Dp  towards  the  close  of  the 
sixteenth    century.      So    early    as    L680,    Brown 

began  to  inveigh  against  the  oeremonies  of 
the  church  of  England.      Being   opposed  by 

the     bishops,     he      and      his     congregation     left 

England,  and  settled   in   Zealand,  where  they 

formed  a  church  upon  a  model  to  suit  them- 
selves. The  seed  he  had  planted  in  England 
eievv  go  abundantly  that  at  the  close  of  the 
century    than    were    about    tweutj    thousand 


BROWNLOW 


167 


BROWXLOW 


Brownists  in  the  realm.  Of  that  sect  were  Rev. 
Mr.  Robinson,  Elder  Brewster,  and  the  congre- 
gation at  Leyden  in  1620.  The.  founder  of  this 
■eel  was  horn  about  tbe  year  1")50,  and  died 
about  1630.  His  family  were  closely  connect- 
ed with  Cecil,  afterwards  Lord  Burleigh.  Edu- 
cated at  Cambridge,  as  soon  as  he  left  college 
he  begun  a  vigorous  opposition  to  the  whole 
discipline  and  liturgy  of  tbe  Established  Church, 
lie  taught  that  all  the  members  of  a  church 
were  equal, and  that  the  pastor  should  be  chos- 
en by  the  congregation. 

Brownlow,  Wii.i.iam  Oaxxaway,  clergy- 
man and  journalist,  was  born  in  Wythe  Coun- 
ty, V.i  .  Ang.29, 1806;  died  at  Knoxville,  Tenn., 
April  29,  1  -77.    He  was  left  an  orphan  at  eleven 


WILLIAM    OANNAWAY    HRllWM.iiw 

years  of  Bge,  and,  by  means  of  wages  as  g  car- 
penter in  bis  youth,  be  acquired  a  fair  Eng- 
lish education.  At  the  age  of  twenty  -  four 
years  be  entered  the  ministry  of  the  Method- 
ist Episcopal  Church,  and  was  an  itinerant  for 
ten  yean.  While  on  his  circuit  in  South  Caro- 
lina he  opposed  the  nullilication  movement  in 
that     state     (see     NnXlifieatiOH),    which     excited 

strong  opposition  to  him.  About  1837  he  be- 
gan the  publication  of  the  Kiiosrillc  Whig,  a  po- 
litical newspaper, which  soon  circulated  wide- 
ly, and.  for  its  vigorous  polemics,  obtained 
for  Brownlow  the  name  of  the  "Fighting  Par- 
son." In  l".")-1  be  engaged  In  a  public  de- 
bate in  Philadelphia  on  the  question,  "Ought 
American  slavery  to  be  Perpetuated  .'"  in  which 
In-  took  the  affirmative.  When  the 
movement  began,  he  boldly  opposed  it,  talcing 
the  ground  thai  the  preservation  of  the  Union 
would  furnish  the  best  safeguard  of  Southern 
institutions,  and  especially  of  slavery.  So  out- 
spoken and  inlluential  was  Mr.  Brownlow  that, 

in  December,  1861,  he  was  arrested,  by  order  of 
•be  Confederate  authorities,  on  a  charge  of 
treason  against  the  Confederacy,  and  confined 
in  Knoxville  jail,  where  he  suffered  much  un- 
til released  iii    March.   1868.       Then    be    was    sent 

within  the  Union  lines  at  Nashville.  After- 
wards he  made  a  tour  in  the  Northern  Slates, 
delivering  speeches  in  the  principal  cities.  At 
Philadelphia  he  was  joined  by  bis  family,  who 
hail    been    expelled   from    Knoxville,   where   he 


published  Sketches  of  the  Pise.  Progress,  and  De- 
cline of  Secession,  with  a  Narrative  of  Personal 
Adventures  among  the  Rebels.  Brownlow  was 
Governor  of  Tennessee  in  1865-69,  and  United 
States  Senator  from  1869  until  his  death. 
He  was  a  man  of  fearless  spirit,  held  such  a 
caustic  pen,  and  maintained  such  influential 
social  and  political  relations  that  he  was  in- 
tensely hated  and  feared  by  the  Secessionists. 
The  latter  longed  for  an  occasion  to  silence 
him,  and  finally  they  made  the  false  charge 
that  he  was  accessory  to  the  firing  of  several 
railway  bridges  in  East  Tennessee  to  cut  off 
communication  between  Virginia  and  that  re- 
gion. His  life  had  been  frequently  menaced 
by  Confederate  soldiers,  and,  at  the  urgent  so- 
licitation of  his  family,  he  left  home  in  the 
autumn  (1861),  and  went  into  another  district. 
While  he  was  absent  several  bridges  were 
burned.  Believing  him  to  have  been  con- 
cerned in  the  burning,  the  Confederate  colo- 
nel Wood  — a  Methodist  preacher  from  Ala- 
bama was  sent  out,  with  some  cavalry,  with 
orders,  publicly  given  at  Knoxville,  not  to 
take  him  prisoner,  but  to  shoot  him  at  once. 
Informed  of  his  peril,  Brownlow,  with  other 
loyal  men,  secreted  himself  in  the  Smoky 
Mountains,  on  tbe  borders  of  North  Carolina, 
where  they  were  fed  by  loyalists.  The  Con- 
ic.lei  ales  Anally  resolved  to  get  rid  of  this 
"dangerous  citizen"  by  giving  him  a  piss  i,. 
go  into  Kentucky  under  a  military  escort.  He 
received  such  a  pass  at  Knoxville,  and  was 
about   to  depart    for   the   Union   lines,  when   he 

was  arrested   for  treason.      By  the  assurance 

of  safety  he  had  come  to  Knoxville  for  his 
pass,  and  so  pal  himself  in  the  bands  of  his 
enemies.       He    and    some    of   tbe    best    men    in 

East  Tennessee  were  cast  into  the  county 
jail,  where  they  suffered  in  tensely.  Deprived 
of  every  comfort,  they  were  subjected  to  the 
vile  ribaldry  of  the  guards,  and  constantly 
threatened  with  death  by  hanging.  Acting 
DOOU  the  suggestions  of  Benjamin 
South),  men  charged  with  bridge  -  burning,  and 
Confined  with  Brownlow,  were  hanged,  and 
their  bodies  wen'  led  suspended  as  a  warn- 
ing. In  tbe  midst  of  these  fiery  trials.  Parson 
Brownlow-  (as  he  was  familiarly  called)  re- 
mained firm,  and  exercised  great  boldness  of 
speech.  They  dared  not  hang  him  without  a 
legal  trial  and  oonviotion.  They  offered  him 
life  and  liberty  if  he  would  take  the  oath  of 
allegiance  to  the  Confederacy.  He  refused 
with  scorn.  To  Benjamin  he  wrote:  "You 
are  reported  to  have  said  to  a  gentleman  in 
Richmond  that  I  am  a  bad  man,  and  danger- 
ous to  the  Confederacy,  and  that  you  desire 
me  out  of  it.  Just  give  me  my  passport,  and 
I  will  do  for  your  Confederacy  more  than  the 
devil  has  ever  dom — 1  will  quit  the  country.'' 
Benjamin  soon  afterwards  indicated  a  wish 
thai  Brownlow  should  be  sent  out  of  the  ton 
federacy,  "only,"  he  said,  '■because  color  is 
given  to  the  suspicion  tbat  he  has  been  en- 
trapped." He  was  Anally  released,  and  sent 
to  Nashville  (then  in  possession  of  National 
troops)  early  in  March,  1862. 


BROWN'S  FERRY  V 

Brown's  Ferry,  Seizcrk  ok,  1863.  General 
0;W.  P.  Smith  undertook  to  opeu  a  more  di- 
rect way  for  supplies  for  the  Xatioual  troops  at 
Chattanooga  (which  see).  In  co-operation  with 
Hooker's  advance  on  Wauhatchie  (which  see), 
be  sent  General  Hazen  from  Chattanooga,  with 
eighteen  hundred  men  in  batteanx.  to  construct 
a  pontoon  bridge  below.  These  floated  noise- 
lessly and  undiscerned  in  the  night  (Oct. 26, 27, 
1863)  down  the  Tennessee  River,  past  the  point 
of  Lookout  Mountain,  along  a  Line  of  Confed- 
erate pickets  seven  miles  in  length.  They  land- 
ed at  Brown's  Ferry,  Oil  The  south  side,  captured 
the  pickets  there,  and  seized  a  low  range  of  hills 
that  commanded  Lookout  Valley.  Another  force, 
twelve  hundred  strong,  under  General  Ttnchin, 
had  moved  down  the  north  bauk  of  the  river 
to  the  ferry  at  about  the  same  time  ;  and  by  ten 
o'clock  a  pontoon  bridge  was  Laid,  and  a  strong 
abatis  for  defence  was  constructed.  The  Con- 
federates, bewildered,  withdrew  up  the  valley. 
Before  night  the  left  of  Hooker's  line  rested  on 
Smith's  at  the  pontoon  bridge.  By  this  opera- 
tion the  railway  from  Bridgeport  well  up  tow- 
ards Chattanooga  was  put  in  possession  of  the 
Xatiouals,  and  the  route  for  supplies  for  the 
troops  at  the  latter  place  was  reduced  by  land 
from  sixty  to  twenty-eight  miles  along  a  safe 
road  ;  and  by  using  the  river  to  Kelly's  Ferry, 
to  eight  miles. 

Brownstown.  (See  Fan  Home's  Surrender.) 
Bryant  on  the  Embargo.  Among  the  polit- 
ical writers  of  the  day  who  attacked  the  first 
embargo  act  (which  see)  was  the  late  pool  Will- 
iam Ctlllen  Bryant,  being  a  lad  only  thirteen 
years  of  age.  In  a  poetical  satire,  entitled  The 
Embargo;  or,  Sketches  of  the  Time*,  the  boy-politi- 
cian gave  evidence  of  those  powers  which  after- 
wards elevated  him  to  the  front  rank  among  the 
literary  men  of  the  nation.  Young  Bryant  called 
the  embargo  ad  a  "terrapin  policy" — the  policy 
designed  by  it  of  .shutting  up  the  nation  in  its 
own  shell,  as  it  were, like  the  terrapin  with  its 

head.      In  that  ] m   he  violently  assailed   the 

President  (Mr.  Jefferson),  and  revealed  the  in- 
tensity of  the  opposition  to  him  and  his  policy 
in  Xew  England,  which  made  even  boys  bitter 
politicians.  Alluding  to  Jefferson's  narrow  es- 
cape from  capture  by  Tarletou  in  17-! 
wallis,  Invasion  hip,  his  zeal  for  the  French,  and 
his  scientific  researches,  young  Bryant  wrote: 

"  And  thou,  the  scorn  of  every  patriot  name, 
Thy  country's  ruin,  anil  her  council's  shame  ! 

Poor,  servile  thing  I  derision  or  the  breve  I 

Who  erst  from  Tarletou  tied  to  Cartel 
Thou,  who,  when  menaced  hy  perfld 
Dldet  prostrate  t"  her  whlslcer'd  minion  fall; 
And  when  our  cash  his  empty  hags  supplied, 

inly  itrive  the  tool  disgrace  to  bide. 
Go,  wretch,  resign  the  President  al  chair, 
Dlsclo-   I  ires,  tool  or  fair  ; 

h  wiili  curious  eye  for  homed  frogs 
"Mill  the  wild  m  i  bogs  ; 

or.  where  ohm  roils  hie  turbid  stream, 

Dig  for  bugo  boues,  thy  glory  and  thy  theme  » 

Bryant,  Wiiii\m  Cm. in.  poet,  was  born  at 
Commington,  Mass.,  Nov.  :;,  iT'.U:  died  in  N<w 
York  oity,  Jnue  12,  L878.  Be  eommnnieatod 
rhymes  to  the  oonntj  newspaper  before  he  was 
ten  years  of  age.  His  father  was  a  distinguished 
pbyaioiau  and  man  of  letters,  and   l 


8  BUCCANEERS 

pains  in  the  instruction  of  bis  boy.  His  poem 
on  The  Embargo,  written  in  his  thirteenth  year, 
evinced  great  precocity  of  intellect.  (See  Bryant 
on  the  Embargo.)  He  wrote  his  most  remarkable 
poem  (Thanatopxh)  when  he  was  in  his  nine- 
teenth year.     h\  1810  he  entered  Williams  Col- 


. 


*■«.* 


■ 


WILLIAM    Cl'LLKN    HKV.INT. 

lege,  but  did  not  graduate.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1815,  and  practised  some  time  in 
western  Massachusetts.  His  fust  collection  of 
poems  was  published  in  1821,  and  this  volume 
caused  his  immediate  recognition  as  a  poet  of 
great  merit.  In  L825  Mr.  Bryant  became  an  as- 
sociate editor  of  the  New  York  Beview.  In  1826 
he  became  connected  with  the  New  York  Evening 
Post,  and  continued  its  editor  until  his  death. 
Meanwhile  he  contributed  to  literary  publica- 
tions. He  made  four  visits  to  Europe  1834, 
1845,  L849,  and  1858-59),  and  in  the  intervals 
had  visited  much  of  his  own  country  from  Maine 
to  Florida.  On  the  completion  of  his  se\entieth 
year,  in  1864,  his  birthday  was  celebrated  by  a 
festival  at  the  "Century  Club"  by  prominent 
literary  men.  His  translations  of  Homer  into 
English  blank  verse  were  commended  as  the 
best  rendering  of  the  Epics  in  his  native  tongue 
ever  made.  His  occasional  speeches  and  more 
formal  orations  are  models  of  stately  Btj  le.  some- 
times enlivened  by  quiet  humor.  In  prose  com- 
position Mr.  Bryant  was  equally  bappj  as  in 
poetry  in  the  choice  of  pure  and  elegant  Eng- 
lish words,  with  great  delicacy  of  fancy  pervad- 
ing the  whole.  His  last  poem  was  published 
in  the  Sunday-School  Time*,  Philadelphia,  Feb. 
22,1878.  It  was  on  the  subject  of  Washington, 
and  was  written  at  the  request  of  the  editor  of 
that  publication.     Ai  the  time  of  his  death  he 

was  engaged   with   Mr.  Sidney    Howard  Cay  in 

the  preparation  of  a  History  of  the  I Inited  Slate. 

He  had  also  just  completed,  w  ilh  the  assistance 

of  the  late  Evert  A.  Dnyokinok,  a  new  ami  care- 
fully annotated  edition  of  Shakeepeartfs  Hoiks, 

yet     L880)  unpublished. 

Buccaneers,    Tin.  were    daring  adventurers 
who    lit  si    .,,inbiii,(l    for    the    spoliation    of  the 

Spaniards  in  the  West  Indies  and  the  islands  of 
the  Caribbean  Sea.  The  first  of  these  were  most- 
In  French,  who  attempted  to  introduce  them- 
aalvea  into  the  West  Indies  not  Long  after  the 


BUCHANAN  1 

conquests  of  the  Span i. aids  there,  and  were 
called  flibustiers,  or  freebooters.  Their  depre- 
dations among  the  islands  were  extensive  and 
alarming.  They  made  settlements  in  Santo  Do- 
mingo, where  the  Spaniards  attempted  to  expel 
them.  Retaliation  followed.  In  1630  they*  made 
the  little  island  of  Tortugas,  west  of  the  Florida 
Keys,  their  stronghold,  where,  in  armed  hands  in 
row-boats,  they  attacked  Spanish  vessel-,  lying 
in  wait  for  them  on  their  passage  from  America 
to  Europe.  The  richly  laden  treasure-ships  were 
boarded  by  them,  plundered,  and  their  crews 
cast  into  the  sea.  They  extended  their  opera- 
tions. The  French  buccaneers  made  their  head- 
quarters in  Santo  Domingo,  and  the  English  in 
Jamaica,  during  the  long  war  between  France 
and  Spain  (1635-60)  and  afterwards;  and  they 
were  80  numerous  and  bold  that  Spanish  c.iu- 
inerce  soon  declined,  and  Spanish  ships  dared 
not  venture  to  America.  Finding  their  own 
gains  diminishing  from  want  of  richly  laden 
vessels  to  plunder,  they  ceased  pillaging  '.  easels, 
and  attacked  and  plundered  Spanish  towns  on 
-  of  Central  and  South  America.  A 
number  of  these  were  seized,  and  immense  treas- 
ures were  carried  away  in  the  form  of  plunder 

or  ransom.  At  Carthagena,  in  1697,  they  pro- 
eured  |8,000,000.  Their  operations  were  tinalK 
broken  up  by  an  alliance  against  them  of  the 
English,  1  »atcb,  and  Spanish  governments.  Ex- 
asperated by  the  conduct  of  the  Spaniards  in 
Florida,  the  Carolinas  were  disposed  to  give  the 

buccaneers  assistance  in  plundering  them;  and 
in  1684   93  they  were  sheltered  III  the  harbor  of 

Charleston. 

Buchanan,  Fhaxkt.in,  of  the  United  states 
Navy,  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  about  1800. 
lie  entered  the  navy  in  1816,  became  lieutenant 

in  1825,  and  master-commander  in  1841.  Be  was 
the  tiist  superintendent  of  the  Naval  Academy 
at  Annapolis.  Sympathising  with  thi  8 
movement,  and  believing  his  state  would  "se- 
cede," he  sent  iii  his  resignation.  Finding  that 
Maryland  did  not  •■secede,"  he  petitioned  for 
restoration,  but  was  refused,  when  he  entered 
the  Confederate  service,  and  superintended  the 
titting-oiit  of  the  Miniiiiiic  at  Norfolk.  In  her 
he  fought  the  Monitor  (sec  Mcrrinuir  and  Monitor), 
and  w  as  severely  w  oiinded.  I  [e  at'lerw  arcls  blew 
up   his  vessel    to  save   her  from   capture.      ( See 

Oapture  of  Norfolk.)  In  command  of  the  iron- 
clad Tennessee,  In  Mobile  Bay,  he  was  defeated 
and  made  prisoner. 

Buchanan,  Jambs,  fifteenth  President  of  the 
United  Stales,  was  born  in  Franklin  County, 
I'cnn..  April  93,  17'Jl  ;  died  at  •■Wheatland,"  near 
Lancaster, Penn.,  June  1, 1868.  lie  graduate  d at 
Dickinson  College,  Penn.,  at  the  age  of  eighteen 
years,  and  in  1814,  when  he  was  onlj  twenty- 
three  years  old,  he  was  elected  to  ■  seat  in  the 
Pennsylvania  Legislature.    Be  had  studied  law, 

and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Lancaster  in 
1818,      His  father  was  a  native  of  Ireland,  ami 

his  mother  was  Elisabeth  Spear,  daughter  of  a 
farmer.  Mr.  Bnohauan's  career  as  a  lawyer  was 
so  successful  that,  at  the  age  of  forty  years,  he  re- 
tired from  the  profession  with  a  handsome  fort- 


9  BUCHANAN 

uue.  He  was  a  Federalist  iu  politics  at  first, 
and  as  such  entered  Congress  as  a  member  in 
1821,  where  he  held  a  seat  ten  successive  years. 
The  Federal  party  disappeared  (see  Federalists), 
and  lie  took  Bides  with  the  Democrats.  He  sup- 
ported Jackson  for  the  Presidency  in  1828,  when 
the   present   Democratic  party  was  organized. 


JAMES    HI  (HASAN. 

In    1839   34,    Mr.   Buchanan    was   United    States 

minister  at  St.  Petersburg, and  from  1834  to  1845 

Was  a  mi  in  her  of  I  he  United  States  Senate.     He 

was  Secretary  of  state  in  the  cabinet  of  PreeJ 

dent    Polk,   1845    19,   where   he   arrayed   himself 

on  the  side  of  the  pro-slavery  men,  opposing  the 

Wilmot  Proi  iso(w  Inch  see). and  the  anti-sla very 
movements  generally.  In  1853  President  Fierce 
sent  him  as  United  Stales  minister  to  England, 

where  he  remained  until  1856;  during  which 
time  he  became  a  party  in  the  conference  of 

United  Stales  ministers   at    Ostein!,  and    was  a 

Signer  of  the  famous  manifesto,  or  consular  let- 

Ottmd  M,iiiif<sto.)      In  the  fall  of  1856 

Mr.  Buchanan   was   elected,  by   the    Democratic 

party, President  of  the  United  States, receiving 
174  electoral  votes  to  199  given  for  Fremont 
(Republican)  and  Fillmore  ("American").  His 
cabinet   was  composed  of  four  members  from 

slave-labor    states,  and    three    from    free-labor 

siaies.  Those  from  the  former  became  the  ac- 
tive enemies  of  the  republic,  and  assisted  in  at- 
tempts to  destroy  the  Union.      In  Hie  first  year 

of  his  administration  great  excitement  existed 
concerning  the  political  and  social  position  of 
Kansas.  Mr.  Muchamm  favored  the  pro-slavery 
party;  and  when,  in  I860,  the  Republican  party 
triumphed,  and  elected  Abraham  Lincoln  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  Stales,  and  the  Southern 
politicians  threatened  the  destruction  of  the 
Union,  the  weight  id'  Buchanan's  influence  was 
in  favor  of  the  disuniouiBts.  In  his  last  annual 
message  to  Congress  he  cast  the  blame  for  the 
disruption  of  the  Union,  if  it  should  occur,  on 
the  Northern  people.;  and,  supported  by  the 
legal  opinion  of  his  attorney-general  (Jeremiah 

S.  Black,  of  Pennsylvania),  he  declared  thai  nei- 
ther Congress  nor  the  Executive  of  the  nation 

possessed  power,  under  the  Constitution,  to  pre- 
vent the  secession  of  a  state.  General  Cass,  his 
Secretary  of  State,  differed  with  him  in  opiu- 


BUCHANAN 


170 


BUCKINGHAM 


ion  respecting  executive  power  in  the  premises, 
sad  resigned  (Dec.  12,  1860)  because  the  Presi- 
dent declined  to  reinforce  Fort  Sumter,  or  do 
anything  with  the  strong  arm  of  power  to  save 

t he  Union.  Mr.  Buchanan's  secretaries  of  the 
Treasury,  War,  and  Interior  became  openly  dis- 
loyal:  and,  when  a  dissolution  of  the  cabinet 
occurred,  and  a  preponderance  of  loyal  men  ap- 
peared in  it,  the  President  was  enabled,  thus 
relieved  from  pressure,  to  act  more  patriotically. 
He  retired  to  private  life  March  4,  1861,  and  took 
up  his  abode  at  "  Wheatland,"  where  he  died. 
Mr.  Buchanan  lived  a  bachelor.  He  was  an  able 
lawyer,  a  good  debater,  and  in  private  life,  from 
his  boyhood,  his  moral  character  was  without 
reproach.  He  lived  in  troublous  times,  and  his 
political  career,  towards  the  last,  seems  to  have 
been  shaped  more  by  persistent  politicians  than 
by  his  own  better  impulses  and  judgment. 

Buchanan,  Kobert  Ciikistii:.  was  born  in 
Maryland,  and  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1830; 
served  iu  the  Seminole  War  and  the  war  with 
Mexico;  and  was  made  a  lieutenant-colonel  in 
1861.  He  served  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac 
continually  during  the  Civil  War,  and  was  bre- 
veted major-geueral  U.  S.  Army  iu  1865. 

Buchanan's  Cabinet.  On  Friday.  March  6, 
1857,  President  Buchanan  sent  to  the  Senate 
the  names  of  the  following  gentlemen  as  his 
cabinet  ministers,  which  were  immediately  con- 
firmed: Lewis  Cass,  of  Michigan,  Secretary  of 
State;  Howell  Cobb,  of  Georgia,  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury;  John  B.  Floyd,  of  Virginia.  Sec- 
retary of  War;  Isaac  Toticey,  of  Connecticut. 
Secretary  of  the  Navy;  Jacob  Thompson,  of 
Mississippi, Secretary  of  the  Interior;  Aaron  V. 
Brown,  of  Tennessee,  Postmaster-general  ;  Jer- 
emiah S.  Black,  of  Pennsylvania,  Attorney-gen- 
eral. 

Buchanan's  Fast -day  Proclamation.  On 
Dec.  14.  I860,  when  the  whole  country  was  in 
confusion  and  alarm  because  of  the  bold  avow- 
als of  the  Secessionists  in  Congress  of  their  in- 
tention to  break  np  the  Union,  President  Bu- 
chanan issued  a  proclamation  for  the  observ- 
ance of  Jan.  4  following  as  a  day  for  humil- 
iation, fasting,  and  prayer  throughout  the  Re- 
public. '-All  classes."  he  said,  "are  in  a  State 
of  confusion  and  dismay,  and  the  wisesl  coun- 
sels of  our  best  and  foremost  men  are  wholly 
disregarded.  In  this,  the  hour  of  our  calamity 
and  peril,  to  whom  shall  we  resort  for  relief  but 
to  the  Qod  of  our  fathers.  His  omnipotent  arm 
only  can  save  us  from  the  aw  fill  effects  of  our 
own  crimes  and  lollies  —  our  own  ingratitude 
and  guilt   towards  our  Heavenly  lather."      The 

proclamation, in  sentiment  and  expression, was 

all  a  Chi  istian  could  wish,  of  its  kind  :  but  s.mie 
thought  a  more  appropriate  formula  might  have 
been  framed, considering  the  social  condition  of 
the  nation, after  finding  the  following  words  in 
the  fifty-eighth  chapter  of  Isaiah:  "Wherefore 

hare    W«   fa-ted,  Say   they,  and    thoil   scest    not   ' 

wherefore  have  we  aillicted  our  soul,  and  thou 
takest  no  knowledge!     Behold,  in  the  day  of 

yoni  fasl  ve  find  pleasure,  ami  exact  all  your 
labors.       Behold,  ><     bsl    !"i    strife  and  debate, 


and  to  smite  with  the  list  of  wickedness:  ye 
shall  not  fast  as  ye  do  this  day.  to  make  your 
voice  to  be  heard  on  high.  Is  it  such  a  fast 
that  1  have  chosen  ?  a  day  for  a  mau  to  afflict 
his  soul?  is  it  to  bow  down  his  head  as  a  bul- 
rush, and  to  spread  sackcloth  and  ashes  under 
him  f  wilt  thou  call  this  a  fast,  and  an  accept- 
able day  to  the  Lord  !  Is  not  this  the  fast  that 
I  have  chosen  ?  to  loose  the  band*  of  iritkulinss.  to 
undo  the  heavy  burden*,  and  to  let  the  opproteed  ge 
fine,  and  that  ye  break  every  yokel  Is  it  not  to 
deal  thy  bread  to  the  hungry,  and  that  thou 
bring  the  poor  that  are  cast  out  to  thy  house? 
when  thou  seest  the  naked,  that  thou  cover 
him:  and  that  thou  hide  hot  thyself  from  thine 
own  flesh  T  .  .  .  Then  shalt  thou  call,  and  the 
Lord  shall  answer ;  thou  shalt  cry,  and  he  shall 
Bay,  line  I  am." 

Buchanan's  Inaugural  Address.  A  chief 
topic  of  President  Buchanan's  inaugural  address 
was  the  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  not  promulgated  until  two  days 
afterwards)  in  the  Died  Scott  case  (which  sec. 
and  its  effects.  He  spoke  of  that  decision. which 
virtually  declared  the  institution  of  slavery  to 
be  a  national  one,  and  that  the  black  man  "  had 
no  rights  which  the  white  man  was  bound  to 
respect,"  and  said  it  would  "speedily  and  final- 
ly" settle  the  slavery  question.  He  announced 
his  intention  to  cheerfully  abide  by  that  deci- 
sion. He  declared  that  the  question  was  wholly 
a  judicial  one,  which  belonged  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  Republic  to  settle;  and  that,  as  by 
its  decision  the  admission  or  rejection  of  slavery 
in  any  territory  was  to  be  determined  by  the  le- 
gal votes  of  the  people  in  such  territory,  the 
••whole  territorial  question  was  thus  .settled 
upon  the  principle  of  popular  sovereignty — a 
principle  as  ancient  as  free  goy<  rnment  itself, 
that  '•everything  of  a  practical  nature"  had 
been  settled:  and  that  he  seriously  hoped  the 
long  agitation  of  the  subject  of  slavery  was 
••approaching  its  end."  It  was  then  only  the 
•'beginning  of  the  end."  That  decision  '•kin- 
dled the  fire"  spoken  of  by  the  Georgian  iu  the 
debate  on  the  Missouri  Compromise  ^  w  hich  see). 
"  which  only  seas  of  blood  could  extinguish."  A 
council  of  priests  could  not  stop  the  motion  of 
the  earth,  and  Galileo  knew  it  and  said  so:  the 
opinions  of  live  men  could  not  prevent  tin  great 
heart  of  the  nation  beating  with  BtKM  y 
to  have  the  stain  of  slavery  wiped  from  its  es- 
cutcheon. The  decision  settled  nothing 
ily  and  finally"  but  the  destruction  of  the  in- 
stitution it  was  expected  to  preserve.  (See 
Monh  of  Public  Saitimtnt.) 

Buckeye  State,  the  popular  name  of  the 
State  of  Ohio,  derived  from  the  buckeyc-trce. 
which  abounds  there. 

Buckingham,  Wn  i  i.vm  Ai  l  bed,  1.1.  D..  was 
known  as  the  ••War  (iovernor  of  Connecticut." 
he  being  the  patriotic  and  energetic  chief  mag- 
istrate of  that  state  during  the  late  Civil  War. 
He  was  bom  at  Lebanon.  Conn..  Ma] 
died  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  Feb.  J.  1-7."..  ||e  en 
gaged  in  business  in  Norwich  in  1-J.">,  vv  here  be 
became  ■  SUOOesaful  merchant  and  carpet  man- 


BUCKNEE  1 

ufacturcr;  and  his  generosity  ami  public  spirit 
endeared  him  to  the  people.  His  patriotism, 
energy,  popularity,  and  extensive  influence  were 
of  inestimable  service  to  the  National  govern- 
ment during  its  struggle  for  existence;  and  he 
was  one  of  the  most  active  of  the  "  war  gov- 
ernors" during  the  contest.  In  18fj9,  Governor 
Buckingham  was  chosen  to  represent  Connecti- 


WILL1AM    ALFIlhl)    111  I  Kl.Viai.Ul. 

cut  in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States.  A  pa- 
tron of  education  and  a  promoter  of  religion 
and  public  morals,  he  gave  to  the  Theological 
School  of  Xale  College  $25,000  for  the  education 
of  young  men  for  the  Gospel  ministry. 

Buckiier,  Simon  P.oi.ivai:.  was  horn  in  Ken- 
tucky about  the  year  1824,  and  graduated  at  the 
West  Point  Academj  in  l-ll.  lie  was Aaaiataul 
Professor  of  Ethics  there  fur  two  years,  and  then 
engaged  in  the  war  with  Mexico,  in  which  he  was 

wounded,  and  breveted  captain.  After  that  war 
he  was  again  a  tutor  at  West  Point  ;  resigned  in 
1866;  practised  law  in  Kentucky;  and  became 
one  of  the  most  prominent  "Knights  of  the  Gold- 
en Circle"  (which  see)  in  that  slate.      After  the 

Civil  War  began  he  became  commander  of  the 

'•  Kentucky  siate  Guard  '*  (which  see),  and  adju- 
tant-general of  the  state.  lie  soon  joined  the 
Confederate  army, and  surrendered  the  fori  and 
garrison  of  Fort  I  kraelson  (which  see)  in  Febru- 
ary, 1862,  when  he  was  sent  a  prisoner  to  Fort 
Warren.  After  his  release,  he  continued  in  the 
Confederate  service  until  the  close  of  the  war, 
and  rose  to  the  rank  of  major-general. 
Bucktails.     In  the  polities  of  the  State  of 

New  York  the  Tammany  Society  (which  see) 
held  a  conspicuous  place  so  early  as  during  the 

War  of  1812-15.  The  Republican,  or  Democrat- 
ic, party  had  been  divided  into  two  meat  tac- 
tions, known  as  "  Madison iatis  "  and  '-('lint oni- 
aiis,"  James  Madison  and  De  Witt  Clinton  being 
rival  candidates  for  the  offlee  of  President  of 
the  United  States.  Most  of  the  Federalists  voted 
for  Clinton.  The  Tammany  Society  adhered  to 
Madison.       Iii    the   (lection   of  1816  a  portion   of 

the  members  of  the  Tai any  Society  wore  an 

•mblem  in  their  caps  a  deer's  tail  and  they 
were  called  -  Uncktails."     This  soon  liecaine  the 

title  of  the  Madisonians;  and  in  1816, when  Clin- 


1  BUENA  VISTA,  BATTLE  OF 

ton  was  elected  governor  of  New  York,  the  op- 
posing parties  in  the  state  were  known  as  "Buck- 
tails"  and  "Clintonians."  To  one  or  the  other 
of  these  parties  portions  of  the  disintegrated  Re- 
publican, or  Democratic,  party  became  attached. 
Afterwards  the  Bucktail  party  was  styled  by  its 
antagonists  the  "  Alhauy  Regeucy  "  (which  see). 

Buell,  Don  Cahi.ok,  was  horn  near  Marietta, 
O.,  March  23,  1818;  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
1841  ;  engaged  in  the  war  with  Mexico, in  which 
he  won  the  brevets  of  captain  and  major,  and 
was  severely  wounded  :  became  lientenaut-colo- 
nel  in  the  regular  army,  and  brigadier-general 
of  volunteers  in  May,  1861;  major-general  of  vol- 
unteers in  March,  1862;  and,  with  an  army, ar- 
rived on  the  battle-field  of  Shiloh  (which  see)  in 
time  to  assist  in  the  defeat  of  the  Confederates. 
In  command  of  the  District  of  Ohio,  he  con- 
fronted liiagg's  invasion  of  Kentucky  (which 
see),  and  drove  hirn  out  of  the  state.  (See  /'<•/- 
ryville.)  On  Oct.  24  he  transferred  his  com- 
mand to  General  Roscerans:  was  mustered  out 
of  the  volunteer  service  May  2:?,  18<i4  ;  and  re- 
signed his  commission  in  the  army  June  1,  1*<>.">, 
when  he  became  president  of  the  Green  River 
Iron  Company,  in  Kentucky. 

Buena  Vista,  Battlk  of  (1847).  General 
Taylor  received  such  instructions  from  the  War 
Department  that  he  declared  (Nov.  13, 184G)  the 
armistice  granted  at  Monterey  was  at  an  end. 
General  Worth  matched,  with  900  men,  for  Sal- 
tillo,  the  capital  of  Coahuila,  and  was  followed 
the  next  day  by  Taylor,  who  left  General  W.  O. 
Butler,  with  some  troops,  to  hold  the  conquered 
city  of  Monterey.  Saltillo  was  taken  possession 
of  on  Nov.  15.  After  several  minor  movements, 
and  having  been  deprived  of  a  large  number 
of  his  troops  by  an  order  of  General  Seott  to 
send  them  to  reinforce  an  American  army  that 

was  to  attack  Vera  Cruz, Taylor  was  forced  to 

stand  on  the  defensive  with  ahout  5000  men. 
Informed  that  General  Santa  Ana  (who  had  en- 
tered   Mexico   from   his  exile    in    Cuha,  and   had 

been  elected  President  of  Mexico  in  December) 
was  gathering  an  army  of  20,000  men  at  San 
Luis  Potosi,  Taylor  resolved  to  form  a  junction 
with  General  Wool  (who  had  entered  Mexico 

with  ahout  3000  troops,  crossing  the  Bio  Grande 
at  Pesidio),  and  tight  the  boastful  Mexican  Lead- 
er. He  reached  Saltillo  with  his  little  army  on 
Feb.  2, 1847,  joining  Wool's  forces  there,  ami  en- 
camped at  Aqua  Nueva,  twenty  miles  south  of 
that  place,  on  the  San  Luis  road.  On  hearing 
of  the  approaob  of  Santa  Aha.  with  his  host. 
Taylor  and  Wool  fell  hack  to  Angostura,  a  nar- 
row defile  in  the  mountains  facing  the  tine  es- 
tate of  Buena  Vista,  and  there  encamped,  in 
battle  order,  to  await  the  coming  of  their  foe. 
Santa  Alia  and  his  army  were  within  two  miles 
of  Taylor's  camp  on  the  morning  of  Feb.  22. 
when  the  Mexican  chief  sent  a  note  to  Tay- 
lor, telling  him  he  was  surrounded  by  20,000 
men,  and  could  not,  in  all  probability,  avoid 
being  cut  to  pieces;  hut  as  he  held  the  Ameri- 
can commander  in  special  esteem,  and  wished 
to  save  him  such  a  catastrophe,  he  gave  him 
this  notice,  that  ho  might  6urreuder  at  discre- 


BUENA  VISTA,  BATTLE  OF  1 

tion.  He  granted  Taylor  an  hour  to  make  a 
decision.  It.  was  soon  made  ;  for  the  command- 
er immediately  declined  the  polite  invitation  to 
surrender,  and  both  armies  prepared  to  fight. 

The  Americans  wailed  for  the  .Mexicans  to  take 
the  initiative.  There  was  slight  skirmishing 
all  day,  and  that  night  the  American  troops  biv- 
ouacked without  tire  and  slept  on  their  arms; 
the  Mexicans,  in  the  mountains,  meanwhile  try- 
ing to  form  a  cordon  of  soldiers  around  the  little 
army  of  Taylor  and  Wool,  then  less  than  5000 
in  number.  The  battle  began  early  on  the 
morning  of  the  23d,  and  continued  all  day.  The 
Btruggle  was  terribly  severe:  the  slaughter  was 
fearful  ;  and  until  near  sunset  it  was  doubtful 
who  would  triumph.  Then  the  Mexican  leader, 
performing  the  pitiful  trick  of  displaying  a  Hag 
of  truce  to  throw  Taylor  oil'  his  guard,  made  a 
desperate  assault  on  the  American  centre,  where 
that  officer  was  in  command  in  person.  The 
batteries  of  Bragg,  Washington,  and  Sherman 
resisted  the  assault,  ami  before  long  the  Mexi- 
cau  line  began  to  waver.  Taylor,  standing  near 
one  of  the  batteries,  seeing  this  sign  of  weak- 
ness, said,  quietly,  "  (Jive  'cm  a  little  more  grape, 
Captain  Bragg."  (See  Bragg,  Braxton.)  It  was 
done,  and  just  at  twilight  the  Mexicans  gave 
way  and  lied  iu  considerable  confusion.     Night 


2  BUFFALO 

party  of  Americans,  drove  General  Minon  and 
BOO  Mexicans  from  Saltillo.  Taylor  returned 
to  Walnut  Springs,  where  he  remained  several 
mouths,  and  in  the  autumn  of  1847  he  returned 
home.      (See  Mulct).  Wwt  ivith.) 

Buffalo,  DBSTBUCmON  OF  i  1^1'J  ).  General 
Riall,  with  his  regulars  and  Indians,  reorossed 
from  Lewiston  (see  Fort  Niagara,  Capture  of) 
when  his  forces  had  returned  from  the  desola- 
tion of  the  New  York  frontier.  Full  license 
had  been  given  to  his  Indians,  and  the  desola- 
tion was  made  perfect  almost  to  Black  Rock. 
Riall  marched  up  from  Queenston  (Dec.  28)  to 
Chippewa.  Lieutenant-general  Drnmraond  in 
immediate  command.  By  this  time  all  West- 
ern New  York  had  been  alarmed.  Mct'lure  had 
appealed  to  the  people  to  hasten  to  the  frontier. 
General  Amos  Hall  called  out  the  militia  and 
invited  volunteers.  Hall  took  chief  command 
of  troops  now  gathered  at  Black  Rock  and  Buf- 
falo. 2HO0  strong.  Prom  Drnmmond'e  camp. 
opposite  Black  Rock,  Rial!  crossed  the  river 
(Dec.  30)  with  about  1000  white  men  and  In- 
dians. The  nighl  was  dark.  They  drove  the 
Americans  from  Black  Rock.  The  militia  were 
alarmed,  and  at  dawn  Hall  ascertained  that  SOU 
of  them  had  deserted.  Hall,  with  the  rest  of 
his  force, proceeded  to  attack  the  invaders.    He, 


POB1    "1    m  l  I 


Closed  the  battle.  Expecting  it  would  be  re- 
sumed  in   the  morning,  the   Americans  again 

slept  on  their  arms,  but  when  the  day  dawned 
tinny  was  to  be  sen.  Santa  Ana  had  fall- 
en back,  and  in  a  few  days  his  utterly  dispirited 
army  was  almost  dissolved.  In  their  flight  the 
Mexicans  had  left  about  .',(1(1  of  their  comrades, 
dead   or  dying,  on    the    field.      With    these   and 

wounded  and  prisoners, their  loss  amounted  to 
almost   2000  men  ;   that   of  the   Americans,  in 

killed,  wounded,  and  missing,  WM  748,  Amour; 
the  slain  was  a  son  of  I  lent  v  (lay.  On  tin-  day 
of  the    battle   Captain    Webster,   with    a    small 


too.  bad  a  force  of  Indians;  but  these,  with  more 
of  the  militia,  soon  gave  W»7i  U»d,  the  com- 
mander'-, force  broken,  he  was  in  great  peril. 
Deserted  bj  a  large  portion  of  bis  troop-,  vastly 
outnumbered,  and  almost  surrounded,  Hall  was 
compelled    to   retreat    and    leave    Buffalo    to    its 

fate,  li  was  presently  in  possession  of  the 
British  ami  their  Indian  allies,  who  proceed- 
ed to  plunder,  destroy,  and  slaughter.  Onlj 
four  buildings  were  left  standing  In  the  \il 
lago.  At  Black  Book  only  a  single  building 
escaped  the  flames,     Pom  vessels  which  had 

done    good    service    on    Lake    Erie        the    Arid, 


BUFORD 


173 


BULL'S  RUN,  BATTLE  OF 


Little  Belt,  Chippewa,  and  Trippe — were  burned  ; 
mid  so  were  completed  the  measures  of  retalia- 
tion for  the  burning  of  Newark  (which  see). 
Six  villages,  many  isolated  country-honses,  and 
lour  vessels  were  consumed,  and  the  butchery 
of  many  innocent  persons  attested  the  fierce- 
ness of  the  revenge  of  the  British. 

Buford,  JOHN,  born  in  Kentucky  in  1825; 
died  at  Washington,  D.  ('..  Deo.  16,  1803.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1848  :  became  cap- 
tain in  1859;  and  inspector  -  general,  with  the 
rank  of  major,  November,  1861.  He  commanded 
a  brigade  of  cavalry  under  General  Hooker, 
and  was  so  severely  wounded  near  the  Rappa- 
hannock (August,  18G2)  that  he  was  reported 
dead.  In  the  battle  of  Antietam  he  was  ou 
General  McClellan's  staff.  He  was  conspicu- 
ous in  many  engagements  while  in  command 
of  the  reserve  cavalry  brigade,  and  ho  began 
(he  battle  of  Gettysburg  (which  see).  He  was 
chief  of  Buruside's  cavalry,  and  was  assigned 
to  tin-  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumber- 
land just  before  his  death.  His  half-brother, 
Napoleon  Buford  (horn  in  1807),  is  also  a  gradu- 
ate of  West  Point,  and  entered  the  artillery. 
He  was  a  pupil    in   the  Law  School   of  Harvard 

University;  Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy  at 
Wot  Point;  but  retired  to  civil  pursuit*  in  1835. 
Engaging  first  as  colonel  in  the  Union  army 

in  l-i'd,  he  seised  well  during  the  continuance 
of  the  strife,  and  was  breveted  major-general  of 
volunteers  in  March,  1865. 

Buford's  Defeat  (1780>  When  a  detach- 
ment of  Americana,  under  Colonel  Abraham 
Pnl'ord.  of  Virginia,  hastening  to  the  relief  of 
Lincoln  at  Charleston  (see  Siege  of  Charleston), 

heard  of  his  surrender,  they  returned  towards 
North  Carolina.  Bn ford's  command  consisted 
of  nearly  four  hundred  Continental  infantry, 
a    small    detachment    of   Colonel    Washington's 

cavalry,  and  two  field-pieces.  He  had  reached 
Camden  in  safety,  and  was  retreating  leisure- 
ly   towards    Charlotte,   when   Colonel   Tarletoll, 

wiih  seven  hundred  men,  all  mounted,  sent  in 

pursuit    by  Corn wallis,  over k  Buford  upon 

tin-  Wa\haw  Creek.  Tarleton  had  marched 
one  hundred  miles  in  fifty-four  hours.  With 
only  his  cavalry  the  remainder  were  mounted 
infantrx  he  almost  surrounded  liutbrd  before 
that  officer  was  aware  of  danger,  and  demand- 
ed  an    instant   surrender  upon  the  terms  given 

to  tin-  Americans  at  Charleston.     These  were 

too  humiliating,  and  Buford  refused  compli- 
ance.        While    fiagB    for    the    conference    Were 

passing  and   repassing,  Tarleton,  contrary  to 

the  rules  of  warfare,  was  making  preparations 
for  an  attack  in  case  of  a  refusal.  The  instant 
In-  reci  ived  Buford's  reply,  his  cavalry  made  a 
furious  charge  upon  the  American  ranks.     The 

assailed  troops  were  dismayed  by  an  attack  un- 
der such  circumstances,  and  all  was  confusion. 

Some   fired   upon    their  assailants,  Others   threw 

down  their  arms  and  begged  for  quarter,    None 

was   given,  and   men   without    anus   were  hewn 

in  pieces  by  the  sabres  of  Tarleton's  cavalry. 

There  were  one  hundred  and  thirteen  slain: 
and    one    hundred  and   fifty  were  so  maimed  as 


to  be  unable  to  travel,  and  fifty-three  were 
made  prisoners  to  grace  the  triumphal  entry 
of  the  conqueror  into  Camden.  Only  five  of 
the  British  were  killed  and  fifteen  wounded. 
All  of  Buford's  artillery,  ammunition,  and  bag- 
gage became  spoil  for  the  enemy.  For  this 
savage  feat  Cornw  allis  eulogized  Tarleton,  and 
commended  him  to  the  ministers  as  worthy  of 
special  favor.  Afterwards,  "  Tarleton's  quar- 
ter" became  a  proverbial  synonym  for  cruelty. 
Stedman,  one  of  Cornwallis's  officers,  and  a 

historian  of  the  war.  wrote,  "On  this  occasion, 
the  virtue  Of  humanity  was  totally  forgotten." 

Bull's  Run,  BATTLE  ok  (1801).  The  gather- 
ing of  Confederate  troops  at  Manassas  Junc- 
tion (which  see)  required  prompt  and  vigorous 
movements  for  the  defence  of  Washington  city. 
Beauregard  was  there  with  the  main  Confeder- 
ate army,  and  General  .1.  E.  Johnston  was  at 
Winchester,  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  with  a 
large  body  of  troops,  with  which  he  might  re- 
inforce   the  former.      Genera]  Patterson    was  at 

Martinsburg  with  eighteen  thousand  Nationals 
to  keep  Johnston  at  Winchester.  General  Ir- 
win McDowell  was  in  command  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Virginia,  with  his  headquarters  at 
"Arlington  House;"  and,  at  about  the  middle 
of  July,  1861,  he  was  ordered  to  move  against 
the  Confederates.  With  twenty  thousand  troops 
he  marched  from  Arlington  Heights  (July  16), 
for  the  purpose  of  fiankiug  the  Confederate 
righl  wing,  A  part  of  his  troops  under  Gen- 
eral Tyler  had  a  severe  battle  with  them  at 
Blackburn's  Ford  (Julj  18),  and  were  repulsed. 
(See  Blackburn's   Ford,  Battle  at).      McDowell 

found  he  could  not  think  the  Confederates,  so 
he  proceeded  to  make  a  direct  attack  upon 
them,  not  doubting  Patterson  would  be  able 
to  keep  Johnston  in  the  valley.  On  the  morn- 
ing of  July  21,  McDowell's  forces  were  set  iu 
motion  in  three  columns,  one  under  General 
Tyler  on  the  Warren  ton  Road,  to  make  a 
feigned  attack,  and  the  other  two,  command- 
ed respectively  by  Generals  Hunter  ami  Heint- 
zclinan,  taking  a  wide  circuit  more  to  the  left, 
to  cross  Bull's  Bun  at  different  points  and  make 
a  real  attack  on  Beauregard's  left  will!];,  which 
was  to  he  menaced  by  Tyler.  The  Confeder- 
ate right  was  to  be  threatened  by  troops  un- 
der Colonels  Richardson  and  Davies,  moving 
from  Centreville.  These  movements  were  all 
executed,  hut  with  so  much  delay  that  it  was 
nearly  noon  before  the  battle  began.  Mean- 
while the  Confederates  had  made  a  move- 
ment unknown  to  Mi  Howell.  The  Confeder- 
ate government,  just  seated  at  Richmond,  hear- 
ing of  the  movements  of  the  Nationals,  imme- 
diately ordered  Johnston  to  hasten  from  the 
valley,  and  reinforce  Heanregard.  This  was 
done  at  noon  (July  2d),  with  six  thousand 
fresh  troops.  (See  Patterson.)  Hunter's  col- 
umn crossed  Pull's   Pun   at  Smiley  Church,  led 

by  Genera]  Burnside,  with  Rhode  Island,  New 

Hampshire,  and  Massachusetts  troops.  Soon 
a  tier  crossing  it  encountered  the  Confederates. 
and  a  battle  ensued  in  open  fields.  The  bat- 
teries of  Griffin  and  Reynolds  were  brought  to 
bear  by  the  Nationals.     Only  a  small  stream  in 


BULL'S  RUN,  BATTLE  OF 


174    BULL'S  RUN,  EFFECTS  OF  BATTLE  OF 


a  little  vale  separated  the  combatants.  The 
Confederates  were  led  by  Colonel  Evans.  The 
contest  raged  most  fiercely.  Hard  pressed, 
Evans's  line  began  to  waver,  when  General 
Bee  advanced  with  fresh  troops,  and  gave  it 
strength.  Then  the  National  line  began  to 
tremble,  when  Colonel  Andrew  Porter  sent  a 
battalion  of  regulars  under  Major  Sykes  to 
strengthen  it.  More  fiercely  the  battle  raged. 
General  Hunter  was  severely  wounded.  Colo- 
nel Slocnm  of  the  Rhode  Island  troops  was 
killed,  when  Spragne,  the  youthful  governor 
of  the  commonwealth,  took  command  of  his 
troops.  The  wearied  Nationals,  who  had  been 
on  their  feet  since  midnight,  began  to  flag, 
when  they  were  reinforced  by  troops  under 
Heintzelman,  Sherman,  and  Corcoran.  A  charge 
made  by  a  New  York  regiment,  under  Colonel 
H.  W.  Slocnm,  shattered  the  beudiug  Confeder- 
ate line,  and  the  troops  tied  in  confusion  to  a 
plateau  whereon  General  T.  J.  Jackson  had 
just  arrived  with  reserves.  The  flight  was 
ehecked,  and  order  was  brought  out  of  confu- 
sion. Alarmed  by  this  show  of  unsuspected 
strength  in  the  Nationals,  Johnston,  who  had 
arrived  and  taken  the  chief  command,  looked 
anxiously  towards  the  mountain  gaps  through 
which  he  expected  more  of  his  troops  from  the 
Shenandoah  Valley.  Without  these  he  had 
small  hopes  of  success.  There  had  been  a  lull 
in  the  conflict ;  and,  at  two  o'clock  in  the  af- 
ternoon, it  was  announced  they  were  not  in 
sight.  At  that  time  the  Confederates  had  ten 
thousand  soldiers  and  twenty-two  heavy  nuns 
in  battle  order  on  the  plateau.  The  Nationals 
proceeded  to  attempt  to  drive  them  from  this 
vantage-ground.  To  accomplish  this,  five  bri- 
gades namely,  Porter's.  Howard's,  Franklin's, 
Wilcox's,  and  Sherman's — with  the  batteries  of 
Bicketts,  Griffin,  and  Arnold,  and  cavalry  un- 
der Major  Palmer,  advanced  to  turn  the  Con- 
federate left,  while  Keyes's  was  sent  to  annoy 
them  on  their  right.  General  Heintzelman  ac- 
companied McDowell  as  his  lieutenant  in  the 
tield,  and  his  division  began  the  attack.  Rick- 
etts  and  Griffin  advanced  with  their  troops,  and 
planted   their  batteries  on  an  elevation  that 

commanded  the  whole  plateau,  with  the  im- 
mediate support  of  Ellsworth's  Fire  Zouaves, 
commanded  by  Colonel  Farnham.  To  the  left 
of  these  batteries.  New  York,  Massachusetts. 
and  Minnesota  troops  took  a  position.  As  tho 
artillery    and    Zouaves    were    advancing,    they 

were  suddenly  attacked   on  the  flank  by  Ala- 

bamians  in  ambush,  and  then  by  Stuart's  Black 
Bone  Cavalry  in  the  rear,  and  the  Zouaves  re- 
coiled.     At   that    moment   Heintzelman   ordered 

up  a  Minnesota  regiment  to  support  the  bat- 
teries, when  the  Confederates  in  overwhelm- 
ing force  delivered  a  fire  on  these  guns  thai 

disabled    them   by   prostrating  the   men.      Both 

sides  suffered  dreadfully.  When  Johnston 
heard  of  the  slaughter,  be  exclaimed,  "Ob  for 
four  regiments!"     It    was  now    three  o'clock. 

His  wish  was  more  than  gratified.  Just  then 
he  saw   a  cloud  of  dust  in  the  direction  of  the 

Manassas   Gap   railway.      It    was   a    part   of  his 

in. ops,  four  thousand  strong,  from  the  valley. 


under  General  E.  Kirby  Smith.  They  were  im- 
mediately ordered  into  action,  when  the  Con- 
federates, so  reinforced,  struck  the  Nationals  a 
stunning  blow,  just  as  the  latter  were  about  to 
grasp  the  palm  of  victory.  It  was  so  unex- 
pected, heavy,  and  overpowering  that  in  fif- 
teen minutes  the  Nationals  were  swept  from 
the  plateau.  As  regiment  after  regiment  gave 
way,  and  hurried  towards  the  turnpike  in  con- 
fusion, panic  seized  others,  and  at  four  o'clock 
a  greater  portion  of  the  National  army  was 
flying  across  Bull's  Pun  towards  Ccntreville — 
leaving  behind  them  over  three  thousand  men, 
killed,  wounded,  or  made  prisoners.  The  Con- 
federates lost  over  two  thousand.  The  Nation- 
als lost  twenty  -  seven  cannons,  ten  of  which 
were  captured  on  the  field,  and  the  remainder 
were  abandoned  in  the  flight  to  Centreville. 
They  only  took  a  single  cannon  in  safety  to 
Ccntreville.  They  also  lost  many  small-arms 
and  a  large  quantity  of  munitions  of  war,  and 
medicine  and  hospital  supplies.  The  Nation- 
als were  pursued  some  distance.  Had  the  Con- 
federates pressed  on  after  the  panic-stricken 
fugitives,  the  coveted  prize  of  the  National 
capital,  witli  all  its  treasures,  might  have  been 
won  by  them  within  twenty-four  hours.  John- 
ston had  escaped  from  Patterson,  reinforced 
Beauregard  at  a  critical  moment,  ami  won  a 
great  victory  through  the  forgetfulness  of 
Lieutenant-general  Scott,  who  had  given  Pat- 
terson positive  directions  not  to  move  until 
he  should  receive  further  orders.  These  the 
commanding-general  forgot  to  send!  Patterson 
knew  of  Johnston's  movement,  but  his  orders 
to  wait  were  imperative.  The  first  he  heard 
of  tho  disaster  at  Bull's  Sun  was  through  a 
morning  paper  from  Philadelphia,  on  July  88. 
(See  /;»//'«  Bun,  Flight  from.) 

Bull's  Run,  Effects  of  the  Battle  of. 
The  result  of  the  battle  was  published  with 
great  exaggeration  on  both  sides.     It  produced 

unbounded  joy  among  the  Confederates  and 
their    friends,    and    the    loyal    people    were,    at 

first,  greatly  depressed  by  it.  While  the  Con- 
federates were  elated  beyond  measure,  by  the 
evidence  the  battle  seemed  to  give  of  their  su- 
perior skill  and  courage,  and  thousands  flocked 
to  the  standard  of  revolt  from  all  parts  of  the 
Southern  States,  the  loyalists  were  stunned  by 
the  groat  disaster,  and  the  seventy-five  thou- 
sand men.  whose  three  months'  term  of  s,  rviOS 
was  about  to  expire,  were,  for  the  moment, 
made  eager  to  leave  the  field,  and  return  home. 
The  President  of  the  Confederacy,  who  arrived 
at  Manassas  just  after  the  victory,  made  an  ex- 
ultant speech  at  Kichmond,  now  become  its 
capital,  and  said  to  the  multitude,  when  re- 
ferring to  the  Vanquished,  with  bitter  scorn. 
"Never  he  bauglltj  to  the  humble;"  and  pre- 
dicted that  the  National  capital  would   soon  be 

in  their  possession.  While  the  Btreets  of  Riob- 
mond  were  populous  with  prisoners  from  the 
vanquished  army,  and  eager  volunteers  press- 
ing forward  towards  the  camp  of  the  victors 
at    Manassas,   the    streets   of   Washington    were 

crowded  with  a  discomfited  and  disheartened 
soldiery,  without   leaders,  and  without  organ- 


BULL'S  RUN,  SECOND  BATTLE  OF       175        BULL'S  RUN,  THE  FLIGHT  FROM 


ization  —  the  personification  of  the  crushed 
hopes  of  the  loyal  people.  Such  was  the  sad 
picture  of  the  situation  of  the  Republic,  much 
exaggerated,  which  was  presented  to  Europe 
in  August,  1861.  The  intelligence  was  given 
first  to  Europe  through  the  London  Times — the 
accredited  exponent  of  the  political  and  social 
opinions  of  the  ruling  class  in  England  —  by 
the  pen  of  Dr.  Russell,  its  war-correspondent  in 
the  United  States.  He  did  not  see  the  battle, 
and  his  account  was,  in  a  great  degree,  a  tale 
of  the  imagination.  It  excited  among  the  rul- 
ing classes  a  derision  of  the  government  and 
loyal  people  of  the  United  States,  and  gratified 
the  opponents  of  republicanism.  To  them  the 
ruin  of  tlie  Great  Republic  of  the  West  seemed 
to  be  a  (act  accomplished.  English  statesmen 
and  journalists  dogmatically  asserted  it.  and 
deplored  the  folly  and  wickedness  of  the  Pres- 
ident and  Congress  in  "waging  war  upon  sov- 
ereign slates,"  and  attempting  to  hold  in  union, 
by  force,  a  people  who  "  had  the  rij^ht  and 
the  desire  to  withdraw  from  a  hated  fellow- 
ship.-' It  was  declared  that  "the,  bubble  of 
democracy  bad  burst."  The  London  Times  said 
(Aug.  13),  "It  is  evident  that  the  whole  volun- 
teer army  of  tin;  Northern  States  is  worthless 
as  a  military  organization,  ,  .  .  a  screaming 
crowd;"  and  spoke  of  it  as  a  collection  of 
"  New  York  rowdies  and  Boston  abolitionists 
desolating  the  villages  of  Virginia."  The  de- 
pression of  spirits  among  the  loyal  people  was. 
however,  only  momentary.  Within  a  few-  days 
they  were  buoyant  with  faith  and  hope.  There 
was  a  second  uprising  of  the  friends  of  free,  in- 
stitutions more  marvellous  than  the  first.  Vol- 
unteers  Hocked   to  the.  standard   of  tl Stars 

and  Stripes"  by  thousands.  The  Confederates 
were  amazed  by  the  spectacle,  and  did  not 
venture  near  the  capital  in  force,  where  loyal 
regiments    were    continually    arriving.      Five 

days  after  the  battle,  Secretary  Seward  wrote 
to  Minister  Adams  in  London:   "Our  Army  of 

the    !'• lac,  on    Sunday   last,  met    a    reverse 

squally  severe  and  unexpected.  For  a  day  or 
two  the  panic  which  had  produced  the  result 
was  followed  by  a  panic  that  seemed  to  threat- 
en to  demoralize  the  country.  Hut  that  evil 
has  ceased  entirely.  The  result  is  already 
Man  in  a  vigorous  reconstruction   upon   a  scale 

of  greater  magnitude  and  increased  enthusi- 
asm." The  Pennsylvania  reserves  (which  sec) 
were  transferred  to  the  National  army  at  Wash- 
ington. The  government  and  people  were  sat- 
isfied that  a  long  and  desperate  struggle  was 
before  them,  ami  they  put  forth  most  extraor- 
dinary energies  to  meet  the  crisis.  On  the 
contrary,  when,  the  shouts  of  victory  having 

dicil  away,  and  the  smoke  of  battle  dissipated, 
the  people  of  the  Confederacy  saw  their  vic- 
torious army  immovable  at  Manassas  and  in- 
disposed to  follow  up  their  triumph,  they  were 
filled  with  apprehensions,  and  a  feoliug  akin  to 
despondency  took  possession  of  the  hearts  of 
the  Southern  people. 

Bull's   Run,  Second  Battli  OF.     On  the 
morning  after  the  battle  at  Grove  ton  (which 

sec.   Pope's  army   was  greatly  reduced.      It  had 


failed  to  prevent  the  unity  of  Lee's  army,  and 
prudence  dictated  its  immediate  flight  across 
Bull's  Run,  and  even  to  the  defences  of  Wash- 
ington. But  Pope  determined  to  resume  the 
battle  the  next  morning.  He  had  received  no 
reinforcements  or  supplies  since  the  26th,  and 
bad  no  positive  assurance  that  any  would  be 
sent.  He  confidently  expected  rations  and  for- 
age from  MoClellan  at  Alexandria  (a  short  dis- 
tance away),  who  was  to  supply  them;  and  it 
was  not  until  the  morning  of  the  30th  (August, 
18G"2),  when  it  was  too  late  to  retreat  and  peril- 
ous to  stand  still,  that  he  received  information 
that  rations  and  forage  would  be  sent  as  soon 
as  he  (Pope)  should  send  a  cavalry  escort  for 
the  train — a  thing  impossible.  He  had  no  al- 
ternative but  to  fight.  Both  commanders  had 
made  dispositions  for  attack  in  the  morning. 
Fee's  movements  gave  Pope  the  impression  that 
the  Confederates  wire  retreating,  and  he  or- 
dered McDowell  to  pursue  with  a  large  force, 
Porter's  forces  to  advance  and  attack  them,  and 
Beintzelman  and  Reno,  supported  by  Rickett's 
division,  were  ordered  to  assail  and  turn  the 
Confederate  lefr.  This  movement,  when  at- 
tempted, revealed  a  state  of  affairs  fearful  to 
the  National  army.  The  latter,  as  their  ad- 
vance moved  forward,  were  opened  upon  by  a 
fierce  fire  of  cannons,  shot,  shell,  and  bullets,  ami 
at  the  same  moment  a  large  Dumber  of  Lee's 
troops  were  making  a  (lank  movement  that 
might   imperil  the  whole  of  Pope's  army.     A 

very  severe  battle  soon  occurred.  Porter's  corps, 
which  had  recoiled  at  the  unexpected  blow, 
was  rallied,  and  performed  special  good  ser- 
vice; and  Jackson's  adva d  line  was  stead- 
ily pushed  back  until  five  o'clock  in  the  after- 
noon, when  Lougstreet  turned  the  tide  of  battle 
by  pouring  a  destructive  artillery  fire  upon  the 
Nationals.  Line  after  line  was  swept  away, 
and  very  soon  the  whole  left  was  put  to  flight. 
Jackson    advanced,  and    LongStreet   pushed  his 

heavy  columns  against  Pope's  centre,  while  the 
Confederate  artillery  was  doing  fearful  execu- 
tion.    The  left  of  the  Nationals,  though  pushed 

back,  was  unbroken,  and  held  the  Warrenton 
pike,  by  which  alone  Pope's  army  might  safely 
retreat.  Pope  had  now  no  alternative  but  to 
fall  back  towards  the  defences  at  Washington. 
At  eight  o'clock  in  the  evening  he  gave  orders 
to  that  effect.  This  movement,  was  made  dur- 
ing the   night,  across  Bull's  Run,  to  the  heights 

of  Centreville,  the  brigades  of  Meade  and  Sey- 
mour oovering  the  retreat.    The  night  was  very 

dark,  and  Lee  diil  not  pursue;  and  in  (he  morn- 
ing (Aug.  31)  Bull's  Run  again  divided  the  two 
great    armies.      So   ended   the   second   battle  of 

null's  Ban. 

Bull's  Run,  Tin:  Flight  from.  Other  fugi- 
tives than  defeated  military  men  were  iu  the 
flight  from  Full's  Bun,  July  SI,  1861.  The  grav- 
ity of  the  occasion  was  so  little  appreciat- 
ed that  when  it  was  known  at.  Washington 
that  McDowell  was  to  attack  the  Confederates 
on    Sunday,  .Inly  21,  scores   of   men,  and   even 

women — Congressmen,  officials  of  almost  every 
grade,  ami  plain  citizens  —  went,  out  ill  car- 
nages io  witness  the  conflict,  as  to  a  spectacu- 


BUNKER'S  HILL,  BATTLE  OF     V 

Jar  show.  Passes  from  military  commanders 
■were  like  tickets  to  a  Roman  circus  or  a  com- 
bat in  the  colosseum,  and  the  vicinity  of  the 
battlefield  was  gay  on  Sunday  morning  with 
civilians,  who  indulged  in  wine  and  cigars  at 
the  headquarters  of  Colonel  Miles  at  Centre- 
ville.  The  heights  there  were  crowded  with 
spectators,  and  they  enjoyed  the  roar  of  the 
battle  as  it  went  on.  The  excitement  was  de- 
licious while  danger  was  distant.  It  assumed 
a  different  phase  before  night,  and  glowing 
cheeks  were  made  pale  with  terror  when  the 
Hying  regiments  came  thundering  on  with  tales 
of  defeat  and  disaster  and  of  pursuing  Con- 
federates. The  spectators  joined  in  ft  pell-mell 
rush  for  safety.  Soldiers  and  citizens  and 
well-dressed  women  were  mingled  in  pictur- 
esque confusion  in  the  line  of  fugitives  who 
crowded  the  highways.  In  several  places  the 
roads  became  blockaded  with  overturned  vehi- 
cles or  abandoned  cannons,  and  horses  and  hu- 
man kind  seemed  equally  eager  to  escape  from 
the  whirlwind  of  destruction  that  followed  in 
fury  behind  them  for  a  while.  Fortunately,  the 
pursuit  of  the  Confederates  was  soon  abandon- 
ed. Among  the  civilians  who  were  caught  by 
the  pursuers  was  Alfred  Ely,  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  who  was  confined 
in  the  famous  tobacco  warehouse  in  Richmond 
known  as  the  "  Libby  Prison  "  (which  see).  He 
was  a  prisoner  there  four  months,  when  he  was 
exchanged  for  Charles  J.Faulkner,  late  Ameri- 
can Minister  to  France,  who  had  been  impris- 
oned for  suspected  disloyalty.  Mr.  Faulkner's 
character  was  afterwards  vindicated. 

Bunker's  (Breed's)  Hill,  Battle  of.  By  re- 
inforcements from  England  and  Ireland,  Gen- 
eral Gage's  army  in  Boston,  at  the  close  of  May, 
177").  was  10,000  Btrong.  With  the  reinforce- 
ments came  Generals  William  Howe,  Sir  Henry 
Clinton,  and  John  Burgoyne,  three  officers  ex- 
perienced in  the  military  tactics  of  Europe,  but 
little  prepared  for  service  in  America.  Thus 
strengthened, Gage  issued  a  proclamation  (June 
12)  of  martial  law,  and  ottering  pardon  to  all 
who  should  return  to  their  allegiance,  except- 
ing Samuel  Adams  and  John  Hancock.  At  that 
time  the  New  England  army  before  Boston 
(presently  to  be  adopted  as  a  Continental  army) 
numbered  about  16,000 men, divided  into  thirty- 
six  regiments,  of  which  Massachusetts  furnished 
twenty-seven,  and  the  other  three  New  Bnglaud 
colonics  three  each.  John  Whilcomb,  a  colonel 
in  t  lie  French  and  Indian  War,  and  Joseph  War- 
ren, President  of  the  Provincial  Congress,  were 

appointed  (June  15)  major-generals  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts forces.  These  provincial  troops  com- 
pletely blockaded  Boston  on  the  land  side,  and 
effectively  held  the  British  troops  as  prisoners 
on  tin-  peninsula.  General  Artemas  Ward,  the 
military  head  of  Massachusetts,  was  regarded, 

by  common  consent,  as  the  commando  -in-chief 

of  this  New  England  army.  The  Americans  had 
thrown  nponlj  a  few  breastworks  a  small  re- 
•loni.t  at  Boxbnry,  and  some  breastworks  at  the 

i fProspecl  Mill,  in  Cambridge)     The  right 

winy:  of  the  besieging  army,  ander General  John 
Thomas,  «  as  at  Roxburj .  consisting  of  1000  Mas- 


S  BUNKER'S  HILL,  BATTLE  OF 

sachnsetts  troops,  four  artillery  companies,  a  few 
field-pieces,  and  some  heavy  cannons.  The  Rhode 
Island  forces  were  at  Jamaica  Plain,  under  Gen- 
eral Greene,  with  a  regiment  of  Connecticut 
troops  under  General  Spencer.  General  Ward 
commanded  the  left  wing  at  Cambridge.  The 
Connecticut  and  New  Hampshire  troops  were 
in  the  vicinity.  It  was  made  known  to  the 
Committee  of  Safety  that  General  Gage  had 
fixed  upon  the  night  of  the  18th  of  June  to  sally 
out  and  take  possession  of  and  fortify  Bunker's 
Hill  (an  elevation  not  far  from  Charlestown  ) : 
also  Dorchester  Heights,  south  of  Boston.  Both 
of  these  points  would  command  the  town.  The 
eager  provincials  determined  to  anticipate  this 
movement,  and  the  Massachusetts  Committee 
of  Safety  ordered  Colonel  William  Prescott  to 
march,  on  the  evening  of  the  16th,  with  1000 
men,  including  a  company  of  artillery,  with  two 
field- pieces,  to  take  possession  of  and  fortify 
Bunker's  Hill.  This  force,  after  a  prayer  by  Pres- 
ident Langdon,  of  Harvard,  passed  over  Charles- 
town  Neck  ;  but.  going  by  Bunker's  Hill,  they  as- 
cended Breed's  Hill  (much  nearer  Boston),  where 
they  had  a  better  command  of  the  town  and  the 
shipping.  They  had  been  joined  on  the  way  by 
Major  Brooks  and  General  Putnam, and  by  wag- 
ons laden  with  intrenching  tools.  The  patriot 
troops  worked  incessantly  all  night  under  the 
skilful  engineer  Gridley,  and  at  dawn  a  redoubt 
about  eight  rods  square,  flanked  on  the  right  by 
a  breastwork  which  extended  northwardly  to 
marshy  land,  met  the  bewildered  and  astonish- 
ed ^az.e  of  the  sentinels  on  the  British  shipping 
in  the  St.  Charles  River.  The  guns  of  their 
vessels  were  immediately  brought  to  bear  upon 
the  redoubt  on  Breed's  Mill,  and  the  noise  of 
the  cannonade  aroused  the  sleepers  in  Boston. 
The  Americans  on  Breed's  Hill  continued  their 
work  until  eleven  o'clock  on  that  very  hot  June 
morning, under  an  incessant  shower  of  shot  and 
shell,  with  a  scanty  supply  of  provisions,  after 
having  worked  all  night.  Putnam  had  removed 
the  intrenching  tools  at  noon  to  Bunker's  Mill  for 
the  purpose  of  casting  up  intrenchments  there, 
and  the  right  flank  of  Prescott  was  strengthened 
by  a  few  reinforcements  thrown  into  Charles- 
town  at  the  southern  slope  of  the  hill.  On  t lie 
Left  a  fortification  against  musket-halls,  com- 
posed of  a  rail  fence  and  new-mown  hay.  was 
hastily  constructed,  almost  at  the  moment  of 
attack.  The  British  clearly  saw  their  impend- 
ing danger,  and,  to  thwart   it.  picked  corps   of 

their  army,  3000  strong,  led  by  Generals  Howe 
ami  Pigot,  embarked  in  boats  from  the  wharves 

in  Boston,  and  landed  at  the  eastern  base  of 
Breed's  Mill.  Meanwhile  the  troops  who  had 
worked  all  night  and  half  of  a  hot  June  day  in 
throwing  op  intrenchments  on  Breed's  Mill 
were  not  relieved  by  others,  as  they  should 
have  been.  Colonel  Prescott.  at  first,  did  not 
believe  the  British  would  attack  his  redoubt  : 
and  when  he  saw  the  movement  in  the  town  he 
felt  assured  that  be  could  easily  repulse  an\  as- 
sailants, and  it  was  nine  o'clock  before  he  ap- 
plied to  General  Ward  for  reinforcements.  Put- 
nam had  urged, early  in  the  morning,  the  send- 
Lng  of  troops.     Ward,  believing  Cambridge  to 


BUNKER'S  HILL,  BATTLE  OF     1 

be  the  point  of  attack,  would  not  consent  to 
sending  more  than  a  part  of  Stark's  New  Hamp- 
shire regiment  at  first.  Finally  the  remainder 
was  sent;  also,  the  whole  of  Colonel  Reed's  reg- 
iment on  Charlestowu  Neck  was  ordered  to  re- 
inforce Prescott.  General  Putnam  was  on  the 
field,  but  without  troops  or  command.  The 
same  was  the  case  with  General  Warren,  who 
hastened  to  the  scene  of  action  when  the  con- 
flict began.  Stark's  regiment  took  a  position 
on  the  left  of  the  unfinished  breastwork,  but 
two  hundred  yards  in  the  rear,  and  under  im- 
perfect cover,  made  by  pulling  up  a  rail  fence, 
making  parallel  lines  with  the  rails,  and  filling 
the  intervening  spares  with  new-mown  hay. 
At  a  little  past  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon 
Howe's  great  gnne  moved  towards  the  redoubt 
and  opened  fire  upon  the  works.  They  were 
followed  by  the  troops  in  two  columns,  com- 
manded respectively  by  Howe,  and  Pigot.  The 
guns  on  the  British  ships,  and  a  battery  on 
Copp's  Hill,  in  Boston,  hurled  random  shots  in 
abundance  on  the  Americans  on  Breed's  Hill. 
The  occupants  of  the  redoubt  kept,  silent 
until  the  enemy  had  approached  verj  near, 
when,  at  the,  word  Fire!  1500  of  the  con- 
cealed patriots  suddenly  arose  and  poured 
such  a  destructive  storm  of  bullets  upon 
t  he  climbers  of  i  he  green  slope 

that  whole  platoons,  and  even 

companies,    were   prostrated. 


niSKKH  s  mi. i..  PUAS  of  iiatti.f.  of,  and  II 

Fln^s  fell  to  (lie  ground  like  tall  lilies  in  a 
meadow.  The  assailants  tell  liaek  to  the  shore, 
and  a  shout  of  triumph  went  up  from  the  re- 
doubt. Some  scattering  shots  had  come  from 
the  houses  at  Charlesiown  J  and  Gage,  infuri- 
ated by  the  repulse,  gave  orders  to  send  com- 
bustibles into  that. village  and  set  it  on  fire. 
It,  was  done,  and  soon  the  town  was  in  tlames. 
This  Conflagration  added  new  horrors  to  the 
seene.  The  British  again  advanced,  and  were 
(gain  driven  back  to  their  landing-place.  Then 
General  Clinton   passed   over  from   Boston   to 

aid  Howe  and  Pigot,  and  the  t  loops  were  led  to 
the  assault    a   third   time.     The  powder  of  the 


*  On  the  left  of  the,  plan  of  the  battle  is  seen  a  picture  of 

i  the  s f  the  redoubt     The 

>i  the  diagram  A  in  the  map. 
The  entrance  to  it  was  at  a, which  was  on  the  end  towards 

Charlestowu  Neck. 

I.— 12 


T  BURGOYNE 

provincials,  scanty  at  the  beginning,  now  failed. 
Some  British  artillery  planted  pieces  near  the 
breastwork  and  swept  it  from  end  to  end,  while 
grenadiers  assailed  the  redoubt  on  three  sides 
at  once  and  carried  it  at  the  point  of  the  bayo- 
net. Stark,  meanwhile,  had  kept  the  British  at 
bay  at  the  rail  fence  until  the  redoubt  was  car- 
ried, after  which  all  of  the  surviving  provincials 
fled  in  good  order  across  Charlestowu  Neck,  en- 
tiladed  by  the  tire  from  the  vessels  and  floating 
batteries  on  the  Charles  River,  but  received  very 
little  hurt.  Of  the  3000  British  troops  engaged 
in  the  fight,  1054  were  killed  or  wounded — a 
proportionate  loss  which  few  battles  can  show. 
The  loss  of  the  provincials  was  450,  killed  and 
wounded.  Among  the  former  was  General  War- 
ren, whose  loss  was  irreparable.  He  came  to 
the  redoubt  without  command,  and  did  not  take 
it  from  Prescott.  lb-  fell,  as  he  was  leaving  the 
redoubt,  from  the  effects  of  a  bullet  -  wound. 
The  result,  of  the  battle  was  a  substant  ial  vic- 
tory for  the  Americans.  They  failed  only  be- 
cause their  ammunition  failed.  It  tested  the 
ability  of  the  provincial  army  to 
meet  a  British  force  in  the  held  ; 
and  so  unsatisfactory  was  the  bat- 
tle  to  the  British  ministry,  that 
Gage  was  superseded  in  command 
by  General  Howe.    The  general 

impression   at  the  time  was  that 

the  battle  was  on  Bunker's  Hill, 
and  so  it  figures  in  history  as  the 
"  Battle  of  Bunker's  HilL"    It  was 

fought  on  Breed's  Hill,  some  dis- 
tance from  the  former.  The  bat- 
tle w;is  seen  by  thousands  who 
w  ere  on  the  neighboring  hills  and 
t  lie  rOOfs  and  lialeolues  in  Boston. 
Many  of  the  spectators  were  deep- 
ly interested,  tor  they  had  dear 
relatives  and  friends  in  the  con- 
flict. The  battle  lasted  about 
t  wo  bouts. 

Bunker's  Hill  Monument.  The 
corner- stone    of  this    monument 
was  laid  on  the  fiftieth  anniver- 
sary of  the  battle  (June  17, 1825), 
in  the  presence  of  a,  vast  multi- 
tude of  people.     Lafayette,  then 
on  a  visit  to  the  United  states,  was  present, 
and  Daniel  Webster  delivered  an  oration.    The 
monument    is    an    obelisk,   and    stands    in    the 
centre  of  the  ground,  on   Breed's  Hill,  included 
in  the  old  breastwork.      Its  sides  tire  precisely 
parallel  with  those  of  the  redoubt.     It  is  built 
of  Qninoy  granite,  and  is  221   feet  in  height. 

'flic  base  of  the  obelisk   is  30  feel   square,  a  11(1  tit 

the  spring  of  the  apex  15  feet.      By  a  flight  of 

205  stone  steps,  within  tl belisk,  its  top  may 

be  reached.  A  chamber  at  the  top  has  four 
windows,  with  iron  shutters.  The  monument 
was  not  completed  until  184:5,  when,  on  June  17, 
it  was  dedicated  in  the  presence  of  President 
Tyler  and  his  cabinet  and  a  vast  multitude  of 
citizens.  The  city  of  Charlestowu  now  sur- 
rounds the  monument.  (See  Bunker's  Hill,  /.'«/- 
tie  of.) 
Burgoyne,  Sin  John,  was  born  in  England 


BUEGOYNE  1 

about  1730;  died  in  Loudon,  Aug.  4,  1792.  He 
was  liberally  educated,  aud  entered  the  army 
at  an  early  age.  While  a  subaltern  he  clandes- 
tinely married  a  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Derby, 
who  subsequently  aided  him  in  aoquiriug  mili- 
tary promotion  and  settled  $1500  a  year  upon 
hiui.     He  served  with  distinction  in  Portugal 


in  1762.  The  year  before,  he  was  elected  to 
Parliament,  and  gained  his  seal  as  representa- 
tive of  another  borough,  in  1768,  at  an  expense 
of  about  $50,000.  In  the  Letters  of  Junius 
(which  see)  he  was  severely  handled.  Being 
appointed  to  a  command  in  America,  he  arrived 
at  Boston  May  25,  1775 :  and  to  Lord 
Stanley  he  wrote  a  letter  (which  was 
published)  giving  a  graphic  account  of 
tin-  battle  on  Hunker's  (Breed's)  Hill.  In 
December,  1771),  he  returned  to  England, 
and  was  commissioned  lieutenant-gen- 
eral. Placed  in  command  of  the  British 
forces  in  Canada,  he  arrived  there  early 
in  1777,  and  in  June  he  began  an  invasion 
of  the  province  of  New  York  (see  Bur- 
goyntfa  Invasion)  by  way  of  Lake  Cliam- 
plain  and  the  Hudson  Valley.  He  capt- 
ured Tioonderoga  (July  5),  and  pushed 
on,  by  way  of  Fort  Edward,  to  Saratoga 
(8ept.  13).  On  the  Lllh  he  fought  an  in- 
decisive battle  on  Bonus's  Heights;  and, 
on  the  7th  of  October,  another  on  nearly 
the  same  field,  where  be  was  defeated. 

He  sin  rendered  his  whole  army  l  Oct.  17  . 
aud  returned  to  England,  on  his  parole, 
May,  1778.  Heing  blamed,  he  solicited  in 
vain  for  a  court-martial  to  try  his  case, 
but  he  ablj  vindicated  himself  on  the 
floor  of  Parliament,  and  published  ( 1780) 
a  narrative  of  his  campaign  in  America 

for  the  same  purpose.  He  joined  the  op- 
position, and  an  ineffectual  attempt  was 
made  in  177!>  to  exclude  him  from  Parlia- 
ment. Then  he  resigned  all  his  appoint- 
ments; but  in  1782  lie  was  restored  to  his  rank 
in  the  army,  and  appointed  privy-councillor  and 
commander-in-chief  iu  Ireland.  He  retired  from 
public  life  in  17-1.  Borgoyne  acquired  a  liter- 
ary reputation  a.s  a  dramatist.  His  playa  and 
poems  were  published  in  a  collection,  in  two 
volumes,  in   1808. 


i  BUBGOYNE'S  CAMPAIGN 

Burgoyne  Threatens  the  Patriots.  In  a 
proclamation  issued  at  Crown  Point  (July,  1777) 
Burgoyne  said,  "Let  not  people  consider  their 
distance  from  my  camp;  I  have  but  to  give 
stretch  to  the  Indian  forces  under  my  direction 
— and  they  amount  to  thousands — to  overtake 
the  banded  enemies  of  Great  Britain.  If  the 
frenzy  of  hostility  should  remain,  I  trust  1  shall 
stand  acquitted  in  the  eyes  of  Cod  and  man  in 
executing  the  vengeance  of  the  state  agaiust 
the  wilful  outcasts." 

Burgoyne's  Campaign.  Lieutenant-general 
Burgoyne  was  in  command  of  the  British  forces 
in  Canada  in  1777.  He  planned  an  invasion  of 
northern  New  York  to  co-operate  with  British 
troops  ascending  the  Hudson.  (See  Forts  Clin- 
ton (ind  Montgomery.)  He  left  St.  Johns,  on  the 
Sore!  (June.  1777).  with  a  brilliant  aud  \vell-ap- 
pointed  army  of  eight  thousand  men,  and  ascend- 
ed Lake  Champlain  iu  boats.  At  the  falls  of 
the  Bouquet  River,  near  the  western  shore  of 
the  lake,  he  met  about  four  hundred  Indians  in 
council,  aud  after  a  feast  (June 21, 1777)  he  made 
a  stirring  speech  to  them.  On  the  1st  of  July 
he  appeared  before  Ticonderoga,  which  was  in- 
adequately garrisoned.  General  St.  Clair,  iu 
command  there,  was  compelled  to  evacuate  tin- 
post,  with  Mount  Independence  opposite  (July 
5  and  6),  and  fly  towards  Fort  Edward,  on  the 
Upper  Hudson,  through  a  portion  of  Vermont, 
In  a  battle  at  Hubbardton  (w  Inch  see)  the  Amer- 
icans were  beaten  ami  dispersed  by  the  pursuing 


NK    ADDKKSSIMi    Til 


British  and  Germans,  Bt. Clair  bad  sent  -tores 
iu  boats  tu  Skenesborough  (now  Whitehall),  at 

the   head  of  the   lake.      These    wen-   overtaken 

and  destroyed  bj  the  pursuing  British.  Bor- 
goyne preened  forward  almost  unopposed,  tot 
the  American  forces  wen-  verj  weak.  The  lat- 
ter  ii  treated    tirst    to  Fort    Edward,  aud  then 


BURKE  1 

gradually  down  tbe  Hudson  almost  to  Albany. 
The  British  advanced  but  slowly,  for  the  Amer- 
icans, under  the  coinmaud  of  General  Philip 
Schuyler,  harassed  them  at  every  step.  An 
expedition  sent  by  Burgoyne  to  capture  stores 
and  cattle,  and  procure  horses  in  this  region 
and  at  Bennington,  Vt.,  was  defeated  in  a  bat- 
tle at  Hoosiek,  N.  Y.  (Aug.  16),  by  a  force  has- 
tily gathered  under  General  Stark.  Already 
another  invading  force  of  British  regulars,  Ca- 
nadians, Tories,  and  Indians,  under  Colonel  St. 
Feger,  which  was  sent  by  Burgoyne.  by  way  of 
Oswego,  to  Diarch  down  the  Mohawk  Valley  and 
meet  the  latter  at  Albany,  had  been  defeated  in 
a  battle  at  Oriskany  (Aug.  6).  Schuyler  was 
superseded  by  Gates  (see  Schuyler  and  Galea)  in 
command  of  the  northern  army.  Gates  formed 
a  fortified  camp  on  Bonus's  Heights  to  oppose 
the  onward  march  of  Burgoyne  down  the  Hud- 
son Valley.  There  lie  was  attacked  (Sept.  19) 
by  the  British;  and,  after  a  severe  battle,  the 
latter  retired  to  their  cam])  on  the  heights  of 
Saratoga  (now  Schnylerv  ille)  to  await  the  ap- 
proach of  Sir  Henry  Clinton  from  New  York. 
Tbe  latter  captured  forts  on  the  Hudson  High- 
lands, and  sent  marauding  expeditions  up  the 
river  that  buttled  Kingston.  Again  Burgoyne 
advanced  to  attack  Gates.  He  was  defeated 
(Oct.  7),  and  again  retired  to  his  camp,  find- 
ing it  impossible  to  retreat,  go  forward,  or  re- 
main quiet,  lie  sin  tendered  his  whole  army  and 
its  splendid  appointments,  Oct.  IT,  1777. 

Burke,  JSdanus,  was  born  in  Galway,  Ire- 
land, in  1743;  died  in  Charleston,  S.  ('..March  IS, 
1802,    He  was  educated  at  st  Omers  for  a  priest ; 

emigrated  to  South  Carolina,  and  there  engaged 

with  the  patriots  in  their  conflict  with  Greal 

Britain.  He  was  a  lawyer,  and  in  177S  was 
made  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  South 
Carolina.  He  served  two  years  in  the  army; 
was  in  Congress  (1789-91);  and  after  serving 
in   the   state  Legislature,  he   became  chancellor 

of  the  commonwealth  awhile  before  his  death. 
Judge  Burke  was  a  thorough  Republican,  and 

wrote  a  famous  pamphlet  against  the  "Cincin- 
nati Society"  (which  see)  that  was  translated 
into  French  by  Mirabcau,  and  used  by  him  with 
much  cll'ect  during  the  French  Revolution. 
Burke  opposed  its  aristocratic  features.  He 
also  opposed  the  National  Constitution,  fearing 
consolidated  power. 

Burke,  Edmund.  Born  in  Dublin,  June  I. 
1730;  died  at  Beaconsfield,  Fug.,  July  9,  1797. 
He  was  one  of  fifteen  children  of  his  father, 
Richard  Burke,  an  attorney,  and  was  descended 
from  the  Norman  De  Burghs,  who  early  settled 
in  Ireland.  He  graduated  at  Triuitj  College, 
Dublin  (1748)  ;  studied  law,  and  in  17."><>  he  pub- 
lished his  famous  essay  on  Tile  Sublime  and  Beau- 
tiful. In  1758  59  he  and  Dodsley  established 
the  Animal  Register;  and  in  17b.">  he  was  made 
Secretary  to  Premier  Rockingham.  He  entered 
Parliament  in  17(iii.  There  be  took  an  active 
and  brilliant  part  in  debates  on  the  American 
question,  and  always  in  favor  of  the  Americans, 
advocating  their  cause  w  ith  rare  eloquence.  In 
1771  he  was  appointed  agent  for  the  colony  of 


9  BURL1NGAME 

New  York.  He  lost  some  popularity  by  advo- 
cating the  claims  of  the  Roman  Catholics  in 
1780,  and  opposing  the  policy  of  repressing  the 
trade  of  Ireland.  During  the  brief  administra- 
tion of  the  Rockingham  ministry  in  1782,  be  was 
a  member  of  the  privy  council  and  paymaster 
of  the  forces.     Taking  a  prominent  part  in  the 


I1IMI  M)    IllKKK. 

affairs  In  India,  he  began  the  prosecution  of 
Governor  Warren  Hastings  early  in  1786.  His 
labors  in  behalf  of  India  in  that  protracted  trial 
were  immense,  though  the  impeachment  of  Hast- 
ings was  not  effected.      His  great  work  entitled 

Reflections  w  the  Revolution  in  France  appeared  in 

1790.  As  a  statesman  and  thinker  and  clear 
writer  Edmund  Burke  had  few  superiors.  His 
conversational  powers  were  remarkable,  and  he 
was  one  of  the  suspected  authors  of  the  Letters 
Of  JlUtiUS  (w  hull  see). 

Burke,  Thom  \s,  t  ;,,\  ernor  of  North  Carolina, 
was  born  in  Ireland  about  1747  ;  died  at  Hills- 
borough, N.C.,Dec.2.  1783.  He  came  to  Virginia 
when  seventeen  years  old.  and  in  time  engaged 

in  the  practice  of  medicine.  Then  he  studied 
law,  and   in   1771   moved  to   Hillsborough.      He 

had  written  against  the  stamp  act  and  other 
obnoxious  measures,  and  he  took  a  conspicuous 
part   in   politics   in  North   Carolina.      He  was   a 

member  of  the  Provincial  Congress  in   1776; 

was  engaged  a  short  time  in  the  army,  and  was 

a  member  of  Congress  from  December,  1776,  un- 
til early  in  1781,  when  he  was  chosen  governor 
of  the  state.  In  September  of  that  year  he  was 
seized  by  Tories,  and  kept  a  prisoner  on  James 
Island,  near  Charleston,  four  months;  after 
which  he  was  regularly  exchanged,  resumed  his 
duties  of  governor,  but  soon  retired  to  private 
life. 

Burlingame,  Anson-,  diplomatist,  was  horn 
at  New  Berlin,  Chenango  Co.,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  11, 
1820;  died  in  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  Feb.  23, 
1870.  His  father,  a  farmer,  removed  to  Seneca 
County,  Ohio,  when  Anson  was  three  years  of 


BURLINGTON  HEIGHTS  AND  YORK        180 


BURNSIDE 


age.  Ten  years  later  the  family  were  in  Michi- 
gan. Anson  entered  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan in  1837,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1846. 
He  began  the  practice  of  law  in  Boston,  and  sub- 
sequently became  an  active  member  of  the  "Free 
Soil  Party"  (which  see),  acquiring  a  wide  repu- 
tation as  an  effective  speaker.  In  1849-50  he 
was  in  Europe.  In  1852  he  was  chosen  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Massachusetts  Senate,  and  became  an 
active  supporter  of  the  "American  Party"  in 
1854,  by  which  he  was  elected  to  Congress  the 
same  year.  Mr.  Burliugame  assisted  in  the 
formation  of  the  Republican  party  in  1855—56; 
and  he  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  ablest  de- 
baters in  Congress  on  that  side  of  the  House. 
Severely  criticising  Preston  S.  Brooks  for  his 
attack  upon  Charles  Sumner  (which  sec),  the 
South  Carolinian  challenged  him  to  tight  a  duel. 
He  promptly  accepted  the  challenge,  proposed 
rifles  as  the  weapons,  and  Navy  Island,  just 
above  Niagara  Falls,  as  the  place  of  conflict. 
Brooks  declined  to  go  there,  and  the  matter  was 
dropped.  In  March,  1861,  President  Lincoln  ap- 
pointed Mr.  Burlingame  minister  to  Austria. 
He  having  spoken  in  favor  of  Hungarian  inde- 
pendence, the  Austrian  government  refused  to 
receive  him,  and  he  was  sent  as  ambassador  to 
China.  There  he  carried  forward  important  ne- 
gotiations;  and  when,  in  1867,  he  announced  to 
the  Chinese  government  his  intention  of  return- 
ing home,  Prince  Kung,  the  regent  of  the  empire, 
offered  to  appoint  him  special  ambassador  to 
the  United  States  and  the  great  European  pow- 
ers, for  the  purpose  of  framing  treaties  of  amity 
with  those  nations.  This  high  honor  Mr.  Bur- 
lingame  accepted  ;  and  at  the  head  of  a  reti- 
nue of  Chinese  officials,  he  arrived  in  the  United 
States  in  March,  1868.  From  his  own  country 
Mr.  Burliugame  proceeded  on  his  roving  em- 
bassy to  England,  Frauce,  Denmark,  Sweden, 
Holland,  and  Prussia.  He  was  well  received, 
and  he  negotiated  treaties  with  all  but  France. 
He  had  just  entered  upon  negotiations  at  St. 
Petersburg,  early  in  1870,  when  he  died  of  pneu- 
monia after  an  illness  of  only  a  few  days. 

Burlington  Heights  and  York,  Expedition 
to  (1813).  The  British  maintained  for  some 
time  a  fortified  camp  at  Burlington  Heights,  at 
the  western  end  of  Lake  Ontario.  There  they 
made  a  depository  of  stores;  and  to  capture 
these  ;m  expedition,  composed  of  three  hundred 
laud  troops,  under  Colonel  Winficld  Seott,  borne 
by  the  fleet  of  Commodore  Chauncey,  left  the 
month  of  the  Niagara  River,  July  28,  1813. 
The  usual  feeble  guard  over  the  stores  had  just 
been  reinforced.  Convinced  that  their  forces 
were  insufficient  to  seize  the  prizes,  Seott  and 
Chauncey  concluded  to  attack  York,  from  w  liieh 
the  British  reinforcements  hail  just  hecn  sent. 
The  fleet  bore  the  troops  across  the  lake,  and  en- 
tered the  harbor  of  York  <>n  July  31,  Seoti 
landed  his  troops  without  opposition  :  took  pos- 
sesion of  the  plaee  :  bnrned  the  barracks,  pub- 
lic Store  houses  and  sfoies,  and  eleven  trans- 
ports: destroyed  live  pieces  of  cannon,  and  bore 
a\\a\  M  spoils  one  heavy  pin  and  a  consider- 
able quantity  of  flour.  Tiny  found  in  York 
(Toronto)   the  si,  k   and   wounded  of  Burstlcr's 


command  captured  at  the  Beaver  Dams  (which 
see). 

Burnet  (  Governor  )  and  Massachusetts. 
Governor  William  Burnet  having  served  as 
chief  magistrate  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey 
acceptably  in  general,  he  went  to  Boston  (July 
13,  1738)  with  the  commission  of  governor  of 
Massachusetts.  He  was  received  with  unusual 
pomp.  This  show  he  urged  in  his  speech  as  a 
proof  of  their  ability  to  give  a  liberal  support, 
to  his  government,  and  acquainted  them  with 
the  king's  instructions  to  him  to  insist  upon  an 
established  salary,  and  his  intention  to  adhere 
to  it.  The  Assembly  at  once  took  an  attitude  of 
opposition  to  the  governor.  They  voted  him 
£1700  to  enable  him  to  manage  public  affairs, 
and  to  defray  his  expenses  in  going  there.  The 
governor  declared  himself  dissatisfied,  and  would 
not  consent  to  their  resolve,  as  it  was  "  contrary 
to  his  majesty's  instructions."  The  Assembly 
appealed  to  their  charter,  granted  by  King  Will- 
iam, and  refused  to  vote  a  fixed  salary.  A  spir- 
ited contest  in  writing  ensued.  In  one  of  his 
communications  the  governor  threatened  the 
colony  with  the  loss  of  their  charter.  They  re- 
mained firm,  "because."  they  said,  "it  is  the  tin- 
doubted  right  of  all  Englishmen,  by  Magna 
Charta,  to  raise  and  dispose  of  money  for  the 
.public  service  of  their  own  free  accord,  without 
compulsion."  At  a  town-meeting  in  Boston, 
during  the  controversy,  a  unanimous  declaration 
was  made  that  the  people  of  that  towu  were 
opposed  to  settling  a  fixed  salary  on  the  gover- 
nor. That  official  then  adjourned  the  Legis- 
lature to  Salem,  remarking,  in  his  message  tot- 
that  purpose,  that  the  interposition  of  towns 
was  "a  needless  and  officious  step,  better  adapt- 
ed to  the  republic  of  Holland  than  to  a  British 
constitution."  The  Assembly  adhered  to  their 
determination,  and  the  governor  was  compelled 
to  yield. 

Burnet,  William,  born  at  the  Hague.  Hol- 
land, in  March,  Ids-,  when  William  of  Orange 
(afterwards  William  III.  of  England)  became  his 
godfather  at  baptism.  He  was  a  son  of  Bishop 
Burnet.  He  became  engaged  in  the  South  Sea 
speculations  (see  Laic',*  ScAeme),  which  involved 
him  pecuniarily,  and.  to  retrieve  his  fortune,  he 
received  the  appointment  of  governor  of  the 
colonies  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey.  He  ar- 
rived in  New  York  in  September,  1720.  Becom- 
ing unpopular  there,  he  was  transferred  to  the 
governments  of  Massachusetts  and  New  Hamp- 
shire. He  arrived  at  Boston  in  July,  172".  and 
soon  became  involved  in  disputes  with  the  As- 
sembly about  his  salary.  (See  Hiinitt  and  Mti«- 
UUthutetta.)  That  body  was  linn,  and  the  gover- 
nor was  Compelled  to  yield.  In  person  he  was 
very  commanding  ;  was  frank  in  manner,  and 
of  ready  wit.    Governor  Burnet  died  Sept.  7, 

172!>. 

Bumside,  AMBB06I  l'.\  rut  i  i .  w  as  bom  at 
Liberty,  Ind.,  Maj  83,1824.     He  graduated  at 

\\  est  Point  in  1~  17.  and.  as  a  meinbei  of  acorpa 

of  artillery,  accompanied  General  Patterson  to 

Mexico   the  same  year.      afterwards   he  was   m 

charge  of  a  squadron  ofca\ali\  in  New  Mexico; 


BURNT  CORN  CREEK,  BATTLE  OF   181 


BURR 


was  quartermaster  of  the  Mexican  Boundary 
Commission  in  1850-51;  resigned  in  1853;  es- 
tablished a  manufactory  of  breech-loadiug  rifles 
(his  own  invention)  in  Rhode  Island;  and  was 
an  offices  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  Com- 
pany when  the  Civil  War  began.     He  went  into 


AMBROSE   EVERETT    M'RNSIDE. 

that  conflict  as  colonel  of  the  First  Rhode  Isl- 
and Volunteers.  For  good  service  al  the  battle 
of  Hull's  Ban,  he  was  made  |  Ang.6,  1861)  major- 
general  of  volunteers,  lie  commanded  the  ex- 
pedition that  captured  Roanoke  Island  (which 

see)  in  February,  1882;  also  Of  New  hern  and 
Beaufort.      lie   was  called  to  Virginia   after  the 

i  lose  of  the  campaign  on  the  Peninsula,  and 

was  active  and  skilful  as  a  corps  commander  in 

many  of  the  most  important  military  events  of 
the  war.     General  Buruside  served  in  the  cam- 

paigU  in  Maryland  under  Mc(  lellun,  and  was  in 
the   battles   at    South   Mountain  and   Antictatu. 

On  Nov.  7,  1862,  be  superseded  McClellan  in 
command  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  Fail- 
ing ofsuccess  in  his  attack  upon  Lee  at  Freder- 
icksburg (December,  1862),  be  resigned,  and  was 
succeeded  by  General  Hooker  (see  Frederioks- 
hitrip  in  January,  1863.  Assigned  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  Department  of  the  Ohio  in  May,  he 
was  active  there  in  suppressing  the  disloyal 
elements   iii   that    region.      In   the   fall   he   freed 

Hast  Tennessee  of  Confederate  domination, 
whne  be  foughi  Longstreet  Be  was  in  com- 
mand of  his  old  corps  (the  Ninth)  in  Grant's 
campaign  against  Richmond  In  1864-66,  where 
he  performed  important  work,  lie  resigned 
April  15,  1865.  In  1866  General  Buruside  was 
elected  governor  of  Rhode  Island,  and  was 
twice  re-elected.     Being* in  Europe  in  the  fall 

of  1870,  he  was  admitted  within  the  German 
ami  French  lines  around  Paris,  and  Ineffectual- 
ly endeavored  to  mediate  between  the  belliger- 
ents. 

Burnt  Corn  Creek,  Batti.i:  ok.  Peter 
McQueen,  a  half-blood  (reek  Indian  of  Talla- 
hassee-, was  a  fiery  leader  among  the  war  part] 
of  that  nation,  wherein  civil  war  was  raging  in 
the  spring  of  1813.     This  war  Tecumtha  had 

stirred  up,  and  the  whole  Creek  nation  had  be- 
come .i  seething  caldron  of  passion.      A  British 


squadron  in  the  Gulf  held  friendly  intercourse 
with  the  Spanish  authorities  at  Pensacola.  To 
that  port  McQueen  and  three  hundred  follow- 
ers, with  pack-horses,  went  to  get  supplies  and 
convey  them  to  the  war  party  in  the  interior. 
That  party  was  inimical  to  the  white  people 
settled  in  that  nation,  and  it  was  the  duty  of 
the  military  in  that  region  to  protect  the  lat- 
ter. This  protection  was  not  furnished,  and 
the  white  inhabitants  and  the  peace  party 
among  the  Creeks  prepared  to  defend  them- 
selves. Colonel  James  Caller  called  out  the 
militia  to  intercept  McQueen.  There  was  a 
prompt  response,  and  Caller  set  out  with  a  few 
followers.  He  marched  towards  the  Florida 
frontier,  joined  on  the  way  by  the  famous  bor- 
derer  Captain  Sam  Dale  and  fifty  men,  who 
were  engaged  in  the  construction  of  a  fort. 
He  was  now  joined  by  others  from  Tensaw 
Lake  ami  Little  River  under  various  leaders. 

Caller's   0 land    now    numbered   about   one 

hundred  ami  eighty  men,  in  small  companies, 

well  mounted  on  good  frontier  horses,  and  pro- 
vided with  rifles  and  shot-guns.  Setting  out  on 
the  main  route  tor  Pensacola  on  the  morning 
of  July  27  (1813),  they  found  McQueen  encamp- 
ed upon  a  peninsula  formed  by  the  windings  of 

Burnt   Corn  Creek.      P    was  resohed   to   attack 

him.     McQueen  and  his  party  were  surprised, 

but  they  fought  desperately  a  few  minutes,  and 
then  fled  towards  the  creek.  The  tide  then 
turned.  McQueen  and  his  Indiairs  arose  from 
an  ambush  with  horrid  yells  and  fell  upou  less 
than  one  hundred  of  Caller's  men.  Dale  was 
severely  wounded,  but  kept  on  fighting.  Over- 
whelming numbers  at  length  compelled  Caller's 
force   to   retreat.      They   tl«-il   in    disorder,  many 

of  them  having  their  he>rse's  behind  them.  Vic- 
tory rested  with  the  hostile  Creeks.      Only  two 

of  Caller's  oommand   were   killed  and   fifteen 

wounded.  The  battle  of  Burnt  Corn  Creek  was 
the'  first  in  the'  Creek  war,  a  conflict  which 
ruined  that  nation.     (See  Creeks.) 

Burr,  AARON,  President  of  the  College'  of  New 

Jersey,  was  born  at  Fairfield, Conn.,  Jan.  4, 1716; 
elieel  Sept.  24,  17.">7.  Be  was  of  German  descent; 
graduated  at  Yale  College'  in  17. !5;  and  was  or- 
dained by  the  presbytery  of  Bast  Jersey  a  min- 
ister of  the'  Gospel  iii  1737.  He  became  a  pastor 
at  Newark,  N.  J.,  where'  he'  was  chiefly  instru- 
mental in  founding  the  College'  of  New  Jersey 
(now  Princeton), and  was  elected  its  first  presi- 
dent in  1748.  In  1752  he  married  a  daughter 
of  Jonathan  Edwards,  the'  metaphysician.  In 
17.">4  hi'  accompanied  Whitefleld  to  Boston. 

Burr,  AARON,  was  born  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  Feb. 
6,1756;  died  on  Staten  Island,  Sept.  14,  1836. 
Hi'  was  a  son  of  Rev.  Aaron  Kurr,  President  of 
the  College  of  New  Jersey  (Princeton),  and  of  a 
daughter  of  the  eminent  theologian  Jonathan 
Edwards.  When  nineteen  years  of  age,  he  en- 
tered the  Continental  army,  at  Cambridge,  as  a 
private  soldier,  and  as  such  accompanied  Arnold 
in  bis  expedition  to  Quebec  (which  see).  From 
the  line  of  that  expedition,  in  the  wilderness, 
Arnold  sent  him  with  despatches  to  General 
Montgomery,  at  Mont  teal,  where  he  entered  tl>c 


BURR  1 

military  family  of  that  officer  as  his  aide-de- 
camp, with  the  rank  of  captain.  Offended  be- 
cause checked  by  Montgomery  in  his  officious- 

ness.  lie  left  his  stall,  and  joined  Arnold's  on  the 
night  of  the  assault  on  Quebec  1 1 >«■«■.  30  and  31, 

1775).  He  was  with  Arnold  when  the  latter 
was  wounded  in  that  assault,  and  was  his  act- 
ing brigade   major  for  a   while.      He    left   the 


army  in  Canada,  and  joined  the  military  family 
of  Washington,  at  New  York,  in  May.  177ii.  with 
the  rank  of  major.  Dissatisfied  with  that  posi- 
tion, he  left  it  in  the  course  of  a  few  weeks  and 
took  a  similar  position  on  General  Putnam's 
Staff.  He  was  active  in  the  events  connected 
with  the  defence  and  abandonment  of  the  city 
of  New  Yoik  in  177(i :  and  in  1777  he  became 
lieutenant-colonel  of  Malcolm's  regiment.  Burr 
distinguished  himself  in  the  battle  of  Monmouth 
in  1778, where  he  commanded  a  brigade  in  Stir- 
ling's division.  During  the  winter  of  ITT-  T'.i 
he  was  stationed  in  'Westchester  County,  X.  Y. 
Tor  a  short  time  he  was  in  command  of  the 
peel  at  Weal  Point,  bnt,  on  account  of  ill-health, 
he  left  the  army  ill  March.  1771).  Burr  was  a 
born  intriguer,  and  was  naturally  drawn  tovv- 
and  Gates,  anil  beoaiue  a  partisan  in 
their  schemes  for  injuring  the  reputation  of 
Washington.  (See  Conway't  Cabal.)  He  had 
been  detected  by  the  commander-in-chief  in  im- 
moralities, and  ever  afterwards  he  atl'ected  to 
despise  the  military  character  of  Washington. 
He  began  t<>  practise  law  at  Albany  in  1788,  but 
removed  t<>  Nc«  fork  the  next  year.  Entering 
the  arena  of  politics,  he  was  chosen  a  member 
of  the  New  fork  Legislature  in  1784,  and  again 

in  1798.  In  178B  hi'  was  appointed  adjutant- 
general  of  the  siate.  and  commissioner  of  revo- 
lutionary claims  in  1791.  A  member  of  the 
United  stales  Senate  from  1791  till  1797,  Burr 
nspioooni  I  temoeratio  Nader  in  that 

body:   and  in   the  Presidential   election   in   l-l>0 

lie  and  Thomas  Jefferson  had  an  equal  number 

■  if  Mites  in   the  (lei  total  college.       The   House  of 


2  BURR  AND  EATON 

Representatives  decided  the  choice  in  favor  of 
Jefferson  on  the  thirty-sixth  ballot,  and  Burr 
became  Vice-President.  In  July,  1804, he  killed 
Alexander  Hamilton  in  a  duel;  and  the  next 
year  he  undertook  his  mad  and  mysterious  en- 
terprise in  the  West,  which  resulted  in  his  trial 
for  treason.  (See  Burr's  Mysterious  Expedition.) 
Acquitted, he  went  to  England  1 1808) and  sought 
to  engage  that  or  some  other  European  govern- 
ment in  his  project  for  revolutionizing  Mexico. 
Pressed  by  his  creditors,  he  lived  a  miserable 
life,  in  poverty,  in  London  and  Paris.  Becom- 
ing subject  to  suspicion  in  London  as  a  French 
sp\ ,  he  was  driven  from  the  country,  and  took 
refuge  in  Paris.  Finally,  after  long  solicita- 
tions, he  obtained  leave  to  return,  and  appeared! 
in  New  Yoik  in  1812,  where  he  resumed  the 
practice  of  law;  but  he  lived  in  comparative 
poverty  and  obscurity  until  1834,  when,  at  the 
renty-eight,  he  married  Madame  .lu- 
mel.a  wealthy  woman  in  New  York,  with  whom 
he  lived  only  a  short  time,  when  they  were  sep- 
arated. Burr's  first  wife  was  the  widow  of  Gener- 
al Augustine  Prevost,  by  whom  he  had  a  daugh- 
ter. Theodosia.  She  became  an  accomplished 
woman,  and  the  wife  of  Governor  Allston.  of 
South  Carolina.  She  left  Charleston  (1812)  in  a 
vessel  to  visit  her  father  in  New  York,  ami  was 
never  heard  of  afterwards.  Burr  was  small  in 
stature,  of  great  ability,  and  fascinating  in  man- 
ners. 

Burr  and  Eaton.  While  engaged  in  his 
mysterious  scheme  of  operations  beyond  the 
mountains.  Aaron  Burr  tried  to  enlist  the  sym- 
pathies and  co-operation  of  all  the  leading  mal- 
contents in  the  country.  Among  these  was 
General  William  Eaton,  who  had  returned  from 
the  Barbary  States  (see  Tripoli,  War  with)  angry 
with  his  government.  In  Washington  during 
the  winter  of  1805-6,  Burr  sought  and  obtained 
frequent  intercourse  with  Eaton, and  tried  to  in- 
crease his  ill-will  towards  the  government.  He 
informed  him  that  he  was  organizing  an  expedi- 
tion against  Mexico,  and  asked  him  to  join  in  it. 
Under  the  impression  that  it  was  secretly  coun- 
tenanced by  the  national  government,  Eaton 
agreed  to  close.  At  length  Burr,  believing  lie 
had  the  entire  confidence  of  Baton,  told  him  of 
a  project  he  entertained  of  revolutionizing  the 
Westein  country,  separating  it  from  the  Union, 
and  establishing  a  monarchy,  of  which  he  was 
to  be  sovereign.  New  Orleans  was  to  be  the 
capital;  and  to  further  extend  his  enterprise,! 
force  was  to  be  organized  on  the  Mississippi 
that  should  seize  a  portion  (or  the  w  hotel  of 
the  Spanish  provinces^  iii  Mexico.  He  assured 
Eaton  that  Wilkinson,  commander-in-chief  of 
the  Un  it  I'd  States  A  i  m\  .  was  engaged  in  the  en- 
terprise, and  would   doubtless  be  able   to  carry 

with  him  the  regular  troops  on  the  Western 

waters,  where  thev  would  be  reinforced  by  ten 
or  twelve  thousand  volunteers.  Burr  (m>  Paton 
■Beerted)  said  that,  it  he  oould  secure  the  ma- 
rine corps  the  oni\  troops  stationed  at  Wash- 
ington and  gain  over  the  naval  commanders, 
Tiuxton,  Preble.  Decatur,  and  others,  lie  would 
turn  Congress  ont   Of  doors,  assassinate  the  Pr.s- 

isarj  and  navy,  and  dc- 


BUEB  AND  TBUXTON 


183      BUSB'S  MYSTERIOUS  EXPEDITION 


claro  himself  the  Protector  (like  Cromwell)  of 
an  energetic  government.  Eaton,  satisfied  that 
Burr  was  a  dangerous  man.  waited  on  the  Pres- 
ident and  recommended  Jefferson  to  appoint 
li i m  to  some  foreign  mission,  intimating  thai  if 
he  were  not  so  disposed  of  there  would  soon  he 

a  revolution  in  the  Western  country.  Hut  Jef- 
ferson would  not  donbt  the  attachment  of  the 
Western  people  to  the  Union. 

Burr  and  Truxton.  To  Commodore  Trux- 
ton,  who  was  soured  by  what  he  deemed  to  be 
hard  treatment  by  his  government,  Burr  pro- 
posed, in  the  winter  of  1805  li,  a  naval  expedi- 
tion against  the  Spanish  pro*  incea  on  our  south- 
western border.  He  told  Trnxton  that,  in  the 
event  of  a  war  with  Spain,  he  intended  to  estab- 
lish an  independent  government  in  Mexico,  and 
that  Wilkinson  and  greater  men  than  he  were 
engaged  in  it.  He  approached  Truzton,  and 
also  Decatur,  on  t In-  subject  several  times;  but 
when  the  Conner  found  that  the  government 
did  not  favor,  nor  was  cognizant  of  such  a  move- 
ment, he  refused  to  have  anv  further  conversa- 
tion on  the  subject.  Yet  Burr  represented  to 
Wilkinson  that  Trnxton  would  co-opt  i 
Hun's  Mysterious  Expedition.) 

Burr's  Mysterious  Expedition.  In  March, 
I  hi;,,  Hun's  term  of  office  ol  \  ice  President  end- 
ed, and  he  descended  to  private  life  an  utterly 
ruined  man.  But  his  ambition  and  his  love  of 
Intrigue  were  as  strong  as  ever,  and  he  con- 
ceived schemes  for  personal  aggrandisement 
and  pecuniary  gain.  It  was  the  general  belief, 
at  that  time,  in  our  country  that  the  Spanish 
Inhabitants  of  Louisiana  would  not  quietly  sub- 
mit to  our  government.  Taking  advantage  of 
this  belief,  and  the  restlessness  of  manj  of  the 
Inhabitants  of  the  valley  ot  the  Mississippi,  he 
conceived  some  daring  Bohemea  (none  fully  de- 
■i  military  operations  in  that  region, 
which  he  attempted  to  cany  out  immediately 
after  he  left  office.  With  several  nominal  ob- 
.jects  in  view,  Burr  started  for  tin'  Mississippi 

Valley  in  company  with  Goneral  Wilkinson,  who 
went  to  take  possession  of  his  office  of  governor 
of  the  Louisiana  Territory,  to  w  hich  he  had  been 
appointed.  At  Pittsburgh  Burr  started  in  a  ves- 
sel called  an  "  ark,"  in  which  were  titled  up  con- 
veniences for  a  lone;  voyage  Wilkinson  was 
not   ready,  and    the    impatient    Burr   proceeded 

without  him       He  stopped  at  Blennerhassett's 

Island,  nearly  opposite  Manet  ta,  t  hen  inhabited 

by  a  wealthy  and  accomplished  Irish  gentleman 

of  that  name,  who  hail  created  there  a  paradise 
for  himself.     (See   Blennerkassett.)     He  had   a 

pleasant    mansio uriched    by    hooks,  adorned 

with  paintings,  enlivened  by  music,  and  pre- 
sided over  bj  a  lovely  and  accomplished  wili'. 
Burr  laid  before  Unman  Blennerhassett  a  brill- 
iant vision  of  wealth  and  power,  in  a  scheme 
of  conquest  or  revolution,  which  captivated  him 
and  Bred  the  ambition  that  lav  in  the  boson  of 
his  wife.  Thev  engaged  in  Burr's  scheme,  what- 
ever il  may  have  I n.vvith  ardor,  and  were  to- 
tally mined  thereby.  The  storj  ofParadlse  and 
the  Fall  was  repeated.     After  remaining  there 

»' time,  BuiT  pressed   forward,  and  at   Louis- 


ville overtook  Matthew  Lyon  (which  see), with 
whom  he  had  voyaged  in  company  in  the  earlier 
part  of  the  journey.  He  accompanied  Lyon  to 
his  home  on  the  Cumberland  Eiver,  whence  he 
journeyed  to  Nashville  on  horseback  ;  had  a 
public  reception  (May  28,  1805),  in  which  An- 
drew Jackson  participated  ;   and.  furnished  with 

a  boat  by  that  gentleman,  returned  to  Lyon's 

Then  he  resumed  his  voyage  in  his  own  'ark." 
and  met  Wilkinson  at  Fort  Massac,  nearly  op- 
posite the  mouth  of  the  Cumberland.  Some 
soldiers  were  ahout  to  depart  thence  for  New 
Orleans,  and  Wilkinson  procured  a  barge  from 
one  of  the  officers  for  Burr's  accommodation  in 
a  voyage  to  that  city.  There  he  found  the  in- 
habitants in  a  state  of  great  excitement.  The 
introduction  of  Fnglish  forms  of  law  proceed- 
ings and  'In'  slight  participation  of  the  people 
in  public  affaire,  had  produced  much  discon- 
tent, especially  among  the  Creoles  and  old  set- 
tlers. Even  the  new  American  immigrants 
were  divided  by  hitter  political  and  private 
feuds.  Burr  remained  only  a  short  time,  when 
he  leasee  ni  led  I  he  Mississippi  to  Nat  (he/,  w  hence 
he  travelled  through  the  wilderness,  along  an 
Indian  trail  or  bridle-path,  four  hundred  and 

fifty  miles,  to  Nashville,  where  he  was  enter- 
tained for  a  week  by  Jackson  early  in  August. 
After  spending  a  few  weeks  there.  Burr  made 
his  way  through  the  Indian  Territory  to  St. 
Louis,  vv  here  he  again  met  Wilkinson,  that  being 
the  seal  ol'  government  of  the  Louisiana  Terri- 
tory. Then,  for  the  first  time,  he  threw  out 
hints  to  Wilkinson  of  his  splendid  scheme  ot' 
conquest   in   the  Southwest,  which   he  spoke  of 

as  being  favored  by  the  United  states  govern- 
ment. At  the  same  time  he  complained  of  the 
government  as  imbecile,  and  the  people  of  the 
West  as  ready  for  revolt,  lie  made  no  explana- 
tion to  Wilkinson  of  the  nature  of  his  .scheme, 
and    that    officer,  suspicious    of   Bun's    designs, 

wrote  to  his  friend  Roberl  Smith,  Secretary  of 
the  Navy,  advising  the  government  to  keep  a 
watch  upon  his  movements.  Burr  went  from 
St.  Louis  to  Yiiicennes  with  a  letter  from  Wil- 
kinson to  Governor  Harrison,  in  which  he  urged 

the  latter  to  ose  his  influence  to  gel  Burr  elect- 
ed tO Congress  from  that  district.     Thence  Burr 

went  eastward,  stopping  at  Cincinnati,  Chili- 

eothe.and  Marietta, ever j  w  here  conversing  with 

leading  men.  to  whom  he  gave  only  attractive 
hints  of  a  brilliant  scheme  in  hand.  He  spent 
that  winter  and  the  follow  ing  spring  and  sum- 
mer in  Philadelphia  and  Washington,  engaged 

in  his  mysterious  projects.  (See  lliirr  iintl  Eaton 
and  Jlurr  and  Trn.rttni.)  There  he  more  clearly 
developed    his    scheme,  which    seemed    to    have 

a  twofold  character      the  conquest  of  Mexico 

from  the  Spaniards  and  the  establishment  of  an 

independent  monarchy, and  the  revolutionizing 

the  Mississippi  Valley,  separating  that  region 
from  the  test  of  the  I'nion.and  forming  an  in- 
dependent republic,  with  its  seat  of  government 
at  New  Orleans.     If  the  first-mentioned  scheme 

should  he  carried  out.  Burr  aspired  to  he  king; 

if  the  latter,  he  was  to  be  president  of  his  new 

republic.  'low  aids  the  end  of  siiinuiei  i  LugUSt, 
1806)  Bun  departed  on   a   sec 1  western  tour. 


BURR'S  MYSTERIOUS  EXPEDITION      184      BURR'S  MYSTERIOUS  EXPEDITION 


For  a  year  a  vague  suspicion  prevailed  through- 
out the  country  that  Burr  was  engaged  in  a 
scheme  for  revolutionizing  Mexico  —  an  idea 
agreeable  to  the  Western  people  because  of  the 
existing  difficulties  with  Spain.  It  was  be- 
lieved, too  (for  so  Rurr  had  continually  hinted), 
.that  such  a  scheme  was  secretly  favored  by  the 
government.  Under  this  impression  Burr's  proj- 
ect received  the  countenance  of  several  lead- 
ing men  iu  the  Western  country.  One  of  the 
first  things  which  Burr  did  after  his  arrival  in 
Kentucky  was  to  purchase  an  interest  in  a  claim 
to  a  large  tract  of  land  on  the  Washita  River, 
under  a  Spanish  grant  to  the  Baron" de  Bastrop. 
The  negotiation  was  carried  on  through  Edward 
Livingston  at  New  Orleans.  The  avowal  of  an 
intention  to  settle  on  these  lands  might  cover 
up  a  far  different  design.  Blennerhassett  now- 
joined  Burr  actively  iu  his  enterprise.  Togeth- 
er they  built,  with  the  money  of  the  former,  fif- 
teen boats  on  the  Muskingum  River;  and  nego- 
tiations were  set  on  foot  with  an  Ohio  senator 
to  furnish  supplies  for  an  army  in  the  West  and 
the  purchase  of  two  gunboats  he  was  building 
for  the  government.  A  mercantile  house  at 
Marietta,  in  which  Blennerhassett  had  been  a 
partner,  was  authorized  to  purchase  provisions, 
and  a  kiln  was  erected  on  Blennerhassett  Isl- 
laud  for  drying  corn  to  tit  it  for  shipment. 
Young  men  enlisted  in  considerable  numbers 
for  an  expedition  down  the  Mississippi,  about 
which  only  mysterious  hints  were  given.  Mean- 
while Wilkinson  had  arrived  at  Natchitoches  to 
repel,  with  500  or  600  troops,  a  Spanish  invasion 
of  the  Territory  of  Oilcans  (which  see)  from 
Texas.  There  a  young  man  appeared  iu  camp 
with  a  letter  of  introduction  from  Jonathan 
Dayton,  of  New  Jersey,  to  Colonel  Cusbing,  the 
senior  officer  next  to  Wilkinson.  He  also  slip- 
ped, unobserved,  a  letter  into  Wilkinson's  hand, 
from  Burr,  which  was  a  formal  letter  of  intro- 
duction. It  contained  a  letter  from  Burr,  prin- 
cipally written  in  cipher.  Circumstances  seem 
to  show  that,  Wilkinson  was  at  this  time  privy 
to,  if  not  actually  engaged  in.  Burr's  scheme. 
The  cipher  letter  informed  Wilkinson  that  he 
(Burr)  had  arranged  for  troops  under  different 
pretexts  at  different  points,  who  would  rendez- 
vous on  the  Ohio  by  the  1st  of  November  ;  that 
the  protection  of  England  had  been  secured; 
that  Truxton  had  gone  to  Jamaica  to  arrange 
with  the  English  admiral  (see  linn-  and  Trux- 
ton); that   an   English   lleet  would  meet    on  the 

Mississippi;  thai  the  navy  of  the  United  states 

was  ready  to  join  :  that  final  orders  had  been 
given  to  Ids  friends  and  followers;  that  Wil- 
kinson should  lie  second  to  Burr  only  ;   that  the 

people  of  the  country  to  which  they  were  going 
were  ready  to   receive   them;   and  thai   their 

■gents  with   Burr  had   stated  I  hat,  if  protected 

in  their  religion, and  not  subjected  to  a  foreign 
government,  all  would  be  settled  in  three  weeks. 

'I'he    plan    was    to    move   del  aelnneiils   of  \olun- 

teers  rapidlj  from  Louisville  iu  November,  meet 

Wilkinson  at   Natchez  in   December,  and  then  to 

determine  whether  to  seize  Baton  Rouge  (then 

ion  of  the  Spaniards  as  a  pan  of  Waal 

Florida)  or  pass  on.    Bui  loot  d  in  the  same  pack- 


et was  a  letter,  also  in  cipher,  from  Jonathan 
Dayton,  telling  Wilkinson  he  would  surely  be 
displaced  at.  the  next  meeting  of  Congress,  and 
added,  "You  are  not  a  man  to  despair,  or  even 
to  despond,  especially  when  such  prospects  of- 
fer in  another  quarter.  Are  you  ready  f  Are 
your  numerous  associates  ready  I  Wealth  and 
glory!  Louisiana  and  Mexico! — DAYTON."  The 
correspondence,  in  cipher  and  otherwise,  be- 
tween Wilkinson  and  Burr  for  several  months 
previously  leads  to  the  conclusion  that  the  for- 
mer was,  at  that  time,  engaged  in  Burr's  scheme, 
and  that  the  latter  relied  upon  him.  Intima- 
tions iu  the  letters  of  a  design  to  seize  newly 
acquired  Louisiana  startled  Wilkinson,  and  he 
resolved  to  make  the  best  terms  he  could  with 
the  Spanish  commander  on  the  Sabine  and 
hasten  back  to  New  Orleans  to  defend  it  against 
any  scheme  of  conquest  there  which  Burr  might 
contemplate  or  attempt.  This  design  he  com- 
municated to  dishing,  and  obtained  from  the 
bearer  of  the  letters  such  information  as  excited 
his  alarm  to  a  high  pitch.  The  young  man 
(named  Swartwout)  stated  that  he  and  another 
(named  Ogden  )  had  been  sent  by  Burr  from 
Philadelphia;  that  they  had  carried  despatches 
from  Burr  to  General  Adair,  of  Kentucky,  who 
was  a  party  to  the  scheme:  that  they  hastened 
towards  St.  Louis  iu  search  of  Wilkinson,  but 
learned  atKaskaskia  that  he  had  descended  the 
river;  that  they  followed  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Bed  River,  when  Ogden  went  on  to  New  Orleans 
with  despatches  to  Burr's  friends  there,  and  he 
(Swartwout)  had  hastened  to  Wilkinson's  head- 
quarters. Ho  said  Burr  was  supported  by  a 
numerous  and  powerful  association,  extending 
from  New  York  to  New  Orleans;  that  several 
thousand  men  were  prepared  for  an  expedition 
against  the  Mexican  provinces;  that  the  Terri- 
tory of  Orleans  would  be  revolutionized  —  for 
which  the  inhabitants  were  quite  ready;  that 
he  supposed  some  '-seizing"  would  be  necessary 
at  New  Orleans,  and  a  forced  "transfer"  of  the 
bank;  that  an  expedition  was  to  land  al  Vera 
Cruz  and  inarch  thence  to  the  Mexican  capital; 
that  naval  protection  would  be  furnished  by 
Great  Britain  ;  and  that  Truxton  and  Other  of- 
ficers of  the  navy,  disgusted  with  the  conduct 
of  the  government,  would  join  in  the  enter- 
prise. After  gathering  all  the  information  pos- 
sible, Wilkinson    sent,   by    express,  two    Idlers 

to  President  Jefferson  —  one  official,  tbe  other 
confidential, in  which,  without  mentioning  any 

names,  he  gave  a  general  outline  of  the  pro- 
posed expedition;  and  then  pushed  forward  to 
the  Sabine.    He  sent  orders  to  the  commanding 

officer  at  New  Oilcans  to  put  that  place  iu  the 
best  possible  condition  for  defence,  and  to  se- 
cure, it'  possible,  by  oontraot,  ■  train  of  artillery 
there  belonging  to  the  French.      Having  made  a 

satisfactory  arrangement  with  the  Spanish  com- 
mander, Wilkinson  hastened  back  to  Natchito- 
ches, where  he  received  a  letler  from  St.  Louis 
informing  him  that  a  plan   to  revolutionise  the 

Western  oountrj   was  about  to  explode;  and 

thai   Ohio,    Indiana.   Kentucky.  Tounotioe,  ami 

New  Orleans  Territory  had  combined  to  declare 

themselves  independent  on   the  loth  of  No\cni- 


BURR'S  MYSTERIOUS  EXPEDITION      185      BURR'S  MYSTERIOUS  EXPEDITION 


her.  Wilkinson,  alarmed,  ordered  Gushing  to 
hasten  down  with  the  troops,  while  he  sped  to 
Natchez;  whence  he  sent  a  second  special  mes- 
senger to  the  President  with  duplicates  of  his 
former  letters,  and  another  declaring  thai  a  con- 
spiracy really  existed  ;  and  authorized  the  mes- 
senger to  mention  the  names  of  Burr,  Dayton, 
Trnxton,  and  others  as  apparently  engaged  in 
the  enterprise,  lie  informed  Governor  Clai- 
borne, of  the  Orleans  Territory,  that  his  govern- 
ment was  menaced  bj  a  secret ,plot,  and  took 
other  measures  for  its  defence.  At  New  Or- 
leans Wilkinson  procured  a  meeting  of  mer- 
chants, to  whom  he  and  Governor  Claiborne 
made  ;m  exposition  of  linn's  snspeeled  proj- 
ects. Bollman,  an  agent  of  Borr  there,  with 
Swart  wont  and  Ogdeu,  were  arrested,  and  the 
militia  of  the  territory  were  placed  at  Wilkin- 
son's disposal.  Great  excitement  now  prevailed 
on  the  Lower  Mississippi  and  on  the  Ohio  and 
its  tributaries.  A  series  of  articles,  inspire. I.  no 
doubt,  if  not  written,  by  Burr,  had  appeared  in 
an  Ohio  newspaper,  Bigned  "  Querist,"  arguiDg 
Strongly  in  favor  of  the  separation  of  the  West- 
ern States  from  the  I'nioii.  Similar  articles 
had  appeared  in  a  Democratic  paper  at  Pitts- 
burgh, In  Kentucky  were  many  UUeatJ  aspi- 
rants lot  political  power,  and  an  old  story  of 
Spanish   influence   there      through   pensioners 

upon  the  bounty  of  Spain  w  as  revived.  Bun's 
enterprise  became  associated  in  the  public  mind 

with   tl Id   Spanish   plot;   and    linn    and    his 

confederates,  offended  by  what  they  deemed  Wil- 
kinson's treachery  to  their  cause. associated  him 
with  the  Spanish  intriguers.  These  hints,  reach 
big  the  Lower  Mississippi,  embarrassed  Wilkin- 
son; for  it  was  intimated  that  he  was  also  oon- 
neeted  with  t  he  schemes  of  Burr.  General  .lack- 
son — who  had   favored   Burr's  schemes  so  lone; 

as  they  looked  only  towards  a  seizure  of  Spanish 

provinces      alarmed    by   evidences    that    he    had 

wicked  designs  against  the  Union,  wrote  to  Goi 
ernor Claiborne  (with  the  impression  that  Wil- 
kinson was  associated  with  Hum,  warning  him 
to  beware  of  the  designs  of  that  officer  and  the 
e\\  ice  President.  "  I  hate  the  Dons,"  Jackson 
•rote  (Nov.  12, 1806);  "I  would  delight  to  see 

Mexico  reduced;  hut  I  would  die  in  the  last 
ditch  before  I  would   see   the  Union   disunited." 

Daviess,  United  states  District  Attorney  for 
Kentucky,  watched  Burr,  and  finally  applied  to 
tin-  court  for  process  tor  his  arrest,  linrr  was 
summoned  before  a  grand  jury  Nov.  •_'.">  |,  hut. 
the  attorney  failing  to  get  such  witUI  - 
desired,  the  jury  not  only  failed  to  find  a  hill, 
hut  declared  their  belief  that  Burr  intended 
oothing  against  the  integrity  of  the  Union. 
This  triumph  for  linrr  was  celebrated  by  a  hall 
at  Frankfort.  Meanwhile  the  President  of  the 
United  states  bad  commissioned  Graham,  Secre- 
tary of  the  Orleans  Territory,  to  investigate  the 
reports  abont  Burr,  ami,  if  well  founded, to  take 
steps  to  cut  short  Ins  career.  On  Nov.  27  the 
President  issued  a  proclamation  that  he  had 
been    informed    of  an    unlawful    scheme    set    on 

foot  for  invading  the  Spanish  dominions  ;  warn- 

mg  citizens  of  the  United  states  not  to  engage 
in  it  ;  and  directing  all  in  authority  to  endeavor 


to  suppress  it.  Before  this  Graham  had  drawn 
from  Blenneihassett  facts  of  great  importance 

(for  the  latter  took  the  secretary  to  he  one  of 
Burt's  confidants), and  applied  to  the  governor 
of  Ohio  for  the  seizure  of  the  boats  on  the 
Muskingum.  The  Legislature,  then  in  Bession, 
granted  tin'  request.  A  few  days  afterwards 
several  boats,  in  charge  of  Colonel  Tyler,  filled 

with  men,  descended  the  Ohio  to  Blenncrhas- 
sett's  Island.  Blenneihassett.  informed  of  the 
seizure  of  his  boats  on  the  Muskingum,  and 
that  a  body  of  militia  were  coming  to  seize 
those  at  the  island,  hastily  embarked  (Dec.  13) 
with  a  few  of  his  followers,  and  descended  the 
river  in  Tyler's  flotilla.  Tin-  next  day  a  mob 
of  militia  took  possession  of  the  island,  deso- 
lated it,  and  even  insulted  Mis.  Blennci  basset  t, 
who  succeeded  in  obtaining  an  open  boat  and 
following  her  husband  down  the  river.  The 
Legislature  of  Kentucky  speedily  passed  a  sim- 
ilar act  foi  seisuree  to  that  of  Ohio,  Tyler, 
however, bad  already  passed  Louisville.  The] 
were  joined  by  Burr,  and  the  flotilla  passed  out 

into  the  Mississippi   and  stopped  at  Chickasaw 

Bluffs  (now  Memphis),  where  Burr  attempted  to 

seduce  the  garrison  into  his  service.  Burr  now 
tirst  beard  of  the  action  of  the  Legislature  of 

thi'  Orleans  Territory,  before    which  Wilkinson 

had  laid  his  exposure  of  the  schemes.  Perceiv- 
ing what  he  might  expect  at  New  Oilcans,  and 
fearful  that  the  authorities  of  Mississippi  might 
arrest  him  at  once.  Burr  passed  to  the  west  side 

of  the  river,  out  of  their  jurisdiction,  where  he 
formed  a  camp,  thirty  miles  above  Natchez.  I'n- 
der  the  proclamation  of  the  President,  a  militia 
force  was  raised  to  arrest  Burr.  He  made  an 
unconditional  surrender  to  the  civil  authority, 

and  agreed  that  his  boats  should  be  searched 
and  all  arms  taken.  Before  tins  was  accom- 
plished his  cases  of  arms  wire  cast  into  the 
river;  and  as  no  evidence  of  any  hostile  inten- 
tion was  found,  a  belief  prevailed  that  he  was 
innocent   of  any  of  the  designs  alleged  against 

him.  Burr  was  bronght  before  tin-  Supreme 
Court  ol  the  territory,  and  was  not  only  not  in- 
dicted by  the  grand  Jury,  hut  they  presented 
charges  agaiust  the  governor  tor  calling  out  the 
militia  to  arrest  him.     linrr  spoke  bitterly  of 

Wilkinson  as  a  traitor,  and.  fearing  to  fall  into 
his  hands,  he  resolved  to  disband  his  men  and 
fly.  He  told  them  to  sell  what  provisions  they 
had.  and.  if  they  chose,  to  settle  on  his  Washita 
lands.  They  dispersed  through  the  Mississippi 
Territory,  and  furnished  an  abundant  supply  of 
school  •masters,  singing-masters,  dancing- mas- 
ters, and  doctors.  A  reward  was  offered  for  the 
capture  of  Bnrr,  and  he  was  arrested 
1807)  bj  tin-  Begiator  of  the  Land-office,  assisted 
bj  Lieutenant  (afterwards  major-general  i  Ed- 
mund 1'.  Gaines,  near  Fort  Stoddart,  on  the  Tom- 

bigbee  Biver,  in  eastern  Mississippi.  All  in- 
dictment for  high-treason  was  found  against 
Burr  by  a  grand  jury  for  the  District  of  Vir- 
ginia. He  was  charged  with  levying  war,  by 
the  collect  ion  of  armed  men  at  Bleiinerliasset  t's 
Island,  within  the  dominion  of  Virginia.  He 
was  also  charged  with  concocting  a  scheme  for 
the  overthrow   of  the   national  aulhoritv   in  the 


BURROUGHS  1 

Western  States  and  Territories.     He  was  tried 
and  acquitted. 

Burroughs,  STEPHEN,  Fatj 
Witchcraft.)  Samuel  Parris,  minister  at  SaJem, 
in  whose  house  the  delusion  of  "  Salem  Witch- 
craft "  began,  hated  Stephen  Burroughs,  who 
had  been  a  minister  there,  and  who  had  re- 
tired to  Wells,  in  Maine,  and  settled  there. 
In  the  height  of  the  witch  trials.  Parris  per- 
suaded the  authorities  of  Massachusetts  to 
bring  Burroughs  to  Salem  on  an  accusation 
of  practising  witchcraft.  He  was  a  powerful 
man  in  person  and  stature,  and  was  so  expert 
in  wood-craft  that  he  equalled  the  Indians  in 
skilfully  threading  the  forests,  lie  possessed 
uncommon  strength;  and  this  was  a  witness 
against  him  at  his  trial,  where  it  was  alleged 


6  BUTE 

ally  convicted  and  hanged.  When  the  delu- 
sion passed  by,  the  people  of  Salem,  disgusted 
and  indignant,  drove  Parris  from  the  town. 

Burrows,  William,  was  horn  near  Philadel- 
phia. Oct.  f..  1785;  .lied  Sept.  5.  1813.  lie  en- 
tered the  United  States  Navy,  as  midshipman, 
November,  1799;  and  served  under  Preble  in  tin- 
war  against  Tripoli.  In  March,  1807,  he  was 
promoted  to  lieutenant,  and,  early  in  the  wist 
of  1813-15,  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the 
sloop-of-war  Enterprise.  On  Sunday,  Sept.  5, 
he  fought  the  British  brig  Hour,  with  the  .En- 
terprise, off  Portland,  He.  The  Boxer  was  van- 
quished, bnt  Burrows  was  slain.  (Sec  Enter- 
prise and  Boxer.)  For  this  exploit,  Congress 
voted  a  gold  medal  to  his  nearest  male  rela- 
tion. 


TIIK    IHT.r.ew-    Mill.! 


that  he  had  lifted  a  barrel  of  cider,  and  had 
held  a  heavy  musket  out  at  arm's-length.  His 
superior  nature  affected  common  people  when 
in  his  presence  with  an  indefinable  sense  of 
profound  reverence  :  and  when,  at  his  trial,  he 
happened  to  look  backwards,  all  the  persons 
supposed    to   be   affected    by    him    fell    down    at 

his  glance.  The  magistrates  sent  an  elder  and 
two   constables   to  Wells   to   bring   Mr.  Bnr- 

ronghs  to  Salem.  They  stated  their  errand, 
and  he  cheerfully  complied;  nor  were  his  fam- 
ily alarmed,  the  accusation  was  so  preposter- 
ous. There  was  no  direct  road  through  the 
forest,    but    his    WOOd-Craf<    gave    him    useful 

knowledge.  The  constables  objected  to  trav- 
ersing a  way  unknown  to  them.  He  told  them 
not  to  fear.  They  became  afraid  of  their  pris- 
oner, but  followed  him  •Minder  a  spell."  they 
said.  A  terrible  storm  overtook  them  in  the 
heart  of  the  forest.  The  blackness  of  nighl 
and  the  silence  of  I  he  grave  had  preceded  it. 
Then  came  the  fierce  wind,  the  drenching  rain, 
and  the  crash  of  thunder.  The  elder  and  the 
constables,  believing  t heir  prisoner  was  leagued 
witli  the  powers  of  darkness,  trembled.     This 

commotion  of  the  elements  was  a  part  of  the 
count  of  the  indictment  against  him,  for  it  was 
believed  that  he  raised  the  tempest  Mr.  liur- 
ronghs  was  tiie.i  for  witchcraft,  and  was  seta- 


Bute,  Earl  of  (Johk  Stuart),  was  horn  in 

Scotland  in  171:5:  died  in  London.  March  Id, 
17'.h>.  lie  succeeded  to  his  father's  titles  and 
estates  when  he  was  ten  years  of  age;  and.  in 
17:i(i.  he  married  the  only  daughter  of  Lady  Mary 
Wortley  Montagu  In  February,  17;>7.  he  was 
selected  one  of  the  sixteen  representative  Peers 
of  Scotland,  and  appointed  lord  of  the  bedcham- 
ber of  the  Prince  Of  Wales  iii  [738.  The  beauti- 
ful Princess  of  Wales  gave  him  her  confidence 

on  the  death  of  her  husband  in  1761,  and  made 
him  preceptor  of  her  son.  afterwards  King 
George  HI.     Over  that  youth  he  gained  great 

influence.  When  he  ascended  the  throne,  in 
1760,  George  promoted  Bute  to  a  privy-coun- 
cillor, and.  afterwards,  a   secretary  of  state; 

and,  when  I'ilt  and  the  Puke  of  Newcastle  re- 
tired from  the  cabinet,  Bnte  was  made  prime- 
minister.  He  soon  became  unpopular,  chiefly 
because  the  king  had  discarded  the  great  Pitt, 
and   preferred   ibis  Scotch  adventurer,  whose 

bad  advice  was  misleading  his  sovereign.  In- 
sinuations wire  rife  about  the  too  intimate 
personal  relations  of  Bnte  and  the  young 
king's  mother,  who.  it  was  believed,  ruled  both 

the  kine;  and  his  minister;  and  a  placard  ap- 
peared in  front  of  the  Royal  Exchange,  in  large 
letters,  "No  petticoat  government  no  Scotch 
minister      no  Lord  George  Sackvllle!"     Boss 


BUTLEB  II 

•was  vigorously  attacked  by  .I<ilin  Wilkes  in  his 
Worth  Britain.  The  minister's  unpopularity  in- 
oreasod.  Suspicions  of  liis  being  bribed  by  the 
enemies  of  England  were  rife  :  ami.  perceiving 
B  rising  storm  that  threatened  to  overwhelm 
him  with  disgrace.  Bute  suddenly  resigned  his 
otlice  (April  7,  1703),  hut  nominated  his  suc- 
cessor. He  retired  to  private  lite,  passing  his 
time  between  England  ami  Scotland  in  the  en- 
joyment of  an  ample  fortnne.  He  published, 
at  his  own  expense  ($50,000),  a  work  on  bot- 
any, in  nine  volumes,  and  when  twelve  copies 
had  been  printed  he  had  tile  [dales  destroyed 
to  make  the  w  ork  scarce. 

Butler,  Benjamin  Franklin,  was  born  at 

Dee.lieM,  X.  H.,  Nov.  5,  1818;  and  graduated 
at  Waterville  College,  Me.,  in  1838.  He  stud- 
ied law  at  Lowell,  Mass.;  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  ill  1841,  and  continued  the  practice 
until  1861,  with  a  bigh  reputation  as  a  crimi- 
nal  lawyer.        He    was  an   active   politician   in 


■BSJAXI1    FKANKI.IN    HI  TLER. 

the  Democratic  party  until  its  disruption  at 
Charleston  in  I860  (see  Charleston  Convention)', 
ami  he  had  served  as  a  member  of  both  Houses 

of  the  Massachusetts  Legislature. 

dier  -  general  id'  militia  lie  hastened  towards 
Washington,  on  the  call  of  the  President 
(which    see  ,    with    troops,    in    April.    1861,   .ni'l 

landed  a(  Annapolis.  He  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  Department  of  Annapolis,  which 

included    Baltimore.     (Bee    Caftan   <\t'   liuiti- 

\l     the    middle    of    Max     he    was    made 

major-general  of  volunteers,  and  put  in  com- 
mand of  the  Department  of  Virginia,  with 
headquarters  at  Fortress  Monroe,  where  be 
took  a  peenliar  stand  towards  fugitive  sla\es. 
traband.)  In  August  (1861),  an  expe- 
dition which  he  commanded  captured  forts 
Battens   and   Clarke   (see    Hatterae)',    and.   in 

the  spring  id'  1868,  he  led  another  expedition 
for  the  capture  id'  New  Orleans,  in  which  he 
was  successful.  iSee  .\nc  Orleans,  Capture  <>/■) 
He  was  succeeded  in  command  there  by  Gen- 
eral Banks,  in  November.  Late  in  1883,  he 
was  in  command  id'  the  Department  of  Vir- 
ginia and  North  Carolina,  and  his  force  was 
designated    the   Army  of  the  .lames.      After  an 

unsuccessful  expedition  against  Fort  Fisher,  in 


7  BUTLER  IN  NEW  ORLEANS 

December,  1864,  General  Butler  retired  to  his 
residence  in  Massachusetts.  Acting  with  the 
Republican  party,  he  was  elected  to  Congress 
in  1866,  and  was  one  of  the  principal  managers 
of  the  House  of  Representatives  in  conducting 
the  impeachment  of  President  Johnson  (which 
s.  e  .  lie  was  again  elected  to  a  seat  in  Con- 
gress in  1868,  and  continued  to  represent  a  dis- 
ti  let  of  Massachusetts  in  that  body  for  ten  years 
afterwards. 

Butler  in  Louisiana.      General   Butlor  was 
satisfied,  at  the  beginning  of  September,  18613, 

that  the  Confederates  had  abandoned  all  ideas 
of  attempting  to  retake  New  Oilcans,  so  he 
proceeded  to  "repossess"  some  of  the  rich  dis- 
tricts of  Louisiana.  He  sent  General  Godfrey 
Weitzel  with  a  brigade  of  infantry,  with  artil- 
lery, and  Barnefs  cavalry,  late  in  October,  into 
the  region  of  the  district  of  I. a  Fonrche,  west 
id"  the  Mississippi.  On  Oct.  27  Weitzel  had  a 
sharp  light  at  l.ahadieville  with  Confederates 
under  General  McPheeters.  Tiny  were  on 
both  sides  of  the   Bayou    1  .a    l'ourche,  with   six 

pieces  of  cannon.  These  Weitzel  attacked  with 
musketry  and  cannons.    The  Confederates  were 

driven  and  pursued  about  four  miles.  Weit- 
zel lost  eighteen  killed  ami  seventy  -  four 
wounded.  He  captured  two  hundred  ami  six- 
ty-eigbt  prisoners  and  one  cannon.  He  now 
proceeded  to  open  communication  with  New 
Orleans  by  l lie  bayou  and  the  railway  con- 
necting Brashear  city  with  it.  The  whole 
country  was  abandoned,  and  the  troops  were 
received  with  joy  hy  the  negroes.  All  indus- 
trial operations  there  were  paralysed,  and 
General  Butler,  as  a  slate  policy  and  for  hu- 
mane purposes,  confiscated  the  entire  proper- 
ty of  the  district,  appointed  a  commission  to 
take  charge  of  it,  and  set  the  negroes  at  work, 
by  Which  they  were  Subsisted  and  the  crops 
Saved.  Two  congressional  districts  in  Louisi- 
ana were  thus  "repossessed,"  and  the  loyal  cit- 
izens of  New  Orleans  elected  to  seats  in  Con- 
gress Benjamin  1".  Flanders  and  Michael  Hahn. 
Late  in  the  autumn  of  1869,  Genera]  Butler 
was  succeeded  by  General  N.  P.  Hanks  in  oona- 
mand  id'  tin'  Department  of  the  Gulf. 

Butler  in  New  Orleans  elicited  unbounded 
praise  from  loyal  people  because  of  his  vigor 

ami    efficiency,   and    created    the    most     intense 

hatred  of  himself  personally  among  the  Confed- 
erates l>.\  his  restrictive  measures.  On  his  ar- 
rival Butler  seized  the  tin,-  St.  Charles  Hotel. 

and  made  it  his  headquarters.  The  mayor  of 
the  city,  John  T.  Monroe,  took  an  attitude  of 
defiance.  lie  refused  to  surrender  the  city,  or 
take  down  the  Louisiana  Ilag  from  the  city 
hall.  The  editor  of  the  True  Delta  refused  to 
print  l!ut lei's  proclamation  in  band-bill  form. 
The  general  invited  the  city  authorities  to  a 

conference.      The  mayor  at   lirst    refused   to   go. 

hut  finally  went  to  the  St. Charles,  with  Pierre 
Sonl<  formerly  member  of  Congress)  ami  oth- 
er friends.  They  persisted  in  regarding  Louisi- 
ana as  an  independent  nation,  and  the  Nation- 
al troops  as  invaders  or  intruders.  An  im- 
mense  and   threatening   mob  had   collected    in 


BUTLER  16 

the  streets  in  front  of  the  St.  Charles.  Butler 
had  placed  troops  there  and  a  Million  for  the 
protection  of  headquarters.      The  commander 

sent  him  word  that  the  mob  was  pressing  hard 
upon  him.  "Give  my  compliments  to  General 
Williams"  (the  commander), said  Butler;  "and 
tell  him  if  lie  finds  he  cannot  control  the  mob 
to  open  npon  them  with  artillery."  The  may- 
or and  his  friends  sprang  to  their  feet,  exclaim- 
ing, "Don't  do  that,  general!"  "Why  not, 
gentlemen!"  said  Butler;  "the  mob  must  be 
controlled.  We  can't  have  a  disturbance  in 
the  street."  The  mayor  went  to  a  balcony,  in- 
formed the  mob  of  the  general's  order,  and  per- 
suaded them  to  disperse.  Butler  read  a  procla- 
mation which  he  had  prepared  to  Soule",  who 
declared  it  would  give  great  offence;  that  the 
people  were  not  conquered  and  would  never 
submit,  and  uttered  a  threat  in  smooth  terms. 
To  this  Butler  replied:  "I  have  long  heeu  ac- 
customed to  bear  threats  from  Southern  gen- 
tlemen in  political  conventions;  but  let  mo  as- 
sure the  gentlemen  present  that  the  time  for 
tactics  of  that  nature  has  passed,  never  to  re- 
turn. New  Orleans  is  a  conquered  city.  If 
not,  why  are  we  here?  How  did  we  get  here? 
Have  you  opened  your  arms,  and  bid  us  wel- 
come? Are  we  here  by  your  consent  ?  Would 
you  or  would  you  not  expel  us  if  you  could  ? 
New  Orleans  has  been  conquered  by  the  forces 
of  the  United  States,  and,  by  the  laws  of  all  na- 
tions, lies  subject  to  the  will  of  the  conqueror." 
These  utterances  indicated  the  course  General 
Butler  intended  to  pursue,  in  New  Orleans  and 
in  the  Department  of  the  Gulf;  and,  within 
twenty-four  hours  after  he  had  taken  posses- 
sion of  the  city,  there  was  a  perfect  under- 
standing between  him  and  the  people  of  their 
mutual  relations.  Butler,  at  the  same  time, 
took  pains  to  remove  all  causes  for  unnecessarj 
irritation,  and  removed  his  headquarters  from 
the  St.  Charles  to  a  private  residence. 

Butler,  John,  an  able  Tory  leader  in  the 
Revolution,  was  born  in  Connecticut,  and  died 
at  Niagara  in  1794.  He  was  in  official  com- 
munication with  the  Johnsons  in  the  Mohawk 
Valley  before  the  war,  and  was  colonel  of  a 
militia  regiment  in  Tryon  County,  N.  Y.  In 
1776  he  organized  a  band  of  motley  marauders 

white  men  and  Indians,  the  former  painted 
and  behaving  like  savages.  He  was  in  com- 
mand of  them  in  the  battle  Of  Oriskany  (  w  hieh 

Bee),  and  of  eleven  hundred  men  who  desolated 

the  Wyoming  Valley  in  July.  177s.  ,  See  /I  ,,- 
omiiKj  Mamaon.)  He  fought  Sullivan  iii  the 
Indian   country,  in  central    New    fork,  in    177'J. 

and  accompanied  sir  John  Johnson  in  his  raid 

on  the  Schoharie  and  Mohawk  settlements  in 
I7-i».  After  the  war,  Butler  went  to  Canada, 
and  was  rewarded  by  the  British  government 
with  places  of  emolument  and  a  pension.  His 
son.  Waller,  was  .1  ferocious  Tory,  and  was 
killed  bj  bis  enemies  during  the  war. 

Butler,  BiGHABD,  was  born  in  Ireland,  and 

was  killed  bj    Indian-  in   a    battle  m  Ohio.  N(.\. 


i  BYRD 

4,  1791.  He  came  to  America  before  1760.  He 
was  a  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  Pennsylvania 
line  in  the  Continental  army,  and  also  of  Mor- 
gan's rifle  corps  in  1777.  Butler  served  through- 
out the  war;  was  agent  for  Indian  affairs  in 
Ohio  in  1787;  and  was  with  St.  Clair  in  his  ex- 
pedition against  the  Indians,  late  iu  1791,  com- 
manding the  right  wing  of  his  army,  with  the 
rank  of  major-general.  In  that  expedition  he 
was  slain.     (See  St.  Clair's  Defeat.) 

Butler,  Thomas,  was  born  in  Pennsylvania 
in  1754;  died  in  New  Orleans,  Sept.  7.  1805. 
He  was  in  almost  every  important  battle  in 
the  Middle  States  during  the  Revolution.  At 
Brandywilie  and  at  Monmouth  he  received  the 
thanks  of  his  commanders  (Washington  and 
Wayne)  for  skill  and  bravery.  In  1791  he 
commanded  a  battalion  under  St.  Clair,  and 
was  twice  wounded  at  the  defeat  of  that  lead- 
er (see  St.  Clair's  Defeat),  where  his  brother, 
Richard,  was  killed. 

Butler,  ZEBULON,  was  born  at  Lyme,  Conn.. 
iu  1731 ;  died  at  Wilkesbai  re,  Penn.,  July  28, 
1795.  He  served  iu  the  French  and  Indian 
War  and  in  the  expedition  to  Havana  in  1768, 
when  he  became  a  captain.  He  settled  in  the 
Wyoming  Valley,  1'enn.,  in  1769,  and  was  there 
when  the  valley  was  invaded  by  Tories  and  In- 
dians under  Colonel  John  Butler,  in  1778.  Iu 
defence  of  the  inhabitants,  he  commanded  the 
feeble  force  there,  but  was  unable  to  prevent 
the  massacre  that  took  place.  The  next  year 
In-  accompanied  Sullivan  in  his  expedition  into 
the  Indian  country  in  central  New  York,  and 
served  during  the  remainder  of  the  war. 

Butler's  Assessments  in  New  Orleans. 
General  Butler  found,  on  taking  possession  of 
New  Orleans,  much  distress  there  occasioned 
by  the  insurrection,  anil  be  resolved  to  make 
the  leaders  in  the  Secession  movement  do 
something  for  the  relief  of  the  distressed.  He 
discovered  a  list  of  contributors  to  the  fund 
for  the  promotion  of  secession  and  insurrec- 
tion, witli  the  amount  of  their  subscriptions. 
and  he  at  once  assessed  each  of  the  subscrib- 
ers twenty-five  per  oent.  of  that   amount  for 

the  relief  of  the  poor. 

Byrd,  Wh.i.iam,  was  bom  at  Weatover,  Va.. 
March  28,  1C.74  :  died  Aug. -JO.  1741.  Inherit- 
ing a  large  fortune,  and  acquiring  a  good  ed- 
ucation, he  became  a  leader  iu  the  promotion 
of  science  and  literature  iu  Virginia,  and  was 
made  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London. 
Long  receiver-general  of  the  re\enue  iu  Vir- 
ginia, he  was  also  three  times  made  agent  ,.| 
that  colony  in  England,  and  was  for  thirty- 
seven  years  a  member,  ami,  finally,  president, 

of  the  king's  council  of  the  colony.  lb'  was 
one  of  the  commissioners,  in  17-,'S.  for  running 
the  boundary  line  between  Virginia  and  North 
Carolina.  He  made  notes  of  his  operations 
and    the    incidents   thereof,  which    form    a    part 

of  the  Westover  l/antwcrip!*,  published  by  Ed 
ward  Rnffln   in    1841.      In    17!!;!  he   laid   out    the 

cities  of  Richmond  and  Petersburg,  7m. 


CABEQA  DE  VACA 


CABOT 


c. 


Cabeca  de  Vaca,  Ai.var  NT\i:z,  a  Spaniard 
of  noble  birtb,  was  the  treasurer  of  the  expe- 
dition to  Florida  by  Narvaez  (which  sec),  and 

was  i of  the   few   survivors   who  left  that 

coast  in  boats.  He  wrote,  in  Spanish, a  minute 
history  of  the  expedition,  which  was  translated, 
■  few  years  ago,  into  English  by  the  late  Buck- 
ingham Smith. 

Cabinet  Ministers,  FIRST.     The  President  of 
the  United  Slates  chooses  ministers,  or  heads  of 
departments  of  the  government,  who  are  called 
Secretaries.      They  are  appointed  by  him 
with    the    consent    of  the    Senate.      These 
are  his  constitutional  advisers,  whom  he 
may  consult  on  important  occasions,  and 
have  their  opinions  given  in  w  i  iting  it  re- 
quired.   The  beads  of  the  several  depart- 
ments who  were  in  charge  when  Wash- 
ington became  President  were  continued 

in  Office  until  the  liist  session  of  the  new 
Congress  had  adjourned  Sept.  89, 1789. 
The  reason  of  the  delay  was  that  the  laws 

instituting  the  departments  and  fixing  the 

salaries  of  officers  were  not  sooner  passed 
bj  Congress.  Washington  appointed  Alex- 
ander Hamilton  Secretary  of  the  Treasnrj 

(  salary,  $36 :    Henrj    Knox,  Secretary 

of  War  -  salary,  $3000  i :  and  Thomas 
Jefferson,    Secretary    of    State    |  salary, 

>:'•." I.      Jefferson    was   then    in    France, 

and  did   not    enter  upon   his  duties  until 

March,  1790.    The  Bulary  of  the  President 

was  fixed  .it  >■::,, I;,  \ear.  and  that  of  the 

Vice-President  at  $5000  a  year. 

Cabinet  Ministers  Killed  (1845).  Late 
in  February  28th  i,  1845,  President  Tyler 
lost  two  of  his  most  trusted  cabinet  min- 
isters by  an  accident.  The  President  and 
all  his  cabinet,  many  members  of  Con- 
gress, and   other  distinguished  oiMsena, 

With  Beveral  ladies,  were  on  board  the 
Uuited  Slates  steam  ship-of-w  ar  I'riiKtlmi, 
on   a   trial-trip   down   the   Potomac    from 

Washington.     When  they  were  opposite  Mount 

Vernon  one  of  the   largest    ^uns   of  the    l'niiri- 

ton.  in  firing  a  aalnte,  burst,  scattering  Its  dead- 
ly fragments  around.  The  Secretary  of  State, 
Abel  P.  Upsher,  and  Secretary  of  the  Navy, 
T.  W.  Gilmer,  and  David  Gardiner,  of  New  fork, 

weri'  killed.      No  one  else  was  -eiion-ly  injured. 

The  daughter  of  Mr.  Gardiner  was  soou  after- 
wards married  to  Presidenl  Tj  ler. 

Cabinet  Officer,  [MPK a<  iimi  :\ ;r  Of  a.  A  few 
weeks  before  tin'  opening  of  the  Centennial  Ex- 
hibition |  w  huh  see  i,  Genera]  w  .  W.  Belknap,  the 

Secretary  of  War,  was  charged  with  having  ii'- 

eeived  a  bribe  from  a  post-trader  to  whom  he 
had  granted  permission  to  sell  goods  to  army 
officers  or  private  soldiers.  Articles  of  impeach- 
ment we,,-  formally  presented  to  the  Senate,  act- 
ing as  a  High Courtoflmpeaehment, April  I,  1876. 
a  plea  of  non-jurisdiction  was  Interposed  bj  the 
secretary's  counsel      <>u  kfaj  •.*:•  the  Benate  de- 


cided that  it  had  jurisdiction,  and  it  proceeded 
with  the  trial  The  arguments  of  counsel  closed 
July  26,  and  on  the  1st  of  August  tin-  Senate  look 
a  vote  on  the  \erdirt.  The  result  was  an  acquit- 
tal. This  was  the  first  impeachment  of  a  cabinet 
officer  in  the  United  states. 
Cabot,  J Di in  ami  Sebastian;    John  was  ■ 

native   of  Venice,  and,  at    the   time    of  the   dis- 
covery of  Columbus,  was  a  merchant  in   Bristol, 
Englaud.      That    discovery    tilled    mariners    in 
in  Europe  with  desires  to  make  voyages 


for  the  same  purpose;  and  Henry  VII.  of  Eng- 
land gave  a  charter  to  John  Cabot  and  his  *ons 
permitting  them  to  explore  any  seas  with  live 
ships,  at  their  own  expense;  and  to  discover 
and  OCCnpy  any  "isles  or  countries  id' the  hea- 
then or  infidel  before  unknown  to  Christians, 
accounting  to  the  kin^  for  a  tilth  pari  of  the 
pioiiis."    There  is  no  positive  evidence  thai  the 

Cabots  took  advantage  of  this  charter,  or  that 
any  one  of  I  hem  sailed  on  a  Voyage  of  disOOA  BTJ 

unii!  1498,  when  John  Cahol  was  dead.    His  son 

Sebastian,  then  very  yonng,  received  from  the 
king  a  commission  to  go  on  a  voyage  of  discov- 
ery, and  thi'  monarch  titled  out  two  caravels  for 
him.      He   sailed   from    Bristol    in    Max.  1498,  In 

search  of  a  northwest  passage  to  India,  but  was 
stopped  by  the  ice-pack  in  Davis's  Strait. 
Then  he  sailed  southwest,  and  discovered  the 

shores   of   Labrador,  or.  possibly,  the    northern 

-hore  of  Newfoundland.     Turning  northward, 


CABRAL 


190 


CADWALLADER 


lie  traversed  the  coast  of  the  continent  almost 
to  latitude  GO",  when  the  ice  again  barred  his 
way.  Tbeu  he  Bailed  southward,  and  discov- 
ered a  Luge  island,  which  he  called  New  Found 
Land  ( Newfoundland  ),  and  perceived  The  im- 
nieuse  number  of  codfish  in  the  waters  sur- 
rounding it.  Leaving  that  island,  he  Ooasted 
as  far  as  the  shores  of  Maine,  and,  some  writers 
think,  as  far  Booth  as  the  Carolitias.  On  his 
return  Cabot  revealed  the  secret  of  the  codfish 
at  New-  found  Land,  and  within  live  or  six 
years  thereafter  fishermen  from  England,  Brit- 
tany, and  Normandy  were  gathering  treasures 
there.  As  Cabot  did  not  bring  back  gold  from 
America.  King  Henry  paid  no  more  attention  to 
him:  and  in  1512  he  went  to  Spain,  by  invita- 
tion of  King  Ferdinand,  and  enjoyed  honors  and 
emoluments  until  that  monarch's  death  in  1510, 
when,  annoyed  by  the  jealousies  of  the  Spanish 
nobility,  he  returned  to  England.  Henry  VIII. 
furnished  Cabot  with  a  vessel,  in  1517,  to  seek 
for  a  northwest  passage  to  India;  but  he  unsuc- 
cessfully fought  the  ice-pack  at  Hudson's  Bay 
and  was  foiled.  The  successor  of  Ferdinand 
invited  Cabot  to  Spaiu  and  made  him  Chief  Pi- 
lot of  the  realm.  He  was  employed  by  Spanish 
merchants  to  command  an  expedition  to  the 
Spice  Islands  by  way  of  the  then  newly  dis- 
covered Strait  of  Magellan;  but  circumstances 
prevented  his  going  farther  than  tin;  southeast 
coast  of  Sc,i,th  America,  where  he  discovered 
the  rivers  Do  la  Plata  and  Paraguay.  His  em- 
ployers wore  disappointed,  and,  resigning  his 
office  into  the  hands  of  the  Spanish  monarch, 
he  returned  to  England  in  his  old  age  and  was 
pensioned  by  the   king.      After  the  death  of 

Henry  VIII.  tl boy-king,"  Edward  VI.,  made 

Cabol  Grand  Pilol  ofEuglaud;  but  Queen  Mary 
neglected  him,  and  allowed  that  eminent  navi- 
gator and  discoverer  of  the  North  American 
continent  to  die  at  Bristol  in  comparative  pov- 
erty and  obscurity  at  the  age  of  eighty  years. 
His  cheerful  temperament  was  manifested  by 
his  dancing  at  an  assembly  of  young  seamen 
the  >car  before  his  death. 

Cabral,  PBDBO  AXVABEZ,  was  sen!  by  Eman- 
uel, King  of  Portugal,  with  thirteen  ships,  on  a 
voyage  from  Lisbon  to  the  East  Indie-,  in  the 
year  1500.  In  order  to  avoid  the  calms  on  the 
Guinea  shore.be  went  bo  far  westward  as  to  dis- 
cover land  on  the  coast  of  Brazil  at  latitude  10J 
south,  lie  erected  a  cross,  and  named  the  Coun- 
try "The  Land  of  the  Holj  CrOSS."  It  was  af- 
terwards called  Brazil,  from  bratU,  a  dyewood 

that  abounded  there.  Cabral  took  possession 
of  the  country  in  the  name  of  the  king.  After 
it  was  ascertained  that  it  was  a  part  of  the 
American  continent,  a  controversy  arose  be- 
tween the  crowns  of  Spain  and  .Portugal  con- 
cerning the  right  <>l  possession,  bnl  it  was  set- 
tled amioabl]      Portugal  to  possess  tin'  portion 

of  the  continent  discovered   by  Cabral.  that    is, 

from  the  River  Amazon  to  the  Plate  (l>e  la 
Plata  i.  'Ibis  discover]  ledVEmanuel  to  send  out 
another  expedition  (three  ships),  under  Ameri- 
•  in-,  in  May,  1501.  Thej  I bed  Bra- 
zil at  latitude  ■>  south,  and  returned  noma  ai'iei 
a  voyage  of  sixteen  months. 


Cabrillo,  RODRIGUEZ  DE,  was  sent  by  Men- 

doza,  viceroy  of  Mexico  (1542),  in  search  of  the 
"  Strait  of  America.''  supposed  to  lead  to  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  which  Alareon  had  failed  to 
find.  He  sailed  up  the  Pacific  coast  as  far  as 
latitude  44"  north,  off  the  coast  of  Oregon.  The 
turbulence  of  the  sea.  sickness  of  his  crew,  and 
want  of  provisions  compelled  him  to  return. 
Cabrillo  was  a  Portuguese,  and  died  at  the  Isl- 
land  of  San  Bernardo  June  3,  1543. 

Cacique.  The  name  is  derived  from  the 
llayticn  tongue.  It  was  inaccurately  applied 
by  the  Spaniards  to  the  native  nobles  of  Mex- 
ico. Its  true  meaning  is  "  lord,"  or  "  prince,"  or 
"  supreme  ruler." 

Cadet's  Gray.  The  uniform  of  the  cadets 
at  the  West  Point  Military  Academy  is  of  gray 
cloth  —  white  pantaloons  in  summer.  It  was 
adopted  at  the  Academy  during  the  War  of 
1SP2-15.  General  Winfield  Scott  explained  to 
the  writer  how  that  color  came  to  be  adopted. 
While  at  Buffalo,  in  the  late  spring  of  1-13.  in 
command  of  United  States  troops  (regulars),  he 
wrote  to  the  quartermaster  for  a  supply  of  new 
clothing  for  his  soldiers.  Word  came  back  that 
blue  cloth,  such  as  was  used  in  the  army,  could 
not  be  obtained,  owing  to  the  stringency  of  the 
blockade  and  the  embargo,  and  the  lack  of  wool- 
len manufactures  in  the  country,  but  that  there 
was  a  sufficient  quantity  of  gray  cloth  in  Phila- 
delphia. Scott  ordered  it  to  be  made  np  for 
his  soldiers;  and  in  these  new  gray  suits  they 
marched  down  the  Niagara  shores  on  the  Cana- 
da side.  So  they  appeared  the  day  before  the 
battle  at  Chippewa  (which  see).  The  British 
commander  mistook  these  gray-clad  regulars 
for  militia,  and  regarded  them  with  such  con- 
tempt that  he  was  not  prepared  to  meet  their 
skill  in  the  battle.      Because  of  the  victory  won 

at  Chippewa, chiefly  by  those  gray-clad  regulars 

(July  5,  1813),  and  in  honor  of  Scott  anil  his 
troops,  that  Style  of  cloth  was  adopted  at  the 
Military  Academy  at  West  Point  as  the  regula- 
tion uniform  of  the  cadets.  "Cadet's  gray"  is 
regarded  as  the  best  color  for  tield-si  r\  ice,  a-  it 
i-  not  conspicuous.  (See  litifonnx.  United  SUlUl 
Army.) 


Cadwallader.  JOHK,  was   born    in    Philadel- 
phia in  1748;  dnd  at  Shrewsbury,  Peun.,  Feb 


CAIRO,  MILITARY  OCCUPATION  OF      191 


CALHOUN 


10,  1786.  He  was  an  active  patriot  before  tlie 
war  for  independence  broke  out.  He  was  made 
colonel  of  one  of  the  city  battalions,  ami  as  a 
brigadier-general  afterwards  be  was  placed  in 
command  oft.be  Pennsylvania  militia,  co-operat- 
ing with  Washington  in  the  attaek  on  Trenton, 
and  participating  in  the  battle  of  Princeton. 
He  was  in  the  battles  of  Brandy  wine,  German- 
town,  ami  Monmouth.  He  challenged  General 
Conway  to  tight  a  duel  because  of  offensive 
words  used  by  the  latter  towards  Washington. 
ton  unifs  Cabal.)  They  fought,  and  Conway 
was  badly  wounded.  After  the  war  Cadu  allader 
lived  in  Maryland,  anil  was  in  its  Legislature. 

Cairo,  Military  Occupation  of.     The  small 

village  of  Cairo,  111.,  is  situated  near  the  extrem- 
ity of  a  boat-shaped  peninsula,  at  the  eontlilenee 

of  the  Ohio  ami  Mississippi  Rivers, one  hundred 
and  seventy-live  miles  below  St.  Louis.  It  is  a 
point  of  great  importance  as  the  key  to  a  vast 
extenl  of  navigable  waters,  ami  to  it  National 
troops  were  sent  at  an  early  period.  Both  the 
National  government  and  Governor  fates  of 
Illinois  had  been  apprised  of  the  intention  of 
the  Confederates  to  secure  that  position,  hoping 
thereby  to  control  the  navigation  of  the  Missis- 
sippi to  St.  Louis,  ami  of  the  Ohio  to  Cincinnati 
anil  beyond.  They  also  hoped  IhaHhe  absolute 
control    of   the    Mississippi    below    would    cause 

the  Northwestern  States  to  join  hands  with  the 
insurgents  rather  than  lose  the  advantages  de- 
rived from  navigating  this  great  outlet  of  their 
products.  The  scheme  was  foiled.  Governor 
Yates,  under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of 
War, sent  Illinois  troops  at  an  earlj  daj  to  take 
possession  of  and  occupy  Cairo.  By  the  middle 
of  May  there  were  not  less  than  5000  Union  vol- 
unteers there,  under  the  comma  ml  of  ( lencral  li. 
M. Prentiss,  who  occupied  the  extreme  point  of 
the  peninsula,  where  they  cast  up  fortifications 
ami  gave  the  post  the  name  of  Camp  Defiance. 
Before  the  ch.se  of  Maj  it  was  considered  im- 
pregnable against  any  force  the  Confederates 
might  semi.  It  rooii  became  a  post  of  great  im- 
portance to  the  Union  cause  as  the  place  where 
some  of  the  land  and  naval  expeditions  in  the 
valley  of  the  Mississippi  were  fitted  out. 

Caldwell,  Jambs,  was  born  in  Charlotte 
County,  Va.,  in  April,  1734  ;  died  at  Elizabeth- 
town,  N.  J., Nov. 24, 1781.  Graduating  at  Prince- 
ton in  1759,  he  became  pastor  of  the  Presbyte- 
rian Church  at  r.li/.abethtown  in  1762.  Zeal- 
ously espousing  the  revolutionary  cause, he  was 
much  disliked  h\  the  Tories.  Appointed  chap- 
lain of  a  New  Jersej  brigade, he  was  for  a  time 
in  the  Mohawk  Valley.  In  1780  his  church 
ami  resilience  wire  biirucd  by  a  party  of  British 
and  Tories;  and  the  same  year  a  British  incur- 
sion from  States  Island  pillaged  the  village  of 
Connecticut  Farms,  where  his  family  wen  tem- 
porarily   residing.      A    soldier   shot    his   wife 

through   a  window    while  she   was  sitting  on   a 

bed  wilh   her  babe.      At   thai    lime   Mr.  Caldwell 

was  in  Washington's  camp  at  Morristown.     In 

an  altercation   at   Lli/.ahct  litow  n  Point   with  an 

American  sentinel,  he  was  shot  by  the  latter. 
The  murderer  was  afterwords  banged.    Aoostlj 


monument  was  erected  in  the  church-yard  at 
Flizabethtown  sixty -four  years  afterwards  to 
commemorate  both  Caldwell  and  his  wife. 

Calef  and  Mather.  Among  the  learned  dupes 
of  the  witchcraft  delusion  in  New  England  in 
the  seventeenth  century  was  Rev.  Cotton  Ma- 
ther, whose  writings  and  preaching  were  chiefly 
instrumental  in  inaugurating  that  terrible  epi- 
sode in  New  England  history.  (See  Salem  llitrh- 
craft.)  Even  after  the  people  and  magistrates 
bad  come  to  their  senses,  persecutions  had  ceased, 
and  the  folly  of  the  belief  in  witchcraft  was 
broadly  apparent,  Mather  continued  to  write  in 
favor  t'i'  it  and  to  give  instances  of  the  doitlgS 
of  witches  in  their  midst.  "  Flashy  people," 
wrote  Mather,  "  may  bnrlesqne  these  thiues.  but 
when  hundreds  of  the  most  sober  people,  in  a 
country  where  they  have  as  much  mother  wit 
certainly  as  the  lest  of  mankind,  know  them  to 
be  true,  nothing  but  the  absurd  and  fro  ward 
spirit  of  Sadducisin  [disbelief  in  spirits]  can 
i|ucstiou  them."  They  were  burlesqued  in  a 
most  effectual  manner.  Robert  Calef,  a  mer- 
chant of  Boston,  wrote  and  published  a  series 
of  letters,  in  which  he  exposed  Mather's  cre- 
dulity, and  greatly  irritated  that  really  good 
man.  Mather  retorted  by  calling  Calef  a  "  weaver 
turned  minister."  Calef  tormented  Mather  more 
by  other  letters  in  the  same  vein,  when  the  for- 
mer, becoming  wearied  by  the  fight,  called  the 
latter  ••  a  coal  from  lull,"  and  prosecuted  him 
for  slander.  When  these  letters  of  Calef  were 
published  in  book  form,  Increase  Mather,  Pres- 
ident "f  Harvard  College,  caused  copies  of  the 
work  to  be  publicly  burned  on  t  he  colli  _ 

Calhoun,  .lutix  Cwi>wtti.  1. 1, P.,  was  born 
in  Abbeville  District, 8. C, March  18,  1788;  died 
in  Washington,  D.C.,  March  31,  I860.    His  father 


JOHN    CALWWKLI.    CA1  HOI  > 


was  a    native  of  Inland;    his  mother,  formerly 
Miss  Caldwell,  was  of  Scotch-Irish  descent.     The 

]  son  graduated,  with  all  the  honors,  at  Yale  Col- 


CALIFORNIA  1 

lege,  in  1804  ;  and  studied  law  at  Litchfield, 
Conn.,  in  a  famous  law-school  there.  In  1807 
he  began  the  practice  of  the  profession  in  his 
native  district.  Thoughtful,  ardent,  and  perse- 
vering, he  soon  took  high  rank  in  his  profession 
and  gained  a  very  lucrative  practice.  Fond  of 
polities,  he  early  entered  its  arena,  and  in  1808- 
10  was  a  member  of  the  Slate  Legislature.  He 
was  sent  to  Congress  in  1811,  where  he  remain- 
ed, by  successive  elections,  until  1817.  Mr.  Cal- 
houn was  very  intlucntial  in  pressing  Madison 
to  make  a  declaration  of  war  with  Great  Britain 
in  1812.  President  Monroe  called  him  to  his 
cabinet  as  Secretary  of  War  (Dec.  16, 1817),  and 
he  served  as  such  during  the  Presidential  term 
of  eight  years.  In  1824  he  was  chosen  Vice- 
President  of  the  United  States,  and  was  re-elect- 
ed with  Andrew  Jackson  in  1828.  In  1831  he 
was  elected  United  States  Senator  by  the  Leg- 
islature of  South  Carolina.  He  was  Secretary 
of  State  in  1844-4.".,  and  from  1845  till  1850  he 
was  again  a  member  of  the  United  States  Sen- 
ate. The  doctrine  of  state  sovereignty  and  su- 
premacy, and  that  the  Union  was  a  compact  of 
states  that  might  be  dissolved  by  the  secession 
of  any  one  of  them,  independent  of  all  action  on 
the  part  of  others,  w  as  honestly  held  by  Mr.  Cal- 
houn nearly  ail  his  life.  His  influence  in  his 
own  state  was  very  great  :  and  his  political  ten- 
ets, practically  carried  out  by  acts  of  nullifica- 
tion (see  Nullification),  brought  South  Carolina 
to  the  verge  of  civil  war  in  1832;  and  it  made 
that  state  foremost  and  most  conspicuous  in  in- 
augurating the  late  Civil  War.  His  remains  lie 
buried  uuder  a  neat  monument  in  St.  Philip's 
church-yard  at  Charleston,  S.  C.  His  writings 
and  a  biography  have  been  published  iu  six 
volumes. 

California,  Admission  of,  into  the  Union. 
The  discovery  of  gold  in  California  in  1848 
caused  such  an  influx  of  emigrants  that  in  1849 
there  were  inhabitants  enough  there  to  entitle 
them,  so  far  as  numbers  were  concerned,  to  ad- 
mission into  the  Union  as  a  state.  A  state  gov- 
ernment was  abso- 
lutely necessary,  for 
in  such  a  mixed 
population    as    was 

suddenly  gathered 
there,  much  crime 
and  disorder  prevail- 
ed. General  Biley, 
the  military  gover- 
nor of  the  territory, 
called  a  convention 
of  delegates  to  meet 
at  Monterey, Sept  1. 
1849,toframeastate 

constitution.    The  convent  ion,  after  a  si\  weeks' 

session, adopted  a  constitution.  Before  it  was 
held  the  people  of  California,  in  convention  tit  San 
Francisco,  had  voted  against  the  admission  of  the 

slave- labor  s\  stem  into  that  country.  The  consti- 
tution adopte.l  at  Moilterej  also  had  a  provision 
to  ezelude  slaver]  from  thai  inchoate  state. 
Thus  earns  Into  political  form  the  crude  ale- 
men  ts  of  a  state,  the  birth  and  maturity  of  whioh 
Menu  like  a  strange  dream.      All  had  been   ac- 


N 


STATE  BULL  OF   CM.miHNll 


2  CALIFORNIA,  NAME  OF      . 

complished  within  twenty  months  from  the  time 
when  gold  was  discovered  at  Sutter's  Mill.  Un- 
der this  constitution  John  Charles  Fremont  and 
William  M.  Gwynn  were  chosen  by  the  State 
Legislature  United  States  Senators.  Edward 
Gilbert  and  G.  H.Wright  were  elected  to  the 
House  of  Representatives.  When  Fremont  and 
Gwynn  went  to  Washington,  they  took  the  state 
constitution  with  them,  and  presented  a  petition 
(February,  1850)  asking  for  the  admission  of 
California  into  the  Union  as  a  free  and  inde- 
pendent state.  The  article  in  its  constitution 
which  excluded  slavery  became  a  cause  of  vio- 
lent debate  in  Congress  and  of  bitter  feeling  iu 
the  South  against  the  people  of  the  North.  The 
Union,  so  strong  in  the  hearts  of  the  people,  was 
shakeu  to  its  centre.  Mr.  Clay  again  appeared 
as  a  compromiser  for  the  sake  of  peace  and 
union.  It  seemed  that  some  compromise  was 
needed  to  avoid  serious  difficulty,  for  already 
the  representatives  of  the  slave  interest  had 
taken  action,  and  the  Southern  members  iu  Con- 
gress boldly  declared  their  intention  to  break 
up  the  Union  if  California  should  be  admitted 
under  such  a  constitution.  A  joint  resolution 
was  adopted  to  appoint  a  committee  of  thirteen 
(six  Northern  and  six  Southern  members,  w  ho 
should  choose  the,  thirteenth)  to  consider  the 
subject  of  a  territorial  government  for  Califor- 
nia, New  Mexico,  and  Utah,  with  instructions 
to  report  a  plan  of  compromise  embracing  all 
the  questions  thus  arising  out  of  the  subject  of 
slavery.  Henry  Clay  was  made  chairman  of 
that  committee.  He  had  already  presented  (Jan. 
25,  1850)  s  plan  of  compromise  to  the  South,  and 
spoke  eloquently  in  favor  of  it  (Feb.  5) :  and  on 
May  8  he  reported  a  plan  of  compromise  in  a 
series  of  bills,  intended  to  be  a  pacification. 
This  was  called  an  Omnibus  Bill  (whioh  see). 
It  made  large  concessions  to  the  slaveholders, 
and  yet   it   was  not   satisfactory  to  them.      For 

months  a  violent  discussion  of  the  Compromise 

Act  was  carried  on  throughout  the  country,  and 
it    was  denounced  upon  diametrically  opposite 
grounds.    It  finally  passed  both  Houses  of  Con- 
gress, and  became  a  law.    On  Sept.  9,  1 9 
forilia  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  state. 

California,  Name  or.  In  1584  BernandoCor- 
tea  sent  Hernando  deGrrjalva  on  an  errand  of 
discovery  to  the  Pacific  coast,  who  probably  saw 
the  peninsula  of  California.  Twenty-five  yean 
before  the  Spanish  leader  discovered  the  coun- 
try, a  romance  was  published  in  Spain  iu  which 
KN  described  the  doings  of  a  pagan  qneen  of 
Amazons,  who  brought  from  the '-right  hand  of 
the   Indies"  her  allies  to   assist    the  infidels   in 

their  attacks  upon  Constantinople  The  ro- 
mance was  entitled  Hspttimlitin.  the  name  of  au 
imaginary  Greek  emperor,  living  iu  Stauiboul, 
the  ancient  name  of  Constantinople.  The  Ama- 
zonian qneen  was  named  ('alalia,  whose  king- 
dom, rich  iii  gold,  diamonds,  and  pearls,  was 
called  California.  The  author  probably  de- 
rived the  name  from  Calif,  the  title  of  a  succes- 
sor of  Mohammed.  The  author  says:  "Know 
that  on  the  right  hand  of  the  Indies  there  is  an 

island,  oalled  California,  very  close  to  the  Ter- 
ivstnal  Paradise,  ami  it  was  peopled  by  black 


CALIFORNIA,  STATE  OF  1 

women  without  any  man  among  them,  for  they 
lived  in  the  fashion  of  the  Amazonia.  They 
were  of  strong  and  hardy  bodies,  of  ardent  eniir- 
age,  and  of  great  force.  '1'heir  island  was  the 
strongest  in  all  the  world,  with  its  steep  dill's 
and  rooky  shore.      Their  arms  were  all  of  gold, 

and  so  was  i  he  harness  of  the  wild  beasts  which 

they  tamed  and  rode.  For  in  the  whole  island 
there  was  no  metal  but  gold.  They  lived  in 
eaves  wrought  out  of  the  rocks  with  mneh  la- 
bor. They  had  many  ships  with  which  they 
sailed  out  to  other  countries  to  obtain  booty." 
Moth  Cortex  and  Crijalva  believed,  as  everybody 
then  believed,  that  they  were  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  coast  of  Asia;  and,  as  the  aspect  of 
the  country  corresponded  with  the  description 
in  the  romance,  they  named  the  peninsula  Cali- 
fornia. In  the  Gulf  of  California  were  found 
pearls  j  so  the  descript  ion  of  t  he  country  of  I  he 
black  Amazons  a  country  tilled  with  gold  and 
pearls — suited  tin:  actual  condition  of  the  re- 
gion explored. 

California.  State  or,  was  discovered  as  early 
as  1534  bj  a  Spanish  explorer  (sec-  Cortes),  but 
settlements  in  (  llil  or  Lower  California  weie  Ant 
made  in  1683  by  Jesuit  missionaries.  New  or 
Upper  California  was  discovered  later,  and  the 
first   mission   there  (San   Diego)   was   planted  in 

17ih.     for  1 1 1 : i  > i  >  years  the  government  of  Call 

forma,  temporal  and  spiritual,  was  under  the 
control  of  monks  of  the  Order  id'  St.  Francis. 
It  was  not  until  about  177(1  that  Hie  l',,iv  of  San 
Francisco  was  discovered  'unless  b\  Sir  Franeit 
Drake,  which  see),  and  in  177t;  a  mission  was 
established  there.  At  the  beginning  of  ibis 
century  eighteen  missions  had  been  eslahlisb- 
ed  in  California,  with  over  fifteen  thousand 
converts.       The    Spanish     power    in    California 

was  overthrown  by  the  Mexican  revolution  in 
1623,  when  the  government   was  permanently 

secularized.  In  1843-46  many  thousand  emi- 
grants from  the  United  stales  settled  in  Califor- 
nia; and  when  the  war  with  Mexico  broke  out 
in  1846,  the  Btrnggle  for  the  master]  in  that  Pa- 
cific-coast prov  ince  speedily  ended  in  victory  for 
the  Americans  in  1-17.     Bj  the  treaty  of  peace 

at  Guadalupe    Hidalgo   (which    see  i.  California 

and  other  territory    wen-  ceded  to  the  United 

in  the  month  of  February,  1848,  gold 

was  discov  ered  in  California,  on  the  Sacramento 
River;  and  as  the  news  spread  abroad,  thou- 
sands of  eniei  pi  isin^  and  energetic  men  (locked 

thither  to  secure  the  precious  metal,  not  only 
from  the  United  Stales,  but  from  Souib  Auier 
lea,  Europe,  and  China.  Very  soon  there  was  a 
mixed    population    id'  all    sorts   of  characters   in 

California  of  at  least  250,000  persona.  The  mili- 
tary  governor    called    a    convention    to   ineel    al 

Monterey,  Sept.  i.  1849,  to  frame  a  state  oonsti- 

tution.  One  was  formed  by  which  slavery  was 
to  be  BXClnded   from   the    proud   new    state;    and 

this  document   revived    in  Congress,  in  great 

intensity,    debates     on    the     subject      of    slaveiv 

iii  1849  .",(i.  ,\  compromise  was  effected  (see 
Omnibus  Bill);  and  on  Sept.  9, 1850,  California 

was    admitted    into    the    Union    as    a    state.       So 

lawless    weie    a    large   class   of  the    population, 

that  nothing  but  the  swift  operations  of  "  Vigi- 

I.— 13 


3  CALVERT 

lance  Committees"  could  control  them  and  pre- 
serve social  order.  The  first  vigilance  commit- 
tee, of  San  Francisco  was  organized  in  1851. 
Finally  these  committees  assumed  the  functions 
and  powers  of  judges  and  executives,  but  under 
proper  regulations,  which  guaranteed  all  ac- 
cused persons  a  fair  trial.  Dangerous  men  of 
every  kind  were  arrested,  tried,  hanged,  trans- 
ported, or  acquitted.  The  tribunal  became  a, 
"  terror  to  evil-doers."  Late  in  1856  the  vigi- 
lance committee  in  San  Francisco  surrendered 
its  powers  to  the  regularly  constituted  civil  au- 
thority. California  did  not  furnish  any  troops 
during  the  Civil  War.  ow  in>;  to  its  isolated  po- 
sition, there  being  then  no  railroad  communi- 
cation between  the  two  oceans.  It  has  become 
one  of  the  most  prolific  agricultural  at 
the  Union. 

Callender,  J  ami  s  THOMPSON, a  political  writ- 
er, born  in  Scotland:  died  in  Richmond, Va.,  in 
July,  1803.  lb-  w  as  a  vigorous  but  coarse  writer, 
and  was  never  happier,  apparently,  than  when 
engaged  in  a  qnarrel.  He  published  in  Edin- 
burgh, in  1792,  a  book  called  Political  Program 
of  Oreoi  Britain, which  so  offended  the  authori- 
ties that  be  was  banished  from  the  kingdom, 
and  came  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  published 
the  Political  Register  in  1794  '.»■">.  ami  the  Ameri- 
ca* Aiiiiiuil  Register  Forl796  97.    lb-  was  a  violent 

ami  unscrupulous  opponent  of  Washington's  ad- 
ministration, and  delighted  in  abusing  Hamilton 
and  Other  Federalist  leader-.  For  a  season  he 
enjoyed  the  friendship  of  .Jetl'ei  son.      The  latter 

became  disgusted  with  Callender,  when  the  for- 
mer, becoming  Jefferson's  enemy,  calumniated 
him  feat  fully.  He  published  a  paper  called  the 
Richmond  Recorder, in  which  he  made  fierce  at- 
tacks upon  the  character  of  Washington  and 
Adams.  Callender  was  a  common  scold,  and 
was    very    mischievous    in     the     use    of    bis    pen 

and  printing  materials      He  was  accidentally 

drowned  while,  bathing  in  the  .lames  River. 

Calvert  was  the  family  name  of  the  Lords 
Baltimore  George,  (  ecilins,  Charles  L,  Bene- 
dict Leonard, Charles  U., and  Frederick.  (See 
Baltimore,  Lords.) 

Calvert,  GOVERNOR,  ReCI  PTIOS  "its  M  vi:v- 
t  \sn.     When  Leonard  Calvert  and  Ins  colony 

sailed  up  the  l'nloinac  as  far  as  Alalia  Cieek, 
they  found  the   natives   friendly  towards  them. 

Ooiug  still  fai  tlu-r,  to  Pisoataway,  they  met  t  lap- 
tain  Fleet,  an  Indian  trader  with  the  Indians, 
and  a  voyager  to  Jameetovi  n  and  other  places  in 

the  way  of  traffic.  He  had  been  a  prisoner  for 
some  years  with  the  Anacosl  a  us  on  the  site  of 
Washington  city,  and  was  familiar  with  the  lan- 
guage   ol    I  he    barbarians   m    the    neighbor! d. 

Fleet  induced  the  chief  at  Piacatawny  to  go  on 

board  Calvert's  vessel.  He  was  pleased;  but. 
when  Calvert    asked   him   whether   he   might   sit 

down  with  his  people  in  tin-  country,  the  king 

answered  cautiously,  "  1  will  not.  bid  you  go, 
neither  will   I   bid   you   slav  :   but    yon   may  use 

your  own  discretion."    Under  tin-  guidance  of 

Fleet,  the  colonists  were  enabled  to  find  a  good 

place  for  .settlement.      (See  Maryland,  I'oUiuiJ  of.) 

Calvert,  Leonaud,  second   son    of  the   fust 


CALVERT 


1U4 


CAMPAIGN  OF  1758 


Lord  Baltimore,  and  first  governor  of  Maryland. 
Born  about  L606;  died  June  it.  U'>47.  He 'sailed 
from  Cow  es,  Isle  of  Wight,  for  Chesapeake  Bay, 
Nov.  22,  l(v5:5,  as  governor  of  Maryland,  with 
two  vessels  (Ark  and  Dove),  and  over  three  hun- 
dred emigrants.  (See  Baltimore,  Lords.)  The 
Ark  was  a  ship  of  three  hundred  tons,  and  the 
Dove  a  pinnace  of  fifty  tons.  Among  the  com- 
pany were  two  Jesuit  priests,  Andrew  While 
and  John  Altham.  At  religions  ceremonies  per- 
formed at  the  time  of  departure,  the  expedition 
was  committed  "to  the  protection  of  God  espe- 
cially, and  of  his  most  Holy  Mother,  and  St.  Ig- 
natius, and  all  the  guardian  angels  of  Mary- 
land." The  two  Vessels  were  convoyed  beyond 
danger  from  Turkish  corsairs.  .Separated  by  a 
furious  tempest  that,  swept  the  sea  three  days, 
ending  w 'it  h  a  hurricane  which  split  the  sails  of 
the  Ark,  unshipped  her  rudder,  and  left  her  at 
the  mercy  of  the  waves,  the  voyagers  were  in 
despair,  and  doubted  not  the  little  Dore  had 
gone  to  the  bottom  of  the  ocean.  Delightful 
Weather  ensued,  and  at  Barbadoes  the  Dure 
joined  the  Ark  after  a  separation  of  six  weeks. 
Sailing  northward,  they  touched  at  Point  Com- 
fort, at  the  entrance  to  the  Chesapeake,  and  then 
went  up  to  Jamestown,  with  royal  letters  borne 
by  Calvert,  and  received  there  a  kind  reception 
from  Governor  Harvey.  They  tarried  nine  days, 
and  then  entered  the  Potomac  River,  which  de- 
lighted them.  The  colonists  sailed  up  the  river 
to  the  Heron  Islands,  and,  at  a  little  past  I  lie 
middle  of  March,  landed  on  one  of  them,  which 
they  named  St.  Clemeut's.  On  the  25th  they 
offered  the  sacrifice  of  the  mass,  set  up  a  huge 
cross  hewn  from  a  tree,  and  knelt  in  solemn  de- 
votion around  it.  Going  farther  up.  they  en- 
tered a  river  which  they  called  St. George;  and 
on  the  right  bank  founded  the  capital  of  the 
new  province  with  military  and  religious  cere- 
monies, and  called  it  St.  Mary's.  That  scene  oc- 
curred March  27,  1634.  It  remained  the  capital 
of  Maryland  until  near  the  close  of  the  century, 
when  it  speedily  became  a  mined  town,  and  now 
scarcely  a  trace  of  it  remains.  They  found  the 
natives  friendly,  and  awed  into  reverence  for 
the  white  men  by  tile  Hash  and  roar  of  cannons. 
which  they  regarded  as  lightning  and  thunder. 

The  successful  medical  services  of  Father  White 

in  curing  a  sick  Indian  king  gained  the  profound 

respect  of  these  children  of  the  forest.      He  and 

his  queen  and  three  daughters  were  baptised  by 
Fat  her  White,  and  became  members  of  the  Chris- 
tian Church.  William  Clayborne,  an  earlier  set- 
tler on  Kent  bland,  in  the  Chesapeake,  gave. 
Calvert    much   trouble,  and   was   abetted   in   his 

course  by  the  Virginia  authorities,  who  regard- 
ed the  Maryland  colonists  as  intruders.  I  See 
Clayborne.)  lie  was  driven  away,  and  his  prop- 
erty was  confiscated.  But  he  was  a  "thorn  in 
the  aide"  of  the  proprietor  for  a  long  time.  Gov- 
ernor Calvert  tried  to  cany  out  I  hi-  graud  dc- 
—  i lz. 1 1  "I  i  be  proprietor  to  establish  a  feudal  no- 
bility with  hereditary  titles  and  privileges,  the 
d am  lor  the  purpose  being  divided  into  ma- 
norial estates  of  two  thousand  and  three  thou- 
sand acres  each,  but  the  provisions  of  the  char- 
ter fortunate)]  prevented  such  a  consummation 


of  Lord  Baltimore's  order.  Governor  Calvert 
went  to  England  in  1643,  and  during  his  absence 
for  nearly  a  year  much  trouble  had  ensued  in 
the  colony,  for  Clayborne,  with  Captain  Richard 
Ingle,  had  harassed  the  settlement  at  St.  Mary's. 
Civil  war  ensued  (1645),  and  Governor  Calvert 
was  expelled  from  Maryland,  and  took  refuge  in 
Virginia.  (See  Maryland.)  Finally  Calvert  re- 
turned from  Virginia  with  a  military  force,  took 
possession  of  Kent  Island,  and  re-established 
proprietary  rights  overall  the  province  of  Mary- 
land. 

Cambridge  Platform.  The  second  Synod  of 
Massachusetts  met  at  Cambridge  in  1040,  and 
was  not  dissolved  until  1648.  The  synod  com- 
posed and  adopted  a  system  of  church  discipline 
called  "The  Cambridge  Platform."  and  recom- 
mended it,  together  with  the  Westminster  Con- 
fession of  Faith,  to  the  general  court  and  to 
the  churches.  The  latter,  in  New  England,  gen- 
erally complied  with  the  recommendat ion,  and 
"The  Cambridge  Platform,"  with  the  ecclesias- 
tical laws,  formed  the  theological  coustituliou 
of  the  New  Englaud  colonies. 

Camden.     (.See  Sanders's  Creek.) 

Camp  "Wild-cat  The  invasion  of  Kentucky 
by  Zollicoffer  from  Tennessee  aroused  the  loyal- 
ists of  eastern  Kentucky,  and  they  llevv  to  arms. 
Some  of  them  were  organized  under  Colonel 
Garrard,  a  loyal  Kentuckiau,  and  among  the 
Rock  Castle  hills  they  established  Camp  Wild- 
cat. There  they  were  attacked  |  Oct.  21,  1861 
by  Zollicoffer.  When  he  appeared.  Canard  had 
only  about  six  hundred  men.  but  was  joined  by 
some  Indiana  and  Ohio  troops,  and  some  Ken- 
tucky cavalry  under  Colonel  Woolford.  With 
the  latter  came  General  Schoepf,  who  took  the 
chief  command.  Zollicoffer,  with  his  Teunes- 
seeans  and  some  Mississippi  "Tigers"  tell  upon 
them  in  the  morning,  and  were  twice  repulsed. 
The  last  was  in  the  afternoon.  After  a  sharp 
battle.  Zollicoffer  withdrew.  Garrard  had  been 
reinforced  in  the  afternoon  by  a  portion  of 
Colonel  Steadmau's  Ohio  regiment.  General 
Schoepf,  deceived  by  false  reports  of  a  force 
coming  from  Buckner's  camp  at  Bowling  Green, 
fell  back  hastily  towards  the  Ohio,  making  toned 
marches.     (See  Invasion  of  Kentucky.) 

Campaign  of  1758.  (See  French  and  Indian 
liar.)  William  Pitt  was  called  to  the  adminis- 
tration of  public  affairs  in  Euglaud  in  June.  1757. 
lie  recalled  Lord  Loudoun  from  America. and  ap- 
pointed General  Ahercrombie  to  succeed  him. 
A  strong  naval  armament  was  placed  under  the 
command  of  Admiral  Boscaweu,  and  twelve  thou- 
sand additional  English  troops  wire  allotted  to 
the  service  in  America.  Pitt  addressed  a  letter 
to  the  several  colonies,  asking  them  to  raise  and 
clothe  twenty  thousand  men,  and  promised,  in 
the  name  of  Parliament,  to  furnish  arms,  tents. 
and  provisions  lor  them:  and  also  to  reimburse 
lli.  >.  vera)  colonies  nearly  all  the  money  they 
should  expend  in  raising  anil  clothing  the  lev- 
ies.     'I'he   response   was  wonderful.      New    Kng- 

land  alone  raised  nearlv   fifteen   tl sand  men. 

and    an    excess    of   levies    soon    appeared  :    and 

when,  in  May,  1768,  Aberorombie  took  charge  of 


CAMPAIGNS  AGAINST  INDIAN'S 


196 


CAMPBELL 


tbe  troops  be  found  nearly  fifty  thousand  men 
at  his  disposal.  The  plan  of  the  campaign  con- 
templated    the    capture    of   Fouisburg,  Tieullde- 

roga,  and  Fort  Duqueane. 

Campaigns  against  Indians  in  Indiana  and 
Illinois.  On  Oct.  14, 1812, General  Samuel  Hop- 
kins, with  two  thousand  mounted  Kentucky 
riflemen,  crossed  the  Wabash  on  an  expedition 
against  the  Kickapoo  and  Peoria  Indian  vil- 
lages, in  tbe  Illinois  country,  the  former  eighty 
miles  from  his  starting-place,  the  latter  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  miles.  They  traversed  mag- 
niliccut  prairies  covered  with  tall  grass.  The 
army  was  a  free-and-easy,  undisciplined  mob, 
that  chafed  under  restraint.     Discontent,  Been 

at  the  beginning,  SOOU  assumed  the  forms  of 
complaint  and  murmuring.  Finally,  whin  halt- 
ing OH  the  fourth  day's  inarch,  a  major  rode  up 
to  the  general  and  insolently  ordered  him  to 
march  tin-  troops  hack  to  Fori   Harrison.      Very 

soon  afterwards  the  army  was  scarcely  saved 
from  perishing  in  the  burning  grass  of  a  prairie. 
supposed  to  bave  been  set  on  lire  by  the  Indians. 
The  troops  would  march  no  farther.  Hopkins 
sailed  i"i  live  hundred  volunteers  to  follow  him 
into  Illinois.     Not  one  responded.     They  would 

not    BUbmil    to    his    leadership,   anil    he  followed 

his  army  hack  to  Fort  Harrison,  where  they  ar- 
rived Oct. 25.     This  march  of  eighty  or  ninety 

miles  into  the  Indian  country  had  greatly  alarm- 
ed the  barbarians,  and  so  did  some  good,     low  - 

ards  the  same  regiou  aimed  at  by  General  Hop- 
kins another  expedition,  under  ('(don. 

composed  of  two  small  companies  of  United 
States  regulars,  with  a  small  body  of  mounted 
militia  under  Governor  Ninian  Edwards  (who 
assumed  the  chief  command),  in  all  four  hun- 
dred men,  penetrated  deeply  into  the  Indian 
country,  hut.  bearing  nothing  of  Hopkins,  did 
not  venture  to  attempt  much.  They  fell  sud- 
denly upon  the  principal  Kickapoo  towns,  twen- 
ty miles  from  Fake  Peoria,  drove  the  Indians 
mto  a  swamp,  through  which  they  pursued  them, 

Sometimes  waist -d,cp  in  mud.  and  made  them 
tly  in  tenor  across  the  Illinois  River.      Some  of 

the  pursuers  passed  over, and  brought  hack  ca- 
noes with  dead  Indians  in  them.  Probably  fifty 
had  perished.  The  expedition  returned,  after 
an  absence  of  eighteen  days,  with  eighty  hoists 
and  the  dried  scalps  of  several  persons  who  had 
keen  killed  by  the  savages, as  trophies.  General 
Hopkins  discharged  the  mutineers  and  organ- 
ised another  expedition  of  twelve  hundred  and 
fifty    men,   composed    chiefly    of    foot  -  soldiers. 

lis  object  was  the  destruction  of  Prophets- 
town.  The  troops  were  composed  of  Kentucky 
militia,  some  regulars  under  Captain  Zachary 
Taylor,  a  company  of  Rangers,  and  a   company 

of  scouts  and  spies.  They  rendezvoused  at  \  in- 
cenncs.  and  marched  np  the  Wabash  Valley  to 
Fort  Harrison  Nov.:,.  [gift  They  did  not  reach 
the  vicinity  of  Propbetstown  until  the  19tb. 
Then  a  detachment  fell  upon  and  burned  a 
Winnebago  town  of  forty  houses,  four  miles 
below  Propbetstown.  The  latter  and  a  large 
Kickapoo  \  illage  near  it  were  also  laid  in  ashes. 
The  village  contained  one  hundred  ami  sixty 
huts,  with    all    the    winter    provisions    of   corn 


and  beans,  which  were  totally  destroyed.  On 
the  21st  a  part  of  the-  expedition  fell  into  au 
Indian  amhush  and  lost  eighteen  men.  killed. 
wounded,  and  missing.  So  destitute  were  the 
troops,  especially  the  Kentuckians,  who  were 
(dad  in  only  tin;  remnants  of  their  suiumei 
clothing,  that  the  expedition  returned  with- 
out attempting  anything  more.  They  Buffered 
dreadfully  on  their  return  march,  for  the  ground 
was  covered  with  snow  and  the  streams  were 
freezing. 

Campaigns  of  1864.  General  Grant  was 
created  lieutenant-general  March  -2.  1864,  under 
an  act  of  Congress  passed  the  day  heforo.  He 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  armies 

of  the   United   Slates,  and   assumed   the   duties 

March  17th.  He  made  arrangements  for  the 
campaigns  of  that  year,  which  contemplated 
two  grand  objects      the  seizure  of  Richmond 

and    Atlanta,  the    former   the   seat   id'  the   Con 

federate  government,  and  the  latter  the  focus 

of  several   converging   railways.      The  National 

forces  then  in  the  held  numbered  about  800,000; 
those  of  the  Confederates,  about  100,000.     Both 

parties  were  disposed  to  make  Hie  campaign | 
al>OUl    to    he    opined    a   decisive   one    if  possible. 

To  General  George  G.  Meade,  as  oommauder  of 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  was  assigned  the  task 
of  conquering  I and  taking  Richmond,  and  U> 

General  W.T.Sherman  was  assigned  the  task  of 
conquering  Johuaou  and  taking  Atlanta,    (nam 

made  his  headquarters  thenceforward  with  the 
Army  of  the  I'otomac.  and  gave  t"  Meade  tin 
help  of  his  counsel  and  the  presl  ige  of  his  name  : 

while  Sherman,  who  vt  as  appointed  Q rant's  su< 

ccssor  in  command  of  the  Military  Diviaii i 

the  Tennessee, with  General  McPherson  as  com 

mander  of  the  Department  and  Army  of  the 
Tennessee,  Was  hit   to  his  own  resources,  under 

genera]  hut  explicit  orders  from  the  lieutenant- 
general. 

Campbell,  LORD  Wn.i  i  wt.  Ii  n.nr  m  .  While 
the  Provincial  Congress  of  South  Carolina  was 
in  session,  Ford  William  Campbell,  w  ho  had  ac- 
quired large  possessions  in  South  Carolina  by 
marriage,  arrived  at  Charleston  (July,  1775  an 
governor  of  the  province.  He  was  received 
with  courtesy:  and  he  soon  summoned  a  meet 
ingofthe  Assembly.  They  came;  declined  to 
do  business;  and  adjourned  on  their  own  au- 
thority.   The  Commit! f  Safety  proceeded  in 

their  preparations  for  resistance  without  regard 
to   the   presence   of  (he  governor.      Ford  Camp 

hell  professed  great  love  for  the  people.     His 

sincerity  was  suspected,  and  the  hollowness  of 
his  professions  was  soon  proved.  Early  in  Sep- 
tember Colonel  Moultrie,  by  order  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Safety,  proceeded  to  take  posse-sio  . 
of  a  small  post  on  Sullivan's  Island,  in  Charles- 
ton Harbor.  Tbe  small  garrison  tied  to  the 
British  sioops-of-war  Thaw  and  Cherokee,  lying 
near.  Lord  Campbell,  seeing  the  storm  of  pop- 
alar  indignation  against  him  daily  ini 
particularly  after  it  w  as  discovered  that  he  had 
attempted  to  incite  the  Indians  to  make  war  for 
the  king,  and  had  tampered  with  the  Tories  of 
the  interior  of  the  pro\  luce,  also  tied  to  one  of 


CAMPBELL 


196    CANADA,  ATTEMPTED  CONQUEST  OF 


these  vessels  for  shelter,  and  never  returned. 
So  ended  royal  authority  in  South  Carolina. 

Campbell,  LORD  William,  Governor  of  Son  th 
Carolina  (1774-75),  and  brother  of  the  Duke  of  \ 
Argyle,  died  Sept.  5, 1778.  He  became  a  captain 
in  the  British  navy  in  Angnst,  176-2  ;  was  in  Par- 
liament in  1764  ;  and  governor  of  Nova  Scotia 
1766-73.  He  began  his  administration  in  South 
Carolina  in  1775  by  promoting  insurrectionary 
movements  favorable  to  the  crown  among  the 
border  population  and  the  Indians.  When  de- 
tected in  this  practice,  the  indignation  of  the 
people  alarmed  him,  and  he  fled  on  board  a 
British  vessel  in  Charleston  Harbor.  In  the 
contest  of  the  British  fleet  with  Fort  Moultrie, 
in  Jnne,  177(1,  he  was  badly  hurt,  and  died  from 
the  effects  of  his  wounds  two  years  afterwards. 
In  May,  1763, Lord  Campbell  married  Sarah,  sis- 
ter of  Ralph  Izard,  a  revolutionary  patriot.  She 
joined  her  husband  on  the  frigate  to  which  he 
bad  tied. 

Campbell,  William,  horn  in  Augusta  County, 
Va.,  in  1745;  died  September,  1781.  He  was  in 
the  battle  of  Point  Pleasant  (which  see)  in  1774, 
and  was  captain  of  a  Virginia  regiment  in  1775. 
Being  colonel  of  Washington  County  militia  in 
1780,  he  marched,  with  his  regiment,  two  hun- 
dred miles  to  the  attack  of  Major  Ferguson  at 
King's  Mountain  (which  see),  where  his  services 
gained  tor  him  great  distinction.  So, also, were 
his  prowess  and  skill  conspicuous  at  Guilford 
Court-house  (which  see  ),  and  he  was  made  a 
brigadier,  lb'  assisted  Lafayette  iii  opposing 
Cornwallis  in  Virginia,  and  received  the  com- 
mand of  the  light  infantry  and  riflemen,  but 
died  a  few  weeks  before  the  surrender  of  the 
British  at  Yorktown. 

Canada,  the  northern  neighbor  of  the  United 
States,  was  discovered  by  Jacques  Cart ier  (which 
sec),  on  the  borders  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River, 
in  1534.  Its  name  is  supposed  to  have  been  de- 
rived from  the  Huron  wind  Kan-na-la,  signify- 
ing a  collection  of  cabins,  such  as  Hocheluga 
(which  see).  No  settlements  were  made  there 
until  the  explorations  of  Champlain  about  three 
fourths  of  a  century  later.  |  See  Curlier  and 
I'h am jil ain. )  He  established  a  semi -military 
and  semi-religions  colony  at  Quebec,  ami  bom 
it,  Jesuit  and  other  missions  spread  over  the 
Lake  regions.  Then  came  the  civil  power  of 
France  to  lay  the  foundations  of  an  ampin, 
lighting  oik'  nation  of  Indians  and  making  al- 
lies of  another,  and  establishing  a  feudal  system 
of  government,  the  great  land -holders  being 

railed  srii/Htur*.  who  Were  Compelled  to  ci  de  the 
lands  granted  to  them,  when  demanded  by  set- 
i  leis,  ,.ii  fixed  conditions.  They  were  not  abso- 
lute proprietors  Of  the  soil,  but  had  certain  val- 
uable privileges,  con  pled  with  prescribed  duties. 
such  as  building  mills,  etc.  Iii  1620 Quebec  Cell 
into  the  hands  of  the  English,  bui  was  restored 

hi  1638.     In  tl arlv  history  of  the  colony  the 

governors,  in  connection  with  the  Inteiidant, 
held  the  military  and  civil  administration  in 
their  hands.  Jesuit  and  other  priest-  became 
eonspicnons  in  the  pnblic  service,  finally, 
when   a   bishop  was  appointed    for  Quebec,  vio- 


lent dissensions  occurred  between  the  civil  and 
ecclesiastical  authorities.  Until  the  Treaty  of 
Utrecht  (1713),  Canada  included  all  of  present 
British  America,  and  more.  At  that  time  Hud- 
son's Bay  and  vicinity  was  restored  to  England 
by  Louis  XIV.  Newfoundland  and  Acadia  (Nova 
Scotia)  were  ceded  to  the  English,  and  all  right 
to  the  Iroquois  country  (New  York)  was  re- 
nounced, reserving  to  France  only  the  valleys 
of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Mississippi.  In 
1760  Canada  was  conquered  by  the  English,  and 
by  the  Treaty  of  Paris  (which  see),  in  1763,  a 
greater  portion  of  the  French  dominions  in 
America  fell  into  the  possession  of  the  British 
crown.  By  an  act  of  the  imperial  Parliament, 
in  1791,  Canada  was  divided  into  two  provinces. 
Upper  Canada  and  Lower  Canada,  and  each  had 
a  parliament  or  legislature  of  its  own.  An  im- 
perial act  was  passed  in  1840  to  unite  the  two 
provinces  under  one  administration  and  one 
legislature.  Antecedent,  political  struggles  had 
taken  place,  which  culminated  in  open  insur- 
rection in  1837-38.  (See  Canadian  Rebellion.) 
In  1841  Upper  and  Lower  Canada  were  united 
for  purposes  of  government,  the  system  profess- 
edly modified  after  that  of  Great  Britain.  In 
1S57  Ottawa  was  .selected  as  the  permanent  seat 
of  government  for  Canada,  and  costly  publie 
buildings  were  erected  there.  By  ac<  of  the 
imperial  Parliament,  which  received  the  royal 
assent  March  28,  1867,  the  provinces  of  Upper 
and  Lower  Canada,  New  Brunswick,  and  Nova 
Scotia  were  connected  and  made  one  nation, 
under  the  general  title  of  "  The  Dominion." 
Upper  Canada  was  named  "Ontario,"  and  Low- 
er Canada  "Quebec"  Provision  was  made  for 
the  future  admission  of  Prince  Edward's  Island, 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Territory,  British  Columbia, 
and  Newfoundland,  with  its  dependency,  Lab- 
rador. In  the  new  government  the  executive 
authority  is  vested  in  the  Queen,  and  her  rep- 
resentative in  the  Dominion  is  the  acting 
governor  -  general,  who  is  advised  and  aided 
by  a  privy  council  of  fourteen  members,  con- 
stituting the  ministry,  who  must  be  sustain- 
ed by  a  parliamentary  majority.  There  is  a 
parliament  composed  of  two  chambers,  the 
Senate  and  House  of  Commons,  In  1-7-  the 
Marquis  of  Lome,  son  of  the  Duke  of  Argyle 

■who,  in  1-71,  married  Louise,  daughter  of 
Queen  Victoria  became  governor-general  of 
Canada. 

Canada,  AttkmpTD)  CONQl  i-i  0»,  is  18ttl 
The  liist  important  military  movement  after 
the  declaration  of  war  was  an  attempt  to  run- 
quer  Canada  by  an  invasion  of  its  western  bor- 
der on  the  Detroit  River.  It  then  consisted  of 
two  provinces  Lower  Canada,  with  a  popula- 
tion of  300,000,  mostly  of  French  origin,  and 
Upper  Canada,  with  a  population  of  100,000, 
composed   largely  of  American   lovalists  and 

their  descendants.  The  regular  militaiv  force 
ill    both    provinces    did     not     exceed    9000   men. 

scattered  over  a  space  of  1200  miles  Crow 
Quebec  to  the  loot  of  Lake  Superior,  sir 
George    Provost    was    then    govemoi 

with    his   residence   at    Montreal.      To  enter  the 

province  from  the  States,  a  watei  btrriei  had 


CANADA.  ATTEMPTED  CONQUEST  OF     197 


CANADA,  ATTITUDE  OE 


to  be  crossed,  while,  the  American  frontier  was 
destitute  of  roads,  infected  with  summer  fe- 
vers, and  sparsely  settled.  William  Hull,  ■ 
soldier    of   the    Revolution,   then    governor    of 

Michigan  Territory,   was   consulted  about  an 

invasion  of  Canada,  while  on  a  visit  at  Wash- 
ington, lie  insisted  that  before  such  an  en- 
terprise should  he  undertaken  a  naval  control 
of  Lake  Erie  should  he  acquired,  and  not  less 
than  3000  troops  should  he  provided  for  the 
invasion.  He  accepted  the  commission  of 
brigadier -general  with  the  special  object  in 
view  of  protecting  his  territory  from  the  In- 
dian allies  of  the   British,  vet,  by  orders  of 

the  government,  he-  prepared  to  iuvade  Cana- 
da. Governor  Meigs,  of  Ohio,  called  for  troops 
to  assemble  at  Dayton,  and  volunteers  flocked 
thither  in  considerable  nnmhem.  There  Gen- 
eral Hull  took  command  of  them  i ..May  25, 
lsiiM,  and  they  stalled  oil'  in  good  spirits  for 
their  inarch  through  the  wilderness.  It  was 
a  perilous  and  most  fatiguing  journey.  On 
the  broad  morasses  of  the  summit  lands  of 
Ohio,  Hull  received  a  despatch  from  the  War 
Department  nrging  him  to  press  on  speedily 
to  Detroit,  and  there  await  further  orders. 
When  he  reached  the  navigable  waters  of  the 

Maumee,   his    heists    of   burden    were    so    worn 

down  by  fatigne  that  he  despatched  for  De- 
troit, in  a  si  1 er,  his  own  baggage  and  that 

of  mosl   of  his  officers;  also  all  of  his  hospital 

■tores,  intrenching  tools,  and  a  trunk  contain- 
ing his  most  valuable  military  papers.  Hi' 
wives  of  tlirer  nf  Ins  officers,  with  thirty  sol- 
diers to  protect  the  schooner,  also  einliarked 
in  her.  In  a  smaller  vessel  the  Invalids  of  the 
army  were  conveyed.  Both  vessels  arrived  at 
the  site  of  Toledo  on  the  e  veil  i  Hi;  of  .1  uly  1 .  The 
next   day,  when    near    Ercnchtown   (now   Mon- 


iions  spirit,  when  he  received  orders  to  "  com- 
mence operations  immediately,"  and,  if  possi- 
hle,  take  possession  of  Eort  Maiden  (  which 
see).  At  dawn  on  the  morning  of  July  12,  the 
greater  part  of  his  troops  had  Grossed  the  De- 
troit River,  and  were  on  Canadian  soil.  Hull 
issued  a  proclamation  to  the  Canadians,  assur- 
ing them  of  protection  in  case  they  remained 
qniet.  Many  of  the  Canadian  militia  deserted 
the  British  .standard.  Hull  advanced  towards 
Maiden  (.Inly  13).  After  a  successful  encoun- 
ter with  British  and  Indians  (see  Battle  at  .\ns 
C<t>nti(ls).  Hull  fell  hack  to  Sandwich,  with- 
out attacking  Maiden.  His  troops  were  disap- 
pointed and  mutinous.  Then  information  cann- 
ot' the  capture  of  Mackinaw  by  the  British. 
■  nuiir.  Capture  of.)  News  also  came 
that  General  Proctor,  of  the  British  army,  had 
arrived  at  Maldeu  with  reinforcements.  Tins 
was  followed  by  an  intercepted  despatch  from 

the  northwest  aunonncing  that  twelve  hun- 
dred while  men  and  several  hundred  Indians 
were  coining  down  to  assist  in  the  defence  of 
Canada.  General  Brook  was  approaching  from 
the  east,  with  a  force  gathered  on  his  way. 
i  See  Van  llonii's  Dtfiat.  and  lutttlv  at  Ma<jua- 
gna.)  These  events,  and  other  causes,  impelled 
Hull  to  reCTOSB  the  river  to  Detroit  with  his 
army,  and  take  sin  Iter  in  the  fort  th< 
-.  L818).  The  British  congregated  in  force  at 
Sandwich,  and  from  that  point  opened  a  can- 
nonade upon  the  fort  at  Detroit.  On  Sunday 
morning,  the  10th,  the  British  crossed  the  riv- 
er to  a  point  below  Detroit,  and  moved  upon 
the  fbrt.  Very  little  effort  was  made  to  de- 
fend it,  and.  on  that  day.  Hull  surrendered  the 
fort,  army,  and  Territory  of  Michigan  into  the 
hands  of  the  British.  (Sec  Detroit,  Siirrmiln 
of.) 


BAKKACKS    AT    SAXDWICH 


roe i,  Hull  received  a  note  from  the  postmaster 

at  Cleveland  announcing  the  declaration  of  war. 
Il  was  the  first  intimation  he  had  received  of 
that    Important    c\cih.      In    Cut,  the    Kritish   at 

Eort  Maiden  i  now  Amherstbnrg)  heard  of  the 
declaration  before  Hull  did.  and  captured  Ins 

schooner,  with  all  its  precious  freight  The 
commander  at  Maiden  had  hcen  informed  of  it, 
hy  express,  as  early  as  .Inne  :ill  two  da\s  be- 
fore n  icaclnd  Hull.  Tin-  latter  pressed  for- 
ward, ami  encamped  near  Detroit  on  .Inly  5. 
The   British   were   then   easting   up   intrench- 

Illents  at  Sandwich   on    the  opposite  side  of  the 
Biver.     There  Hull  awaited  further  or- 
ders 1 1 . .in   his  government     His  troops,  impa- 
tient to  Invade  Canada,  bad  evinced  a.  mntl- 


Canada,  AlTlTUUK  OF  ( 1TT.">».  When  news  of 
the  surrender  of  Ticooderogn  (which  see i  reach- 
ed Governor  Carleton,  of  Canada,  he  issued  a 
proclamation  (June  9, 177.">)  in  which  be  declared 
the  captors  to  he  a  band  of  rebellions  traitors; 

established  martial  law  ;  summoned  the  Eiencli 
peasantry  to  serve  under  the  old  colonial  no- 
bility :  and  instigated  the  Indian  tribes  to  take 
up  the  hatchet  agaiusl  the  people  of  New  York 
and  New  England.  This  proclamation  neutral- 
ised the  effects  of  the  address  of  CongrCSS  to 
the  Canadians.  The  Ojichec  Act  (which  see) 
had  soothed  the  Ereiich  nobility  and  Koniau 
Catholic  clergy.  The  English  residents  were 
offended  by  il,  and  these,  with  the  Canadian 
peasantry,   were   disposed   to  take   sides    with 


CANADA,  COMMISSIONERS  TO 


193  CANADA,  PLAN  FOR  EMANCIPATION  OK 


(Ik1  Americans.  They  denied  the  light  of  the 
French  nobility,  as  magistrates,  or  the  seign- 
iors, to  command  their  military  services.  They 
welcomed  invasion,  but  had  not  the  courage 
to  join  the  invaders.  At  the  same  time,  t lie 
French  peasantry  did  not  obey  the  order  of  the 
[toman  Catholic  bishop,  which  was  sent  to  the 
several  parishes,  and  read  by  the  local  clergy, 
to  come  out  in  defence  of  the  British  govern- 
ment. It  was  known  that  the  bishop  was  a 
stipendiary  of  the  crown. 

Canada,  COMMISSIONERS  to.  (See  Commis- 
sioners to  Canada.') 

Canada,  Conquest  of  (1629).  David  Kertk 
(the  English  write  it  Kirk),  a  Huguenot  refu- 
gee, received  a  royal  commission  from  King 
Charles  I.  to  seize  the  French  forts  in  Acadia 
(which  see)  and  on  the  river  St.  Lawrence. 
Willi  a  dozen  ships  he  overcame  the  small 
French  force  at  Port  Royal,  and  took  posses- 
sion of  Acadia  in  1629.  Later  in  the  summer, 
he  entered  the  St.  Lawrence,  burned  the  ham- 
let of  Tadousac,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Saguenay, 
and  sent  a  summons  for  the  surrender  of  Que- 
bec. It  was  refused,  and  Kirk  resolved  to 
starve  out  the  garrison.  He  cruised  in  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence,  and  captured  the  transports 
conveying  winter  provisions  for  Quebec.  The 
sufferings  there  were  intense,  but  they  endured 
them  until  August  the  next  year,  when,  Eng- 
lish ships-of-war,  under  a  brother  of  Admiral 
Kirk,  appearing  before  Quebec,  instead  of  the 
expected  supply  ships,  the  place  was  surren- 
dered, and  the  inhabitants,  not  more  than  one 
hundred  in  all,  were  saved  from  starvation.  By 
a  treaty,  Canada  was  restored  to  the  French  in 
1632. 

Canada,  Expedition  against  (1746).  The 
easy  conquest  of  Louisburg  revived  a  hope 
I  hat  Canada  might  be  conquered.  Governor 
Shirley  proposed  to  the  ministers  to  have  the 
task  performed  by  a  colonial  army  alone.  They 
would  not  comply,  for  the  colonists,  thus  per- 
ceiving their  own  strength,  might  claim  Cana- 
da by  right  of  conquest,  and  become  too  inde- 
pendent ;  so  they  authorized  an  expedition  for 
I  he  purpose  after  the  old  plan  of  attacking 
that  province  by  land  and  sea.  An  English 
licet  was  prepared  to  go  against  Qoebeo;  a 
land  force,  composed  of  troops  from  Connecti- 
cut, New  York,  and  colonies  farther  south. 
gathered  at  Albany  to  inarch  against  Mon- 
treal. Governor  Clinton  assumed  the  chief 
command  of  the  land  expedition.  His  unpop- 
ularity thwarted  his  plans.  The  corporation 
of  Albany  refused  to  furnish  quarters  for  his 
troops,  ami  bis  drafts  on  the  British  treasury 
could  not  purchase  provisions.  Meanwhile, 
Massachusetts  ami  Rhode  Island  had  raised 
nearly  four  thousand  troops,  and  were  wailing 
for  an  English  squadron.     Instead  of  a  British 

arma nt.a    French    (bet   of  forty  w  ar  vessels, 

with  three  thousand  veteran  troops,  was  com- 
ing over  tin-  sen.  New  England  was  greatly 
alarmed.  It  was  D'Anville'i  armament,  and  it 
was  dispersed  bj  Btorma  (See  Lottftfrvry.)  Ten 
thousand  troops  gathered  at  Boston  foi  Ltsde- 


j  fence ;  the  fort  on  Castle  Island  was  made  very 
strong,  and  the  land  expedition  against  Mon- 
treal was  abandoned.  Again  the  expenses  of 
Massachusetts  ($1,000,000)  in  making  these  prep- 
arations were  reimbursed  by  Parliament) 

Canada,  FINAL  CONQUEST  or.  When  Que- 
bec fell,  in  the  autumn  of  1759,  the  French  held 
Montreal,  and  were  not  dismayed.  In  the 
spring  of  1760,  Vaudreuil,  the  governor-gener- 
al of  Canada,  sent  M.  Levi,  the  successor  of 
Montcalm,  to  recover  Quebec.      He  descended 

I  the  St.  Lawrence  with  six  frigates  and  a  pow- 
erful laud  force.  The  English,  under  General 
Murray,  marched  out  of  Quebec,  and  met  bim 
at  Sillery,  three  miles  above  the  city  ;  and 
there  was  fought  (April  4)  one  of  the  most 
sanguinary  battles  of  the  war.  Murray  was 
defeated.  He  lost  about  one  thousand  men, 
and  all  his  artillery,  but  succeeded  in  retreat- 
ing to  the  city  with  the  remainder  of  his  army. 
Levi  laid  siege  to  Quebec,  and  Murray's  condi- 
tion was  becoming  critical,  when  an  English 
squadron  appeared  (May  9)  with  reinforce- 
ments   and    provisions.      Supposing  it  to  be 

1  the  whole  British  fleet,  Levi  raised  the  siege 
(May  10),  and  tied  to  Montreal,  after  losing 
most  of  his  shipping.  Now  came  the  final 
struggle.  Three  armies  were  soon  in  motion 
towards  Montreal,  where  Vaudreuil  had  gath- 
ered all  his  forces.  Amherst,  with  10,1 Eng- 
lish and  provincial  troops,  and  1000  Indians  of 
the  Six  Nations,  led  by  Johnson,  embarked  at 
Oswego,  went  down  Lake  Ontario  and  the  St. 
Lawrence  to  Montreal,  where  he  met  Murray 
(Sept.  6),  who  had  come  up  from  Quebec  with 
4000  men.  The  next  day.  Colonel  Haviland  ar- 
rived with  3000  troops  from  Crown  Point,  hav- 
ing taken  possession  of  Isle  aux  Noix  on  the 
way.  Resistance  to  such  a  crushing  force 
would  have  been  in  vain,  and,  on  Sept.  8,  1760, 
Vaudreuil  signed  a  capitulation  surrendering 
Montreal  and  all  French  posts  in  Canada  and 
on  the  border  of  the  lakes  to  the  English. 
General  Gage  was  made  military  governor  of 
Montreal,  and  General  Murray,  w  it  h  4000  men, 
garrisoned  Quebec.  The  conquest  of  Canada 
was  now  completed. 

Canada,  Grand  Plan  mi?  its  Emancipa- 
tion. A  grand  campaign  for  liberating  Cana- 
da from  British  rub'  was  conceived  late  in 
177-.  From  Boston.  D*Estaing,  in  the  name  of 
Louis  XVI.,  had   summoned    the   Canadians   to 


throw  oil' British  rule.     Lafayette  exhorted  (De- 


cember) the  barbarians  of  Canada  to  look  upon 
I  hi'  English  as  their  enemies.  The  Congress 
became  inflamed  with  zeal  for  the  projected 
measure,  formed  a  plan,  without  consulting  a 
single  military  officer,  for  the  ••Emancipation 
of  Canada,*'  in  co-operation  with  an  army  from 
France.  One  American  detachment  from  Pitts- 
burgh was  to  capture  Detroit;  another  from 
Wyoming  was  to  seize  Niagara;  a  third  from 
the  Mohawk  Valley  was  to  capture  Oswego  :  a 
fourth  from  New  England  was  to  enter  Mon- 
treal bj   way  of  tin'  St.rraneis:   a  fifth  to  guard 

the  approaches  from  Quebeo;  while  to  Franm 

rned  the  task  of  reducing   Halifax  and 


CANADA,  INVASION  OF 


199 


(ANA  DA.  INVASION  OF 


Quebec.  Lafayette  offered  to  use  his  influence 
it  the  French  court  in  furtherance  of  this  grand 
wheme;  l>nt  the  cooler  judgment  and  strong 
common-sense  of  Washington  interposed  the  in- 
jection that  the  part  which  the  United  States 
had  to  perform  in  the  scheme  was  far  beyond 
its  resources.  It  was  abandoned,  as  was  an- 
other   scheme    for    a    like    result,   early    in    the 

year.  (See  Canada,  Scheme  for  n  Winter  Expedi- 
tion against.) 

Canada,  INVASION  ok  (1775).  There  was  a 
decided  war  Bpirit  Visible  in  the  second  Conti- 
nental Congress,  yet  it  was  cautions  and  pru- 
dent. Immediately  after  the  seizure  of  Tioon- 
deroga  and  Crown  Point  (May  10-12,  1775),  the 
Congress  was  urged  to  authorize  the  invasion 
and    Seizure   of  Canada.       That    body  lioped  to 

gain  a  greater  victory  by  making  the  Cana- 
dians their  friends  and  allies.  To  this  end 
they  Bent  a  loving  address  to  them,  and  re- 
solved, on  the  1st  of  Jane,  "  tli.it  no  expedi- 
tion or  incursion  ought  to  be  undertaken  or 
made  by  any  colony  or  body  of  colonists 
against  or  into  Canada.''    The  Provincial  Con- 


doned at  Harlem,  was  ordered  tv»  Albany. 
The  New-Yorkers  were  joined  by  "Green  Moun- 
tain Hoys."  Schuyler  sent  into  Canada  an  ad- 
dress to  the  inhabitants,  in  the  French  lan- 
guage, informing  them  that  '-the  only  views 
of  Congress  were  to  restore  to  them  those 
rights  which  every  subject  of  the  British  em- 
pirty  of  whatever  religions  sentiments  he  may 
be.  is  entitled  to  :"  and  that,  in  the  execution  of 
these  trusts,  he  had  received  the  most  positive 
orders  to  "cherish  every  Canadian,  and  every 
friend  to  the  cause  of  liberty,  and  sacredly  to 
guard  their  property."  It  was  now  too  late. 
Had  the  Congress  listened  to  Allen  and  Ar- 
nold at  the  middle  of  May,  and  moved  upon 
Canada,  its  OOnqnest  would  have  been  easy, 
for  there  were  very  few  troops  there.  When, 
near  the  close  of  August,  an  expedition  against 
Canada,  under  Schuyler,  was  ready  to  move, 
preparations  bad  been  made  to  thwart  it. 
The   clergy    and    seigniors    of  Canada,  satisfied 

with  the  Quebec  Act  (which  see),  were  dis- 
posed to  stand  by  the  British  government.  The 
invading  army  fust  occupied  Isle  aux  Noil,  on 


greet  of  New  York  had 

expressly  disclaimed 

any  intent  ion  to  make 

war  on  Canada.  lint 
Gage's  proclamation  (.June  Id)  that  all  Ameri- 
cans iii  arms  were  rebels  and  traitors, and  es- 
pecially the  battl i  Banker's  (Breed's)  Hill, 

made  a  radical  change  in  the  feelings  of  the 
people  and   in   Congress.      It  was  also  aecer 

taincd  that  Gny  ( 'arletoii.  governor  of  Canada. 

had  received  a  commission  to  mnster  and  arm 

the  people  of  the  province,  and  to  march  them 
into  any  province  in  America  to  arrest  and  pat 
to  death,  or  spare,  "rebels"  and  other  offend- 
ers. Here  was  :i  menace  that  could  not  go  un- 
heeded. Colonels  Ethan  Allen,  Benedict  Ar- 
nold, and  others  renewed  their  efforts  to  in- 
duce the  Congress  to  send  an  expedition  into 
Canada.      The   latter  perceived  the  importance 

of  securing  Canada  either  by  alliance  or   bj 

OOnqnest.  At  length  the  Congress  prepared  for 
an  invasion  id'  Canada.  Majoi  -general  Philip 
Bobnyler  bad  been  appointed  to  the  command 
of    the    Northern    Department,    Which    included 

the   whole   province  of  New    fork.      General 

Richard   Montgomery    was   his  chief  lieutenant. 

The  regiments  raised  by  the  province  of  New 
fork  were  put  in  motion,  and  General  Woos- 
ler,    with    Connecticut    troops,    who    wero    sta- 


tbe  Sore!  River;  but  the  expedition  made  lit- 
tle advance  beyond  until  November.  Colonel 
Allen  had  attempted  to  take  Montreal,  with- 
out orders,  and  was  made  a  prisoner  and  sent 
to  England.  A  detacbmenl  of  Schuyler's  armj 
captured  Fort  Cliambly,  twelve  miles  from  st. 

Johns,  on  the  Sorel  (Nov.  3),  and,  on  the  same 
day, the  fort  at  the  latter,  which  Montgomery 
had  besieged  for  some  time,  cut  off  from  sup- 
plies,   also    surrendered.       Montreal    tell    before 

the    patriots   on   the   13th,  and   Montgomery, 

leaving  a  garrison  at  both  places,  prepared  to 
move  on  Quebec,  Meanwhile  Colonel  Arnold 
had  led  an  expedition  by  way  of  the  Kennebec 
and  Chaudiere  rivers,  through  a  terrible  wil- 
derness, to  the  banks  of  the  SI.  I. awn 
'.I)  opposite  Quebec  He  crossed  the  river,  as- 
cended to  the  Plains  of  Abraham  (Nov.  13), 
and.  at  the  head  of  only  seven  hundred  and 
fifty  half-naked  men-  with  not  more  than  four 
hundred  muskets — demanded  the  surrender  of 

the  eity.      Intelligence  of  an   intended  sortie 

caused  Arnold  to  move  twenty  miles  farther 
U]>  the  river,  where  hi'  was  soon  joined  by 
Montgomery.  The  combined  forces  returned 
to  Quebec,  and  began  a  siege.  At  the  close 
of  the  year  (17751,  in  an  attempt  to  take  the 
oity  by  storm,  the  invaders  were  repulsed,  and 
Montgomery  was  killed.    Arnold  took  the  com- 


CANADA,  INVASION  OF 


200 


CANADIAN  REBELLION 


maud,  and  was  relieved  by  General  Wooster,  in 

April  (177(3).  A  month  later.  General  Thomas 
took  the  command,  and,  hearing  of  the  ap- 
proach of  a  large  armament,  land  and  naval, 
to  Quebec,  he  retreated  up  the  river.  Driven 
from  one  post  to  another,  the  Americana  were 
finally  expelled  from  Canada,  the  wretched 
remnant  of  the  army,  reduced  by  disease,  ar- 
riving at  Crown  Point  in  June,  1776. 

Canada,  Invasion  ok  (1S14).  At  the  open- 
ing of  the  third  year  of  the'  .second  war  for  in- 
dependence, a  favorite  project  with  the  United 
States  government  was  the  conquest  of  Canada. 
The  principal  military  forces  in  Upper  Canada 
were  under  Lieutenant-general  Druinmond. 
When  the  Army  of  the  North,  commanded  by 
Major-General  Brown,  reached  the  Niagara  fron- 
tier. Di'ummond'a  headquarters  were  at  Bur- 
lington Heights,  at  the  western  end  of  Lake 
Ontario.  General  Biall  was  on  the  Niagara 
River,  at  Fort  George  and  Qneenstown;  but 
when  he  heard  of  the  arrival  of  the  Americans  | 
at  Buffalo,  under  General  Scott,  he  advanced  to 
Chippewa  and  established  a  fortified  camp.  At 
the  close  of  June,  General  Brown  arrived  at 
Buffalo,  and  assumed  chief  command,  and,  be-  J 
lieving  his  army  to  be  strong  enough,  he  pro- 
ceeded to  invade  Canada.  His  army  consisted' 
of  two  brigades,  Commanded  respectively  by 
Generals  Scott  and  Ripley,  to  each  of  which 
was  attached  a  train  of  artillery,  commanded 
by  Captain  N.  Towson  and  Major  J.  Hindmau. 
lie  had  also  a  small  corps  of  cavalry,  under 
Captain  S.  D.  Harris.  These  regulars  were  well 
disciplined  and  in  high  spirits.  There  were  also 
volunteers  from  Pennsylvania  and  New  York, 
one  hundred  of  them  mounted,  and  nearly  six 
hundred  Seneca  Indians— almost  the  entire  mil- 
itary force  of  the  Six  Nations  remaining  in  the 
United  States.  These  had  been  stirred  to  ac- 
tion by  the  venerable  lied  Jacket,  the  greal  Sen- 
eca orator.  The  volunteers  and  Indians  were 
under  the  chief  command  of  General  Peter  B. 
Porter,  then  quartermaster-general  of  the  New 
York  militia.  Major  McRce.  of  North  Carolina, 
was  chief- engineer,  assisted  by  Major  E.  1). 
Wood.     On   the  Canada  shore,  nearly   opposite 

Buffalo,  stood  Eort  Erie,  then  garrisoned  by 
one  hundred  and  seventy  men,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Major  Buck.  On  the  1st  of  July 
Brown  received  orders  to  cross  the  Niagara, 
capture  Fort  Erie,  march  <>n  Chippewa,  menace 
1'ort  George,  and,  if  he  could  have  the  co-op- 
eration of  Chaunoey'a  fleet,  to  seize  and  fortify 
Burlington  Heights.  Accordingly.  Brown  ar- 
ranged for  General  Scott  and  his  brigade  to 
orosa  on  boats  and  land  a  mile  below  the  tort. 
while  Ripley,  with  his  brigade,  should  be  land- 
ed a  mile  above  it.  This  accomplished,  the 
boats  were  to  return  and  carry  the  remainder 
of  the  army,  w  ith  its  ordnance  and  stores,  to  the 

Canada   shore.     The   order    for    this  movement 

was  given  on  the  2d  of  July.  It  was  promptly 
obeyed  by  Scott,  and  tardily  by  Ripley,  on  the 

3d.  When  Scott  had  pressed  forward  to  invest 
the  fort,  he  Ion  ml  Ripley  had  no  I  crossed,  and  no 
tune  was  lost  in  crossing  the  ordnance  and  se- 
lecting positions  for  battel  ics.     These  prepara- 


tions alarmed  the  garrison,  and  the  fort,  which 
was  in  a  weak  condition,  was  surrendered. 
Nearly  two  hundred  men,  including  officers,  be- 
came prisoners  of  war,  aud  were  sent  across 
the  river. 

Canada,  Scheme  for  a  WINTER  Invasion 
of.  The  Board  of  War,  General  Gates  presi- 
dent, arranged  a  plan,  late  in  1777,  for  a  winter 
campaign  against  Canada,  and  appointed  Lafay- 
ette to  the  command.  (See  Conspiracy  aytiiiixt 
Washington.')  The  Marquis  was  cordially  re- 
ceived at  Albany  by  General  Schuyler,  then  out 
of  the  military  service.  General  Conway,  who 
had  been  appointed  inspector-general  of  the 
army,  was  there  before  him.  Lafayette  was 
utterly  disappointed  and  disgusted  by  the  lack 
of  preparation  and  the  delusive  statements  of 
Gates.  '•  1  do  not  believe,"  he  wrote  to  Wash- 
ington, '•  I  can  rind  twelve  hundred  men  lit 
for  duty  —  and  the  quarter  part  of  these  are 
naked — even  for  a  summer  campaign."  The 
Marquis  soon  found  the  whole  affair  to  be  onh 
a  trick  of  Gates  to  detach  him  from  Washington. 
General  Schuyler  had,  in  a  long  letter  to  Con- 
gress (Nov.  4,  1777),  recommended  a  w  inter  cam- 
paign against  Canada,  but  it  was  passed  unno- 
ticed by  the  Congress,  and  Gates  appropriated 
the  thoughts  as  his  own  in  forming  the  plan, 
on  paper,  which  he  never  meant  to  cany  out. 

Canadian  Rebellion.  A  movement  for  a 
separation  of  the  Canadas  from  the  Crown  of 
Greal  Britain,  and  their  political  independence. 
was  begun  simultaneously  in  Upper  and  Lower 
Canada  in  1837.  In  the  former  province,  the 
most  conspicuous  leader  was  William  Lyon 
McKeuzie,  a  Scotchman,  a  journalist  of  rare 
ability  and  a  great  political  agitator;  in  the 
Bower  Province,  the  chief  leader  was  Joseph 
Papinean,  a  large  land-owner,  and  a  very  influ- 
ential man  among  the  French  inhabitants.  Both 
leaders  were  republican  in  sentiment.  The 
movements  of  the  revolutionary  party  w  ere  w  ell 
planned,  but  local  jealousies  prevented  unity  of 
action,  and  the  effort  failed.  It  was  esteemed 
highly  patriotic,  and  elicited  the  warmest  sym- 
pathy of  the  American  people,  especial]]  of  those 
of  the  Northern  States.  Banded  companies  and 
individuals  joined  the  "rebels."  as  they  were 
called  by  the  British  go\  eminent .  and  "  patri- 
ots" by   their   friends;    and   so  general   became 

the  active  sympathy  on  the  northern  frontier, 
that    peaceful    relations   between    the    United 

States    and     Great     Britain     were    endangered. 

President  Fan  Bonn  issued  a  proclamation. 
calling  upon  all  persona  engaged  in  the  schemes 

of  invasion  of  the  Canadian  territory  to  aban- 
don the  design,  and  warning  them  to  beware 
of  the  penalties  that  must  asstucdh  follow  such 
infringement  of  international  laws.  (.eiicral 
\\  inlield  Seolt  was  finally  sent  to  I  he  northern 
frontier  to  preserve  order,  and   was  assisted  by 

a  proclamation  by  the  governor  of  New   >oik. 

Vet    secret    associations,    known    as    "  Hunters' 

Lodges,"  eontin 1  quite  active  for  some  time, 

against  the  members  of  these  lodges.  President 
Tj  ler  issued  an  admonitorj  proclamat  ion,  w  bioh 
prevented  further  aggressive  movemeuts.     Eor 


CANADIANS,  ADDRESS  TO  THE  2 

four  yean  this  ominous  cloud  hung  upon  our  hor- 
izon. It  disappeared  in  1843,  when  the  loaders 
of  the  movement  wort-  either  dead  or  in  exile. 

Canadians,  ADDRESS  TO  THE,  On  May  1, 
1775,  (he  Quebec  Ad  (which  see)  went  into 
operation,  and  on  the  29th  the  Continental  Con- 
gress adopted  an  address  to  the  Canadians,  pre- 
pared by  John  Jay.  It  was  deemed  highly 
important  to  secure  their  co-operation.  The 
address  appealed  to  their  pride,  their  affection 
for  Prance,  their  courage,  and  the  regard  for 
their  common  welfare,  aud  saying,  "By  yonr 
present  form  of  government,  or  rather  present 
form  of  tyranny,  you  and  your  wives  and  your 
children  are  made  slaves."  The  ( 'anadians,  as 
Frenchmen,  tea  red  the  naughty  rule  of  the  Brit- 
ish, and  the  Protestant  portion  of  them  cher- 
ished the  exclusive  rnle  of  Protestauts ;  bnl  as 
Congress  offered  them  no  hope  of  a  union  tor 
independence,  or  a  promise  of  institutions  of 
their  own,  nor  any  adeqnate  motive  far  rising, 
l  lev  were  unmoved  by  the  address.  To  the 
French  Canadians  the  QnebeC  Act  »:h  nallv 
an  improvement  on  their  farmer  condition. 

Canal  System  d.v  thb  United  States). 
Qeueral  Philip  Schuj  ler  may  justly  he  regarded 
a.s  the  father  of  our  canal  system.  So  early  as 
1761,  when  he  was  in  England  settling  the  ac- 
ooonts  of  Genera]  John  Bradstreet  with  the  gov- 
ernment, lie  veiled  the  famous  canal  which 
tin-  Dnke  of  Bridgewater  had  just  completed, 
ami  lie  became  profoundly  impressed  with  the 
importance  of  such  aqueous  highways  m  the 
work  of  developing  the  internal  resources  of 
our  count  i  \ .  ( in  his  ret  in  ii,  he  urged  i  lie  matter 
upon  the  attention  of  his  countr>  men.  Mean- 
while, the  active  mind  of  Llkauah  WatSOO 
(which   Bee)   hail   been  deeply  interested   ill  the 

subject.     Iii    1785  he    visited    Mount    Vernon, 

where  he  found  Washington  engaged  in  a  proj- 
ect for  connecting  the  waters  of  the  Potomac 
witli  those  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 
He  and  General  Schuyler  projected  canals  be- 
tween the   Hudson   Kiver  and   lakes  (hainplain 

ami  Ontario,  and   in   1792  tin-   Legislature  of 

New  York  chartered  two  companies,  known,  re- 
spectively, as  the  •Western  Inland  Lock  Navi- 
gation Company"  and  "Northern  Inland  Lock 
Navigation  Company,"  of  both  of  w  Inch  Schuy- 
ler  wis    made   president,  and,  at    his   death,  in 

HIM,  he  was  actively  engaged  in  the  promotion 
of  hoth  these  projects.  The  Western  Canal  was 
■aver  completed,  according  to  its  original  con- 
ception, hut  w  as  supplemented  by  the  great  Erie 
Canal,  suggested  by  Qoverneur  Morris  about 
the  year  1801,  In  a  letter  to  David  Parish. 
of  Philadelphia,  that  year,  he  distinctly  fore- 
shadowed that  great  work.  So  earls  as  177  1 
Washington  favored  tin-  passage  of  a  law  bj 
latnre  of  Virginia  for  the  construction 
of  works      canals  and  good  wagon-roads      bj 

which   the   Potomac  and   Ohio   rivers  might  he 

connected  bj  a  chain  of  commerce,  After  the 
He  vol  ut  ion,  the  States  of  Virginia  and  Maryland 

took  measures  which  resulted  in  the  formation 
of  the  famous  Potomac  Company,  to  carry  out 
Washington's  project.     In  17-1  Washington  re- 


)1  CANONICTS 

vived  a  project  for  making  a  canal  through  the 
Dismal  Swamp,  not  ouly  for  drainage,  but  for 
navigation  between  the  Elizabeth  Kiver  and 
Albemarle  Sound.  The  oldest  work  of  the  kind 
in  the  United  States  is  a  canal,  begun  in  1792, 
the  miles  in  extent,  for  passing  the  falls  of  the 
Connecticut  Kiver  at  South  Badley.  The  earli- 
est completed  and  most  important  of  the  great 
canals  of  our  country  is  the  Erie, connecting  the 
waters  of  Lake  Erie  with  those  of  the  Hudson 
l.'ivor.      Il  was  built  by  the  State  of  New  York  at 

a  cost  oi  f7,602,000, from  the  operation  of  which 

untold  wealth  has  been  derived  by  the  City  and 
Slate  of  New  York.  It  was  completed  and  for- 
mally opened  by  Governor  De  Witt  Clinton,  its 
great  advocate,  in  L825.    The  canal  changed  the 

whole  aspect  of  commercial  affairs  in  the  Lake 
region.  The  total  area  of  these  five  great  in- 
land seas  is  about  9000  square  miles,  and  their 
inlets  drain  a  region  estimated  at  about  33t>,- 
000  square  miles. 

Canby,  EDWARD  Kit  BABD  SPRIGG,  was  bom 
in  Kentucky.  1819;  killed  by  Indians.  April  11, 
1-7::.     He  graduated   at  West   Point   in   l-:'.'.": 

served    in    the    Seminole  War   (which 

the  war  with  Mexico.     lie  was  twice  breveted 


I    I    B    OASBT. 


for  eminent  services  in  the  latter  war.  lb' was 
promoted  to  major  in  1855,  and  colonel  in  1861. 
In  1-lil  he  was  in  command  in  New  Mexico  until 
late  in  1862,  and.  in  March  of  that  year,  was 
made  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  lie  was 
promoted  to  major-general  of  volunteers  in  Ma.v . 
1864,  and  took  command  id' the  Department  of 
West    Mississippi.     He  captured  Mobile,  April 

,e  Mobih  I,  and  afterwards  received 
the  surrender  of  the  Confederate  armies  oj  i  ,,  ,, 
erals  Taylor  and  E.  Kirby  Smith.     On  .Inly  28, 

1866,  he  was  commissioned  a  brigadier-general 

in  the  regular  army,  and  in  1869  took  com- 
mand of  the  Department  of  the  Colombia,  on 

the  Pacific  coast.  He  devoted  himself  to  the 
settlement  of  difficulties  with  the  Modoc  In- 
dians (which  see  i.  and.  while  so  doing,  was 
treacherously  murdered  by  Captain  .lack,  then 
leader. 

Canonicus,  sachem  or  kinjj  of  the  Narragan- 
sets,  treated  the  Pilgrims,  at  first,  with  much 


CANONICUS  AND  HIS  CHALLENGE      202      CAPITAL  OF  MARYLAND  FOUNDED 

arrogance.    He  was  horn  about  15G5:  died  Juno    their  seat,  they  went  to  Naumkeag.  now  Salem, 
t.  1047.      His   tribe   bad   been   exempted  from    where  a  permanent  colony  was  settled.      (See 


the  sconrge  which  swept  away  Maasaeoife  peo- 
ple, and  the  latter  stood  in  awe  of  him.      Ca- 


Salem.) 
Cape    Pear, 


Confederates  driven  from. 


nonicus,  by  way  of  Amauee,  sent  to  Plymouth  a    1!r        WM  U1  :il  (,)lllUKiml  in  tlie  <;.,.„. 

1 ll..  ..*' *:...!  ...:.i »  +  l 1-..*..  ..l.:..     i  ,,      °°       .  ,         .  ' 

Fear  region  at  the  time  of  the  tall  ot  Fort  Fisher, 
is  his  most  efficient  lead- 
er. He  helil  Port  Anderson,  a  large  earthwork 
about  half-way  between  fort  Fisher  and  Wil- 
mington. Terry  did  not  think  it  prudent  to 
advance  on  Wilmington  until  he  should  be  re- 
inforced. To  effect  this.  General  Grant  ordered 
Schofield  from  Tennessee  to  the  coast  of  North 
Carolina,  where  he  arrived,  with  the  Twenty- 
third  Corps,  on  Feb.  9,  1866,  and  swelled  Terry *s 
bur,-  of  BOO0  to  20,000.  Scholield.  outranking 
Terry,  took  the  chief  command.  The  Depart- 
ment of  North  Carolina  had  just  been  created, 
and  he  was  made  its  commander.  The  chief  ob- 
ject now  was  to  occupy  Ooldaborongh,  in  aid 
of  Sherman's  march  to  that  place.  Terry  was 
pushed  forward  towards  Hoke's  right,  and.  with 
gunboats,  attacked  Fort  Anderson  (Feb.  IS) 
and  drove  the  Confederates  from  it.  The  fleeing 
garrison  were  punned,  struck,  and  dispersed, 
w  itfa  a  loss  of  :S7r>  men  and  two  gnus.  The  Na- 
tional troops  pressed  up  both  sides  of  the  Cape 
Fear  Biver, pushed  Hoke  back,  while  gunboats 
seemed  torpedoes  in  the  stream  and  erected  bat- 
teries on  both  banks.  Hoke  abandoned  Wil- 
mington Feb.  •_>-.'.  w;:,.  after  destroying  all  the 
steamers  and  naval  stores  there.  Among  the 
former  were  the  Confederate  privateers  Cli'uka- 
mauga  and  Tallahattee.  Wilmington  was  occu- 
pied by  National  troops,  and  the  Confederates 
abandoned  the  Cape  Fear  legion. 

Capital  of  Maryland,  Chance  ok  Lot  kirOH 
of.  In  1694  the  seat  of  government  in  Mary- 
land was  removed  from  St.  Mary  to  Anne  Arun- 
del Town  (afterwards  Annapolis),  for  the  better 
accommodation  of  the  great  majority  of  the  peo- 
ple of  Maryland.  This  was  the  ostensible  mo- 
tive; the  controlling  object  doubtless  was  for 
the  punishment  of  the  adherents  of  Lord  Balti- 
more, who  constituted  a  greater  portion  of  the 
population  of  St.  Mary.  In  1606  the  name  of 
Anne  Arundel  Town  was  changed  to  Annapolis, 
and  the  naval  station  of  the  province  was  es- 
tablished there.  The  United  States  Naval  Acad- 
emj  is  also  located  there. 

Capital  of  Maryland  Founded.  In  the 
Spring  of  1(>:14  Leonard  Cahert  ami  his  little 
band  of  colonists  went   up  a   pleasant   tributary 

of  the  Potomac, called  Wicomico, twelve  miles, 

anchored  at  an  Indian  village  of  the  same  name, 
and  there  held  a  friendly  conference  with  the 
ruler  of  the  barbarians.  The  interpreter  ex- 
plained the  object  of  Calvert's  visit.  The  lat- 
ter, pleased  with  the  situation  and  the  country 
around,  purchased   the   site  of  the   \i 

bag  in  payment  English  ototh, axes, hoea, rakea, 
knives, and  some  trinkets  for  tin'  women,  of  lit- 
tle value.  The  domain  thus  bought  included 
about  thirty  square  milei  of  territory,  which 
iraa  named  Augusta  Carolina,  in  compliment  to 
King  Charles.     On  Mai.  ..it  took 

formal  possession  of  the  land,     tin-  emigranti 


bundle  of  arrows,  tied  with  a  rattlesnake's  skin 
Bradford  immediately  sent  the  skin  back,  stuffed  au(j  Qeoeral  Hoke  wi 
with  gunpowder  and  bullets.  The  superstitious 
Indians  took  it  for  some  fatal  charm,  and.  in 
terror,  passed  it  from  village  to  village  until  it 
returned  to  Plymouth.  The  authorities  of  the 
latter,  however,  took  the  precaution  to  surround 
the  village  with  palisades.  (See  Plymouth.) 
Canonicne  became  the  firm  friend  of  the  Eng- 
lish, especially  ot'  Roger  Williams,  who  found  a 
retreat  in  his  dominions.  Before  Williams's  ar- 
rival, there  had  been  war  between  the  Narra- 
gansets  and  Peqnods,  concerning  the  ownership 
of  lands,  in  which  a  son  of  Canonieus  was  slain. 
In  his  grief,  the  king  burned  his  own  house  and 
all  his  goods  in  it.  Roger  Williams,  who  often 
experienced  his  kindness,  spoke  of  Cauonicus  as 
"a  wise  and  peaceable  prince."  He  was  uncle 
of  Miantoiiomob,  who  succeeded  him  as  sachem 
of  the  Narragansets  in  1638.    i  See  Miaiitonomoh.) 

Canoiiicus  and  his  Challenge.  The  haughty 
chief  of  the  Narragansets,  living  on  Canonieus 
Island,  opposite  the  site  of  Newport,  R.  I.,  was 
at  first  unwilling  to  be  friendly  with  the  Pil- 
grims at  New  Plymouth.  To  show  his  contempt 
and  defiance  of  the  English,  he  sent  a  message 
to  Governor  Bradford  with  a  bundle  of  arrows 
in  a  rattlesnake's  skin.  That  was  at  the  dead 
of  winter,  UV1-2.  It  was  a  challenge  to  engage 
in  war  in  the  spring.  Like  the  venomous  ser- 
pent that  wore  the  skin,  the  symbol  of  hostility 
gave  warning  before  the  blow  should  be  struck 

a  virtue  seldom  exercised  by  the  Indians. 
Bradford  acted  wisely.  He  accepted  the  chal- 
lenge by  sending  the  significant  quiver  back 
tilled  with  gunpowder  and  shot.  "What  can 
these  things  be?"'  inquired  the  ignorant  and 
curious  savage  mind,  as  the  ammunition  was 
carried  from  village  to  village,  in  superstitious 
awe.  as  objects  of  evil  omen.  They  had  heard 
of  the  great  guns  at  the  sea-side,  ami  they  dared 
not  keep  the  mysterious  symbols  of  the  goi  elli- 
iu's  anger,  but  Bent  them  back  to  Plymouth  as 
tokens  of  peace.  The  chief  and  his  associates 
honorably  sued  for  the  friendship  of  the  white 
people. 

Cape  Ann  (now  Gloucester)  was  chosen  as  a 
place  "t  Bettlemeut  for  a  lishing  colony  by  Rev. 
.John  White  (a  long  time  Rector  of  Trinity 
Church,  Dorchester,  Eng.)  and  several  other 
influential  persons.  Through  the  exertions  of 
Mr.  White,  a  joint-stock  association  was  form- 
ed, called  the  ••  Dorchester  Adventurers,"  w  ith  a 

capital  of  about  |]  1,000.  Cape  Anne  was  pur- 
chased, and  fourteen  persons,  w  ith  live-stock, 
were  sent  out  in  1623,  who  built  a  house  and 
made  preparations  for  earing  fish.  Affairs  were 
not  prosperona  then'.  Roger  Conant  was  chosen 
governor  in  1686,  but  the  Adventurers  became 

discouraged  and  concluded  on  dissoh  ing  the  col- 

onj .  Through  the  enoonragemenl  of  Mr.  White. 
soma  of  the  oolonlata  remained,  but,  not  liking 


CAPITAL,  THE,  IN  DANGEB 


203 


CAPTORS  OF  ANDRE" 


left  behind  at  another  place  came  there.  They  Bee,  with  two  wings.  The  north  wing  was  l>o- 
built  a  atore-honae ;  and  on  a  warm  day  iu  April  gun  in  1793,  and  liuiehed  in  1800,  at  a  coat  of 
the  governor, with  his  followers, weut  to  a  spot.,  sl"0,000.  The  corner-stone  was  laid  by  Presi- 
fragraut  with  wild  flowers,  abont  a  mile  from  dent  Washington.  Tin-  south  wing  was  oom- 
t  he  little  river,  and  there  laid  out  a  town,  which  inenced  in  1803,  and  Completed  in  1808,  ;,t  an  cx- 
the.v  named  St.  Man's,  and  dedicated  it  to  the  pense  of  about  $309,000.  The  central  building 
Virgin  Man.  as  the  capital  of  the  new  prov-  was  not  begun  when  the  two  wings  were  burned 
inee.  The  friendly  Indians  assisted  1li<  settlers  by  the  British  in  1S14.  The  length  of  the  front. 
Id  building  houses.  (Sec  Maryland.)  including  the  two  wings,  was  352 feet.  Tbe  con- 
Capital  The,  in  Dangeb  (1861).  Washing-  struction  of  the  central  building  was  begun  in 
ton  was  swarming  with  Secessionists.  They  1818,  and  completed  in  1827,  at  a  oost  ol 
were  yet,  in  large  numbers,  in  the  public  of-  The  wings  were  rebuilt,  and  were  ready  for 
flees;  and  after  the  evacuation  of  Sumter  and  occupancy  and  were  first  occupied  by  the  two 
the  possession  of  Harper's  Ferry  and  Norfolk  by  Houses  of  Congress  Deo.  6, 1819.  Tbe  whole 
Che  insurgents,  their  friends  in  the  national  cap-  edifice   covered    the   space   of  an   acre   and 


il  were  buoyant  With  hope  that  the  Coilfi 

ate  government  would  soon  be  transferred  from 

the  banks  of  the  Alabama   to  those  of  the  l'oto- 

mac.     The  minute-men  of  Maryland  and  Vir- 


half,  exclusive  of  the  circular  enclosure  for  fuel, 
which  forms  an  elegant  area  and  glacis  on  the 
western  front.      An  enlargement  of  the  Capitol 

was  begun  in  1851,  when  the  Grand  Blaster  Ma- 


ginia   wire   unnsnallj   active.      The  leading  fie-    son  ( H.  H.  French)  used  the  apron  and  trow  el,  in 

cession  ists  in  Baltimore,  comprising  the  "States  laying  the  coruer-stoue  of  the  enlargement  (July 
Rights  Association,"  were  in  conference  everj  I.  1851),  made  use  of  by  Washington  in  1?!>:?. 
evening;  and  Governor  Hicks  was  continually  The  corner-stone  was  then  laid  b\  President 
importuned  to  ..ill  an  extraordinary  session  of  Fillmore.  The  extension,  made  at  each  end  of 
ill.  Legislature,  that  a  secession  convention  the  old  Capitol; was  fluished  in  1867.  The  old 
might  be  authorized.  The  go\  eminent  was  building  now  forms  ils  centre,  with  a  grand 
s made  painfully  aware  llial  the  President's  portico  composed  of  twenty-four  Corinthian  col- 
call  I'm  l  roups  w  as  not  made  an  hour  too  sunn,  limns.  The  entire  leugtb  of  the  Capitol  is  now 
There  was  a  general  impression  in  the  free-labor  7."il  feet,  and  the  greatest  depth,  including  por- 
states  thai  the  capital  would  be  the  flrsl  point  ticos  and  steps, :;  is  feet.  From  the  ecu  ire  rises 
of  attack,  and  tow  aids  I  hat  city  volunteers  in-  a  cast  -  iron  dome,  135}  feet  in  diameter,  to  a 
stantly  began  to  march  in  hourly  increasing  height  ofv!~?j,  feel  above  the  basement  floor  of 
numbers.  Within  three  days  after  the  Presi-  the  building.  The  dome  is  surmounted  by  a 
dent's  call  I'm  troops  (April  15,  1861  I  probably  bron/e  statue  of  Liberty,  by  Crawford.  19J  feel 
not  less  than  one  hundred  thousand  young  men  in  height.  Beneath  the  dome  is  the  rotunda, 
had  left  their  avocations  and  were  preparing  '.Mi  feet  in  diameter,  containing  several  histori- 
for  war.     The  movement  was  simultaneous  all  cal  paintings. 

over  the  Ire. -lab.. i  states.  Captors   of  Andre,    I'm  .  were   John    Paul- 
Capitol,    Rebuilding    of    ran     National,  ding,  David   Williams,  and   Isaac  Van  Wart. 

Winn,  early  in  1815,  an  appropriation  for  re-  Washington  recommended  Congress  to  reward 
building  the  Capitol  at  Washington  (burned  by  them  for  their  fidelity.  They  were  each  pre- 
the  liriiish)  was  proposed, there 
were  bursts  iif  indignant  elo- 
quence on  the  floor  of  Congress, 
not  unmixed  wiih  interested 
motives.  Mr  Rhea,  a  member 
from  Pennsylvania,  proposed  to 
encircle  the  blackened  walls  of 
the  Capitol  with  an  iron  balus- 
trade :  to  let  i lie  i\  \  grow  o\ el 
them;  and  to  place  on  their  front, 
in  letters  of  brass,  ibis  inscrip- 
tion :  ■•  Americans  !  I  his  is  I  he 
elteei  of  lb  il  ish  barbarism  !  Pel 
us  swear  eternal  haired  in  Eng- 
land !"  This  display  of  patriotic 
indignation  electrified  the  audi- 
ence :  lint  w  hen  il  was  consid- 
ered    that     the     Pciinsv  1  vanians 

wished  to  remove  the  seat  of 
government  to  Philadelphia, there 
was  less  enthusiasm  displayed, 

and  an  appropriation  was  made  for  rebuilding 
I  lie  (  apiiol  on  I  he  ruins  of  the  ..Id. 

Capitol,  THE,  at  Washington,  was  built  of 
white  freestone.  It  is  upon  an  eminence,  about 
eighty  feet  above  tide-water,  in  the  centre  of  a 
large    square.       It    is  composed   of  a   central  edi- 


THE   CAPTORS'   MEDAL. 

sented  with  a,  silver  medal,  and  they  were  voted 
a  pension  of  two  hundred  dollars  a  year  each  in 
silver  or  its  equivalent.    Monuments  have  been 

erected  to  the  menu. IV  of  the  captors  to  Paul- 
ding (  which  see),  in  Si.  Peter's  church  -  yard, 
near  Peekskill ;   to  Vim  Wart,  by   the   citizens 


VAN   WART'S  MONUMENT. 


CAPTURE  OF  GENERAL  LEE  2 

of  Westchester  Couuty,  in  1829,  iu  the  Presby- 
terian church -yard  at  Greeuburg,  of  which 
church  the  captor  was  au  active  officer  aud 
chorister  for  many 
years;  and  to  Will- 
iams, iu  Schoharie 
County,  X.  V. 

Capture  of  Gen- 
eral Charles  Lee. 
On  the  morning  of 
Dec.  13,  1776,  Gen- 
eral Lee,  who  had 
persistently  dis- 
obeyed the  orders 
of  Washington  to 
join  him, was  capt- 
ured at  an  inn  at 
Baskingridge,  New 
Jersey,  where  he 
was  lodging,  near- 
ly three  miles  from 
his  army.  Lee  had 
just  finished  a  letter  to  General  Gates,  in  which  he 
had  spoken  disparagingly  of  Washington,  when 
Colonel  Harcourt,  at  the  head  of  a  British  scout- 
ing party,  surrounded  the  house  and  made  him 
a  prisoner.  He  had  gone  out  of  the  house,  on 
hearing  a  tumult,  unarmed,  bareheaded,  in  slip- 
pers, without  a  coat,  in  a  blanket- cloak,  his 
shirt -collar  open,  and  his  linen  much  soiled, 
and  gave  himself  up.  In  this  plight  he  was 
hurried,  on  horseback,  to  the  camp  of  Cornwal- 
lis,  at  New  Brunswick,  and  was  sent  by  him  to 
New  York.  (See  Treason  of  General  Charles  Lee.) 
Captured  Vessels  DURING  the  War  oi 
1812-15.  The  whole  number  of  captured  Brit- 
ish vessels  during  the  war,  on  the  lakes  and  on 
the  ocean,  including  those  taken  by  privateers 
(of  which  there  remained  forty  or  fifty  at  sea 
when  peace  was  proclaimed),  and  omitting  those 
recaptured,  was  reckoned  at  1750.  There  were 
captured  or  destroyed  by  British  ships  42  Amer- 
ican national  vessels  (including  22  gunboats), 
133  privateers,  and  511  merchant-vessels — in  all 
C86,  and  manned  by  18,000  seamen. 

Card-cloth.  The  manufacture  of  cards  for 
carding  wool  by  hand  was  quite  an  important 
industry  in  our  country  before  the  Revolution, 
and  was  carried  on  successfully  during  that 
war.  Iu  1787,  Oliver  Evans,  the  pioneer  Amer- 
ican inventor,  then  only  twenty-two  years  of 
age,  and  engaged  iu  making  card-teeth  by  hand, 

invented  a  machine  thai  produced  three  hun- 
dred a  minute.  Already  Mr.  Crittendon.  of  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  had  invented  a  machine  (1784) 
which  produced  eighty-six  thousand  card-teeth, 
cut  and  bent, in  an  hour.  These  inventions  led 
to  the  contrivance  of  machines  for  making  oard- 

oloth  thai  is,  a  species  of  comb  used  iu  the 
manufacture  of  woollen  or  cotton  cloths,  for  t  lie 

purpose  of  carding  and  arranging  the  fibres 
preparatory  i<>  spinning.  It  consists  of  stoul 
leather  filled  with  wire  oard-teeth,  and  Is  the 
chief  pari  of  the  carding  machine  in  factories. 
A  machine  fin-  making  the  card  oloth  complete 
wai  Invented  by  Bleasar  Smith,  of  Walpols, 
Mass.,  at  or  near  the  close  of  the  last  century  ,  for 


4         CARLETON  AND  THE  INDIANS 

which  invention  Amos  Whittemore  received  the 
credit  and  the  profit.  (Sic  Whittemore,  Amos.) 
This  invention  was  imperfect.  About  1836  Will- 
iam B.  Earle  made  improvements,  which  were 
modified  in  1843.  The  card-cloth  made  by  this 
machine  is  the  best  now  (1876j  in  use. 

Carey,  MATTHEW,  was  born  iu  Dublin,  Ire- 
land. Jan.  28,  1760;  died  in  Philadelphia.  Sept, 
16,  1839.  He  learned  the  business  of  printer 
aud  bookseller,  and  at  the  age  of  seventeen  lie 
wrote  and  published  a  pamphlet  on  duelling. 
This  was  soon  followed  by  an  address  to  the 
Roman  Catholics  in  Ireland  on  their  oppres- 
sions by  the  penal  code.  This  was  so  seditious 
and  inflammatory  that  he  was  compelled  to  fly 
to  Paris,  but  returned  in  the  course  oi  a  year. 
where,  in  1783,  he  edited  the  Freeman's  Journal. 
aud  established  the  Volunteer's  Journal.  Because 
of  a  violent  attack  on  Parliament,  he  was  con- 
fined in  Newgate  Prison  ;  and  after  his  release 
he  sailed  for  America,  arriving  iu  Philadelphia 
Nov.  15,  1784.  There  he  started  the  Pennsylva- 
nia Herald,  the  first  newspaper  in  America  that 
gave  accurate  reports  of  legislative  proceedings. 
He  was  always  aggressive  with  his  pen.  He 
fought  a  duel  with  Colonel  Oswald,  editor  of  a 
rival  newspaper.  He  married  in  1791,  and  be- 
gan business  as  a  bookseller.  He  was  active 
in  works  of  benevolence  during  the  prevalence 
of  yellow-fever  in  Philadelphia,  and  wrote  and 
published  a  history  of  that  epidemic.  He  was 
an  associate  of  Bishop  White  and  others  in  the 
formation  of  the  first  American  Sunday-school 
society.  While  the  War  of  1812-15  was  kin- 
dling he  wrote  much  on  political  subjects,  and  iu 
1814  his  Olive  Branch  appeared,  in  which  he  at- 
tempted to  harmonize  the  contending  parties  in 
the  United  States.  It  passed  through  ten  edi- 
tions. In  1819  appeared  his  vindication  of  his 
countrymen,  entitled  Vindioa  Hibernica.  In  1820 
he  published  his  Xdc  Olive  Branch,  which  was 
followed  by  a  series  of  tracts  extending  to  more 
than  two  thousand  pages,  the  object  being  to 
demonstrate  the  necessity  of  a  protective  sys- 
tem. His  writings  on  political  economy  were 
widely  circulated.  In  this  field  of  literature  he 
was  succeeded  by  his  son  Henry  Charles,  who 
died  in  the  autumn  of  1879.     His  advocacy  of 

internal  improvements  led  to  the  construction 
of  the  Pennsylvania  canals.  He  published 
Bibles,  which,  with  others  of  his  publications, 

were  sold  by  the  eminent  early  "  book-ageuti" 
Kev.  Mason  I..  Weenis. 

Carleton  and  the  Indians.  Personally  Guj 
Carleton,  Governor  of  Canada,  w  as  averse  to  the 

employment  of  Indians  in  war.  He  knew  them 
too  well  ;  but  he  was  compelled  to  obey  I  he  sav- 
age  orders   of  his   king   through   the   secretary. 

Germain.  The  unusually  mild  Canadian  win- 
ter of  1776  77  was  employed  by  Carleton  in 
preparations  for  the  next  campaign.     On  the 

30th  of  April  he  gave  audience  to  the  deputies 

of  the  six  Nations,  and  accepted  their  serviosi 
with  thanks  and  gifts.     Other  large  bodies  of 

Indians  were  also  engaged,  and  I  Ins.-  aflei 
wards  joined   the   forces   under  Biiigo>iic.      The 

Baron  de  Biedesel,  the  Brunswick  general,  wha 


CARLETON  2 

thought  that  campaign  would  end  the  war.  and 
to  whom  King  George  appeared  as  "tin:  adora- 
tion of  all  the  universe,"  said,  with  a  sigh, 
"Wretched  colonists!  if  these  wild  souls  are 
engaged  in  war.''  General  Gates,  at  a  council 
of  tin'  Mohawks,  near  the  close  of  May.  tried  to 
counteract  the  influence  of  Joseph  Brant,  the 
young  chief,  by  a  Bpeech  in  which  he  denounced 
the  leaders  w  ho  had  attempted  to  lead  them  into 
the  British  service,  and  declared  that  "  before 
many  moons  should  pass  away  the  pride  of 
England  would  he  laid  low."  lint  the  Mohawks 
generally  listened  to  Brant  and  took  up  anus 
against  the  American  "rebels." 

Carleton,  (iiv  (Lord  Dorchester),  was  horn 
at Strabane, Ireland, in  17-2-J;  died  Nov.  10,1808. 
He  entered  the  Guards  at  an  early  age,  and  be- 
came a  lieutenant-colonel  in  L748.      He  was  aid 


OUT   CABLBTON. 


to  the  Duke  of  Cumberland  in  the  German  cam- 
paign of  1757;  was  with  Amherst  in  the  Biege  of 
Lonisburg  in  1758;  was  with  Wolfe  at  Quebec 
•  quartermaster -general;  and  was  a 
brigadier-general  at  the  siege  of  Belle  Isle,  where 
he  was  wounded.      He  was  also  <|Uartermaster- 

gsueral  in  the  expedition  against  Havana  in 
1762,  and  in  1767  he  was  made  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of  Quebec.  The  next  year  he  was  ap- 
pointed governor.  In  177-2  he  was  promoted  to 
major-general,  and  in  177  1  was  made  governor- 
general  of  the  Province  of  Quebec.  In  an  ex- 
pedition against  the  forts  on  Lake  Champlain 
in  177."i  he  narrowly  escaped  capture:  and  at 
the   close   of  the   year  he   successfully   resisted  a 

stage  of  Quebec  by  Montgomery.     (See  Stoge  <>/ 

QlUbeo.)     The  next  spring  and  summer  he  drove 

the  Americans  out  of  Canada,  and  totally  de- 
feated the  American  flotilla  in  an  engagement 
on  Lake  Champlain  in  October.  Bnrgoyne  su- 
perseded him  as  military  leader  in  1777.  when  he 
received  t  he  order  of  knighthood,  He  was  made 
lieutenant-general  in  177*:  was  appointed  com- 
mander in  chief  of  the  British  forces  in  America 
iu  1781;  and  sailed  for  England  Nov.  25,  1783. 


5  CARLIN 

In  L7S6  he  was  created  Baron  Dorchester,  and 
from  that  year  until  1796  he  was  governor  of 
British  North  America. 

Carleton  Superseded  in  Command.  Sir 
John  Bnrgoyne  had  been  in  England  during 
the  earlier  part  of  1777,  and  managed,  by  the 
help  of  Sir  Jeffrey  Amherst,  to  obtain  a  commis- 
sion to  take  command  of  all  the  British  forces 
in  Canada.  To  do  this  he  played  the  sycophant 
to  Germain,  and  censured  Carleton.  When  Sir 
John  arrived  at  Quebec  (Maj  6,  1777), Carleton 
was  amazed  at  despatches  brought  by  him  re- 
buking the  governor  for  his  conduct  of  the  last 
campaign,  and  ordering  him.  "  for  the  speedy 
quelling  of  the  rebellion,"  to  make  over  to  Bnr- 
goyne, his  interior  officer,  the  command  of  the 
Canadian  army  as  soon  as  it  should  leave  the 
boundary  of  the  l'rovincc  of  Quebec.  The  un- 
just reproaches  and  the  deprivation  of  his  mili- 
tary command  greatly  irritated  Carleton,  but. 
falling  back  on  his  civil  dignity  as  governor,  he 
implicitly  obeyed  all  commands  and  answered 
the  requisitions  of  Bnrgoyne.  As  a  soothing 
opiate  to  his  wounded  pride,  Bnrgoyne  convey- 
ed to  the  governor  the  patent  and  the  jewel  of 
a  baronet,  and  henceforth  he  w  as  •■  Sir  Guy  Carle- 
ton." 

Carleton's  Retaliation.  Governor  Carleton 
was  a  strict  disciplinarian,  and  always  obeyed 

instructions  to  the  letter.  When  Bnrgoyne, 
after  the  capture  of  Tioouderoga  (July,  1777), 

pushing  on  towards  the  valley  of  the  Hudson, 
desired  Carleton  to  hold  that  post  with  the 
three  thousand  troops  which  had  been  left  in 
Canada,  the  governor  refused,  pleading  his  in- 
structions, w  hieh  confined  him  to  his  own  prov- 
ince. This  unexpected  refusal  was  the  fust  of 
the  embarrassments  Bnrgoyne  endured  after 
leaving  Lake  Champlain.  He  was  compelled, 
he  said,  to  '-drain  the  life-blood  of  his  army  "  to 
garrison  Tioonderoga  and  hold  Lake  George. 
No  doubt  this  weakening  of  his  army  at  that 
time  was  one  of  the  principal  causes  of  his  de- 
feat near  Saratoga.  If  Carleton  wished  to  grat- 
ify a  spirit  of  retaliation  because  of  liurgoyne's 

lutrignes  against  him,  the  surrender  of  the  lat- 
ter must  have  fully  satisfied  him.  (See  Carleton 
Superseded.) 

Carlin,  William  P.,  was  born  in  Greene  Coun- 
ty. III..  Nov.  24,  1829.  He  graduated  at  Wert 
Point  in  1850, and  was  in  the  Sioux  expeditions 

under  General  Harney  in  1855,  and  under  Gen- 
eral Sumner  against  the  Cheyennes  in  1857. 
He  was  iu  the  Utah  expedition  in  1858;  and  did 
efficient  service  in  Missouri  for  the  Union  in  the 
early  part  of  the  civil  War,  w  here  he  command- 
ed a  district  until  March,  l-ti-2.    He  commanded 

a  brigade  under  Generals  Steele  and  Pope,  and 
it  bore  a  prominent  part  iu  the  battle  of  Stone 
River  (which  see).  Ill  the  operations  in  north- 
ern Georgia  late  in  1893,  and  in  the  Atlanta  cam- 
paign the  next  year,  he  was  very  active.  In 
the  famous  inarch  to  the,  sea  \u-  commanded  a 
division  in  the  Fourteenth  Corps;  and  was  with 
Sherman  in  his  progress  through  the  Carolinas, 
fighting  at  Bentonville.  He  was  breveted  ma- 
jor-general in  March,  1865. 


CARLISLE  2i 

Carlisle  (Fredkbick  Howard),  Fifth  Eaijl 
of,  one  of  tlie  three  commissioners  seut  on  a 
conciliatory  errand  to  America  in  1778.  (See 
Conciliatory  Commissioner*. \  He  was  born  in 
May.  1748;  died  .Sept.  4.  1825.  He  was  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Ireland  in  1780-82.  Lord  Carlisle 
was  a  poet,  and  was  the  uncle  and  guardian  of 
Lord  Byron. 

Carmichael,  William,  diplomatist,  born  in 
Maryland,  died  early  in  1795.  He  was  a  man 
of  fortune.  He  was  in  Europe  in  177(i.  and  as- 
sisted Silas  Deane  in  his  political  and  com- 
mercial operations  in  France.  He  also  assist- 
ed the  American  commissioners  in  Paris.  In 
1778-80  he  was  in  Congress,  and  was  secretary 
of  legation  to  Jay's  mission  to  Spain.  When 
the  latter  left  Europe  (  1782  )  Carmichael  re- 
mained as  chargi  d'affaires,  and  retained  the  of- 
fice about  thirteen  years. 

Carnifex  Ferry,  Battle  at.  The  troops  left 
by  Garnett  and  l'cgram  in  western  Virginia  in 
the  summer  of  1861  were  placed  in  charge  of 

General  Robert  E.  Lee.  (See  Rich  Mountain  and 
Carrirhsford.)  At  the  beginning  of  August  he 
was  at  the  head  of  sixteen  thousand  lighting 
men.  John  15.  Floyd,  the  late  Secretary  of  War, 
was  placed  in  command  of  the  insurgents  in  the 
region  of  the  Gauley  River.  From  him  much 
was  expected,  for  he  promised  much.  He  was 
to  drive  General  Cox  out  of  the  Kanawha  Val- 
ley, while  Leo  should  disperse  the  army  often 
thousand  men  under  Rosccrans  at  Clarksburg, 
on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  and  so 
open  a  way  for  an  invading  force  of  Confeder- 
ates into  Maryland.  Pennsylvania,  and  Ohio. 
Early  in  September  Bosecrans  marched  south- 
ward in  search  of  Floyd.  He  scaled  the  Gauley 
Mountains,  and  on  the  10th  found  Floyd  at  Car- 
nifex Ferry,  on  the  Gauley  River,  eight  miles 
from  Siiininersville,  the  capital  of  Nicholas 
County.  Va.  Already  a  detachment  of  Floyd's 
men  had  surprised  and  dispersed  (Aug. 26,  1861) 
some  Nationals,  under  Colonel  F.  B.  Taylor,  not 

far  from  Suinmersvillc.  At  the  summit  of  Gau- 
ley Mountain  Rosccrans  encountered  Floyd's 
scouts  and  drove  them  before  him  :  and  on 
Sept.  HI.  Floyd's  camp  having  been  reconnoi- 
tred by  General  Benham,  Rosccrans  tell  upon 
him  with  his  whole  force  (chiefly  Ohio  troops'), 
and  for  three  hours  a  desperate  battle  raged. 
It  ceased  only  when  the  darkness  of  night  came 
on.  Bosecrans  intended  to  renew  it  in  the 
morning,  and  his  troops  lay  on  their  anus  that 
night.  Under  cover  of  darkness,  Floyd  stole 
away,  and  did  not  halt  in  his  (light  until  he 
reached  Big  Sewell  Mountain,  mar  New  River, 
thirty  miles  distant.  The  battle  at  Carnifex 
Fen  \  was  regarded  as  a  substantia]  victory  for 
the  Nationals.  The  latter  lost  fifteen  killed 
ami  seventy  wounded.:   the  Confederates  lost 

■  killed  and  ten  wounded. 

Carolina,  Grant  of.  Charles  I.  granted  the 
immense  trad  south  of  Virginia  to  Robert 
Heatb  in  1630.  |  See  Worth  Carolina.)  It  re- 
mained nnsettled,  and  tin-  charter  »  as  dec  land 

void  in  Hili:?.  In  Match.  1663,  the  king  granted 
this  domain    to   several    Of  his   court  n 


6  CAROLINAS,  SHERMAN  IN  THE 

Grantees  of  North  Caroliia.)  The  domain  was 
defined  as  lying  between  latitude  30°  and  :«> 
north.  Tli«>  grantees  were  made  absolute  lords 
and  proprietors  of  the  country,  the  king  reserv- 
ing to  himself  and  his  successors  sovereign  do- 
minion. They  were  empowered  to  enact  and 
publish  laws,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of 
the  freemen:  to  erect  courts  of  judicature,  and 
appoint  civil  judges,  magistrates,  and  other  of- 
ficers; to  erect  forts,  castles,  cities,  and  towns; 
to  make  war,  and.  in  cases  of  necessity,  to  exer- 
cise martial  law;  to  construct  harbors,  main 
ports,  and  enjoy  custodies  and  subsidies  on 
goods  loaded  and  unloaded,  by  consent  of  the 
freemen.  The  charter  granted  freedom  in  re- 
ligious worship,  and  so  made  Carolina  an  asy- 
lum for  the  persecuted. 

Carolinas,  Sherman's  March  THROUGH  the. 
Sherman  appointed  the  15th  of  January.  1865, 
as  the  da\  lor  beginning  his  march  northward 
from  Savannah.  The  Seventeenth  Corps  was 
sent  by  water  to  a  point  on  the  Charleston  and 
Savannah  Railway,  where  it  seriously  menaced 
Charleston.  The  left  wing,  under  Slocnm.  ac- 
companied by  Kilpatrick's  cavalry,  was  to  have 
crossed  the  Savannah  on  a  pontoon  bridge  at 
that  city;  bur  incessant  rains  had  SO  flooded  the 
swamps  and  raised  the  streams  that  the  army 
was  compelled  to  cross  higher  up.  and  did  not 
effect  the  passage  until  the  first  week  in  Feb- 
ruary. Savannah  and  its  dependencies  were 
transferred  to  General  Foster,  then  in  command 
of  the  Department  of  the  South,  with  iustiuc- 
1  ions  to  co-operate  with  Sherman's  inland  move- 
ments by  occupying,  in  succession.  Charleston 
and  other  places.  Sherman  notified  General 
Grant  that  it  was  his  intention,  alter  leaving 
Savannah,  "to  undertake,  at  one  stride,"  to 
make  ( ioldsboroiigh  an  open  communication 
with  the  sea  by  the  Nevvbern  Railway.  Feints 
of  attacks  on  Charleston  kept  Hardee  from  in- 
terfering with  Sherman's  inland  inarch.  Wheel- 
er had  been  putting  obstructions  in  his  path- 
way to  Columbia;  but  the  movements  of  the 
Nationals  were  so  mysterious  that  it  distract- 
ed the  Confederates,  who  could  not  determine 
whether  Sherman's  objective  was  Charleston  or 
Augusta.  His  invasion  produced  widespread 
alarm.  Sherman's  army  steadily  advanced  in 
the  lace  of  every  obstacle.  They  drove  the 
Confederates  from  their  position  at  Orangeburg 
and  began  destroying  the  railway  there.  On 
Feb.  18  they  began  a  march  directly  to  Colum- 
bia, the  capital  of  South  Carolina,  driving  the 
Confederates  before  them  wherever  they  ap- 
peared. Sherman's  march  was  so  rapid  that 
troops  for  the  defence  of  the  capital  could  not 
be  gathered  in  time.  lie  was  in  front  of  Co- 
lumbia before  any  adequate  force  for  its  defence 

appeared.     Beauregard  was  in  command  there, 

and  had  promised  much,  but  did  little.  On  Feb. 
17  the  Nationals  enter. id  Columbia  :   and  on  the 

same  da]  Charleston,  flanked,  was  evacuated  by 
Hardee.  (See  Charletton,  Evacuation  of.)  The 
rear  guard  of  the  Confederates,  nuder  Wade 

Hamilton,  on  retiring,  set  fixe  to  cotton  in  tin- 

streets:  and  the  high  wind  sent  the  burning 
fibre  into  the  air,  selling  lire  lo  the  dwellings, 


CARR  i 

and  in  the  course  of  a  few  hours  that  beautiful 
city  was  in  ni:    -  "hid.)     Sherman, 

after  destroying  the  arsenal  at  Colombia,  left 
the  ruined  Hty  and  pressed  on  with  his  forces 
to  Fav  ett.ville,  N.  C.  his  cavalry,  under  Kilpat- 
riek,  fighting  the  Confederate  cavalry  led  by 
Wheeler  many  times  on  the  way.  He  left  a 
black  path  of  desolation  through  the  Caroliuas 
forty  miles  in  width.  The  army  "lived  off  the 
country.''  They  crossed  the  livers  on  pontoon 
bridges.  Arriving  at  Fayetteville,  Sherman 
opened  communications  with  the  National 
troops  at  Wilmington,  and  thenceforward  they 
all  joined  in  an  effort  to  crush  the  great  insur- 
rection, which  was  done  early  in  April,  16455. 

Carr,  ECGEWE  A.,  was  horn  in  Erie  County, 
N.  V..  March  20,  1-:!".  and  graduated  at  Weal 
Point  in  1850.  As  a  member  of  mounted  rifles, 
he  was  engaged  ill  Indian  warfare  in  New  Mex- 
9,  and  the  West  :  and  in  1861  he  served 
under  Lyon,  in  Missouri,  as  colonel  of  Illinois 
cavalry.  He  commanded  a  division  in  the  hat- 
tie  at  Pea  Ridge  (which  see),  and  was 
wounded.  He  was  made  a  brigadier- general 
of  volunteers.  He  commanded  a  division  in 
the  battle  .it  Port  Gibson  (  which  see)  and  others 
preceding  the  capture  of  Vicksbnrg ;  also  in  the 
a-s-saulls  on  that  place.  He  assisted  in  the  capt- 
ure of  Little  Pock  (Ark.)  and  the  defences  of 
Hid  was  1. reveled  majoi -general. 

Carricksford,  Battle  at.  After  the  battle 
on  Rich  Mountain  (whi  n.  threat- 

ened by  McClellan,  stole  away  to Garnett's camp, 
when  tin-  united  :  U>  Carricksford, 

on  a  branch  of  the  Cheat  River,  punned  by  the 
Nationals.  Alter  crossing  that  stream, Garnett 
made  a  stand.  He  was  attacked  by  Ohio  and 
Indiana  troop-.  After  a  short  engagement,  the 
Insurgents  fled.  While  Garnett  was  trying  to 
rally  them,  he  was  shot  dead.  The  Confeder- 
ate, fled  to  tin;  mountains,  and  were  pursued 
about  t\\  o  miles. 

Carringtou,  Edward,  was  horn  in  Virginia, 
Feh.  11.  174'J:  .lied  in  Richmond,  V  . 
1810.  Was  made  lieutenant-colonel  of  a  Vir- 
ginia artillery  regiment  in  177H  ;  WM 
the  South,  and  was  made  ;i  prisoner  at  Charles- 
ton in  1780.  li  r>  qoartermaster- 
general  in  his  brief  Southern  campaign.  Car- 
ringtou prepared  the  way  for  Greene  to  cross 
the  Dan.  and  was  an  active  and  efficient  oilier 

-  famous  retreat  (  which   » 
commanded    the    artillery    at     Hobkirk's    Hill 
(which  see  i.  and   also  at  Yorktovvii. 

I  olonel  Carriugton  was  foreman 

of  the  jury  in  the  trial  of  Purr  (which 
PAUL,  a  brother  of  the  preceding,  w  as  born  Feb. 
•^4.  IT:;:!:  died  in  Charlotte  County.  Va..  June  •■>-. 
1818.  lie  became  an  eminent  lawyer:  was  a 
awuibei  of  the  House  of  Burgesses,  and  voted 
against  Henry's  Stamp  Act  resolutions  (which 
see);  hut  was  patriotic, and  helped  along  the 
cause  of  independence  in  an  efficient  manner. 

Carroll,  Charles,  oi  Carbolltoit,  was  horn 
at  Annapolis, McL,  Sept. 90, 1737 ;  died  in  Balti- 
more Nov.  14.  1832.  His  family  were  wealthy 
Roman  Catholics,  the  iirst  appearing  Ml  America 


7  CARROLL 

at  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century.  He 
was  educated  at  St.  Outer's  and  at  a  Jesuit  col- 
lege at  Pheims:  and  he  studied  law  in  France 
and  at  the  Temple,  London.  He  returned  to 
America  iu  1764,  when  he  found  the  colonies 
somewhat    agitated    by    momeutous    political 


-        iKKill-I. 


into  which  he  soon  entered — a  writer 
on  the  side  of  the  liberties  of  the  people.      He 

inherited  a  vast  .state,  and  was  considered  one 
of  the  richest  men  in  the  colonies.  Mr.  Carroll 
was  a  member  of  one  of  the  first  vigilance  com- 
mittees established  at  Annapolis,  and  a  member 
of  the  Provincial  Convention.  Early  in  1776, he 
was  one  of  a  committee  appointed  by  Congress 
to  visit  Canada  to  persuade  the  Canadians  to 
join  the  other  colonies  iu  resistance  to  the 
measures  of  Parliament.  His  colleagues  were 
Dr.  Franklin  and  Bamnel  Chase.  The  commit- 
tee w.ie  accompanied  by  Rev.  John  Carroll. 
'I'he  mission  was  fruitless;  and  when,  in  June, 
the  Committee  returned  to  Philadelphia,  they 
found  the  subject  »f  independence  under  consid- 
eration in  Congress.  Carroll  and  Chase  in- 
duced Maryland  to  change  its  attitm 
Independence.)  Carroll  took  his  seat  in  Con- 
gress in  time  to  vote  for  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence. He  sigued  that  document,  and 
was  the  last  survivor  of  that  baud  of  fifty-six 
patriots  who  bravely  took  the  responsibility  of 
dismembering  the  British  empire.  Mr.  Carroll 
served  his  state  in  its  Assembly,  in  the  National 
Cougress, and  in  other  responsible  offices, with 
fidelity  and  ability.  At  the  age  of  over  ninety 
years  I  July  4.  l-'i-i  he  laid  the  corner-stone  of 
the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railway,  attended  by 
an  imposing  civic  proeession.  The  story  that 
he  appended  "of  Carroll  ton"  t<>  his  name  de- 
fiantly, to  enable  the  British  crown  to  identify 
him.  is  a  fiction.  He  was  accustomed  to  sign  it 
so  to  prevent  confusion,  as  there  was  another 
Charles  Carroll. 

Carroll,  J< hi \.  D.D..  I.I.D..  was  horn  at  Upper 
Marlborough.  Md.,  Jan.  8, 1735 ;  died  in  Balti- 
more, Dec.  :;.  1815.  He  was  educated  at  St. 
Outer's,  Liege,  and  Bruges;  ordained  a  priest  in 

1769,  and  entered  the  older  of  Jesuits  soon  at 
tciwards.  He  travelled  through  Europe  with 
young  Lord  Staunton   iu  177u  as  private  tutor. 


CARRONADES  i 

and  in  1773  became  a  professor  in  the  college  :it 
Bruges.  In  1775  he  returned  to  Maryland,  and 
the  next  year,  by  desire  of  Congress,  he  accom- 
panied a  committee  of  that  body  ou  a  mission 
to  Canada.  That  committee  was  composed  of 
Dr.  Franklin,  Charles  Carroll  of  Carrollton,  and 
Samuel   Chase.      He  was  appointed  the  papal 


vicar-general  for  the  United  States  in  17SG,  and 
made  Baltimore  his  fixed  residence.  In  1790 
he  was  consecrated  the  iirst  Roman  Catholic 
bishop  in  the  United  States,  and  established 
the  seat  of  his  episcopal  see  at  Baltimore.  He 
founded  St.  Mary's  College  in  1701,  and  in  1804 
he  obtained  a  charter  for  Baltimore  College. 
Liberal  in  his  views,  he  maintained  the  friend- 
ship of  all  Protestant  sects.  A  few  years  before 
his  death  he  was  made  archbishop. 

Carronades  were  much  used,  during  the  War 
of  1812-15,  on  the  ocean.  They  are  a  kind  of 
short  iron  cannon,  which  is  attached  to  its  car- 
riage by  a  joint  and  bolt  underneath  the  piece, 
instead  of  trunnions.  It  is  only  in  this  respect 
and  in  its  dimensions  that  it  differs  from  other 
heavy  guns  and  howitzers.  The  name  is  de- 
rived from  Carron,  a  village  in  Stirlingshire, 
Scotland,  where  this  gun  was  iirst  made. 

Carteret  and  Andros.  Governor  Andros,  of 
New  York",  claimed  political  jurisdiction,  in  the 
name  of  the  Duke  of  York,  over  all  New  Jersey. 
Philip  Carteret, Governor  of  East  Jersey,  denied 
it,  and  the  two  governors  were  in  open  opposi- 
tion.   A  friendly  meeting  of  the  two  magistrates, 

i. n  Stateu  Island,  was  proposed.  Carteret  de- 
clined it  ;  and  Andros  warned  him  to  forbear 
exercising  any  jurisdiction  in  Bast  Jersey,  and 
announced  that  he  should  erect  a  fort  to  aid 
) I i 111    (AlldrOS)    in    the   exercise   of  his   authority. 

Carteret  defied  liira;  and  when,  a  month  later. 
Andros  went  to  New  Jersey,  seeking  a  peaceful 
conference,  Carteret  met  him  with  a  military 
force.  As  Andros  came  without  troops,  he  was 
permitted  to  land.  The  conference  was  fruit- 
less \  lew  weeks  later  Carteret  was  taken 
from  his  bed.  in  his  house  at  I'.li/abct  lltown, 
at  night,  bj  New  York  soldiers,  and  carried  to 
fbnl  citj  and  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  sherilV. 
lie  was  tried  in  Ma\  i  1878),  and  though  Andros 
sent   the  jurors  out    three    times,  with    insduc- 


8  CARTHAGE,  BATTLE  OF 

tions  to  bring  in  a  verdict  of  guilty,  he  was  ac- 
quit ted.  But  he  was  compelled  to  give  Security 
tbat  he  would  not  again  assume  political  au- 
thority in  New-  Jersey.  The  Assembly  of  New 
Jersey  were  asked  to  accept  the  duke's  laws 
(which  see i,  but  they  preferred  their  own.  At 
the  same  time  they  accepted  the  government  of 
Andros.  but  with  reluctance.  Carteret  went  to 
England  with  complaints,  and  the  case  was  laid 
before  the  duke  by  the  widow  of  Sir  George 
Carteret.  The  Friends,  of  West  Jersey,  had  al- 
ready presented  their  complaints  against  An- 
dros, and  the  case  was  referred  to  the  duke's 
commissioners.  These,  advised  by  Sir  William 
Jones,  decided  that  James's  grant  reserved  no 
jurisdiction,  and  that  none  could  be  rightly 
claimed.  This  decided  the  matter  for  Easl  Jer- 
sey also,  and  in  August  anil  October,  1680,  the 
duke  signed  documents  relinquishing  all  rights 
over  East  and  West  Jersey  (which  see). 

Carteret,  Siu  George,  was  an  English  naval 
officer  of  high  repute,  of  imperious  deportment, 
and  "the  most  passionate  man  in  the  world." 
Charles  I.  appointed  him  governor  of  the  Island 
of  Jersey,  in  the  Euglish  Channel;  and  when 
the  civil  war  broke  out  he  was  controller  of 
the  navy,  and  esteemed  by  all  parties.  Leaving 
the  sea,  he  went  with  his  family  to  Jersey,  but 
soon  afterwards  returned  to  help  his  royal  mas- 
ter. In  1645  he  was  created  a  baronet,  and  re- 
turned to  his  government  of  Jersey,  where  he 
received  and  sheltered  the  Prince  of  Wales  (af- 
terwards Charles  II.)  when  the  royal  cause  was 
ruined  in  England.  Other  refugees  of  distinc- 
tion were  there,  and  he  defended  the  island  gal- 
lantly against  the  forces  of  Cromwell.  At  the 
Restoration  he  rode  with  the  king  in  his  tri- 
umphant entry  into  London.  Carteret  became 
one  of  tin'  privy  council,  vice-chamberlain,  and 
treasurer  of  the  navy.  Being  a  personal  friend 
of  James.  Duke  of  York,  to  whom  Charles  II. 
granted  New  Netherlands,  Carteret  and  Berkeley 
(another  favorite)  easily  obtained,  for  a  money 
consideration,  a  grant  of  the  territory  between 
the  Hudson  and  Delaware  rivers,  which,  in  plat- 
itude for  his  services  in  the  Island  of  Jersey, 
was  called  New  Jersey.  Carteret  retained  his 
share  of  the  province  until  his  death,  which 
occurred  in  1680,  leaving  his  widow.  Lady  Eliz- 
abeth, executrix  of  his  .-state.  Sir  George  was 
one  of  the  grantees  of  the  Carolinas,  and  a  por- 
tion of  that  domain  was  called  Carteret  colony. 

Carthage,  Battle  of  (1861).  General  Lyon 
sent  Colonel  Franz  Sigel  in  pursuit  of  the  Con- 
federates under  Governor  Price  in  southeastern 
Missouri.     (See  Missouri,  Karljf  jfllitwy  Open- 

lion*  in.)  His  tone  consisted  of  nearly  one 
thousand  loyal  Missonrians (of  his owu  and  Sal- 
omon's regiments)  with  two  batteries  of  artillery 
of  four  field-pieces  each  in  all  a  lion  t  fifteen  hun- 
dred men.  Though  the  insurgents  ware  report- 
ed to  lie  more  than  four  thousand  in  number, 
Sigel  diligently  BOUght  them.  On  the  morning 
of  July  5,    L861,  he  encountered   latgS   numbers 

of  mounted  riflemen,  who  seemed  to  be  sooufe- 
Ing.and  a  few  miles  from  Carthage, the  capital 
of  Jasper  Connty,  he  came  upon  the  main  body 


CARTIER  2 

of  the  Confederates,  under  General  Jackson, 
who  was  assisted  by  General  Rains  and  three 
other  brigadiers.  They  were  drawn  np  in  battle 
order  on  the  crowu  of  a  gentle  hill.  A  battle 
commenced  at  a  little  past  10  o'clock,  by  Sigel's 
field-pieces, and  lasted  abont  three  hours,  when, 
seeing  his  baggage  in  danger  ami  his  troops  in 
peril  of  being  outflanked,  Sigel  tell  hack  and  re- 
treated, in  perfect  order,  tot  hi'  heights  near  Car- 
thage, having  been  engaged  in  a  running  tight 

nearly  all  the  way.  The  Confederates  pressed 
him  Borely,  and  he  continued  the  retreat  (being 
outnumbered  three  to  one  |  to  3pringfleld,  where 
he  was  joined  by  General  Lyon  (.July  13),  who 
took  the  chief  command  of  the  combined  forces. 
This  junction  was  timely,  for  the  combined  forces 
of  Generals  McCulloob,  Rains,  and  others  had 
joined    those    of  I'rice.   making    the    nnilllier    of 

insurgents  in  that  region  about  twenty  thou- 
sand. 
Carrier,  Jacques,  a   French   navigator,  was 

born  at  St.  Main,  Fiance,  Dec.  31,  1  194.  lie  was 
commissioned  bj  Frauds  I..  King  of  France,  to 
command  an  expedition  to  explore  the  Western 
Continent.  On  the  20th  of  April,  1534,  after  ap- 
propriate  ceremonies   in    the   cathedral    at   St. 


Halo,  he  sailed  from  that  port  with  two  ships, 
having  each  a  crew  of  one  hundred  and  twenty 

men,  ami,  after  a  prosperous  voyage  of  twenty 

flays,  they  nrrived  at   Newfoundland.     Bailing 

northward,  he  eutered  the  Strait  of  Bi  111    I  li  . 

1—11 


3  CARTIER 

and,  touching  the  coast  of  Labrador,  he  formal- 
ly took  possession  of  the  country  in  the  name 
of  his  king,  and  erected  a  cross,  upon  which  he 
hung  the  arms  of  fiance.  Tnming  south- 
ward, he  followed  the  west  coast  of  Newfound- 
land to  (ape  Race.  Then  he  explored  the  Bay 
of  Chaleurs,  landed  ill  (iaspe  Bay,  held  friendly 
intercourse  with  the  natives,  and  induced  a 
chief  to  allow  two  of  his  sous  to  go  with  him  to 
France,  promising  to  return  them  the  next  year. 
There,  also,  he  planted  a  cross  with  the  French 
arms  upon  it,  and,  sailing  thence  northeast 
across  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  entered  the 
branch  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  north  of  Au- 

ticosti  Island.  Fncoiiscious  of  having  discov- 
ered a  magnificent  river,  he  turned  and  sailed 
for  Franc-  to  avoid  the  autumn  storms,  and  ar- 
rived at  St.Maloon  the  5th  of  September,  1534, 
Encouraged  bj  the  success  of  tins  voyage,  the 
king  placed  ('artier  in  command  of  three  ships, 

which  left  St.Malo  at  the  middle  of  May,  1535, 
bearing  some  of  the  yonng  nobility  of  France. 
Separated  by  storms,  they  met  at  the  appointed 
rendezvous,  in   the  Strait  of  Belle  Isle,  in  July, 

and  sailed  np  (he  St.  Law  renoe  to  the  mouth  of 

a  rivet  mow  St.  Charles)  at  the  site  of  (Quebec, 
which    they    reached    on    the    141  li    of 

September.      His  squadr ••insisted 

of  the  Great  Hermine,  190  tons;   I, idle 

llirmim;  00  tons;  and  VEmitHlon,  B, 
small  craft.  On  the  day  after  their 
arrival,  they  were  visited  by  Douna- 

OOnna,"Eing  of  Canada,*'  who  received 

them  with  the  greatest  kiadiiess,  and, 
throngh  the  two  yonng  men  whom 
('artier  had  broughl  hack,  they  were 
enabled    to    converse.        Mooring    the 

arger  vessels  in  the  St. Croix  (as  Car- 

tier  named  the  St. Charles),  he  went  up 
the  river  in  the  smaller  one,  with  two 
or  three  volunteers,  and,  w  it  h  a  small 
boat,  they  reached  the  Huron  (seo 
Indian    village  called    lloche- 

laga,  on  the  site  of  Montreal.  He  called 
the  mountain  back  of  it  Mount  Real 

t  Royal  Mountain  ).  hence  the  name  of 
Montreal.  There  he  enjoyed  the  kind- 
est hospitality,  and  bore  away  with  him 

a  pretty  little  girl,  eight  years  old, 
daughter  of  one  of  the  chiefs,  who  lent 
her  to  him  to  lake  to  France.  Returning 
to  Stadacona  (now  Quebeo)  early  in 
October, the  Frenchmen  spent  a  severe 

winter  there,  during  which  twenty- 
live  of  them  died  of  sonrvy.  Nearly 
every    one    of   them    bad    the   disease. 

When  Cartier  was  prepared  to  leave 

for  France,  in  the  spring,  the  Little 
Itinniiii    was   found   to   be    rotten    and 

nnseaworthy,  and,  as  the   other  two 

vessels  could  carry   his   reduced  c 

pany,  she  was  abandoned.   He  formally 

took  possession  of  the  country  in  tho 

name  of  his  king,  and,  just  before  his  departure 

(May  9,  1536),  he  invited  Donnaconna  and  eight 

chiefs  on  board  tin'  Bag-ship  to  a  feast.    They 

came,  and  ( 'art  ier  treacherously  sailed  away  with 
them  to  France  as  capliv  es,  where  they  all  died  of 


CAKVER  2 

grief.  Cartier  reached  St.  Malo  July  16.  There 
was  now  a  pause  in  this  enterprise,  but  finally 
Francis  de  la  Roque,  Lord  of  Roberval,  Picardy, 
prevailed  upon  the  king  to  appoint  him  vice- 
roy and  lieutenant-general  of  the  new  territory, 
and  Caitier  captain-general  and  chief-pilot  of 
the  royal  ships.  Five  vessels  were  fitted  out,  and 
Caitier,  witli  two  of  them,  sailed  from  St.  Malo 
in  May.  1541.  Late  in  August  these  reached 
Stadacona.  The  people  there  eagerly  pressed  to 
the  ships  to  welcome  their  monarch,  whom  Car- 
tier  had  promised  to  bring  back.  They  shook 
their  heads  incredulously  when  he  told  them 
Donnaconna  was  dead.  To  show  his  good  faith, 
lie  showed  them  the  pretty  little  Huron  maiden 
whom  he  was  to  return  to  her  friends  at  Hoche- 
Iflga.  But  they  grow  more  sullen  every  hour, 
and  became  positively  hostile.  After  visiting 
Hochelaga,  Cartier  returned  to  Stadacona,  and, 
on  an  island  (Orleans)  just  below,  he  caused  a 
fort  to  be  built  for  protection  through  the  en- 
suing winter,  where  he  waited  patiently  for 
the  viceroy,  but  he  came  not.  Towards  the 
end  of  May  the  ice,  moved  out  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, and  Cartier  departed  for  France.  He  ran 
into  the  harbor  of  St.  Johns,  N-  P.,  where  lie 
found  De  la  Roque  on  his  way  to  the  St.  Law- 
rence. Cartier  tried  to  induce  him  to  turn  back 
by  giving  him  most  discouraging  aecouuts  of 
the  country,  but  he  ordered  the  navigator  to 
go  back  with  him  to  the  great  river.  Cartier 
disobeyed  and  sailed  for  France.  The  viceroy 
went  above  the  site  of  Quebec,  where  he  built 
a  fort  and  spent  the  next  winter  in  great  suffer- 
ing, returning  to  France  m  the  autumn  of  1543. 
Cartier  had  arrived  the  previous  summer,  and 
ilid  not  make  another  voyage.  He  died  in 
1555,  at  the  age  of  about  sixty-one  years.  De 
la  Roque  started  on  another  voyage  to  Canada 
in  1549,  and  was  never  heard  of  afterwards. 

Carver,  John,  first  governor  of  New  Plym- 
outh (which   see),   was  born  in  England:    died 
at  New   Plymouth,  Mass.,  April  5,   1621.      Be 
spent  a  considerable  estate,  in  forwarding  the 
scheme  of  the  "  Pilgrims  "  (which  sec)  for  emi- 
grating to  America,  and  accompanied  them  in 
the   Mayflower.       lie  was   a    deacon   or  elder    in 
Robinson's  church  at  Leyden,  and  was   one   of 
the  committee  sent  to  London  to  effect  a  treaty 
with  the  Virginia  Company  (which  see)*conoern- 
ing  colonization  in 
America.  When  the 
written  instrument 
for  the  government 

Of  the    OOlony    w:is 

subscribed  on  hoard 
i he  Mayflower,  Mr. 

Carver  was  chosen 
lo  be  governor.  His 

w  ifediedduringthe 
succeeding  \\  inter, 

and,     in     the     ftrsl 

warm  days  of  the 
™„„  .    ~..  _•. ipring,  be,  too.  de- 

parted.       Coveinor 

Carver*!  ohalr  (the  Aral  throne  of  a  chief  magis- 
trate set  up  in  \<-w  England)  is  preserved  bj 

in,-.  I  I  -    III  Itorioal   Society. 


0  CASS 

Carver,  Jonathan,  traveller,  was  bom  at 
Stillwater,  Conn.,  in  1752;  died  in  London  in 
1780.  He  served  in  the  French  and  Indian  War, 
and  afterwards  attempted  to  explore  the  vast 
region  in  America  which  the  English  had  ac- 
quired from  the  French.  He  penetrated  the 
country  to  Lake  Superior  and  its  shores  and 
tributaries,  and,  after  travelling  about  seven 
thousand  miles,  he  returned  to  Boston  (whence 
he  departed  in  1766)  and  sailed  for  England,  to 
communicate  his  discoveries  to  the  government. 
and  to  petition  the  king  for  a  reimbursement 
of  his  expenses.  His  Travels  were  published  in 
1778.  He  was  badly  used  in  England,  and,  by 
utter  neglect,  was  reduced,  early  in  1780,  to  a 
state  of  extreme  destitution,  and  was  prostrated 
with  dysentery. 

Casey,  Sii.as,  was  born  at  East  Greenwich, 
R.  I.,  July  12,  1807,  and  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1826.  He  served  with  Worth  in  Flori- 
da (1837-41)  and  under  Scott  in  the  war  with 
Mexico  (1847-48).  He  was  also  in  the  operations 
against  the  Indians  on  the  Pacific  coast  in  1856. 
Early  in  the  Civil  War  he  was  made  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers,  and  organized  and  disci- 
plined the  volunteers  at  and  near  the  capital. 
He  was  made  major-general  in  May,  1862,  and 
commanded  a  division  in  General  Reyes's  corps 
on  the  Peninsula,  and  received  the  first  attack 
of  the  Confederates  in  the  battle  of  Five  Oaks 
(which  see).  General  Casey  w  as  breveted  major- 
general  United  States  Army  in  March.  1865,  for 
"meritorious  service  during  the  rebellion."  and 
the  Legislature  of  Rhode  Island  gave  him  a  vote 
of  thanks  iu  1867.  General  Casey  is  the  author 
of  a  System  of  Infantry  Tactics  (1861)  and  Infan- 
try Tactics  for  Colored  Troops  I  1863). 

Cass,  Lewis,  was  born  at  Exeter,  X.  H,  Oct. 

9,  1782  ;  died  ill  Detroit.  June  17.  1866.  He  en- 
tered upon  the  practice  of  law  about  1802,  in 
Zanesvillc,  Ohio,  and  at  the  age  of  twenty-five 


was  a  member  of  the  Legislature,    if 
ml  of  an  Ohio  regiment,  under  General  Hull. 
in   1812,  and   was    with    the   troops  surrendered 
at    Detroit   (which  Bee).       In  March.   1813,  he  was 
made    a    brigadier  general,    and    was   \olimtar\ 

aid   io  General    Harrison  at   the  battle  of  the 


CASTINE,  CAPTURE  OF  2 

Thames  (which  see),  when  In;  was  appointed 
governor  of  Michigan  Territory.  As  Superin- 
tendent of  Indian  affairs  in  that  region,  he  ne- 
gotiated nineteen  treaties  with  the  barbarians. 
In  1829  lie  organized  a  scientific  expedition  to 
explore  the  Upper  Mississippi.  In  1831  he  re- 
signed the  governorship  and  became  Secretary 
of  War,  under  President  Jackson.  From  1836  to 
1842  lie  was  United  Slates  Minister  to  France, 
and  from  L845tol848  I'niied  States  Senator.  Be 
received  the  Democratic  nomination  for  Presi- 
dent: of  the  United  States  in  1848,  but  was  de- 
feated, and  was  again  in  the  United  Slates  Sen- 
ate from  1K">1  to  1857, when  President  Buchanan 

called  him  to  his  cabinet  as  Secretary  of  Slate  ; 

hut  when  the  President  refused  to  reinforce  the 
garrison  in  Fort  Sumter,  he  resigned.     General 


1  CASTLE  WILLIAM 

mation  assuring  the  inhabitants  of  their  inten- 
tion to  take  possession  of  t ho  country  between 
the  Penobscot  and  Passamaqnoddy  Bay,  and  of- 
fering them  protection  on  condition  of  their  ac- 
quiescence.  All  persons  taken  in  arms  were  to 
be  punished,  and  all  who  should  supply  the 
British  with  provisions  were  to  he  paid  and  pro- 
tected. General  Gosseliu  was  appointed  mili- 
tary governor. 

Castine,  Vincent,  Baron  de,  was  horn  at 
Oilcans.  Prance,  a  scion  of  a  noble  family.  At 
i  he  age  of  seventeen  years,  he  was  colonel  of 
the  king's  body-guard,  and  when  the  regimenl 

to  which  he  belonged  Was  Sent  to  Canada  (  1666) 
he  came  with  it  and  remained  after  it  was  dis- 
banded. In  llili?  he  established  a  trading-post 
and  built  a  fort  at  or  near  the  month  of  I  he  IV- 


KKM  UN*    ill'    I'nlir    I    VSTINK. 


Oaaa  favored   the  compromise  of  1850  (which 

see),  and  also  favored  a  compromise  with  the 
disnnionists  until  they  became  insurgents,  when 
he  favored  the  supporters  of  the  Union.     Be 

was  author  of  a  work  entitled  Frame;  its  hint/. 
Court,  and  Government. 

Castine,  Capture  of.  A  British  fleet,  con- 
sisting of  four  74  gun  ships,  2  frigates,  2  sloops- 
of- war.  and  1  schooner,  with  10  transports, 
sailed  from  Halifax  (Aug.  26,  Hlli.  the  latter 
bearing  almost  four  thousand  troops,  under  the 
command  of  Lieutenant-general  8ir  John  Cope 
Bherbrooke,  Governor  of  Nova  Scotia,  assisted 
by  Major-general  Gerard  Gosselin.  The  fleet 
was  in  command  of  Rear-admiral  Edward  Grif- 
fith. The  destination  of  the  armament  was  the 
Penobscot  River,with  a  design  to  take  possession 

of  the  Country  between  that   river  and  PassamS 

qnoddy  Bay.  Sherbrooke  intended  to  stop  and 
take  possession  of  Machias,  but,  learning  that  the 
corvette  <7o An  Adams,  24  gnns,  had  entered  the 
Penobscot,  he  hastened  to  overtake  her.    On  the 

morning  of  Sept.  l  they  arrived  in  the  harbor 

of  Castine  (which  see).  There  was  a  small 
American  force  there,  under  Lieutenant  Lewis, 
occupying  a  little  battery.  Lewis,  finding  re- 
sistance would  be  ill  vain,  spiked  the  gUUS, 
blew  up  the  battery,  and  lied.  About  six  hun- 
dred British  troops  landed  and  took  quiet  pos- 
Beasiou  of  the  place.  The  John  Adams  had  Just 
returned  from  a  long  cruise,  much  crippled  by 
Striking  on  a  rock  on  enteriug  the  bay.  It  wa« 
with  difficulty  that  she  was  kept   afloat  until 

she  reached  Hampden,  far  up  the  river,  to  which 

she  tied.     The  British  immediately  detached  a 

laud  and  naval  folic  to  seize  or  destroy  her. 
Sherbrooke  and  Griffith    issued  a  joint    procla- 


nobscol   River,  and  married  the  daughter  of  a 

Penobscot  chief.  By  him  Christianity  was  first 
introduced   among   the    natives   of   that    re-ion. 

He  gained  great  influence  over  them.     During 

his  absence  in  1688,  his  establishment  was  pil- 
laged by  the  English,  and  be  became  their  bitter 
foe.  He  taught  the  Indians  around  him  the  use 
of  lire-arms,  and  he  frequently  co-operated  with 
them  in  their  attacks  on  the  northeastern  fron- 
tier. In  1696,  With  two  hundred  Indians,  he 
assisted    Iberville  in   the  capture  of  the  fort  at 

Pemaquid.    In  1706  7  be  assisted  in  the  defence 

of  Port  Royal,  and  was  wonnded.  He  lived  in 
America  thirty  years,  when  be  returned  to  France, 
leaving  Port  Castine  and  the  domain  around  it 
to  his  half-breed  son  and  successor  in  title.  The 
young  baron  was  really  a  friend  to  the  English, 
but,  being  at  the  head  of  the  Penobscot  Indians, 
and  suspected  of  being  an  enemy,  he  was  sur- 
prised and  captured,  in  1721,  taken  to  Boston, 
and  imprisoned  several  months.  His  name  is 
perpetuated  in  the  town  of  Castine,  at  which 
place  slight  traces  of  his  fort  are  yet  visible. 

Castle  Thunder  was  a  Confederate  prison 
at  Richmond  during  the  Civil  War,  in  which 

civilians   who   were   suspected   or   known    to   l.c 

iii  opposition  to  the  insurgents  were  confined. 

It  was  to  the  offenders  against  Confederate 
authority  what  Ports  Lafayette  and  Warren 
were  to  like  offenders  against  the  National 
government.       Castle   Thunder    was   a    tobacco 

warehouse  on  the  corner  of  Carey  and  Nine- 
teenth Streets.  It  was  burned  early  in  Sep- 
tember, 1879.     (See  following  page.) 

Castle    William,    SURRENDER    ol'.       In    Sep- 
tember, 1770,  the    harbor   of   P.oston    was   made 

i he  place  of  rendezvous  of  all  the  British  war 


CASWELL  2 

ships  stationed  in  America,  and  Hutchinson  was 
ordered  by  Gage  to  deliver  Castle  William,  at 
the  entrance  of  the  harbor,  to  Colonel  Dalrym- 
ple.  This  was  by  order  of  the  king  in  council, 
contrary  to  the  provisions  of  the  charter,  which 


CASTLE    THINDKR. 

emphatically  reserved  to  the  Governor  of  Mas- 
sachusetts the  command  of  all  the  militia  of 
the  province  and  of  its  forts.  The  castle  had 
been  built  and  garrisoned  at  the  expense  of  the 
colony;  and  to  take  it  from  the  governor  and 
place  it  at  the  disposal  of  the  military  chief 
was  a  gross  violation  of  the  charter.  It  was 
a  part  of  a  new  system  of  action  to  prevent 
American  independence,  planned  by  the  king  iu 
council  in  the  previous  July. 

Caswell  ElCHAKD,  was  born  in  Maryland, 
Aug.  ::.  1T-J9:  died  at  Fayetteville,  X.  ('..  Nov. 
80, 1789.  He  went  to  North  Carolina  in  1746, 
and  practised  law  there, serving  in  the  Assem- 
bly from  17f)4  to  1771.  and  being  speaker  in 
1770.  In  the  battle  of  the  Allamance  (which 
see)  he  commanded  Tryon's  right  wing,  but 
soon  afterwards  identified  himself  with  the 
cause  of  the  patriots,  and  was  a  member  of  the 
Continental  Congress  (1774  —  7">\  For  three 
years  he  was  president  of  the  Provincial  Con- 
gress of  North  Carolina,  and  was  governor  of 
the  state  from  1777  to  L779.  In  February,  177(5, 
lie  was  in  command  of  the  patriot  troops  in  the. 
battle  of  Moore's  Creek  Bridge  (which  see),  and 
received  the  thanks  of  Congress  and  the  com- 
mission of  major-general  for  the  victory  there 
achieved.  He  led  the  state  troops  in  the  bat- 
tle near  Camden  (August,  1780);  ami  was  con- 
troller-general in  1782,  He  was  again  govern- 
oi  in  17  - 1  -li:  and  a  member  of  the  Conven- 
tion that  fiained  the  National  Constitution. 
While  presiding  as  speaker  in  tin'  North  Caro- 
lina Assembly  he  was  struck  with  parahsis. 

Catawbas.  One  of  the  eight  Indian  nations 
of  North  America  discovered  by  the  Europeans 
in  the  seventeenth  century,  when  thej  had 
fifteen  hundred  warriors,  They  occupied  the 
beautiful  region  between  the  Vadkiu  and  Ca- 
tawba Rivera,  on  each  side  of  the  bouudary-liue 
between  North  and  Soiiih  Carolina.  They  were 
southward  of  the  Tuscarotas,  ami  w. 
ally  on  good  terms  with  Hum.  They  wen' 
brave,  but   not   w.n  like,  and   generally  acted  on 

the  defensive.  In  1678  thej  expelled  the  fugi- 
tive Shaw  noi  -e  ;  but  their  country  was  deso- 
lated   by    bands   .if    the    live    Nation-,    in    1701. 


2  CATTLE-STEALING  GOVERNOR 

They  assisted  the  Carolinians  against  the  Tus- 
caroras  and  their  confederates  in  1711  ;  but 
four  years  afterwards  they  joined  the  power- 
ful league  of  the  Southern  Indians  in  endeav- 
ors to  extirpate  the  white  people.  They  were 
again  the  active  allies  of  the  Carolinians  iu 
lTtfO,  when  the  Cherokees  made  war  upon 
them,  and  were  friends  of  the  "pale  faces' 
ever  afterwards.  Iu  the  Revolution  they 
joined  the  Americans,  though  few  iu  num- 
bers. They  have  occupied  a  reservation  only 
a  few  miles  square  upon  the  Catawba  River, 
near  the  mouth  of  Fishing  Creek,  and  are  now 
nearly  extinct. 

Catawbas  and  Iroquois,  Treaty  bktwkkx 
THE.  A  long  and  virulent  war  was  carried  on 
between  the  Catawbas  in  South  Carolina  and 
the  Iroquois.  The  English  endeavored  to 
bring  about  peace  between  them,  and  succeed- 
ed. When,  in  1751,  William  Hull,  commission- 
er for  South  Carolina,  attended  a  convention 
at  Albany,  he  was  attended  by  the  chief  sa- 
chem of  the  Catawbas  and  several  chiefs.  The 
hatred  between  the  two  nations  was  so  bit- 
ter that  the  English  commissioners  deemed  it 
prudent  to  keep  the  Catawbas  alone  in  a  cham- 
ber until  the  opening  of  the  convention,  to  pre- 
vent violence.  Iu  the  convention. after  a  speech 
by  Mr.  Hull,  attended  by  the  usual  presents  of 
wampum,  the  Catawba  ••king"  and  his  chiefs 
approached  the  grand  council,  Bulging 
of  peace,  and  bearing  their  ensigns  —  colored 
feathers  carried  horizontally.  A  seat  was  pre- 
pared for  them  at  the  right  hafbd  of  the  Eng- 
lish company.  The  Biugera  continued  their 
song,  half  fronting  the  old  sachems  to  whom 
their  words  were  addressed,  pointing  their 
feather.-,  and  shaking  their  musical  calabashes, 
while  their  "king"  was  preparing  and  light- 
ing the  calumet,  or  pipe  of  peace.  The  king 
first  smoked,  and  then  presented  the  pipe  to 
King  Hcndrick.  of  the  Mohawks,  who  grace- 
fully accepted  and  smoked  it.  Then  each  sa- 
chem smoked  it  in  turn,  when  the  Catawba 
monarch  addressed  the  Six  Nations— the  sing- 
ers having  fastened  their  feathers,  calabashes, 
and  pipes  to  their  tent -pole. 

Catbay.  The  old  name  of  China,  so  called 
by  the  Venetian  traveller  Marco  l'olo,  who,  iu 
the  employ  of  the  Khan  of  Tartary.  visited  it 
early  in  the  13th  century.  It  was  the  land 
Columbus  expected  to  find  by  sailing  west- 
ward from  Spain.      (See  /.ipmuji.) 

Cattle,  First,  is  Ni  w    England,     in  LOSS, 

Edward  Window  went  back  to  England  to  ob- 
tain a  supply  of  goods  for  the  colony,  and,  re- 
turning in  March.  1084,  he  brought  with  him  a 
lew  cattle.  The  stoi\  of  John  Alden  taking 
his  bride  home  on  a  bull  is  a  pleasant   romance 

— nothing  more. 

Cattle-stealing  Governor.  Dr.  John  Potts 
was  chosen  bj  the  Council  of  Virginia  tciiipo- 
i .1 1 >  governor,  in  1089, which  office  he  held  un- 
til the  arrival  of  Sir  John  Harvey.     Boon  after 

Harvey  came  l'otts  was  tried  b\   a  jur>  of  thir- 
teen (of  whom  three   were  councillor- 
tie-stealing,  and  found   guilty;   but.'  'i 


CAUCUS  i 

of  his  quality  and  practice,"  tbe  record  says 
(be  was  the  only  physician  at  Jamestown),  sen- 
tence was  respited  until  the  pleasure  of  the 
king  should  be  known. 

Caucus.  This  word  in  the  vocabulary  of 
the  politics  of  tbe  United  States  was  probably 
a  corruption  of  tbe  word  editors— men  who  drive 
oakum  or  old  ropes  untwisted  into  the  seams  of 
vessels.  These  ineu  naturally  associat- 
ed much  with  rope-makers  in  seaports. 
In  Boston  they  had  formed  an  associa- 
tion of  which  the  father  of  Samuel 
Adams,  and  Samuel  Adams  himself  af- 
terwards, were  members.  After  the 
Boston  Massacre  (which  sect,  this  soci- 
ety at  their  meetings,  in  speeches  and 
resolutions,  took  strong  grounds  against 
the  British  government,  its  acts,  ami 
its  instruments  in  America,  and  planned 
schemes  for  relieving  their  country  of 
oppression.  The  Tories,  in  derision, 
called  these  assemblies  "  citlhcrx  meet- 
ings." which  became  corrupted  to  ••cau- 
cus meetings"  gatherings  at  which 
politicians  of  the  same  creed  meet,  con- 
sult, and  lay  plans  for  political  action. 

Cavaliers  in  Virginia.  The  cavaliers 
were  I  he  adherents  of  t  he  fortunes  of  the 
Siuaii-.  -the  nobility,  nnd  the  bitter  opposers  of 
the  Puritans.  On  the  death  of  Charles  1. 1 1649), 
they  tied  to  Virgiuia  by  hundreds,  where  only, 
in  America,  their  church  ami  their  kiug  were 
respected.  They  made  an  undesirable  addition 
to  the  population,  excepting  their  introduction 

of  more  refine m  of  manner  than  tl rdinary 

colonist  possessed.  They  were  idle,  inclined  to 
luxurious  living,  and  haughty  in  their  deport- 
ment towards  the  •■common  people."  It  was 
they  who  rallied  around  Berkeley  in  his  strag- 
gles   with    Bacon    (sec     Huron's    Rebellion),    and 

gave  him   all   his  strength   in   the   Assembly. 

They    were    extremely  social   HfUOIlg  their  class, 

and  gatherings  and  feastiugs  and  wine-drink- 
ing   well'    much    indulged    in    until    poverty 

pinched  them.  They  gave  a  stimulus  to  the 
slave  iradc.  for,  nnwilliug  to  work  themselves, 
they  desired  servile  Cillers  of  their  broad  acres; 
and  so  were  planted  the  seeds  of  a  landed  oli- 
garchy in  Virginia  that  ruled  the  colony  until 
lie  Revolution  in  1775,  and  in  a  measure  until 
the  close  of  the  Civil  War  in  1866. 

Cavalry  Obstructions.  Among  the  devices 
used  in  the  idd  war  for  Independence  for  ob- 
structing the  progress  of  cavalry  was  an  Ugly 
sharp  four-pronged  piece  of  iron,  so  arranged 
that  whatever  way  it  might  fall  upon  the 
gronnd  one  of  the  sharp  prongs  would  he  erect 
to  penetrate  the  toot  pressed  upon  it.  These 
wen-  scattered  over  the  ground  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  approach  of  an  enemy's  cavalry  to 
attack. 

Cave  Life  in  Vicksburg.  The  city  Is  bniU 
upon  hills  of  clay,  tbrongb  which  streets  are 
cut.  At  these  [daces,  when  Grant  began  the 
siege  of  Vicksburg  (which  see),  caves  were  dug 

in  the  steep  sides  of  the  streets,  in  which  whole 
families,  bond  and  free,  took  sin  Her  from  shot 


3  CAYUGAS 

and  shell  rained  upon  the  city  day  and  night, 
from  land  and  water,  during  the  lone;  sice,.. 
In  these,  men,  women,  and  children  found  pro- 
tection, while  their  houses  were  perforated  and 
the  streets  ploughed  by  halls  and  shells.  It,  was 
a  terrible  ordeal  for  the  inhabitants.  These 
caves  w.re  made  large  enough  to  accommodate 
whole    families,  and,  in    several    instances,  one 


OATS  I.IFK  in   vicksiii  ki: 

Communicated  with  others  by  means  of  a  sub 
terranean  corridor.  In  these  caves,  two  or 
three  children  were  horn  during  the  siege,  li 
is  a  remarkable  fact  that  during  that  siege 
only  a  lew  people  in  the  city,  not  in  the  army, 
lost   their  lives. 

Cayugas.  These  composed  the  fourth  nation 
•of  the  Iroquois  Confederacy,  (which  Bee),  ami 
called  themselves  Goioguten,  or  ••  Men  of  the 
Woods."  Tradition  says  that  at  the  formation 
of  the  confederacy,  lli-ii-iriil-lin  said  to  the  Ca- 
yugas: "  Ton,  Cayugas,  a  people  whose  habita- 
tion is  the  'Dark  forest,'  and  whose  home  is 
every  w  lure,  shall  be  the  fourth  nal  ion.  because 
of  your  superior  cuuuiug  in  hunting."     Thej 


rAVAl.HY    OHSTill  OTIOHa 

inhabited  the  pleasant  country  about  Ca.Vllgn 
Lake  in  central  New  Yolk,  and  numbered  about 
three  hundred  warriors  when  first  discovered 
bv  the  French  at  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth 
century.     The  nation  was  composed  of  the  fain- 


CEDAR  CREEK,  BATTLE  OF 


•214 


CEDAR  CREEK,  BATTLE  OF 


ilies  of  the  Turtle,  Bear,  and  Wdlf, like  the  other 
cantons,  anil  also  those  of  the  Beaver,  Snipe, 
Heron,  and  Hawk.  They  were  represented  in 
the  congress  of  the  league  hy  ten  sachems. 
Through  Jesuit  missionaries  the  French  made 
fruitless  attempts  to  Christianize  the  Cayugas 
and  win  them  over  to  the  French  interest,  bnl 
found  them  uniformly  enemies.  During  the  old 
war  for  independence  the  Cayugas  were  against 
the  colonists.  They  fought  the  Virginians  at 
Point  Pleasant  in  1774.  They  hung  upon  the 
flank  and  rear  of  the  army  under  Sullivan  that 
invaded  the  territory  of  the  Senecas  in  177'J  ; 
hut  they  soon  had  their  own  villages  destroyed, 
which  greatly  annoyed  them.  After  the  war  they 
ceded  their  lands  to  the  State  of  New  York,  ex- 
cepting a  small  reservation',  which  they  aban- 
doned in  the  year  1800,  when  some  of  them 
joined  the  Senecas,  some  went  to  the  Grand 
River  in  Canada,  and  some  to  Sandusky,  Ohio, 
when  they  were  removed  to  the  Indian  Terri- 
tory (which  see).  In  1876  they  numbered  only 
a  little  over  two  hundred. 

Cedar  Creek,  Battle  of.  In  October,  1864, 
the  National  army,  commanded  by  Genera] 
Wright,  in  the  temporary  absence  of  Sheridan 
(see  Fisher's  Hill)  at  the  capital,  were  so  strong- 


of  the  divisions  of  Kershaw  and  Wharton.  At 
dawn  these  moving  columns  fell  upon  the  right, 
left,  and  rear  of  the  Nationals.  It  was  a  sur- 
prise. So  faiioUS  was  the  assault  before  the 
Nationals  had  time  to  take  battle  order,  that 
in  fifteen  minutes  Crook's  corps,  that  held  a 
position  in  front,  and  had  heard  mysterious 
sounds  like  the  dull,  heavy  tramp  of  an  army, 
was  broken  into  fragments,  and  sent  living  back- 
in  disorder  upon  the  corps  of  Emory  and  Wright. 
Crook  left  seven  hundred  men  as  prisoners,  w  itll 
many  cannons,  small-arms,  and  munitions  of 
I  war  in  the  hands  of  the  Confederates.  Emory 
tried  in  vain  to  stop  the  fugitives,  but  very  soon 
his  own  corps  gave  way.  leaving  several  guns 
behind.  These,  with  Crook's,  eighteen  in  all. 
were  turned  upon  the  fugitives  witli  fearful 
effect,  while  Early's  right  column,  led  by  Gor- 
don, continued  their  flanking  advance  with 
vigor,  turning  the  Nationals  out  of  every  posi- 
tion where  tiny  attempted  to  make  a  stand. 
Seeing  the  peril  of  his  army,  Wright  ordered  a 
general  retreat,  which  was  covered  by  the  Sixth 
Corps,  under  the  command  of  Kieketts,  and  which 
remained  unbroken.  The  whole  army  retreated 
to  MiddletOWU,  a  little  village  five  miles  north 
of  Strasburg,  where  Wright  rallied  his  broken 


raw  at  (hoab  cans  hattlk  i 


ly  posted  behind  Cedar  Creek  that  they  had  no 
expectation  of  an  attack.  They  were  mistaken. 
Early  fell  keenly  his  misfortune,  and,  having 
been  reinforced  by  Kershaw's  division  and  six 
bundled  cavalry  sent  bj  Lee,  he  determined  to 
make  a  hold   movement,  swiftly  and  stealthily. 

againsl   the  Nationals,     lb'  secretly  gathered 

his  tones  at  fisher's  Hill  behind  a  mask  of 
thick  woods,  and  formed  them  in  two  columns 
to  make  a  simultaneous  attack  upon  both  flanks 
id"  the  Nationals.  He  moved  soon  after  mid- 
night (Oct  1'.'.  1864),  with  horse,  loot,  and  ar- 
tillery, along  ragged  paths  over  the  hills,  for 
In-  ihnnned  the  highways  for  fear  of  discovery. 

The  divisions  of  Gordon,  b'ainseur.  and  l'cgram 

formed  his  right  column;  his  hit  was  composed 


columns,  and.  falling  back  a  mile  or  more,  left 
Early  in  possession  of  Middletown.  The  Na- 
tionals had  lost  since  day  break  (it  was  now  ten 
o'clock)  twelve  hundred  men  made  captive.be- 
Bides  a  large  number  killed  and  wounded  :  also 
Oamp  equipage,  lines  of  defence,  and  twenty -four 
cannons.  Then  being  a  lull  in  the  pursuit, 
Wright  had  re-formed  his  troops  and  changed 
his  front,  intending  to  attack  or  retreat  to  Win- 
chester as  ciroumstances  might  dictate.    At  that 

critical  moment  Sheridan  appealed  on  the  field. 
He  had  returned  from  Washington, and  had  slept 
at  Winchester.  l'.arly  in  the  morning  he  heard 
the  booming  of  cannon  up  the  valley,  and  sup- 
posed it  toheonh  a reennnoissance.  Alter  break- 
fast  he   mounted   his  horse — a   powerful  black 


CEDAR  MOUNTAIN,  BATTLE  OF         2 

charger — and  moved  leisurely  out  of  the  city 
southward.  He  soon  met  the  van  of  fugitives, 
who  told  a  dreadful  tale  of  disaster.  He  imme- 
diately ordered  the  retreating  artillery  to  be 
parked  on  each  side  of  the  torn  pike.  Then, 
ordering  his  escort  to  follow,  he  pat  his  horse  on 
a  swinging  gallop,  and  at  that  pace  rode  nearly 
twelve  miles  to  the  front.  The  fugitives  be- 
came thicker  and  thicker  every  moment.  He 
did  not  stop  to  chide  or  coax,  but,  waving  his 
hat  as  his  horse  thundered  on  over  the  magnifi- 
cent stone  road,  he  shouted  to  the  cbeeriug 
crowds,  "  Face  the  other  way,  boys!  face  the 
other  waj  !  We  are  going  hark  to  our  camp. 
We  are  going  to  lick  them  out  of  their  hoots!" 
Instantly  the  tide  of  retreating  troops  turned 
and  followed  alter  the  young  general.  As  he 
dashed  along  the  lines  and  rode  in  front  of 
forming  regiments,  he  gave  a  word  of  cheer  to 
all.  He  declared  they  should  have  all  those 
eamps  and  cannons  hack  again.  They  believed 
the  prophecy,  and  fonght  tiercel;  for  its  fulfil- 
im ■hi.  The  re-formed  army  advanced  in  full 
torn-.  Already  (ten  o'clock  A.M.)  Emory  had 
quickly  repulsed  an  attack,  which  inspirited  tin; 
whole  corps.  A  general  and  severe  struggle  en- 
sued. The  whole  Confederate  army  were  soon 
in  lull  and  tumultuous  retreat  up  the  valley 

towards  Fisher's  Hill,  leaving  guns,  trains,  and 
other  hinderances  to  (light  behind.  Farly's 
army  was  virtually  destroyed;  and,  with  the 

exception   of  two   or    three    skirmishes  between 

cavalry,  there  was  no  more  lighting  in  the  Shen- 
andoah Valley.  That  night  the  Nationals  occu- 
pied their  old  position  at  Cedar  (reek.  The 
promise  Of  Sheridan,  "We  will  have  all  the 
camps  anil  cannons  hack  again"  was  fulfilled. 
Sheridan  was  rewarded  by  the  commission  of  a 
major-general    in   the  regular  army,  dated  Nov. 

I.  1864.    "  Sheridan's  Ride"  was  made  the  theme 

of] try  and  painting. 

Cedar  Mountain,  BaTTLB  OF.      Pope's  main 
armj  (see  Army  of  Virginia)  was  near  Culpepper 

Court-house,  and   ••Stonewall  Jackson"  was    at 

Gordonsville,  with  n  heavy  force,  at  the  dose  of 

July,  1862.  Tope  had  taken  command  on  June 
28,  and  assumed  the  control  in  the  held  on  the 
'2Utli  of  .Inly.  Itoth  armies  advanced  early  in 
August.  Jackson,  reinforced,  had  thrown  his 
army  across  the  Rapid  Anna  River  on  the  morn- 
ing of  the  8tb,  and  driven  the  National  ca\alr\ 

hack  on  Culpepper  Court-house.  General  S.  W. 
Crawford  was  sent  with  his  brigade  to  assist,  the 

latter  in  retarding  Jackson's  march,  and  to  as- 
certain his  real  intentions,  if  possible.  The 
movements  of  the  Confederates  were  so  myste- 
rious that  it  was  difficult  to  guess  where  they 
intended  to  strike.  On  the  morning  of  Aug.  '.», 
Pope  sent  General  Hanks  forward  with  about 
eight  thousand  men  to  join  Crawford  near  Ce- 
dar Mountain,  eight  miles  southward  of  Cul- 
pepper Court-house,  and    Bigel    was   ordered   to 

advance  from  Bperryville  at  the  same  time  to 

the  Support  of  Blinks.     Jackson  had  now  gained 

the  com tiding  heights  of  Cedar  Mountain,  and 

he  sent  forward  General  Ewell  under  the  thick 
mask  of  the  forest.  Early's  brigade  of  that  di- 
vision  was  thrown    upon    the   Culpepper  road. 


5  CELORON'S  EXPEDITION 

The  Confederates  planted  batteries,  and  opened 
fire  upon  Crawford's  batteries.  Before  Crawford 
and  Banks  were  about  twenty  thousand  veteran 
soldiers  in  line  of  battle.  Against  these  Banks 
moved  towards  evening,  and  almost  simultane- 
ously fell  upon  Jackson's  right  and  left.  The 
attacking  force  was  composed  of  the  division  of 
General  Auger  (the  advance  led  by  General 
Geary)  and  the  division  of  General  Williams, 
of  which  Craw  ford's  brigade  was  a  part.  The 
battle  now  became  general,  and  raged  for  an 
hour  and  a  half,  during  which  deeds  of  great 
valor  were  performed  on  both  sides.  The  Na- 
tionals, outnumbered,  were  poshed  back  after 
much  loss  by  both  parties.  At  dusk  Kicketts's 
division  of  McDowell's  corps  came  upon  the  field, 
and  checked  the  pursuit.  Artillery  tiring  was 
kept  up  until  near  midnight.  Later  in  the 
evening  Sigel's  corps  arrived,  and  these  rein- 
forcements kepi  Jackson  in  check.  On  the 
night  of  the  11th,  informed  of  the  approach  of 

National  troops  from  the  Rappahannock,  and 
alarmed  for  the  safety  of  his  communications 
with  Richmond,  he  lied  beyond  the  Rapid  Anna, 
leaving  a  part  of  his  dead  iiuburied. 

Cedars,  Affair  at  THH  (177(5).  There  was  a 
small  American  party  posted  at  the  Cedars  Rapids 
of  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  under  Colonel  Bedel, 
of  New  Hampshire.  While  the  colonel  was  sick 
at  Lachine,  Captain  Foster,  with  some  regulars. 
Canadians,  and  five  hundred  Mohawks,  under 
Brant,  came  down   the  river  and  attacked   and 

captured  this  post  without  resistance.     Arnold 

went  out  from  Montreal  with  a  force  to  attack 
the  captors;  but,  to  prevent  the  Indians  mur- 
dering the  prisoners,  he  consented  to  a  compro- 
mise for  an  exchange.  Congress  refused  to  ratify 
this  agreement,  and  trouble  ensued. 

Celoron's  Expedition.  The  treaty  of  peace. 
at  Aix-la-Chapclle  in  1748  did  not  touch  the 
subject,  of  boundaries  between  the  French  and 
English  colonies  in  America.  The  Ohio  Com- 
pany was  formed  partly  for  the  purpose  of 
planting  English  settlements  in   the  disputed 

territory.  (See  Ohio  Company.")  The  French 
determined  to  counteract  the  movement  by  pre- 
occupation ;  and  in  171'.)  the  Governor  of  Canada, 
the  Marquis  de  la  Galissoniere,  sent  Bienville  de 

Celorou  with  subordinate  othcers,  cadets,  t  w  cut  y 
soldiers,  one  hundred  and  eighty  Canadians, 
i hiriy  Iroquois, and  twenty-five  Abenakes,  with 

instructions  to  go  down  the  Ohio  River  and  take 

formal  possession   of  the  surrounding  country 

in  the  name  of  the  King  of  France.  Oontrecu'iir, 
afterwards  in  command  at  Fori  Dnquesne  (see 
Fori  Duqueme),  and  Conlon  de  Villiers  accom- 
panied him  as  chief  lieutenants.  Oelorou  was 
provided  with  a  number  of  leaden  tablets,  prop- 
erly Inscribed  (see  l'roetx  Verbal),  to  bury  at  dif- 
ferent places  as  a  record  of  pre-oeeupation  by 
the  French.  The  expedition  left  Lachine  on 
the  loth  of  June,  ascended  the  St,  Lawrence, 
crossed  Lake  Ontario,  arrived  at  Niagara  July 
ti.  coasted  some  distance  along  the  southern 
shores  of  Lake  Erie,  and  then  made  an  overland 
journey  to  the  head-waters  of  the.  Alleghany 
River.      Following  that   stream  to  its  junction 


CENSUS,  THE  FIRST  S 

with  the  Monongahela,  they  went  down  the 
Ohio  to  the  month  of  the  Great  Miami,  below 
Cincinnati,  proclaiming  French  sovereignty,  and 
burying  six  Leaden  tablets  at  as  many  different 

places.  From  the  mouth  of  the  Miami  they 
made  an  overland  journey  to  Lake  Erie,  and 
reached  Fort  Niagara  Oct.  It),  1749. — Monograph 
of  O.  H.  Marshall. 

Census,  The  first.  The  Constitution  hav- 
ing prescribed  that  an  enumeration  of  the  in- 
habitants of  the  United  States  should  he  made, 
and  that  the  representation  should  be  appor- 
tioned in  the  manner  specified  in  Section  "2, 
Article  I.,  the  House  of  Representatives  ap- 
pointed a  committee  (May  18,  1781))  to  prepare 
and  bring  in  a  bill  for  the  purpose.  That  com- 
mittee never  reported.  On  Jan.  11,  1790,  an- 
other committee  was  appointed;  and  on  the 
18th  Mr.  Foster  from  this  committee  reported  a 
hill,  and  it  became  law,  March  1,  1790.  The 
census  was  taken,  and  the  returns  were  laid  be- 
fore Congress  by  the  President,  Oct.  27,  1791, 
showing  that  iu  the  fifteen  states  i  Vermont  and 
Kentucky  having  been  added  to  the  original  thir- 
teen), and  in  the  "Northwest" and  "Southwest" 
Territory,  there  were  3,921,326  persons  (excepting 
lndiaus  not  taxed),  of  whom  G'J7,(>(J7  were  slaves. 

Centennial  Exhibition.  A  "World's  Fair" 
was  held  at  Philadelphia  for  six  months  in  1876, 
I  he  centennial  y<  ar  of  the  political  existence  of 
t  lie  North  American  Republic.  The  first  sug- 
gestion tor  such  a  celebration  was  made  several 
years  before,  and  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  where 
the  Continental  Congress  adopted  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence  (July  4, 177<>),  and  so  laid 
the  corner-stone  of  our  national  structure,  was 
chosen  as  the  most  appropriate  place  tor  the 
exhibition.  The  Legislature  of  Pennsylvania 
asked  Congress  to  take  action  in  favor  of  a  ecu 
tennial  celebration  to  be  held  in  Philadelphia. 


6  CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION 

at  Philadelphia  and  organized  a  "Centennial 
Commission."  with  General  Joseph  K.  Hawley, 
President  :  Orestes  Cleveland,  John  D.  Creigh, 
Robert  Lowrey, Thomas  Caldwell,  John  McNeil. 
and  William  Ourney,  Vice-Presidents  ;  Alfred  T. 
Gosboru,  Director -general;  John  L.  Campbell, 
Secretary  ;  and  John  L.  Shoemaker.  Solicitor. 
On  June  1,  1872,  Congress  passed  an  act  provid- 
ing for  a  Centennial  Hoard  of  Finance.  The 
members  of  this  board  were  authorized  to  pro- 
cure subscriptions  to  a  capital  stock  not  ex- 
ceeding $10,000,000,  ill  shares  of  $10  each.  Will- 
iam Welsh,  of  Philadelphia,  was  chosen  presi- 
dent of  this  board.  William  Sellers  and  John 
S.  Barbour  were  appointed  vice-presidents,  anil 
Frederick  Freleigh  treasurer.  An  official  seal 
was  adopted,  simple  in  design.  The  words 
United  States  Centennial  commission  were 

placed  in  concentric  circles  around  the  edge  of 
the  seal.  In  the  centre  was  a  view  of  the  old 
State-house  in  Philadelphia;  and  beneath  the 
building  were  the  words  least  on  the  State-house 

bell  ten  years  before  the  Revolution)  "Pro- 
claim  LIBERTY   THROUGHOUT  THK   LAND,   ami 

to  all  thk  Inhabitants  thereof."  It  was 
soon  decided  to  make  the  affair  international, 

instead  of  national — an  exhibition  of  the  prod- 
ucts of  all  nations.  Fairniount  Park,  Phila- 
delphia, was  chosen  as  the  place  to  hold  the 
great  fair.  Suitable  buildings  were  erected,  live 
in  number — namely, Main  Exhibition  Building, 
Memorial  Hall  (oi  Art  Gallery), Machinery  Hail. 
Horticultural  Hall,  and  Agricultural  Hall.  The 
aggregate  cost  of  these  buildings  was  about 
$4,444,000.  The  space  occupied  by  them  was 
about  forty-nine  acres  of  ground,  and  their  an- 
nexes covered  twenty-six  acres  more,  making  a 
total  of  seventy-live  acres.  The  main  building 
alone  covered  over  twenty-one  acres.  The  na- 
tional government  issued  invitations  to  the  ex- 
hibitors of  all  foreign  nations  having  diplouiat- 


A  bill  to  that  effect  received  the  signature  of 
President  Graul  and  became  a  law  March  '.'>. 
1-71.  It  was  at  first  proposed  to  make  it  a 
purely  national  affair  the  occasion  of  a  dis- 
play of  the  prodncts  of  the  United  Btates  only. 
The  bill  provided  for  a  national  commission,  to 

In-  composed  of  one  commissioner  and  one  alter- 
nate oommisfdoner  from  every  state  and  terri- 
tory in  the  Union.  These  were  appointed  by 
the  President.  On  March  84, 1872,  such  repre- 
sentatives, from  twenty-four  slates,  t  hive  terri- 
tories, and  the  District  of  Columbia,  assembled 


i0  relations  with  the  1'nited  States  to  partici- 
pate ill  the  exhibition  bj  sending  the  products 
of  their  industries.  There  was  a  generous  re- 
sponse, and  thirty-three  nations,  besides  that  of 
the  1'nited  siates.  wire  represented  by  prodncts 
of  their  Industry  namely,  Argentine  Republic, 
Austria.  Belgium,  Bread,  Canada.  Chili.  China, 
Denmark,  Egypt,  France,  Germany,  Greol  Brit- 

iiin  and  Ireland,  India  and  British  colon  lea,  Ha- 
waiian Islands.  Hungary,  Italy,  Japan,  Liberia, 
Luxemburg  Grand  Duohy,  Mexico,  Netherlands, 
Norway, Orauge  Free  state,  r.  in,  Portugal,  Rnsr 


CENTRAL  AMERICA 


217 


CERRO  GORDO, BATTLE  OF 


sin.  Santo  Domiugo,  Spain  anil  Spanish  colonics, 
Siam.  Sweden.  Switzerland,  Tunis,  Turkey,  and 
Venezuela.  A  ''  Woman's  Executive  Commit- 
tee" was  formed,  composed  of  Philadelphiaiis, 
who  raised  money  sufficient  among  ilie  women 

of  the  Union  for  the  ereoti fa  building  for 

the  exhibition  exclusively  of  women's  work — 
sculpture,  painting,  engraving,  lithography,  lit- 
erature, telegraphy,  needlework  of  all  kinds, 
etc.— at  a  cost  of  $30,000.  The  women  of  the 
lepuldie  also  coin  ri liuted  to  the  general  fund  of 
the  Centennial  Commission  more!  than  $100,000. 
The  building  was  called  the  "  Women's  Pavil- 
ion.'' In  it  were  exhibited  bountiful  needle- 
work from  England  and  etchings  from  the  hand 
of  Qneeu  Victoria.  The  great  exhibition  was 
opened  Ma,\  10, 1876,  aud  was  closed  Nov.  10, 
the  same  year.  The  opening  ceremonies  were 
grand  ami  imposing.  Representatives  of  many 
nations  were  present.  Doni  Pedro  II.,  Emper- 
or  of  Brazil   (with   his  empress),  was    the   only 

crowned  head  present.  The  American  Con- 
gress and  foreign  diplomats  were  largely  rep- 
resented. The  President  of  the  United  Slates 
I  General  Grant  ).  in  the  presence  ot'  full  one 
hundred  thousand  people,  appeared  upon  the 
great  platform  erected  for  the  occasion,  accom- 
panied by  his  wife,  when  the  "Grand  Centen- 
nial March,"  composed  by  Richard  Wagner,  the 
great  German  musical  composer,  was  perfor d 

by  the  orchestra  of  Theodore  Thomas.  Then 
llishop    Simpson,   of    the    Methodist     Episcopal 

Church,  uttered  a  comprehensive  prayer,  with 
praise  and  thanksgiving, and  was  followed  by  a 
thousand  voices  chanting  an  impressive  ••Cen- 
tennial   Hymn,"  composed    by   John    (Ireenleaf 

Whit  tier,  accompanied  by  a  grand  organ  and 

the  whole  orchestra.  When  the  chanting  was 
ended  the  chairman  of  the  '•Centennial  Hoard 
of  Finance"  formally  presented  the  building  to 
the  "United  States  Centennial  Commission." 
Then  a  cantala.  composed  by  Sidney  Lanier,  of 

Georgia,  was  snug;  when  General  Hawley,  Pres- 
ident of  the  Commission,  in  a  short  speech,  pre- 
sented the  exhibition  to  the  President  of  the 
United  Slates,  after  which  the  latter  made  a  brief 
response.  The  American  Hag  was  then  unfurled 
over  tin-  Main  Building,  which  gave  not  ice  to  the 
multitude  that  the  Centennial  Exhibition  was 
opened.  The  government  of  the  United  states, 
sepai ate  states,  foreign   governments,  different 

industries,  corporal  ions,  and  individuals  elected 
buildings   on    the    grounds,   making    the    whole 

number  of  structures  190.  The  exhibition  was 
open  for  pay  admissions  159  days, the  pay-gates 

being  closed  on  Sundays.  The  total  number  of 
cash  admissions  at  fifty  cents  each  was 7,850,620 J 
and  at  twenty-five  cents, 753,654.  The  number 
"f  free  admissions  was  1,908,692,  making  the 
grand  total  of  admissions  9,910,966.  The  larg- 
est number  of  admissions  in  a  full  month  was 
in  October,  when  it  reached  2,663,911.  The 
largest  number  admitted  in  a  single  day 
"Pennsylvania  Day"  was  274,919.  The  total 
amount  of  cash  receipts  was  (3,813,725.50.  The 
exhibition  closed,  with  imposing  ceremonies,  on 
Nov.  in.  1876. 

Central  America  was  discovered  l>.\  Colum- 


bns,  ill  his  fourth  voyage,  in  1502.  He  discov- 
ered the  bay  of  Honduras,  w  here  he  landed; 
then  proceeded  along  tin,'  main  shore  to  Cape 
Gracias  a  Dios;  and  thence  to  the  Isthmus  of 
Darien,  hoping,  but  in  vain,  to  obtain  a  passage 
to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  At  the  isthmus  lie  found 
a  harbor,  and.  on  account  of  its  beauty  and  se- 
curity, he  called  it  Porto  Bello.  At  another 
place  in  that  country,  on  the  Dureka  River,  he 
began  a  settlement  with  sixty-eight  men;  hut 
they  were  driven  oft'  by  a  warlike  tribe  of  In- 
dians -the  fust  repulse  the  Spaniards  had  ever 
met  with.  lint  for  this  occurrence,  caused  by 
the  rapacity  and  cruelty  of  the  Spaniards.  Co- 
lumbus might  have  had  the  honor  of  planting 
tlii'  first  European  colony  on  the  continent  of 
America. 

Central  America,   FIRST   aim  mim     m    mi 

TI.l.MKM  IN.  In  1509  AloUZO  de  Ojeda.  with 
three  hundred  soldiers,  began  a  settlement  on 
tin-  east  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Darien.  At  the 
same  time  Diego  Nicuessa,  with  six  vessels  and 
seven  hundred  and  eighty  men,  began  another 
Settlement  on  the  west  side.     Both  were  broken 

up  by  the  fierce  natives;  and  thus  the  Span- 
iards, for  the  first  time,  were  taught  to  dread 
the  dusky  people  of  the  New   World.      This  was 

the  first  attempt  of  Europeans  to  make  a  per- 
manent lodgment  on  the  imilini  nl  of  America. 

Cerro  Gordo,  Battle  of,     Cerro  Gordo  is  a 

difficult  mountain  pass,  at  the  foot  of  the  east- 
ern slope  of  the  Cordilleras,  on  the  great  na- 
tional road  from  Vera  Cruz  to  the  citj  of  Mex- 
ico.    Santa  Ana,  by  extraordinary  efforts  after 

the  hat  tie  of  1  '.uen  a  Vista  I  w  liich  see),  had  gath- 
ered a  force  of  about  12,000  men  from  among  the 
sierras  of  Orizaba,  concent  rated  them  upon  the 

heights  of  Cerro  Gordo,  and  strougly  fortified 

the  position.  When  the  capture  of  Vera  Cruz 
(which  see)  was  completed,  General  Scott  pre- 
pared to  inarch  upon  the  Mexican  capital,  along 
the  national  road.  He  left  Genera]  Worth  as 
temporary  governor  of  Vera  Cruz,  with  a  snffi- 
Oienl  garrison  for  the  Castle  of  San. I  nan  de  llloa. 
and  moved  forward  (April  8,  1847)  with  about 
8000  men,  the  division  of  General  D.A.Twiggs 
in  advance.  Twiggs  approached  Cerro  Cordo 
on  the  i:>th,  and  found  Santa  Ana  in  his  path. 
Scott  arrived  the  next  morning  and  prepared  to 
attack  the  sin, uphold.  On  the  17th  he  issued 
a  remarkable  general  order,  directing,  in  detail, 
the  movements  of  the  army  in  the  coining  bat- 
tle. These  directions  followed,  secured  a  vic- 
tory. That  order  appeared  almost  prophetic. 
On  the  18th  the  attack  commenced,  and  very 
severe  was  the  struggle.  It  was  (ought  ill  a 
wild  place  in  the  mountains.  On  one  side  was 
a  deep,  dark  river;  on  the  other  was  a  frowning 
declivity  of  rock  a  thousand  feet  in  height, 
bristling  With  batteries;    while   above   all  arose 

the  strong  fortress  of  Cerro  Cordo.      The  pit 

had  to  be  taken  by  storm;  and  tin?  party  chos- 
en to  do  the  work  was  composed  of  the  regU 
bus  of  Twiggs's  division,  led  by  Colonel  1  l.nnev  . 

Victory  followed  the  efforts  of  skill  and  bra- 
very, and  strong  Cerro  Gordo  (ell.  Yclasipiez. 
the  commander  of  the  fortress,  was  killed;  ami 


CESSION  OF  TERRITORY 


218  CHAMPION  HILLS,  BATTLE  OF 


the  Mexican  standard  was  hauled  down  by  Ser- 
geant Thomas  Heury.  Santa  Afia,  with  Almon- 
te and  other  generals,  and  8000  troops,  escaped  ; 
the  remainder  were  made  prisoners.  Santa  Ana 
attempted  to  fly  with  his  carriage,  which  con- 
tained a  large  amount  of  specie:  but  it  was 
overturned,  when,  DlOUntiug  a  mule  taken  from 
the  carriage  harness,  he  fled  to  the  moun- 
tains, leaving  behind  him  his  wooden  leg — 
a  substitute  for  the  real  one  which  was  am- 
putated after  a  wound  received  in  the  defeuce 
of  Vera  Cruz  in  1837.  In  the  vehicle  were 
found  his  papers,  clothing,  and  a  pair  of  wom- 
an's satin  slippers.  The  victory  of  the  Ameri- 
cans was  complete  and  decisive.  The  trophies 
were  3000  prisoners  (who  were  paroled),  43 
pieces  of  bronze  artillery  (cast  in  Seville.  Spain). 
5000  stand  of  arms  (which  were  destroyed),  and 
a  large  quantity  of  munitions  of  war.  The  fu- 
gitives were  pursued  towards  Jalapa  with  vigor. 
In  that  battle  the  Americans  lost  431  men.  The 
loss  of  the  Mexicans  was  about  1200  killed  and 
wounded  and  3000  prisoners.  (See  Mexico,  War 
with.) 

Cession  of  Territory  by  South   Carolina. 
In  17*7  the  Legislature  of  South  Carolina  pass- 


governor  of  Maine  in  1866-70,  was  born  at  Ban- 
gor. Sept.  8.  1898,  and  graduated  at  Bowdoin 
College  in  1852.  lb-  had  attended  a  military 
academy  in  his  boyhood.  He  was  a  professor 
in  his  alma  mata-  from  1855  to  1862.  when  he 
was  appointed  lieutenant -colonel  of  a  Maine 
regiment,  and  rose  to  brigadier-general  in  the 
summer  of  1804.  He  was  severely  wounded  in 
the  siege  of  Petersburg,  and  again  at  Quaker 
Road  in  March,  1865.  In  the  final  operations 
ending  in  Lee's  surrender  he  commanded  a  di- 
vision of  the  Fifth  Corps.  General  Chamber' 
lain  was  a  most  active  and  efficient  officer,  and 
was  in  twenty-four  pitched  battles.  He  was  six 
times  wounded — three  times  severely.  He  was 
designated  to  receive  the  formal  surrender  of 
the  weapons  and  colors  of  Lee's  army.  He  re- 
sumed his  professional  duties  in  the  college  in 
1866;  was  elected  governor  of  Maine  in  1866; 
and  in  1871  was  chosen  president  of  Bowdoiu 
College. 

Chambly,  Fort,  Capture  of  (1775).  It  was 
supposed  by  General  Carleton  that  the  fort  at 
Chambly,  twelve  miles  below  St.  John,  at  the 
rapids  of  the  Sorel,  the  outlet  of  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  could  not  be  reached  by  the  republicans 


FORT   AT    (II  IMKI  V. 


ed  an  act  for  ceding  to  the  United  States  the 
western  territory  of  that  state  towards  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

Chain  and  Boom  at  Fort  Montgomery. 
In  1770  the  Committee  of  Safety  of  New  York 
caused  a  chain  and  boom,  eighteen  hundred  feet 
in  length,  of  about  half  the  strength  of  one 
which  was  afterwards  placed  at  West  Point,  to  be 
Stretched  across  the  Hudson  between  Anthony's 

Nose,  on  the  eastern  side,  and  Fort  Montgomery, 

on  the  western  shore.  Twice  the  river  cur- 
rents swept  away  these  obstructions;  but  a 
third  one,  constructed  in  the  spring  of  1777,  en- 
dured until  the  capture  of  forts  Clinton  and 
Montgomery,  in  the  autumn  of  that  year, by  the 
British,  w ho  destroyed  it,  thus  permitting  Brit- 

isb  reflSell  to  pass  np  the  Hudson  bearing  the 
marauders  who  horned  Kingston.  (See  King*- 
iini.  Burning  of.)  Most  of  the  obstacles  placed 
in  the  Hudson  were  put  there  under  the  super- 
intendence of  Captain  Thomas  kfaehin. 

Chamberlain,    JOSHCA     I.\\\i;r\u\    L1..P., 


so  long  as  the  British  held  the  post  above  and 
kept  only  a  feeble  garrison  there.  Informed 
of  this  by  Canadian  scouts.  Montgomery,  be- 
sieging St.  John,  sent  Colonel  Bedel,  of  New 
Hampshire,  with  troops  to  capture  the  post. 
Be  was  assisted  by  Majors  Brown  and  Living- 
ston. The  attack  was  planned  by  Canadians 
familiar  with  the  place.  Artillery  was  placed  in 
batteaux,  and,  during  a  dark  night,  was  conveyed 
past  the  fort  at  Bt.  John  to  the  bead  of  Cham- 
bly Rapids,  when  the  guns  were  mounted  and 
taken  to  the  place  of  attack.  The  garrison  sur- 
rendered after  making  slight  resistance.  The 
spoils  were  a  large  quantity  of  provisions  and 
military  stores;  also  the  colors  of  the  Seventh 

Regiment  of  ltritish  regulars, whiob  were  seat 
to  the  Continental  Congress,  and  were  the  first 
trophies  of  war  received  by  that  body.  This 
disaster    hastened    the    downfall    of   Si.   John. 

(See  SI..!,,!,,,.  Si,,„   ,./.  I 

Champion  Hills,  Haiti, f  OF.    Grant,  at  .lack- 
son  (w  Inch  see),  hearing  of  the  arrival  Of  John- 


CHAMPLAIN 


219 


CHAMPLAIN 


ston  and  his  order  for  Pemberton  to  strike  his 
rear,  perceived  the  reason  for  the  sudden  evacu- 
ation of  their  post  by  the  troops  at  the  capital. 
No  (loui)t  they  had  been  scut  to  join  Pemberton 
that  the  latter  might  crush  Grant  by  the  weight 
of  superior  numbers.  The  latter  comprehended 
his  peril,  and  instantly  took  measures  to  meet 
Pemberton  before  such  junction  could  take 
place.  He  ordered  a  concentration  of  his  forces 
ul  Edwards's  Station,  two  miles  from  the  rail- 
way bridge  over  the  Ili^c  Black  River.  While 
Sherman  tarried  in  .Jackson  long  enough  to  de- 
stroy the  railways,  military  factories,  arsenal. 
bridges,  cotton  factories,  stores,  and  other  pub- 
lic  property,  the  remainder  of  the  army  turned 
their  faces  towards  Vicksbnrg.  Pemberton  was 
at  or  near  Edwards's  Stat  ion,  wit  h  about  25,000 
troops  and  ten  batteries  of  artillery.  Blair 
moved  towards  the  station, followed  by  McC'ler- 
nand  and'  )sleiliaus;  w  bile  McPher- 
son,on  another  road,  kept  up  com- 
munication with  Met  'le  ilia  I  id.  Pem- 
berton had  advanced  to  Champion 
Hills,  when  a  note  from  Johnston 

caused  him  to  send  his  trains  back 

to  the  Big  Black  River;  and  he  was 

about  to  follow  with  his  troops, 
when  Grant,  close  upon  him,  com- 
pelled him  to  remain  and  fighl 
(May  l(i,  1863).     General   Bovey's 

divisioi w  held  the  advance  di- 
rectly in  front  of  Pemberton.  At 
eleven  o'clock  a  battle  began,  Ilo- 
vey's  division    healing    the    brunt, 

and.  after  a  Bevere  oonteai  of  an 

hour  and  a  half,  his  infantry  were 
Compelled  to  fall  back  half  a  mile 
to  the  position  of  his  artillery. 
Beinforoed,  he   renewed   the   battle 

with  greal  energy,  finally  Pern- 
barton's  hit  began  to  bend  under 

Logan's  Bevere  pressure,  and,  at  live 

o'clock,  gave  way.    'flu-  rest  of  his 

army  became  so  confused  and  dis- 
heartened that  they  began  to  fly. 
Seeing  this,  Pemberton  ordered  his 

whole  anus   lo  relnal   towards  the 

Big  Black  Kiver;  when  Grant  or- 
dered the  fresh  brigades  of  Oster- 

haus  and  Can-  to  follow  with  all 
■peed,  and  cross  the  river,  if  possi- 
ble.       Ill     the     retreat    Pemberton 

lost  many  of  his  troops,  made  prisoners.     This 

battle   was   fought   mainly   by   Ilovey's  division 

of  MoClernaud's  'ps  and  Logan's  and  Qnin- 

by's divisions  (the  latter  commanded  by  Crock- 
er) of  Mcpherson's  corps.  The  National  loss 
was  2457,  Of  whom  426  were  killed.  The  loss 
of  the  Confederates  was  estimated  to  have  been 

quite  equal  to  that  of  the  Nationals  in  killed 
■Od  WOUUded,  besides  almost  2000  prisoners,  is 
gnus,  and  a  large  quantity  of  small  -  aims. 
Among  the  killed  was  General  Tilghman,  who 
was  oaptured  at  Port  Henry  (which  see)  the 
year  before. 

Champlain,  Samuel  di:,  a  French  navigator, 
was  born  at  Bronuge,  France,  in  1567;  died  Dec. 
B,  lti;i.").      His  family   had   many  fishermen   and 


mariners,  and  he  was  carefully  educated  for  a 
navigator.  In  early  life  he  was  in  the  cavalry 
of  Brittany,  and  was  with  his  uncle,  pilot-gen- 
eral of  the  fleets  of  Spain,  when  that  officer  con- 
ducted hack  to  that  country  the  troops  who  had 
served  in  Prance.  In  1599  he  commanded  a 
vessel  of  the  Spanish  licet  that  sailed  to  Mex- 
ico, and  he  drew  up  a  faithful  account  of  the 
voyage.  On  his  return  he  received  a  pension 
from  Henry  IV.  of  France  :  and  he  was  induced 
by  M.  do  Cbastes,  Governor  of  Dieppe,  to  ex- 
plore and  prepare  the  way  for  a  French  colony 
in  America.  ( 'hastes  hail  received  a  charter  from 
the  king  to  found  settlements  in  New  France 
(which  see),  and  the  monarch  commissioned 
Champlain  lieutenant-general  of  Canada.  With 
this  authority,  he  sailed  from  Hontleur  on  the 
5th  of  March.  1603,  with  a  single  vessel,  com- 
manded by  l'out-<;ic\e,a  skilful  navigator.     In 


I  II  lMI-1.  U\ 


May  they  ascended  the  SI.  Lawrence  and  landed 

near  the  site  of  Quebec,  from  which  place  Pout- 

Creve  and  live,  men  ascended  the  river  in  a  canoe 
to  La  Chine  Rapids,  above  Montreal.  Tin   Indians 

at  stadacona  yet  remembered  Carder's  perfidy 

(see  Ciniiri),  bul  were  placable.  (  haniplain,  on 
his  return  to  Prance  in  the  autumn,  found  ('has- 
tes dead  and  his  concessions  transferred  by  the 
king  in  Pierre  de  Cast,  the  Bienx  de  Moots,  a 

wealthy  Huguenot,  who  had  received  the   ( i- 

miSSion    of   viceroy    of  New    Fiance.       (  See    I),' 

Monia.)     The  latter  made'  a  new  arrangement 

with  Champlain,  and  in  March,  Ki(l4,  he  sailed 
with  the  navigator  from  Fiance  with  four  ves- 
sels. They  landed  in  Nova  Scotia,  and  remain- 
ed there  some  time  planting  a  settlement  and 


CHAMPLAIN 


220      CHANCELLOESVILLE,  BATTLE  OF 


exploring  the  neighboring  regions;  ami  when 
1).-  Monta  returned  to  France,  lie  left  Chauiplain 
to  explore  the  New  England  coast.  (See  New 
England.)  lie  went  as  far  south  as  Cape  Cod, 
mikI  in  1007  returned  to  Fiance.  Having  sug- 
gested to  De  Monte  that  a  point  on  the  St.  Law- 
rence would  be  a  more  eligible  site  for  the  seat 
of  the  projected  new  empire,  Chauiplain  was 
sent  to  the  river  in  1608  with  Pont-Greve,  and, 
at  Stadaeona,  founded  Quebec,  the  Indian  name 
for  '•  the  narrows,"  and  pronounced  Kebec.  There 
the  colonists  built  cabins  and  prepared  to  plant. 
In  1609  Chauiplain,  who  had  made  the  Montag- 
nais  Indians  on  the  St.  Lawrence  his  friends, 
marched  with  them  against  their  enemies,  the 
Iroquois.  (See  Iroquois  Confederacy.)  They 
were  joined  by  a  party  of  Hiirons  and  Algon- 
qiiins  (see  Algonquine),  and  ascended  the  Sore! 
to  the  Chambly  Rapids,  whence  Chauiplain  pro- 
ceeded in  a  canoe  and  discovered  a  great  lake, 
and  gave  it  his  own  name.  On  its  borders  he 
fought  and  defeated  the  Iroquois,  who  lied  in 
terror  before  the  tire  of  his  arquebuses.  He  re- 
turned to  France,  but  came  back  in  1G10,  and  the 
same  year  was  wounded  by  an  arrow  in  a  fight 
with  the  Iroquois.  Again  returning  to  France, 
he,  at  the  age  of  forty-four  years,  married  a  girl 
of  twelve  ;  and  in  1012  he  went  back  to  Canada, 
with  the  title  anil  powers  of  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor, under  the  Prince  of  Cond6,  who  had  suc- 
ceeded De  Soissons,  the  successor  of  De  Mont 8, 
as  \  iceroy.  He  explored  the  Ottawa  River  and 
lakes  Huron  and  Ontario;  made  good  arrange- 
ments for  carrying  on  the  fur-trade  with  the 
Indians;  attacked  the  Onondagas;  and,  return- 
ing to  France,  organized  a  fur-company  in  1G16. 
He  took  back  with  him  to  Canada  some  Recol- 
let  priests  to  minister  to  the  colonists  and  the 
pagans.  The  colony  languished  until  1620,  when 
a  more  energetic  viceroy  gave  it  a  start.  Cham- 
plain  got  permission  to  fortify  it,  and  he  returned 
with  the  t  itle  and  power  of  governor,  taking  with 
him  his  child-wife.  Jesuit  priests  were  sent  to 
Canada  as  missionaries  (see  Jesuits  in  America), 
and  Champlain  worked  energetically  for  the 
cause  of  religion  and  the  expansion  of  French 
dominion.  In  1628  Sir  David  Kertk  appeared 
with  an  English  Beet  before  Quebec  and  demand- 
ed its  surrender.  Champlaiu's  bold  refusal  made 
Kertk  retire,  but  on  his  way  down  the  St.  Law- 
rence he  captured  the  French  supply  -  ships. 
This  produced  greal  distress  in  Quebec  ;  and  in 
July  of  next  year  Chauiplain  was  compelled  to 
sin  render  to  Kertk's  brothers,  and  was  carried  to 
England.  By  a  treaty  in  1632,  Canada  was  re- 
stored to  the  Fivnch.  Clianiplain  was  reinstated 
as  governor,' and  sailed  for  the  St.  Lawrence  in 
1633.  lie  did  not  Ion- survive,  but  worked  ener- 
getically and  faithfully  until  the  last  His  wife 
survived  uim.  she  was  a  Protestant  when  she 
was  married, bill  died  an  Frsiiline  nun.  Cham- 
plain's  /eal  for  the  propagation  of  Christianity 

was  intense.  A  College  was  established  at  Que- 
bec, in  which  the  children  of  the  savages  were 
taught  and  trained  in  the  habits  of  civilization. 
]u  1603  Champlain  published  an  account  of  his 
in  si  voyage, and,  in  1613 and  1619, a  continuation 
of  Ins  narrative.    In  1638  luej  were  included  in 


a  work  of  his  then  published,  which  comprised 
a  history  of  New  France  from  I  he  time  of  Veria- 
zani's  discoveries  to  1631,  entitled  Lee  Voyages  &  la 
Xouvelle  France  Occklcn tale  et  Canada.  In  1870  a 
complete  collection  of  his  works,  including  his 
voyage  to  Mexico,  with  fac-similes  of  his  maps. 
was  published  in  Quebec,  edited  by  Abbes  Laver- 
diere  and  Casgraiu. 

Champlaiu's  Expedition  to  the  Ononda- 
gas (1615).  Champlain  had  followed  Father 
Le  Caron  and  his  party  to  Lake  Huron  (see 
First  French  Missionary  in  America),  to  which  he 
gave  the  name  of  Mer  Douce.  Returning  across 
the  great  forests,  he  sailed  with  several  hun- 
dred cauoesMown  a  stream  into  the  Pay  of 
Quinte,  and  entered  the  broad  Lake  Ontario, 
which  Champlain  named  Lac  St. Louis.  With 
considerable  war  part  y.chietly  11  u  ions,  he  crossed 
the  lake  into  the  country  of  the  Iroquois,  in 
(present)  New  York.  Hiding  their  canoes  in 
the  forest,  they  pressed  onward  to  the  Indian  post 
on  the  shore  of  Onondaga  Lake.  It  was  at  the 
time  of  the  maize  harvest,  and  the  Iroquois  w  en- 
attacked  in  the  fields.  They  retired  to  their 
town,  which  was  fortified  with  four  rows  of 
palisades.  On  the  inside  of  these  were  galleries 
furnished  with  stones  and  other  missiles,  and  a 
supply  of  water  to  extinguish  a  fire  if  kindled 
beneath  these  wooden  walls.  The  Unions  were 
rather  insubordinate,  and  the  attack  was  inef- 
fectual. Champlain  had  constructed  a  wooden 
tower,  which  was  dragged  near  the  palisades, 
and  from  the  top  of  which  his  marksmen  swept 
the  galleries  filled  with  naked  Iroquois.  But  he 
could  not  control  the  gieat  body  of  the  Hurons, 
and,  in  their  furious  and  tnmnltlloUS  assault 
upon  the  palisades,  they  were  thrown  back  in 
confusion,  and  could  not  be  induced  to  repeal 
the  onset,  but  resolved  to  retreat.  Clianiplain. 
wounded  in  the  leg.  was  compelled  to  acquiesce, 
and  he  made  his  way  back  to  Quebec  (1616).  af- 
ter a  year's  absence. — Sec  O.  II.  Marshall's  Mono- 
graph  on  this  topic. 

Champlin,  Strphkn,  United  States  Navy, 
was  born  at  South  Kingston,  P.  1..  Nov.  IT.  17-'.': 
died  at  Buffalo,  N.  V..  Feb.  20,  1-70.  He  went  to 
sea  when  sixteen  years  old,  ami  commanded  a 
ship  al  twenty-two.  In  May,  1812,  he  was  ap- 
pointed sailing-master  in  the  navy,  and  WHl 
first  in  command  of  a  gunboat  under  Perry,  at 
Newport,  R.  I.,  and  was  in  service  on  Pake  On- 
tario in  tin-  attacks  on  Little  York  (Toronto) 
and  Fort  George,  in  1813.  He  joined  Perrj  on 
Pake  Eric,  and  commanded  the  sloop-of-wai 
Scorpion  in  the  battle  on  Sept.  Id.  1813,  firing  th 
first  and  last  gun  in  that  action.  He  was  the 
last  surviving  officer  of  thai  engagement.  In 
the  following  spring,  w bile  blockading  Mack- 
inaw with  the  ngreee,  be  was  attacked  ill  the 
llighl  by  an  overwhelming  force.  scwrelx  wound- 
ed, and  made  prisoner.  His  wound  troubled  him 
until  bis  death,  and  he  was  disabled  for  any  ac- 
me service  forever  afterwards.  Prom  l-::i  be 
was  a  resident  of  Buffalo. 

Chancelloi  sville,  I'.ai  ii.i  oi\  Earl}  in  April. 
Hooker,  in  command  of  the  Armj  of  the  Poto- 
mac, became   impatient,  and  resolved   to  put   it 


CHANCELLORSVILLE,  BATTLE  OF   221    CHAXCELLORSVU.LE,  BATTLE  OF 


in  motion  towards  Richmond,  notwithstanding 
bis  ranks  went  not  full.  Cavalry  under  Stone- 
man  wen;  sent  to  destroy  railways  in  Lee's 
rear,  hut  were  foiled  by  the  high  water  in  the 
streams.  After  a  pause,  Hooker  determined  to 
attempt  to  torn  Lee's  Hank,  and,  for  that  pur- 
pose, sent  ten  thousand  mounted  men  to  raid  in 
his  rear.  Then  he  moved  thirty-six  thousand  of 
the  troops  of  his  right  wing  across  the  Rappa- 
hannock, with  orders  to  hall  and  intrench  at 
Chancellorsville,  between  i  he  Confederate  army 
near  Fredericksburg  and  Richm 1.  This  move- 
ment was  so  masked  bj  a  demonstration  on 
Lee's  front  by  Hooker's  left  wing,  nnder  Gen- 
ual Sedgwick,  that  the  right  was  well  advanced 
before  Lee  was  aware  of  his  peril.  These  troops 
reached  Chancellorsville,  in  a  region  known  as 
••The  Wilderness,"  on  tin'  evening  of  April  30, 
1863,  when  Hooker  expected  to  see  Lee,  oon- 
seions  of  danger.  By  towards  Richmond.  He  did 
no  such  thing,  but  proceeded  to  strike  the  Na- 
tional army  a  heavy  blow,  for  the  twofold  pur- 
pose of  seizing  the  cominnnicat ions  between 
the  two  parts  of  that  army  ami  compelling  its 
commander  to  light  at  a  disadvantage,  with 
only  a  part  of  his  troops  in  band.  Hooker  had 
made  his  headquarters  in  the  spacious  brick 
house  of  Mr.  Chancellor,  and  sent  out  Pleasan- 
ton's  cavalry  to  reconnoitre.  A  pari  of  these 
encountered  the  Con  federate  cavalry,  under  Stu- 
art, and  were  deflated.     I had  called  "  Sinne- 

wall  "  Jackson's   large   force    to  come   Dp  when 

he  perceived  Sedgwick's  movements.  Leo  left 
General  Early  with  yoon  men  ami  30  cannons  to 
hold  his  fortified  position  at  l'i  cdei  icksbnrg 
againsl  Sedgwick, and, al  a  little  past  midnight 
i.Mav  1.  1863),  he  put  .Jackson's  column  in  mo- 
tion towards  ( 'haneellors\  ille.  It  joined  another 
fore.'  under  General  Anderson  at  eight  o'clock 
in  the  morning,  and  lie,  iii  person,  led  the  Con- 
federates to  attack  the  Nationals.  Hooker  had 
also  disposed  the  latter  in  lialtle  order.  Aware 
of  the  peril  of  fighting  with  the  Wilderness  at 
his  hack,  he  had  so  disposed  his  army  as  to 
fight  in  the  open  country,  with  a  communica- 
tion open  w  it  h  t  he  F'a  p|  i.i  ha  in  lock  tow  aids  I'red- 

ericksbnrg.  At  eleven  o'clock,  the  divisions  of 
Griffin  and  Humphreys,  of  Meade's  corps,  pushed 
out  to  the  left,  in  the  direction  of  Banks's  Ford, 

while  Sykes's  division  of  the  same  corps,  sup- 
ported bj  Hancock's  division,  and  forming  the 
centre-  column,  moved  along  a  turnpike.  Slo- 
cum's  entire  corps,  with  Howard's,  and  its  bat- 
teries, massed  in  its  rear,  comprising  the  righl 
column,  marched  along  a  plank  road.  The  hat- 
tie  was  begun  about  a  mile  in  advance  of  the 

National   works  at   Chancellorsville,  by   the  Vail 

of  the  centre  column  aud  Confederate  cavalry 
Sykes  broughl  ap  his  entire  column,  with 
artillery,  and,  after  a  severe  struggle  with 
Mel, aw s,  he  gained  an  advantageous  position, 

at  noon, on  one  of  the  ridges  hack  of  Fredericks- 
burg. Banks's  Ford,  which  Lee  had  strenuous- 
ly sougbl  to  cover,  w  as  now  virtually  iu  posses- 
sion of  the  Nationals,  and  the  distance  between 
Sedgwick, opposite  Fredericksburg, and  t  nearmy 
at  ( 'hancellorsville  w  as  shortened  at  least  t  wclvc 
miles.    Meanwhile,  Slocum  and  Jackson  had  met 


and  struggled  fiercely  on  the  plank  road.  Per- 
ceiving Jackson  endeavoring  to  flank  Slocum, 
and  his  strong  column  overlapping  Sykes's  flank, 
Hooker,  fearing  his  army  might  be  beateu  in 
detail  before  he  could  successfully  resist  the  fu- 
rious onslaught  of  Jackson,  ordered  its  with- 
drawal behind  his  works  at  Chancellorsville,  the 
Confederates  following  close  in  the  rear  of  the 
retreating  troops.  So  ended  the  movements  of 
the  day.  Hooker's  position  was  a  strong  one. 
The  National  line  extended  from  the  Rappahan- 
nock to  t  he  Wilderness  church,  two  miles  west  of 
Chancellorsville.  Meade's  corps,  with  Couch's, 
formed  his  left;  Slocum's,  and  a  division  of 
Bickles's,  his  centre,  and  Howard's  his  right, 
with  l'leasantou's  cavalry  near.  Lee's  forces 
had  the  Virginia  cavalry  of  Owen  and  Wickham 
on  the  right,  and  Stuart's  and  a  part  of  Fitz- 
hngb  Fee's  on  the'  left.  McLaWS's  forces  occu- 
pied the  Fridge  on  the  east  of  the  Big  Meadow- 
Swamp,  and  Anderson's  continued  the  line  to 
the  left  ofMcFaws.  Such  was  the  general  dis- 
position of  the  opposing  armies  on  the  morning 
of  May  2d.  Fee  was  unwilling  to  risk  a  direct 
attack  on  Hooker,  and  Jackson  advised  a  secret 
Hank  movement  with  his  entire  corps,  so  as  to 
fall  on  Hooker's  rear.  Lee  hesitated,  but  so 
much  did  he  lean  on  Jackson  as  ad\  iser  and  ex- 
ecutor, that  he  consented.  With  twenty-five 
thousand  men  Jackson  made  the  perilous  move- 
ment, marching  swiftly  and  steadily  through  the 
thick  woods,  with  Stuart's  cavalry  between  his 
Ibices  and  those  of  the  Nationals.  I'.ut  the 
movement   Was  early  discovered;  the  Nationals, 

however,  believing  it  to  be  a  retreat  of  the  Con- 
federates towards  Richmond.  Sickles  pushed 
forward  Birney's division  to  reconnoitre,  follow- 
ed by  two  brigades  of  Howard's  corps.  Birney 
charged  upon  the  passing  column,  and  captnred  a 
<•' 'gia  regiment,  five  hundred  Btrong,  but  was 

checked  by  Confederate  artillery.  Tin'  Na- 
tionals now  held  the  road  over  which  Jackson 

was  moving.  Disposition  was  made  to  pursue 
the  supposed  fugitives,  when  Jackson  made  a 
quick  and  Startling  movement  towards  Chan- 
cellorsville, concealed  by  the  thick  woods,  at 
six  o'clock  ill  the  evening,  suddenly  burst  from 
the  thickets  with  his  whole  force,  like  an  unex- 
pected and  terrible  tornado,  and  fell  with  full 
force  upon  Howard's  corps  (eleventh),  with  t  re- 
nieiidous  yells,  just   as  they  were  preparing  for 

supper  and  repose.  Devens's  division,  on  the  ex- 
treme right,  received  the  fust  blow,  and,  almost 
instantly,  the  surprised  troops,  panic  stricken, 
lied  to  the  rear,  communicating  their  emotions 
of  alarm  to  the  other  divisions  of  the  corps. 
The  Confederates  captured  men  and  guns  and 
a  oommanding   position,  while  the   fugitives, 

in  evident  confusion,  rushed  towards  Chancel- 
lorsville, upon   the  position   of  General   Sehurz, 

whose  division  had  already  retreated.  The  tide 
of  affrighted  men  rolled  back  upon  General 
Steinwebr.  While  the  divisions  of  Devens 
and  Sehurz  were  re-forming.  Steinwebr  quick- 
ly changed  front,  threw  his  men  behind  some 
works,  rallied  some  of  Schurz's  men,  and 
checked  the  pursuit  for  a  brief  space.     But  the 

Overwhelming      number     of    the     Confederates 


CHANCELLORSYILLE,  BATTLE  OF   222    CHAXCELLOESVILLE,  BATTLE  OF 


gpeedily  captured  the  works.  These  disasters 
on  the  right  were  partially  relieved  by  Hooker, 
who  sent  forward  troops  at  the  double-quick, 
miller  Generals  Berry  and  French,  and  also  a 
courier  to  apprise  Sickles,  who  bad  poshed 
some  distance  beyond  the  National  lines,  of  the 
disaster  to  the  eleventh  corps  and  his  own  peril. 
He  was  directed  to  fall  back  and  attack  Jack- 
son's left  flank.  He  was  in  a  critical  situation, 
but  Pleasahton  saved  him  bya  quick  and  skil- 
ful movement,  greatly  assisting  in  checking  the 
pursuit.  This  was  done  long  enough  for  Pleas- 
anton  to  bring  his  own  horse -artillery  and 
more  than  twenty  of  Sickles's  guns  to  bear  upon 
the  Confederates,  and  to  pour  into  their  ranks 
a  destructive  storm  of  grape  and  canister  shot. 
Generals  Warren  and  Sickles  soon  came  to 
Pleasanton's  assistance,  when  there  was  a  se- 
vere struggle  for  the  possession  of  cannons. 
Meanwhile,  Lee  was  making  a  stroug  artillery 
attack  upon  Hooker's  left  and  centre.  Soon  a 
great  misfortune  befell  the  Confederate  com- 
mander, in  the  loss  of  "Stonewall"  Jackson,  the 
strong  right  arm  of  his  power.  Jackson  had 
sent  for  Hill,  and  was  anxious  to  follow  up  the 
advantage  he  had  gained,  by  extending  his  lines 


cellorsville,  crush  every  impediment  and  join 
the  main  army.  Each  army  made  disposition 
for  a  battle  on  Sunday  morning.  Stuart  ad- 
vanced to  the  attack  with  Lee's  left  wing,  and 
when  he  came  in  sight  of  the  Nationals  he 
shouted,  '-Charge,  and  remember  Jackson!" 
With  thirty  pieces  of  artillery  presently  iu  po- 
sition on  an  elevation,  his  men  made  a  desper- 
ate charge  under  cover  of  their  tire,  and  were 
soon  struggling  with  Si<  kles's  corps  and  four 
other  divisions.  These  were  poshed  back,  and 
a  fearful  battle  ensued,  the  tide  of  success  ebb- 
ing and  Bowing  for  more  than  an  hour.  Dur- 
ing this  struggle  Hooker  had  been  prostrated, 
and  Couch  took  command  of  the  army.  Almost 
the  whole  National  army  became  engaged  in  the 
battle,  at  different  points,  excepting  the  troops 
under  Meade  and  Reynolds.  Couch  fill  back 
towards  the  Rappahannock,  and.  at  noon.  Hook- 
er, having  recovered,  resumed  chief  command. 
Lee's  army  was  now  united,  but  Hooker's  was 
divided.  Sedgwick  had  seriously  menaced  Lee's 
flank,  but  had  not  joined  Hooker.  After  a  hard 
conflict  and  the  loss  of  one  thousand  men.  Sedg- 
wick had  captured  the  Confederate  works  on 
the  heights  back  of  Fredericksburg,  and  sent 


to  the  left  and  cutting  off  Hooker's  communica- 
tion with  the  United  States  Ford.  While  wait- 
ing for  Hill,  he  poshed  forward  with  his  stall', 
on  a  persona]  reoonnoissanee,  and.  when  return- 
ing, in  the  gloom  of  evening,  his  men,  mistak- 
ing them  for  National  cavalry,  fired  Upon  them 
and  mortally  wounded  the  great  leader.  No 
more  fighting  occurred  in  that  part  of  the  field. 
Birney's  division  drove  back  the  Confederates 
at  midnight,  recovered  BOme  lost  ground,  and 
brought  back  some  abandoned  guns  and  cais- 
sons. Paring  the  night  a  new  line  of  intrench- 
mentS  was  thrown  up  by  the  Nationals;  but 
Hooker's  Ibices  were  in  a  very  perilous  posi- 
tion on  Sunday  morning.  May  3d.  When  he 
heard  of  the  movement  of  .lack-on  on  Satuiday 
morning,  he  had  called  from  Sedgwick  Rey- 
nolds's corps.  20,000  strong,  and  it  arrived  the 
same  evening.      Hooker's   lone  was  now  60,000 

strong,  and  I. re's  10,000.  The  former  ordered 
Sedgwick  to  cross  the  river  and  seise  and  hold 
Fredericksburg  and  the  heights  behind  it.  and 

then,  pushing  along  the  roads  hading  to  Chan- 


Early,  their  defender,  flying  southward  with  his 
shattered  columns.  Intelligence  of  these  events 
made  I.ee  extremely  cautious.  Sedgwick,  leav- 
ing Gibbon  in  command  at  Fredericksburg, 
marched   for  Chancellorsville,  when   l.ee  was 

compelled  to  divide  his  army  to  meet  this  new- 
peril.  He  sent  Mel. aw  s  with  four  brigades  to 
unit  Sedgwick.  At  Salem  church  they  had  a 
sanguinary  conflict.  The  Confederates  won.  and 
t  he  losses  of  Sedgw  irk.  added  to  t  hose  sustained 
in  the  morning,  amounted  to  about  five  thou- 
sand men.  Hooker,  at  the  same  time,  seemed 
paralysed  in  his  new  position,  for  his  army  ap- 
peared being  beaten  in  detail.  On  the  follow- 
ing morning,  perceiving  that  Hooker's  army 

had    been    much  strengthened.   Lee   thought    it 

neoessarj  to  drive  Sedgwick  across  the  Rappa- 
hannock before  again  attacking  the  main  body. 
Early  was  sent  to  retake  the  Heights  ot 

iikslmig.  and  he  cut  Sedgwick  oil  from  the  city. 
Earl]  was  reinforced  by  Anderson,  bj  which 
Sedgwick  was  enclosed  on  three  sides  \i  rfl 
o'clock    in    the    evening    the    Confed.  i 


CHANCERY  JURISDICTION  2 

lacked  liim.  His  forces  gave  way  and  retreated 
to  Banks's  Ford,  and  before  morning  The  re- 
mains of  Sedgwick's  corps  had  crossed  the  Rap- 
pahannock over  pontoon  bridges.  Gibbon  also 
withdrew  from  Fredericksburg  to  Falmouth 
that  night,  and.  on  Tuesday,  Lee  had  only 
Hooker  bo  contend  with.  He  concentrated  his 
forces  to  strike  Hooker  a  crushing  blow  before 
night,  but  a  heavy  rain-storm  prevented.  Hook- 
er prepared  to  retreat,  and  did  so  on  the  night 

of  May  5th  and  1 ning  of  the  6th,  crossing  the 

Potomac  and  retaining  to  the  old  quarters  of 

the  army  opposite  Fredericksburg.    The  losses 

Of  each  army  had  been  very  heavy.  That  of  the 
Confederates  was  reported  at  12,277,  including 
2<mo  prisoners,  and  that  of  the  Nationals  was 
17,197,  including  about  5000  prisoners.     The 

latter  also  lost  thirteen  heavy  gUUS,  about  20,- 
0110  small-arms,  seventeen  colors.  Mini  a  large 
amount  of  ammunition.  The  Union  Generals 
Berry  and  Whipple  were  killed. 

Chancery  Jurisdiction.  In  all  the  crown 
colonies,  excepting  New  Hampshire,  the  chan- 
cery court  had  been  introduced,  in  spite  of  the 
colonists,  who  dreaded  its  prolix  proceedings 
and  heavy  fees.  Wherever  it  had  been  intro- 
duced, it  was  retained,  in  the  state  govern- 
ments, after  the  Revolution.  In  New  Jersey 
and  South  Carolina  the  governor  was  made 
chancellor,  as  in  colonial  times.  In  New  York 
and  Maryland  a  separate  officer  was  appointed 
with  that  title.     In  Virginia  there  were  several 

distinct  chancellors.  In  North  Carolina  and 
Georgia  the  administration  both  of  law  and 
equit\  was  intrusted  to  the  same  tribunals.      In 

Pennsylvania  a  limited  chancery  power  was  con- 
ferred upon  the  Supreme  Court.  In  Connecti- 
cut the  Assembly  vested  the  judicial  courts 
With  chancery  powers  in  smaller  cases,  reserv- 
ing to  itself  the  decision  in  matters  of  more  im- 
portance.      In    New    England    there   was    such   a 

strong  prejudice  against  chancery  practice  that 

for  many  yens  there  was  a  restriction  to  the 
System  of  common  law  remedies. 

Chandler,  John,  was  born  at  Monmouth. 
Haas.,  in  L760;  dud  at  Augusta,  Me.,  Sept.  25, 
1841.     His  pursuit  was  that  of  blacksmith,  and 

he  became  wealthy.  With  much  native  talent. 
he  rose  to  the  position  of  councillor  and  sena- 
tor (  L803  :>  >;  member  of  Congress  |  1-".".  -  : 
and.  in  July,  1812,  was  commissioned  a  briga- 
dier-general. Wounded  and  made  prisoner  in 
the   battle   at    Stony   Creek,  in    Canada   (which 

see),  he  was  soon  afterwards  exchanged.  From 
L8B0  m  L829,  he  was  United  States  Senator  from 
Maine  one  of  the  first  appointed  from  that 
new-  state.  From  1829  to  1837  he  was  collect- 
or of  the  port  of  Portland.  He  became  a  ma- 
jor-general of  militia,  and  held  several  civil  lo- 
cal nil 

Channing,  Wit  i  t  vm  Pi  i  i  M  .  an  eminent  di- 
vine, was  born  in  Newport,  B.  I..  April  7.  L780; 
died  at  Bennington,  Vt,  Get.  2,  1842.  lie  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  in  1798  with  highesl  honors; 
was  r  teacher  in  a  private  famih  in  Richmond, 
\a,  for  a  year  afterwards;  and,  returning  in 

feeble    health    in    1-"-'.  he    studied    thcnlogv.and 


3  CHANTILLY,  BATTLE  OF 

became  pastor  of  the  Federal  Street  Chnrcb  in 
Boston.  June  1.  1803.  All  through  bis  laborious 
life   he   suffered   from   ill -health.     In   1822  he 


WILLIAM    ELLERY   ( lUNXIXG. 

sought  physical  improvement  by  a  voyage  to 
Europe,  and  in  1830  he  went  to  St.  Croix.  W.  I., 
for  the  same  purpose.  With  a  colleague  he  Oc- 
casionally officiated  in  the  pulpit  until  1840, 
when  he  resigned.    In  Angnst,  1842, he  delivered 

his  last  public  address  at  LeuOX,  Mass..  in  com- 
memoration of  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the 
West  Indies.  Mr.  Channing.  with  the  purest 
Christian  spirit,  did  more  than  any  man  of  his 
time  towards  disenthralling  the  human  mind 
from  the  bonds  of  theological  systems  as  inflex- 
ible as  oast-iron.  Benevolence  and  love  for  his 
fellow -men  appear  in  all  his  utterances.  His 
writings  preach  as  with  a  living  tongue. 

Chantilly,  BATTLE  OP.  On  Hie  morning  af- 
ter the  second  battle  at  Boll's  Bon  (which  see). 
Pope  was  joined  at  Centrcville  by  the  cups  of 
Franklin  and  Sumner.  The  next  day  (Sept.  1, 
1862),  Fee,  not  disposed  to  make  a  direct  at- 
tack upon  the  Nationals,  sent  .lackson  on  an- 
other Hanking  movement,  the  latter  taking  with 
him  Ins  own  and  Fwell's  division.  With  in- 
structions to  assail  and  turn  Pope's  right,  he 
Crossed  Ball's  Pun  at  Sndley  Ford,  and,  alter  a 
while,  turning  to  the  right,  turned  down  the 
Little  River  pike,  and  marched  towards  Fairfax 
Court-house.  Pope  had  prepared  to  meet  this 
movement.  Ileintzelman  and  Hooker  were  or- 
dered to  different  points,  and  just  before  sun- 
set Reno  met  Jackson's  advance  (Ewell  and 
Hill)  near  Chantilly.  A  cold  and  drenching 
rain  was  falling,  tint  it  did  not  prevent  an  im- 
mediate engagemeut.       Very  soon   McDowell. 

Hooker,  and  Kearney  came  to  Reno's  assist- 
ance.       A    very    severe    battle    raged   for    some 

time,  when  General  Isaac  .1.  Stevens  (see  Port 
Royal  Ferry),  leading  Reno's  second  division  in 
person,  was  shot  dead.     His  command  fell  back 

in  disorder.  Seeing  this.  General  Kearney  ad- 
vanced with  his  division  and  renewed  the  ac- 
tion, sending  liirney's  brigade  to  the  front.  A 
furious  thunder-storm  was  then  raging,  winch 
made1  the  use  of  ammunition  very  difficult. 
Unheeding  this.  Kearney  brought  forward  a 
battery,    and    planted    it     in    position    himself. 


CHAPULTEPEC,  BATTLE  OF  2 

Thou,  perceiving  a  gap  caused  by  the  retirement 
of  Stevens's  men,  he  pushed  forward  to  recon- 
noitre, and  was  shot  dead  a  little  within  the 
Confederate  lines,  just  at  sunset,  and  the  com- 
mand of  his  division  devolved  on  Birney,  who 
instantly  made  a  bayonet  charge  with  his  own 
brigade  of  New  York  troops,  led  by  Colonel  Pa- 
gan. The  Confederates  were  pushed  back  some 
distance.  Birney  held  the  field  that  night,  and 
the  broken  and  demoralized  army  was  with- 
drawn within  the  lines  at  Washington  the  next 
day.  After  the  battle  at  Chantilly,  the  Army 
of  Virginia  was  merged  into  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac,  and  General  Pope  returned  to  service 
in  the  west.  The  loss  of  Pope's  army,  from  Ce- 
dar Mountain  (which  see)  to  Chantilly, in  killed, 
wounded,  prisoners,  and  missing,  was  estimated 
at  30,000.  Lee's  losses  during  the  same  time 
amounted  to  about  15,000.  He  claimed  to  have 
taken  7000  prisoners,  with  2000  sick  and  wound- 
ed, thirty  pieces  of  artillery,  and  20,000  small- 
arms.  Of  the  91,000  veteran  troops  from  the 
Peninsula,  lying  near,  Pope  reported  that  only 
20,500  men  had  joined  him  in  confronting  Lee. 

Chapultepec,  Battle  OP.  The  city  of  Mex- 
ico stands  on  a  slight  swell  of  ground,  near  the 
centre  of  an  irregular  basin,  and  encircled  by  a 
broad  and  deep  navigable  canal.  The  approach- 
es to  the  city  are  over  elevated  causeways.  Hank- 
ed by  ditches.  From  these  the  capital  is  en- 
tered by  arched  gateways;  and  these,  when  the 
victorious  Americans  approached  the  city  (Au- 
gust, 1-47),  were  strongly  fortified.  When  El 
Molino  del  Key  and  Casa  de  Mala  (which  see) 
had  been  captured  (Sept.  8, 1847),  the  Castle  of 
Chapultepec  alone  remained  as  a  defence  for  the 
city  —  this  and  its  outworks.  The  hill,  steep 
and  rocky,  rises  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  above 
the  surrounding  country.  The  castle  was  built 
of  heavy  stone  masonry.  The  whole  fortress 
was  nine  hundred  feet  in  length,  and  the  lim- 
pid)) and  main  buildings  six  hundred  feet.  The 
castle  was  about  ten  feel  in  height,  and  present- 
ed a  splendid  specimen  of  military  architect- 
ure. A  dome,  rising  about  twenty  feet  above 
the  walls,  gave  it  a  grand  appearance.  Two 
strongly  built  walls  surrounded  the  whole 
structure,  ten  feet  apart  and  twelve  or  fifteen 
feet  high.     The  works  were  thoroughly  armed, 

and  the  garrison,  among  whom   were  son \- 

port  French  gunners,  was  commanded  bj  Gen- 
eral Bravo.  The  whole  hill  was  spotted  with 
forts  and  outworks.      To  carry  this  Strong  posl 

with  the  hast  loss  of  men, Scotl  determined  to 

bailer  il  with  heavy  cannons.      Accordingly,  on 

the  night  of  Sept.  il,  four  batteries  of  beavj 
cannons  were  ere<ted  on  a  hill  between  Tuoa- 
baya  and  Chapultepec, commanded  respectively 

by  Captains  Drew,  llaynes.  and  Brooks,  ami 
I.ieutenanl  Stone.  They  were  placed  in  posi- 
tion by  the  eugineer  officers  linger  and  Lee 
(the  latter  afterwards  coinmander-in-i  bic  f  of 
the  Confederate  army).     On   the  morning  of 

the   18th   theM    batteries   opened    lire,  ever]    ball 

crashing  through  the  castle  and  every  shell 

tearing  up  tin'   ramparts.      The  lire  of  the   Mel 

loans  was  not  leas  severe,  and  this  duel  of  great 
guns  was  kepi  up  all  day.     flu-  uexl  morning 


4  CHARLES  I.  OF  ENGLAND 

(13th)  troops  moved  to  assail  the  works,  at  their 
weakest  point,  in  two  columns,  one  led  by  Gen- 
eral Pillow  and  the  other  by  General  Quitman. 
Pillow  marched  to  assail  the  works  on  the  west 
side,  while  Quitman  made  a  demonstration  on 
the  easterly  part.  Both  columns  were  preceded 
by  a  strong  party— that  of  Pillow  by  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty  of  Worth's  division,  commanded 
by  Captain  McKenzie  ;  and  that  of  Quitman  by 
the  same  number,  commanded  by  Captain  Ca- 
rey. Kaeh  storming  party  was  furnished  with 
scaling-ladders.  While  the  troops  were  ad- 
vancing the  American  batteries  kept  up  a  con- 
tinuous fire  over  their  heads  upon  the  works  to 
prevent  reinforcements  reaching  the  Mexicans. 
Pillow's  column  bore  the  brunt  of  the  battle. 
It  first  carried  a  redoubt,  and  drove  the  Mexi- 
cans from  .shelter  to  Bheltor.  At  length  the 
ditch  and  wall  of  the  main  work  were  reached  ; 
the  scaling-ladders  and  fascines  were  brought 
up  and  planted  by  the  storming  parties:  and 
the  work  was  soon  taken  and  the  American 
Hag  unfurled  over  the  ramparts  amid  prolong- 
ed shouts.  Meanwhile  Quitman's  column  had 
moved  along  a  causeway,  captured  two  batter- 
ies, and  joined  Pillow's  column  in  time  to  share 
in  the  work  of  accomplishing  a  final  victory. 
Together  they  took  the  strong  Castle  of  Cha- 
pultepec and  scattered  its  defenders  in  e\ery 
direction.  It  was  literally  torn  in  pieces;  and 
within,  a  crowd  of  prisoners  of  all  colors  were 
seized,  among  them  fifty  general  officers.  Then 
were  also  one  hundred  cadets  of  the  Military 
College,  the  latter  '•  pretty  little  boys,"  wrote  an 
American  officer,  "from  ten  to  sixteen  years  of 
Several  of  their  little  companions  had 
been  killed,  "fighting  like  demons."  The  fugi- 
tives tied  to  the  city,  along  an  aqueduct,  pur- 
sued by  General  Quitman  to  the  verj  gates,  en- 
gaged all  the  way  in  a  running  light,  which  was 
sometimes  severe. 

Character  of  the  Treaty  of  Peace  with 
Great  Britain  (1782).  Bancroft  Bays  I  \.  .">'.'l  |  i 
'•'flu'  treaty  was  not  a  Compromise,  nor  a  com- 
pact imposed  by  force,  but  a  free  and  perfect 
solution  and  perpetual  settlement  of  all  that 
had  been  called  in  question.  By  doing  an  act 
of  justice  to  her  former  colonies,  England  res- 
cued her  own  liberties  at  home  from  imminent 
danger,  and  opened  the  wax  for  their  slow  but 
certain  development." 

Charles  I.  of  England,  son  of  .lames  I.,  was 
born  at  Dunfermline.  Fifeshire,  Scotland,  Nov, 
19,  1600;  beheaded  in  London,  Jan.  30,  1649, 
The  death  of  his  elder  brother,  Henry,  in  1619, 
made  him  heir  apparent  to  the  throne,  which 
he   ascended    as   king   in    1695.      He   sought    the 

hand  of  the  infanta  of  Spain,  but  fmalU  mar- 
ried 1 1695)  Henrietta  Maria,  daughter  of  Henty 
IV.  of  France,  she  was  a  Roman  Catholic, 
ami  had  been  procured  for  Charles  by  the  In- 
famous Duke  of  Buckingham,  whose  influence 
over  i  be  young  king  produced  disasters  to  Hol- 
land and  to  the  monarch  himself.     Charles  was 

naturally  a  good  man,  but  his  education,  espe- 
cially concerning  the  doctrine  of  the  divine 
right    of   kings    ami    the    sanctity    of  the   ro\al 


CHARLES  II. 


225   CHARLESTON,  ATTEMPT  TO  CAPTURE 


prerogative,  led  to  au  outbreak  iu  England, 
which  cost  bim  bis  life.  Civil  war  began  in 
1641,  and  ended  with  his  execution  at  tlie  be- 
ginning of  1649.  His  reign  was  at  first  suc- 
ceeded by  tlie  rule  of  the  "Long  Parliament," 
and  then  by  Cromwell — a  half-monarch,  called 
tbe  "Protector."  After  various  vicissitudes 
during  tbe  civil  war,  be  was  raptured,  and  im- 
prisoned in  Carisbrooke  Castle,  in  tbe  Isle  of 
Wight,  from  whence  he  was  taken  to  London 
at  the  close  of  1648.  He  was  brought  to  trial 
before  a  special  high  court  in  Westminster  Hall 
on  .Jan.  20,  lt>4(.»,  and  on  the  27th  was  eon* 
tlemned  to  death.  He  was  beheaded  on  a  scaf- 
fold in  front  of  the  banqueting-honse  at  White- 
hall on  the  30th.  Charles  bad  eight  children 
by  bis  qneen,  Henrietta,  six  of  whom  survived 
him.  His  family  was  driven  into  exile;  but  a 
little  more  than  eleven  years  after  bis  death 
bis  eldest  son.  Charles,  ascended  tbe  throne 
as  King  of  Great  Britain.  The  son  held  much 
more  intimate  relations,  as  monarch,  with  tbe 
English-American  colonies  than  the  father. 

Charles  II.,  son  and  successor  of  Charles  I. 
of  England,  who  was  beheaded  in  1649.  His 
mother  was  Henrietta  Maria,  daughter  of  Hen- 
ry [V.  of  France,  and  Bister  of  the  then  reigning 
kiug  of  that  realm.  As  the  fortunes  of  his  fa- 
ther waned,  bis  mother 
returned  to  fiance, 
w  here  he  joined  her  : 
and,  at  the  Hagne,  he 
beard  of  tlie  death  of 

bis  parent  by  the  axe, 

when  he  assumed  the 
title  of  king,  and  was 
proclaimed  such  at  Ed- 
inburgh, Feb.  :!,  1649. 
He  was  crowned  at 
Scone,  Scotland,  .Ian. 
1,  1651.  After  au  un- 
charles  n.*  successful  warfare  with 

Cromwell  for  the  throne, 
be  lied  to  Paris;  and  finally  be  became  a  resi- 
dent of  Breda,  in  Belgium,  whence  he  was  called 
to  England  by  a  vol.'  of  Parliament,  and  re- 
stored to  the  bhroue  of  his  father,  Ma\  8,  I860, 
He  was  a  very  profligate  monarch -- indolent, 
amiable,  and  unscrupulous.     He  misgoverned 


England  twenty-live  years  in  an  arbitrary  man- 
ner, and  disgraced  the  nation.  He  became  a 
Bdman  Catholic,  although  professing  to  be  a 
Protestant  ;  and,  when  dying  from  a  stroke 
of  apoplexy  (Feb.  6,  1685),  he   confessed  to  a 


*  Thin  likeness,  iii  Inrli;i  ink.  is  at  Hie  head  nf  tlie  "hi  >  liar 
!■!  hen i.  ni ven  tiy  Charles  il      1 1  is  si m|  in  be  from 

the  hand  of  a  celebrated  Bngllsh  miniature  pi 

Cooper,  a  native  of  [/Ondon)  who  pninteil  likenesses  of  Oliver 
Cromwell  John  Milton,  and  other  distinguished  men.  Cooper 
died  in  1C72. 

I.— 15 


Roman  Catholic  priest,  and  received  extreme 
unction  at  bis  bands.  The  throne  descended 
to  bis  brother  James,  an  avowed  Roman  Cath- 
olic.    (See  James  II.) 

Charles  II.  and  his  Rapaciovs  Courtiers. 
Iu  March,  1663,  Charles  II.  granted  to  several 
of  his  courtiers  tbe  vast  domain  of  the  Caro- 
lines in  America.  (See  Grantees  of  North  Caro- 
lina.) They  were  men,  most  of  them  past  mid- 
dle life  in  years,  and  possessed  of  the  "  easy 
virtues''  which  distinguished  the  reign  of  that 
profligate  monarch.  They  begged  tbe  domain 
under  pretence  of  a  "pious  zeal  for  tbe  propa- 
gation of  the  Gospel  among  the  heathen,"  while 
their  real  object  was  to  rob  tbe  "heathen"  of 
these  valuable  lauds,  and  to  accumulate  riches 
and  honors  for  themselves.  It  is  said  that 
when  these  petitioners  appeared  before  Charles 
in  the  gardens  al  Hampton  Court,  and  present- 
ed their  memorial  so  full  of  pious  pretensions. 
tbe  monarch,  after  looking  each  man  in  the 
face  for  a  moment,  with  a  merry  twinkle  in  his 
eyes,  burst  into  loud  laughter,  in  which  his  au- 
dience joined  involuntarily.  Then  taking  up 
a  little  shaggy  spaniel,  with  large  meek  eves, 
and  holding  it  at   arm's-length  before  them,  he 

said,  "G 1    friends,  here   is   a    model    of  piety 

and  sincerity  which  it  might  be  wholesome  for 
you  to  copy."  Then,  tossing  the  little  pel  to 
Clarendon,  he  said,  "There,  Hyde,  is  a  worthy 
prelate;  make  him  archbishop  of  the  domain 
I  shall  give  you."  With  grim  satire,  Charles 
introduced  into  tbe  preamble  of  their  charter 
that  the  petitioners,  "excited  with  a  laudable 
and  pious  /cal  for  the  propagation  of  tlie  Gos- 
pel, have  begged  a  certain  country  in  the  parts 
of  America  not  yet  cultivated  and  planted,  and 
only  inhabited  by  some  barbarous  people,  who 
have  no  knowledge  of  God." 

Charles  n.,  PROCLAMATION  of,  as  Kino,  in 
Maryland.  When  news  reached  Maryland  that 
Charles  I.  bad  been  beheaded,  and  his  son 
Charles  proclaimed  king  in  Scotland,  Green, 
acting  governor  of  Maryland,  caused  him  to  be 
proclaimed  king  by  that  colony.  He  was  also 
so  proclaimed  in  Virginia.  This  act  perplexed 
the  time-server  Lord  Baltimore.  He  was  evi- 
dently seconded  by  the  young  heir  to  Eng- 
land's throne,  who.  disregarding  tbe  proprietary 
rights  of  his  lordship,  appointed  Sir  William 
Davenant,  then  an  exile  in  France,  where  the 
young  monarch  soon  sought  shelter. 

Charleston.     ( See  Siege  of  Charleston,  1780.) 

Charleston,  ATTEMPT  to  Captubh  (1863). 
Although  Charleston  had  become  a  Compara- 
tively unimportant  point  in  the  grand  theatre 
of  war  at  tin'  beginning  of  1863,  its  possession 
was  coveted  by  tbe  National  government  be- 
cause of  the  salutary  moral  effect  which  such  a 
conquest  would  produce.  A  strong  effort  to  ac- 
complish that  end  was  made  in  the  spring  of 
1863.  On  April  6  Admiral  Dupont  crossed 
Charleston  bar  with  nine,  "monitors,"  or  tur- 
reted  iron  vessels,  leaving  five  gunboats  out- 
side as  a  reserve,  and  proceeded  to  attack  Port 
Sumter  —  the  most  formidable  object  in  the 
way  to  the  city.     At   the    same  time,  a  laud 


CHARLESTON,  ATTEMPT  TO  CAPTURE  2-26  CHARLESTON,  ATTEMPT  TO  CAPTURE 


force  near  :it  hand,  four  thousand  strong,  under 
General  Truman  Seymour,  took  a  masked  posi- 
tion on  Folly  Island,  ready  to  CO -operate,  if 
necessary.  The  military  works  that  defended 
Charleston  were  numerous  and  formidable.  Be- 
tween forts  Sumter  and  Moultrie  the  sea  was 
strewn  with  torpedoes,  and  there  were  other 
formidable  obstructions.  On  Morris  Island, 
abreast  of  Fort  Sumter,  was  a  strong  work, 
called  Fort  Wagner.  Dupont's  squadron  lay 
quietly  within  the  har  until  noon  of  April  7, 
when  it  advanced  directly  upon  Sumter,  intend- 
ing not  to  reply  to  any  attack  from  Fort  Wagner. 
The  Weehawken  led.  Dnpont  was  ignorant  of  the 
torpedoes,  hut  the  discovery  of  these  soon  ex- 
plained the  ominous  silence  of  Sumter  and 
Fort  Wanner  as  he  advanced.  Suddenly,  when 
the  Weehawken  had  become  entangled  in  a  net- 
work of  cables,  the  barbette  gnus  of  Sumter 
opened  upon  her  with  plunging  shot.  Then 
the  other  ••monsters  of  the  deep"  commanded 
by  Dnpont  came  forward  and  delivered  tre- 
mendous discharges  of  heavy  metal  on  Sum- 
ter, and  at  the  same  time  that  fortress,  Fort 
Wagner,  and  other  batteries,  with  an  aggie- 
gate  of  nearly  three  hundred  guns,  poured 
heavy  shot  and  shell  upon  the  squadron — then 
within  the. focus  of  their  concentric  lire — at  the 
rate  of  one  hundred  and  sixty  a  minute.  A 
greater  portion  of  these  missiles  glanced  off 
harmlessly  from  the  mailed  '■monitors."  The 
weaker  Keokuk  was  nearly  destroyed;  till  of  the 
other  vessels  were  more  or  less  injured.  The 
flag-ship  was  in  peril,  and  Fort  Sumter 
was  but  slightly  hurt,  when  Dnpont, 
after  a  terrible  tight  of  forty  minutes, 
signalled. the  squadron  to  withdraw. 
In  that  time  it  was  estimated  the  Con- 
federates tired  thirty -live  hundred 
shells  and  shots.  The  attack  was  a 
failure,  but  not  a  disaster.  Dnpont 
lost  but  a  lew  men,  and  only  one 
vessel.  It  was  now  seen  that  a  land 
force  on  Morris  Island  to  keep  I'm  t 
Wagner  employed  was  necessary  to 
secure  a  successful  attack  on  Sumter. 
After  this  attack.  Dnpont  watched  the 
Confederates  on  Mollis  Island,  and 
ilid  not  allow  them  to  erect  any  more 
works  on  it.  General  Quincy  A.. Gill- 
more  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  De- 
partment of  the  South  June  2.  \^>-i.  The 
government  determined  to  renew  the  attack  on 
Fort  Sumter  by  a  land  and  naval  force,  (iill- 
moie  was  at  the  head  of  eighteen  thousand 
men,   with    a    generous    supply   of  great -guns. 

small -arms,  and  ordnance  stores.  He  deter- 
mined to  seize  Moriis  island  preliminary  to  an 

attack  on  Sumter  and  Charleston.  That  island 
and  I  lie  military  works  in  his  possession,  he 
Blight  batter  down  Fort  Sumter  from  Port 
Wagner,    with    the    aid    of   the    na\\.    ami    lav 

Charleston  in  ashes  by  fning  shells,  if  it  should 
not  tie  surrendered.  As  Dnpont  did  not  ap- 
prove tin-,  plan.  Admiral  Dahlgren  took  his 
place  in  July.  Gillinore  had  batteries  con 
■tracted,  under  the  direction  of  General  Vog- 

ili-MHi  the  mulhein  end  of  I'. dlv   Island.     This 


work  was  completely  masked  by  a  pine  forest. 

When  all  was  in  readiness,  General  Alfred  H. 
Terry  was  sent,  with  nearly  four  thousand 
troops,  up  the  Stono  River,  to  make  a  demon- 
stration against  James  Island  to  mask  Gill- 
moie's  real  intentions,  and  Colonel  T.  W.  Hig- 
ginson.  w  ith  some  negro  troops,  went  up  the  Ed- 
isto  to  cut  the  railway  communication  between 
Charleston  and  Savannah.  Thirty  hours  after 
Terry's  departure  General  George  ('.Strong  si- 
lently embarked  two  thousand  men  in  small 
boats,  and  crossed  over  to  Morris  Island  he- 
fore  dawn  (July  13),  unsuspected  by  the  Con- 
federates. At  that  hour  Vogdes's  masked  bat- 
teries opened  a  tremendous  cannonade,  and 
Dahlgren's  four  "monitors."  at  the  same  time, 
opened  a  cross-tire  upon  the  Confederates,  who 
saw  the  amazing  apparition  of  a  strong  Nation- 
al force  ready  to  attack  them.  After  a  sharp 
battle,  Strong  gained  possession  of  the  powerful 
Confederate  works  on  the  southern  end  of  Mor- 
ris Island,  with  eleven  guns.  The  occupants 
were  driven  away,  and  took  shelter  in  Fort 
Wagner,  the  garrison  of  which  had  been  kept 
quiet  by  Dahlgren's  guns.  Meanwhile.  Terry 
had  fought  and  repulsed  Confederate  assailants 
at  Seeessioiiville.  on  James  Island,  in  which  he 
lost  about  one  hundred  men,  and  his  adversary 
two  hundred.  He  then  hastened  to  Morris  Isl- 
and to  join  in  the  attack  on  Fort  Wagner.  Five 
batteries  were -speedily  erected  across  the  island 
to  coufrout  Wagner,  and  at  noon  (July  1".  *  i  1 1 1  - 
more  opened  a  bombardment  of  that  fort.    Dahl- 


IMI    M'l.INTKK    I'llOOF.    KOliT    V  H.NKII. 


gnu.  at  the  same  time,  moved  his  "monitors" 
nearer  to  it.  and  poured  a  continuous  stream 
of  shells  upon  it.  From  noon  until  sunset  one 
hundred  guns  were  continually  assailing  the 
(bit,  which  replied  with  only  two  guns  at  long 
intervals.  When  night  fell,  a  tremendous  thun- 
der-storm swept  oxer  the  harbor  ami  the  isl- 
ands, when  Geueral  Strong,  with  a  heavj  storm- 
ing party,  moved   upon   the   fort.      It    was  i ■ 

posed  of  a  Massachusetts  regiment  of  colored 
troops,  nnder  Colonel  R.  G.  8haw,  and  one  regi- 
ment each  from  Connecticut,  New  Hampshire. 
New  York,  and  Pennsylvania.  The  storming 
party  advanced  against  a  shower  of  shot  and 
shell  from  Wagner,  Sumter,  and  Halt.  I 
When   at    the   fort    they  were  met    by   a   I'm  ions 

tempest  of  musketry,  while  howitzers  swept 
the   ditch   When   the    assailants   wen     I 


CHARLESTON,  ATTEMPT  TO  CAPTURE  227    CHARLESTON,  EVACUATION  OF 


Hand-grenades  were  also  thrown  upon  the  Un- 
ionists. Colonel  Sbaw  was  shot  dead,  and  fell 
among  the  slain  of  his  dusky  followers.  Gen- 
eral Strong,  and  also  Col 1  Chatfield,  of  the 

Connecticut  regiment,  were  mortally  wound- 
ed. The  Nationals  were  repulsed,  when  anoth- 
er brigade  pushed  forward  to  the  assault,  led 
by  Colonel  11.  L.  Putnam.  It  was  composed  of 
Ohio  and  New  York  troops.  Some  of  Putnam's 
men  actually  got  into  the  fort,  hut  were  ex- 
pelled. Pinally  their  leader  was  killed,  and 
the  second  storming  party  was  repulsed.  The 
loss  on  the  part  of  the  Nationals  was  fearful. 
The  Confederates  said  they  buried  six  hundred 
of  them  in  front  of  the  fort.  Among  the  bodies 
of  the  slain  so  buried  was  that  of  Colonel  Shaw, 
which  was  cast  into  a  trench,  and  upon  it  were 
piled  those  of  his  slain  colored  troops.  He  was 
bated  by  the  ( 'ont'ederates  because  he  com- 
manded negro  troops.  Gillmore  now  aban- 
doned the  idea  of  assaults,  and  began  a  regular 
liege.  He  planted  batteries  of  heavy  siege 
and  breaching  guns  at  different  points,  and 
mounted  a  200 -pound  PaiTOtt  gun  upon  a 
battery  constructed  of  timber  in  a,  marsh  be- 
tween Morris  and  .lames  Islands,  which  might 
hurl  shell  upon  the  city,  or,  at  least,  upon  the 
•hipping  and  wharves  of  Charleston.  This  gun 
was  named  "  Tbe  8\i  amp  Angel."  It  was  about, 
the  miles  from  Charleston.  On  the  morning 
of  Aug.  17,  Gillmore,  having  completed  bis  ar- 
rangements for  attack,  opened  the  guns  from 
twelve  batteries  and  from  Dahlgreu's  naval 
force  on  Ports  Sumter  and  Wagner  and  Bat- 
tery Gregg.  Port  Sumter,  two  miles  distant, 
was  the  chief  object  of  attack-  -to  make  it 
powerless  as  an  assistant  of  Fort  Wagner. 
This   was   continued    until   the   24th,  when  Gill- 

muie  telegraphed  to  Washington,  "Fort  Sum- 
ter is  to-day  a  shapeless  and  harmless  mass 
of  ruins."  "The  Swamp  Angel"  sent  some 
150-pound  shells  that  fell  in  Charleston  —  one 
penetrating  St. Michael's  Church-   and  greatly 

alarmed  the  ) pie.      On  the  fall  of  Sumter, 

the  attack  cent nd  on  Fort  Wagner;  and  at 
two  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  Sept.  7,  Gen- 
eral Terry,  with  three  thousand  troops,  in 
three  columns,  was  about  to  advance  to  assail 
that  strong  Ibrtilicat  ion,  when  it  was  found 
that  the  Confederates  had  evacuated  it  and 
Battery  Gregg  before  midnight.  During  for- 
ty hours  no  less  than  one  hundred  and  twenty 
thousand  pounds  of  iron  bad  been  rained  upon 
the  fort.  Dahlgren,  beliei  ing  the  channel  to  be 
strewn  with  torpedoes,  did  not  venture  to  ptjss 
tin-  silent  forts  with  bis  vessels  and  appear  be- 
fore Charleston.  Indeed,  Sumter  was  not  dead, 
but  slumbering.  On  the  nighl  of  Sept.  8  a  por- 
tion of  the  men  of  the  si|iiadron  went  ill  thirty 
row-boats  to  take  possession  of  Suniter.  They 
scaled  the  ruins,  where,  as  they  supposed,  I  lie 
decimated  garrison  were  sleeping,  but  were  met 

by  determined  men,  and  repulsed.  They  were 
assailed  not  only  by  the  garrison,  but  by  neigh- 
boring batteries,  a  gunboat,  and  a  "  rain,"  and 
lost     two    hundred    men,   four   boats,  and    three 

Mors.  Finally,  on  Oct. 26,  perceiving  the  gar- 
rison  mounting  canUOUS  On   the  southeast    face 


of  Suniter,  to  command  Fort  Wagner,  Gillmore 
opened  heavy  rifled  cannons  on  the  former,  which 
soon  reduced  it  to  an  utterly  untenable  ruin. 
From  that  time  until  near  the  close  of  the  year 
Gillmore  kept  up  an  irregular  fire  on  Charles- 
ton, when,  seeing  no  prospect  of  the  fleet  enter- 
ing the  harbor,  he  kept  silent.  (See  Charleston, 
Evacuation  of,  1865.) 

Charleston,  DEFENCE  of  (1770).  In  the  spring 
of  1770  a  considerable  fleet,  under  Admiral  Sir 
Peter  Parker,  sailed  from  England  with  troops, 
under  Earl  Comwallis,  to  operate  against  the 
coasts  of  the  Southern  provinces.  This  arma- 
ment joined  that  of  Sir  Henry  Clinton  at  Cape 
Fear.  After  some  marauding  operations  in  that 
region,  the  united  forces  proceeded  to  Charles- 
ton Harbor,  to  make  a  combined  attack  by  land 
and  water  upon  Fort  Sullivan,  on  Sullivan's  Isl- 
and, and  then   to   seize   the   city   and  province. 

The  Southern  patriots  had  cheerfully  responded 

to  the  call  ofGovernOT  Rutledge  to  come  to  the 

defence  of  Charleston,  and  about  six  thousand 
armed  men  wire  in  the  vicinity  w  lieu  the  enemy 
appeared.  The  city  and  eligible  points  near  had 
been  fortified.  Fort  Sullivan  w  as  composed  of 
Palmetto  logs  and  earth,  armed  with  twenty-six 
cannons,  and  garrisoned  by  about   five  hundred 

men,  chiefly  militia,  under  Colonel  William  Moul- 
trie. It  commanded  the  channel  leading  to  the 
town.  General  Charles  Lee.  who  had  been  or- 
dered by  Washington  to  watch  the  movements 
of  Clinton,  bad  made  his  way  soul  hward,  and 
arrived  at  Charleston  on  the  4th  of  dune,  but 
was  of  no  service  whatever.  Late  in  the  month 
Clinton  had  landed  troops  on  Long  Island, 
whioh  was  separated  from  Sullivan's  Island  by  a 
shallow  creek.  There  be  erected  batteries  to 
confront  those  on  Sullivan's  Island,  and  awaited 
the  signal  for  attack  by  Parker.  It  was  given 
on  the  morning  of  the  28th  (June),  and  a  terri- 
ble storm  of  shot  and  shell  was  poured  upon  the 
fort,  with  very  little  effect, for  the  Bpongy  Pal- 
metto Logs  would  not  fracture,  and  the  balls 
were  embedded  in  them.    The  conflict  raged  for 

almost  tell  hours  between  the  fort  and  the  tleet, 
and  the  latter  was  terribly  shattered.  Mean- 
while Clinton  had  endeavored  to  pass  over  to 
Sullivan's  island  with  two  thousand  men,  but 
was  kepi  back  by  the  determined  troops  under 

Colonel  Thompson  with  two  cannons  and  deadly 

lilies.  The  fire  from  the  licet  slackened  at  sun- 
set, and  ceased  at  nine  o'clock.      The  admiral's 

flag-ship  (Bristol)  and  another  were  nearly  a 
wreck.    The  flag-ship  was  pierced  by  not  less 

than  seventy  balls.      All   but   two  of  the  vessels 

(which  were  destroyed)  withdrew.  The  Brit- 
ish lost  iii  the  engagement  two  hundred  and 

twenty-live  men  killed  and  wounded,  while  the 
Americans  lost  but  two  killed  and  twenty-one 
wonnded.  Three  days  afterwards  the  British 
all  departed  for  New  York;   and  the  fort,  so 

gallantly  defended,  was  called  Fort  Moultrie  iu 

honor  of  its  commander. 

Charleston,  EVACUATION  0P(  1782),  took  place 

on  Dee.  1).  Leslie  had  levelled  the  fortifica- 
tions around  the  city,  and  demolished  Fort 
Johnson,  on  St., John's  Island,  near  by,  on  the 


CHARLESTON,  EVACUATION  OF         228 


CHARTER  OAK 


morning  of  the  13th.  The  American  army  slow- 
ly approached  the  city  that  day.  ami  at  dawn 

the  next  morning  the  British  marched  to  Gads- 
den's wharf  and  embarked.  An  American  de- 
tachment took  formal  possession  of  the  town. 
At  three  o'clock  P.M.  General  Greene  escorted 
Governor  Mathews  and  other  civil  officers  to 
the  Town-hall,  the  troops  greeted  on  their  way 
by  cheers  from  windows  and  balconies,  and 
even  from  housetops.  Handkerchiefs  waved,  and 
thoi18ande  Of  voices  exclaimed.  "  God  bless  you, 
gentlemen!  Welcome  !  welcome  !"  Before  uight 
the  British  squadron  (about  three  hundred  ves- 
sels) crossed  the  bar,  and  the  last  sail  was  seen 
like  a  white  speck  just  as  the  suu  went  down. 

Charleston,  Evacuation  of  (1865).  When 
Hardee,  iu  command  of  the  Con  federate  troops  at 
Charleston,  heard  of  the  fall  of  Columbia  (which 
see),  he  perceived  the  necessity  for  his  immedi- 
ate flight,  by  the  ouly  railway  then  left  open  for 
his  use,  and  of  endeavoring  to  join  Beauregard, 
with  the  remnant  of  Hood's  army  (see  Nashville, 
Battle  of),  then  making  their  way  into  North 
Carolina,  where  Johnston  was  gathering  all  of 
his  available  forces  in  Sherman's  path.  Har- 
dee at  once  tired  every  building,  warehouse,  or 
shed  in  Charleston  stored  with  cotton,  and  de- 
stroyed as  much  other  property  that  might  be 
useful  to  the  Nationals  as  possible.  The  few  re- 
maining inhabitants  in  the  city  were  tilled  with 
consternation,  for  the  flames  spread  through  the 
town.  An  explosion  of  gunpowder  shook  the 
city  to  its  foundations  and  killed  full  two  hun- 
dred persons.  Four  whole  squares  of  build- 
ings were  consumed.  That  night  (Feb.  17, 1865) 
the  last  of  Hardee's  troops  left.  Charleston.  On 
the  following  morning  Major  Hennessy,  sent 
from  Morris  Island,  raised  the  National  flag  over 
ruiued  Fort  Sumter.  The  mayor  surrendered  the 
city,  and  some  National  troops,  with  negroes  in 
Charleston,  soon  extinguished  the  flames  that 
threatened  to  devour  the  whole  town.  On  that 
day  (Feb.  18,  1865)  the  city  of  Charleston  was 
■■  repossessed"  by  the  National  government,  with 
over  four  hundred  and  tifty  pieces  of  art  tilery,  a 
large  amount   of  gunpowder,  and  eight  locotno- 

ii\  is  ;iud  other  rolling-stock  of  a  railway.  Gen- 
eral  Gillnioro  took  possession  of  the  city,  and 
appointed  Lieutenant-colonel  Stewart  L.Wood- 
ford military  governor. 

Charleston  Founded.  The  Aral  capital  of 
the  colony  ofSontb  Carolina   was  erected  on   a 

bluff  of  the  Ashley  River;  but  in  1680  it  was 

abandoned,  and  a   new   city   founded   on  Oyster 
Point,  at  the  junction  of  the  Ashley  and  Cooper 
1,'iv.  is.  and  named  Charles  Town  (now   Charles- 
ton) in  com  pi  i  men  t  to  the  king,  Charles  II. 
Charleston  Harbor,  INVASION  OF,  B1    SPAM 

[arm  vsn  Frenchmen.  Provoked  by  the  at- 
tach <ui  St.  Augustine  by  the  South  Carolinians, 
the  Spaniards  fitted  out  an  expedition  to  retal- 
iate. It  consisted  of  live  vessels  of  war.  under 
the  command  of  the  lYeiich  admiral  I  .e  I'eboure, 

bearings  large  bodj  of  troops  from  Havana.  It 
was  proposed  t"  o |uer  the  provluoe  of  South 

Carolina   and   attach    it    to  Spanish   teiritorv    in 

Florida     The  squadron  crossed  Charleston  Bar 


(May,  1706),  and  about  eight  hundred  troops 
were  landed  at  different  points.  Then  the  com- 
mander made  a  peremptory  demand  for  the  sur- 
render of  the  city,  threatening  to  take  it  by 
storm  in  ease  of  refusal.  Governor  Moore,  ap- 
prised of  the  expedition,  was  prepared  for  it. 
When  the  flag  arrived  with  the  demand  for  a 
surrender,  he  had  so  disposed  the  provincial  mi- 
litia and  a  host  of  Indian  warriors  that  it  gave 
an  exaggerated  idea  of  the  strength  of  the  Caro- 
linians. Before  the  messenger  had  made  any 
extended  observations  he  was  dismissed  with 
the  defiant  reply  that  the  people  were  ready  to 
meet  the  promised  attack.  That  night  was 
passed  iu  quiet  :  but  at  dawn  a  strong  party  of 
Carolinians  on  the  shore,  led  by  the  governor. 
and  Colonel  Bhett,  made  a  furious  assault  upon 
tht;  invaders;  killed  many,  captured  more,  and 
drove  the  remnant  back  to  their  ships.  Mean- 
while the  little  provincial  navy,  lying  in  the 
harbor,  prepared  to  attack  the  invading  squad- 
ron, when  the  French  admiral,  amazed  by  this 
display  of  valor,  hoisted  his  anchors  and  tied  to 
sea.  A  French  war-ship,  uninformed  of  these 
events,  soon  afterwards  sailed  into  the  harbor 
with  troops,  and  was  captured.  The  victory 
was  complete,  and  the  Spaniards  became  cir- 
cumspect. 

Charlestown  (Mass.)  Burned.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  battle  on  Bunker's  (Breed's)  Hill, 
Charlestown.  a  handsome  village  of  about  four 
hundred  houses,  situated  near  that  eminence. 
was.  by  order  of  the  British  commander,  set  on 
lire.  The  houses  were  chiefly  of  wood,  ami  in 
a  very  short  time  the  town  was  enveloped  in 
flames  and  smoke. 

Charlestown  (Mass.),  FOUNDING  ok.  Dis- 
satislied  with  the  situation  at  Salem,  Thomas 
Craves,  with  some  of  the  servants  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Bay  Company  under  his  charge,  re- 
moved to  Mishawun  in  1629,  laid  out  a  town 
iu  two-acre  lots,  one  .if  which  he  assigned  to 
each  inhabitant,  and  called  the  place  Charles- 
town. 

Charter,  Nr.w  ROYAL,  FOR  Ma88A(  hi  mi  i>. 
(See  Massachusetts.) 

Charter  Oak,  Tin:,  stood  upon  the  northern 
slop,-  of  the  Wvllvs  Hill,  in  Hartford,  a  beau- 
tiful elevation  on  the  south  side  of  Charter  <>ak 

Street,  a  few  rods  east  from  Main  Street  When 
the  author  visited  and  made  a  sketch  of  the  tree 
in  I  totober,  1848,  il  was  a  "  gnarled  oak  "  indeed. 
The  trunk  was  twenty-live  feet  iu  circumference 
near  the  roots.  A  large  cavity,  about  two  feet 
from  the  ground,  was  the  place  of  concealment 
of  the  original  charier  of  Connecticut  from  the 

snmmer  of  1<>S7  until  the  spring  of  1689,  when 
it  was  brought  forth,  and  under  it  Connection! 
resumed   its  charier  government.      (See  Charter 

of  coinirfticiit.  i  Iu  the  year  1800,  a  daughter  of 
Secretary    Wyllys,  writing  to  Dr.  Holmes,  the. 

annalist,  said  of  this  tree:  "  The  first  inhab- 
itant of  thai  name  [Wvlhs]  found  il  standing 
iu  the  height  Of  its  glory.  Age  seems  to  have 
curtailed  its  branches,  yet  il  is  not  exceeded  Is 
the  height  of  its  coloring  or  the  richness  ot  us 
milage.  The  eai  Itj  which  was  the  asylum  of  our 


CHARTER  OF  CONNECTICUT  2 

charter  was  near  tlie  roots,  and  large  enough  to 
admit  a  child.  Within  the  space  of  eight  years 
that  cavity  lias  closed,  as  if  it  had  fulfilled  the 
divine  purpose  for  which  it  had  been  reared." 


*wv 


TIIK    CHARTER    OAK. 

This  tree  was  blown  down  by  a  heavy  gale  at  a 
little  past  midnight  Ang.21,  1856.  The  Wyllys 
Hill  lias  been  graded  to  a  ten  ace.  called  "  <  'bar- 
ter Oak  Place,"  fronting  on  old  Charter  Oak 
Street,  rnnningeaat  from  Main  Street,  and  now 
called  Charter  <>ak  Avenue.     <>n  the  terrace,  a 

few  feet  from  the  entrance  to  Charter  Oak  Place. 

a  white-marble  slab  marka  the  exact  spot  where 
the  famous  tree  stood. 

Charter  of  Connecticut.     Sir  Edmund  An- 
tra was  appointed  governor-general  of  all  New 

England  in  1686,  and  on  bis  arrival  he  demand- 
ed the  surrender  of  all  the  colonial  charters  un- 
der his  jurisdiction.    ( lonneol  icnt  alone  resisted 

the  demand.  The  viceroy  proceeded  to  Hart- 
ford in  the  autumn  of  lb-7  with  an  armed  force 
to  seize  the  charter  and  extinguish  the  govern- 
ment. This  movement  seems  to  have  been  ex- 
pected for  several  months.  On  the  15th  of  June, 
lb-7.  the  following  entry  was  made  on  the  jour- 
nal of  the  Connection)  Assembly:  "Sundry  of 
the  couit  desiring  thai  the  patent  or  charter 
night  be  brought  into  the  court,  the  secretary 
sent  for  it.  ami  informed  the  governor  and  court 
that    he   had    the   charter,  and    showed   it    to  the 

court ;  and  the  governor  bid  him  put  it  into 
the  box  again  and  lay  it  on  the  table,  and  leave 
the  key   in  the   box.  which    he   did    forthwith." 

This  w;is  :in'  original  charter grauted  by  Charles 

mnecticut),  aud  was  sent  over  in  a  neat 

mahogany  box.     The  records  of  tin-  Assembly 

show  that  a  duplicate  of  that  charter  was  made 
before  Audros  came,  and  this  fad  offers  an  ex- 
planation  of  the   mysterious  action    of   the   As 

sembly.  The  box  was  undoubtedly  left  on  the 
table,  with  the  key  in   it,  for  somebody  to  take 

the  charter  out  without  the  knowledge  or  ap- 
parent connivance  of  the  Connecticut  authori- 
ties. Somebody  did  BO,  aud  caused  a  duplicate 
of  the  charter  to  be  made  on  parchment,  when, 

probably, the  original  charter  was  oonoealed  in 
tin?  hollow  tree  from  whence  it  was  taken  in 
HBB,  and  the  duplicate  placed  in  the  box.  so 
that  if  Audros  should  seize  the  (barter  he  would 


9  CHARTER  OF  PRIVILEGES 

not  have  the  original.  Audros  arrived  at  Hart- 
ford with  sixty  armed  men,  Oct.  31  (0.  S.),  1687, 
and  found  the  Assembly  in  session  in  the  meet- 
ing-house. The  members  received  him  with  the 
courtesy  doe  to  his  rank.  He  went  before  that 
body  and  demanded  the  surrender  of  the  char- 
ter. Tradition  says  that  it  was  near  sunset 
when  he  entered  the  room.  A  debate  in  progress 
was  purposely  prolonged  until  the  candles  wen 
lighted,  when  the  box  containing  the  charter 
was  brought  in  and  placed  on  the  table.  A  pre- 
concerted plan  was  now  executed.  Captain  Jo- 
seph Wadsworth,  whose  train-bands  were  near 
to  protect  the  Assembly  from  violence,  was  in 
the  room.  When  Audros  put  forth  his  hand  to 
take  the  charter,  the  lights  were  put  out.  and 
tin?  box  was  carried  away  by  Wadsworth.  That 
it  was  the  duplicate  charter  that  Wadsworth  car- 
ried  away  is  attested  by  the  same  colonial  rec- 
ords. An  entry  in  the  journal  of  the  Assembly 
in  1715  shows  that  the  sum  of  •'twenty  shil- 
lings" «  as  granted  t'>  Captain  Wadsworth  "out 
of  the  colonial  treasury"  as  a  token  of  their 
grateful    remembrance    of  "such    faithful   and 

^ I  sen  ice  "  in  '■  securing  the  duplicate  charter 

of  the  colony  in  a  very  troublesome  sea-on." 
Probably  it  was  Captain  Wadsworth  who  took 
the  Oligiual  out  of  the  box  in  June,  lb~7.  cause. 1 
a  duplicate  copy  to  be  made  of  it.  and  deposited 

that  original  in  the  hollow  tree  that  preserved 
it.  After  the  accession  of  William  and  Mary. 
and  the  fall  of  Andros  (see  Androt  .  the  charter 
was  taken  from  the  hollow  oak.  and  Connecticut 
resumed  its  chatter  government  under  it.  The 
duplieaU  was  in  the  possession  of  Captain  Wads- 
worth so  late  as  1896.  AndrOS,  foiled  in  his  at- 
tempt to  seize  the  charter,  caused  Secretary 
Allyn  to  enter  upon  the  journal  a  statement 
that  the  viceroy,  by  order  of  King  James,  had 
on  that  day  (Oct.  31, 1687)  taken  into  his  hands 
the  government  of  Connecticut,  annexing  it  to 
Massachusetts  and  other  colonics.  This  record 
concluded  with  the  word. in  bold  letters."  FlNIS." 
arter  Oak.) 

Charter  of  Massachusetts  Vacated.  (See 
Randolph,  Edward.) 

Charter  of  Privileges  for  New  Netherland. 
The  Dutch  wisely  took  measures  to  encourage 
emigration  to  New  Netherland.  By  a  new  "Char- 
ter of  Prii  ilegesand  Exemptions,"  adopted  July 
17,  1640,  patioonships  were  limited,  for  the  fut- 
ure,to  four  miles  of  frontage  on  navigable  waters, 
with  a  depth  of  eight  miles:  and  every  person 
transporting  himself  and  live  Others  to  the  col- 
ony was  allowed  two  hundred  acres  of  land; 
and  such  villages  and  towns  as  might  be  formed 
were  to  have  magistrates  of  their  own  choosing. 
A  proclamation  was  issued  offering  free  trade 
to  New  Netherland  (in  the  ships  of  the  West 
India  Company)  and  transportation  thither  to 
all  who  wished  to  go;  and  emigrants  were  of- 
fered lands,  houses,  cattle,  and  farming  tools  at 
a  very  moderate  annual  rent,  and  a  supply  of 
clothes  and  provisions  on  credit.  At  that  time, 
of  the  ten  large  patroonships  originally  estab- 
lished, only  Keiisselaerw  ick  remained.  Immi- 
grants, composed  chiefly  of  persecuted  persons 


CHASE,  JUDGE,  IMPEACHMENT  OF      230 


CHASE 


or  indentured  servants  who  had  served  out  their 
time  (see  Redemptionisls),  flocked  into  New  Neth- 
erland,  where  they  might  enjoy  freedom  such  as 
existed  in  Holland.  They  came  from  New  Eng- 
land and  Virginia,  and  very  soon  there  was  a 
considerable  English  element  iu  society  in  New 
Netherland. 

Chase,  Judge,  Impf.achmf.xt  of.  In  the  ses- 
sion of  Congress  in  the  early  part  of  1804,  it  was 
determined  by  the  leaders  of  the  dominant,  or 
Democratic,  party  to  impeach  Judge  Samuel 
Chase,  then  Associate-justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States.  He  was  an  ardent 
Federalist,  and  warmly  attached  to  the  princi- 
ples of  Washington's  administration.  At  the 
instance  of  John  Randolph,  of  Virginia,  Demo- 
cratic leader  of  the  House  of  Representatives, 
he  was  impeached  for  his  conduct  during  the 
trial  of  Callender  and  Fries,  solely  on  political 
grounds.  Eight  articles  of  impeachment  were 
agreed  to,  most  of  them  by  a  strict  party  vote. 
One  was  founded  on  his  conduct  at  the  trial  of 
Fries  (see  Friers  Insurrection),  five  on  the  trial 
of  Callender  (see  Callender,  J.  T.)i  and  two  on  a 
late  charge  to  a  Maryland  grand  jury.  Having 
been  summoned  by  the  Senate  to  appear  for  trial, 
he  did  so  (Jan.  2,  1805),  and  asked  for  a  delay 
until  the  next  session.  The  boon  was  refused, 
and  he  was  given  a  month  to  prepare  for  trial. 
excited  much  sympathy  and  indigna- 
tion, even  among  the  better  members  of  the  ad- 
ministration party.  His  age,  his  Revolutionary 
services,  and  his  pure  judicial  character,  all 
pleaded  in  his  favor,  and  not  in  vain,  for  he  was 
acquitted.  The  Senate  —  the  tribunal  before 
which  he.  was  tried — was  presided  over  by  Aaron 
Burr,  Vice-President  of  the  United  States,  who 
had  returned  from  his  flight  southward  after  his 
duel  with  Hamilton.  He  had  taken  a  seat  in  the 
Senate,  notwithstanding  his  reputation  was  per- 
manently blasted  and  an  indictment  for  murder 
was  impending  over  him.  Chase's  trial  served 
to  check  the  overbearing  demeanor  of  the  judges 
ou  the  bench  which  prevailed  in  his  time. 

Chase,  PHILANDER,  D.D.,  was  born  at  Cornish. 
N.  EL,  Dec.  11.  1775;  died  at  Jubilee  College, 
111..  Sept.  20,  1852.  He  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
College  in  17!».">.  and  was  ordained  a  minister  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  in  New  York, 
in  1798.  His  finl  charge  was  at  Poughkeepsie, 
on  the  Hudson  River.  He  labored  zealously  in 
the  missionary  cause  in  various  parts  of  the 
State  of  New  York,  and  in  1805,  on  account  of 
bis  wife's  ill-health,  he  went  to  New  Orleans. 
Returning  to  the  North  in  1811,  lie  became  rector 
Of  a  church  in  Hartford.  Conn.  In  1817  he  went 
to  Ohio,  and  entered  vigorously  upon  the  work 
of  building  up  the  Charon  in  the  West.  In  1819 
be  wis  consecrated  bishop,  and.  in  the  midst  of 
many  trials  and  difficulties,  he  succeeded  in 
(banding  Kenyon  College  and  Gambier  Theolog- 
ical Seminary,  in  Ohio, collecting,  by  bis  individ- 
ual ami  personal  exertions,  iu  England  and  tins 
country,  about  |30,000  I'm  the  purpose.  Intent 
upon  missienarj  labor,  he  moved  farther  west, 

and.  iu    1836,  be  was  chosen   bishop  of  the  dio- 

nois.     lb  again  visited  England,  and 


collected  about  310,000  for  educational  purposes; 
and  in  li.ii  he  founded  Jubilee  College,  at  Rob- 
in's Nest,  111.,  where  he  spent  the  remainder  of 
his  life. 


,  Salmon"  Portland,  statesman,  was 
born  at  Cornish,  N.  EL,  Jan.  13.  1-08;  died  in 
New  York  city,  May  7,  1-73.  When  twelve  years 
of  age  he  was  placed  in  charge  of  his  uncle, 
Bishop  Chase,  in  Ohio,  who  superintended  his 
tuition.    He  entered  Cincinnati  College ;  and  af- 


SALMON  PORTLAND  CHASB. 

ter  a  year  there  he  returned  to  New  Hampshire 
and  entered  Dartmouth  College,  where  he  grad- 
uated in  1836.  He  taught  school  and  studied  law 
in  Washington.  I).  C.  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  there  in  1829.  The  next  year  he  went  to 
Cincinnati  to  practise  his  profession,  where  he 
became  eminent.  He  prepared  an  edition  of  the 
statutes  of  Ohio,  with  copious  notes,  which  soon 
superseded  all  others.  In  1834  he  became  so- 
licitor of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  in  Cin- 
cinnati. Acting  as  counsel  for  a  colored  wom- 
an who  was  claimed  as  a  slave  (1837),  he  contro- 
verted the  authority  of  Congress  to  impose  any 
duties  or  confer  any  powers,  in  fugitive-slave 
cases,on  state  magistrates.  The  same  year,  in  his 
defence  of  J.  G.  Birney  (which  see),  prosecute! 
under  a  state  law  for  harboring  a  fugitive  slave. 
Mr.  Chase  asserted  the  doctrine  that  slavery  was 
local,  and  dependent  upon  state  law  for  existence, 
and  that  the  alleged  slave,  being  in  Ohio,  where 
slavery  did  not  exist,  was  free.  From  that  time 
he  was  regarded  as  the  great  legal  champion  of 
the  principles  of  the  Anti-slavery  patty.  Il<  ,  s> 
tered  the  political  held  in  1-11.  ou  organising 
the  "Liberty  patty"  (which  see  i  in  Ohio,  and 
was  ever  afterwards  active  iu  its  conventions,  as 
well  as  in  the  tanks  of  the  oppo-ers  of  sla\eiy. 

The  Democrats  of  the  Ohio  Legislature  elected 
linn  1849  to s  teal  in  the  United  States  Senate, 
white  be  opposed  tin'  Fugitive  Slave  Hill  and 
other  compromise  measures,  and,  on  the  nomina- 
tion of  Mr.  Pierce  for  the  Presidency,  be  sepa- 
rated from  the  Democratic  party.  He  opposes] 
the  Kansas-Nebraska  Poll  (which  tee),  and  hi 
1866  was  sleeted  governor  of  Ohio,  lb'  was 
.me  of  the  founders  of  the  Republican  party  la 
L866,  and  was  governor  until  1869.     In  1861  be 


CHASE 


231 


CHATTANOOGA  ABANDONED 


became  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United 
States,  under  President  Lincoln,  and  managed 
the  finances  of  the  nation  with  great  ability 
until  October,  1864,  when  he  was  appoiuted 
Chief-justice  of  the  United  States  in  place  of 
nicy,  deceased.  In  that  capacity  he 
presided  at  the  trial  of  President  Johnson  in 
the  spring  of  1868.  Being  dissatisfied  with  the 
action  of  the  Republican  majority  in  Congress, 
Mr.  Chase  was  proposed,  in  1868,  as  the  Demo- 
crat ie  nominee  for  President.  He  was  willing  to 
accept  the  nomination,  hut  received  only  four 
out  of  six  hundred  and  sixty-three  votes  in  the 
convention.  He  then  withdrew  from  the  politi- 
es! lield.hut  in  1878  he  opposed  the.  re-election 
of  General  Grant  to  the  Presidency. 

Chase,  SAMUEL,  was  born  in  Somerset  Coun- 
ty. M.I..  April  17.  1741;  died  June  19, 1811.  Ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1761,  he  entered  upon  the 
practice  of  law  at  Annapolis,  and  he  soon  rose 
to  distinction.    Be  was  twenty  yean  a  member 

of  the  Colonial  Legislature;  was  a  strong  op- 
poser  of  t  lie  Stamp  Aet  ;  a  member  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  ( lot  respondence  :  and  a  delegate  to  the 
Continental  Con  groan  itti  -7;m.  In  177(5  he  was 
a  fellow-commissioner  of  Franklin  and  Carroll 
to  seek  an  alliance  with  the  Canadians,  and 
was  efficient  in  changing  the  sentiments  of 
Maryland  in  favor  of  independence,  so  as  to  au- 
thorize him  and  his  colleagues  to  vote  for  the 
Declaration, which  he  signed.  In  17-:'.  Mr.  Chase 
was  Belli  to  England,  as  agent  for  Marx  land,  to 
redeem  a  huge  sum  of  money  intrusted  to  the 
Hank  of  England,  $650,000  of  which  was  finally 
recovered.  From  17'.»]  to  17'.K'.  he  was  chief-jus- 
tice of  his  state,  and  was  a  warm  supporter  of 
the  administrations  of  Washington  and  Adams. 
In  1804  he  was.  at  the  instance  of  John  Ran- 
dolph, his  political  opponent,  impeached  for  his 
conduct  in  the  trial  of  Fries  (see  "War's  ItUMT- 
vcctitHi)  and  Callender.  He  was  acquitted  by 
the  Senate,  sitting  as  a  high  court  of  impeach- 
ment. Judge  (have  poosossod  a  somewhat  iras- 
cible temper,  and  was  sometimes  overhearing  as 
a  .judge,  hut  was  honest,  learned,  aide,  and  patri- 
otic. 

Chatham,  Pitt  CREATED  EaEL  OF,      When 

Tin  resigned  tin-  seals  of  office  1761  then-  was 
great  public  discontent.  Bute  soon  felt  it.  and 
he  said  to  a  friend.  "I  am  no  stranger  to  the 
language  held  in  this  city  —  -Our  darling's  res- 
ignation is  owing  to  Lord  Bute,  and  he  must 
answer  for  all  the  consequences.'"  The  king, 
too.  felt  unpleasant  forebodings.  He  showered 
kind  words  upon  tin'  retiring  statesman,  and  of- 
fend to  confer  a  title  of  honor  upon  him,  hut  it 
was  then  declined.  He  accepted  for  his  wife 
tin-  honorary  title  of  Baroness  of  Chatham,  with 
a  pension  for  her.  her  husband,  and  their  eldest 
son  of  $15,000  s  year.  Pitt  remained  in  retire- 
ment until  1766, when  he  was  created  Viscount 
Chatham  and  called  to  the  head  of  puhlie  af- 
fairs.     He    formed    a    cabinet    of  heterogeneous 

materials,  which  Bnrke  wittily  described  as  "a 
piece  of  diversified  mosaic,  a  teanelated  pave- 
ment  without   cement— here  a   hit  of  black 

stone,  there  a  hit  of  w  hite -patriots  aid  cour- 


tiers, king's  friends  and  republicans.  Whigs  and 
Tories,  treacherous  friends  and  open  enemies — 
a  very  curious  show,  but  utterly  unsafe  to  loueh 
and  unsure  to  stand  upon."  Pitt's  elevation  to 
the  peerage  injured  his  popularity.  Chester- 
field said.  "  Pitt  has  gone  to  the  hospital  of  in- 
curable statesmen" — the  House  of  Lords. 

Chatham's  Conciliation  Scheme.  After 
long  absence  from  Parliament,  the  Earl  of  Chat- 
ham [William  Pitt)  appeared  early  in  the  year 
177").  and  proposed  an  address  to  the  king  ad- 
vising the  recall  of  the  troops  from  Boston,  It 
was  rejected;  but  petitions  for  conciliation  flow- 
ed  in  from  all  the  great  trading  and  manufac- 
turing towns  in  the  kingdom,  for  they  felt  the 
six  ere  pressure  of  the  operations  of  the  Ann-n- 
ation (which  see).  In  February.  1775, 
Chatham  brought  forward  a  hill  which  required 
a  full  acknowledgment  on  the  part  of  the  colo- 
nists of  the  supremacy  andsnperintendingpower 
of  Parliament,  hut  provided  that  no  tax  should 
ever  be  levied  on  the  Americans  except  by  con- 
sent of  the  colonial  assemblies.  It  also  con- 
tained a  provision  for  a  congress  of  the  colonies 
to  make  the  required  acknowledgment;  and 
to  vote,  at  the  same  time,  a  free  grant  to  the 
king  of  a  certain  perpetual  revenue,  to  he  placed 
at  the  disposal  of  Parliament.  It  was  rejected, 
two  to  one,  at  the  Bret   reading.      ;  See  y'orth's 

SefteaM.) 

Chattahoochee,  PASSAGE   0»  THE.      On  the 

morning  of  July  :?.  1~(>L  General  John- 
federate  army  passed  in  haste  through  Marietta. 
Ga.,  and  on  towards  the  Chattahoochee  Liver, 
a  deep  and  rapid  stream,  closely  followed  by 
Sherman  with  the  National  army,  who  hoped  to 
strike   his   antagonist   a    heavy   blow   while   he 

a  i  ig  that  stream.  By  qnick  and  skil- 
ful movements,  Johnston  panned  the  Chattahoo- 
chee without  much  molestation  and  made  ■ 
stand  behind  intrenehmente  on  its  left  hank. 
Again  Sherman  made  a  successful  flanking 
movement.  Howard  laid  a  pontoon  bridge  two 
miles  above  the  ferry  where  the  Confederates 
Demonstrations  by  the  rest  of  the 
Nationals  made  Johnston  abandon  his  position 
and  retreat  to  another  that  covered  Atlanta. 
The  left  of  the  Confederates  rested  on  the  Chat- 
tahoochee and  their  right  on  Peach-Ti 
There  the  two  armies  rested  some  time.  On 
July  10.  or  sixty-five  days  after  Sherman  put 
his  army  in  motion  southward,  he  was  master 
of  the  country  north  and  west  of  the  liver  on 
the  hanks  of  which  he  was  reposing  —  nearly 
one  half  of  Georgia — and  had  accomplished  the 
chief  object  of  the  campaign,  namely,  the  ad- 
vancement of  tin'  National  lines  from  the  Teu- 

•  the  Chattahoochee. 

Chattanooga  abandoned  by  the  Confed- 
erates 1863>  The  Army  of  the  Cumberland, 
under  Rosecrans, after  crossing  the  Cumberland 
Mountains  in  pursuit  of  the  Confederates  under 
Bragg,  was  stretched  along  the  Tennessee  River 
from  a  point  above  Chattanooga  a  hundred  miles 
westward  Kosecrans  determined  to  cross  that 
stream  at  different  points  and.  closing  around 
Chattanooga,  attempt  to  crush  or  starve  the  Con- 


CHAUNCEY 


232 


CHEROKEE  WAR 


federate  army  there.     General  Hazen  was  near 
Harrison's,  above  Chattanooga  (Ang.  20).     He 

had  made  slow  marches,  displaying  camp-fires 
at  different  points,  and  causing  the  fifteen  regi- 
ments of  his  command  to  appear  like  the  ad- 
vance of  au  immense  army.  On  the  morning 
of  Aug.  21  National  artillery  under  Wilder,  plant- 
ed ou  the  mountain-side  across  the  river,  oppo- 
site Chattanooga,  sent  screaming  shells  over 
that  town  and  among  Bragg's  troops.  The  lat- 
ter was  startled  by  a  sense  of  immediate  dan- 
ger; and  when, soon  afterwards, Generals  Thom- 
as and  McCook  crossed  the  Tennessee  with  their 
corps  and  took  possession  of  the  passes  of  Look- 
out Mountain  on  Bragg's  flank,  and  Crittenden 
took  post  at  Wanhatchie,  in  Lookout  Valley. 
nearer  the  river,  the  Confederates  abandoned 
Chattanooga,  passed  through  the  gaps  of  Mis- 
sionaries Ridge,  and  encamped  on  Chickamau- 
ga  Creek,  near  Lafayette,  in  northern  Geor- 
gia, there  to  meet  expected  National  forces  | 
when  pressing  through  the  gaps  of  Lookout 
Mountain  and  threatening  their  conimnnica- [ 
tions  with  Dalton  and  Besaca.  From  the  lofty 
summit  of  Lookout  Mountaiu  Crittenden  had 
seen  the  retreat  of  Bragg.  He  immediately  led 
his  forces  into  the  Chattanooga  Valley  and  en- 
camped at  Ross's  Gap,  in  Missionaries  Ridge, 
within  three  miles  of  the  town. 

Chauncey,  Isaac,  was  horn  at  Black  Rock 
Conn.,  Feb.  20, 1772 ;  died  in  Washington,  Jan. 
27,  1-40.  In  early  life  he  was  in  the  merchant 
sen  ice,  and  commanded  a  ship  at  the  age  of 
nineteen  years.  He  made  several  voyages  to 
the  East  Indies  in  the  ships  of  J.  J.  Astor.  In. 
1798  he  was  made  a  lieutenant  of  the  navy,  and 
was  acting  captain  of  the  Chesapeake  in  1802 
He  became  master  in  May,  1804.  and  captain  in 
1806.     During  the  Wax  of  1812-15  he   was   in 


nean  squadron,  and,  with  Consul  Shnler,  nego- 
tiated a  treaty  with  Algiers.  In  1820  he  was 
naval  commissioner  at  Washington,  and  the 
same  from  1K53  until  his  death.  Commodore 
Chauucey's  remains  were  interred  iu  the  Con- 


cornmand  of  the  American  naval  force  on  Lake 
Ontario,  where  lie  performed  efficient  service. 
After  that  war  he  commanded  the  Mediterra- 


M  KST. 

gressional  Burying-ground  at  Washington,  and 
at  the  head  of  his  grave  stands  a  tine  white- 
marble  monument,  suitably  inscribed. 

Cherokee  Alphabet  A  native  Cherokee 
Se-quoy-ah  .  whoa  the  white  people  called 
Queas,  and  who  was  ignorant  of  any 
language  bnl  his  own.  seeing  hooks  in  the  mis- 
Monary-sehools,  and  being  told  that  the  char- 
acters represented  the  words  of  the  spoken 
English  language,  conceived  the  idea  of  form- 
ing a  written  language  for  his  people.  He  lirst 
made  a  separate  character  for  each  word.  But 
this  made  the  whole  matter  too  voluminous, 
and  he  made  a  syllable  alphabet  of  eighty-fin 
characters.  It  was  soon  ascertained  that  this 
was  sufficient, even  for  the  copious  language  of 
tin-  Cherokees. 

Cherokee  Towns  Burned  1>1  \  The  (  h.i  - 
okeeS  having  made  a  hostile  incursion  into  the 

Ninety-sis  District,  in  South  ('arc  din  a,  murdered 
some  families,  and  hurned  several  houses, Gen- 
eral Andrew  Pickins.  at  the  load  of  about  four 
hundred  mounted  militia,  penetrated  into  their 
country,  and.  iu  fourteen  days,  hurned  thirteen 
towns  and  villages,  killed  more  than  fort]   har- 

bariana,  and  took  a  number  of  prisoners,  with- 
out losing  a  man. 

Cherokee  War.     While  the  Cherokees  who 

accompanied  tl spedition  against   Fort   Da 

queens  in  1768  were  returning  home  along  the 
mountains  on  the  western  borders  of  Virginia 


CHEROKEES  2 

and  the  Carol  inns,  they  quarrelled  with  the  set- 
tlers, and  several  white  men  and  Indians  were 
killed.  Some  Cherokee  chiefs  Were  sent  to 
Charleston  to  arrange  the  dispute,  when  they 
were  treated  almost  with  contempt  by  the  gov- 
ernor of  South  Carolina.  This  was  soon  fol- 
lowed by  an  invasion  of  the  Cherokee  country 
by  Governor  Littleton  (October,  1759)  with  1500 
men,  contributed  by  Virginia  and  the  Caroli- 
nas.  who  demanded  the  snrrendei  of  the  mur- 
derers of  the  English.  He  found  the  Cherokees 
ready  for  war,  and  was  glad  to  make  the  insub- 
ordination of  his  soldiers  and  the  prevalence  of 
■mall-pox  anion;;  them  an  excuse  for  leaving 
the  country.  He  accepted  twenty-two  Indian 
hostages  as  security  for  peace  and  the  future 
delivery  of  the  murderers,  and  retired  in  haste 
and  confusion  (  Jane,  L760  I.  These  hostages, 
which  included  several  chiefs  and  warriors, 
were  placed  in  Fori  St.  George,  at  the  head  of 
the  Savannah  River.    The  Cherokees  attempted 

their  rescue  as  soon  as  Littleton  and  his  army 
had  gone.  A  soldier  was  wounded,  when  his 
companions,  in  fiery  anger,  pnl  all  the  hostages 

to  death.     The  Cherokee  nation  was  aroused  by 

the  outrage.  They  beleaguered  the  fort,  and 
war- parties  scourged  the  frontiers.  The  As- 
sembly of  South  Carolina  voted  1000  men  and 
offered  £25  for  every  Indian  scalp.  North  Car- 
olina voted  a  similar  provision,  and  authorized 
the  holding  of  Indian  captives  as  slaves.  Gen- 
eral Ambent,  petitioned  tor  assistance,  detach- 
ed 120 en,  chiefly  Scotch  Highlanders,  for  the 

purpose,  under  Colonel  Montgomery,  with  or- 
ders to  chastise   t  he  Cherokees.  but   to  return  in 

time  for  the  next  campaign  against  Canada. 
Montgomery lefl  Charleston  earl]  in  April, with 
regular  and  provincial  troops,  and  laid  waste  a 
portion  of  the  Cherokee  country.  They  were 
not,  subdued.  The  next  >ear  Colonel  Grant 
led  a  stronger  force  against  them,  burned  their 

towns,  desolated  their  fields,  and  killed  many 
of  their  warriors.  Then  the  Indians  humbly 
sued  tor  peace  I  June,  1761  »,  and  were  ever  after- 
wards comparatively  quiet. 

Cherokees.     This  Indian  nation, inhabiting 
the  hilly  regions  of  Georgia,  Western  Carolina, 

and  Northern  Alabama,  were  called  the  Moun- 
taineers of  the  South.  They  were  among  high 
hills  and  fertile  valleys,  and  have  ever  hen 
more  susceptible  of  civilization  than  any  of  the 
Indian  tribes  within  the  domain  of  the  United 
States.  They  were  the  determined  foes  of  the 
Shawnoese,  and,  after  many  conflicts,  drove 
tho.se>  fugitives  back  to  the  Ohio.  They  united 
with  the  Carolinians  and  Catawbas  against  the 
Tusoaroras  in  1711, but  joined  the  great  Indian 
league  against  the  Carolinians  in  L715.  The 
Cherokees  and  the  Five  Nations  had  bloody 
contests  for  a  long  time;  but  the  English  ef- 
fected a  reconciliation  between  them  about  the 
■Ml  1750,  when  the  Cherokees  became  the  al- 
lies of  the  British  against  the  Freuob,  and  al- 
lowed the  former  to  build  forts  on  their  do- 
main. About  that  time  they  wire  at  the  height 
of  their  power,  and  inhabited  sixty-four  vil- 
lages along  the  streams;  but  soon  afterwards 
nearly  one   half  the  population   were  swept  oil 


3  CHEROKEES  AND  GEORGIANS 

by  the  small-pox.  The  Cherokees  assisted  in 
the  capture  of  Fort  Dnquesne  in  1758;  but  their 

unruly  conduct  on  the  borders  of  Virginia  caused 
Collisions  between  them  and  the  white  settlers, 
and  some  of  the  Cherokees  were  slain.  They 
retaliated  by  desolating  the  frontiers  of  Virginia 
and  the  Carolinas,  and  for  threo  years  a  war 
between  the  races  ensued.  Peace  was  perma- 
nently established  in  1761.  During  the  Revolu- 
tion the  Cherokees  adhered  to  the  British,  but 
were,  afterwards  reconciled  to  the  Americans 
by  treaties  made  in  1785  and  1791.  They  were 
friends  of  the  United  States  in  the  War  of  L8W, 
and  helped  to  BUbjUgate  the  Creeks.  Civiliza- 
tion took  root  among  them  and  produced  con- 
tention, a  portion  of  them  wishing  to  adhere  to 
their  former  mode  of  living,  while  others  wish- 
ed to  engage  in  the  industries  of  civilized  life. 
They  were  so  absolutely  divided  in  sentiment 
that  in  1818  a  portion  of  the  nation  emigrated 
to  wild  land  assigned  to  them  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. The  Cherokees,  in  turn,  had  ceded 
targe  portions  of  their  Lands,  and  their  domain 
was  mostly  confined  to  northern  Georgia.    They 

were  then  making  rapid  progress  in  civiliza- 
tion; but  the  Georgians  coveted  their  lands, 
and  insisted  upon  their  removal  beyond  the 
Mississippi.        Finally,    in  1838,    they    were    all 

(twenty-seven  thousand)  removed  to  a  reser- 
vation (now  known  as  the  Indian  Territory) 
west  of  Arkansas,  excepting  about  one  thou- 
sand, who  remained, undisturbed, in  North  Car- 
olina. A  fend  that,  had  lone  existed  anion"; 
them  was  healed  in  1839,  and  they  lived  har- 
moniously and    prospered    until   a   portion   of 

them  were  seduced  by  agents  of  t  he  "  Confed- 
erates" in   the   late  Civil  War  to  take  up  anus 

against  the  government.  It  was  a  disastrous 
movement.  Their  country  was  ravaged,  and 
losses  amounting  to  full  two  million  dollars  were 
incurred.  Their  slaves  were  emancipated, and 
they  were  required  to  give  a  portion  of  then 
Lands  to  the  freedmen  among  them.  The  Cher- 
okees now  number  about  fifteen  thousand  souls, 
and  their  share  of  the  Indian  Territory  com- 
prises about  five  million  acres,  of  which  two 
thirds  is  untitled  for  cultivation.  The  Chero- 
kee nation  is  divided  into  seven  families,  or 
clans,  and,  as  among  the  Iroquois,  members 
of  the  same  family  are  not  allowed  to  inter- 
marry. 

Cherokees  and  Georgians.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  administration  of  President  .lack- 
son  the  Georgians  renewed  their  demand  for 

the  removal  of  the  Cherokee  nation  from  their 
state.       The   Cherokees    were    yet    powerful    in 

numbers, and  were  then  considerably  advanced 
in  the  arts  and  customs  of  civilization.  They 
had  churches  and  schools  ami  a  printing-press, 

issuing  a  newspaper;  and  they  were  disposed 
to  defend  their  rights  against  the  encroach- 
ments   of    their    white     neighbors.       President 

Jackson  favored  the  Georgians,  and  the  white 

people  then  proceeded  to  take  possession  of  the 
lands   of  the   Cherokees.      Trouble   ensued,  and 

the  southern  portion  of  the  republic  was  men- 
aced with  civil  war  for  a  while.  The  United 
States  troops  had  been  withdrawn  from  Geor- 


CIIEROKEES  AND  THE  CIVIL  WAE      234       CHEROKEES,  TREATY  WITH  THE 


gia,  ami  iho  national  government  offered  no  ob- 
stacle to  the  forcible  seizure  of  the  Indian  ter- 
ritory by  the  Georgians.  Some  missionaries 
laboring  among  the  Cberokees  were  arrested 
and  imprisoned  for  residing  in  their  country 
contrary  to  the  laws  of  the  state,  and  for  refus- 
ing to  take  an  oath  of  allegiance  to  Georgia. 
The  Cberokees  then  numbered  between  four- 
teen and  fifteen  thousand  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. The  matter  in  dispute  was  adjudicated 
by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  and 
on  March  30, 1832,  that  tribunal  decided  against 
the  claims  of  the  Georgians.  The  Georgians, 
still  favored  by  the  President,  resented  this  de- 
cision. An  amicable  settlement  was  finally  ar- 
rived at;  and,  in  1838,  under  the  mild  coercion 
of  Major-general  W.  Scott  and  several  thousand 
troops,  the  Cberokees  left  their  beautiful  conn- 
try  in  Georgia  with  sorrow,  and  went  to  wild 
lands  assigned  them,  well  towards  the  eastern 
slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  where  they  yet 
remain,  with  Choctaws,  Creeks,  and  others  for 
their  neighbors.  Again  the  swelling  tide  of 
westward-flowing  civilization  is  beating  against 
their  borders.     (See  Indian  Territory.) 

Cherokees  and  the  Civil  War.  John  Ross, 
the  renowned  principal  chief  of  the  Cherokees, 
who  had  led  them  wisely  for  almost  forty  years, 
took  a  decided  stand  against  the  Secessionists. 
He  issued  a  proclamation  (May  17,  1861 ),  in 
which  ho  reminded  his  people  of  their  treaty 
obligations  with  the  United  States,  aud  urged 
them  to  be  faithful  to  them,  and  to  take  no 
part  in  the  stirring  events  of  the  day.  But  he 
and  his  loyal  associates  among  the  Cherokees 
aud  Creeks  were  overborne  by  the  tide  of  se- 
cession aud  insurrection,  and  were  swept  on, 
powerless,  by  the  current.  The  betrayal  of  the 
United  States  troops  by  General  Twiggs  into 
the  hands  of  the  Texas  authorities  left  their 
territory  on  the  side  of  that  state  open  to  inva- 
sion. False  rumors  continually  disturbed  them. 
Their  neighbors,  and  the  wild  tribes  on  their 
borders,  were  rallying  to  the  standard  of  the 
Confederates.  The  National  troops  in  Missouri 
could  not  check  the  rising  insurrection  there. 
The  chief  men  of  the  Cherokees  held  a  mass- 
meeting  at  Tahleqnah  in  August,  when,  with 
great  unanimity,  they  declared  their  allegiance 
to  the  "  Confederate  States.''  Ross  still  held  out, 
but  was  finally  compelled  to  yield.  At  a  coun- 
cil held  on  Aug. 20, he  recommended  the  sever- 
ance of  the  connection  with  the  National  govern- 
ment BOSS'S  wife,  a  young  and  w  ell-educated 
woman,  still  held  out  :  and  w  hen  an  attempt  was 
made  to  raise  a  Confederate  Sag  over  the  conn- 
ciMionsc.  she  opposed  the  acl  with  so  much 
spirit  that  the  Secessionists  desisted.     Daring 

the    Civil    War    the    Cherokees   snlVcred    much. 

The  Confederates  wonld  do1  trnsl  Boss, for  hi> 
Union  feelings  were  very  apparent.    When,  in 

1862,  they  were  about  to  arrest  him,  he  and  his 
f'amih    escaped    to    the    North,   and    resided    in 

Philadelphia  for  a  while. 

Cherokees,  Km  •  or  \V  \i:  wi  in  im\     [n  1763 

a  new  expedition  was  made   into,  the  conntr\   of 

the  hostile  Cherokees  b]  a  Highland  regimenl 


under  Colonel  Grant.  The  Indians  were  sub- 
dued, and  humbly  sued  for  peace.  This  was 
granted  on  the  sole  condition  that  they  should 
bring  four  warriors  to  be  shot  at  the  head  of 
the  English  army,  or  furnish  four  green  In- 
dian scalps,  within  twenty  days.  An  old  chief, 
long  known  for  his  attachment  to  the  English, 
personally  applied  to  Governor  Bull  and  pro- 
cured a  reliuquishmeut  of  this  barbarous  de- 
mand. Peace  was  established  without  further 
bloodshed. 

Cherokees,  Treaty  with  the  (1721).  When, 
early  in  1721,  Governor  Francis  Nicholson  arrived 
in  South  Carolina,  he  proceeded  to  take  meas- 
ures for  securing  the  peace  of  the  colony.  He 
tried  to  cultivate  the  good-will  of  the  Spaniards 
and  Indians  in  Florida.  He  also  held  a  confer- 
ence with  the  chiefs  of  thirty-seven  different 
cantons  of  Cherokees.  He  gave  them  presents, 
smoked  with  them  the  pipe  of  peace,  marked  the 
boundaries  of  the  lands  between  them  and  the 
English  settlers,  regulated  weights  and  meas- 
ures, and  appointed  an  agent  to  superintend 
their  affairs.  He  then  concluded  a  treaty  of 
commerce  aud  peace  with  the  Creeks. 

Cherokees,  Treaty  with  the  (1730).  About 
the  year  1730  the  projects  of  the  French  for  unit- 
ing Canada  and  Louisiana  by  a  cordon  of  posts 
through  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  valleys  began 
to  be  developed.  To  counteract  this  scheme,  the 
British  wished  to  convert  the  Indians  on  the 
frontiers  into  allies  or  subjects,  and,  to  this  end, 
to  make  with  them  treaties  of  union  and  alli- 
ance. The  British  government  accordingly  sent 
out  Sir  Alexander  Cuimning  to  conclude  such  a 
treaty  with  the  powerful  Cherokees  on  the 
western  border  of  South  Carolina.  They  occu- 
pied the  region  about  the  head-waters  of  the 
Savannah  River  and  back  among  the  moun- 
tains; and  it  was  estimated  that  they  could 
then  pnt  six  thousand  warriors  in  the  field. 
In  April,  1730,  Sir  Alexander  met  the  chief  w  ar- 
riors  of  all  the  Cherokee  towns  in  council  ;  in- 
formed them  by  whose  authority  he  was  scut  ; 
demanded  from  them  an  acknowledgment  of 
King  George  as  their  sovereign,  and  a  promise 
of  their  obedience  to  his  authority.  The  chiefs, 
falling  on  their  knees,  promised  fidelity  and 
obedience.  By  their  consent.  Sir  Alexander 
nominated  Movlo\,  one  of  their  best  leaders, 
commander-in-chief  of  the  Cherokee  Nation. 
They  brought  a  rude  crown,  live  eagles' tails, and 
four  scalps  of  their  enemies  to  Sir  Alexander, 
and  desired  him  to  lay  them  at  the  feet  of  the 
king  when  lie  should  return  to  England.  Six 
of  the  ohiefil  went  to  England  with  Sir  Alex- 
ander, and,  standing  before  his  majesty,  they 
promised,  in    the    name  of  their  nat  ion,  eternal 

Hdelitj  to  the  English.  A  treat]  was  drawn  up 
and  signed  by  the  Searetarj  to  the  Lords  Com- 
missioners of  Trade  and    Plantations  (which 

sec)  on  one  side,  and  to  which  the  marks  and 
tokens  of  the   chiefs  were  atlixed.       The  chiefs 

were  aroased  at  the  magnificence  of  the  British 
court  and  nation.  The]  said:  "We  came  hith- 
er naked  and   poor  BS  the  worms  of  the  earth  : 

hut  \ou  have  everything;  and  we  that  bars 


CHEROKEES,  TREATY  vYITH  THE        235 


CHESAPEAKE  AND  SHANNON 


nothing  must  love  you,  and  will  never  break 
thr  chain  of  friendship  which  is  between  ns." 
They  returned  to  Carolina  with  Robert  John- 
son, who  came  with  a  commission  aa  governor 
Cherokees,  Tkkaty  with  thk  (1785).  By  a 
treaty  concluded  at  Hopewell,  on  the  Keowee, 
between  the  United  States  Commissioners  and 
the  head  men  and  warriors  of  all  the  Chero- 
kees, thisc  barbarian  representatives,  for  them- 
selves  and    their  respective   tribes   and    towns, 

acknowledged  all  the  Cherokees  to  be  under 
the  protection  of  the  United  Stairs.  The 
boundaries  of  their  hunting-grounds  were  set- 
tled; several  mutual  and  pacific  conditions 
were  agreed  upon;   and  a  solemn  pledge  was 

made  that  "the  hatchet  should  he  buried." 
and  that  the  peace  re-established  should  "be 
universal." 

Cherokees,  \Y  a  it  with  thk (1776).  The  Chero- 
kees seriously  threatened  the  frontier  of  South 

Carolina   in    1776.       As  these    Indians   were   the 

dread  of  the  frontier  setilers  of  Qeorgia,  North 

Carolina,  and  Virginia,  these  three  states  joined 
in  the  defence  of  South  Carolina.  Colonel  An- 
drew Williamson  led  an  expedition  into  the 
Cherokee  country,  destroyed  all  their  settle- 
ments eastward  of  the  Appalachian  -Mountains. 
and  effectually  brought  the  natives  to  submis- 
sion. This  conqnesl  was  effected  between  July 
15  and  Oct  11.  1776.  A  military  work  named 
Fort     Bntledge    wai    erected    in    the    Cherokee 

country  and  garrisoned  by  two  independent 
companies. 

Cherry  Valley,  Massacre  at.  During  a 
heavy  storm  of  sleet  on  Nov.  II.  1778,  a  hand  of 
Indians  and  Tories   -the  former  led  by  Brant, 

and  the  latter  by  Waller  \.  Butler,  son  of  Colo- 

■el  John  Butler  fell  upon  Cherry  Valley, Ot- 
sego Co.,  N.  V..  and  murdered  thirty-two  of 

the    inhabitants,   mostly  women    and    children, 

with  sixteen  soldiers  of  a  little  garrison  there. 
Nearly  forty  men,  women,  and  children  were 
carried  away  captives.  Butler  was  the  arch- 
fiend  on   this  occasion,  and  would  listen    to  no 

appeals  from  Brant  for  mercy  on  the  innocent 

and   helpless.      The  captives  were  led  away  in 

the  darkness  and  a  cold  storm  :  and  w  hen  they 
rested  they  were  huddled  together,  half  naked, 
with  no  shelter  bnt  the  Inaflnna  trees,  ami  no 
resting-place  hut  the  wet  ground. 

Chesapeake  and  Leopard,  Tin:,  [n  the  spring 
of  1807  a  small  British  squadron  lay  (as  they  had 

laid)  '  in   Amerioail   waters,  mar  the  mouth  of 

Chesapeake  Bay,  watching  some   French  frig- 

atea  blockaded  at  Annapolis.  Three  of  the  crew 
of  one  of  the  British  vessels  ( MeUmpus")  and  one 
of  another  ( Halifax)  had  deserted,  and  enlisted 
on  hoard  the  United  states  frigate  Chesapeake, 
lying  at  the  Washington  navy-yard.  The  Brit- 
ain minister  made  a  formal  demand  for  their 
surrender.  The  United  States  government  re- 
Ibeud   compliance,  because   it    was  ascertained 

that    two  of  them  (colored)  were   natives  of  the 

United  states,  ami  there  was  strong  presump- 
tive evidence  thai  the'  third  one  was,  likewise. 
The  commodore  of  the  British  squadron  took 
the  matter  into  his  own  hands.    The  Chesapeake, 


going  to  sea  on  the  morning  of  June  23,  I807j 
bearing  the  pennant  of  Commodore  Barron,  was 
intercepted  by  the  British  frigate  Leopard,  whose 

commander,  hailing,  informed  the  commodore 
that  he  had  a  despatch  for  him.  A  British  boat 
hearing  a  lieutenant  came  alongside  the  CAMO- 
peake.  The  officer  was  politely  received  by  Bar- 
ron, in  his  cabin,  when  the  former  presented  a 
demand  from  the  captain  of  the  Leopard  to  allow 
the  hearer  to  muster  the  crew  of  the  Chesapeake, 
that  he  might  select  and  carry  away  the  al- 
leged deserters.  The  demand  was  authorized  by 
instructions  received  from  Vice-admiral  Berke- 
ley.at  Halifax.  Barron  refused  compliance, the 
lieutenant  withdrew,  and  the  Chesapeake  moved 
on.  The  Leopard  followed, and  her  commander 
called  out  through  his  trumpet.  " Commodore 

Barron   must    he  aware   that    the  v  ice-admiral's 

commands  must  be  obeyed."  This  insolent  an- 
nouncement was  repeated.  The  <  lueapeake moved 

on,  and  the  Leopard  sent  two  shots  athwart  her 
how.  These  were  followed  by  the  remainder 
id'  the  broadside,  poured  into  the  hull  of  the 
Chesapeake.  Thongh  Barron,  suspecting  mis- 
chief, had  prepared  his  ship  for  action,  he  was 
unable  to  return  I  he  allots,  for  his  guns  had  no 
priming-powder.  A  tier  being  severely  injured  by 
repeated  i>roadside>,  the  Cht sapeakt  was  surren- 
dered to  the  assailant.  The  v  ice-admiral's  com- 
mand was  obeyed.  The  crew  of  the  Cheeopeake 
were  mustered  by  British  officers,  and  the  de- 
aertors   were  carried    away;   one  of  them,  who 

was  a  British  subject,  was  hnng  at  Halifax,  and 

the  lives  of  the  Americans  were  spared  only  on 
condition  that  they  should  re-enter  the  British 
service.  This  on t rage  caused  fiery  indignation 
throughout  the  United  States.  The  President 
issued  a  proclamation,  at  t  he  beginning  of  .Inly, 
ordering  all  British  armed  vessels  to  leave  the 
waters  of  the  United  states,  and  forbidding  any 

to    enter    until    ample    satisfaction    should    be 

given.  A  British  envoy  extraordinary  was  sent 
to  Washington  to  settle  the  difficulty.  In- 
structed to  do  nothing  until  the  President's 
proclamation  should  be  withdrawn,  the  matter 

was  left  open  more  than  four  years.  In  1811  the 
British  government  disavowed  the  act.  Ballon, 
found  guilty  of  neglect  of  duty  in  not  being 
prepared    for   the   attack,   was   suspended   from 

i  he  service  tor  five  years,  without  paj  or  emolu- 
ment. 

Chesapeake  and  Shannon.    While  tin  Hor- 
net, Captain    Laurence,  was  on  her  hoiueward- 

bound  voyage  with  her  large  number  of  prison- 
en  (see  Hornet  and  Peaeook),  the  Chesapeake,  38 
^uns.  Captain  Evans,  was  -out  on  a  long  cruise 

to  the  Cape  de  Yeril  Islands  and  the 
South  America.  She  accomplished  nothing  ex- 
cept the  capture  Of  four  British  merchant  ves- 
sels; and  as  she  entered  Boston  harbor  in  a 
gale  her  topmast  was  carried  away,  and  with 
il  Several  men  who  were  aloft,  three  of  whom 
were  drowned.  Among  the  supers!  ilioiis  sailors 
she  acquired  the  character  of  an  •■unlucky" 
ship,  and  they  were  loath  to  embark  in  her. 
Evans  was  compelled   to  leave   her  on   account 

of  the  loss  of  the  sight  of  one  of  his  eyes ;  and 
Lawrence,  who  had   been   promoted   to  captain 


CHESAPEAKE  AND  SHANNON  2 

tor  his  bravery,  was  put  in  command  of  her, 
with  the  Hornet,  Captain  Biddle,  as  her  con- 
sort. At  the  close  of  May  the  British  frigate 
Shannon,  38  gnus,  Captain  Philip  Bowes  Vera 
Broke,  appeared  off"  Boston  harbor,  in  the  at- 
titude of  a  challenger.  She  then  carried  52 
gnus.  He  wrote  to  Lawrence,  requesting  the 
Chesapeake  to  meet  the  Shannon,  "ship  to  ship. 
to  try  the  fortunes  of  their  respective  Hags.'' 
He  assured  Lawrence  that  the  Chesapeake  could 
not  leave  Boston  without  the  risk  of  being 
"crushed  by  the  superior  force  of  the  British 
squadron,"  then  abroad,  and  proposed  that  they 
should  meet  in  single  combat,  without  the  in- 
terference of  other  vessels.  Lawrence  accepted 
the  challenge,  and.  with  Lieutenant  Augustus 
Ludlow  as  second  in  command,  he  sailed  out  of 
Boston  harbor  to  meet  the  Shannon,  at  midday, 
June  1,  1813.     The  same  evening,  between  live 


5  CHESAPEAKE  AND  SHANNON 

the  dying  hero,  slightly  paraphrased  to  "Don't 
give  up  the  ship,"  became  the  battle-cry  of  the 

Americans,  and  the  formula  of  an  encourag- 
ing maxim  in  morals  for  those  who  are  strug- 
gling in  life's  contests.  Brake's  boarders  now 
swarmed  upon  the  deck  of  the  Chesapeake,  and 
Lieutenant  Ludlow,  the  second  in  command, 
was  mortally  wounded  by  a  sabre  cut.  After  a 
severe  struggle,  in  which  the  Americans  lost,  in 
killed  and  wounded,  one  hundred  and  forty-six 
men.  victory  remained  with  the  Shannon.  The 
British  lost  eighty-four  men.  Broke  sailed 
immediately  to  Halifax  with  his  prize,  and  the 
day  before  his  arrival  there  (June  7)  Lawrence 
expired,  wrapped  in  the  flag  of  the,  Chesapeake, 
England  rang  with  shouts  of  exultation  be- 
cause of  this  victory.  An  American  writer  re- 
marked: "Never  did  any  victory  —  not  even 
of  Wellington  in  Spain,  nor  those  of  Nelson  — 


THK    SHANNON 


CIlK.sAl'KAKK    KMI.KIN..    THK    IIAKUOK    OK    HALIFAX. 


and  six  o'clock,  they  engaged  in  a  close  conflict. 
After  fighting  twelve  minutes,  the  Shannon  so  in- 
jured the  spars  and  rigging  of  the  Chesapeake  that 
she  became  unmanageable.  This  misfortune  oc- 
curred at  the  moment  when  the  latter  was  a  limit 
to  take  the  wind  out  of  the  sails  of  her  antag- 
onist, shool  ahead,  lay  across  her  bow,  rake  her, 
ami  probably  secure  a  viotory.  Her  mizzen  rig- 
ging was  entangled  in  the  fore-ohaina  of  the 

Shannon,   in    which    position    the    decks   of    the 

Chesapeakt   wen-  swept  with  terrible  effect  bj 

the  balls  of  her  antagonist.      Lawrence  ordered 

his  boarders  to  be  called  np.     Then  was  some 

delay,  when   a    musket-ball   mortally    wounded 

the  gallant  young  commander, and  be  was  oat 

ried  hi  low.  As  he  I'H  the  deck  he  said,  "Tell 
the  men    to   lire   faster,  ,mil   not    to  give  up  the 

ship  ;  light  her  till  she  sinks."     Those  WOfdl  "l 


call  forth  such  expressions  of  joy  on  the  part  of 

the  British;"  a  proof  that  our  naval  character 
had  risen  in  their  est  i mat  ion.  Lawrence  fought 
under  "real  disadvantages.  He  had  been  in  com- 
mand of  the  ship  only  about  ten  days,  and  was 
unacquainted  with  the  abilities  of  her  nllieers 
and  men:  some  of  the  former  were  sick  or  ab- 
sent. Mis  erew  were  almost  mutinous  because 
of  disputes  concerning  prise-money,  and  many 
of  them  had  only  recently  enlisted  :  besides, 
the   feeling  among  the   sailors  that   she  was  an 

••unluck\  "  ship  was  disheartening.  The  re- 
mains of  Lawrence  and  Ludlow  were  conveyed 
to  Salem,  Mass..  w  here  funeral  honors  WOTS  paid 
to  them  on  An-.  S3.  L.uU  in  September  t  hey 
were  coin  e\  id  to  New   York,  and  were  deposited 

Sept  16)  m  Ti  in  it  >  church-yard.  The  corpo- 
ration of  the  olty  of  New  York  erected  a  marble 


CHESAPEAKE  AND  SHANNON  % 

monument  to  Lawrence,  whiob,  becoming  dilapi- 
dated, the  vestry  of  Trinity  Church  erected  a 
handsome  mausoleum  of  brown  freestone   1847  . 

near  the  southeast  corner  ol'Trinity  (,'huich,  close 
by  Broadway,  in  Commemoration  of  both  Law- 
rence and  Ludlow,  and  eight  trophy  oannons 


r  CHESTER 

taken  to  England  and  sold  to  the  government 
for  about  $66,000,  and  in  1-14  was  put  in  coin- 
mission.  In  1880  she  was  sold  to  a  private  gen- 
tleman lor  a  very  small  sum,  who  broke  her  op 

and    sold    her    timbers    for    building    purposes, 

much  of  it  for  making  bouses  in  Portsmouth, 


were  placed  around  it.    The  freedom  of  the  city    and  a  considerable  portion  for  the  erection  of  a 


HII.VKK    I'Uli:    I'HKSK.NTtai     I'd    I'AI-T.IIN    IIKDKK. 


of  London  and  a  sword  were  given  to  Captain 
Broke  by  the  corporation;  the  Prince  Regent 
knighted  him;  and  the  inhabitants  ofbis  native 
county  i  Suffolk  i  presented  him  with  a  gorgeous 

piece  of  silver  as  a  testimonial  of  then  sens. 
of  his  eminent  services.-     The  Ckeeapeake  was 


*  Tlii>  ie\  loss  on  tin-  plate  are  described  as  follows:  "The 
centre,  enriched  witii  a  wreath  "i  palm  and  laurel  leavee, 
wiili  group*  "i  Nereids  and  Trltoni    < 

<>f  i ho  battle  between  1 1 •  •  •  Shamvm  - 

mill  highly  Bnlshed  border  ■•. .tm .. ,-,■-  the  exterior  "f  the  clr- 
<-l«'.  m  win-  levloes  In  Ibui  principal  divis 

tons     in  the  iir^i p M i no- n i   in  the  form  ol 

rig  the  warrior     i : 

iln'  hero  (who  Is  borne  in  a  iriuiii|ilial  nir.  iiiiomled  by  Brl 
tannla  and  Libert]  bearing  the  British  Bag)  the  naval  coronet 

In  ll pnrllili'lll  i>|i|ui*l(i'.  Britannia 

holding  the  imii'iii  of  Neptune  In  one  band,  uuU  with  the  other 


mill  at  Wiokbam,  nine  miles  from   Portsmouth. 
The  mill  was  standing  in  1884.    (See  sketcli  of 
tpeake  «ml  8hannon,  by   Bear-admiral 
Preble,  in  the  United  Service,  October,  1879.) 

Chester,  .ln-i  in  I.imiii.  LL.D.,  was  bom 
at  Norwich,  Conn.,  April  30,  1881.  Be  is  now 
(1880)  -in  acknowledged  leader  of  the  antiqua- 


bunderofher  power  al  the  American  eagle,  which 
la  expiring  al  her  feel  In  the  presence  of  ooaan  daltlei  in  a 
iiimi  oompartmeni  th<  la  the  triumph  of  \'ic 

lory.    The  winged  godi  ronal,  approaches  In 

her  ihell  oar  drawn  b;  i 

vanquished     In  the  fourth  oompartmeni  are  represented  the 
of  the  world.  In  the  torm  of  figures  assembled 

under  the  protection  of  the  British  I commerce  having 

been  secured  i"  the  worlil  by  British  primus*     Besides  these 

are  the  iln'u 

tended  to  represent  tlio  characteristics  of  the  LSnilsh  nation.'' 


CHEVES 


233 


CHICAGO 


ries  and  genealogists  of  England,  where  he  lias 
resided  inure  tlian  twenty  years.  He  began  busi- 
ness life  as  a  merchant  in  Philadelphia, in  which 
pursuit  lie  was  engaged  many  years.  Mean- 
while he  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  liter- 
ary publications,  and  the  newspaper  press  often 
contained  essays  from  his  pen  upon  a  variety 
of  subjects.  In  1843,  when  he  was  only  twenty- 
two  years  of  age,  he  published  a  small  volume 
eni  i  tied  Greenwood  Cemetery  and  other  Poems.  His 
literary  contributions  were  generally  over  the 
signature  of  "Julian  Cramer."  In  1853  he  pub- 
lished A  Preliminary  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Be- 
pulgion,  and.  the  next  year.  Educational  Lairs  of 
Virginia  ;  the  Personal  Narrative  of  Mrs.  Margaret 
Douglas.  The  same  year  lie  published  John 
Rogers,  with  a  genealogy  of  the  family.  In  1858 
Mr.  Chester  went  to  London,  where  he  has  ever 
since  resided.  He  was  soon  recognized  as  an 
acute  genealogist  and  most  industrious  antiqua- 
ry. For  ten  years  he  was  engaged  in  editing  and 
annotating  The  Marriage,  Baptismal,  and  Burial 
Registers  of  the  Collegiate  Church,  or  Abbey,  of  St. 
Peter,  Westminster  (Westminster  Abbey).  It  was 
undertaken  at  the  suggestion  of  Dean  Stanley, 
and  is  a  monument  that  commemorates  the  un- 
tiring industry  and  sound  judgment  of  oue  of 
the  most  careful  and  conscientious  delvers  in 
the  mine  of  antiquarian  lore.  More  than  one 
half  of  the  six  hundred  royal  octavo  pages  of 
the  work  is  made  up  of  biographical  notes  aud 
personal  identifications  by  the  editor.  It  was 
published  in  1876.  In  18G9  Dr.  Chester  assisted 
in  forming,  in  London,  the  "  Harleian  Society," 
for  the  publication  of  inedited  MSS.  relating  to 
genealogy,  heraldry,  etc.  In  1870  lie  was  made 
one  of  the  council  of  the  "  Historical  Society  of 
Great  Britain.''  He  is  a  constant  contributor 
to  various  historical  and  genealogical  publica- 
tions, and  is  an  honorary  member  of  several 
learned  societies  in  England  and  America. 

Cheves, Lan<;i>ox, LL.D., statesman,  was  born 
in  Abbeville  District, 8. C,  Sept.  17,1776;  did 

at  Columbia,  S.  C,  June  25,  1857.  Admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1800,  he  became  eminent  as  a  lawyer 
and  a  leader  in  tins  State  Legislature,  which 
he  entered  in  1808.  He  was  attorney-general 
of  the  state,  and  was  iii  Congress  from  l-ll  to 
1816,  zealously  supporting  all  war  measures. 
When,  iii  1814,  Henry  Clay  was  sent  to  nego- 
tiate a  treaty  of  peace  with  Cleat  Britain,  be 
succeed,,!  the  Keiituckian  as  Speaker  id'  the 
House,  which    position   he   held    for   a    year,  his 

casting  vote  defeating  a  bill  for  the  reohartering 
of  the  United  states  Bank,  li  was  reohartered 
in  1816;  and  when  in  trouble  in  [819  Cheves  was 
appointed  president  of  its  directors,  and  bj  his 

energy  and  judgment  it  was  saved  from  dissoln- 
t ion.      He  became  chief  commissioner  under  the 

treat]  of  Ghent  for  settling  some  of  its  provi- 
sions, lb-  was  a  public  advocate  of  disunion 
as  early  as  1830,  but    opposed   "nullification" 

^w 'Inch   see|. 

Cheyennes.  'Ibis  is  one  of  the  most  westerly 
tribes  of  the  Algonquin  nation.  They  were 
sealed  on  the  Cheyenne,  a  branch  of  the  Red 
Rivet  of  the  North.     Driven  bj  the  8loux,  the; 


retreated  beyond  the  Missouri.  Near  the  close 
of  the  last  century  they  were  driven  to  or  near 
the  Black  Hills,  where  Lewis  and  Clarke  found 
them  in  1804,  when  they  possessed  horses  and 
made  plundering  raids  as  far  as  New  Mexi- 
co. About  1825,  when  they  were  at  peace  with 
the  Sioux,  and  making  war  upon  the  Pawnees, 
Kansas,  and  other  tribes,  a  feud  occurred  in 
the  family.  A  part  of  them  remained  with  the 
Sioux,  and  the  others  went  south  to  the  Ar- 
kansas lviver  and  joined  the  Arrapahoes.  Many 
treaties  were  made  with  them  by  agents  of  the 
United  States,  but  broken:  and,  finally,  losing 
all  confidence  in  the  honor  of  the  white  race, 
they  began  hostilities  in  1861.  This  was  the 
first  time  that  the  Cheyennes  were  at  war  with 
the  white  people.  While  negotiations  for  peace 
and  friendship  were  on  foot,  Colonel  Chivington, 
of  Colorado,  fell  upon  a  Cheyenne  village  (Nov. 
29, 1864)  and  massacred  about  one  hundred  men. 
women,  and  children.  The  whole  tribe  was  fired 
with  a  desire  tor  revenge,  and  a  fierce  war  en- 
sued, in  which  the  United  States  lost  many  gal- 
lant soldiers  and  wasted  between  $30,000,000 
and  $40,000,000.  The  ill-feeling  of  the  Indians 
towards  the  white  people  remained  unabated. 
Some  treaties  were  made  and  imperfectly  car- 
ried out  ;  and,  after  General  Hancock  burned 
one  of  their  villages  in  1867,  they  again  made 
war,  and  slew  three  hundred  United  States  sol- 
diers and  settlers.  General  Custer  defeated 
them  on  the  Washita,  killing  their  chief,  thirty- 
seven  warriors,  and  two  thirds  of  their  women 
and  children.  The  northern  band  of  the  Chey- 
ennes remained  peaceable,  refusing  to  join  the 
Sioux  against  the  white  people,  in  1865,  notwith- 
standing they  wire  grossly  insulted.  The  Chey- 
ennes now  are  scattered  and  mixed  with  the 
Arrapahoes,  and  number,  in  the  aggregate. about 
three  thousand  live  hundred.  This  is  a  trifle 
more  than  they  numbered  fifty  years  ago. 

Chicago.  The  site  of  Chicago  (west  side  of 
Lake  Michigan)  was  a  favorite  rendezvous  for 
several  tribes  of  Indians  in  summer.      Its  name 

signifies,  in  the  Pottawatomie  tongue,  wild  onion, 

or  a  polecat,  both  of  which  abounded  in  that  re- 
gion. Of  the  skill  of  the  polecat  the  Indians 
made  tobacco-pouches.  The  spot  was  first  vis- 
ited by  Marquette,  a  French  Jesnil  mission- 
ary, in  1673,  who  encamped  there  in  the  winter 
of  1674  75.  (See  Marquette.)  The  French  built 
a  toil  there,  which  is  marked  on  a  map,  in  L683, 
"  Fori  Cliec.'igou."  When  Canada  was  ceded  to 
Great  Britain  this  fort  was  abandoned.  The 
United  states  government  built  a  fort  there  in 
1804,  and  named  it  Dearborn,  in  honor  of  the 
Secretary  of  War.  It  was  on  the  south  side  of 
the  Chicago  River,  near  its  mouth.  It  was  a 
noted  trading  station.  This  fort  was  evacuated 
by    its    garrison   in    1813,  when   the    troops   ami 

other  while  Inhabitants  there  were  fallen  upon 

b\  hostile  Indians  and  main  people  murdered- 
\ i i u  16,  (Set  '  In, ,i,i,i.  Massacre  at.)  The  fort 
ui-  i.  established  in  1  —  1 « "• .  and  was  occupied 
until    i-::t.     The  list   vestige  of  it     a  blook- 

hoUSe  was  demolished  in  1866.  A  town  was 
laid  out   near  the   fort    in    1830,  which   embraced 

[the  of  a  square  mile.     In  1831  It  com- 


CHICAGO  AS  A  FOOD-CENTRE  2 

prised  twelve  families, besides  the  little  garrison 
of  Fort  Dearborn.  The  town  was  organized  in 
1833,  with  five  trustees,  when  it  contained  560 
inhabitants.  It  was  incorporated  a  city  March  1, 
1837,  when  it  contained  a  population  of  IITn. 
Its  growth  lias  since  Keen  marvellous;  in  1870 
it  hail  a  population  of  about  300,000. 


9  CHICAGO,  MASSACRE  AT 

was  100,000,000  bushels,  consisting  of  wheat, 
say  15,000,000  bushels;  Indian  corn,  at  least 
55,000,000  bushels;  oats,  full  20,000,000  bushels; 
ami  rye,  barley,  and  dour.  The  total  amount  of 
breads  tuffs  Bhipped  from  there  in  W">  was  about 

90,000, bushels.     A  vast  number  of  hogs  are 

slaughtered  and  packed  in  Chicago. 


Chicago  as  a  Food-Centre.     Chicago  was  Chicago,  M\— -u  BJf  ai.     On  the  site  of  the 

first  surveyed  for  a  village  in  1889.    In  1840  its  city  of  Chicago,  in  1818,  were  Fori  Dearborn,  the 

population  was  4853 ;  now  (1880)  its  population  dwelling  of  Mr.  Kinsie,  an  Indian   trader  from 

is  more  than  100,000.     It  is  the  foousofa  vast  Qneboe  (on  the  north  side  of  the  river),  and  the 

railway  system,  and  is  the  greatest   food-centre  huts  of  a  tew  settlers       The  garrison  of  the  fort 

Id  the  world.    It  connects  with  folly  10,000  miles  was  commanded  by  Captain  X.  Heald,  assisted 


SD    r<IKT    IlKAKHUKX. 


ofrailroad,  all  tributary  to  Chicago,  which  make | by  Lieutenant  Helm.    The  young  wives  of  both 

an  annual  profit  of  over  $40,000,000,  out  of  more     officers  were  in  the  fort.      The  garrison  and  the 

U 1100,000,000  of  receipts.    No  less  than  throe    family  of  Mr.  Kiosk  were  on   friendly  terms 

hundred  ami  flfty  trains  enter  and  leave  ChiOftgO     with    the  surrounding  Indians,  nut il   the  spring 
daily.     The  total  iceipt  of  breads)  nils  in  1870    of   1818,  when  the  hostile  feelings  created    by 


CHICAGO,  MASSACRE  AT  2 

British  emissaries  first  became  slightly  manifest. 
A  scalping  party  of  Winnebagoes  made  a  raid 
mi  a  settlement  near  Chioago  in  April, and  dar- 
ing the  early  part  oftbe  ensuing  summer  the  in- 
lialiitants  saw,  with  alarm,  the  continual  gath- 
ering of  Indians  near.  On  Aug.  7  a  friendly 
Pottawatomie  chief  arrived  with  a  letter  from 
Genera]  Hull,  notifying  Heald  of  the  declaration 
of  war  and  fall  of  Mackinaw,  and  advising  him, 
if  expedient,  to  evacuate  the  fort  and  distribute 
all  the  United  States  property  there  among  the 
neighboring  Indians.  Heald  was  advised  by 
this  chief  and  by  Kinzie  to  leave  the  fort  and 
let  the  Indians  distribute  the  property  them- 
selves. "  While  they  are  doing  this."  they  Said, 
"you  and  the  white  people  may  reach  Fort 
Wayne  in  safety."  Heald,  soldier-like,  resolved 
to  obey  his  orders.  He  called  them  to  a  council 
the  next  day  (Aug.  12),  told  them  to  come  and 
receive  the  property,  and  accepted  their  offer  to 
escort  the  white  people  through  the  wilderness 
to  Fort  Wayne.  It  was  a  fatal  mistake,  soon 
perceived.  Black  Partridge,  a  friendly  chief, 
unable  to  control  his  warriors,  came  quietly  to 
the  commander,  aud  said,  " Father,  I  come  to 
deliver  to  you  the  medal  I  wear.     It  was  given 


0  CHICAGO,  MASSACRE  AT 

armed  with  a  ritie.  They  had  not  gone  far  when 
their  savage  escort, live  hundred  strong, fell  upon 
them,  and  a  sharp  and  bloody  conllict  ensued. 
Rebecca  Heald  behaved  bravely.  She  received 
several  wounds,  but,  though  bleeding  and  faint, 
she  kept  her  saddle:  and  when  a  fierce  savage 
raised  his  tomahawk  to  slay  her,  she  said,  in  a 
sweet  voire,  in  his  own  language,  and  with  half 
a  smile,  "  Surely  you'll  not  kill  a  squaw  !"'  The 
appeal  saved  her  life,  and  she  lived  until  the 
year  1860.  A  young  savage  attempted  to  toma- 
hawk Mrs.  Helm.  She  sprang  to  one  side,  re- 
ceiving the  blow  on  her  shoulder,  and  at  the 
same  instant  seized  the  barbarian  around  his 
neck  and  endeavored  to  get  hold  of  his  scalpiug- 
knife.  While  thus  struggling,  sin-  was  dragged 
from  her  antagonist  by  another  Indian,  who 
bore  her  to  the  shore  oftbe  lake  and  plunged 
her  in,  at  the  same  time  saving  her  from  drown- 
ing. It  was  a  friendly  hand  that  held  her— the 
Pottawatomie  chief  Blackbird,  who  would  have 
saved  the  white  people  if  he  could.  He  gave 
Captain  Heald  such  warning  as  he  dared.  On 
the  night  before  the  evacuation  of  the  fort  lie 
had  said  to  him,  "  Linden  birds  have  been  sing- 
ing in  my  ears  to-day  ;  he  careful  on  the  march 


TI1K    BLACK    I'AKTRIOliK    MKDAI. 


me  by  the  Americana,  and  1  have  long  worn  it  in 
token  of  our  mutual  friendship.  Hut  our  young 
men  are  resolved  to  imbrue  their  hands  in  the 

blood   of   the   white    people.      I   cannot   restrain 

them,  and  I  will  not  wear  a  token  of  peace  w  bile 

I  am  compelled  to  act  as  an  .neniv ."  This  w  ant- 
ing was  strangely  unheeded.  The  less  honor- 
able Indians  promised  good  conduct,  but  there 
were  unmistakable  signs  of  treachery,  and  when 
the  morning  arrived  for  the  departure  of  the 
w  bite  people  |  aog,  l">  .  it  was  clearly  seen  that 
the  barbarians  intended  to  murder  them.    With 

thai  conviction,  the  garrison  and  white  set- 
tlers went  out  of  the  gate  "I  the  fort  in  pro- 
cession, like  a  funeral  march.     The  band  struck 

up    the   "Dead    March  in  Saul."      The  wives  of 

Heald  and  Helm  rode  on  horseback  bj  the  aide 

oftheil   husbands:   the  foiuicr,  a  good  shot,  was 


you  are  going  to  take."  On  that  bloody  field, 
now  in  the  suburbs  of  the  gnat  city  of  Chicago. 
Other  «  omen  performed  acts  id'  heroism.  Mean- 
while, Captain  Heald  had  made  terms  lor  sur- 
render, and  the  massacre  was  staved.  The  pris- 
oners were  distributed  among  the  captors,  aud 
were     finally     reunited     or     restored     to     t  In 

friends  and  families,  in  this  affair, twelve  chil- 
dren,who  wen'  in  a  wagon,  all  the  masculine 
civilians  excepting  Mr.  Kinzie  aud  his  sons. 
three  officers,  and  twentj  six  private  soldiers 
were  murdered.  On  the  following  day  the  tort 
was  burned   by  the   Indians.      Among   the  slam 

waa  Captain  Wells,  Mrs.  ilea  Id's  uncle,  who  came 

from   Tort    Wayne  with   some  i in  ted   Mi. inns 

who  wen'  friendly.     He  knew  the  danger,  and 

had  hastened  to  attempt  to  divert  it.  II.'  was 
too   late,  tor  the    fori   was   abandoned   when 


CHICKAIIOMINY 


241 


CHICKAMAUGA,  BATTLE  OF 


arrived.  His  cowardly  Miamis  fled  at  the  first 
onset  of  the  Pottawatomies,  and  he  was  crushed 
by  overwhelming  numbers. 

Chickahominy,  McClbllan  ox  the.  The 
General  pressed  forward  from  t  lie  "While  Rouse," 
on  the  Parnnnkey,  to  Cool  Arbor,  near  the  Chick- 
ahominy River,  where  he  made  his  headqnarters, 
within  nine  miles  of  Richmond.  Qeneral  Casey's 
division  of  General  Reyes's  corps  crossed  the 
river, anil  occupied  the  heights  on  the  Richmond 
side  of  the  stream,  supported  by  troops  under 
General  Heintzelman.  Along  the  line  of  the 
Chickahominy  the  National  anil  Confederate 
armies  lay,  confronting  each  other,  at  the  elose 
of  May,  1868,  separated  by  a  narrow,  sluggish 
stream,  liable  to  a  sndden  overflow  of  its  banks 

and  lilling  the  adjacent  swamps.  There  the  two 
commanders  waited  for  decisive  results  in  the 
Shenandoah  Valley,  each  expecting  reinforce- 
ments from  that  region. 

Cbickamauga,  Batti.f.  of  (1863).    Rosecrans, 

erroneously  supposing  Bragg  had  begun  a  re- 
treat towards  K w  hen  he  abandoned  Chatta- 
nooga and  marched  southward  through  the  gaps 
of  .Missionaries  Ridge,  pushed  his  forces  t  hrongh 
the  mountain  passes,  and  was  surprised  to  Bud 
his  antagonist,  instead  of  retreating,  concentrat- 
ing his  forces  to  attack  the  attenuated  line  of  the 
Nationals,  the  extremities  of  which   were   then 

fifty  miles  apart.     Rosecrana  proceeded  :it  once 

to   concentrate   his   own    forces;   and   very  soon 

the  two  armies  were  confronting  each  other  in 
battle  array  on  each  side  of  Cbiokamauga  i  Ireek, 

in  the  vicinity  of  Crawfish  Spring,  each  line  ex- 
tending tow  aids  t  he  slo | f  Missionaries  Ridge. 

Rosecrans  did  not  know  that  Lee  had  sent 
troops  from  Virginia,  under  Longatreet, to  rein- 
force Bragg, and  who  was  then  making  his  way 

up  from  Atlanta  to  swell  the  Confederate  forces 
to  the  number  of  full  70,000  men.      Johnson,  in 

Mississippi,  also  sent  thousands  of  prisoners, 
paroled  at  Vicksbnrg  and  Porl  Hudson,  to  still 

further    reinforce    Bragg.        In    battle    order    on 

Chickamaugs  Creek  (Sept.  19,  1863),  the  Confed- 
erate righl  was  commanded  by  Genera]  Polk, 

and  the  left  b\  General  Hood  until  Longatreet 
should  arrive.  During  the  previous  night  near- 
ly two  thirds  of  the  Confederates  had  crossed 

to  the  west  side  of  the  creek,  and  held  the 
fords  from  Lee  and  Gordon's  mills  far  towards 
Missionaries  Ridge.  Roaecrana'a  concentrated 
army  did  not  then  number  more  than  56,000 
tin  ii.     General  George  H. Thomas,  who  was  on 

the  extreme  left  of  the  National  line,  on  the 
Slopes  of  .Missionaries  Ridge,  by  a  movement   to 

capture  an  Isolated  ('mi federate  brigade, brought 

on    a    battle    (Sept.   19)    at     ten    o'clock,    which 

raged  with  great  fierceness  until  dark,  when  the 
Nationals  seemed  to  have  the  advantage.  It 
had  been  begun  by  Croxtou's  brigade  "i  Bran- 
nan's  division,  which  st  niggled  sharply  with  For- 
Nat's  cavalry.  Thomas  sent  Hand's  division  to 
BS8i.il  Croxton,  when  other  Confederates  became 
engaged,  making  the  odds  against  the  Nationals, 
when  the  latter,  having  driven  the  Confeder- 
ates, were  iii  turn  pushed  back.  The  pursu- 
ers dashed  through  the  lines  of  United  Slates 
I.— 16 


regulars  and  captured  a  Michigan  battery  and 
about  500  men.  In  the  charge  all  of  the  horses 
and  most  of  t  he  men  of  the  batteries  were  killed. 
At  that  moment  a  heavy  force  of  Nationals 
came  up  and  joined  in  the  battle.  They  now 
outnumbered  and  outflanked   the  Confederates, 

and, attacking  them  furionaly, drove  them  back 
in  disorder  for  a  mile  and  a  half  on  their  re- 
serves. The  lost  battery  was  recovered,  and 
Brannan  and  Baud  were  enabled  to  re-form 
their  shattered  columns.      There  was  a  lull,  hut 

at   Ave  o'clock   the  Confederates  renewed  the 

battle,  and  were  pressing  the  National  line  heav- 
ily, when  Ha/en,  who  was  in  charge  of  a  park 
of  artillery  —  twenty  guns  -hastened  to  put 
them  in  position,  with  such  infantry  supports  as 
he  COUld  gather,  and  brought  them  to  bear  upon 
the  Confederates,  at  short  range,  as  they  dashed 
into  the  road  in  pursuit  of  the  Nationals.  The 
pnrsnere  recoiled  in  disorder,  and  therein  Hil- 
da] was  saved  oil  the  left.  Night  closed  the 
combat.  There  bad  been  some  lively  artillery 
work  on  the  National  right  during  the  day; 
and  at  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  Hood 
threw   two  of  his  divisions  upon  General  Dai  is's 

division  of  M.  i  look's  corps,  pushing  it  back  and 

capturing  a  battery.  l>a\is  fought  with  great 
pertinacity  until  near  sunset,  when  a  brigade  of 
Sheridan's  division  came  to  his  aid.  Then  a 
successful  Countercharge  was  made;  the  Con- 
federates were  driven  back,  the  battery  was  re- 
taken, and  a  number  of  Confederates  were  made 
prisoners.  That  night  General  Hindman  came 
to  the  Confederates  w  ith  his  division,  and  Long- 
street   arrived  with  two  brigades  of  McLawa'a 

veterans  from  Virginia,  and  took  command  of  the 

l'  ti  of  r.iagg's  army.    Preparations  were  made 

for  a  renewal  of  the  struggle  in  the  morning. 
It  was  begun  (Sept. 'JIT),  alter  a  dense  fog  had 
risen  from  the  earth,  bet  ween  eight  and  nine 
O'clock.  The  conllict  was  to  have  been  opened 
by  Folk  at  daylight  on  the  National  left,  but  he 
foiled.  Meanwhile,  under  cover  of  the  fog, 
Thomas  received  reinforcements,  until  nearly 
one  half  of  the  arms-  of  I  he  Cumberland  present 
were  under  his  command,  and  had  erected  breast- 
works of  logs,  rails,  a  nd  earth.  The  battle  was  be- 
gun by  an  attack  by  Breckinridge.   The  intention 

was  to  interpose  an  overwhelming  force  bef  ween 

Roaeorana  and  Chattanooga,  which  Thomas  had 
prevented  the  previous  day.  An  exceedingly 
tierce  struggle  ensued,  with  varying  fortunes 
for  the  Combatants.  The  carnage  on  both  sides 
was  frightful.  Attempts  to  turn  the  National 
Bank  were  not  successful,  for  Thomas  and  his 
veterans  stood  like  a  wall  in  the  way.  The 
conllict  for  B  while  was  equally  severe  at  the 
centre;  and  the  blunder  of  an  incompetent  Staff 
ollieer,  sent  with  orders  to  Celieral  Wood,  pro- 
duced disaster  on  the  National  right.  A  gap 
was  left  in  the  National  line,  when  Hood,  with 
Slew  ait,  charged  furiously,  while  Buckucr  ad- 
vanced to  their  support.  The  charge,  in  which 
Davia  and  Brannan  and  Sheridan  were  atruok 

simultaneously,  isolated  live  brigades,  which 
lost  forty  per  cent,  of  their  Dumber.  By  this 
oharge  the  National  right  wing  was  bo  shattered 
thai  u  began  crumbling, aud  was  .soon  seen  fly. 


CHICKAMAUGA,  BATTLE  OF 


242 


CHICKASAWS 


ing  in  disorder  towards  Chattanooga,  leaving 
thousands  behind,  killed,  wounded,  or  pris- 
oners. The  tide  carried  with  it  the  troops  led 
by    Rosecrans,    Crittenden,    and    McCook;   and 

the  commanding  general,  unable  to  join  Thomas, 
aud  believing  the  whole  army  would  speedily 
be  hurrying  pell-mell  to  Chattanooga,  hastened 
to  that  place  to  provide  for  rallying  them  there. 
Thomas,  meanwhile,  ignorant  of  the  disaster  on 
the  right,  was  maintaining  his  position  firmly. 
Sheridan  and  Davis,  who  had  been  driven  over 
to  the  Dry  Valley  road,  rallying  their  shattered 
columns,  re-formed  them  by  the  way,  and,  with 
McCook,  halted  and  changed  front  at  Kossville, 
with  a  determination  to  defend  the  pass  at  all 
hazards  against  the  pursuers.  Thomas  finally 
withdrew  from  his  breastworks  and  concen- 
trated his  troops,  and  formed  his  line  on  a  slope 
of  Missionaries  Kidge.  Wood  and  Brannan  had 
barely  time  to  dispose  their  troops  properly, 
when  they  were  furiously  attacked,  the  Confed- 
erate- throwing  in  fresh  troops  continually. 
General  Granger,  commanding  reserves  at  Koss- 
ville, hastened  to  the  assistance  of  Thomas  with 
Steedman's  division.  The  latter  fonght  his 
way  to  the  crest  of  a  hill,  and  then  turning  his 
artillery  upon  his  assailants,  drove  them  down 
the  southern  slope  of  the  ridge  with  great 
slaughter.  They  returned  to  the  attack  with 
an  overwhelming  force,  determined  to  drive  the 
Nationals  from  the  ridge,  and  pressed  Thomas 
most  severely.  Finally,  when  they  were  moving 
along  a  ridge  and  in  a  gorge,  to  assail  his  right 
Hank  and  rear,  Granger  formed  two  brigades 
(\Vhittaker*s  and  Mitchell's)  into  a  charging 
party,  and  hurled  them  against  the  Confederates 
led  by  Hindman.  Steedman  led  the  charging 
party,  with  a  regimental  flag  in  his  hand,  and 
soou  won  a  victory.  In  the  space  of  twenty  min- 
utes the  Confederates  disappeared,  and  the  Na- 
tionals held  both  the  ridge  and  gorge.  Very 
soon  a  greater  portion  of  the  Confederate  army 
were  b  warming  around  the  foot  of  the  ridge,  on 
which  stood  Thomas  with  the  remnant  of  seven 

divisions  of  the  army  of  the  Cumberland.    The 

Confederates  were  led   by  Loiigstreet.     There 

seemed  no  hope  for  the  Nationals,  lint  Thomas 
stood  like  a  rock,  and  his  men  repulsed  aBSanll 
alter  assanll  until  the  sun  went  down,  when  he 
began  the  withdrawal  of  his  troops  to  Rossville, 
for  his  ammunition  was  almost  exhausted.  Gen- 
eral Garfield,  Rosecrans's  chief  of  staff,  had  ar- 
rived with  orders  for  Thomas  to  lake  the  com- 
mand of  all  the  forces,  and,  with  McCook  and 
Crittenden,  to  take  a  strong  position  at  Koss- 
ville. It  was  then  that  Thomas  had  the  first 
reliable  information  of  disaster  on  the  right. 
Confederates  seeking  to  obstruct  the  movement 

Wen  driven  back,  with  a  loss  of  900  men  made 

prisoners.    Bo  ended  the  battle  ofChickamanga. 

una]  loss  was  reported  at  16,386,  of 
whom  16OT  were  killed.     The  total  loss  ofoffl- 

974.  It  is  probable  the  entire  Union 
loss,  including  the  missing,  was  19,000.  The 
Confederate  loss  was  reported  a(  20,600,  of  whom 
2t;~:t  were  killed.  Rosecrans  tooli  9003  prison- 
ers,:  Hi  gnns,  90  caissons,  and  B460  small-arms, 
and  lost,  a-  prisoners, 7800.     Bragg  claimed  to 


have  captured  overSOOO  prisoners  (including  tho 
wounded),  51  guns,  and  15,000  small-arms.  The 
Confederates  were  victors  ou  the  held,  but  their 
triumph  was  not  decisive.  On  the  evening  of 
the  20th  the  whole  National  army  withdrew  in 
good  order  to  a  position  in  front  of  Chattanoo- 
ga, and  on  the  following  day  I5ra<rg  advanced 
and  took  possession  of  Lookout  Mountain  aud 
the  whole  of  Missionaries  Bidge. 

Chickasaw  Bayou,  Battlk  OF.  When  Gen- 
eral W.  T.  Sherman  came  down  from  Memphis 
to  engage  in  the  siege  of  Vicksburg,  late  in 
1862,  with  about  twenty  thousand  men  and  some 
heavy  siege  guns,  he  was  joined  by  troops 
from  Helena,  Ark.,  and  was  met  by  a  gun- 
boat fleet,  under  Admiral  Porter,  at  the  month 
of  the  Yazoo  River,  just  above  the  city  (Dec. 
25).  The  two  commanders  arranged  a  plan  for 
attacking  Vicksburg  in  the  rear.  They  went 
Dp  the  Yazoo  to  capture  some  batteries  at 
Chickasaw  Bayou  and  other  points.  The  Ya- 
zoo sweeps  round  in  a  great  bend  within  a 
few  miles  of  Vicksburg.  The  range  of  hills  ou 
which  Vicksburg  stands  extends  to  the  Yazoo, 
about  twelve  miles  above  the  city,  where  they 
terminate  in  Haines's  Bluff.  There  is  a  deep 
natural  ditch  extending  from  the  Yazoo  below 
Haines's  Bluff  to  the  Mississippi,  called  Chick- 
asaw Bayou,  passing  near  The  bluffs,  which 
were  fortified,  and  along  their  bases  were  rifle- 
pits  for  sharpshooters.  This  bayou  lay  in  the 
path  of  Sherman's  march  up  the  bluffs,  which 
must  be  carried  to  gain  the  rear  of  Vicksburg. 
His  troops  moved  in  four  columns,  commanded 
respectively  by  Geuerals  Morgan,  -\.  .1.  Smith. 
Morgan  L.  Smith,  and  F.  Steele.  They  moved 
on  Dec.  27,  bivouacked  without  fire  that  night, 
and  proceeded  to  the  attack  the  next  morn- 
ing. The  Nationals  drove  the  Confederate 
pickets  across  the  bayou,  and  everywhere  the 
ground    was    so    soft    that    causeways    of   logs 

had  to  be  built  for  the  passage  of  troops  and 
artillery.  The  Nationals  were  seriously  enfi- 
laded by  the  Confederate  batteries  and  sharp- 
shooters.     The    right    of  the   Confederates   was 

commanded  by  General  F.l*.  Blair,  who  led  the 
way  across  the  bayou  over  a  bridge  his  men 
had  built,  captured  two  lines  of  rifle-pits,  and 
fought  desperately  to  gain  the  crest  of  the  hill 

before  him.  Others  followed,  and  a  severe  bat- 
tle ensued.      Pemberton,  the  Confederate  chief, 

had  arrived,  and  so  active  were  the  Confeder- 
ates on  the  bluffs  that  the  Nationals  were  re- 
pulsed with  heavy  loss.  Blair  lost  one  third 
of  his  brigade.  Darkness  closed  the  struggle, 
when    Sherman    had    lost    about    two   thousand 

men,  and  bis  antagonists  only  two  hundred 

and  seven. 

Chickasaws.  This  tribe  of  the  Creak  con- 
federacy inhabited  the  country  along  the  Mis- 
sissippi from  the  borders  of  fhe  Choctaw  do- 
main to  tin'  Ohio  River,. and  eastward  beyond 

the  Tennessee  to  the  lands  of  the  Chei.- 
Bhawnoese.      Thej    WeiS  warlike,  and   were   the 

early  friends  of  the  English  and  the  inveterate 
foes  of  the  French,  who  twice  (1736  and  L740) 

Invaded  their  country  under  Bienville  and  lie 


CHICKERING 


243 


CHIPPEWA,  BATTLE  OF 


Noailles.  The  Chickasaws  said  they  camp  from 
•west  of  the  Mississippi,  nuder  the  guardianship 
of  a  great  dog,  with  a  pole  for  a  gnide.   At  eight 

they  stuck  the  pole  in  the  ground,  and  went 
tin-  way  i(  leaned  erery  moruing,  Their  dog 
was  drowned  in  crossing  the  Mississippi,  and 

after  a  while  their  pole,  in  the  interior  of  Ala- 
bama, remained  upright,  and  there  the]  settled. 
De  Soto  passed  a  winter  among  them  (1540—41), 
when  they  numbered  ten  thousand  warriors. 
These  were  reduced  to  four  hundred  and  fifty 
when  the  French  seated  themselves  in  Louis- 
iana. Wars  with  the  new  -  comers  and  sur- 
rounding   tribes  occurred  until   the   middle   of 

the  eighteenth  century.  They  favored  the  Eng- 
lish iii  the  Revolution,  when  they  had  abonl 
one  thousand  warriors.  They  joined  the  white 
people  against  the  Creeks  in  1795,  and  always 

remained  the  friends  of  the  pale  faces;  and,  in 
1818,  they  had  ceded  all  their  lands  north  of 
the    State    of    Mississippi.        Some    of    the    tribe 

had  already  emigrated  to  Arkansas.      In  1834 

they  ceded  all  their  lands  to  the  United  States. 

■mounting  to  over  6,400,000  acres,  for  which 
they  received  s:i,(>4<>,0()().  Then  they  joined  the 
Choctaws,  who  spoke  the  same  language,  and 
became  a  part  of  that  nation.  During  their 
emigration  the  small-pox  destroyed  a  large 
Dumber  of  their  tribe.    They  did  not  advance 

ill  civilization  as  rapidly  as  the  Choctaws.  and 
had  no  schools  until  1861.  They  Were  politi- 
cally separated  from  the  Choctaws  in  1-.".."..  and 
have  since  been  recognized  as  a  distinct  tribe. 
Led  by  their  ageuts,  who  wen-  Southern  men, 
they  joined  the  Confederates.  Mnd  lost  neailv 
one  fourth  of  their  population,  much  stock,  and 
all  their  slaves.  They  gave  up  7,000,000  acres 
of  land  for  four  and  a  half  cents  an  acre,  and 
the  money  was  to  go  to  the  freedmen,  unless 

within  two  years  they  allowed  the  negroes  to 
become  a  part  id' the  tube.  The  latter  alterna- 
tive w  as  adopted,  Jan.  Ill,  WH.  They  are  now 
rapidly  advancing  in  prosperity. 

Chickeriiig,  Jonas,  was  born  at  Mason  Vil- 
lage. N.  II.,  April  ."..  IT'.I-;  .lied  in  Boston.  I>ec.  8, 
l-">::.  lb  learned  the  trade  of  a  cabinet-maker. 
Being   fond   of  music,  he   repaired   and   put    in 

g 1  condition  an  old  piano  which  he  found  in 

the  town,  and  in  1818  he  became  a  workman  in 
a  pianoforte  manufactory  in  Boston.  In  1823  he 
set  up  business  for  himself,  which  was  extend- 
ed by  forming  a  partnership  in  1830.  After  his 
partner's  death,  in  1841,  he  continued  the  busi- 
ness alone,  with  ample  means,  introducing  \  cry 
important  improvements  in  the  construction  id' 
pianos.  His  sous  were  associated  with  him,  and 
they  were  selling,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  about 
fifteen  hundred  pianos  a  year,  and  gave  employ- 
ment to  Ave  hundred  workmen.  The  establish- 
ment having  been  destroyed  by  lire,  be  began 
building  a  more  extensive  one,  just  before  his 
death,  which  u  as  completed  bj  his  sous.  The  es- 
tablishment occupies  an  entire  square  in  the  city 
of  Boston.  One  of  the  first  improvements  made 
by  Mr.  Chickeriiig  was  the  substitution  of  iron 
for  wood  in  the  construction  id'  the  piano,  made 
upon    true    geometric    and    acoustic    principles. 

en  t  Into  operation  about  the  yeai  1837, 


Chief-justice,  Fikst.  of  New  Jersey.  Rog- 
er Mompesson,  an  English  lawyer  —  a  "good- 
tempered,  honest,  sober  gentleman" — was  made 
the  first  chief-justice  of  New  Jersey  in  1702.  He 
was  also  judge  of  the  admiralty  for  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania  ;  attorney-gen- 
eral and  chief-justice  id'  Pennsylvania,  and  also 
of  New  York.  Though  highly  spoken  of  as  a 
man  and  a  lawyer,  he  was  a  mere  tool  in  the 
hands  of  Lord  Cornhury,  the  Governor  of  New 
York  and  New-  Jersey. 

China,  TREATY  with  (1868).  (See  Interna- 
tional Law,  First  Acceptance  of,  by  China.) 

Chinooks.  Among  the  numerous  western 
tribes,  the  Chinooks  in  the  northwest  formed  a 
distinct  and  interesting  nation,  but  since  their 
contact  with  the  white  people  they  have  rapid- 
ly decreased.  They  formerly  inhabited  the 
country  on  each  side  of  the  Columbia  River 
from  the  (J rand  Dalles  to  its  month.  The  Chi- 
nooks proper  were  on  the  north  side  of  that 
stream,  and  the  other  division,  called  Clatsops, 
were  on  the  south  side  and  along  the  Pacific 
coast,  Broken  into  roving  bands,  they  are 
fading  away,  and  the  nation  has  become  al- 
most extinct  :  anil  their  language,  corrupted  by 
French  ami  English  traders,  is  almost  obliter- 
ated. It  was  harsh,  at  the  best.  There  aie  a 
very  few  of  them  on  a  reservation  in  Washing- 
ton Territory,  but  these  will  soon  disappear. 

Chippewa,  B.vni.r.  of.  General  Brown  took 
prompt  measures  to  secure  the  advantages  de- 
rived by  the  capture  of  Fort  Erie  (see  Canada, 
InvaHon  of,  1814)  j  for  it  was  known  that  Gener- 
al Riall,  who  was  then  in  chief  command  on  the 
Niagara  frontier,  was  moving  towards  Fort  Erie 
Early  in  the  morning  of  July  II  he  had  sent  for- 
ward some  of  the  Royal  Scots  to  reinforce  the 
garrison.  At  Chippewa,  at  the  mouth  of  Chip- 
pewa Creek,  they  heard  of  Che  surrender  of  the 
fort,  when  Rial!  determined  to  make  an  imme- 
diate attack  upon  the  Americans  on  Canadian 
soil.  Hearing  that  reinforcements  were  coming 
from  York,  he  deferred  the  attack  until  the  next 
morning.  To  meet  this  force,  General  Brown 
sent  forward  General  Scott  with  his  brigade, 
accompanied  by  ToWBOu's  artillery,  on  the 
morning  of  the  4th.  Ripley  was  ordered  in  the 
same  direction  with  his  brigade,  but  was  not 
ready  to  move  until  the  afternoon.  Scott  went 
down    the    Canada    side   of  the   Niagara    River, 

skirmishing  nearly  all  the  way  to  Street's 
Creek,  driving  back  a  British  advanced  de- 
tachment.        The     main    portions    of    Brown's 

arniv  reached  Scott's  encampment  on  the  south 

side  of  Street's  Creek  that  night,  and  on  the 
morning  of  the  5th  the  opposing  armies  were 
only  two  miles  apart.  At  about  noon  Scott 
was  joined  by  General  Porter,  with  his  volun- 
teers and  Indiaus.  The  British  had  also  been 
reinforced.  The  two  armies  were  feeling  each 
other  for  some  time,  when  preliminary  skirmish- 
ing was  begun  by  Porter  with  marked  success. 
The  Indians  behaved  gallantly  under  the  lead- 
ership of  Captain  Bollard  and  the  famous  Red 
Jacket.  The  British  advanced  corps,  severely 
smitten,  tied  back  in  affright  tow  aids  Chippewa. 


CHIPPEWA,  BATTLE  OF 


244 


CHITTENDEN 


Porter  pursued,  and  found  himself  within  a  few  Chippewas,  or  Ojibways.  This  Algonquin 
yards  of  the  eutire  British  force,  advancing  in  family,  living  in  scattered  bands  on  the  shores 
battle  order.  A  desperate  struggle  ensued,  and  islands  of  the  upper  lakes,  were  fust  discov- 
Finally  the  British  made  a  furious  charge  ered  by  the  French  in  1640  at  the  Sant  (Tapids) 
with  bayonets.  Hearing  nothing  from  Scott,  de  St.  Marie,  when  they  numbered  about  two 
Porter  ordered  a  retreat.  It  became  a  tuniultu-  thousand.  They  were  then  at  war  with  the  Iro- 
ous  rout.  It  was  now  towards  evening.  Brown  qnois,  the  Foxes,  and  the  Sioux  ;  and  they  drove 
had  been  watching  Porter's  movements  with  the  latter  from  the  head-waters  of  the  Missis- 
great  anxiety,  and  had  ordered  Scott  to  cross  sippi  and  from  the  Bed  River  of  the  North.  The 
Street's  Creek,  when  Porter's  flying  troops  were  French  established  missionaries  among  them, 
observed.  Riall  had  sent  forward  some  Royal  and  the  Chippewas  were  the  firm  friends  of 
Scots,  part  of  another  regiment  of  regulars,  a  these  Europeans  until  the  conquest  of  Canada 
regiment  of  Lincoln  militia,  and  about  three  ended  French  dominion  in  America.  In  1712 
hundred  Indians.  These  composed  the  force  they  aided  t lie  French  in  repelling  an  attack  of 
that  fought  Porter.  Scott  crossed  Street's  the  Foxes  on  Detroit.  In  Pontiac's  conspiracy 
Creek  in  the  face  of  a  heavy  cannonade,  aud    (see  Pontiav)    they  were  his  confederates:   and 

they  sided  with  the  Brit- 
ish in  the  war  of  the 
Revolution  and  of  1812. 
Joining  the  Miarois,  they 
fonghl  Wayne  and  were 
defeated,  and  subscribed 
to  the  treaty  at  Green- 
ville in  1795.  (See  Green- 
rille).  In  l^lf'i  they  took 
part  i  ii  the  pacification  of 
the  northwestern  tribes, 

and  in  1817  they  gave  up 
all  their  lands  in  Ohio.  At 
that  time  they  occupied 
a  vast  and  undefined  ter- 
ritory   from    Mackinaw 
along  the  line   of  Lake 
Superior  to   the   Missis- 
sippi River.     The  limits 
of  this  territory  were  de- 
lined  by  a  treaty  in  1886, 
alter  which  they  gradu- 
ally ceded  their  lands  to 
the  United  States  for  equivalent  annuities.    All 
but  a  few  bands  had  gone  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi in  1861  :  and  in  1866  the  scattered  bands  in 
Canada,  Michigan,  on  the  borders  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior, and  beyond  the  Mississippi  numbered  more 
than  fifteen  thousand-    about   the  same  as  they 
did   sixty  years  ago.      They  are  now  seated   on 
reservations,  which   embrace    in    the    aggregate 
five   million   acres.     Their  religion   is    simply  a 
belief  in  a  Good  and  Evil  Spirit,  and  the  deifica- 
tion of  the  powers  of  nature.     Various  denomi- 
nations   have   missionaries  among  the  Chippe- 
was. 

Chittenden,  Thomas,  first  governor  of  the 
State  of  Vermont,  was  born  at  East  Guilford, 
Conn.,  Jan.  6, 1730 ;  died  at  Wi Uiston,  Vt  .Aug. 
24.  1797.  He  had  held  local  offices  in  his  native 
state  before  1774.  when  he  emigrated  to  the  New 
Hampshire  Grants  (which  see),  and  settled  nt 
Williston.  During  the  Revolution  be  was  an 
active  participant  in  the  councils  ol  his  state, 
and  was  a  leader  in  the  convention  which  (Jan. 

Hi.  1777)  declared  Vermont  an  independent  state. 

lie  was  also  a  leader  in  the  convention  (.Inly, 
1777)  which  formed  a  constitution  for  that  state, 
and   president    Of  the  Council    of  Sat'et\    \estec| 

wnii  governmental  powers,      lie  was  elected 

governor  of  Vermont  in  1778,  and,  with  tl \- 

ception  of  one  year,  Ailed  that  offlos  until  his 


STREET  S   CREEK   BRIDGE,  IX    1801,  LOOKl.Mi   NORTH. 


very  soon  the  battle  raged  with  fury  along  the 
entire  line  of  both  armies.  Several  times  the 
British  line  was  broken  and  closed  up  again. 
Finally  a  flank  movement  and  a  furious  charge 
was  made  by  Major  McNeill  with  Colonel 
Campbell's  Eleventh  regiment,  and  a  terrific 
fire  from  a  corps  under  Major  Jesnp  in  the  cen- 
tre made  the  British  line  give  way.  It  broke 
and    tied   in   haste,  to  the   intrenchments    below 

Chippewa  Creek.      The  fugitives  tore  up  the 

bridge  over  the  creek  behind  them,  leaving  an 
Impassable  chasm   between  themselves  and  the 

Americans.     The  battle -field  (opposite  Navj 

Island)  was  strewn  with  the  dead  and  dying. 
The  Americans  lost,  in  killed,  wounded,  and 
missing,  three  hundred  and  titty-five  men  :  the 
British  lost,  by  the  same  casiialt  ies,  six  hun- 
dred and  four   men.  of  whom  two  bundled  and 

thirty-aii  were  killed.  On  that  hot  duly  even- 
bag  a  gentle  shower  of  rain  descended,  whiob 
mitigated  tie-  horrors  of  the  battle-field.    Soott 

i  to  pursue,  but  was  compelled  to  wait 
for  the  tardy  Ripley,  who  did  not  arrive  in  time 
to  participate  in  tin-  battle  or  to  join  in  an  in 
stant    pursuit.      The    immediate    results   of  the 

battle  were  Important.    The  Indian  allies  of 

the  Itrilish  were  disheartened,  and  nearly  all  of 
them  left  the  ai  in  \  and  returned  to  their  bonus. 

The  Americans  were  greatly  inspirited. 


CHOCTAWS 


245     CHRISTIAN  INDIANS,  MASSACEE  OF 


death,  daring  which  time  the  controversy  be- 
tween New  York  and  Vermont  was  settled  and 
the  latter  admitted  as  a  state  of  the  Union. 

Choate,  Rifts,  was  born  at  Essex.  Mass., 
Oct.  1,  1799;  died  at  Halifax,  N.  S.,  July  13, 
l-.v.».  He  studied  at  the  Cambridge  Law  School, 
and,  with  William  Wirt,  became  one  of  the  most 
eminent  lawyers  and  orators  of  his  time.  He 
began  the  practice  of  law  at  Danvers,  Mas-.,  in 
1894  He  was  a  distinguished  member  of  both 
branches  id'  Ids  state  Legislature,  a  member  of 
the  Lower  House  of  Congress,  and  United  States 
Senator,  succeeding  Daniel  Webster  in  184L  In 
1853  he  was  attorney-general  of  Massachusetts. 
After  the  death  of  Webster,  Mr.  Choate  was  the 
acknowledged  leader  id' the  Massachusetts  bar. 
Impaired  health  compelled  him  to  retire  from 
business  in  1858. 

Choctaws,  The,  were  mostly  Mobilians,  a 
peaceful  agricultural  people.  Their  domain  com- 
prised Southern  Mississippi  and  western  Ala- 
bama. De  SotO  (bnght  them  In  1640.  They  be- 
came allies  of  tho  French  in  Louisiana,  where 
they  numbered  about  two  thousand  five  hun- 
dred warriors,  and  formed  forty  vili  ■ 
the  Revolution  they  were  mostly  with  the 
English,  but  were  granted  peaceable  posses 
sjon  of  their  lands  by  the  United  SI  i 
eminent.  As  early  as  1S(X),  numbers  of  them 
went  beyond  the  Mississippi,  and  in  1803  it  was 
estimated  that  five  hundred  families  had  emi- 
grated. They  were  with  the  United  states 
troops  in  the  war  with  England  and  the  Creeks, 

and  in  1820  they  ceiled  a  part  of  their  lands  for 
a  domain  in  what  is  now  the  Indian  Territory. 
In  1830  they  ceded  the  rest  of  their  lands  and 
joined   their   brethren    west    of  the  Mississippi, 

where  the  Chickasaws  joined  them     In  Hid  the) 

had  a  population  of  twenty-five  thousand,  with 

live  thousand  negro  slaves.  They  were  seduced 
into  an  alliance  with  the  Confederates  in  the 
Civil  War,  and  disaster  befell  them.  They  lost 
an  immense  amount  of  property,  and  their  num- 
bers, including  the  Chickasaws,  were  reduced  to 
seventeen  thousand.  Slavery  was  abolished, 
and  part  of  their  lands  was  forfeited  for  the  ben- 
efit of  the  freedmeii.     The  Choetaus  proper  now 

number  about  twelve  hundred. 

Choctaws,  Tki.aty   with   tiik  '  i: 
Jan.:;.  1786,8  treaty  was  made  with  the  leaders 
of  the  Choctaw  nat  ion  of  t  he  same  purport,  and 
upon   the    same    terms,  as   that,   made    with    the 

Cherokees  the  previous  jrear.     (See  Cherokee$t 
Treaty  with,  i;- 
Choiseul  and  the  Americans.  DukedeChoi- 

seul   was  at   the  head  of  the  French  ministry  in 

talent,  w  hen,  in  1761, cabinet  changes  in  England 
threatened  to  diminish  the  power  of  that  govero- 

meiit.  He  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs,  and  in 
January,  1761,  became  minister  of  war,  and  an- 
nexed those  departments  to  the  marine.  Like 
l'itt.  he  was  a  statesman  of  eon  sum  mate  ability. 
Ha  WAS  of  high  rank  and  very  wealthy,  and  was 
virtually  sole  minister  of  Franco.  When  the 
British    had   despoiled   Frame  of  her  American 

Treaty  ef  Parte),  Choiseul  eagerlj 

watched  for  an  oppurj unity  to  Inflict  a  retalia- 


tory blow  ;  and  he  was  delighted  when  he  per- 
ceived that  a  rising  quarrel  between  Great  Brit- 
ain and  her  American  colouies  foreshadowed  a 
dismemberment  of  the  British  empire.  Choiseul 
determined  to  foster  the  quarrel  as  far  as  pos- 
sible. He  sent  the  Baron  de  Kalb  to  America 
iu  the  disguise  of  a  traveller,  but  really  as  a 
French  emissary,  to  ascertain  the  temper  of  the 
people  towards  the  mother  country.  The  report 
of  the  baron  did  not  warrant  the  hope  of  an 
immediate  rapture.  But  Choiseul  waited  and 
watched,  and  in  the  summer  of  l?ti-  he  saw  rea- 
sons tor  expecting  an  almost  immediate  outbreak 

of  rebellion  iu  America.  He  wrote  to  the  French 
minister  in  London  that  facts  and  not  theories 
must  shape  French  action  at  that  crisis.  He 
proposed  to  make  a  commercial  treaty  with  the 
discontented  colonies,  both  of  importation  and 
exportation,  at  the  moment  of  rupture,  the  ad- 
vantages of  which  might  cause  them  at  once  to 
detach  themselves  from  the  British  government. 
He  believed  the  separation  must  come  sooner  or 
later,  and  wished  to  hasten  the  hoped-for  event. 
He  peiveived  the  ditlicul t ics  that   stood   iu  the 

way  of  the  consummation  of  his  scheme,  w  eighed 

their  evils,  but  still  persisted.  He  said  to  the 
minister,  "I  firmly  believe  and  hope  this  gov- 
ernment will  so  conduct  itself  as  to  widen  the 
breach;''  and  he  was  sanguine  that  his  plans 
would  result  in  gratifying  the  wishes  of  every 
Frenchman.      But   Choiseul   had    to    wait    seven 

yean  before  these  wishes  were  gratified,  and  then 

he  was  dismissed  from  office  by  the  successor  of 

tl hi  king  (Louis  XV.)  whom  he  had  ruled  so 

long. 

Christian  Indians,  MABflACRI  0»(17t 
Moravian  missionaries  had  established  three  In- 
dian villages  of  con  verts  on  theTusoaran  asBiver, 
i.iubrunn,  (iiiailcnhutten,  and  Salem. 
Qnadenhntten  was  on  the  east  side  of  the  river, 
near  the  (present  )  village  of  I  hat  name.  Ib-iv  a 
massacre  occui  red,  March  -,  178*2,  w  hieh  has  nev  er 
been  surpassed  in  cool  barbarity.  These  settle- 
ments of  Christian  Indians  were  situated  about 
half-way  between  the  white  settlements  near  the 
Ohio  River  and  the  warlike  Wyandots  and  Dcla- 

wares  <>n  the  Sandusky.    The  christian  Indians 

w  ere  I  )i  law  ales.  The  pagan  Wyandots  and  Del- 
awares  were  mostly  in  the  British  service,  or  op- 
posed to  the  colonists.  The  Christian  villagers 
were  between  two  fires.  As  Christians,  they 
were  friends  of  peaee,  and  as  far  as  possible 
maintained  a  neutral  position.  Each  party  in 
the  Impending  conflict  suspected  these  Indians 

of  complicity  in  the  schemes  and  conduct  of  the 

other.    In  Mat  eh.  17>->,  some  murders  committed 

in  the  vicinity  of  Pittsburgh  by  a  wandering  par- 
ty of  Shawnoese  were  ascribed  to  the  Christian 

Indians,  or  to  warriors  whom  they  had  enter- 
tained, and  eighty  or  ninety  men  of  that  neigh- 
borhood, under  Colonel  Williamson,  as  volunteer 
militia,   marched   to   take    vetigeanee.      Arrived 

at  Goadenhutten  (March  6),  they  found  some 

Indians  who  were  gathering  corn,  which  tiny 
had  been  compelled  to  leave  standing  and  flee 
to  Sandusky  several  months  before.  The  white 
people  sent  for  the  Indians  of  a  neighboring  vil- 
lage, when    all    were   confined   in   two   houses, 


CHRISTIAN  QUAKERS  24 

while  a  council  of  war  was  held  to  decide  their 
fate.  The  prisoners  were  all  bound.  The  men 
were  placed  in  one  house,  the  women  in  the  oth- 
er— altogether  nearly  one  hundred.  The  ques- 
tion was  put  l>y  Colonel  Williamson  whether  the 
Moravian  Indians  should  be  taken  to  Fort  Pitt 
(as  they  had  been  promised  they  should  be),  or 
pat  to  death.  Only  sixteen  voted  for  mercy ;  the 
remainder,  holding  the  belief  on  the  frontier  that 
"  an  Indian  has  no  more  soul  than  a  buffalo," 
voted  for  murder.  Then  the  white  furies  rushed 
on  the  helpless  Christian  Indians  and  murdered 
and  scalped  the  whole  of  them,  and  laid  the  vil- 
lage in  ashes.  Flushed  by  this  success,  four  hun- 
dred and  eighty  men,  under  Colonels  Williamson 
and  Crawford,  attempted  the  destruction  of  all 
the  Christian  Indians  by  assailing  Sandusky. 
They  intended  to  strike  a  blow  at  the  town  of 
the  hostile  Wyandots,  but  were  waylaid  by  the 
hitter  with  an  overwhelming  force  and  compelled 
to  retreat.  Crawford,  his  son  and  sons-in-law, 
fell  into  their  hands,  and  were  tortured  and 
burned  alive  in  revenge  for  the  cold-blooded 
murder  of  their  innocent  brethren  at  Guadeu- 
hutten. 

"Christian  Quakers."  In  1092  there  was  a 
schism  among  the  Friends,  or  Quakers,  in  Penn- 
sylvania, caused  by  the  action  of  George  Keith, 
a  Scotch  Friend,  formerly  surveyor  of  East  Jer- 
sey, and  at  this  time  master  of  the  Friends' 
school  at  Philadelphia.  He  was  a  champion  of 
the  Quakers  against  Cotton  Mather  and  the  Bos- 
ton ministers.  He  pressed  the  doctrine  of  non- 
resistance  to  its  logical  conclusion,  that  this  prin- 
ciple was  not  consistent  with  the  exercise  of 
political  authority.  He  also  attacked  negro 
slavery  as  inconsistent  with  those  principles. 
So  sharply  did  Keith  criticise  the  shortcomings 

of  his  CO-religionistS  that  lie  was  disowned  by  the 
Yearly  Meeting, when  he  forthwith  instituted  a 
meeting  of  his  own,  to  which  he  gave  the  name 
of  "  Christian  Quakers."  A  Testimony  of  Denial 
was  put  forth  against  Keith,  who  replied  in  a 
published  address,  in  which  hi'  handled  his  ad- 
versaries without  mercy.  The  Quaker  magis- 
trates lined  him  for  "insolence,"  and  William 
Bradford,  the  only  printer  in  the  colony,  was 
called  t<>  account  for  having  published  Keith's 
address.  He  was  discharged,  but  was  so  aii- 
noyed  that  ho  removed  his  printing  business  to 
New  York. 

Chrysler's  Field,  Batti.k  ok  (1813).  When 
Wilkinson's  expedition  down  the  River  St.  Law- 
rence (which  sec)  against  Montreal,  composed 
of  land  troops  borne  by  a  flotilla  of  boats,  ar- 
rived   al    a    point   four    miles    below    that    city. 

Information  reached  the  commander  of  the  ex- 
pedition that  the  opposite  shore  ot'lhe  river  was 
lined  with  posts  of  musketry  and  artillery,  anil 
that  a  large  reinforcement  of  British  troops 
under  Lientenant-oolonel  Morrison  had  arrived 
ai  PreSOOtt.  Wilkinson  had  already  ordered 
Colonel  Alexander  Macomb,  with  twelve  hun- 
dred of  tin-  best  troops  of  the  army,  t"  oron  the 
rivoi  t"  oppose  tin-  British  detachments  on  the 
Canadian  side  (Nov.  '.  1813),  and  these  wow 

soon    followed    by    riflemen    under   Lit utcnant- 


5  CHRYSLER'S  FIELD,  BATTLE  OF 

colonel  Forsyth,  who  did  excellent  service  in  the 
rear  of  Macomb.  When  news  was  received  of 
the  arrival  of  reinforcements  at  PrOSOOtt,  Wil- 
kinson called  a  council  of  war  (Nov. 8),  anil  it 
was  decided  "  to  proceed  with  all  possible  rapid- 
ity to  the  attack  of  Montreal."  General  Brown 
was  at  once  ordered  to  cross  the  river  with  his 
brigade  and  some  dragoons.  Morrison's  troops, 
full  one  thousand  strong,  had  come  down  to 
Prescott  in  armed  schooners,  with  several  gun- 
boats and  bateaux  under  Captain  Mulcaster,  and 
were  joined  by  provincial  infantry  and  dragoons 
under  Lieutenant-colonel  Pearson.  They  pushed 
forward,  and  on  the  morning  of  the  9th  were 
close  upon  Wilkinson,  and  the  land  troops  were 
debarked  to  pursue  the  Americans — two  thou- 
sand men,  including  cavalry.  General  Boyd  and 
his  brigade  were  now  detached  to  reinforce 
Brown,  with  orders  to  cover  his  march,  to  attack 
the  pursuing  enemy  if  necessary,  and  to  co-oper- 
ate with  the  other  commanders.  Wilkinson  now 
found  himself  in  a  perilous  position,  for  the  Brit- 
ish armed  vessels  were  close  upon  his  flotilla, 
and  the  British  land  troops  were  hanging  upon 
the  tear  of  Brown  and  Boyd.  The  latter  also 
encountered  detachments  coming  np  from  below. 
The  British  gunboats  attacked  the  llotilla,  but 
Wilkinson  made  such  disposition  of  his  cannons 
in  battery  on  the  shore  that  they  were  repulsed, 
and  tied  up  the  river.  Brown  had  captured  a 
British  post  at  the  foot  of  the  rapids,  and  Wil- 
kinson had  just  issued  orders  for  the  llotilla 
to  proceed  down  these  rapids,  and  Boyd  to  re- 
sume his  march,  when  a  British  column  attacked 
the   rear  of  the   latter.      Boyd  turned  upon   his 

antagonist,  and  a  sharp  battle  ensued.  Genera] 
Swartwont  was  detached  with  his  brigade  to 
assail  the  British  vanguard,  and  General  Cov- 
ington took  position  at  supporting  distance  from 
him.  Their  antagonists  were  driven  hack  out 
of  the  woods  on  the  main  line  in  the  open  fields 
of  John  Chrysler, a  British  militia  captain  then 
in  the  service.  That  line  was  covered  by  Mul- 
caster's  gunboats,  and  protected  in  part  by  deep 

ravines.  Then  General  Covington  led  his  bri- 
gade against  the  British  hit,  near  the  river,  and 
i hi'  battle  became  general  By  charge  after 
Charge  the  British  were  forced  back  nearly  a 
mile,  and  the  American  cannons,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Colonel  J.G.Swift,  did  excel  lint  execu- 
tion. At  length  Covington  fell,. seriously  wound- 
ed, and  the  ammunition  of  the  Americans  began 
to  fail.  It  was  soon  exhausted,  and  Swartw  out's 
brigade,  hard  pushed,  slowly  fell  back,  followed 
bj  others.  The  British  perceived  this  retrograde 
movement,  followed    up  the    advantage    gained 

with  greal  vigor,  ami  were  endeavoring  by  a 

Hank  movement  to  capture  Bo\  d 'scan nous,  when 

a  gallant  charge  of  cavalry,  led  by  Adjutant- 
genera]  Walbaeh.  whom  Armstrong  had  permit- 
ted to  accompany  the  expedition,  drove  them 

back  and  saved  the  pieces,  The  effort  WMS  re- 
newed. Lieutenant  Smith,  who  commanded  one 
of  the  cannons,  was  mortulW  wounded,  and  the 
puce  was  seised  by  the  British.  For  live  hours 
the  conllict  had  been  carried  on  in  the  midst  of 
sleet  and  snow , and  victory  had  swayed  between 
the    belligerents    like    a    pendulum.      It    would 


CHURCH,  ANGLICAN,  THE  EARLY   247   CHURCH,  ANGLICAN,  THE  EARLY 


doubtless  have  rested  with  the  Americans  had 
their  ammunition  held  out.  Their  retreat  was 
promising  to  be  a  rout,  when  the  fugitives  were 

met  by  six  hundred  troops  under  Colonel  Upham 
and  Major  Malcolm,  whom  Wilkinson  had  sent 
ii|>  to  the  support  of  Boyd.  These  checked  the 
flight,  drove  hack  the  British,  and  saved  the 
American  army.  Meanwhile  Boyd  had  re-formed 
a  portion  of  the  army,  and  then  awaited  another 
attack.  It  was  not  made.  The  Americans,  un- 
der cover  of  darkness,  retired  to  their  lioats  un- 
molested. Neither  party  had  gained  a  victory, 
1  mi r  the  advantage  lay  with  the  British,  who 
held  the  held.  The  British  army  on  that  occa- 
sion was  slightly  superior  in  numbers,  oonutiug 
its  Indian  allies.  The  Americans  lost  in  the  bat- 
tle, in  killed  and  wounded,  three  hundred  and 


ers  sent  an  address  to  "  the  rest  of  the  brethren 
in  and  of  the  Church  of  England,"  and  spoke  of 
that  church  with  affection  as  their  "dear  moth- 
er." This  was  to  correct  a  "misreport"  that 
the  emigrants  intended  to  separate  from  the 
church.  Notwithstanding  this  dutiful  address, 
when  they  set  foot  on  American  soil  a  sense  of 
freedom  overcame  their  allegiance,  and,  follow- 
ing the  example  of  the  "  Plymouthiaus "  and 
Kndieott,  they  established  separate  churches, 
and  chose  their  own  officers.  Without  any  ex- 
press renunciation  of  the  authority  of  theChurch 
of  England,  the  Plymouth  people  had  laid  aside 
its  Liturgy  and  rituals.  Eudioott  followed  this 
example  at  Salem,  and  had  the  sympathy  of 
three  "godly  ministers"  there —Higgioson, 
Skelton,  and  Blight;  also  of  Smith,  a  son  o|  in- 


finity-nine  ;  the  British  lost  one  hundred  and 
eighty-seven.  On  |  he  morning  after  the  battle 
the  flotilla, With  the  gunboats  and  troops,  passed 
safely  down  the  rapids,  ami  three  miles  above 
Cornwall  they  formed  a  junction  with  the  forces 
under  General  Brown.  There  Wilkinson  was 
informed  that  Hampton,  whom  he  had  invited  in 
Armstrong's  name  to  meet  him  at  si.  Regis,  bad 
refused  to  join  him.  A  council  of  war  i  \..\ .  19, 
1813)  decided  that  it  was  besl  to  abandon  the 
expedition  against  Montreal,  although  it  was 
said  th.re  were  not  more  than  six  hundred 
troops  there,  and  put  the  army  into  w  inter-quar- 
ters al  French  Mills. on  the  Salmon  River,  whirl, 
was  done.     Thus  ended  in  disaster  and  disgrace 

an  expedition,  conducted  by  an  Incompetent 
leader,  which  in  its  inception  promised  salutary 

result.. 

Church,  Anglican,  Tin  EaKLY,  in  Nrw  Km; 
i. am>.  In  I *;:»«»  about  one  thousand  emigrants  ar- 
rived in  Massachusetts  from  England,  under  the 
leadership  of  John  Winthrop,  who  had  been  ap- 
pointed governor  under  the  royal  charter.  Win 
tbrori  brnnghl  the  charter  with  him.  On  the  da\ 
before  they  sailed  from  the  Isle  of  Wight  the  lead- 


♦  erloper.  A  church  was  organized  there — the 
Mist  in  New  Kngland.  for  that  at  Plymouth  was 
really  in  a  formative  state  yet.  Skelton  was 
appointed  pastor  and  Higginson  teacher.  All 
of  the  congregation  were  not  prepared  to  lav- 
aside  the  liturgy  of  the  Church  of  Kngland.  and 
two  of  them  (John  and  Samuel  Browne)  protest- 
ed, and  set  up  a  separate  worship.  The  ener- 
getic Kndieott  promptly  arrested  the  •'malcon- 
tents" and  sent  them  to  Kngland.  Following 
up  the  system  adopted  at  Salem,  the  emigrants, 

under  the  charter  of  1630,  established  Noncon- 
formist churches  wherever  settlements  uriv 
planted      Charlestow  n.Watertow  n,  Boston.  1  lor 

enester,  etc.    At  Salem  the  ohoiee  of  minister 

and   teacher   was   made  as  follows:       I 
member  wrote    in    a    note   the    name   whom   the 
Lord  moved   him  to  think   was  lit    for   pastor." 
and  so  likew  ise  for  teacher.     Skelton  was  chosen 

for  the  fust  office,  Higginson  for  the  second. 
When  they  accepted,  three  or  four  of  the  gravest 
members  of  the  ohuroh  laid  their  hands  anon 

Mr.  Skelton,  using  prayer  therewith.  The  same 
was  done  to  Mr.  Higginson.  Such  was  the  lirst 
New  England  ordination. 


CHURCH  £ 

Church,  Benjamin,  was  born  at  Plymouth, 
Mass.,  in  1639 ;  died  at  Little  Couipton,  E.  I., 
Jan.  17, 1718,  He  was  a  brave  military  leader 
in  King  Philip's  War  (which  see);  commanded 
the  party  by  whom  Philip  was  slain  (August, 
1676  ■;  and  with  his  own  sword  cut  oil'  the 
head  of  the  dusky  monarch.  He  commanded 
an  expedition  against  the  Eastern  Indiana  in 
1680,  and  afterwards  led  four  other  expeditions 
against  the  Indians  in  Maine.  He  is  represent- 
ed by  his  contemporaries  as  distinguished  as 
much  for  his  integrity,  justice,  and  purity  as  for 
his  military  exploits. 

Church  Colonel,  in  the  Bay  of  Findy.  In 
retaliation  for  the  capture  of  the  fort  at  Pema- 
quid  (which  see),  the  veteran  Indian  tighter 
Colonel  Church  made  an  amphibious  foray  up 
the  Bay  of  Fuudy.  Iberville's  squadron  (see  Pem- 
aquid)  just  escaped  capture  by  that  of  Church. 
The  latter  went  on  shore,  burned  the  houses  of 
the  French  settlers  at  Beau  Bassiu  (the  western- 
most recess  of  that  bay),  and  destroyed  their 
cattle,  which  constituted  their  chief  wealth  ; 
but  an  attempt  to  dislodge  the  French  at  St. 
John  was  a  failure. 

Church  Dr.  Benjamin.  (See  First  Traitor, 
The.) 

Church  Frederick  Edwin,  artist,  was  born 
at  Hartford,  Conn.,  May  4, 1826.  He  was  a  pu- 
pil of  Thomas  Cole  (which  see).  He  was  first 
brought  iuto  notice  by  some  pictures  of  scenery 
in  the  Catskill  Mountains.  In  1853  he  went  to 
South  America,  visiting  New  Granada  and  Ecu- 
ador, where  he  obtained  materials  for  many- 
landscapes  among  the  great  mountain  chains 
of  the  Andes.  He  made  a  second  journey  thith- 
er in  1857,  and,  after  his  return,  produced  some 
admirable  paintings  of  scenery  there,  notably 
"The  Heart  of  the  Andes."  His  picture  of  Ni- 
agara Falls,  afterwards  duplicated  by  chromo- 
printing,  is  regarded  as  his  masterpiece.  In 
1868  he  visited  the  Holy  Land,  and  found  mate- 
rials tor  some  exquisite  paintings,  made  after 
his  return. 

Church  of  England  in  New  York.  EfYorts 
were  early  made  by  the  English  to  snpplanl  the 
Dutch  Chnroh  as  the  prevailing  religions  or- 
ganization in  New  York.  The  act  of  the  As- 
sembly procured  by  Governor  Fletcher,  though 
broad  in  its  scope,  was  destined  for  that  pur- 
pose. Under  that  act  Trinity  Church  was  or- 
ganized, and  Fletcher  tried  to  obtain  authority 
to  appoint  all  the  ministers,  but  the  ASSembl] 
meoessfnUy  resisted  ids  designs.  In  1696  Bev. 
John  Miller,  in  a  long  letter  to  the  Bishop  of 
London  on  the  condition  of  religion  and  mor- 
als, drew  a  gloomy  picture  of  the  state  of  so- 
ciety  in   the   city   of  New   York,  and   earnestly 

recommended  as  a  remedy  for  all  tbi 

evils  "  to  send  over  a  bishop  to  the  Proi  Inoe  of 

Hen  York  duly  qualified  as  suffragan"  to  the 
Bishop  of  Lond and  live  or  six  young  minis- 
ters, with  BiUes  and  prayer-books;  to  unite 
New  Yoik,  New  jersey.  Connecticut, and  Rhode 

Island  into  one  province;  and  the  bishop  to  be 

appointed  governor,  at  a  talarj  of  I790O,  bis 
majestj  to  give  him  the  King's  farm  of  thirty 


3  CHURUBUSCO,  BATTLE  OF 

acres,  in  New  York,  as  a  seat  for  himself  and 
his  successors.  'When  Sir  Edward  Hyde  (after- 
wards Lord  Corubnry)  became  governor  of  the 
combined  provinces  of  New  Y'ork  and  New  Jer- 
sey, in  1702,  even  violent  efforts  were  used  to 
make  the  liturgy  and  ritual  of  the  Church  of 
England  the  State  system  of  worship.  He  de- 
nied the  right  of  preachers  or  schoolmasters  to 
exercise  their  functions  iu  the  province  without 
a  bishop's  license;  and  when  the  corporation  of 
New  York  resolved  to  establish  a  grammar- 
school,  the  Bishop  of  London  was  requested  to 
send  over  a  teacher.  In  violation  of  his  posi- 
tive instructions,  the  governor  began  B  system- 
atic persecution  of  all  religions  denominations 
dissenting  from  the  practices  of  the  Church  of 
Euglaud.  This  conduct  reacted  disastrously  to 
Trinity  Church,  which,  until  the  province  was 
rid  of  Corubury,  had  a  very  feeble  growth.  (See 
Cornbury.) 

Church's  Expedition.  Iu  May,  1704,  Gov- 
ernor Dudley  sent,  from  Boston,  an  expedition 
to  the  eastern  bounds  of  New  England.  It  con- 
sisted of  five  hundred  and  fifty  soldiers,  under 
Colonel  Benjamin  Church.  The  campaign  then 
undertaken  against  the  French  and  Indians  con- 
tinued all  summer,  and  Church  inflicted  much 
damage  to  the  allies  at  Penobscot  and  Passa- 
maquoddy. 

Church's  Expedition  to  the  Androscoggin. 
While  Phipps  was  operating  against  Quebec  iu 
1690,  Colonel  Church  (which  see)  was  sent  on 
an  expedition  against  the  eastern  Indians.  He 
went  up  the  Audroscoggin  River  to  the  site  of 
Lewiston,  Me.,  where  he  destroyed  a  large  quan- 
tity of  corn,  aud,  "for  example,"  put  to  death  a 
number  of  men,  women,  and  children  whom  he 
had  captured.    The  Indians  retaliated  fearfully. 

Churubusco,  Battle  ok.  After  the  victory 
at  Contreras  (which  see),  the  Americans  pro- 
ceeded to  attack  the  fortresses  of  San  Antonio 
and  Churubusco.  The  latter  is  a  small  village 
six  miles  south  from  the  city  of  Mexico,  and 
connected  with  it  by  a  spacious  causeway.  At 
the  head  of  the  causeway,  near  the  village,  was 
erected  B  strong  redoubt,  mounted  with  batter- 
ies and  heavily  garrisoned.  This  was  in  front 
of  the  bridge  over  the  Churubusco  River.  The 
Convent-church  of  San  Pablo,  with  its  massive 
stone  walls,  on  an  eminence,  was  converted  into 

a  fort,  and  around  it  was  the  hamlet,  defended 
by  a  Covering  Of  Stone  walls  and  a  heavy  stone 
building  fortified.  The  outside  walls  wire 
pierced  for  cannons,  high  enough  to  tire  plung- 
ing shot  upon  an  approaching  enemy.  All  the 
stores  and  artillery  saved  from  the  wreck  of 
ContrenS  were  gathered  at  Churubusco.  with 
much  sent  from  the  city,  for  Santa  Ana  had  re- 
solved to  make  a  stand  at  this  place.  lie  was 
at  the  city  with  18,000  troops.     When  the  Amer- 

loana  began  to  move  forward,  the  garrison  of 
Antonio, perceiving  themselves  in  great  danger 
of  being  cut  otv,  abandoned  the  fori  and  tied 
towards  Chnrnbneoo,  attacked  and  divided  on 
the  way.     The  retreat  of  the  Mexicans  from 

San  Antonio  and  the  general  march  of  all  the 
Americans  upon  Churubusco  began)  the  grand 


CIIURUBUSCO,  BATTLE  AT 


249 


CINCINNATI  DEFENDED 


movements  of  the  <l;iy.  Tlie  divisions  of  Twiggs 
and  Pillow  were  advancing  on  the  west,  aud  on 
B  causeway  .south  the  division  of  Worth  was 
rapidly  advancing  to  storm  the  redoubt  at  the 
bridge.  General  Scott,  at  a  mile  distaut  from 
Chaio.bn.BOO,  was  directing  all  the  movements. 
Tin-  redoubt  at  the  bridge  was  carried  at  the 
point  of  the  bayonet.  At  the  same  time  Twiggs 
was  assailing  the  fortified  church  and  hamlet, 
where  a  fierce  battle  raged  for  .some  time. 
There  the  able  Mexican  general  Rinoon  com- 
manded, and  there  three  masses  of  Santa  Ana's 
men  opposed  General  Shields.  The  veterans  of 
General  Persifer  F.  Smith,  who  had  captured 
Contreras,  were  couspicuons  in  this  fearful  con- 
test. The  most  desperate  defence  at  the  church 
was  made  by  one  hundred  deserters  from  the 
American  army,  led  by  Thomas  Riley.      The 

alarmed  Mexicans  several  times  hoisted  a  white 
Hag,  in  token  of  surrender,  when  these  Ameri- 
cans with   halters  about   their  necks  as  ofteu 


line  of  Mexican  defences,  opening  the  causeway 
to  the  city  ami  leaving  it  no  other  resources 
but  its  fortified  gates  ami  the  Castle  of  Chapul- 
tepec.  Full  4UU0  Mexicans  had  been  killed  or 
wounded  that  day;  3000  were  made  prisoners. 

Thirty-Seven  pieces  of  tine  artillery  had  heeu 
captured,  with  a  vast  amount  of  munitions  of 
war.  The  Americans  lost,  in  killed  and  wound- 
ed, about  1100  men. 

Cincinnati  Defended.  General  E.  Kirby 
Smith,  invading  Kentucky  in  advance  of  Bragg 
(see  Bragtft  Invation),  poshed  on  towards  the 
Ohio  River  with  the  purpose  of  capturing  Cin- 
cinnati. The  invader  was  confronted  by  an 
unexpected  force  mar  that  city.  General  Lew 
Wallace  was  at  Cincinnati  when  news  of  the 
disaster  at  Richmond,  Ky. (which  set),  reached 
that  place.  He  was  ordered  by  General  Wright 
to  resume  the  command  of  Nelson's  shattered 

touts,  hut  was  tailed  hack  to  provide  for  t lit! 
defeuce  of  Cincinnati.     Half  an  hour  after  his 


VIEW    OF    CINCINNATI    FROM    NEWPORT    IN    ISI'2.       (>• 


tore  it  down.  The  battle  raged  three  hours, 
when  the  church  and  the  other  defences  of 
Churubusoo  were  captured.  Meanwhile  Gen- 
erals Shields  and  Pierce  (afterwards  President 
of  the  United  states)  were  battling  furiously 
with  Santa  Ana's  men,  partly  in  the  rear  of  the 
defences    of  CI ibUBCO.       The    Mexicans    were 

there  7000  strong  1000  Infantry  and  9000  cav- 
alry hut  victory  again  crowned  the  Americans. 
This  was  the  fifth  victory  WOO  on  that  memora- 
ble-joili  of  Au-ust,  i-i:  Contreras, San  Anto- 
nio, the  redoubt  at  the  bridge,  the  Church  of  San 
Pablo, and  with  Santa  Ana's  troops,  in  fact,  the 
comhinetl  events  of  that  day  formed  one  gnat 
contest  over  a  considerable  extent  of  territory, 
and  might  properly  be  known  in  history  as  the 

•'Haiti the  Valley  «.t  .Mexico."     The  number 

engaged  mi  that  daj  was  9000  efteotive  Ameri- 
can soldiers  and  32,000  Mexicans.  The  result 
was  the  capture  bj   the   former  of  the  exteriol 


arrival  he  Issued  a  stirring  proclamation  (Sept. 
I.  1869   as  commander  of  that  and  the  oities  of 

Covington  anil  Newport,  on  the  Kentucky  side 
of  the  river.  He  officially  informed  the  inhali- 
itants  of  the  swift  approach  of  the  invaders  in 
Strong  force,  and  called  upon  the  citizens  to  act 

promptly  aud  rigorously  in  preparing  defeooee 
for  the  city.     He  ordered  all  places  of  business 

to  he  closed,  and  the  citizens  of  Cincinnati,  un- 
der the  direction  of  the  mayor,  to  assemhle,  an 

hour  afterwards,  in  convenient  public  places,  to 
be  organised  for  wink  on  intrenohments  on  the 

south  side  of  the  river.  He  ordered  the  ferry- 
boats to  cease  running,  ami  proclaimed  martial 
law  in  the  three  cities.  This  was  a  hold,  start- 
ling, hut  necessary  proceeding.  The  principle 
of  action  embodied  in  the  proclamation  was, 
"Citizens  for  labor;  soldiers  for  the  battle." 
Wallace  demanded  the  services  of  all  able-bod- 
ied people.     The  response  was  wonderful.     In 


CINCINNATI,  FOUNDING  OF 


250  CINCINNATI,  SOCIETY  OF  THE 


a  few  hours  he  had  an  army  of  workers  and 
fighters  forty  thousand  strong.  They  streamed 
across  the  river  on  a  pontoon  bridge  and  swarm- 
ed upon  the  hills  abont  Covington.  Within 
three  days  after  the  proclamation  a  line  of  in- 
trenchuieuts  ten  miles  in  length,  of  semicircular 
form,  was  constructed.  These  were  .just  com- 
pleted, when  full  fifteen  thousand  of  Smith's 
troops  appeared.  Astonished  and  alarmed,  they 
retreated  in  great  haste.  Cincinnati  was  saved, 
and  the  citizens  gave  public  honors  to  General 
Wallace  as  the  deliverer  of  the  city. 

Cincinnati,  FOUNDING  of.  Ensign  Luce,  of 
the  United  States  Army,  was  charged  with  the 
selection  of  a  site  for  a  block-house  ou  Symmes's 
Purchase  (  which  see).  Symmes  wished  him  to 
build  it  at  North  Bend,  where  he  was  in  com- 
mand of  a  detachment  of  troops  ;  but  Luce  was 
led  farther  up  the  river,  to  the  site  of  Cincin- 
nati, on  account  of  his  love  for  the  pretty  young 
wife  of  a  settler,  who  went  there  to  reside  be- 
cause of  his  attentions  to  her  at  the  Bend. 
Luce  followed  and  erected  a  block-house  there; 
and  in  1790  Major  Doughty  built  Fort  Washing- 
ton on  the  same  spot.  It  was  on  the  eastern 
boundary  of  the  town  as  originally  laid  out,  be- 
tween the  present  Third  and  Fourth  Streets, 
east  of  Broadway.  A  village  grew  around  it. 
A  pedantic  settler  named  it  Losantiville,  from 
the  words  I'm  anti  ville,  which  he  interpreted 
"the  village  opposite  the  mouth" — month  of 
Licking  Creek.  It  was  afterwards  called  Cin- 
cinnati. The  name  was  Bnggested  by  General 
St.  Clair  in  honor  of  the  Society  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati. The  tort  was  made  of  a  number  of 
strongly  built  log  cabins,  hewn  from  the  timber 
that  grew  on  the  spot.  These  wire  a  story  and 
a  half  high,  arranged  for  soldiers'  barracks,  and 
occupied  a  hollow  square  enclosing  about  an 
acre  of  ground.  In  the  autumn  of  1792  Gov- 
ernor St.  Clair  arrived  at  the  post  and  organ- 
ized the  county  of  Hamilton,  and  the  village 
of  Cincinnati,  then  begun  around  the  fort,  was 
made  the  county  seat  of  the  territory.  In  1812 
it  contained  about  two  thousand  inhabitants. 
(See  illustration,  p.  249.) 

Cincinnati,  SOCDETT  of  the.  A  few  months 
before  the  disbanding  of  the  Continental  Army 

i.lnne.  1783)  a  tie  of  friendship  had  been  formed 
among  the  officers,  at  the  suggestion  of  General 

Knox,  by  the  organization,  at  the  cantonment 
Of  the  troops  near  Ncwburg.  N.  Y.  (west   side  of 

the  Hudson  River),  of  an  association  known  as 
the  "Society  of  the  Cincinnati."  Its  chief  ob- 
jects were  to  promote  a  cordial  friendship  and 
indissoluble  union  among  themselves, and  to  ex- 
tend benevolent  aid  to  such  of  its  members  as 
might  need  assistance,    Washington  was  chosen 

the  first  president   of  the  society,  and  remained 

president-general  until  bis  death.    General  Hen- 

rj  Knox  was  i in.  fust  secretary-general.  State 
societies  were  formed,  auxiliary  to  the  general 

society.      To  perpetuate   the   association,  it   was 

provided  In  the  constitution  of  the  societj  that 

the    eldest    masculine  descendant    of  AD    Original 

member  should  be  entitled  to  wear  the  Order 

and  enjoy    the    privileges   of  the   society      The 


Order,  or  badge,  of  the  society  consists  of  a  gold- 
en eagle,  with  enamelling,  suspended  upon  a  rib- 
bon. On  the  breast  of  the  eagle  is  a  medallion, 
with  a  device  representing  Ciucinuatus  at  his 
plough  receiving  the  Soman  senators  who  came 
to  offer  him  the  chief  magistracy  of  Koine.    The 


ORDER   OF   T1IF.    clNelwvTI. 

members'  certificate  is  eighteen  and  a  half  inch- 
es in  breadth  and  twenty  inches  in  length.  The 
general  Society  of  the  Cincinnati  is  still  in  ex- 
istence, and  also  state  societies.  The  president- 
general  in  1876  was  Hamilton  Fish,  then  Secre- 
tary of  State,  and  son  of  Colonel  Nicholas  Fish, 
one  of  the  original  members.  The  Order  worn 
by  the  president-general  at  the  meetings  of  the 

society  is  a  beautifully  jewelled  one.  It  was 
presented  to  Washington  by  the  French  officers. 

The  society  met  with  nineli  jealous  opposition 
from  the  earnest  republicans  of  the  day.    Among 

the  most  powerful  ofthese  opponents  was  Judge 
JEdanua  Burke,  of  Charleston,  8.  C,  who,  in  an 

able  dissertation,  undertook  to  prove  that  the 
society  created  two  distinct  orders  among  the 
Amei  nans        I  i  i  - 1 .   a    race   of   hereditary    nobles 

founded  on  the  military, together  with  the  most 

inllneiitial  families  and  men  in  the  Slate:  and, 

second,  the  people,  or  plebeians.  These  suspi- 
cions were  natuial,  but  were  not  justified. 


CIRCULAR  LETTER,  MASSACHUSETTS   251 


CITY  OF  SPINDLES 


1  i  #^*£Zh£*  '  *^?-5*-4^ 


A 


,  '-fw  ../• 


JmIkstimonv 


SOCIETY    OF    THK    CINCINNATI— MKMUI  K-      ■ 


Circular  Letter  of  Massachusetts  ( 1768  ). 
The  General  Coorl  of  Massachusetts,  «  hioh  met 
Dec.  30,  1767,  having  appointed  ■  large  oommit- 
tee  i"  consider  the  state  of  the  province,  adopt- 
ed (Feb.  11, 1768) a  circular  letter,  which  was  ad- 
dressed to  the  speakers  of  the  various  colonial 
assemblies,  inviting  co-operation  and  mutual 
consultation  concerning  the  defence  of  colonial 
rights.  This  letter  embodied  the  sentiments  of 
a  petition  to  the  king  adopted  at  the  same  ses- 
sion. Ii  gave  great  offence  to  the  ministry. 
When  it  reached  them, Lord  Hillsborough,  Sec- 
Betary  of  State  for  the  oolonies,  sent  Instructions 
bo  the  governor  |  Bernard  )  of  Massachusetts  to 
call  npon  the  Assembly  to  rescind  the  letter, 

and,  in  the  event  of  m>n-colii|>liance,  tn  dissolve 
that  body.  It  was  then  the  most  numerous  leg- 
islature in  America,  consisting  of  one  hundred 
and  nine  members.     Instead  of  complying  with 

the  governor's  demand,  they  made  the  instruc- 
tions of  Hillsborough  a  fresh  cause  of  complaint 
againsl  the  ministry.  "When  Lord  Hillsbor- 
ough knows."  said  mis  in  the  Assembly, " that 
we  will  not  rescind  our  acts,  he  should  apply  to 
Parliament  to  rescind  theirs.  Let  Britons  re- 
scind these  measures, or  they  are  lost  forever." 

The  House  refused  to  rescind  by  a  vote  of  nincty- 
two  to  seventeen.  In  a  letter  to  the  governor 
notifying  him  of  their  non-compliance,  the  As- 
sembly said,  -  If  the  VOteS  of  this  House   ale  to 

be  emit  Killed  by  the  directions  of  a  minister,  we 

have  left   us  hut   a    vain   scmhlance   of  liberty." 

The  governor  proceeded  to  dissolve  the  assem- 
bly; hut  before  that  was  accomplished  they  had 

prepared  a  series  of  accusal  ions  against  li i m  and 

•  petition  to  the  kin^  to  remove  him.     The  an- 

WWtiH  to  the  circular  letter  from  other  assem- 
blies flowed  with  sympathy  ami  assurances  of 
co-operation,      (gee  HilltbotVUgk'i  Instructions.) 


Citizens.  By  a  change  in  the  political  char- 
acter of  the  English-Amei  ioan  colonies,  the  word 

"  citi /.eu"  took  the  place  of  ■•Milijeet,*'  and  was  as 
comprehensive  in  its  application  to  the  Inhabi- 
tants Of  the  territories  included  In  the  United 
Slates  of  America.  In  our  republic  every  man, 
woman,  and  child  is  a  citizen,  with  regulations 

as  to  the  exercise  of  the  rights  and  privileges  of 

citizenship.  In  this  respect  our  republic  differs 
from  those  o|  (.u-ere  and  of  Italy.  In  the  for- 
mer, citizenship  was  confined  to  a  body  of  kin- 
dred families.  They  formed  an  heredilai\  caste 
"a  mull  itudinoiis  aristocracy."  The  system 
had  no  permanent  vitality,  and  the  Oreeh  and 
Italian  republics  died  out  for  want  of  citizens. 
Iii  the  new  American  republic  every  one  horn 
on  American  soil  was  and  is  a  citizen,  hy  \  irtue 
of  nativity;  and.  hy  the  .mace  of  statute  law. 
foreign-born  persons  become  citizens  by  natu- 
ralization  laWS  (Which  see    . 

City  of  Magnificent  Distances.  A  popular 
designate f  the  oity  of  Washington,  the  na- 
tional capital,  said  to  have  been  first  applied 
by  President  Madison.  It  is  so  called  on  ac- 
count   of  the    wide    open    spaces    caused   by    the 

peculiar  plan  of  its  streets,  and  being  originally 

laid  out  on  a  large  scale.  It  has  two  sets  of 
rectangular  streets,  seventy  to  one  hundred  feet 

wide;  and  these  are  intersected  obliquely bj  fif- 
teen avenues,  from  one  hundred  and  thirty  to  one 
hundred  and  sixty  feet  wide,  forming  immense 
open  triangles  at  each  Intersection.  These  tri- 
angles have  been  enclosed  and  planted  with 
trees    within    B    few    years,  rendering    the   place 

less  a  city  of  magnifloenl  distances 
City  of  Notions.     A  popular  name  given  to 

the  oity  Of  Boston,  the  capital  of  Massachusetts. 

City  of  Spindles.     A  popular  name  given  to 


CITY  OF  THE  STRAIT  S 

the  city  of  Lowell,  Mass.,  the  greatest  cotton 
manufacturing  town  iu  the  Uuited  States. 

City  of  the  Strait.  The  popular  name  of 
Detroit  (the  French  word  for  "strait"),  situ- 
ated upon  the  strait  between  lakes  St.  Clair  aud 
Erie. 

Civil  Rights  Bill.  Early  iu  1866  Congress 
passed  a  bill  for  reducing  to  statute  form  the 
principles  of  the  thirteenth  amendment  to  the 
Constitution  (which  see).  It  guaranteed  to 
every  citizen  of  the  Uuited  States,  without  dis- 
tinction of  race  or  color,  equal  civil  rights.  It 
was  passed  at  the  middle  of  March,  by  a  vote 
of  one  hundred  and  eleven  against  thirty-eight. 
It  was  vetoed  by  President  Johnsou  on  March 
27 ;  but  this  did  not  prevent  its  becoming  a  law 
by  the  constitutional  vote. 

Civil  "War  in  Boston  Harbor  (1644).  The 
civil  war  iu  England  extended  across  the  sea. 
The  vessels  of  London,  the  seat  of  parliamen- 
tary power,  furnished  with  privateering  commis- 
sions, took  every  opportunity  that  ottered  to 
attack  those  of  Bristol,  aud  other  western  ports, 
that  adhered  to  the  king.  In  July,  1644,  a  Lon- 
don vessel  brought  a  west-of-England  prize  into 
Boston  harbor.  The  captaiu  exhibited  a  com- 
mission from  Warwick,  High  Admiral  of  New 
England,  and  they  were  allowed  to  retain  their 
prize ;  but  when  another  London  vessel  attacked 
a  Dartmouth  ship  (September),  as  she  entered 
Boston  harbor  with  a  cargo  of  fine  salt,  the 
magistrates  sent  an  armed  force  to  prevent  the 
capture.  Because  of  a  defect  in  the  commission 
of  the  privateer,  the  prize  was  appropriated  as 
a  compensation  for  a  Boston  ship  which  had 
been  captured  on  the  high  seas  by  a  royalist 
vessel.  Some  persons  in  Boston  declared  them- 
selves in  favor  of  the  king,  when  (March,  1645) 
such  turbulent  practices  were  strictly  forbid- 
den. A  law  was  soon  passed  assuring  protec- 
tion to  all  ships  that  came  as  friends;  aud  offi- 
cers were  appointed  to  keep  the  peace,  and  to 
prevent  lighting  iu  Boston  harbor,  except  "by 
authority." 

Civil  War  in  Maryland,  The  First.  The 
irrepressible  Clayborne  (which  see)  stirred  up  a 
son  of  politico-religions  civil  war  in  Maryland 
iu  1644.  Already  hatred  between  the  Etonian 
Catholic  and  Protestant  settlers  had  been  en- 
gendered.     The  civil  war  was   then    raging   iu 

England,  and  King  Charles  had  commissi d 

Lord  Baltimore,  through  his  colonial  officers,  to 
seize  any  ships  belonging  to  the  Parliament  par- 
ty on  which  his  people  might  lay  bands.     The 

■hip  of  Kiehard  Ingle  was  captured  in  Mary- 
land waters,  but  the  commander  escaped.  He 
joined  Clayborne  in  stirring  up  the  parliamen- 
tary, or  Puritan,  faction  iu  .Maryland  against 
the  government  of  Lord  Baltimore.  Clayborne 
w.i- then  in  possession  of  Kent  bland,  aud  than 
Ingle  joined  him  with  a  ressei  commissioned 
b\    Parliament   as  a  letter  of  raarqne  (which 

see).  The  Protestants  wen  then  iu  open  rebell- 
ion, and  the  insurrection  flamed  out  with  great- 
er Vehemence  than  the  Indian  war  which  had 
just  ended;    but    it   did   not   last  ho  long.       The 

nbels,  assisted  by  disaffected  Indians,  itnmedi- 


2  CIVIL  WAR  IN  MARYLAND 

ately  triumphed,  and  the  governor  and  his  coun- 
cil were  compelled  to  fly  to  Virginia  for  safety. 
For  about  a  year  aud  a  half  the  insurgents  held 
the  reins  of  power,  and  the  horrors  of  civil  war 
brooded  over  once  happy  Maryland.  During 
j  the  turmoil  many  of  the  records  of  the  proviuce 
|  were  destroyed,  aud  a  larger  portion  of  them 
;  were  carried  to  Virginia  by  Captain  Ingle,  and 
i  lost.  Lord  Baltimore  wisely  commissioned  Will- 
iam Stone,  a  Protestaut  from  Virginia,  as  gov- 
ernor, and  so  restored  peace  to  the  province. — 
|  The  Second  Civil  War  in  Maryland  broke 
out  iu  1655.  The  republican  Parliament,  not 
trusting  Lord  Baltimore's  professions  of  repub- 
licanism implicitly,  appointed  a  commission,  of 
which  Clayborne  was  a  member,  to  govern  Vir- 
ginia. They  entered  upon  their  duties  with  a 
high  hand.  Governor  Stone  was  removed.  The 
commissioners  took  possession  of  the  records, 
and  abolished  the  authority  of  Lord  Baltimore. 
A  few  months  afterwards  they  reinstated  Stone, 
put  Kent  and  Palmers  islands,  in  the  Chesa- 
peake, iu  the  possession  of  Clayborne,  and  en- 
abled the  "  outlaw  "  to  triumph  over  his  old  en- 
emy, Lord  Baltimore.  Cromwell  restored  Bal- 
timore's power  in  1658,  and  Stone  proclaimed 
the  acts  of  the  commissioners  rebellious.  Ho 
unwisely  displaced  all  the  officers  appointed  by 
them.  The  incensed  commissioners  returned  to 
Maryland,  deposed  Stone,  and  placed  the  gov- 
ernment in  the  hands  of  ten  commissioners. 
These  proceedings  aroused  the  passions  of  the 
contending  factions  in  Maryland  into  fearful  in- 
tensity. The  Protestants  (the  majority  in  the 
Assembly),  with  the  narrow  bigotry  of  the  early 
Puritans  in  Massachusetts,  and  unmindful  of  the 
lessons  of  the  Toleration  Act  (which  see). disfran- 
chised the  Roman  Catholics  and  the  members 
of  the  Church  of  England  iu  the  proviuce,  by 
passing  a  law  declaring  that  "Papists  and 
Churchmen  "  were  not  entitled  to  the  protec- 
tion of  the  laws  of  Maryland.  These  zealots 
(logged  and  imprisoned  Quakers,  and  emulated 
the  narrowness  of  the  authorities  in  New  Eng- 
land. Hearing  of  these  things,  Baltimore  ob- 
tained an  audience  with  Cromwell,  and  protest- 
ed against  the  injustice  of  Pari  tan  legislation  in 
Maryland.  Cromwell  assured  Baltimore  that  be 
disapproved  of  these  acts,  and  he  ordered  the 
Commissioners  "not    to  busy  themselves  about 

religion,  lmt  civil  government."  Bo  encouraged, 

Lord  Baltimore  returned  to  vindicate  his  rights. 
Upbraiding  Stone  for  his  want  of  flrmness,  he 
ordered  him  to  raise  an  army  for  the  restoration 
of  the  authority  of  the  proprietary.  Stone  acted 
vigorously  He  raised  a  lone,  consisting  chief- 
ly of  Soman  Catholics,  sei/ed  the  colonial  rec- 
ords, resumed  the  office  of  governor,  and  so  In- 
augurated civil  war.    Skirmishes  ooonrred :  and 

finally  a  sharp  battle  was  ('ought  between  the 
Roman  Catholics  aud  Puritans,  eaih  iu  Apnl. 
1665,  near  the  site  of  Annapolis,  in  which  Stone 

w as  defeated  and  made  prisoner.  About  tift\  of 
his  part]  wen  killed  or  wounded.  The  govern- 
or and  his  colleagues  were  tried  for  treason  and 
convicted.      Stone's    lite   was    spared,   but    four 

ot'  his  associates  wen  hanged.  I'm-  Mveral 
mouths  afterwards  anarch]  prevailed  in  Mary- 


CIVIL  WAR  IN  RHODE  ISLAND 

land.  Then  a  former  insurgent  (Fendall)  was 
appointed  governor.  He  was  suspected,  lint  by 
prudent  conduct  he  won  the  confidence  of  t In- 
Protestant  people.  On  the  death  of  Cromwell 
there  were  presages  of  a  change  in  colonial  af- 
fairs. The  people  of  Maryland  did  not  wait 
upon  movements  in  England, but, boldly  assert- 
ing their  supreme  authority,  dissolved  the  pro- 
prietary portion  of  the  Genera]  Assembly  in  the 
spring  of  1660,  and  assumed  the  whole  legisla- 
tive power  of  the,  state.  The  popular  repre- 
sentatives gave  Fendall  a  commission  as  gov- 
ernor. 

Civil  War  in  Rhode  Island  (1848).  There 
was  a  movement  in  Rhode  Island  to  adopt  a 
state  constitution  to  take  the  place  of  the  char- 
ter given  by  Charles  II.  In  1663,  under  which 
the  people  of  Rhode  Island  had  been  governed 
ahout  one  hundred  and  eighty  years.  Disputes 
arose  concerning  the  proper  methods  to  be  pur- 
sued in  making  the  change,  and  these  differ- 
ences  Of  opinion    led   to   SSrioUS    events.       Two 

political  parties  were  formed,  known  respec- 
tively as  the  "  Suffrage,"  or  radical  party,  and 
the  "Law  and  Order."  or  conservative  party. 

Each  adopted  a  const  i  t  lit  ion  for  the  stale,  and 
elected  a  governor  and  legislature  under  it ; 
and  in  May  and  Jane,  1843,  both  patties  were 
aimed   in  support  of  their  respective  claims. 

The  state  was  on  the  verge  of  civil  war,  when 
the  interference  of  the  national  authority  was 
invoked.     The  President  ien1  troops  to  Rhode 

Island   to  maintain   the   public    peace.       A    tree 

constitution, adopted  by  the  "Law  and  Order" 

party  in  November,  1848,  to  go  into  operation 
oti  the  first  Tuesday  in  May,  1843,  was  sustained, 
and  became  the  law  of  the  land.  The  radical 
party    had    elected    Thomas  YV.   Dorr  governor, 

and  the  conservatives  had  chosen  Bamnel  W. 

King  for  chief  magistrate.  After  the  public 
peace  was  secured  and  the  new  government  had 

gone  into  operation,  Mr.  I  lorr  w  as  arrested,  tried 
for  treason,  convicted,  and  sentenced  to  impris- 
onment for  life.  The  excitement  having  passed 
away,  he  w  as  released  in  Jane,  18  r>.  but  w  as  de- 
prived of  all  the  civil  rights  of  8  citi/eti.  These 
disabilities  were  removed  in  the  autumn  of  L853. 
(See  Dorr*!  i:,h,Ui,»i.) 

Civil  War  in  Virginia.  (See  Dawaore's  War. 
IT?:..) 

Claiborne,  Win  I  AM CHARLES Cm  r.  was  horn 
in  Virginia   in  177:!;  died  in  New  Orleans, Nov. 

83,  1-17.  lie  was  a  lawyer,  and  settled  Ln  Ten- 
nessee, \\  here  he  became  a  territorial  judge      in 

1796  lie  assisted  ill  framing  a  state  constitution, 
and  was  a  member  Of  Congress  from  17!»7  to 
180L  In  1809  be  was  appointed  governor  of 
isippi  Territory,  and  was  a  commis- 
sioner, with  Wilkinson,  to  take  possession  of 
Louisiana  when  it   was  purchased  from   France. 

On  the  establishment  of  a  new-  government  in 
1804,  he  was  appointed  governor;  and  n  hen  the 

State  of  I. on  i  si  ana  was  organised  he  w  as  elected 
governor,  serving  from  1818  to  1816.  In  the  lat- 
ter year  lie  hecauu!  United  States  Senator,  hut 
was  prevented  from  taking  his  seal  on  account 
of  rickni 


,3  CLAIBORNE'S  CAMPAIGN 

Claiborne's  Campaign  against  the  Creeks. 
Th.'   Southern  Creeks,  under  the  direct  iutlu- 

enee  of  Weather-ford  I  see  Fort  Minim*)  and  the 
British  and  Spanish  officers,  were  very  active 
and  sanguinary  in  the  region  of  the  forks  of  the 
Tombigbee  and  Alabama  rivers.  General  Flonr- 
noy  ordered  (Oct.  18,  1813)  General  C.  C.  Clai- 
bome  to  advance  with  his  army  into  the  heart 
of  the  Creek  country  to  defend  the  white  citi- 
zens while  gathering  their  crops  :  to  drive  the 
Indians  from  the  frontiers;  to  follow  them  to 
their  contiguous  towns;  and  to  kill,  hum,  and 
destroy  all  their  property — "  negroes,  horses, 
and  cattle."  and  other  effects  —  that  could  not 
he  brought  off.  This  sanguinary  order  of  the 
Georgia  general  was  instantly  obeyed.  Clai- 
borne  scoured  the  country  on  the  eastern  side 
of  the  Tombigbee,  dispersing  Indian  hands  here 

and  there.     lie  pushed  across  to  the  Alabama 

with  three  hundred  volunteers,  some  dragoons 
and  militia,  and  a  hand  of  Choctaw  Indians  un- 
der l'ushamataha.  and  on  the  east  side  of  tho 
river  was  joined  (Nov.  17)  by  a  regiment  of  reg- 
ulars under  Colonel  RnaselL  There  he  con- 
structed a  Strong  stockade,  which  was  named 
Port  Claiborue,  and  made  it  a  deposit  of  sup- 
plies. Claiborne  apprised  Governor  Blount  and 
General  Jackson  of  this  depot,  and  also  of  the 
arrival  al  the  Spanish  fort  af  Pensaools  of  Kng- 
liafa  vessels  with  supplies  for  the  Indians.  He 
determined  to  push  on  and  share  with  Jack-on 
and  Coffee  the  danger  and  honor  of  bringing 
the  Creeks  into  submission.  With  a  considera- 
te force,  he  marched  (Deo.  18)  in  a  northeast- 
erly direction  eighty  mill's,  and  luiilt  a  stockade 
far  stores,  which  he  called  Fort  Deposit.  Then  he 


il  iM   e    e    cl.AllliillNK 


pushed  on  through  an  almost  pathless  wilder- 
ness thirty  miles  farther,  and  approached  Ecc- 
noohaea,  or  Holy  Ground,  on  a  bluff  on  the 
left  hank  of  the  Alabama,  the  present  Powells 

Ferry,  in  Lowndes  County.    It  was  a  noted  place. 

established  by  Weatbersford  (see  I\»t  Mimmx) 


CLAIMS  OF  CONNECTICUT 


254 


CLARKE 


after  the  visit  of  Teoumtha  and  the  Prophet. 

After  a  severe  battle,  Claiborne,  having  defeat- 
ed the  Indians,  laid  the  town  in  ashes.  Soou 
afterwards  the  terms  of  enlistment  of  most  of 
Claiborne's  troops  expired,  and  he  was  com- 
pelled to  write  to  the  Secretary  of  War  (June  23, 
1814)  that  he  had  only  sixty  men  left,  and  that 
their  time  was  nearly  out. 

Claims  of  Connecticut  (1662).  As  soon  as 
Connecticut  obtained  a  royal  charter  (1662), 
which  embraced  also  the  colony  of  New  Haven 
(which  see),  that  colony  put  forth  claims  under 
it  to  territory  on  Long  Island,  and  all  the  main- 
land east  of  the  Hudson.  Several  Dutch  towns 
on  Long  Island,  peopled  chiefly  by  the  English, 
petitioned  Connecticut  to  receive  them.  Stuy- 
vesant,  alarmed,  hastened  to  Boston  to  inquire 
of  the  commissioners  for  the  united  colonies  if 
they  considered  a  former  settlement  of  the 
boundary  binding.  Agents  were  seut  on  the 
satin-  errand  to  Hartford.  The  New-Englanders 
all  promised  fairly;  but  their  actions  were  sus- 
picious, and  Stuyvesant  called  a  convention  of 
deputies  to  consult  upon  public  affairs.  Bnt  it 
was  not  long  before  the  English  claim  to  New 
Netherlaud  was  enforced  by  arms. 

Clark,  Abraham,  was  born  at  Elizabethtown, 
N.  J., Feb.  15, 1726;  died  at  Rah  way.  N.J. .Sept.  15. 
1794.  He  was  a  self-taught,  strong-minded,  and 
energetic  man.  Bred  a  farmer,  he  taught  him- 
self mathematics  and  a  knowledge  of  law  ;  and 
from  his  habit  of  giving  legal  advice  gratuitous- 
ly he.  was  called  "the  poor  man's  counsellor." 
Mr.  Clark  was  a  member  of  the  Committee  of 
Public  Safety  in  Elizabethtown.  and  was  ap- 
pointed (June  21,  1776)  one  of  the  five  repre- 
sentatives of  New  Jersey  in  the  Continental 
Congress,  where  he  voted  for  and  signed  the 
Declaration  of  Independence.  He  served  in 
Congress  (excepting  a  single  session)  until  near 
the  close  of  1783.  He  was  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners of  New  Jersey  who  met  at  Annapolis  in 
1786  for  the  purpose  of  arranging  national  com- 
mercial intercourse,  which  led  to  the  formation 
of  the  National  Constitution  the  following  year. 
in. which  labor  he  was  chosen  to  be  a  partici- 
pant; but  ill-health  compelled  him  to  decline. 
In  1790  he  was  made  a  member  of  the  Second 
National  Congress,  and  retained  his  seat  until  a 
short  time  before  his  death. 

Clark,  Ai.van,  artist  and  astronomer,  was 
born  at  Ashfleld,  Mass.,  March  8,  1804.  Beared 
on  a  farm,  at  t  went  v-t  wo  \  ears  of  age  he  became 
a  calico  engraver  at  Lowell.  He  afterwards 
became  a  successful  portrait-painter ;  and  when 
over  forty  rears  of  age  be  became  deeply  inter- 
ested in  astronomy  and  in  the  construction  of 
telescopes.  With  instruments  of  his  own  man- 
ufacture he  made  several  important  discoveries, 
recorded  in  the  " Proceedings  of  the  Royal  As- 
tronomical Society  "  of  London.  He  is  the  in- 
ventor of  a  double  eye-piece,  which   facilitates 

the  minute  measurements  of  verj  small  celestial 
toot,     lb-  has  been  for  many  years  without  a 

rival  in  the  world  as  the  constructor  of  tele- 
scope-, in  i-<;:!  the  French  imperial  academj 
of  Sciences  awarded  him  the  I.alande  pri/.c  for 


his  discovery  of  the  new  star  near  Sirius  with 
the  great  reflecting  telescope  made  by  himself. 
With  his  sons,  be  is  still  (1880)  engaged  in  the 
making  of  telescopes. 

Clarke,  Elijah,  was  horn  in  North  Carolina  ; 
died  in  Wilkes  County,  Ga.,  Dec.  15,  1799.  He 
went  to  Georgia  in  1774,  where  he  became  a  cap- 
tain in  1776,  and  fought  both  British  and  In- 
dians on  the  frontiers.  He  was  an  active  leader 
in  the  war  for  independence,  and  was  largely 
instrumental  in  the  capture  of  Augusta,  Ga., 
in  1781.  He  fought  many  battles  and  made  sev- 
eral treaties  with  the  Indians;  but  in  1794  he 
was  accused  of  a  design  to  establish  an  inde- 
pendent government  among  the  Creeks,  where 
he  had  settled  in  violation  of  law. 

Clarke,  Gkouge  Rogers,  born  in  Albemarle 
Comity,  Va.,  Nov.  19,  1752;  died  near  Louisville, 
Ky..  Feb.  13,  1818.  He  was  a  land  surveyor,  and 
commanded  a  company  in  Dunmore's  war  against 
the  Indians  in  1774.     He  went  to  Kentucky  in 


GEOKGE  ROGERS  CLARKE. 

1775.  and  Took  command  of  the  armed  settlers 
there,  lb-  captured  Kaskaakia  and  other  tow  as 
in  177H,  which,  with  the  surrounding  region, 
weii-  organized  into  Illinois  County,  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  Virginia.  Commissioned  a  colo- 
nel, he  successfully  labored  for  the  pacification 

of  the  Indian  tribes.  Learning  that  Governor 
Hamilton,  of  Detroit,  had  captured  Vitioennes, 
Clarke  led  an  expedition  against  him  i  February, 

1779),  and  recaptured  it  (Feb. 80).  He  also  inter- 
cepted a  convoy  of  goods  w  orth  ten  thousand  dol- 
lars, and  afterwards  built  Fort  Jefferson, on  the 
west  side  of  tin'  Mississippi,  'flic  Indians  from 
north  of  the  Ohio,  with  some  British, raided  in 
Kentucky  in  June,  1780, when  Clarke  led  a  force 

against  the  Shawnoese  on  the  Great  Miami,  and 
defeated   them    with    hea\  \    loss    at    Pickaway. 

lb-  served  in  Virginia  dining  its  invasion  bj 

Arnold  and  Cornwallis;  anil  in  1788  he  led  one 
thousand  mounted  riflemen  from  the  mouth  of 

the  Lloking,  ami  invaded  the  Scioto  Valley, 
burning  five  Indian  villages  and  laying  wear* 

their  plantations.     The  savages  wuc  so  awed 


CLARKE 

that  no  formidable  war  party  ever  afterwards 
appeared  in  Kentucky.  Clarke  made  an  unsuc- 
cessful expedition  againsl  the  Indians  on  the 
Wabash  with  one  thousand  men  in  1786.  His 
great  services  to  his  country  in  making  the 
frontiers  a  safe  dwelling-place  were  overlooked 
by  his  countrymen,  and  he  died  in  poverty  and 
obscurity. 

Clarke,  John,  one  of  the  founders  of  Rhode 
Island,  was  born  in  Bedfordshire,  Bug.,  Oct.  8, 
1009;  died  at  Newport.  EL  I.,  April  20, 1676.    He 

came  to  Massachusetts,  bnt,  es] sing  the  cause 

of  Anne  Hutchinson  (which  see),  and  claiming 
full  toleration  in  religious  belief,  he  was  obliged 
to  flee.  Ho  was  welcomed  to  Providence  by 
Williams.  lie  was  one  of  the  company  who 
gained  Rhode  Island  from  the  Indians,  and  be- 
gan a  settlement  al  Pocasset  in  1638.  A  preach- 
er of  the  Gospel,  he  founded,  at  Newport  (1644), 

the  second  Baptist  Church  in  America.  He  was 
treasurer  of  the  colony  in  1649.  Mr.  Clarke  was 
persecuted  while  visiting  friends  in  Massachu- 
setts, and  driven  out  of  the  colony.  He  accom- 
panied Williams  to  England  in  Hi.">l  as  agent  for 
the  colony,  where  he  remained  nearly  twelve 
years,  and  returned  (1663)  with  a  second  charter 
for  Rhode  Island.  Be  resumed  his  pastorate  al 
Newport,  where  for  three  snooessive  yean  he 
was  deputy-governor  of  the  colony. 

Clarke's  Resolutions  |  1861  |,    Perceiving  that 

the  labors  of  the  Senate  Commit  tee  of  Thirteen 
ty-$ixth   Congress)    were  simply   wasted. 

Senator  Daniel  Clarke,  of  New  Hampshire,  of- 
fered (Jan.  !>,  l-iil )  two  resolutions  as  an  amend 
iront  to  the  Crittenden  Compromise  (which  see). 
The  first  declared  that   the  provisions  of  the 

Constitution  were  ample  for  the  presen  ation  of 

the  l'nion  and  the  protection  of  all  material  in- 
terests of  the  country;  that  it  needed  to  be 
obeyed  rather  than  amended;  and  that  an  ex- 
trication from  present  danger  was  to  he  looked 
for  in  strenuous   efforts  to   preserve   the   peace, 

protect  the  public  property,  and   enforce  the 

laws,  rather  than  in  any  new  guarantees  for 
particular  interests,  compromises  for  particular 
difficulties,  or  concessions  to  unreasonable  de- 
mauds.  The  second  declared  that  "all  attempts 
to  dissolve  the  Union,  or  overthrow  or  abandon 

the  National  Constitution,  with  the  hope  or  ex- 
pectation of  constructing  a  new  one,  were  dan- 
gerous, illusory,  and  destructive;  that,  in  the 
opiniou  of  the  Senate  of  the  United  States,  do 
such  reconstruction  is  practicable,  and  therefore 
to  the  maintenance  of  the  existing  Union  and 
Constitution  should  be  devoted  all  thi 
of  the  government  and  the  efforts  of  all  good  oiti- 
3ee  Thirty-sixth  Congress.")  This  amend- 
ment   was    adopted    by    B    Vote    Of   twenty-live 

against  twenty-three.    The  leading  - 

ists  in  the  Senate,  who  might  have  carried  the 
Crittenden  Compromise,  did  not  vote  on  this 
amendment,  for  they  hail  determined  to  attempt 
to  dissolve  Hie  l'nion  at  all  hazards.  When,  on 
March  2,  Mason,  of  Virginia,  called  up  the  Crit- 
tenden Compromise,  Clarke's  amendment   was 

reconsidered  and  rejected,  so  that  there  might 
be  a  direct  vote  on  the  Crittenden  plan.     The 


5  CLAY 

latter  was  also  rejected  (March  3)  by  a  vote  of 
twenty  against  nineteen. 

Clay,  Gkki.n.  was  horn  in  Powhatan  County, 
Va.,  A.ug.  14.  17;">7  ;  died  Oct.  31.  18:26.  Before  he 
was  twenty  years  old  he  emigrated  to  Keutucky, 
where  he  became  a  surgeon,  and  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  a  fortune.     He  represented  the  Kentucky 


OBMU    CLAY. 


district  in  the  Virginia  Legislature,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  Virginia  convention  that  ratified 

the  National  Constitution.  He  also  assisted  in 
flaming  the  Kentucky  Constitution  in  1799. 
Mr.CIaj  served  long  in  the  Kentucky  Legislat- 
ure. Ill  the  spring  of  1813  he  led  three  thou- 
sand Kentucky  volunteers  to  the  relief  of  Fort 
MeigS  (which  see);  and,  being  left  in  command 
id'  that  post,  he  defended  it  against  an  attack  by 
British  and  Indians  under  Generals  Proctor  and 
Tecmulha. 

Clay,  HENRY,  statesman,  was  horn  in  Han- 
over Count  \ .  Va,  April  lv!,  1777:  died  at  Wash- 
ington, D. C., June  99,1853.  Tanght  the  rudi- 
ments of  education  in  a  log-cabin  school-house. 
he  labored  on  a  farm  until  he  was  fifteen  years 
Of  age,  when    he   entered  the   office   of  the   High 

Court  of  Chancery,  in  Richmond,  at  which  time 

his  mother,  Who  had  married  a  second  time,  em- 
igrated to  Kentucky.  He  studied  law  under 
the  direction  of  Chancellor  Wythe,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the'  bar  in  17'.>7,  w  hen  he  opened  a 
law-office  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  where  he  obtained 
an   extensive  practice        In  1803  he  was  elected 

to  the  Keutucky  Legislature,  and  was  speaker 
He  became  United  States  Senator  in 
IB08,  and  member  of  Congress  and  speaker  in 
I -II  11  Was  a  commissioner  to  treat  for  peace 
with  Great  Britain  in  1814;  and  afterwards,  in 

Congress,  was  five  times   elected  speaker  of  the 

House  of  Representatives.  Mr.  Clay  was  Sec- 
retary of  State  in  the  cabinet  of  John  Quincy 
Adams      1825  29  ).  and  again   a  member  of  the 

United  states  Senate  IV l-:u  till  1848.     He 

was  twice  defeated  as  a  candidate  for  the  Pies- 


CLAY 


25G 


CLAYBORNE 


idency  (1832  and  1844);  and  was  in  the  Senate 
for  the  last  time  from  1849  till  1852,  taking  a 
leading  part  in  the  compromise  measures  of 
1850,  as  he  did  iu  those  of  1832.     Mr.  Clay  did 


UfcNKY    CLAY 


much  by  his  eloquence  to  arouse  a  war  spirit 
against  Great  Britain  in  1812;  and  his  efforts 
were  effective  in  securing  an  acknowledgment 
of  the  independence  of  the  Spanish  colonies  in 
South  America.  He  always  advocated  the  thor- 
oughly American  policy  of  President  Monroe  in 
excluding  European  influence  on  this  continent. 
There  ie  a  One  monument  erected  to  his  memory 
in  the  cemetery  at  Frankfort.  Ky. 


>.        .       V        . 


Clayborne  and  ComwaUis,  Fight  BE- 
TWEEN. William  Clayborne  (which  see)  had 
resolved  to  maintain  his  claimed  rights  to  the 
Isle  of  Kent,  in  the  waters  of  Chesapeake  Bay. 
He  was  sustained  by  the  Virginians,  Govern- 
or Harvey  alone  taking  sides  with  Lord  Bal- 
timore. In  the  spring  of  1635  Clayborne  de- 
spatched a  vessel  for  trading,  prepared  to  meet 
resistance.  The  Harylanders  sent  ont  two  armed 
vessels  under  Cornwallis,  their  commissioner, 
or  councillor,  to  watch  for  any  illegal  traders 
within  the  bounds  of  their  province.  On  April 
23  they  seized  Clayborne's  vessel.  The  latter 
sent  an  armed  boat,  under  the  command  ofRat- 
oliffe  Warren,  a  Virginian,  to  recapture  the  ves- 
sel. ComwaUis  met  Warren  with  one  of  his 
vessels  in  a  harbor  (May  10),  and  captured  it 
after  a  sharp  ti<;ht.  in  which  Warren  and  two 
of  his  men  were  killed  ;  also,  one  of  Cornwallis's 
crew.  This  event  caused  intense  excitement. 
The  first  Maryland  Assembly,  which  had  con- 
vened just  before  the  event,  decreed  "that  of- 
fenders in  all  murders  and  felonies  shall  suffer 
the  same  pains  and  forfeitures  as  for  the  same 
crimes  in  England.  A  requisition  was  made 
upon  Governor  Harvey  for  the  delivery  of  Clay- 
borne to  the  Virginia  authorities.  That  func- 
tionary decided  that  Clayborne  might  go  to 
England  to  justify  his  conduct  before  the  home 
government.  (See  Maryland.)  A  court  of  in- 
quiry— held  three  years  afterwards  to  investi- 
gate the  matter  —  resulted  in  a  formal  indict- 
ment of  Clayborne,  and  a  bill  of  attainder  pass- 
ed against  him.  Thomas  Smith,  next  in  rank 
to  Warren,  was  banged.  Clayborne,  who  was 
now  Treasurer  of  Virginia,  retaliated  against 
Maryland  by  stilting  up  civil  war  there.  (See 
i  Civil  War  in  Maryland.) 

Clayborne,  William,  one  of 
the  early  Bet  tiers  in  Virginia, 
and  at  one  time  a  member  of 
the  council  and  secretary  of  the 

colony.  Iu  li>27  the  Governor 
of  Virginia  gave  him  authority 
to  explore  the  head  of  Chesa- 
peake Bay:  and  in  1631  Charles  I. 
gave  him  a  license  to  make  dis- 
coveries and  trade  with  the  In- 
dians iu  that  region.  With  this 
authority,  he  established  a  trad- 
ing-post i>n  Kent  Island,  in  Chesa- 
peake Bay.  not  far  from  the  site 
of  Annapolis.  When  Lord  Balti- 
more claimed  jurisdiction  over 
Kent    and    other   islands   in   the 

bay,  Clayborne  refused  to  ac- 
knowledge his  title,  having,  as 
he  alleged,  an  earlier  one  from 

the  king.  Baltimore  ordered  the 
arrest  <>f  clayborne.  Two  vessels 
were  sent  for  the  purpose,  w  hen 
a  battle  ensued  between  them 
and  one  owned  by  Clayborne. 
The  Mat  \  landers  w  ere  repulsed, 
and  one  of  their  Dumber  was 
killed.     Clayborne  was  indicted 

for  and  found  guilty  of  con- 
structive murder  and  other  high 


CLAY'S  COMPROMISE 


■J.-.T 


CLEM 


crimes,  and  tied  to  Virginia.  Kent  Island  was 
seized  and  confiscated  by  the  Maryland  au- 
thorities, sir  John  Harvey,  Governor  of  Vir- 
ginia, refused  to  surrender  Clayborne,  and  lie 
went  to  England  to  seek  redress.  After  the 
Ung  heard  liis  story  he  severely  reprimanded 
Lord  Baltimore  for  violating  royal  commands 
in  driving  Clayborne  from  Kent  Island.  The 
LonU  Com  miss  ioners  of  Plantations,  led  by  Arch- 
bishop Laud,  made  a  decision  in  favor  of  Lord 
Baltimore:  but  Clayborne,  assisted  by  Captain 
Richard  Ingle,  stirred  up  the  people  to  rebell- 
ion, and.  expelling  Governor  Leonard  Calvert 
(1645),  assumed  the  rei  us  of  government.  (8ee 
Calvert,  Leonard.)  In  1651  Clayborne  was  ap- 
pointed, by  the  Council  of  State  in  England,  one 
of  tin1  commissioners  for  redncing  Virginia  to 
obedience  to  the  commonwealth  ruled  by  Parlia- 
ment ;  and  be  also  took  part  in  governing  Mary- 
land by  a  commission.  (See  Maryland.)  lie 
was  soon  afterwards  made  secretary  of  the  col- 
ony of  Virginia,  and  held  the  office  until  after 
the  restoration  of  monarchy  (1660)  in  England. 
Clayborne  was  one  of  the  court  that  tried  the 
captured  followers  of  Paeon.  (See  Huron's  Re- 
bellion.) He  resided  in  New  Kent  ( 'oiinty.  Ya., 
until  his  death,  and  is  the  chief  ancestor  of  the 
Claiborne  family  in  the  United  States. 

Clay's  Compromise  (I -:!-').  The  secret  his- 
tory of  Clay's  Compromise  Pill  in  1838,  which 
onieted  rampant  nullification  (which  si 

to  he  as  follows:   Mr.  Calhoun,  as  leader  of  the 

nnlliflers,  had  proceeded  to  the  \  urge  of  treason 
in  his  opposition  to  the  national  government, 
am!  President  Jackson  had  threatened  him  with 
arrest  if  he  moved  another  step  forward.  Know- 
ing th<'  firmness  ami  decision  of  the  President, 
he  dared  not  take  the  fatal  step.  He  could  not 
recede,  or  even  stand  still,  without  compromis- 
ing his  character  with  his  political  friends.  In 
this  extremity  a  mutual  friend  arranged  with 
Clay  to  propose  a  measure  which  would  satisfy 

both  sides  and  save  the  neck  and  reputation  of 
Calhoun.  In  discussing  the  matter  in  the  Sen- 
ate, the  latter  earnestly  disclaimed  any  hostile 
feelings  towards  the  (Jniou  on  the  part  of  South 
Carolina.  He  declared  that  the  state  authori- 
ties looked  only  to  a  judicial  verdict  on  the  ques- 
tion, until  the  concentration  of  United  States 
troops  at  Charleston  and  Augusta  (by  order  of 
tin'  President)  compelled  them  t ake  provi- 
sion to  defend  themselves.     Clay's  compromise 

only  postponed  ei\  il  war  a  little  less  than  thirty 

yean. 

Clearing  -  Houses   were    established    in    the 

I'llitecl    States   about     l--".:i,   for    the    nunniiiMiir 

and  economy  of  banking  institutions  in  large 
'in.-      riils  system  originated  in  London.     By 

it  the  banks  of  a  city  become,  in  certain  opera- 
tions, us  ;m  individual  in  work  :  for  it  dispenses 
with  the  individual  clerical  labor  of  each  bank 
associated,  in  the  matter  of  the  exchange  of 
cheeks  :uid  drafts  and  bills  Coming  in  from 
abroad.  Formerly  each  bank  employed  a  man 
to  go  around  every  day  and  collect  all  (hecks 
and  drafts  draw  n  upon  it  by  other  banks  in  the 


to  be  thus  employed.  Now,  at  the  clearing- 
house, a  messenger  and  a  clerk  from  each  bank 
appear  every  morning,  each  clerk  taking  a  seal 
at  the  desk  of  his  designated  bank,  arranged  in 
tbte  form  of  a  hollow  ellipse.  Each  messenger 
brings  with  him  from  his  bank  a  sealed  pack- 
age for  every  other  bank,  properly  marked  with 
the  amount  enclosed,  containing  all  the  checks 
or  drafts  on  each  bank.  The  messengers  take 
their  places  near  the  desks  of  their  respective 
banks,  with  tabular  statements  of  the  amount 
sent  to  each  bank  and  the  aggregates.  These 
are  exhibited  to  the  respective  clerks  and  noted 
by  them  on  blank  forms.  At  a  prescribed  hour 
the  manager  of  the  clearing-house  calls  to  order 
and  ^'ives  the  word  for  proceeding,  when  all  the 
messengers  move  forward  from  left  to  tight  of 
the  desks,  handing  in  to  them  the  packages  ad- 
dressed to  their  respective  banks,  and  taking 
receipts  for  them  on  their  statements.  These 
clerks  make  a  mutual  exchange  of  all  claims, 
and  the  balances,  if  any,  are  struck,  each  bank 
paying  in  cash  the  amount  of  such  balance. 
This  operation  occupies  about  one  hour,  within 
which  time  all  accounts  are  adjusted.  The  bal- 
ances du,-  to  the  Several  banks  are  paid  into  the 
clearing  house  within  .about  another  hour.  And 
so  the  work  of  sixty  men  for  the  larger  part  of 
each  day  is  performed  by  the;  clearing-house,  as 
one  individual,  in  little  more  than  an  hour. 

Clem,  "Little  John,"  was  an  Ohio  volun- 
teer, twelve  years  of  age,  in  the  battle  of  Chiok- 
amanga  (which  sect,  lie  had  been  in  the  thick- 
est of  the  fight,  and  three  bullets  had  passed 
through  his  hat,  w  Inn.  separated  from  his  com- 
panions, he    was  seen    running,  with  a   musket 


in  his  hand,  by  a  mounted  Confederate  colonel, 
who  called  out,  "Slop!  you  little  Yankee  dev- 
il !"  The  boy  halted  and  brought  his  musket 
to  an  order,  when  the  colonel  rode  up  to  make 


sixtyofthem;  therefore  sixtj  men  had    him  a  prisoner.    With  a  swift  movement,  young 
I.— 17 


CLINTON  2i 

Clem  brought  his  gun  np  and  fired,  hilling  the 
colonel  instantly.  He  escaped  ;  and  for  this 
exploit  on  the  battle-field  he  was  made  a  ser- 
geant, put  on  duty  at  headquarters  of  the  Army 
of  the  Cumberland,  and  placed  on  the  Roll  of 
Honor.  He  grew  to  manhood,  married,  and  was 
placed  in  position  in  one  of  the  departments  of 
government  at  Washington. 

Clinton,  Ciiai;i.i.s.  was  born  at  Longford,  Ire- 
land, in  1690:  died  in  Ulster  Comity  (now  Or- 
auge  ,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  19, 1773.  With  a  number  of 
relatives  and  friends,  he  sailed  from  Ireland  for 
America  in  May,  17vJ9.  His  destination  was 
Philadelphia  ;  bnt  the  captain  of  the  vessel, 
with  a  view  to  their  destruction  by  starvation, 
so  as  to  obtain  their  property,  landed  them  on 
barren  Cape  Cod,  after  receiving  large  sums  of 
money  as  commutation  for  their  lives.  Mr. 
Clinton  and  his  family  and  friends  made  their 
way  to  Ulster  County,  about  sixty  miles  np  the 
Hudson  and  eight  miles  from  it,  in  1731,  and 
there  formed  a  settlement,  he  pursuing  the  occu- 
pation of  farmer  and  surveyor.  Mr.  Clinton  was 
justice  of  the  peace,  county  judge,  and  lieuten- 
ant-colonel of  Ulster  County,  to  which  he  gave 
its  name.  Two  of  his  four  sons  were  generals 
in  the  war  for  independence,  and  his  youngest 
(George)  was  governor  of  the  State  of  New 
York  and  Vice-President  of  the  United  States. 

Clinton,  Db  Witt,  was  born  at  Little  Britain, 
Orange  Co., N.Y., March  2, 1769;  died  at  Albany, 
Feb.  11, 1828.  He  graduated  at  Columbia  Col- 
lege in  178(5 ;  studied. law;  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1788,  but  practised  very  little.     He 


was  private  secretary  to  his  uncle  George,  Gov- 
ernor of  New  York,  in  1790-95,  in  favor  of  whose 
administration  lie  wrote  lunch  in  the  newspa- 
pers,      lie    was    in    the  Assembly   of  his   stall'   in 

1797,  and  from  lT'.i-  to  1808  was  a  Democratic 

leader  in   the  Slate  Senate.      lie   was   mavor  of 

New  York  cltj  in  1803  7.  1809  10,  and  l-il   11. 

He  was  an  earnest  promoter  of  the  establish- 
ment of  the  New  Yoik  Historical  Bocietj  and 
tin-  American  Academy  of  Fine  Arts.     Opposed 

to  the  Wai  of  1818  1">.  he  "as  the  Peace  candi- 
date for  the  Presidency  in  1818,  bnl  was  defeat- 
ed by  James  Madison.     Mr.  Clinton  was  one  oi 

the  founders  and  liist   picsidciit  of  tbi 


B  CLINTON 

and  Philosophical  Society  in  New  York,  and  was 
one  of  the  most  efficient  promoters  of  the  con- 
struction of  the  Erie  Canal.  In  1817-22,  and  in 
1824-27,  he  was  governor  of  the  State  of  New- 
York.  He  was  the  most  conspicuous  actor  in 
the  imposing  ceremonies  at  the  opening  of  the 
Erie  (anal  in  the  fall  of  1885,  when,  outside  the 
Narrows,  he  poured  a  vessel  of  water  from  Lake  , 
Erie  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  as  significant  of 
their  wedding. 

Clinton,  EFFORTS  OF,  TO  liEI.IEYE  COBN- 
wali.is.  A  few  days  after  the  surrender  of 
Cornwallis  (which  see),  Sir  Henry  Clinton  ap- 
peared at  the  entrance  of  Chesapeake;  Bay  with 
vessels  containing  seven  thousand  troops;  but 
he  was  too  late  to  serve  the  earl,  and  he  return- 
ed to  New  York,  amazed,  mortified,  and  disheart- 
ened. 

Clinton,  George,  admiral  and  colonial  gov- 
ernor of  New  York.  He  was  the  yonugesl  son 
of  Francis,  sixth  Earl  of  Lincoln,  and  rose  t« 
distinction  in  the  British  navy.  In  1732  he  was 
commissioned  a  commodore  and  governor  of 
Newfoundland.  In  September,  174H.  he  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  the  colony  of  New  York, 
and  retained  that  office  ten  years.  His  admin- 
istration was  a  tumultuous  one,  for  his  temper- 
ament and  want  of  skill  in  the  management  of 
civil  affairs  unfitted  him  for  the  duties.  Ib- 
was  unlettered;  and  being  closely  connected 
with  the  Dukes  of  Newcastle  and  Bedford,  he 
was  sent  to  New  York  to  mend  his  fortune.  In 
his  controversies  with  the  Assembly  he  was 
ably  assisted  by  the  pen  of  Dr.  Cadwalladcr 
Coldeu,  afterwards  lieuteuaut- governor  of  the 
province.    His  chief  opponent  was  Daniel  Hors- 

tnanden,  at  one  time  chief-justice  of  the  colony. 
After  violent  quarrels  with  till  the  political  tac- 
tions in  New  York,  he  abandoned  the  govern- 
ment in  disgust,  and  returned  home  in  1753. 
He  became  governor  of  Greenwich  Hospital— a 
sinecure.  In  174.")  he  was  appointed  vice-admi- 
ral of  the  red,  and  in  17f>7  admiral  of  the  licet. 
He  died  while  governor  of  Newfoundland,  .Inly 
10, 1761. 

Clinton,  Georgk,  Vice-President  of  the  United 

States,  was  born  in  Ulster  County.  N.  Y...!uly  86, 
17:W;  died  in  Washington, April  80,  1818  lb- 
was    carefully    educated    by    his    father    and    a 

Scotch  clergyman,  a  graduate  of  the  University 
of  Aberdeen.  In  early  youth  George  made  a 
successful  cruise  in  a  privateer  in  th»>  French 
and  Indian  War,  and  soon  afterwards  joined  a 
militia  company,  as  lieutenant,  under  his  broth- 
er James,  in  the  expedition  againsl  Fori  Pron- 
tenac  In  1768.  He  chose  the  profession  of  law. 
studied  it  under  William  Smith,  and  became  dis- 
tinguished in  it  in  his  native  county.  In  1768 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Provincial  As- 
sembly, wherein  be  soon  became  the  head  of  a 
Whig  minority.     In  177.">  he  was  elected  to  the 

Continental  Congress,  and  voted  for  the  resolu- 
tion for  independence  in  I77f>:  but  the  invasion 
of  Neii  JTork  by  the  British  from  the  sea  called 

him  home,  and  he  did  not  sign  the  ureal    I  Vela 

ration.     He  was  appointed  a  brigadier-general 

and  BJ  SUCD  peiloimed  good  -et  vice  in  his  slate. 


CLINTON  % 

On  the  organization  of  the  State  of  New  York, 
in  1777,  lie  was  elected  the  Bret  governor,  and 

held  the  office,  by  successive  elections, eighteen 

years,     lie  was  very  energetic,  both  in  civil  and 


oaoBoi  01  imov 

military  affairs,  until  the  end  of  the  war;  and 
was  chiefly  instrumental  in  preventing  the  con- 
summation of  the  British  plan  for  separating 
New  Eugland  from  the  rest  of  the  Union  by  the 
occupation  of  a  line  of  military  posts,  through 
the  Hudson  and  ( lhamplain  valleys,  from  New 
York  to  the  si.  Lawrence.     In   it—-  Governor 


9  CLINTON 

because  it  would  be  destructive  of  state  suprem- 
acy. In  1HII1  he  was  again  elected  governor  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  and  in  1804  he  was  chosen 
Vice-President  of  the  United  States.  In  180B 
he  was  a  prominent  candidate  for  the  Presi- 
dency, but  was  beaten  by  Madison,  and  was  re- 
elected Vice-President.     By  his  easting-vote  in 

the  Senate  of  the  United  States,  the  renewal  of 
the  charter  of  the  Hank  of  the  United  States 
was  refused.  While  in  the  performance  of  his 
otlieial  duties  at  Washington  he  died.  His  re- 
mains rest  beneath  a,  handsome  white  marble 
monument  in  the  Congressional  liurying-ground 
at  Washington. 

Clinton,  Jam  i  >,  was  born  in  Orange  County, 
N.Y.,  Aug.lt,  1736;  died  Dee.-.".',  1812.  He  was 
well  educated,  but  he  had  a  strong  inclination 
for  military  life.  Before  the  beginning  of  the 
for   independence    he   was  lieuteiiant-colo- 


t'linton  presided  over  the  convention  held  at 
Ponghkeepsie  to  consider  the  new  National  Con- 
stitution.    To  that  instrument  he  was  opposed, 


nel  of  the  militia  of  1'lster  County,  lie  was  ., 
captain  under  Bradstreet  in  the  capture  of  Colt 
l'rontcnac  (which  see)  in  1758  ;  and  he  after- 
wards was  placed  in  OOmmand  of  four  regi- 
ments for  the  protection  of  the  frontiers  of  1  I 
ster  and  Orange  counties  -a  position  of  diffi- 
culty and  danger.  When  the  war  for  inde- 
pendence broke  out,  he  was  appointed  colonel 
of  i In'    Third   New   York   regiment   (June  30, 

1775),  and  accompanied  Moutgi 'iy  to  Que- 
bec. Made  a  brigadier-general  in  August,  177(3, 
he  was  active  in  the  service;  and  was  in  com- 
mand of  Fort  Clinton,  in  the  Hudson  High- 
lands, when  it  was  attacked  in  October.  1777. 
(See  Fortt  Clinton  diitl  Montgomery.)  In  177!l 
he  joined  in  Sullivan's  expedition  agailisf  the 
Senecas  with  fifteen  hundred  men.  He  was 
stationed  at  Albany  during  a  grenl  part  of  the 
war;  but  he  was  present  at  i  he  surrender  of 
Corn  wall  is  (which  see).     General  Clinton  was 

a  commissioner  to  adjust  the  boundary-line  be- 
tween New    Vmk  and  Pennsylvania;  and  was 

a  member  Of  both  the  Assembly  and  Senate  of 
the  State  of  New  Yolk. 

Clinton,  Si  H  HSKBT,  Was  born    in    IT:'.-;    died 

Deo.  23, 1795.  lie  was  a  sun  of  Admiral  George 
Clinton,  Governor  of  New  fork.     Reentered  the 


CLINTONS  DESPATCH  2i 

army  when  quite  young,  and  had  risen  to  the 
rank  of  major-general  in  1775,  when  he  was  sent 
to  America  with  Howe  and  Bnrgoyne.  He  par- 
ticipated in  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill  (June 


17,  1775),  and  was  thereafter  active  in  service 
against  the  oppressed  colonists  until  June, 
1782,  when  he  returned  to  England.  He  suc- 
ceeded General  Howe  as  commander-in-chief 
of  the  British  forces  in  America  in  January,  1778, 
Clinton's  Despatch.  In  October,  1777,  Sir 
Henry  Clinton  undertook  a  diversion  in  favor 
of  General  Bnrgoyne,  then  making  his  way 
towards  Albany  from  Canada,  in  accordance 
with  the  British  plan  (which  see)  of  conquest. 


)  CLYMER 

on  a  marauding  excursion,  hoping  to  draw 
Gates  from  Bnrgoyne'a  front  to  protect  the 
country  below.  On  the  day  after  the  capture 
of  the  forts  Sir  Henry  wrote  on  a  piece  of  tis- 
sue-paper the  following  despatch  to  Bnrgoyne  : 
"Nous  y  void  [here  we  are],  aud  nothing  be- 
tween us  and  Gates.  I  sincerely  hope  this  lit- 
tle success  of  ours  may  facilitate  your  opera- 
tions. In  answer  to  your  letter  of  the  28th 
September  by  C.  C,  I  shall  only  say  I  cannot 
presume  to  order,  or  even  advise,  for  reasons 
obvious.  I  heartily  wish  yon  success.  Faith- 
fully yours. — H.  CLINTON."  This  despatch  was 
enclosed  in  an  elliptical  silver  bullet,  made  so 
as  to  separate  at  the  centre,  and  of  a  size  (as 
delineated  in  the  engraving)  small  enough  to 
be  swallowed  by  a  man.  if  necessary.  He  in- 
trusted it  to  a  messenger  who  made  bis  way 
north  on  the  west  side  of  the  liver,  and,  being 
suspected  when  in  the  camp  of  George  Clin- 
ton back  of  New  Windsor,  was  arrested.  When 
brought  before  General  Clinton,  he  was  seen  to 
cast  something  into  his  mouth.  An  emetic  was 
administered  to  him,  which  brought  the  silver 
bullet  from  his  stomach.  The  despatch  was 
found  in  it,  and  the  prisoner  was  executed  as  a 
spy  at  Hurley,  a  few  miles  from  Kingston,  while 
that  village  was  in  flames  lighted  by  the  Brit- 
ish marauders. 

Clymer,  Geokge,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  was  born  in  Philadelphia  in 
1739;  died  at  Morrisville,  Penn..  Jan.  23,  1813. 
Left  an  orphan  at  the  age  of  seven  years,  his 
maternal  uncle  educated  him,  and  finally  left 
him  a  greater  portion  of  bis  fortune.  He  was 
an  active  patriot  during  the  war  for  indepen- 
dence, and  was  a  member  of  the  Council  of 
Safety  in  Philadelphia.  In  July,  177"),  he  was 
made  joint  treasurer  of  Pennsylvania  with  Mr. 
Hillegas;  and  when,  in  December.  1776, Congress 
fled  to  Baltimore, Clymer  was  one 
of  the  commissioners  left  in  Phila- 
r  \+r-^~^~-j    delphia  to  attend  to  the  public  in- 

],,  -7      terests.     (See  Continental  Congress, 

f\    Flight  of.)     In  1777  he  was  a  com- 

\   missioner  to  treat  with  the  Indians 

er 


Q  Q 


.    |  l\Tci\'s    III  M'  \l.    II 


Clinton,  with    a   Strong  land    and    naval    force. 

bad  oaptnred  forts  Clinton  and  Montgomery, 
in   the  lluii-on   Highlands  (Oct.  6  .  and  esni 

i    both   aim--  of  the  .-in  ice  up  the  liver 


ed    in    organising   the   Bank   of  North   America 

(which  see).  At  the  slose  of  the  war  he  made 
his  residence  at  Princeton,  N.J. ;  and  in  1784  he 
was  ;i  member  of  the  Pennsylvania  Legislature. 


COAL 


2G1 


COBB 


In  1787  he  was  a  member  of  the  convention  that 
framed  the  National  Constitution,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  first  Congress  under  it.  A  col- 
lector of  the  excise  dntiea  in  1791  which  led  to 
the  Whiskey  Insurrection  (which  see),  and  serv- 
ing on  a  commission  to  treat  with  Southern  In- 
dians. Mr.  Clymer,  after  concluding  a  treaty  (in 
June,  17'.»li>,  withdrew  from  public  life.  lie  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Pennsylvania  Agri- 
cultural Society,  the  Pennsylvania  Academy  of 
Fine  Arts,  and  the  Pennsylvania  Bank. 

Coal.  The  business  of  coal-mining  for  com- 
mercial  purposes  lias  entirely  grown  np  during 
the  last  fifty-  or  sixty  yean.  It  was  known  be- 
fore the  Revolution  that  coal  existed  in  Penn- 
sylvania So  early  as  17ti'.».  a  blacksmith  (Oba- 
diah  Gore)  in  the  Wyoming  Valley  used  coal 
found  lying  on  the  Surface  of  the  ground.  Forty- 
years  afterwards  he  tried  the  successful  experi- 
ment of  burning  it  in  a  grate  for  fuel.  During 
the  Revolution  anthracite  coal  was  used  in  th" 
armory  at  Carlisle,  l'enn.,  for  blacksmiths'  tires. 
In  1790  an  old  hunter  (Philip  (Jintner)  in  the 
Lehigh  Valley  discovered  coal  near  the  present 

borough  of  Blanch  Chunk.  In  17'.>:>  the  "  Lehigh 
Coal-Mining  Company  "  was  formed  for  mining 
it,  but  they  did  little  more  than  purchase  lands. 
In  1806  t  wo  or  three  hundred  bushels  w  ere  taken 
to  Philadelphia,  but  experiments  to  use  it  for 
ordinary  fmd  failed.      In  1812  Colonel  George 

Shoemaker  took  nine  wagon-loads  to  Philadel- 
phia, but  could  not  sell  it.  It  was  soon  after- 
wards used  willi  success  in  rolling-mills  in  Del- 
aware County,  and  it  soon  found  purchasers 
elsewhere.     Hut  it  was  not  until  1825  that  the 

coal-trade  began  to  assume  notable  proportions, 
when  anthracite  was  used  in  factories  and  in 
private  houses  for  find.  The  whole  amount  of 
anthracite  Bent  to  market  in  1820  was  966  tons. 
The  annual  product  of  the  coal-ticlds  of  Penn- 
sylvania about  1876  was  27,000,000  tons.  The 
entire  coal  product   of  the  country  in  1-71  was 

about  50,000, tons     24,000,000 anthracite  and 

0T6I  25,000,000  bituminous. 

Coast  Survey,  Tin;  UNITED  STATES,  a  n.i 
tional  undertaking  for  the  security  of  the  vast 

commerce    ti| the    very    extended    ami   oflen 

dangerous   coasts   of  the    United    Stales.      h    i, 

believed  that  to  Professor  Patterson,  of  Phila- 
delphia, is  due  tin'  honor  of  Inning  first  sug- 
gested to  President  Jefferson  the  ides  of  a  geo- 
detic survey  of  the  coast.     Mr.  Gallatin  (which 

see)  was  then  Secict.il>  of  the  Treasuiy.  anil 
warmly  approved  the  measure.  Tin'  first  at- 
tempt to  organize  a  national  coast  survey,  "for 

the  purpose  of  making  complete  charts  of  our 
coasts,  w  iih  the  adjacent  shoals  and  soundings," 

was  made  in  1807.  Congress  authorised  snob  a 
survey,  and  appropriated  $50,000  for  the  pnr- 
pose.  Mr.  Gallatin,  with  unit  assiduity,  gath- 
ered information  for  scientific  usee,  A  plan 
proposed  by  F.  h\  Bassler  (which  see)  was  adopt- 
ed, but,  on  account  of  political  disturbances  in 
Europe  and  America,  nothing  was  done  in  the 
maiiei  until  1811, when  Mr.  Hassler was ssni  u 
Europe  for  instruments  and  standards  of  meas- 
ure.    The   war  that   ensued     1812    15)  detained 


him  abroad.  On  his  return,  in  1815,  he  was 
formally  appointed  superintendent,  aud  entered 
upon  the  duties  in  1-16.  near  the  city  of  New 
York;  but  in  less  than  two  years  it  was  discon- 
tinued. Mr.  Hassler  resumed  it  in  1832,  aud  the 
wank  has  been  carried  on  continually  ever  since. 
Mr.  Hassler  died  in  1843,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Alexander  Dallas  Baehe,  On  his  death, in  1867, 
Professor  Benjamin  Pierce  was  made  superin- 
tendent. Professor  Bache  greatly  extended  the 
scope  of  the  survey,  including  an  investigation 
of  the  Gulf  Stream,  the  laws  of  tides,  and  their 
ebb  and  flow  in  harbors  and  rivers,  so  that  nav- 
igators might  have  complete  information  con- 
cerning the  tide-waters  of  the  United  States. 
The  observations  and  investigations  also  in- 
clude meteorological  charts  —  changes  in  the 
weather  in  different  seasons  at  various  points, 
and  the  laws  of  storms.  During  the  Civil  Wai 
the  work  ceased  on  the  southern  coasts,  lor  the 
insurgents  captured  some  of  the  vessels  em- 
ployed in  the  survey;  and  officers  and  pilots 
engaged  in  the  work  were  transferred  to  ser- 
vice in  the  navy,  and,  with  their  ininnie  knowl- 
edge of  thi  Ij  assisted  in  suppress- 
ing the  insurrection.  Professor  Pierce  still  fur- 
ther extended  the  enterprise, so  as  to  constitute 
a  great  national  triangulation  a  geodetic  sur- 
vey intended  to  embrace  the  shores  of  the  At- 
lantic and  Pacific  oceans  within  its  limits,  and 
to  form,  by  means  of  triangulation,  a  grand 
chain  across  the  continent.  The  operations  of 
"field-work"  an  carried  on  simultaneously  at 
many  points  on  the  coast.  The  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  coasts  arc  divided  into  nine,  and  the  Pa- 
cific coast  into  two,  sections,  each  having  its 
triangulation.  astronomical,  topographical,  and 
bydrographical  parties,  all  working  indepen- 
dently, but  upon  the  same  system,  so  that  the 
whole  will  form  a  connected  survey  from  Maine 
to  Texas  and  from  Ban  Diego  to  the  forty-ninth 
parallel   on    the    Pacific.      The   coast    of  Alaska 

(which  seei.  since  it>  acquisition,  has  been  add- 
ed to  the  field  of  operations.  There  are  em- 
ployed in  the  coast  survey  ninety-four  civilians 
of  different  grades  and  eleven  officers  of  the 
navy,  a  number  id'  the  latter  being  required 
foi  \ ess,  is  engaged  in  hydrography.  Besides 
these, there  are  nearly  one  hundred  others  em- 
ployed as  computers,  draughtsmen,  engravers, 
ami  clerks.  The  whole  work  is  under  the  con- 
trol of  the  United  states  Treasury  Department, 
while  a  superintendent  directs  all  the  details 
of  tin'  work,  governs  the  movements  of  the  par- 
lies, and  controls  the  expenditures. 

Cobb,  Howell,  was  born  in  Jefferson  County, 
Ga.,  Sept.  7.  1815;  died  in  Mew  York  city,  Oct. '.', 
1868.  Be  was  a  lawyer  by  profession, and  was 
solicitor-general  of  the  western  oirenil  of  Geor- 
gia from  l-::7  t.i  l-ii;  a  member  of  Congress 
from  1843  to  1851;  speaker  of  th.'  Thirty-first 
Congress;  and  governor  of  Georgia  from  R51 
to  1853.  lb'  was  again  in  Congress  from  1856 
lo  I-.".?,  and  was  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  un- 
der Buchanan  from  1-:.T  to  I860.  lie  was  a 
zealous    promoter    of   the    insurrection    against 

the  government   in  1860-61,  and  was  chosen 

president    of  the   convention    at   Montgomery 


262       COCKBURN  IN  THE  CHESAPEAKE 


( Feb.  4,  1861 )  that  organized  the  Confederate 
government,  He  became  a  brigadier-general 
in  the  Confederate  army;  ami  at  the  close  of 


HOWELL  COBB. 

the  war  he  opposed  all  the  measures  for  the 
reorganization  of  the  government. 

Cobbett,  WlLUAM,  was  horn  at  Farnhani.  Sur- 
rey, England,  March  9,  1762;  died  June  18, 1835. 
He  was  the  self-educated  son  of  a  farmer,  and  in 
his  early  manhood  was  eight  years  in  the  army, 
rising  to  the  rank  of  sergeant-major.  He  ob- 
tained his  discharge  in  1791,  married,  and  came 
to  America  in  1792,  when  he  became  a  pam- 
phleteer, bookseller,  and  journalist,  having  es- 
tablished Peter  Porcupine's  Gazette  (which  see)  in 
1794.  Fined  §5000  for  a  libel  on  Dr.  Rush,  in 
Philadelphia,  his  business  was  broken  up.  and 
in  L800  he  returned  to  England.  In  1802  be 
began  his  famous  Weekly  Political  Register,  which 
lie  conducted  with  ability  about  thirty  years, 
but  which  caused  him  to  incur  tines  and  impris- 
onment because  of  his  libellous  utterances,  lb- 
came  to  America  in  1817,  but  returned  in  1819, 
taking  with  him  the  bones  of  Thomas  Paine. 
lie  continued  the  business  of  writing  and  pub- 
lishing, and  many  of  his  books,  written  in  vig- 
orous Anglo-Saxon,  are  very  useful,  lie  enter- 
ed Parliament  in  1832.  and  was  a  member  sev- 
eral years.  His  political  writings,  being  an 
abridgment  of  one  hundred  volumes,  were  col- 
lected and  published,  in  twelve  volumes,  under 
the  title  of  Porcupine's  Works. 

Cobbett's  Revenge.  That  able,  unscrupu- 
lous, and  often  coarse  pamphleteei  and  journal- 
ist, William  Cobbett,  issued   many  libels  in   his 

Peter  Porcupine's  Gazette,    Me  attacked  Dr.  Push. 

of  Philadelphia,  because  of  his  treatment  of  yel- 
low fever  cases,  especially  of  bis  blood-letting. 
Rush  prosecuted  him  for  libel,  and  obtained  a 
verdict  for $5000 damages  That  suit  had  been 
brought  to  inal  on  the  day  of  Washington's 
death  I  Deo.  14,  1799  ),  and  Cobbett  remarked 
that    it    was   a    singular  coincidence   that    while 

the  great  patriot  was  dying  in  conaequenoe  of 

the  too  free  use  id'  I  lie  lancet  (see  Pm/li  of  II  o-h 

\ngton),  he  should  be  mulcted  in  a  verdict  of 

|6OO0  toi  exposing  and  ridiculing  the  dangerous 

practice  hi  yellow  -  fever.  In  anticipation  of 
the  verdict, Cobbett  stopped  his  paper  and  re- 


moved to  Xew  York,  where  he  was  threatened 
with  imprisonment,  but  procured  bail.     There 

he  issued  a  series  of  vigorously  written  pam- 
phlets, called  Bush  Lights,  in  which  he  exhibit- 
ed, in  vivid  colors,  the  various  phases  of  charac- 
ter of  all  engaged  in  his  prosecution.  Then  he 
went  back  to  England,  and  issued  Porcuphufs 
Works,  in  twelve  octavo  volumes,  which  sold 
largely  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  In  these 
he  exhibited  such  pictures  of  his  American  ene- 
mies that  he  tasted  the  sweets  of  revenge. 

Cockade  Proclamation.  On  Nov.  "..  1796, 
Adet.  the  French  minister  to  the  United  states, 
issued  a  proclamation,  or  order,  calling  upon  all 
Frenchmen  in  the  United  Slates,  in  the  name  of 
the  French  Directory,  to  mount  and  wear  the 
tricolored  cockade.  "  the  symbol  of  a  liberty  the 
fruit  of  eight  years'  toils  and  five  years'  victo- 
ries." Adet  declared  in  his  proclamation  that 
any  Frenchman  who  might  hesitate  to  give  this 
indication  of  adherence  to  the  Republic  should 
not  be  allowed  the  aid  of  the  French  consular 
chanceries  or  the  national  protection.  The  tri- 
colored cockade  was  at  once  mounted,  not  only 
by  the  French  residents,  but  by  many  American 
citizens  who  wished  to  signify  in  this  marked 
manner  their  attachment  to  the  French  Repub- 
lic. This  "cockade  proclamation."  as  the  Fed- 
eralists called  it  in  derision,  was  the  origin  of 
I  he  praet  ice,  for  several  years,  of  wearing  a  cock- 
ade as  a  badge  of  party  distinction. 

Cockburn  in  the  Chesapeake  (1813).  (Seo 
Amphibious  War.)  Admiral  sir  George  Cockburn 
had  taken  his  chief  position  in  Lynn  Haven  Bay 
for  carrying  on  his  marauding  expeditions  on 
the  coasts  of  Virginia,  Delaware,  and  Maryland. 
These  plundered  and  burned  farm-houses,  car- 
ried off  negroes  and  armed  them  against  their 
masters,  and  seized  live-stock.  Sometimes  be 
was  engaged  in  more  honorable  warfare.  <  >n 
April  3,  1813,  a  flotilla  of  a  dozen  boats  tilled 
with  armed  men  from  the  British  fleet,  under 
Lieutenant  Polkingthorne  of  the  St.  Domingo,74 

guns,  entered  I  he  Rappahannock  River  and  at- 
tacked the  Baltimore  privateer  Dolphin,  in  guns, 
Captain  Stafford,  and  three  armed  schooners  pre- 
pared to  sail  for  France.  The  three  smaller  ves- 
sels were  soon  taken,  but  the  struggle  with  the 
Dolphin  was  severe.  She  was  boarded,  and  for 
fifteen  minutes  a  contest  raged  fearfully  on  her 

deck,  when  the  Dolphin  struck  her  colore.  Cock- 
burn now  went  up  I  he  Chesapeake  with  the  brigs 

/•'«/ n tome  and  Mohawk,  and  the  tenders  Dolphin, 
Racer,  and  Highflyer,  and  proceeded  to  destroy 

Frenchtow  n.  a  hamlet  of  about  a  dozen  house.-., 
on    the    western   coast   of  Delaware.      Cockburn 

made  the  FVmtoiM  his  flag  ship.  The  onlj  de- 
fenders of  the  hamlet  were  a  few  militia  who 
came  down  from  l'.lkton,  and  some  driven  of 
stages  and  Iranspoital ion- wagons.  The  former 
garrisoned  a  redoubt  which  had  just  been  I 
ed.  upon  which  lay  four  iron  cannons.  They 
wire  Vanquished  anil  retired.  The  storehouses 
Were  plundered  and  burned,  but  the  women  and 

children  were  well  treated.     Property  on  land 

worth  195,000  Was  destroyed,  and  on  the  water 

tiw  trading- vessels  were  consumed.     Tin  nee 


COCKBURN  ON  THE  COAST  2 

Cockbnrn  went  np  the  bay  to  Havre  <!<•  Qraoe, 

near  the  month  of  the  Susqnehanna,  which  he 
plundered  and  burned.  (See  Havre  <l<  Grace.) 
Afterwards  Cockbnrn  attacked  the  villages  of 
Fre.lericktown  anil  Georgetown  I. Max  6,  1813), 
on  the  Sassafras  River.  They  contained  from 
forty  to  fifty  houses  each.  He  first  visited  Fred- 
ericktovvn,  on  the  noil  h  shore.  The  militia,  un- 
der Colonel  Vea/.y.  made  a  stout  resistance,  lmt 

wen-  o lulled  to  retire.    The  village  was  laid  in 

ashes,  and  the  storehouses  were  plundered  and 
burned.  The  marauders  then  crossed  over  to 
Georgetown, and  served  it  in  the  same  way.  So 
delighted  was  Cockbnrn  with  his  si 
plundering  and  burning  defenceless  towns  that 
he  declared  he  should  not  he  contented  until  he 
had  burned  every  house  in  Baltimore.  Having 
deprived  three  villages  on  the  Chesapeake  of 
property  worth  at  least  f70,000,  Cockbnrn  re- 
turned to  the  Meet 

Cockburn  on  the  Coast  of  the  Carolinas. 
Early  in  .Inly.  L813,  Admiral  CockWurn.  with  a 
part  of  his  marauding  fleet,  went   southward 

from  llam]iton  Roads  to  plunder  and  destroy. 
His   ves-els  wen-  the  Snjiln,  74  guns  Itlag-ship). 

Komulus,  Fox,  and  Nemesis.  OffOcracnke  Inlet, 
he  despatched  .Inly  12,  1813)  about  eight  hun- 
dred armed  men  in  barges  to  the  waters  of  I'.nn- 
lico  Sound.      There  they  attacked   the  .IikikhkIii 

ami  Atlas,  two  American  privateers,  and  capt- 
ured both.  The  crew  of  one  escaped,  and  gave 
the  alarm  at  .New  Berne.  The  British  boats  pro- 
ceeded to  attack  that  place,  hut  found  it  too  well 
prepared  to  warrant  their  doing  si>.  They  capt- 
ured Portsmouth,  and  plundered  the  country 
around.  They  decamped  in  haste  (July  16),  car- 
rying with  them  cattle  and  other  property,  and 
many    slaves,   to    whom    they    falsely    promised 

their  freedom.     These,  ami  others  obtained  the 

same  way,  Cockbnrn  -old  in  tin'  West   Indies  on 

his  private  account.      Leaving   Pamlico  Sound, 

the  marauder  went  down  the  coast,  stopping  at 
and  plundering  Dewees's  ami  Capers's  islands, 
and  filling  the  whole  region  of  the  Lower  Ban  tee 

with  terror.  Informed  of  these  outrages,  the 
citizens  of  Charleston  prepared  for  the  recep- 
tion of  the  marauders.  Port  Moultrie  and  other 
fortifications  were  strengthened,  breast -works 
were  thrown  up  at  exposed  places,  ami  a  body 
of  militia  was  gathered  at  Point  Pleasant.  In 
anticipation  of  the  coming  of  an  army  of  liber- 
ation, as  they  were  falsely  informed  Cockbnrn's 
men  were,  the  negroes  wife  prepared  to  rise  and 
strike  foi  Freedom.  See  Servile  Insurrection  threat- 
iii,, I  i  Cockbnrn  did  not  venture  into  Charles- 
ton harbor,  but  went  down  to  Hilton  Head,  from 
which  he  carried  oil  slaves  and  cattle.  Then  he 
visited  the  Georgia  coast,  and  at  "Dungenuess 
lions.',"  the  line  cstale  of  General  Nathaniel 
Greene,  on  Cumberland  Island,  he  made  his  head- 
qnarters  for  the  winter,  sending  his  marauders 
out  in  all  directions  to  plunder  the  plantations 
on  the  neighboring  coast. 

Cockburn,  SlK  GKOROC,  was  born  in  London 
in  1771  ;  died  in  August,  1853.  lie  entered  the 
royal  navy  in  1783,  ami  was  rear-admiral  in  1812. 

He  was  in  command  of  a  small  squadron  on  the 


3  COFFEE 

North  American  station  in  1813,  and  made  ma- 
rauding expeditions  on  the  coasts  of  the  Chesa- 
peake Hay  and  farther  south.  (See  Amphibioux 
He  was  concerned  in  the  sack  of 
Washington  in  1~14,  and  in  an  unsuccessful  at- 
tempt to  capture  Baltimore  in  the  same  year. 
He  was  knighted  in  1815,  and  made  a  major- 
general  of  marines  in  1821. 

Coddington,  William,  a  founder  of  Rhode 
Island,  was  born  in  Lincolnshire,  England,  in 

1601  :  "lied  Nov.  1,  1678.  He  came  to  America  in 
1630  as  a  magistrate  of  Massachusetts  appointed 
by  the  crown,  lb-  was  a  prosperous  merchant 
in  Boston,  but.  taking  the  part  of  Anne  Hutchin- 
son (see  Hutchinson  Controversy'), he  was  so  perse- 
cuted that,  with  eighteen  others,  he  removed  to 
the    island   of  A'plidneck    (now    Rhode    Island), 

where,  on  the  organization  of  a  government,  he 
was  appointed  judge,  or  chief  ruler.  In  March, 
1640,  Coddington  w  as  elected  governor,  ami  held 
the  office  seven  years.  He  went  to  England  in 
1651, and  in  1674— 75 be  was  again  governor.  Ho 
had  adopted  the  ten.' is  of  tin  Quakers. 

Codification  of  the  Laws  of  Massachusetts 
1648  .  There  was  a  consultation  respecting  the 
laws  in  1634,  since  which  time  committees,  con- 
sisting of  magistrates  and  elders,  had  been  ap- 
pointed every  year  to  prepare  a  code.  Finally, 
III    1648,   the    whole    of  the    laws    Were    collected, 

codified, and  printed  at  Cambridge. 

Coffee,  JOHN, was  born  in  Nottaway  County, 
Va..  in  177:>;  died  near  Florence,  Ala..  .Inly  7, 
1833.  His  profession  was  that  of  a  surveyor. 
In  December,  1812,  he  was  colonel  of  Tennessee 


volunteers  under  Jackson,  and  was  with  him  in 
all  his  wars  with  the  Creek  Indians.  He  was 
with  him  also  in  his  expedition  to  Pensacola 
(which  Bee),  and  in  the  defence  of  New  Orleans. 
In  1817  he  was  surveyor  of  public  lands. 


COFFIN 


264      COINAGE  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 


Coffin,  Sir  Isaac,  was  boru  iu  Boston,  May  16, 
1759;  died  at  Cheltenham,  England,  July  23, 
1839.  He  was  the  sou  of  a  collector  of  the  cus- 
toms in  Boston,  who  was  a  zealous  loyalist.  He 
entered  the  British  navy  in  1773,  became  a  lieu- 
tenant in  177G,  and  was  active  on  the  American 
coast  at  different  times  during  the  war  for  inde- 
pendence. He  served  under  Rodney,  was  made 
post -captain  iu  1790,  and  rear-admiral  of  the 
blur  iu  1804,  in  which  year  he  was  knighted.  Iu 
June,  1814,  he  was  created  admiral  of  the  blue, 
and  in  1820  admiral  of  the  white.  He  was  a 
member  of  Parliament  in  1818.  Having  a  real 
attachment  for  his  native  country,  he  endowed 
a  "  Coffin  School  "  in  Nantucket,  where  many  of 
his  relatives  lived,  aud  gave  for  its  support 
§12,500. 

Coinage  in  the  United  States.  "Wampum 
had  depreciated  iu  value  as  currency  in  conse- 
quence of  over-production,  and  a  final  blow  was 
given  to  it  as  a  circulating  medium  iu  New  Eng- 
land by  au  order  from  the  authorities  of  Massa- 
chusetts uot  to  receive  it  in  payment  of  taxes. 
As  Cast  as  coin  came  to  the  colony  of  Massachu- 
setts by  trade  with  the  West  Indies,  it  was  sent 
to  England  to  pay  for  goods  purchased  there. 
To  stop  this  drain  of  specie,  Massachusetts  set 
up  a  mint,  and  coined  silver  threepences,  six- 
pences, and  shillings,  each  bearing  the  figure  of 
a  pine-tree  on  one  side,  and  the  words  "New 
England"  on  the  other.  The  silver  was  alloyed 
a  quarter  below  the  English  standard,  with  the 
expectation  that  the  debasement  would  prevent 
the  coin  leaving  the  country.  Thus  the  pound 
currency  of  New  England  came  to  be  one  fourth 
less  than  the  pound  sterling  of  Great  Britain  ; 
and  this  standard  was  afterwards  adopted  by 
the  British  Parliament  for  all  the  English  Amer- 
ican colonies.  The  "  mint-house"  in  Boston  ex- 
isted about  thirty-four  years.  All  the  coins  is- 
sued from  it  bore  the  dates  1652  or  1602,  the 
same  dies  being  used,  probably,  throughout  the 
thirty-four  years  of  coining.  Some  coins  had 
been  made  in  Bermuda  for  the  use  of  the  Yit- 
ginia  colony  as  early  as  1044.  Copper  coins 
bearing  the  figure  of  an  elephant  were  struck  iu 
England  for  the  Carolinas  and  New  England  in 
1694.  Coins  were  also  struck  for  Man  land,  bear- 
ing the  efflgy  of  Lord  Baltimore.  In  1723-23, 
William  W 1  obtained  a  royal  patent  for  coin- 
ing small  money  for  the  "English  plantations 
in  America. "'  He  made  it  of  pinchbeck  —  an  al- 
loy of  copper  and  tin.  One  side  of  the  coin  bore 
the  linage  of  George  I.,  and  on  the  other  was  a 
large  double  rose,  with  the'  legend  Beaa  Ameri- 

ciiiiii  utile  diilci.      In  the  coinage  of  1721  the  rose 

was  crowned.  This  base  coin  was  vehemently 
opposed  in  the  colonies.     A  writer  of  the  day, 

speaking  of  the  speculation,  said  Wood  had  "  the 
cons,  h  n.  e  to  make  thirteen  shillings  out  of  a 
pound  of  brass."  Thepower  of  coinage  was  ex- 
ercised by  several  of  the  Independent  states  from 
1778  until  the  adoption  of  the  National  Consti- 
tution. A  mint  tras  established  al  Rupert, Vt., 
by  legislative  authority  in  1785,  whence  copper 
cents  wen-  issued,  bearing  on  one  side  a  plough 

ami  a  sun  rising  from  behind  hills,  and  on  the 
•'tin  I     a    la. lial.  d    i\i     mii  rounded    by    thirteen 


stars.  Some  half-cents  also  were  issued  by  the 
Vermont  mint.  In  the  same  year  the  Legislat- 
ure of  Connecticut  authorized  the  establishment 
of  a  mint  at  New  Haven,  whence  copper  coins 
were  issued  having  on  one  side  the  figure  of  a 
human  head,  and  on  the  other  that  of  a  young 
woman  holding  an  olive-branch.  This  mint  con- 
tinued in  operation  about  three  years.  In  1786 
parties  obtained  authority  from  the  Legislature 
of  New  Jersey  to  coin  money,  and  they  estab- 
lished two  mints  in  that  state  :  one  not  far  from 
Morristown,  and  the  other  at  Elizabethtow  n. 
On  oue  side  of  this  coinage  was  the  head  of  a 
horse,  with  a  plough  beneath;  aud  ou  the  re- 
verse a  shield.  The  head  of  a  horse  and  three 
ploughs  now  form  the  chief  device  of  the  great 

seal  of  New  Jersey.  Cents  and  half-cents  were 
issued  in  Massachusetts  ill  1788,  exhibiting  on 
one  side  all  eagle  with  a  bundle  of  arrows  in  the 
right  talon,  an  olive -branch  in  the  left,  and  a 
shield  on  its  breast  bearing  the  word  "cent." 
That  device  was,  and  is  now,  the  chief  on  the 
great  seal  of  the  United  States.  On  the  other 
side  of  the  Massachusetts  cent  was  the  fignre  of 
an  Indian  holding  a  bow  and  arrow  :  also  a  sin- 
gle star.  So  early  as  the  adoption  of  the  "  Arti- 
cles of  Confederation  "  (1781)  the  subject  of  na- 
tional coinage  occupied  the  attention  of  states- 
men. In  1782,  Robert  Morris.  Superintendent  of 
Finance, submitted  to  the  Continental  Congress 
a  plan  for  a  metallic  currency  for  the  United 
states,  arranged  by  Gouverneur  Morris,  who  at- 
tempted to  harmonize  all  the  moneys  of  the 
states.  He  found  that  the  l-440th  part  of  the 
Spanish  milled  dollar  was  a  common  divisor  of 
all  tin-  various  currencies.  Starting  with  that 
fraction  as  a  unit,  he  proposed  the  following  ta- 
ble of  moneys:  'fen  units  to  be  eipial  to  one 
penny,  ten  pence  to  one  bill,  ten  hills  to  one  dol- 
lar (about  seventy-five  cents  of  our  present  cur- 
rency), and  ten  dollars  to  one  crown.  The  super- 
intendent reported  the  plan  to  Congress  iii  Feb- 
ruary, U-2.  and  employed  Benjamin  Dudley,  of 
Boston,  to  construct  machinery  for  a  mint.  The 
subject  was  debated  from  time  to  time',  and  on 
April  22, 1783,  some  coins  were  submitted  to  Con- 
gress as  patterns.  Nothing  further  was  done  in 
the  matter  (and  Mr.  Dudley  was  discbai 
til  1784,  when  Mr.  Jefferson,  chairman  of  a  com- 
mittee appointed  for  the  purpose,  submitted  a 
report,  disagreeing  with  that  of  Mollis  because 
of  the  diminutive  size  of  its  unit.  He  proposed 
to  strike  four  coins  upon  the  basis  of  the  Spanish 
milled  dollar  as  follows:  A  golden  piece  ol  the 
\  alue  of  ten  dollars,  a  dollar  in  silver,  a  tenth  of 
a  dollar  in  silver,  and  a  hundredth  of  a  dollar  in 
copper.  This  report  was  adopted  by  Congress 
in  17-."..  and  was  the  origin  of  our  copper  cent, 
silver  dime  and  dollar,  and  golden  eagle.  The 
following  year  (October,  1786)  Congress  framed 
an  ordinance  for  tin-  establishment  of  a  mint, 
but  nothing  further  was  done  until  17-7.  when 
the  Board  of  Treasury.bj  authority  of  Congress, 
contracted  with  James  Jarvis  for  three  hundred 

tons  of  copper  coins  of  the  prescribed  standard, 
which    were   coined    at   a    mint    in    New    llawn. 

Conn.    They  bore  the  following  devices:  Ou  one 

side   thirteen   circles   linked   together;    a    small 


COINAGE  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES      265      COINAGE  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 


circle  in  the  middle, with  the  words  "American 
Congress"  within  it,  and,  in  the  centre,  the  sen- 
tence  "  We  are  one."  On  the  other  side  a  sim- 
ilial.  with  the  sun  above  it,  and  the  word  "Fu- 
gio;"  anil  around  the  whole  '■Continental  Cur- 
rency. 177IJ."  Below  the  dial,  "  Mind  your  busi- 
ness." A  lew  of  these  picces.it  N  Baid,were  struck 
in  a  mint  at  Rupert, Vt.    The  national  Coustitu- 


FAC8IMILK    OK    TI1K    FIUST    MOM.Y    COINED    BY   THE    l\N 


Hon,  framed  in  1787, vested  tin-  right  ofeoinage 
exclusively  in  the  national  govern  men  t.  The  es- 
tablishmenl  ofa  mini  was  anthorized  by  ad  of 
Congress  in  April,  l7'.»-.>,  but  it  did  not  go  into  lull 
operation  until  1795.  (8ee  Uint)  By  that  act 
the  golden  eagle  id'  ten  dollars  was  id  weigh  '270 
grains, the  parts  in  the  .same  proportion;  all  of 

the  line i less  i)l' twenty-two  carats.   The  Bllver dol- 
lar, of  OUe  1 1  uuil  red  cents,  was  to  weigh  416  grains, 
the  fractious  in  proportion;  the  Bnen 
thousandths.    The  copper  cent  was  to  weigh  *2t>4 
grains;  the  hall-cent  in  proportion.    In  1793  the 

weight  of  the  cent  was  reduced  to  'JO-  grains, 
and  the  half-cent  in  the  same  proportion.     Law  a 

were  enacted  in  1793  for  establishing  a  mint,  and 
David  Rittenhonse  was  appointed  tirst  director; 
but  it  did  not  go  into  full  operation  before  1796, 
the  intervening  time  being  spent  in  experiment- 
ing. During  that  time  a  great  variety  of  sil- 
ver and  copper  coins  appeared,  among  them  the 
•■  Liberty-cap  cent."  so  called  because  it  bore  on 


.        . 


one  side  a  liberty-cap  surrounded  by  rays  of 
ught,  and  on  the  other  a  head  of  Washington. 

The   subject    of  a   device   for   the    national   coins 

produced  warm  debates  in  Congress.  The  head 
of  the  President  was  objected  to  because  it  was 
an  imitation  of  royalty,  and  a  head  of  Liberty 
was  adopted.  The  mint  was  established  at  Phil 
adelphia,  and  it  was  the  only  one  in  the  country 
until  1835,  when  three  branches  were  erected: 
on.-  at  Charlotte,  N.C.;  another  at   Dahlonega, 

Ca.  ;  and  a  third  in  New  Orleans.  These  went 
into  operation  in  l-:;7  ::-.  In  1864  a  branch  mint 
was  established  al  Ban  Francisco,  Cal.,  and  in  is7n 

auother  lit  Carson  City,.\.\.     ASM]   ofBOM  were 


established  at  New  York  in  1854;  at  Denver, 
<ol. .in  i-tJ4;  and  at  Boise  City,  Id.,  in  1872.  In 
1873  Congress  made  the  mint  and  assay  offices  a 
bureau  of  the  Treasury  Department,  the  title  of 
the  chief  officer  of  which  is  Superintendent  of 
the  Mint  at  Philadelphia.  He  is  under  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury,  and  is  appointed  by  the 
President  for  the  term  of  live  years.  On  ac- 
count of  tin-  increased  price  of 
copper  in  177(1  the  weight  of  the 
cent  was  reduced  to  168  grains, 
and  the  half-cent  in  proportion. 
An  act  was  passed  in  June,  1834, 
changing  the  weight  and  fineness 
of  the  gold  coin,  and  the  relative 
value  of  gold  and  silver.  The 
weight  of  the  eagle  was  reduced  to 
268  -tains.  Mini  the  parts  in  pro- 
portion, of  whfoh  232  grains  must 
be  pare  gold,  making  the  fineness 
twenty -one  carats.  The  silver 
coinage  was  not  then  changed, 
but  in  January,  1837, Congress  re- 
duced the  weight  of  the  silver 
dollar  fo  412$  grains,  and  the  parts  in  propor- 
tion. By  act  of  . March  :'..  1849,  there  were  add- 
ed to  the  series  of  gold  coins  the  double  eagle 
and  the  dollar:  and  in  February,  1853,  a  three- 
dollar  piece.  On  March  IS,  1861,  there  was  added 
to  the  silver  coins  a  three-cent  piece  (a  legal 
tender  for  sums  not  exceeding  thirty  cents),  and 
this  piece  continued  to  be  coined  unlil  April  1, 
1853,  when  its  tiucness  was  raised  and  its  weight 
reduced.     By  act   of  Feb.  21,  1863,  gold  alone 

was  made  a  legal  tender,  and  the  weight  of  the 
half-dollar  was  reduced  to  206 grains,  and  small- 
er coins  in  proportion.  Silver  was  made  a  legal 
tender  only  to  the  amount  of  live  dollars.  The 
silver  dollar  was  not  included  in  the  change,  but 
remained  a  legal  tender.  The  copper  cent  and 
half-cent  were  discoid  iniied  in  l-.~>7.  and  a  new 
cent  of  copper  and  nickel  was  coined.  In  l-ti4 
the  coinage  of  the  bronze  cent  was  authorized; 
also  two-cent  pieces.  1!\  act  of  March  :'..  1866,8 
three-Cent  piece  was  authorized,  of  three  fourths 
copper  and  one  fourth  nickel  Ma>  Id.  1866,  a 
coinage  of  live-cent  pieces,  three  fourths  copper 
and  one   fourth   nickel,  was  authorized.     The 

Coinage  act  of  1-7:!  prescribes  the  fineness  of  all 
gold  and  silver  coins  to  be  .'.1(10.  The  gold  coins 
are  of  the  same  denoininat ion  as  before  ;  the  sil- 
ver coins  aie   a    "  trade  -  dollar,"    weigtliug   4'2<> 

grains;  a  half-dollar,  or  fifty-cent  piece;  a  quar- 
ter-dollar, and  a  dime.  There  were  also  live- 
cent  and  three -cent  silver  coins  issued.  The 
issuing  of  coins  other  than  those  enumerated  in 
the  act  is  prohibited.     It  is  provided  that  npon 

the  coins  of  the  United  Slates  then-  shall  be  the 

following  devices  and  legends:  Upon  one  side 

an  emblem  of  Liberty, with  the  word  "  Liberty  " 
and  the  year  of  the  coinage;  and  upon  the  re- 
verse the  figure  of  an  eagle,  with  the  inscrip- 
tions "United  Slates  of  America"  and  "E  pln- 
ribns  uniiiii,"  and  a  designation  of  the  value  of 
the  coin;  but  on  the  gold  dollar  and  three-dol- 
lar pieces,  the  dime,  live-,  three-,  and  one  cent 
pieces,  the  figure  Of  the  eagle  shall  be  omitted  ; 
and  ou  the  reverse  of  the  silver  trade-dollar  the 


COKE 


266 


COLFAX 


weight  and  the  fineness  of  the  coiu  shall  be  in- 
m  n  bed,  with  the  motto  "  lu  God  \\  e  trust  "  add- 
ed when  practicable. 

Coke,  Edward,  was  horn  at  Mileham,  Nor- 
folk, Eng.,  Feb.  1,  1552:  died  at  .Stoke  Poges, 
Buckinghamshire,  Sept.  3j  16;!:?.  He  began  the 
profession  of  law  in  1578,  and  quickly  rose  to  the 
highest  rank.  Passing  through  different  grades 
of  judicial  office,  be  became  lord  chief-justice  of 
England,  opposed  in  his  whole  course  by  a  pow- 
erful rival,  Francis  Bacon.  Coke  was  a  violent 
and  unscrupulous  man,  and  carried  his  points 
in  court  and  in  politics  by  sheer  audacity,  helped 
by  tremendous  intellectual  force.  As  attorney- 
general,  he  conducted  tin;  prosecution  of  Sir  Wal- 
ter Raleigh  with  shameful  unfairness;  and  from 
the  beginning  of  his  reign  King  James  I.  feared 
and  hated  him,  but  failed  to  suppress  him. 
Coke  was  in  the  Privy  Council  and  in  Parlia- 
ment in  1621  when  the  question  of  monopolies 
by  royal  grants  was  brought  before  the  House 
in  the  case  of  the  Council  of  Plymouth  and 
the  New  England  fisheries.  Coke  took  ground 
against  the  validity  of  the  patent,  and  so  direct- 
ly assailed  the  prerogative  of  the  king.  In  oth- 
er eases  he  took  a  similar  course;  and  when  the 
king  censured  the  House  of  Commons,  as  com- 
posed of  "fiery,  popular,  and  turbulent  spirits,'' 
Coke,  speaker  of  the  House,  invited  that  body 
to  an  assertion  of  its  rights,  independent  of  the 
king,  in  the  form  of  a  protest  entered  on  its 
minutes.  The  angry  monarch  sent  for  the  book, 
tore  out  the  record  of  the  protest  with  his  own 
hands,  dissolved  Parliament,  and  caused  the  ar- 
rest and  the  imprisonment  of  Coke,  l'yni.  and 
other  members  for  several  months  in  the  low- 
er. After  that  he  was  a  thorn  in  the  side  of 
.lames  and  his  successor.  He  kept  up  the  con- 
test against  the  royal  prerogative  until  Charles 
1.  lost  his  head  in  support  of  it.  In  1628  Coke 
retired  from  public  life, and  died, five  years  after- 
w  arils,  in  the  eighty-second  year  of  his  age.  His 
Reports  and  other  writings  upon  law  and  juris- 
prudence were  numerous  and  most  important. 
lie  published  Coke  upon  Littleton  in  1628. 

Cold  Winter.  In  January  and  February,  1780, 
the  cold  was  so  intense  that  the  harbor  of  .New 
York  was  so  strongly  bridged  with  ice  that  the 
British  dragged  cannons  over  it  from  New  York 
to  Staten  Island.  Knyphausen  was  in  command 
of  I  hi'  city  of  New  York,  and  he  became  alarmed 
for  its  safety,  because  thus  deprived  of  all  the 
advantages  of  its  insular  situation.  The  pickets 
were  doubled  and  all  the  people  put  under  arms, 
so  as  to  prevent  a  surprise  by  patriots  w  ho  mighl 

cross  the  Sodson  on  the  ice.  The  garrison  ami 
inhabitants,  cut  off  from  tbeir  usual  supplies  by 
water, experienced  a  great  scarcity  of  find  and 
fresh  provisions. 

Colden,  Cahwmi  mu  i:.  was  born  at    Dunse, 

Scotland,  Feb.  17,  1688;  died  on  Long  Island. N.Y.. 

i;:t;.     Be  graduated  at  the  Quiver- 

sit\  of  Edinburgh  in  1706,  and  became  a  phy- 
sician and  mat beiii.it hian.  In  1708  he  emigrat- 
ed io  Pennsylvania,  and  returned  to  his  native 

oonntrj  in  1718.     lb-  came  again  to  A rica  in 

ITU.,  ami  in  171-  made  his  abode  m  New  Fork, 


where  he  was  made  first  surveyor-general  of  the 
colony,  became  a  master  in  chancery,  and,  in 
17211.  obtained  a  seat  in  Governor  Burnet's  coun- 
cil. He  received  a  patent  for  lands  in  Orange 
County,  X.  Y.,  nine  or  ten  miles  from  New  burgh, 


C-UnVALLADiat    COI.DKN. 


and  there  he  went  to  reside  in  1755.      Becoming 

president  of  the  council, he  administered  the  gov- 
ernment in  1760,  and  was  made  lieutenanl-yov- 
ernor  in  1761,  which  station  he  held  until  his 
death,  being   repeatedly  placed   at   the   head  of 

affairs  by  the  absence  or  death  of  governors. 
During  the  Stamp  Act  excitement  the  populace 
burned  his  coach.  After  the  return  of  Governor 
Tryon  in  1775.  he  retired  to  his  seat  on  Long 
Island.  Dr.  Colden  wrote  a  History  of  the  1'iri 
Indian  Nations  of  Canada  in  1727.  He  was  an  ar- 
dent student  of  botany,  and  introduced  the  Lin- 
mean  system  into  America.  He  published  Scien- 
tific works  and  was  a  correspondent  of  the  lead- 
ing men  id' science  in  Europe. 
Cole,  Thomas,  painter,  was  born  at  Bolton- 

le-moors,  Lancashire.  Eng.,  Feb.  1.  180]  :  died 
at  Catskill.  N.T.,  Feb.  U,  1847.  His  parents, 
who  lived  in  America,  had  gone  to  England  pre- 
vious to  his  birth,  and  returned  in  1819,  settling 
in  Philadelphia,  where  Thomas  practised  the  art 
of  wood-engraving.   He  began  portrait-painting 

in  Sleubenville.  Ohio,  in  1820,  soon  wandered  as 
an  itinerant  in  the  profession,  and  finally  be- 
came one  of  the  most  eminent  of  American  land- 
scape painters,  lie  established  himself  iii  New- 
York  in  1825.  The  charming  scenery  of  the  Hud- 
son employed  his  pencil  and  brush,  and  orders 
for  his  landscapes  soon  came  from  all  quarters. 
From  1829  to  1832 he  was  in  Europe,  and  on  his 
return  be  made  his  home  at  Catskill,  where  he 
resided  until  his  death.  HiB  two  great  finished 
works  are  "The  Course  of  Empire  "  and  "The 
Voyage  of  Life,"  the  former  consisting  of  a 
series   of   five,  and   the   latter  of  four,  pictures. 

He  produced  many  other  line  compositions  in 
landscape  and  figures,  which  gave  him  a  place 

at  the  head  of  his  profession.  Mr.  Cole  left  un- 
finished at  his  death  a  scries  entitled  ■  The 
Cross  and   the  World."      Mr.  Cole   also  wrote  a 

dramatic  poem,  and  was  a  writer  of  tales. 

Colfax,  Si  hi  v  1 1  k.  grandson  of  the  last  com- 
mander of  Washington's  life-guard,  was  born 
In  New  Fork  oity,  March  83,  1883.      lie  was  a 


COLIGNI  2< 

merchant's  clerk  for  three  years,  and  then,  with 
his.  family,  be  went  to  New  Carlisle,  St.Josepb'e 
Co.,  End.,  where  for  five  years  he  was  a  olerk 
in  a  country  store.  In  1841  his  step-father,  Mr. 
Mathews,  was  elected  county  auditor,  and  he  re- 


>    CIII.KAX. 

moved  to  South  Bend  and  made  Schuyler  his 
deputy.  There  he  studied  law,  anil  finally  es- 
tablished a  weekly  newspaper.  In  1850  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Indiana  Slate  Constitutional 
Convention,  and  tin1  next  year  was  a  candidate 
lor  Congress,  but  was  not  elected.  In  1866  the 
newly  formed  Republican  party  elected  him  to 
Congress,  and  be  was  re-elected  tor  six  oonsecu- 
tive  terras.  In  December,  1863,  he  was  elected 
speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives,      lie 

was    re-elected    speaker   in    1866   anil    1867,      <  »n 

Match  1,  1869,  Mr.  Colfax  was  made  Vice-Presi- 
dent, with  General  Grant  as  President.  After 
serving  four  years  he  retired  from  public  life. 

Coligni,  Jabpeb  db,  wad*  born  at  Cb&tillon- 
toT-Loing,  Feb.  16,  l.">17:  died  in  Paris.  Aug.  24, 
157-2.     In  1539  be  was  introduced  to  Francis  I., 

of    fiance,    entered    the    military    ser\  ice,    was 

knighted  because  of  hi>  merits  as  a  soldier,  and 


JASPER    DE   COLKWl. 


soon  became  noted  as  the  best  officer  in  the 

army.      He  was  made  colonel  in  the  French  in- 

batry,  and  also  admiral,  and  may  he  regarded 


7  COLLEGE  OF  NEW  JERSEY 

as  the  founder  of  the  French  military  system. 
Coligni  was  governor  of  Pieardy  in  1557,  and 
while  fighting  in  defence  of  St.  Quentin  he  was 
made    prisoner    by    the    Spaniards.       Endowed 

with  deep  religions  feelings,  he  became  a  de- 
voted Calvinist — a  Bugueiiot — and  in  1555  and 
1662  he  made  attempts  to  secure  an  asylum  in 
America  for  his  persecuted  brethren.  In  this  he 
was  not  successful.  (See  IItii)iu>iotx  in  America.) 
With  the  Prince  of  Coiide,  he  was  a  leader  of 
the  Protestant  army  in  France  in  the  civil  war 
between  1560  and  1570.  In  the  latter  year  he 
appeared  at  the  court  of  Charles  IX..  who  was 
ruled  by  his  infamous  mother,  Catherine  uV 
Medici.      His  influence  aroused  the  jealousy  of 

the  Roman  Catholics,  and  he  was  deserted  by 

his  monarch  and  tin'  queen  mother.  She  had 
failed   to  bring  the   Duke  of  Cuise,   his   rival,  to 

the  scaffold,  and  she  joined  the  league  against 
the  Huguenots,  which  fonnd  horrid  expression 
in  the  massacre  id' the  Protestants  in  France  on 

the  eve  of  the  festival  of  St.  Bartholomew.  Co- 
ligni was  selected  as  one  of  the  lirst  victims  on 
that  fatal  night.      Bebme,  a  German   assassin 

employed  by  the  Duke  of  Cuise.  led  a  hand  of 

murderers,  with  concealed  weapons,  to  the  room 

of  the  admiral.  He  held  a  hoar-spear  in  his 
hand.  The  majestic  presence  of  Coligni,  and 
the    serenity    id'    his    deport  incut,    abashed    the 

leader  at  lirst, and  he  was  about  to  retire,  when 

one  of  his  comrades  whispered  "coward!"  in 
Ins  i. n.     Bebhie  instantly  plunged  the  spear  in 

ColigUi's  heart,  and  he  fell  dead  at  the  feet  of 
his  murderers.  His  body  was  cast  out  of  a  win- 
dow into  a  court,  where  the  Duke  of  Cuise  was 
waiting  for  the  consummation  of  the  crime. 
The  head  of  the  admiral  was  severed  from  his 
body  and  taken  to  Catherine,  while  his  remains 
were  dragged  through  the  streets  of  Paris,  red 
with  the  blood  of  his  murdered  co-religionists, 
and  hanged  on  a  gibbet  at  Montfancon.  Cathe- 
rine had  the  head  of  the  admiral  embalmed  and 
sent  to  the  Pope,  Gregory  XII.,  at  Rome.  The 
pontiff  ordered  a  Te  Denm  to  be  sung  over  the 
event  and  caused  a  medal  to  be  struck  in  com- 
memoration of  it.  Coligni's  remains  were  se- 
cretly taken  from  the  gibbet  by  his  servants 
and  buried  at  Chant  illy,  and  in  1786  Montes- 
quieu transferred  them  to  his  estate  at  Mauper- 
ties.  where  he  dedicated  a  chapel  and  erected  a 

monument  to  the  memory  of  the  martyr  admi- 
ral. 

College  of  New  Jersey  (now  Princeton), 
one  of  the  higher  institutions  of  learning  estab- 
lished in  the  English-American  colonics,  it  was 
founded  under  the  auspices  of  the  Presh\  ferian 
Synod  of  New  fork,  which  then  included  New 
Jersey  in  itB  jurisdiction.  A  charter  was  ob- 
tained ill  17-Iti.  ami  it  was  opened  lor  students  in 
Mas,  1717.  at  Elizabeth  town,  N.  .1.  The  same 
year  it  was  removed  to  Newark,  and  in  1757  it 
was  transferred  to  Princeton,  where  a  new  col- 
lege edifice,  named  Nassau  Hall,  had  just  been 
completed.  That  name  was  given  in  honor  of 
William  111.,  "of  the  illustrious  house  of  Nas- 
sau." Thi>  college  itself  was  often  called  "  Nas- 
sau Hall,"  but  it  is  now  universally  know  n  as 
Princeton   College.      It   suffered    much   during 


COLLEGE  OF  RHODE  ISLAND  21 

the  Revolution, being  occupied  as  barracks  and 
hospital  by  Hotli  armies.  (See  Princeton,  Battle 
of.)     The  president  (Dr.  Witheropoon)  and  two 

of  the  alumni  (Benjamin  Rush  and  Kicliard 
Stockton)  were  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence; and  several  of  the  leading  patriots 
during  the  war,  and  statesmen  afterwards,  were 
graduates  of  the  College  of  New  Jersey.  Gen- 
eral Washington  and  the  Continental  Congress 
were  present  at  the  "  commencement  "  in  1783. 
Other  buildings  were  erected,  and  it  had  Steady 
prosperity  until  the  breaking-out  of  the  Civil 
War  in  1861.  Nassau  Hall  was  burned  in  1855, 
and  speedily  rebuilt.  The  Civil  War  reduced 
the  Dumber  of  its  students,  but  it  regained  them, 
and  more, when  peace  came.  In  1868  Rev.  James 
McCosh,  from  Belfast,  Ireland,  was  called  to  the 
presidency  of  the  college — a  man  of  great  en- 
ergy and  activity.  During  his  administration 
many  fine  buildings  were  added  to  the  institu- 
tion, and  more  than  .$1,000,000  have  been  given 
to  the  college.  One  gentleman  (John  C.  Green) 
has  given  §750,000  to  endow  a  scientific  school, 
erect  a  library,  and  a  building  for  lectures  and 
recitations.  The  college  buildings  are  mostly 
of  stone;  the  grounds  are  well  shaded  with 
trees;  the  library  contains  nearly  sixty  thou- 
sand volumes,  and  the  various  endowments  to 
the  college  proper  amount  to  about  $600,000. 
There  have  been  eleven  presidents,  all  of  them 
elergj  men.  The  first  was  Rev.  Jonathan  Dick- 
inson. A  theological  seminary  connected  with 
the  college  was  founded  in  1812,  and  occupies 
similar  plain  stone  buildings.  Its  library  con- 
tained about  twenty-four  thousand  volumes  in 
1876,  and  its  endowments  amounted  to  S40O.C0D. 
College  of  Rhode  Island  (now  Brown  Uni- 
versity), one  of  the  higher  colonial  institutions 
of  learning,  the  charter  of  which  w  as  obtained  in 
February,  1764,  was  established  at  Providence, 
R.  I.  The  associated  Baptist  churches  of  Phil- 
adelphia moved  in  the  matter  in  170IS.  The  sub- 
ject was  laid  before  the  leading  Baptists  at  New- 
port, R.  I.,  the  funds  for  the  purpose  were  raised, 
and  the  charter  obtained  for  "The  College  of 
Rhode  Island,"  in  which  was  a  provision  that 
"  into  this  liberal  and  catholic  institution  shall 
never  be  admitted  any  religious  tests:  but,  on 
the  contrary,  all  the  members  hereof  shall  for- 
ever enjoy  full,  tree,  absolute,  and  uninterrupt- 
ed liberty  of  conscience;  and  that  the  public 
teachiug  shall,  in  general,  respect   the  sciences, 

and  thai   the  sectarian  differences  of  opinion 

shall  not  make  any  part  of  the  public  and  clas- 
sical instruction."  The  government  was  placed 
Under  a  board  of  twelve  fellows,  of  whom  eight, 
including  the  president,  must  be  Baptists  :  and 
thirty-six  trustees,  of  whom  twenty-two  must 
be  Baptists,  five  Friends  or  Quakers,  four  Con- 
gregationallats,  and  five  Episcopalians,  this  pro- 
port] epresenling  the  different  denomina- 
tions then  in  tbo  colony,  Bev.  James  Manning 
was  elected  the  first  president  In  September, 
S  cholaa  Brown,  a  wealthy  and  distin- 
guished i •iti/eii  of  Providence,  became  a  munifi- 
cent benefactor  of  i be  college,  and  in  1804  h  re- 
ceived the  name  of  Brown  University.  His  gifts 
amounted  toabi  I  lie  uuiversitj  has 


3  COLLISION 

established  an  agricultural  college  in  connection 
with  it,  in  accordance  with  the  provision  of  Cou- 
gress.  (See  AgriovMwral  Colleges.)  It  has  five  col- 
lege buildings,  a  museum,  and  a  library  contain- 
ing over  forty  thousand  volumes.  From  1765  to 
1876  the  university  had  six  presidents — namely, 
James  Manning.  Asa  Messer,  Francis  Waylaud, 
Barnas  Sears.  Alexis  Caswell,  and  E.  6.  Robin- 
son. (See  Colonial  Colleges}  also  Nicholas  aud  J. 
Carter  Brown.) 

Colleges  in  the  United  States.  In  l-7:i 
there  were  34(J  colleges  proper  (and  about  fifty 
so  called)  in  the  United  States  of  all  grades, 
some  of  them  organized  on  the  university  plan. 
Of  these  colleges  ten  were  established  before 
the  close  of  the  Revolution  in  1783;  of  the  re- 
mainder only  six  were  organized  previous  to 
1820.  Forty  of  them  were  established  between 
1820  and  1840.  The  remainder  of  the  349,  ex- 
cepting the  ante-revolutionary  ones,  and  those 
founded  before  the  close  of  the  last  century, 
have  been  established  since  1840.  Of  the  whole 
number  of  colleges,  only  fifty-seven  are  non-sec- 
tarian, the  remainder  being  denominational  in- 
stitutions. 

Collision  between  State  Authority  and  the 
National  Judiciary.  In  1808  a  case  which  bad 
been  in  existence  since  the  Revolution  brought 
the  siate  of  Pennsylvania  into  collision  with  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.  Dining 
the  disputes  in  the  ease  alluded  to — about  prize- 
money —  David  liiltenhouse,  as  state   treasurer 

of  Pennsylvania,  had  received  certain  certificates 

of  national  debt,  Riltenhousc  settled  his  ac- 
counts as  treasurer  in  1788  and  resigned  his  of- 
iiee.  but  still  retained  these  certificates,  having 
given  his  bond  to  the  judge  of  the  state  court  to 
hold  him  harmless  as  to  other  claimants.  The 
certificates  were  held  by  Sittenhonse  to  indem- 
nify him  against  the  bond  he  had  given.  When 
the  public  debt  was  funded  he  caused  these  cer- 
tificates to  be  funded  in  his  own  name,  but  for 
the  benefit  of  whom  it  might  concern.  Kitten- 
house  died  in  1801,  leaving  his  three  daughters 
executors  of  his  estate.      They  were  called  upon 

by  the  state  Treasurer  to  deliver  the  certificates 

to  him  and  pay  over  the  accrued  interest.  They 
refused  to  do  so.  on  account  of  a  pending  suit  in 
the  state  court  by  a  claimant  for  the  amount. 
The  state  court  finally  declined  to  interfere,  on 
the  technical  ground  that  it  was  an  admiralty 
matter  and  was  not  cognizable  in  a  court  of 
common  law.  The  claimant  then  applied  to 
the  United  States  District  Court  for  an  order  to 
compel  the  executors  of  K  it  ten  bouse  to  pay  0\  61 

to  him  the  certificates  and  accumulated  inter- 
est, then  amounting  to  about  $15,000.  Sncli  a 
decree  was  made  in  1803,  when  the  Legislature 
of  Pennsylvania  pawned  a  law  to  compel  the  ex- 
editors  to  pay  the  funds  into  the  state  treasury, 
pledging  the  faith  of  the  state  to  hold  them 
harmless.  Final!)  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  states  issued  a  mandamus  for  the  judge 

of  the  district  court  to  can  \  t  be  decree  into  ex- 
ecution, despite  the  stale  law.  It  was  done 
(March    12.  1809);    but    the   marshal,   when    he 

went  to  serve  the  process  of  attachment,  found 


COLONIAL  ARTILLERY 


209 


COLONIAL  MANUFACTURES 


the  houses  of  the  respondents  protected  by  an 
armed  guard,  who  resisted  his  entrance  by  bay- 
onets. These  guards  were  state  militia,  under 
General  Brigbt,  with  the  sanction  of  the  gov- 
ernor. The  legislature  and  the  governor  now 
receded  somewhat.  The  former  made  an  appro- 
priation of  $18,000  to  meet  any  contingency; 
and  finally,  after  a  show  of  resistance,  which, 
to  some,  threatened  a  sort  of  civil  war  in  the 
streets  of  Philadelphia,  the  governor  paid  over 
the  sum  to  the  marshal  out  of  the  appropria- 
tion. This  was  u  blow  to  the  doctrine  of  state 
supremacy,  which  still  held  a  large  place  in  the 
political  creed  of  the  people  of  all  the  states. 
The  supremacy  of  the  national  judiciary  was 
fully  vindicated. 

Colonial  Artillery.  The  whole  train  of  ar- 
tillery possessed  by  the  English-American  col- 
onies when  the  fust  war  for  independence  broke 
out  (April  1'.'.  177'ii  was  composed  offoni  fleld- 

pieees.  two  belonging  to  CltizeilS  Of  Boston,  and 

two  to  the  province  of  Massachusetts.  In  1788 
the  Secretary  of  War  called  the  attention  of 
CoUgreSS  to  the  fact  that  there  wen  in  the  ar- 
senals of  th.-  United  States  "  two  brass  cannons, 
which  constituted  one  moiety  of  the  held  artil- 
lery with  which  the  late  war  was  commenced 
on  the  part  of  the  Americans."  Congress  by 
resolution  dire,  till  the  Secretary  to  have  suit- 
able inscriptions  placed  on  them;  and  as  they 
belonged  to  Massachusel  ts.  he  w  as  [nsl  rncted  to 
deliver  them  to  the  order  of  the  governor  of 
that  state.  The  two  pieces  belonging  to  citi- 
zens  of   Boston    were    inscribed   respectively, 

"The   Hancock.  Sacred   to   Liberty,-' and  "  The 

Adams,  Sacred  to  Liberty;"  with  the  additional 

words  on  each.  "These  were  used  in  many  en- 
gagements during  the  war."    (See  AriiUmj.) 

Colonial  Colleges.  There  were  nine  higher 
institutions  of  learning  in  the  English-American 

colonies  before  the  bleak  in—out  of  the  old  war 
for  independence  namely.  Harvard  in  jjnsaa 
elms,  lis;  William  and  Man    in  Virginia;   Vale 

inC 'client ;  King's  in  Neu  York;  College  of 

New  Jersey  and  Qneen's  in  New  Jersey;  College 
of  Rhode  Island;  Dartmouth  in  New  Hamp- 
shire; and  University  of  Pennsylvania.     (See 

notices    of  the    respective    colleges.)     Hampdcli- 

Siilncy  College  was  founded  in  1775, j nsl  as  the 

war  broke  out.  In  these  colonial  institutions 
many  of  th,-   brightest   statesmen  of  the   last 

century  and  beginning  of  this  were  educated. 

Colonial  Concurrence  in  Virginia's  Resolu- 
tions. In  1769  the  British  Parliament,  by  reso- 
lutions, cei  i  si  i  nil  the  \  oies.  resolutions,  and  pro- 
ceedings of  Massachusetts  against  the  Mutiny 
Act  (which  see).  That  portion  of  them  which 
proposed  to  brine;  offenders  from  that  colony  to 
(ircat  Britain  for  trial  highly  offended  the  Amer- 
icans. The  Virginia  Assembly  passed  strong 
resolutions  condemnatory  of  the  proceedings  of 
Parliament ;  and  these  were  followed  by  similar 
resolutions  passed  by  the  Assemblies  "i  New 

York,  Delaware.  Mai  \  land,  and  No  it  h  and  Sunt  h 
Carolina. 

Colonial  Congress,  EARLY.  Soon  after  the 
attack  on  Bcbeneetadj  (1690),  the  government 


of  Massachusetts  addressed  a  circular  letter  to 
all  the  colonies  as  far  south  as  Maryland,  invit- 
ing them  to  send  commissioners  to  New  Y'ork.  to 
Bgree  upon  some  plan  of  operations  for  the  de- 
fence of  the  w  hole.  Delegates  from  Massachu- 
setts. Connecticut,  and  New  Y'ork  met  in  the  city 
of  New  Y'ork  in  May,  1690,  and  the  campaign 
against  Canada  was  planned.  This  was  the  first 
Colonial  Congress.     (See  Etas  William'*  liar.) 

Colonial    Currency,    REGULATION    of   the. 

Complaints  were  made  of  the  diversity  which 
existed  in  the  several  colonies  in  the  moneys  of 
account,  and  of  the  various  rates  at  which  the 
Spanish  coins,  which  formed  the  principal  circu- 
lation, passed  current  in  different  places.  It 
was  believed  that  coin  might  be  kept  in  the 
country  by  enhancing  its  nominal  value;  and 
this  value  was  further  increased  by  the  depre- 
ciation of  the  circulating  bills  of  credit.  A  royal 
proclamation  in  1704  established  for  all  the  col- 
onies the  old  New  Englaud  standard,  by  tixing 
the  value  of  the  dollar  at  six  shillings  (seventy- 
live  cents  of  our  currency )  :  and  this  proclama- 
tion was  reinforced  in  1707  by  an  act  of  Parlia- 
ment Inflicting  severe  penalties  on  such  as  dis- 
regarded it.  This  regulation  of  the  currency 
was  evaded  or  openly  disregarded  by  some  of 
the  colonies:  and  at  length  the  circulating  me- 
dium was  thrown  into  still  greater  contusion 
by  new    issues  of  paper  money. 

Colonial  Manufactures,  RxflTRK  nOHBUPOsT. 

As  soon  as  the  American  colonies  began  to  man- 
ufacture   for  themselves,  they   encountered   the 

jealousy  of  the  English   manufacturers.    The 

act  of  Hit;:!  extended  to  the  "vent  of  English 
woollens,  and  other  manufactures  and  commodi- 
ties." In  1899  Parliament  declared  that  '-no 
wool,  yarn,  or  woollen  manufactures  of  Un- 
American  plantations  should  be  shipped  there, 
or  even  laden,  in  order  to  be  transported  thence 
to  any  place  whatever."      This  was   th 

ning  of  restrictions  on  our  colonial  mannfaot- 

nil  s.      In   1719  the  House  of  Commons  said  that 

"the  erecting  of  manufactories  in  the  colonies 

tended  to  lessen  their  dependence  upon  (ireat 
Britain."  The  colonies  continually  increased  m 
population  and  in  the  products  of  their  industry 
and  economy,  and  complaints  from  interested 
persona  wire  as  constantly  made  to  the  British 
government  that  they  were  not  only  carrying  on 
trade  but  setting  up  manufactories  detrimental 

to  l,n  at  Britain.  In  1731  the  House  of  Com- 
mons directed  the  Board  of  Trade  to  inquire  and 
upon  respecting  the  matter.  They  reported 
that  paper,  iron.  (lax.  hats,  and  leather  were 
manufactured  in  the  colonies ;  that  there  were 
more  manufactories  set  up  in  the  colonies  north- 
ward of  Virginia,  "particularly  in  New  Eng- 
land," than  in  any  other  of  the  British  colonies ; 
that  they  were  capable  of  supplying  their  own 
wants  in  manufactured  goods,  and  therefore  det- 
rimental to  British  interests,  and  made  less  de- 
pendent on  the  mother  country.  The  company 
of  hatters  in  London  complained  that  large 
numbers  of  hats  were  manufactured  in  New  Eng- 
land, and  exported  to  foreign  countries;  and 
through  their  iulliience  an  act  of  Parliament  was 


COLONIAL  PEACE.  TREATY  FOR        270   COLONIAL  POPULATION.  INCREASE  OF 


procured  (1732),  not  only  to  prevent  such  expor- 
tation, and  to  prevent  their  being  carried  from 
one  colony  to  another,  lint  to  restrain,  to  a  cer- 
tain extent,  the  manufacture  of  them  in  the  col- 
onies. They  were  forbidden  being  shipped,  or 
i  vcn  laden  upon  a  horse  or  cart,  with  an  intent 
to  he  exported  to  any  place  whatever.  The  co- 
lonial hatters  were  forbidden  to  employ  more 
than  two  apprentices  at  the  same  time:  and  no 
negro  was  permitted  to  work  at  the  business. 
In  17o0  an  act  was  passed  permitting  pig  and 
bar  iron  to  be  imported  from  the  colonies  to 
London  duty  free,  but  prohibited  the  erection 
or  coutinuauce  of  any  "  mill  or  other  engine  for 
slitting  and  rolling  iron,  or  any  plating  forge  to 
work  with  a  belt  hammer,  or  any  furnace  for 
making  steel  in  the  colonics,  under  the  penalty 
offlOOO."  Every  such  mill, engine,  plating  forge, 
and  furnace  was  declared  a  '•nuisance.'*  which, 
if  not  abated  within  thirty  days,  was  subject  to 
a  forfeit  of $2500,  This  was  really  oppressive; 
and  some  of  the  colonics,  regarding  these  acts 
as  violations  of  their  charters, obeyed  them  only 
sufficiently  to  prevent  an  open  rupture.  The 
narrow  views  of  publicists  like  Dr.  Davenantand 
Sir  .losiah  Child,  and  the  greed  of  English  man- 
ufacturers, stimulated  Parliament  to  the  adop- 
tion of  such  unjust  measures.  Mr.  Child,  no 
doubt,  expressed  the  convictions  of  the  English 
mind  when  he  wrote,  in  Hi70,  that  "  New  Eng- 
land was  the  most  prejudicial  plantation  to  the 
kingdom."  In  fact, the  people  of  England  from 
an  early  period  regarded  the  North  American 
colonies,  particularly  those  of  New  England,  as 
their  rivals  in  navigation  and  trade.  Child  de- 
clared that  ••  there  is  nothing  more  prejudicial, 
and  in  prospect  more  dangerous  to  any  mother 
kingdom,  than  the  iuorease  of  shipping  in  her 
colonics,  plantations,  and  provinces."  Dr.  Dave- 
nant.  who  wrote  later,  was  in  accordance  with 
these  narrow  views  of  Child.  The  proceedings 
of  the  British  government  were  generally  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  views  of  these  writers.  It.  is 
believed  that  Adam  Smith  (177(1)  was  the  lirst 
English  writer  who  dared  to  deny,  not  only  the 
policy,  hut  the  justice  of  these  features  in  the 
British  colonial  system.  In  his  Wealth  of  Na- 
Uotu,  be  -ays,  after  giving  an  outline  of  that 
system:  ••  To  prohibit  a  great  people, however, 
from  making  all  they  can  of  every  pari  of  their 
own  produce,  or  from  employing  their  stock  and 
industry  in  the  way  they  judge  most  advanta- 
geous to  themselves,  is  a  manifest  violation  of 
the  most  sacred  rights  of  mankind."' 

Colonial  Peace,  Tkkaiy  FOR.  «>n  the  L6tb 
of  November.  1686,  a  treaty  of  peace  and  neu- 
trality was  concluded  at  London  between  Eng- 
land ami  France,  by  which  it  was  agT 1  t li.it 

then  should  be  a  firm  peace,  as  well  in  South 
H  in  North  America,  On  the  continents  and  isl- 
ands, by  sea  and  land  ;  t  hat  no  soldiers  or  armed 
men  living  either  ill  the  English  or  French- 
American   colonies   and   islands  should  commit 

an>  act  of  hostility  or  damage  to  cither  party, 
or  give  any  assistance  or  supplies  of  man  or 

Viotnala  "to  the  wild  Indians"  with  whom 
either  king  should  have  war:   that  both  parties 

should     c!lJo_\      t)M     possessions     ailll     pi V  I  o- .1 1  1  \  I  s 


they  then  possessed  :  that  the  governors  and 
officers  of  either  nation  should  be  strictly  en- 
joined to  give  no  assistance  or  protection  to 
any  pirates  of  whatever  nation,  and  should  pun- 
ish as  pirates  all  such  as  should  fit  out  any  ship 
without  law  ful  commission  and  authority. 

Colonial  Policy  of  William  III.  The  Con- 
vention Parliament  that  gave  the  crown  of  Eng- 
land to  William  and  Mary  adopted  a  Hill  of 
Rights,  which  the  new  nioiiarchs  confirmed  by 
their  signatures.  It  recited  the  grievances  suf- 
fered by  the  people  during  the  preceding  reign, 
and  solemnly  asserted  the  right  of  subjects  to 
petition  ;  the  right  of  Parliament  to  freedom  of 
debate;  the  right  of  electors  to  choose  represent- 
atives freely,  and  other  privileges  as  rights  of 
the  people.  This  Bill  of  Rights  contained  the 
fundamental  principles  of  political  liberty,  yet 
the  crown  hesitated  to  apply  them  to  the  Eng- 
lish people  who  formed  the  American  colonies. 
The  most  renowned  jurists  of  the  reigll  of  Will- 
iam seem  not  to  have  formed  a  complete  concep- 
tion of  the  true  connective  principle  between  the 
parent  country  and  its  colonics  ;  of  the  extent  of 
the  royal  prerogative  as  applied  to  the  govern- 
ment of  each  ;  while  the  jurisdiction  of  Parlia- 
ment was  by  all  admitted  to  be  coextensive  with 
the  boundaries  of  the  empire.  When  the  colo- 
nial assemblies,  in  imitation  of  the  Convention 
Parliament,  hastened  to  enact  bills  of  rights, 
William,  who  seems  to  have  abated  nothing  of 
the  high  ground  of  his  predecessors  concerning 
royal  prerogatives,  gave  decided  and  repeated 
negatives..  He  negatived  provincial  aits  for  es- 
tablishing the  writ  of  habeas  corpus;  he  con- 
tinued the  prohibition  of  printing  in  the  colo- 
nies, introduced  by  .lames  into  his  instructions 
for  the  royal  governors:  and  statesmen  and  ju- 
rists of  liberal  views  recognized  an  extent  of 
the  royal  prerogative  in  the  colonies  which  they 
desired    at    home.      Chief-justice    Holt    advised 

his   sovereign   to   assume   the  government   of 

Maryland  on  a  supposed  necessity,  without  any 
forms  of  law  ;  and  another  distinguished  jurist 
doubted  how  far  the  Marylandcis  were  entitled 
to  the  benefit  of  Magna  Charta.  And  the  w  isest 
cabinet  William  ever  had  denied  to  the  New - 
Englailders  the  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas 
corpus  because  "  it  had  never  been  conferred  ou 
the  colonists  by  any  king  of  England."  Mr 
Locke,  with  Other  philosophers  ^sce  lundamiiit- 
<tl  Constitution*)  .solemnly  advised  the  sovereign 
to  appoint  "a  captain-general  over  the  Eng- 
lish-American Colonies,  with  dictatorial  power 
to   levy   and   command  an   army  without    their 

ow  n  consent,  or  even  the  approbation  of  Parlia- 
ment." 

Colonial  Population.  Im  t;i  \-r  or.  limn 
the  English  Revolution  t  1686)  to  the  beginning 
of  the  French  and  Indian  War  in  1754(which  see>. 
a  period  of  aixtj  -si\  yean,  the  growth  in  the  pop- 
ulation had  been  rapid.  In  New  England, the  iu- 
orease had  been  from  76,000  to  485,000;  New 
fork,  from  80>000  10  B6.000;  \.  w  Jersey,  Penn- 
sylvania, Delaware  and  Maryland,  from  I7.imh> 
to 378,000;  \  Lrgiuia,from  50,000 to  168,000;  and 

the  Carolina-  and  Georgia,  from  9000  to  136,000. 


COLONIAL  USAGES  PERPETUATED      271     COLONIZATION  SOCIETY,  AMERICAN 


In  1768  John  Dickinson  wrote  :  "  We  are  all 
tillers  of  the  eartb  from  Nova  Sootia  to  West 
Florid:!.  We  arc  a  people  of  Cultivation,  scat- 
tered over  an  immense  territory ;  communica- 
ting with  each  other  by  means  of  good  roads 
and  navigable  rivers:  united  by  the  bands  of  a 
mild  and  beneficent  government;  all  respecting 

the  laws  without  dreading  their  power,  because 
they  are  equitable." 

Colonial  Usages  Perpetuated.  The  Revo- 
lution made  no  sudden  or  violent  change  in 
the  laws  or  political  institutions  of  America  be- 
yond casting  off  the  superintending  power  of 
Great  Britain,  and  even  that  power  was  replaced, 

t.<>  a  limited  extent,  by  the  authority  <d'  Con- 
gress. The  must  marked  peculiarity  of  the 
change  was  the  public  recognition  of  the  theory 

of  the  equal   rights   of  man.      This   theory    was 

first  publicly  promulgated  by  the  liisi  Conti- 
nental Congress  in  the  Declaration  of  Colonial 
Bights.  Ii  was  reiterated  in  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  and  was  tacitly  recognized  as  the 

foundation   of  all  the   state,  governments.      Yet, 

to  a  great  extent,  ii  remained  a  theory  only,  for 

human  slavery  was  fostered  and  defended,  by 
which  four  millions  of  the  people  of  the  Repub- 
lic were  absolutely  deprived  of  their  natural 
rights, when  the  proclamati f  President  Lin- 
coln I. Jan.  1.  1863)  reduced  the  theory  to  prac- 
tice, and  made  all  men  and  women  within  the 
I'mied  Siiiies  absolutely  free.  (See  Emancipa- 
tion Proclamation. )  In  civil  affairs,  colonial 
usages,  in  modified  forms,  were  apparent.  In 
Pennsylvania,  two  persons  from  each  count v 
were  to  be  chosen  every  seven  years  to  act  as  a 
"Council  of  Censors,"  with  power  to  investigate 
••ill  branches  of  the  Constitution.  Tin'  Constitu- 
tion of  New  York  established  a  ••Council  of  Re- 
vision,'' Composed  of  the  governor,  chancellor. 
and  judges  of  i  lie  Supreme  <  lourt,  to  which  were 
Submitted  all  hills  al I  to  pass  mi,,  laws.      If 

objected  to  bj  the  council,  a.  majority  id' two 
thirds  in  both  branches  of  the  Legislature  "as 
required  to  pass  them.  A  "  Council  of  Appoint- 
ment" was  also  provided  for,  consisting  ofsii 
teen  senators,  to  be  annually  elected  bj  the  As- 
sembly,  four   from    each   of  the    four    senatorial 

districts  into  which  the  state  was  al  first  divided. 

All  nominal  ions  to  office  by  the  governor  re- 
quired the  sam- 1  ion  id' t his  council.  Bj  the  Con- 
stitution of  Georgia  all  mechanics,  even  though 
destitute  of  pecuniar]  qualifications,  wen-  enti- 
tled to  vote  by  virtue  of  their  trades;  and  every 
person  entitled  to  vote  ami  failing  to  do  so  was 

subjected  to  a  line  of  live  pounds. 

Colonial  War  Expenditures.  The  English- 
American  colonies,  mindful  of  the  importance  of 
their  position,  and  id' the  necessity  for  defence 
against  the  encroachments  of  their  French  neigh- 
bors, gave  freelj  of  their  substance  to  earrj  on 
the  contest  for  the  mastery.  The  Seven  fears', 
or  French  and  Indian,  War  probably  coal  the 
colonies,  in  the  aggregate,  full  $20,000,000,  be 
sides  the  flower  of  their  youth.  During  the  con- 
test, from  1756  to  |7<;:;.  Parliament  granted  the 
colonies  about   (5,500,000,  having   the   latter  to 

sutler  the  lossofuearlj  $15,000,000  bj  exertions 


to  maintain  the  integrity  of  the  British  realm 
and  to  defend  their  homes  and  firesides.  Massa- 
chusetts al ■  had  expended $2,500,000,  and  kept 

from  four  to  seven  thousand  men  iu  the  field  a 
portion  of  each  year,  besides  garrisons  and  re- 
cruits to  the  tegular  regiments.  Connecticut 
had  expended  no  less  than  $2,000,000.  The  out- 
standing debt  of  New  York,  incurred  by  the  war. 
was  nearly  |1,000,000,  and  of  Virginia' $800,000; 
and  the  other  Southern  colon  ies  had  spent  money 
freely,  l!.\  disease  and  weapons  of  war  thirty 
thousand  colonial  soldiers  had  fallen  in  the 
struggle. 

Colonization  of  Negroes  First  Proposed. 
The  Rev.  Samuel  Hopkins  appears  to  have  been 
the  first  to  propose  a  scheme  for  the  colonization 
of  free  colored  people.  He  suggested  that  ne- 
groes might,  be  emancipated  and  a  "public  pro- 
vision be  made  to  transport  them  to  Africa. 
where  they  might  probably  live  better  than  in 

any  other  country."  Out  of  this  Suggestion  un- 
doubtedly originated  the  American  Colonization 

Society. 

Colonization  Society,  AMERICAN.  The  idea 
of  restoring  Africans  in  America  to  their  native 

country  occupied  the  minds  of  philanthropists 

at  an  early  period.      It  seems  to  have  been  first 

suggested  bj  Rev.  Samuel  Hopkins  and  Rev. 
Ezra  Stiles,  of  Newport,  R.  L,  where  the  African 

slave-trade  was  extensively  carried  on.  They 
UHUed  a  circular  on  the  subject  in  August,  1773, 
in  which  they  invited  subscriptions  to  a  fund 
for  founding  a  colony  of  free  negroes  from  Amer- 
ica on  the  western  shore  of  Africa.  A  contribu- 
tion was  made  by  ladies  of  Newport  in  Febru- 
ary, 1771,  and  aid  was  received  from  Massachu- 
setts ami  Connecticut.  After  the  Revolution 
the  effort  was  renewed  by   Dr.  Hopkins,  and  he 

endeavored  t.>  make  arrangements  by  which  free 

blacks  from  America  might  join  the  English  col- 
ony at  Sierra  Li ,  established  in  1787,  for  a 

home,  for  destitute  Africans  from  different  parts 
of  the  world,  and  for  promoting  African  civiliza- 
tion.    He  failed.     In  1793  he  proposed  a  plan  of 

Colonization  to  be  carried  on  by  the  several 
states  and  by  the  national  government.  He  pet- 
severed  in  his  unavailing  efforts  until  his  death, 

in  1803.    The  subject  continued  to  be  agitated 

from  time  to  time,  and  in  1815  a  company  of 
thirty-eight  colored  persons  emigrated  to  sierra 

Leone  from  New  Bedford.  Steps  had  been  taken 
as  early  as  1811  for  the  organization  of  a  coloui 
/.at  ion  socio  I  v  .    A  meeting  at  Princeton,  at  w  huh 

Samuel  .).  Mills,  the  eminent  promoter  of  mis- 
sions, i;.  B.  Finley,  E.  B.  Caldwell,  and  F.  s.  Kej 

were  conspicuous,  considered  such  a  proposition  ; 
and  on  Dec.  23,  1816,  the  constitution  of  "The 
American  Colonization  Society"  was  adopted  at 
a   meeting  in  Washington,  and  the   first  officers 

were  chosen  .Ian.  1.  1817.  All  reference  to  eman- 
cipation, present  or  future,  was  Bpeoially  dis- 
claimed by  the  society,  ami  in  llie  course  of  the 
current    session    of   Congress    Henry    Clay,  .John 

Randolph,  Bnshrod  Washington,  and  other  slave- 
holders took  a  leading  part  in  the  formation  of 
the  society.  The  same  year  (  l~l"  I  Mr.  Mills  and 
Ebenezer  Burgess  were  sent  to  Africa  to  select  a 


COLONIZATION  SOCIETY,  AMERICAN     272 


COLORADO,  THE  STATE  OF 


site  for  the  colony.  They  chose  Sherhoro  Island 
and  the  coast  adjoining;  but  the  settlement  was 
finally  made  at  Cape  Mesurada,  between  Siena 
Leone  and  the  Ivory  Coast.  In  March,  1819, 
Congress  appropriated  .slOO.OOO  for  the  purpose 
of  sending  hack  to  Africa  such  slaves  as  should 
be  surreptitiously  imported.  Provision  was  made 
for  agents  and  emigrants  to  be  sent  out,  and 
early  in  1820  the  society  appointed  an  agent, 
put  $30,000  at  his  disposal,  and  sent  in  a  govern- 
ment vessel  thirty-eight  emigrants,  who  were  to 
erect  tents  for  tlie  reception  of  at  least  three  hun- 
dred recaptured  Africans.  The  society  was  rep- 
resented in  the  colony  by  Jeliudi  Aslnnun,  who 
arrived  there  Aug.  3,  1822.  The  agents  of  the 
United  States  were  instructed  not  to  exercise 
any  authority  over  the  colonists,  and  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  colony  was  assumed  by  the  soci- 
ety. A  constitution  for  the  colony  (which  was 
named  Liberia)  was  adopted  (Jan.  24, 1820),  by 
which  all  the  powers  of  the  government  were 
vested  in  the  agent  for  the  society.  But  the  col- 
onists demurred,  and  Aslnnun  abandoned  the 
undertaking.  In  1824  a  plan  for  a  civil  govern- 
ment in  Liberia  was  adopted,  by  which  the  so- 
ciety retained  the  privilege  of  ultimate  decision. 
Another  constitution  was  adopted  in  1828,  by 
which  most  of  the  civil  power  was  secured  to 
the  colonists.  In  1841  Joseph  J.  Roberts,  a  col- 
ored man,  was  appointed  governor  by  the  soci- 
ety. Import  duties  were  levied  on  foreign  goods, 
and  out  of  this  grew  a  temporary  difficult;  w  ith 
the  British  government.  British  subjects  vio- 
lated the  navigation  law  with  impunity,  and 
when  the  British  government  was  appealed  to, 
the  answer  was  that  Liberia  had  no  national  ex- 
istence. In  this  emergency  the  society  surren- 
dered such  governmental  power  as  it  had  re- 
tained, and  recommended  the  colony  to  proclaim 
itself  a  sovereign  independent  state.  It  was 
done,  and  such  a  declaration  of  independence 
was  made  July  26,  1847.  The  next  year  the  in- 
dependence of  Liberia  was  acknowledged  by  the 
United  States,  Great  Britain,  and  France.  So  the 
American  Colonization  Society  became  mainly 
instrumental  in  the  foundation  of  Liberia,  and 
of  having  sustained  the  colony  until  it  became 
self-supporting.  Since  that  consummation  the 
Society  has  continued  to  send  out  emigrants,  and 
to  furnish  them  with  provisions  and  temporary 
dwellings;  and  it  has  materially  aided  the  state 
in  the  development  of  its  commerce  and  agri- 
culture. It  has  also  aided  in  the  dissemination 
of  Christianity  in  that  region,  and  in  the  promo- 
tion ofednoation  and  the  general  welfare  of  the 

country.     Since  the  abolition  of  sla\ei\  the  11 11 111- 

ber  of  applicants  for  passage  to  Liberia  has  much 
Increased.  The  \\  hole  amount  of  receipts  of  the 
society  from  its  foundation  to  \*~:>  was.  in  round 
a  umbers,  $2,400,000,  and  those  of  the  auxiliary 

societies  :i  little  more  than  |400,000.     'I'll.'  whole 

ibet    of  emigrants    that     had    been    sent    out 

to  that  date  by  the  paient  SOCict]  was  ne.irh 
fourteen  thousand,  and  the  .Maryland  Sooietj 
had  sent  about  twelve  hundred  and  lifts  ;  aLo 
li\e   thousand    Seven    hundred   and    twenty-two 

Africans  recaptured  bj  the  United  States  goi 
eminent  bad  been  returned.     1  bo  wi  let]   baa 


had  five  presidents — namely.  Bushrod  Washing- 
ton, Charles  Carroll.  James  Madison,  Henry  Clay, 
and  J.  H.  B.  Latrobe  —  all  slaveholders.  (See 
Liberia.) 

Colony  on  the  Santilla.  On  the  hanks  of  the 
San  till  a,  in  the  remote  South,  below  the  Altaina- 
ha,  and  on  Cumberland  Island,  on  the  coast,  a 
band  of  adventurers  seated  themselves  in  175(5, 
and  established  a  colony,  which  they  called  New 
Hanover.  They  framed  rules  for  its  government, 
and  held  possession  of  the  country  southward  as 
far  as  the  St.  Mary's  River,  in  defiance  of  any 
w  arnings  from  the  government  of  South  Caroli- 
na, and  from  the  Spaniards  of  St.  Augustine. 

Colorado,  Admission-  of  the  Stati:  OP.  On 
July  4,  1876,  Colorado  Territory,  the  inhabitants 
of  which  had  applied  for  admission  into  the  I'nion 
more  than  ten  years  before,  was  admitted  as  a 
state.  It  was  the  crowning  act  of  the  first  cen- 
tury of  the  political  existence  of  the  Republic, 
That  act  made  the  number  of  states  thirty-eight ; 
and  the  number  of  territories  then  remaining, 
and  preparing  to  become  states,  was  ten.  Two 
bonnded  domains  —  namely,  Alaska  and  the  In- 
dian Territory  (which  seel  —  had  not  yet  secured 
territorial  governments  when  this  record  was 
closed,  in  1880. 

Colorado,  The  State  of,  a  mountainous  and 
high  plateau  region,  between  Kansas  and  Ne- 
braska on  the  east,  Utah  on  the  west,  Wyoming 
Territory  on  the  north,  and  New  Mexico  and 
Texas  on  the  south,  was  organized  as  a  territory 
Feb.  28,  1861,  from 
parts  of  its  several 
contiguous  neigh- 
bors. The  portion 
1101  th  of  the  Arkan- 
sas River,  and  east 
of  the  Eocky  Moun- 
tains, was  included 
in  the  Louisiana  pur- 
chase of  1803  (see 
Louisiana),  and  the 
remainder  in  the 
Mexican    cession    of 

1-1-.  Francis  Va» 
quez  de  Coronado  (which  sec)  is  believed  to 
have  been  tlu>  first  European  explorer  of  this 
region  in  1540.  In  L806  President  Jefferson, 
sent  an  expedition,  under  Lieutenant  Z.M.l'ike, 
to  explore  this  region,  and  they  nearly  crossed 
the  territory  from  north  to  south  in  the  moun- 
tain region, and  discovered  the  mountain  known 

as  Bike's  Peak.  In  L820  another  expedition, 
under  Colonel  S.  1 1.  Long,  visited  this  region j 
ami  in  1849  II  Colonel  FrCmont  crossed  it  in  his 
famous  passage  over  the  Book]  Mountains.  Be- 
fore the  beginning  of  the  preseul  centurj  .  it  is  be- 
lieved that  no  white  inhabitants  lived  in  Colora- 
do, excepting  a  tew  Mexicans  and  Spaniards  in 
the  southern  portion.  Gold  was  disco>  end  there, 
near  the  mouth  of  Clear  Creek,  in  1852  bj  a  Cher- 
okee cat  tie- trader.  This  and  other  discovt  riesof 
the  precious  metal  had  brought  about  four  htiu- 
dred  persons  to  Colorado  in  1868  •">'.»;  and  the  first 
discover]  ofa  gold-bearing  lode  was  i>>  John  H. 
Gregory,  Uaj   6,  1859,  III  what   is  now    known  as 


STATE   SEAL 


col  "I;  \ii,i 


COLORS,  SURRENDER  OF  2 

the  "  Gregory  Mining  District,"  in  Gilpin  County. 
An  attempt  to  organize  government  among  the 
miners  was  made  l>y  the  erection  of  Arapahoe 

Comity,  and  the   election   of"  a  representative  to 

the  Kansas  Legislature,  Nov.  6, 1868.  lie  was  in- 
structed to  nrge  the  separation  of  the  district 
from  Kansas  and  the  organization  of  a  new  ter- 
ritory. The  first  movement  for  a  territorial  gov- 
ernment was  by  a  convention  of  one  hundred  and 
twenty-eight  delegates  held  at  Denver  in  the  au- 
tumn of  1869,  who  decided  to  memorialize  Con- 
gress  on  thesnbject.  Colorado,  after  several  ap- 
plications, was  admitted  as  a  state  .Inly  -1,  1876. 

Colors,  Surrender  ok,  at  Torktoww.  The 
delivery  of  the  colors  of  the  several  British  regi- 
ments at  Yorktown,  twenty-eight  in  nnmber, 
was  performed  in  this  wise:  twenty-eight  Brit- 
ish captains,  each  bearing  a  flag  in  a  case,  were 
drawn  np  in  line.  Opposite  to  these  "ere  twen- 
ty-eight American  sergeants  in  a  line  to  receive 
them.  Colonel  Hamilton,  w  ho  had  the  direction 
of  the  movement,  appointed  an  ensign  to  conduct 
the  ceremony.    When  that  officer  gave  tl rder 

for  the  British  captains  to  advance  two  paces 
and  deliver  np  their  colors,  and  the  American 
■ergeauta  to  advance  two  paces  to  receive  them. 

the  former  hesitated,  and   gave  as  a   iviimiii  that 

they  were  unwilling  to  surrender  their  Saga  to 
Don-commissioned  officers.  Hamilton,  who  was 
at  a  distance,  observed  the  hesitation,  and  rode 

up  to  inquire  the  cause.  Ou  being  informed,  he 
willingly  spared  the  feelings  of  the  vanquished 
captains,  and  ordered  the  ensign  to  receive  them 
himself' and  hand  them  to  the  sergeants. 

Columbia,  Capture  of.  There  was  no  ade- 
quate military  force  for  the  protection  Of  Colum- 
bia, the  capital  of  Smith  Carolina,  when  Sher- 
man's army  appeared  before  it,  Feb.  1<>,  1886. 
Beauregard  was  in  command  of  troops  there  who 
limned  bridges  spanning  the  Congaree  and  Sa- 
luda rivers,  but  could  not  keep  the  Nationals 
back.  Beauregard  made  a  slight  show  of  resist- 
ance and  withdrew, Wade  Hampton,  in  command 
of  the  rear-guard,  lingering  in  the  town  until  the 
Nationals  were  about  to  enter  it.  Sherman  gave 
orders  for  the  destruction  of  all  arsenals  and  pub- 
lie  property  not  needed  for  the  use  of  the  army, 
as  well  as  all  railroads,  depot s,  and  machinery, 
hut  to  "spare  all  dwellings,  colleges,  schools. 
Uylnms,  and  harmless  private  property."  On 
tiu  evening  id'  Feb.  1~  Shermau  ami   Howard 

rode  into  the  city.  It  had  been  surrendered  by 
the  oivil  authorities  to  Colonel  Stone,  who  had 
posted  nun  about  the  town  to  protect  persons 
and  property.  The  wind  was  then  blowing  a 
pale.     Wade  Hampton,  regardless  of  danger  to 

the  City,  Ordered  all  the  (Wtton  in  the  town  to  be 
burned,  to  prevent  its  falling  into  the  hands  of 
the  invaders.  When  Sherman  entered,  the  cot- 
ton was  in  the  streets,  with  I  he  cords  and  baj;- 
ging  int.  Some  of  the  ball's  were  already  on 
fire  by  Hampton's  orders.  The  wind  scattered 
the  burning  cotton,  which  set  tire  to  the  roofs 
of  houses  in  Various  parts  of  the  city  The  Na- 
tional troops  partially  subdued  the  flames,  but 
they  broke  out  afresh  in  the  night,  and  in  the 
course  of  a  few  hours  the  beautiful  Capital  of 
1.-18 


3  COLUMBUS 

South  Carolina  was  a  smoking  ruin.  Hampton 
ungeueronsly  charged  the  conflagration  to  Sher- 
man. 

Columbus  and  the  Courtier.  Mendoza. 
Grand  Cardinal  of  Spain,  after  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella  had  honored  Columbus  on  his  return 
from  his  first  voyage,  invited  him  to  a  feast, 
and,  giving  the  navigator  the  honored  seat  at 
table,  excited  the  jealousy  of  some  of  the  no- 
bility present.  A  courtier,  moved  by  a  narrow 
feeling  of  personal  and  national  jealousy  —  for 
Columbus  was  lately  only  a  poor  Italian  — 
asked  the  admiral,  in  a  flippant  manner,  wheth- 
er he  thought  that,  in  case  he  had  not  discov- 
ered the  Indies  (which  it  was  believed  he  had 
found),  there  were  not  men  in  Spain  who  would 
have  been  equal  to  the  enterprise  1  Columbus 
immediately  took  an  eng  that  was  before  him. 
and  invited  the  courtier  to  make  it  stand  ou 
one  of  Its  ends.  He  could  not.  All  the  company 
tried  in  vain  to  do  it.  Then  Columbus  Struck 
the  egg  upon  the  table,  so  as  to  flatten  the  end 
by  a  fracture,  and  left  it  standing.  "Any  one 
could   do    that,"   said    the    courtier.        "After    I 

have   shown    the   way."   replied   th<'   admiral. 

"  Gentlemen,"  he  continued,  "alter  I  have 
shown  a  new  wa,\  to  India,  nothing  is  easier 
than  to  follow."     The  courtier  was  answered. 

Columbus  as  a  Prophet.  Returning  from 
Central  America  (1603),  Columbus  was  wrecked 
on  the  island  of  Jamaica.  He  sent  to  Santo 
Domingo  for  succor,  but  none  came  for  months 
afterwards.  The  Spaniards  becoming  burden- 
some to  the  natives,  the  latter  Contemplated 
the  destruction  of  Columbus  and  his  party. 
The  astronomical  knowledge  of  the  latter  en- 
abled him  to  overawe  the  natives.  He  told 
them  the  anger  of  God  would  be  manifested  on 
a  particular  night  by  withdrawing  the  light  of 
the  moon.  and.  if  they  continued  to  refuse  sup- 
port  to  the  white  people — who  were  the  special 
favorites  of  the  Great  Spirit  —  they  would  be 
destroyed.      At   the  time  predicted  an  ellipse 

of  the  mOOU  occurred.  The  barbarians  were 
struck  with  terror,  ami  instantly  brought  him 
an  ample  supply  of  provisions,  begging  him  to 
ask  the  Great  Spirit  to  spare  them.  lie  did  so. 
The  eclipse  went  oil.  and  from  that  day  the  na- 
tives avoided  giving  offence  to  the  great  navi- 
gator and  his  companions. 

Columbus,  Bartholomew,  elder  brother  of 
Christopher  Columbus,  was  bora  in  Genoa  about 
1438;  died  in  1614.     In  1470,  wheu  Christopher 

went  to  Lisbon.  Bartholomew  was  there  en- 
gaged as  a  mariner  and  a  constructor  of  maps 
and  charts.  It  is  believed  that  he  visited  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  with  Bartholomew  l>iaz. 
Christopher  sent   him  to  England  to  seek  the 

aid  of  Henry  VII.  in  making  a  voyage  of  discov- 
ery, lie  was  captured  by  pirates,  and  long  re- 
tained a  captive;  and,  on  his  return  through 
France,  he  first  heard  of  his  brother's  great  dis- 
covery beyond  the  Atlantic,  and  that  he  had 
sailed  on  a  second  voyage.  Bartholomew  was 
cordially   received    at    the    Spanish    court,   and 

(.) n   Isabella  sent   him  in  command  of  three 

stoic -ships  for  the  colony   in   Hispaniola,  or 


COLUMBUS  2- 

Santo  Domingo.  His  brother  received  bira 
with  joy,  and  made  him  lieutenant-governor 
of  the  Indies.  He  was  uncommonly  bravo  and 
energetic,  and,  when  his  brother  was  sent  to 
Spain  ill  chains,  Bartholomew  shared  his  im- 
prisonment, was  released  with  him,  and  was 
made  Lord  of  Moua — an  island  near  Santo  Do- 
mingo. 

Columbus,  Christopher  (Cristoforo  Colum- 
bo),  was  born  in  or  near  Genoa  about  the 
year  1435.  At  the  age  of  ten  years  he  was 
placed  in  the  University  of  Pavia,  where  be 
was  instructed  in  the  sciences  which  pertain 
to  navigation.  In  1450  he  entered  the  marine 
service  of  Genoa,  and  remained  in  it  twenty 
years.  His  brother,  Bartholomew,  was  then 
in  Lisbon,  engaged  in  constructing  maps  and 
charts,  and  making  an  occasional  voyage  at 
sea.    Thither  Christopher  went  in  1470.    Prince 


Henry  of  Portugal  was  then  engaged  in  ex- 
plorations of  the  west  coast  of  Africa,  seeking 
for  a  passage  to  India  south  of  that  continent. 
The  merchants  of  western  Europe  were  then 
debarred  from  participation  in  the  rich  com- 
merce of  the  Mast  by  way  of  the  Mediterranean 
Sea  by  their  powerful  and  jealous  rivals  the 

Italians,  and    this   fact    stimulated   explorations 

tin-  the  circumnavigation  of  Africa.  Prince 
Henry  bad  persisted  in  Ids  efforts  in  the  face 

of  opposition  of  priests  and  learned  professors, 
and    had    already,   by    actual    discovery    DJ    hi* 

navigators,  exploded  the  erroneous  belief  that 
the  equator  was  impassable  because  of  the  ex- 
treme beat  of  the  air  and  water.  Columbus 
hoped  to  I i 1 1 1 1  employment  in  the  prince's  ser- 
vice, but  Ilenn  died  soon  alter  the  Genoese  ar- 
rived in  List In  the  chapel  of  the  Con \ en  I 

of  All-Saint*  al    Lisbon.  Columbus    became   ae 

quainted  with  Felipa,  daughter  of  Paleatrello, 


i  COLUMBUS 

an  Italian  cavalier  then  dead,  who  had  been 
one  of  tho  most  trusted  of  Prince  Henry's  navi- 
gators. Mutual  love  led  to  marriage.  The 
bride's  mother  placed  in  the  hands  of  Colum- 
bus the  papers  of  her  husband,  which  opened 
to  his  mind  a  new  field  of  contemplation  and 
ambition.  The  desire  for  making  explorations 
in  the  western  waters  was  powerfully  stimu- 
lated by  stories  of  vegetable  productions,  lim- 
ber handsomely  carved,  and  the  bodies  of  two 
men  with  dusky  skins,  which  had  been  washed 
ashore  at  the  Azores  from  some  unknown  land 
in  the  west.  These  had  actually  been  seen  by 
Pedro  Correo,  a  brother  of  the  wife  of  Colum- 
bus. These  things  confirmed  Columbus  in  his 
belief  that  the  earth  was  a  sphere,  and  that 
Asia  might  be  reached  by  sailing  westward 
from  Europe.  He  laid  plans  for  explorations, 
and,  in  1474,  communicated  them  to  the  learned 
Florentine  cosmographer,  Paul  Toscauelli, 
who  gave  him  an  encouraging  answer,  and 
sent  him  a  map  constructed  partly  from 
Ptolemy's  and  partly  from  descriptions  of 
Farther  India  by  Marco  Polo,  a  Venetian 
traveller  who  told  of  Cathay  (China)  and 
Zipango  (Japan)  in  the  12th  century.  In 
1477  Columbus  sailed  northwest  from  Por- 
tugal beyond  Iceland  to  latitude  7li  ,  when 
pack-ice  turned  him  back  ;  and  it  is  be- 
lieved that  he  went  southward  as  far  as 
the  coast  of  Guinea.  Unable  to  fit  out 
a  vessel  for  himself,  it  is  stated  that  he 
first  applied  for  aid,  but  in  vain,  to  the 
Genoese.  With  like  ill -success  he  ap- 
plied to  King  John  of  Portugal,  who  fa- 
vored his  suit,  but  priests  and  professors 
interposed  controlling  objections.  The 
king,  however,  sent  a  caravel  ostensibly 
with  provisions  for  the  Cape  de  Veld 
stands,  bnt  with  secret  instruct  ions  to  tho 
commander  to  pursue  a  eour.se  westward 
indicated  by  Columbus.  The  fears  of  the 
mariners  caused  them  to  turn  hack  from 
the  tbreatenings  of  the  turbulent  Atlantic. 
Disgusted  with  this  pitiful  trick,  reduced 
to  poverty,  and  Inning  lost  his  wile,  he 
determined  to  leave  Portugal  and  ask  aid 
elsewhere.  With  his  son.  Diego,  he  left  Lis- 
bon for  Spain  secretly  ill  1484,  while  his  brother, 
Bartholomew,  prepared  to  go  to  England  to  ask 
aid  for  the  projected  enterprise  from  Henry  VII. 
Genoa  again  declined  to  help  him:  so  also  did 
Venice;  and  he  applied  to  the  powerful  and 
wealthy  Spanish  Dnkea  id'  nfedina-Sidonia  and 
Medina-Ccli.  The\  declined,  but  the  latter  rec- 
ommended   the    project    to   Queen    Isabella   (see 

ItaMla),  then  with  her  court  at  Cordova,  who 
requested  the  navigator  to  be  sent  to  her.     In 

that  cily  lie  became  attached  to  Donna  Beatrice 
Bnriquea,  by  whom  he  had  a  son.  Ferdinand, 
born  in  1487,  who  became  the  biographer  of  bis 

father.  It  was  an  inauspicious  moment  for  Co- 
lumbus to  lav  his  projects  before  tin'  Spanish 
nionarchs,  for  their  courts  were  moving  from 
place  to  place,  in  troublous  times,  surrounded 
by  I  he  din  and  pageantry  of  war.  But  al  Sala- 
manca be  was  introduced  to  King  Ferdinand  by 
Meiido/a.  archbishop  of  Toledo  and  Craiiil  Car- 


COLUMBUS 


dinal  of  Spain.  A  council  of  astronomers  and 
eosmographera  was  assembled  at  Salamanca  to 
consider  the  project.  They  decided  that  the' 
scheme  \\;is  visionary,  unscriptural,  and  irre- 
ligious,  and  the  navigator  was  in  danger  of  ar- 
raignment before  the  tribunal  of  the  Inquisi- 
tion. For  seven  years  longer  the  patient  navi- 
gator waited,  while  the  Spanish  monarchs  were 

engaged  with  the  Moors  in  Granada,  duriug 

wliieh  time  Columbus  served  in  the  army  as  a 
volunteer.  Meanwhile  the  King  of  Portugal  had 
invited  him  (1488)  to  return,  and  Henry  VII. 
had  also  invited  him  hy  letter  to  come  to  the 
court  of  England,  giving  him  encouraging  prom- 


275  COLUMBUS 

Palos,  with  scientific  men,  were  invited  to  the 
convent  to  confer  with  Columhus,  and  Pinzon 
offered  to  furnish  and  command  a  ship  for  ex- 
plorations. Marchena,  who  had  been  Queen  Isa- 
bella's confessor,  wrote  to  her,  asking  an  inter- 
view with  her  for  Columbus.  It  was  granted. 
Marchena  rode  to  the  camp  of  the  monarchs  at 
Santa  ¥6,  when  the  qneeil  sent  a  little  more 
than  two  hundred  dollars  to  Columbus  to  en- 
able him  to  appear  decently  at  court.  He  61 
plained  his  project,  to  the  sovereigns.  He  had 
already,  hy  the  operations  of  a  poetic  tempera- 
ment, regarded  himself  as  a  preordained  gospel- 
bearer  to  the  heathen  of  unknown  lands.     His 


1     COLUMBUS. 


lass  of  aid.    Hut  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  treated 

1dm  kindly. and  he  remained  in  Spain  until  L491, 
when  he-  get  out  to  lay  his  projects  beforeCharlea 
VIII.  of  France.  ()n  his  way, at  the  close  of  a 
beautiful  October  day,  lie  stopped  at  the  gate 
of  the  Franciscan  monastery  of  Santa  Maria  de 
Babida,  near  the  porl  of  Paloa,  in  Andalusia, 
and  asked  tor  refreshment  lor  his  hoy,  Diego. 
The  prior  of  the  convent,  .hum  Perez  de  Mai- 
chena  became  interested  in  the  conversation  of 
the  stranger,  and  be  Invited  turn  to  remain  as 
hi*  guest.  To  bi in  Columbus  unfolded  bis  plana. 
Alonzo  Pinzon  and  other  eminent  navigators  at 


name  implied  it  ■■  Christ  -  hearer  ;"  and  hear- 
ing that  the  Sultan  of  Egypt  intended  to  de- 
stroy the  sepulchre  of  Jesus,  he  recorded  a  vow 
that  he  would  devote  the  proceeds  of  his  ex- 
plorations to  the  rescue  of  that   holy  place  from 

destruction.    He  urged  Ids  suit  with  eloquence, 

hut  the  queen's  confessor  opposed  the  demands 
of  Coluinhus,  and  he  left  (iranada — ; jus)  con- 
quered from  the  Moors-  for  France.  A  more 
enlightened  civil  officer  at  court  remonstrated, 
and  the  queen  sent  for  him  to  return.  IVnli 
nand  said  their  wars  had  so  exhausted  the  treas- 
ury that  money  could  not  he  spared  for  the  en- 


COLUMBUS 


276 


COLUMBIA 


terprise.  The  queen  declared  that  she  would 
pledge  her  crown  jewels,  it'  necessary,  to  supply 
the  money,  aud  would  undertake  the  enterprise 
for  her  own  crown  of  Castile.  (See  Isabella.) 
An  agreement  was  sigued  by  their  majesties 
and  Columbus  at  Santa  Fe,  April  17,  14i)2,  by 
which  be  and  his  heirs  should  forever  have  the 
office  of  admiral  over  all  lands  be  might  discov- 
er, with  honors  equal  to  those  of  Grand  Admiral 
of  Castile;  that  he  should  be  viceroy  ami  gov- 
ernor-general over  the  same;  that  he  should  re- 
ceive one  tenth  of  all  mineral  and  other  prod- 
ucts that  might  he  obtained;  that  he  aud  his 
lieutenants  should  be  the  sole  judges  in  all  dis- 
putes that  might  arise  between  his  jurisdiction 
and   Spain,   and    that  he  might  advance  one 


landing  of  coriMBrs.     (from  un  Ancient  Manuscript) 

eighth  in  any  venture,  and  receive  a  corre- 
sponding share  of  the  profits.  II*?  was  also 
authorized  to  enjoy  the  title  of  Don,  OI  noble. 
The    lnonarchs   fitted   out  two   small    vessels 

caravels,  or  nudecked  ships  -and  one  larger 
\'  HeL    Leaving  Diego  as  page  to  Prince  Juan, 

the  heir   apparent,  Columbus  sailed  from  Pal 08 

in  i In'  decked  vessel  Santa  Maria,  with  Martin 
Alonzo  l'in/.on  as  commander  of  the  J'iiita,  and 
his  brother,  Vincent  Yahez  l'inzon,  as  com- 
inamlei  of  the  Mini,  the  two  caravels.  Thej 
left  the  port  with  ■  complement  of  officers  and 
.lews  on  Friday  morning,  Aug.  3,  1482,  and  af- 
ter a  voyage  marked  by  tempests  the  crew  in 
mortal  tear  most  of  the  time,  and  at  last  muti- 


nous— some  indications  of  land  were  discovered 
late  in  the  night  of  the  11th  of  October.  Many 
times  they  had  beeu  deceived  by  presages  of 
land,  aud  what  they  thought  were  actual  dis- 
coveries of  it.  The  crown  had  oft'ercd  a  little 
more  than  one  hundred  dollars  to  the  man  who 
should  first  discover  land,  and  to  this  Columbus 
added  the  prize  of  a  silken  doublet.  All  eyes 
were  continually  on  the  alert.  At  ten  o'clock 
on  the  night  of  the  11th,  Columbus  was  on  his 
deck,  eagerly  watching  for  signs  of  land,  when 
he  discovered  a  light  on  the  verge  of  the  hori- 
zon. Early  the  next  morning,  Kodrigo  Triceiia, 
a  sailor  of  the  J'inta,  first  saw  land;  but  the 
award  was  given  to  Columbus,  who  saw  the 
light  on  the  land.  At  dawn  a  wooded  shore 
lay  before  them;  and,  after  a  perilous  voy- 
age of  seventy-one  days,  the  commander, 
with  the  banner  of  the  expedition  in  bis 
hand,  leading  his  followers,  landed,  as  they 
supposed,  on  the  shores  of  Farther  India. 
Columbus,  clad  in  scarlet  and  gold,  first 
touched  the  beach.  A  group  of  naked  na- 
tives, with  skins  of  a 
copper  hue,  watched 
their  movements  with 
awe,  and  regarded  the 
strangers  as  gods.  Be- 
lieving he  was  in  In- 
dia, Columbus  called 
the  inhabitants  "In- 
dians." (See  Indians.) 
Columbus  took  pos- 
session of  the  laud  in 
the  name  oft  he  crown 
of  Castile,  lie  soon 
discovered  it  to  be  an 
island — one  of  the 
Bahamas  —  which  he 
named  San  Salvador. 
Sailing  southward,  he 
discovered  Cuba,  Hay- 
ti  (see  Santo  Domingo), 
and  other  islands,  and 

these  were  denominated  the  West  Indies. 
He  called  Hayti  Hispauiola, or  Little  Spain. 
On  its  northern  shores  the  Santa  Maria  was 
wrecked.  With  her  timbers  he  built  a  tort. 
and  leaving  thirty-nine  men  there  to  defend 
it  and  the  interests  of  Castile,  In-  sailed  in 
the  Nina  for  Spain  in  .January.  1493, taking 
with  him  several  natives  of  both  sexes.  On 
the  voyage  he  encountered  a  fearful  tem- 
pest, but  arrived  safely  in  the  Tagus  early  in 
March,  where  the  King  of  Portugal  kindly  re- 
ceived him.  On  the  15th  he  reached  Pains,  aad 
hastened  to  the  court  at  Barcelona,  with  his  na- 
tives, specimens  of  precious  metals,  beautiful 
birds,  •ind  other  products  of  the  uewlj  found 

regions.  There  he  was  received  vvilh  great 
honors;  all  his  dignities  were  reaffirmed,  and 
on  the  96th  of  September.  1498,  he  sailed  from 
Cadiz  with  a  licit  of  seventeen  ships  and  fifteen 

hundred  men.  Most  of  these  win'  merely  ad- 
vent iliers,  and  by  (piancls  and  mutinies  gave 
the  admiral  a  great  deal  of  trouble.      After  (lis- 

covering  the  Windward  Islands,  Jamaica,  and 

Porto  l.'ieo,  fouudiug  a  colony  on  ilispaniola,  and 


OF  TIIE  EXPEDITION. 


COLUMBUS  2 

leaving  his  brother,  Bartholomew,  lientenant- 
govenior  of  the  island,  he  returned  to  Spain, 
reaching  Cadiz  July  11, 1494.  .Jealousy  bad  pro- 
millgatetl  many  slanders  concerning  him  ;  these 
were  all  Bwepl  away  iii  his  presence.  The  nobles 

were  jealous  of  him,  and  Used  every  means  in 
their  power  to  thwart  his  grand  purposes  and 
to  bring  him  into  disrepute.  He  calmly  met 
their  opposition  by  reasOU,  and  often  confused 
them  by  simple  illustrations.  (See  CoUmbut 
and  the  Courtier.)  lie  had  already,  by  his  suc- 
cess, silenced  the  clamor  of  the  ignorant  and 
superstitious  priesthood  about  the  "unscriptu- 
ral  "  and  -  irreligious"  character  of  bis  proposi- 
tion, and  finally,  on  May  30,  1488,  Columbus 
sailed  from  San  Dinar  dc  Ilarrameda,  with  six 
ships,  on  his  third  voyage  of  discovery,  lb- 
took  a  more  southerly  course,  and  discovered 
the  continent  of  South  America  on  the  1st  of 
August, at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Orinoco,  which 

he  supposed   to  be  o if  the   rivers  (lowing   out 

of  Ellen.  Having  discovered  several  islands, 
and  the  coast  of  Para,  he  finally  went  to  Hi-pa- 
niida  to  recruit  his  enfeebled  health.  The  col- 
ony was  in  great  disorder,  and  his  efforts  to  re- 
store order  caused  him  to  be  made  the  victim 
Of  jealous V  and  malice.  He  was  misrepresent- 
ed at  the  Spanish  court,  and  Francisco  de  I!o- 
badilla  was  sent  from  Spain  to  inquire  into  the 
matter.  He  was  ambitious  ami  unscrupulous, 
and  he  sent  Columbus  and  bis  brother  to  Spam 
in  chains,  usurping  the  government  of  the  isl- 
and. The  commander  of  the  ship  that  conveyed 
him  across  the  sea  offered  to  liberate  him  while 
on  board  his  vessel.  "No," he  proudly  replied; 
"'  the  chains  have  been  pal  on  by  eonnnaiul  of 
their  majesties,  and  I  will  wear  them  until  they 
shall  order  them  to  be  taken  off.  1  will  pre- 
serve them  afterwards  as  relics  and  memorials 
of  the  reward  of  mj  services."  The  mouarchn 
and  the  people  of  Spain  were  indignant  at  this 
treatment  of  the  gnat  discoverer.  He  was  re- 
leased, and  Bobadilla  w  as  recalled,  but.  through 
the  Influence  of  the  jealous  Spanish  nobles,  Ni- 
colas Ovando  was  appointed  by  the  king  gov- 
ernor of  Hispaniola,  instead  of  Columbus.  The 
great  admiral  was  neglected  for  a   while,  when 

the  earnest  qneen,  Isabella,  caused  an  expedi- 
tion to  be  fitted  out  for  him.  and.  on  May  !», 
loll.',  he  sailed  from  Cadi/  with  a  small  fleet, 
Mostly    caravels.       He    was    not    allowed   ton-lit 


at  his  own  colony  of  Hispaniola  or  Santo  Domin 

go,  and    he    sailed   to    the   western    verge    of    the 
Snlf  of  M.mco  in  search  of  a  passage  through 


7  COLUMBUS,  EVACUATION  OF 

what  he  always  believed  to  be  Zipango  (Japan) 
to  Cathay,  or  China.  After  great  sufferings,  he 
returned  to  Spain  in  November,  1504, old  and  in- 
firm, to  find  the  good  queen  dead,  and  to  expe- 
rience the  bitterness  of  neglect  from  Ferdinand, 
her  husband.      His  claims  were  rejected  by  the 

ungrateful  monarch,  and  he  lived  in  poverty 
and  obscurity  in  Valladolid  until  May  20,  150b', 
when  he  died.  In  a  touching  letter  to  a  friend 
just  before  bis  death,  he  wrote,  "  I  have  no 
place  to  repair  to  except  an  inn,  and  am  often 
with  nothing  to  pay  for  my  sustenance."  For 
seven  yean  his  remains  lay  unnoticed  in  a  con- 
vent at  Valladolid,  when  the  ashamed  Ferdi- 
nand had  them  removed  to  a  monastery  in  Se- 
ville, and  elected  a  monument  to  his  memory  on 
which  were  inscribed  the  words,  "A  Castiij  \ 
v  \  LSOM  NUKVO  Minimi  Dm  COLOK"  "  To 
Castile  and  LeOU  Columbus  gave  a  New  World." 
He  died  in  the  belief  that  the  continent  he  had 
discovered  was  A-ia  II:-  remains  were  con- 
veyed I  with  those  of  his  son,  Diego),  ill  1536,  to 
Santo  Domingo,  where  thej  were  deposited  in 

the  cathedral,  and  there  they  yet  remain.  A 
noble  monument  to  his  memory  has  been  erect- 
ed in  the  city  of  Genoa,  Italy. 

Columbus,  DlEQO,  son  of  Christopher,  was 
born  about  the  Near  147-.'.  in  Lisbon,  lie  ac- 
companied his  lather  to  Spain,  and  was  in- 
structed, in  his  youth,  at  the  Monastery  of 
Santa  Maria  de  Babida,  near  l'alos,  under  the 
care  of  lather  Marchena.  the  prior  of  the  es- 
tablishment. He  was  afterwards  nurtured  in 
the  bosom  of  the  Spanish  court  as  an  attend- 
ant upon  Prince  Juan,  and  developed,  in  young 
manhood,  much  of  the  indomitable  spirit  of  his 
father.      After  the  death   of  the   latter  he  made 

unavailing  efforts  to  procure  from  King  Ferdi- 
nand the  offices  and  rights  secured  to  bis  father 
and  his  descendants  by  solemn  contract.  At 
the  end  of  two  years  he  sued  the  king  before 
the  Council  of  the  Indies  (which  seel,  and  ob- 
tained a  decree  in  his  favor  and  a  confirmation 

ot  his  title  to  the  vice-royalty  of  the  West  bi- 
llies. In  1509  he  sailed  for  Santo  lloniingo  with 
his  young  wife,  and  superseded  Nicolas  Ovamln 

a-  governor, H  ho  had  I n  wrongfully  put  in  that 

Office  by    the   king.      (See  Simla  DamiiKjo.)     TIlO 

sa year  he  planted  a  set  t  lenient  iii  Jamaica  ; 

and    in    loll    he   sent    Diego   Velasquez,  with   a 
small   number  of  troops,  to  conquer  Cuba,  and 
the  victor  was  made  captain-general  of  Hie  isl- 
■    Cuba.) 

Columbus  (  K'v),  EVACUATIOH  OF.  When 
Fort  Donclson  fell,  Columbus  was  no  longer 
tenable.  Beauregard  was  now  in  command  on 
the  borders  of  the  Mississippi,  and,  pursnant  to 

orders  from  Richmond,  he  directed  ( ieiieral  Polk 
to  evacuate  Columbus  and  transfer  bis  troops 
and  as  much  of  the  munitions  of  war  as  possible 
to  places  of  greater  safety.  New  Madrid  and 
New  Madiid  Bend,  in  Missouri,  and  Island  No. 
in.  in  the  Mississippi,  were  chosen  for  this  pur- 
pose.  Meanwhile  Commodore  Foote  had  put  in 
motion  a  licet  of  gunboats  on  .(he  Mississippi, 
and  accompanying  transports  bore  two  thou- 
sand   troops    under   General   W.  T.  Sherman. 


COLUMBUS,  SHIP  OF,  WRECKED        276 


COMANCHES 


colcmbus  monument  in  GENOA.     (See  page  277.) 


When,  on  March  4,  1862,  this  armament  ap- 
proached Columbus,  the  Union  flag  was  seen 
floating  tliere.  It  bad  been  unfurled  the  pre- 
vious evening  by  a  scouting-party  of  Illinois 
troops  from  Padncah,  who  found  the  place  de- 
serted l>y  Confederate  soldiers.  Slierinan  left  a 
garrison  in  the  fortifications,  and  Foote  return- 
ed to  Cairo  to  prepare  for  a  siege  of  New  Madrid 
and  Island  No.  10. 

Columbus,  Ship  ok.  wkkckf.d.  After  Co- 
lnmlms  discovered  the  island  of  Cnba  (which 
he  named  .liianna,  in  honor  of  the  son  of  the 
Spanish  Monarch),  he  sailed  eastward  and  dis- 
covered llayli,  which  he  named  1  lispaniola.  It 
was  afterwards  called  Santo  Domingo,  There, 
on  shoals,  bis  Careless  sailors  lost  one  of  his 
ships.  The  native  prince,  Guacaiiagari,  showed 
Ureal  sympathy,  and  placed  a  guard  to  protect 
the  property  of  the  ship.  The  evenl  occurred  <>n 

Christinas  .lav.  ami  Columbna  called  the  place 
l.a   Na\  nl.iil       I  he   nativity.      The   natr 


everything  f1()m  the  wreck, 
treated  the  crew  kindly,  and 
were  requited  with  cruel  wrong. 
Column  of  Marble  at  York- 
towa  The  Continental  Con- 
gress, sitting  at  Philadelphia, 
when  the  glad  news  of  the 
capture  of  Cornwallis  and  his 
army  reached  them,  passed  a 
vote  of  thanks  to  Washington, 
Rochambeau,  and  De  Grasse, 
the  corps  of  artillery  nnder  Gen- 
eral Knox,  and  their  respective 
officers  and  men.  Also,  on  the 
same  day  the  Congress  re- 
sol  ved."  That  the  United  States. 
in  Congress  assembled,  will 
cause  to  be  erected  at  York, 
in  Virginia,  a  marble  column, 
adorned  with  emblems  of  the 
alliance  between  the  United 
States  and  his  Christian  majes- 
ty, and  inscribed  with  a  suc- 
cinct narrative  of  the  surrender 
of  Earl  Cornwallis  to  his  ex- 
cellency General  'Washington. 
Commander-in-chief  of  the  com- 
bined forces  of  America  and 
Prance;  to  his  excellency  the 
Count  de  Bochambean,  com- 
manding the  auxiliary  troops 
of  his  most  Christian  majesty 
in  America  ;  and  to  his  ex- 
cellency the  Count  de  Grasse, 
commanding  the  naval  forces 
of  France  in  Chesapeake  Bay." 
The  column  has  never  been 
erected. 

Colyer's  Christian  "Work  at 
New  Beme.  Vincent  Colyer, 
a  well-known  citizen  of  New- 
York,  and  originator  of  the 
United  States  Christian  Com- 
mission (which  Bee),  was  with 
Burnside  in  his  expedition  to 
the  coast  of  North  Carolina, 
for  the  purpose  of  administering  to  the  wants 
of  the  poor  and  ignorant  colored  people.  After 
the  capture  of  New  Berne  (which  see),  and  his 
labors  in  the  hospitals  were  ended,  he  was 
placed,  by  Burnside,  in  charge  of  the  helpless 
inhabitants  of  that  town.  He  began  his  benev- 
olent work  by  finding  remunerative  labor  for 
the  able-bodied,  lie  opened  evening-schools  for 
the  instruction  of  the  colored  people,  in  which 
over  eight  hundred  most  eager  pupils  wen 
nightly  sen,  some  of  the  N,u  England  Boldien 
acting  as  teachers.  Hut  this  Christian  work 
was  suddenly  stopped  in  May,  1862,  when  Ed- 
ward  Stanley, a  North  Carolinian,  was  appoint- 
ed, by  the  President,  military  governor  of  the 
slate.  The  closing  of  these  schools  was  the 
Ant  administrative  ait  of  the  new  governor.be- 
oanse,  In-  -aid.  tin-  laws  of  North  Carolina  made 

it  --a  criminal  offence  to  teach  the  blacks  to 
read."     (8ee  United  Statu  Christian  Commurion.) 

Comauches.      This  is  a  roving  and   warlike 


COMBAHEE,  SKIRMISH  NEAR  THE       279 


COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF 


tribe  of  North  American  Indians  of  the  Sho- 
shone family  (see  Shoxlwnes),  who,  when  first 
known,  inhabited  the  region  from  the  head- 
waters of  the  Brazos  and  Colorado  rivers  to 
those  of  the  Arkansas  and  Missouri,  some  of 
their  hands  penetrating  to  Santa  Pc.  in  New 
Mexico,  and  to  Dnraugo,  in  Mexico.  The  Span- 
iards and  the  tribes  <>n  The  Central  Plains,  like 
the  Pawnees,  have  felt  their  power  ill  war  from 
an  early  period.  They  called  themselves  by  a 
name  signifying  "live  people,"  believed  in  one 
supreme  Father;  and  claim  to  have  come  from 
towards  the  setting  sun.  The  tribe  is  divided 
into  eight  bands,  and  all  are  expert  horsemen. 
The  French  in  Louisiana  first  penetrated  their 
country  in  1718,  buying  horses  from  them,  and 
in  1T-J  t  made  a  treaty  with  them.  Tbey  were 
then    numerous.       One    village    visited    by    the 

French  had  L40  lodges,  containing  1500  women, 
•200(1  children,  and  800  warriors.      Until  1788, 

they  had  lone;  and  bl ly  wars  with  the  Span- 
iards, when,  t  heir  great  war-chief  being  slain,  a 
peace  was  established.     Tliey  numbered  f><KHI  in 

1780  In  1816  they  lost  4000  of  their  popula- 
tion bj  small-pox.  So  late  as  1-47  their  niim- 
her  was  estimated  at  10,000,  with  Over  8000 
warriors:  in  1872,  at  a  Intl.-  OTei  WOO.  They 
have  always  been  troublesome.  Some  of  them 
were  on  a  reservation  in  Texas,  bnt  were  ex- 
pelled. The  government  is  now  trying  the  ex- 
periment of  placing  them  on  a  reservation  in 
the  western  part  of  the  Indian  Territory.  Many 
of  them  continue  to  roam,  and  ridicule  the  idea 
of  settling  clown. 

Combahee,  Skirmish  m:ai:  tiii 
When  General  Leslie,  the  British  commander 
in  Charleston, heard  of  the  proceedings  in  Par- 
liament, he  proposed  to  General  Greene  a  cessa- 
tion of  hostilities.  Greene  referred  tin-  matter 
to  Congress,  but  did  not  relax  his  vigilance. 
I,e>lie  al-o  requested  Greene  to  allow  him  to 
purchase  supplies  for  his  army.  Unwilling  to 
nourish  a  \ij>er  in  his  bosom,  Greene  refused, 

and  Leslie  resorted  to  force  to  obtain  supplies. 
Late  in  August  (1782)  be  attempted  to  ascend 
the  C Iiahee  for  the  purpose.  He  was  op- 
posed by  the  Americans  under  Genera]  Gist, of 

the  Maryland  line.  Colonel  John  Laurens  vol- 
unteered m  the  service,  and  in  a  skirmish  at 
daybreak  (Ang. 25)  he  was  killed.  His  was  al- 
most  tin-   last    hi.-  saeriliecd   in   the  old  war  for 

independence. 

Combs,  Li'.si.ii'.,  was  horn  in  Kentucky  in 
1794.  Mis  father  was  an  offloeT  in  the  Revoln- 
lion  and  a  hunter.  Leslie  was  the  youngest  of 
twelve  children,  and  was  distinguished  for  en- 
Orgy  and  bravery  in  the  War  of  1-1-  16,  1 1' 
commanded  a  company  of  SCOUtS,  and  did  ad- 
mirable service  for  the  salvation  of  Port  Mei^'s. 

(See  ComMt  Mission.)     Being  made  prisoner 

near  Port  MeigB,  he  was  taken  by  the  Indians, 
his    captors,   to    Fori     Miami,   below,   where    he 

was  compelled  to  run  the  gauntlet  (see  Bwmimg 
the  Gauntlet),  in   which   he  was  prettv 
wounded.      His  life  was  saved  l.v   the  humanity 

ofTecumtba.     Combs  became  a  general  of  the 

militia,  and   has   always  liecn    a   zealous  politi- 


cian and  active  citizen.  When  these  lines  were 
written  (in  the  spring  of  1880)  General  Combs  was 
yet  living  in  Kentucky,  active  and  vigorous  in 
mind  and  body,  at  the  age  of  eighty-five  years. 


LESLIE   COMBS. 

Combs's  Mission.     When  General  Harrison 
was  about  to  be  closely  besieged  in  Fort  Meigs 

(May.  1813),  he  sent  Captain  William  Oliver  to 
nrge  General  Green  Clay  to  push  forward  rap- 
idly with  the  Ketitnckians  he  was  then  leading 
towards  the  Mainnee  Rapids.  While  Colonel 
Dudley,  whom  Clay  had  sent  forward,  was  on 
his  way  down  the  An  Glaize  River, Clay  heard 
of  the  perilous  condition  <d'  Fort  Meigs, and  re 
solved  to  send  Word  to  Harrison  of  his  near  ap- 
proach. He  called  for  a  volunteer,  when  Leslie 
Combs  then  nineteen  years  of  age  promptl.i 
responded.  "When  we  reach  Fort  Defiance," 
said  Combs,  "if  you  will  furnish  me  with  a 
good  canoe,  I  will  carry  your  despatches  to 
General  Harrison  and  return  with  liis  orders. 
I  shall  only  require  four  or  five  volunteers  and 
one  cd"  my  Indian  guides  to  accompany  me." 
Combs  was  properly  equipped,  and  on  May  1  he 
Started  on  his  perilous  errand,  accompanied  by 
two  brothers  named  Walker  and  two  others 
(  Paxton  and  Johnson);  also  by  young  Black 
Fish,  a  Bhawnoese  warrior.  They  passed  the 
Rapids  in  safety,  when  the  roar  of  the  siege 
met  their  ears.  Great  peril  was  in  their  way. 
It  was  late  in  the  morning.  To  remain  where 
they  were  until  night  or  to  go  on  was  equally 
hazardous.  "We  must  go  on."  said  the  brave 
Combs.  As  they  passed  the  last  bend  in  the 
Stream  that  kept  the  fort  from  view  they  were 
greatly  rejoiced  to  see  that  "the  flag  was  still 
there,"  and  that  the  garrison  was  holding  out 
against  a  gtrong  besieging  force.  Suddenly  they 
were  assailed  by  some  Indians  in  the  woods,  and 
were  compelled  to  turn  their  canoe  towards  the 
opposite  shore,  where  they  abandoned  it.  (hie  of 
the  parly  was  killed  and  another  badly  wound- 
ed. Combs  and  bis  unhurt  companions  made 
their  way  back  to  Port  Defiance. 

Commander-in-chief  of  the  Continental 


COMMERCE  ALARMED  2 

Army,  APPOINTMENT  of  the.  General  Arte- 
mas  Ward,  of  Massachusetts,  the  senior  in  com- 
mand of  the  provincial  militia,  assumed  the 
chief  command  of  the  volunteers  who  gathered 

near  Boston  after  the  skirmishes  at  Lexington 
and  Concord.  He  was  good  and  virtuous,  but 
aged,  and  not  possessed  of  sufficient  military 
ability  or  personal  activity  to  make  an  ener- 
getic commander  of  a  large  army.  The  Pro- 
vincial Congress  of  Massachusetts  apprehended 
the  me] ting-away  of  the  army  gathered  at  Cam- 
bridge unless  a  more;  efficient  leader  might  be 
found,  and,  to  avoid  giving  offence,  they  asked 
the  Continental  Congress  to  assume  the  regula- 
tion and  direction  of  that  army.  Joseph  War- 
ren, in  a  private  letter  to  Samuel  Adams,  wrote 
that  tin-  request  was  to  be  interpreted  as  a  de- 
sire for  the  appointment  of  a  new  chief  com- 
mander of  all  the  troops  that  might  be  raised. 
.Just  then  news  arrived  of  the  approach  of  re- 
inforcements for  Gage,  under  generals  Clinton, 
Howe,  ami  Burgoyne,  and  Congress  felt  the  im- 
portance of  acting  promptly.  At  the  sugges- 
tion of  John  Adams,  the  army  was  adopted  as 
a  continental  one  (see  Continental  Army);  and, 
at  the  suggestion  of  the  New  England  delega- 
tion, Thomas  Johnson,  of  Maryland,  nominated 
George  Washington,  of  Virginia,  for  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  armies  of  the  inchoate  republic. 
Ho  was  elected  (June  15,  1775)  by  unanimous 
vote,  and  on  the  following  morning  John  Han- 
cock, President  of  Congress,  officially  announced 
to  Washington  his  appointment.  The  Virginia 
colonel  arose  and,  in  a  brief  and  modest  speech, 
formally  accepted  tho  office.  After  expressing 
doubts  of  his  ability  to  perform  the  duties  sat- 
isfactorily, he  said,  "As  to  pay,  sir,  I  beg  leave 
to  assure  the  Congress  that,  as  no  pecuniary  con- 
sideration could  have  tempted  me  to  accept  the 
arduous  employment  at  the  expense  of  my  do- 
mestic ease  and  happiness,  I  do  not  wish  to 
make  any  prolit  from  it.  1  will  keep  an  exact 
account  of  my  expenses.  Those,  1  doubt  not, 
they  will  discharge,  and  that  is  all  I  desire." 
Washington  was  then  a  little  past  forty-three 
years  of  age.  lie  left  Philadelphia  for  Cam- 
bridge a  week  later,  where  he  arrived  on  the 
2d  of. Inly:  and  at  about  nine  o'clock  on  tin' 
morning  of  the  3d,  standing  in  the  shade  of  an 
elm-tree  (yet  living)  in  Cambridge,  he  formally 
assumed  the  command  of  the  army,  then  num- 
bering about  sixteen  thousand  men,  all  Ncw- 
Euglauders. 

Commerce  Alarmed  (lrtil).  The  patriotic 
action  of  the  New  fork  Legislature  !-<'■  Vine 
York,  I'oxition  of),  ami  the  official  suggestion  of 
Mayor  Wood  that  the  city  of  New  York  would  do 
well  to  •■  secede  "  and  Bel  itself  up  as  a  free  and 
independent  city,  alarmed  theconimcrcial  classes 

of  (hat  emporium,  ami  these  and  Large  capitalists 
hastened  to  propose  conciliation  bj  making  any 

0 lession  to  tin-  demands  of  "the  South."     A 

wax    would   sweep   thousands  of  the   debtors  of 

New  York  merchant*  in  to  absolute  ruin,  and  mill- 
iuuq  of  dollars'  worth  of  hills  receivable  in  the 
liandi  of  their  creditors  would  be  made  worth- 
-  .Ian.  12,  1861,  a  memorial,  num.  rouslj 
signed  by  merchants  ami  capitalists,  w  as  sent  to 


0  COMMISSIONERS  TO  CANADA 

Congress,  praying  that  body  to  legislate  in  the 
interests  of  peace,  and  to  give  assurances,  ••  with 
any  required  guarantees,"  to  the  slaveholders, 

that  their  right  to  regulate  slavery  within  their 
respective  states  should  he  secured  :  that  the 
Fugitive  Slave  Law  should  be  faithfully  execut- 
ed :  that  Personal  Liberty  Acts  in  "possible con- 
flict "  with  that  law  should  be  '•  readjusted."  and 
that  they  should  have  half  the  territories  wherof 
to  organize  slave-labor  states.  They  were  as- 
sured, the  memorialists  said,  that  such  meas- 
ures "would  restore  peace  to  their  agitated 
country."  This  was  followed  by  another  me- 
morial, adopted  Jan.  18,  at  the  rooms  of  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  similar  in  tone  to  the  oth- 
er, and  substantially  recommending  the  Critten- 
den Compromise  (which  see)  as  a  basis  of  pa- 
cification. It  was  taken  to  Washington  city  ear- 
ly in  February,  with  forty  thousand  names  at- 
tached to  it.  At  an  immense  meeting  of  citizens 
at  the  Cooper  Institute,  New  York,  Jan.  24,  it 
was  resolved  to  send  three  commissioners  to  six 

of  the  "seceded  states."  instructed  to  confer 
with  "delegates  of  the  people,"  in  convention 
assembled,  in  regard  to  the  "best  measures  cal- 
culated to  restore  the  peace  and  integrity  of  tho 
Union." 

Commissioners  of  Customs.  Parliament  in 
17(17  provided  for  the  establishment  of  a  board 
of  revenue  commissioners  for  America,  with  its 
seat  at  Boston,  for  the  enforcement  of  the  old 
and  new  revenue  laws.  They  arrived  at  Boston 
in  May,  and  soon  became  involved  in  trouble 
with  the  people. 

Commissioners  of  Indian  Affairs.  The  Con- 
gress perceived  the  importance  of  cultivating 
friendly  relations  with  the  sui-rounding  Indian 
tribes,  and  three  boards  for  the  purpose  were 
created  (July  11,  1775):  One  for  the  Six  Nations 
and  other  northern  tribes;  a  second  for  the 
Cherokees,  and  a  third  for  the  intervening  na- 
tions. Five  hundred  dollars  were  voted  tor  (he 
education  of  Indian  y out  lis  a  t  Whcelock*s  School, 
then  recently  established  at  Ilano\  er.  N.  II..  and 

efforts  were  made  to  engage  some  of  them  either 
as  allies  in  the  war  or  to  a  strict  neutrality. 
The  commissioners  were  invested  with  power  to 
make  treaties  with  the  Indians  and  to  employ 
men  influential  among  the  Indians  to  as-ist 
them.       They    were    authorized    to    arrest    an\ 

agents  of  the  British  government  who  mighl  be 

found  stirring  up  the  Indians  to  hostilities.  A 
friendly  "  talk  "  w  ith  the  Six  Nations  w  MS  adopt- 
ed, and  measures  taken  which  in  a  great  degree 
secured  the  neutrality,  at  least,  of  the  barbari- 
ans on  our  borders. 

Commissioners  to  Canada.  In  March.  1 T 7 1 "» . 
the  Continental  Congress  appointed  Dr.  Frank- 
lin, Samuel  Chase,  and  Charles  Carroll  a  board 
of  commissioners,  Invested  with  full  authority 
to  proceed  to  Canada  anil  direct  military  affairs 
there;   to  promise  a  guarantee  of  the  estates  of 

the  clergy:   t<>  establish  a  free  press;  to  offer 

(he  Canadians   free   trade  with   all   nation*:    to 

invite  them  to  form  a  free  and  Independent  gov- 
ernment for  themselves,  and  to  join  (he  con- 
federated colonies.      Thej  arrived  at   Montreal, 


COMMISSIONERS  TO  FOREIGN  COURTS  281         COMMITTEE  OF  ONE  HUNDRED 


where  Arnold  was  in  command,  at  the  close  of 
April;  but  they  were  too  late.  A  general  im- 
pression prevailed   there  that  the  Republican 

army  would  soon  be  driven  out  of  Canada,  for 
large  reinforcements  for  Carleton  were  daily  ex- 
pected. Without  an  army,  without  hard  money, 
without  credit,  the  commissioners  could  not  ask 
the  Canadians  to  join  them.  Perceiving  that 
the  chief  object  of  their  mission  could  not  be 
attained,  it  was  determined  to  withdraw  the 
troops  to  St.  John,  and  there  to  so  strengthen 
them  and  their  position  that  they  would  form 
an  impassable  barrier  to  an  invasion  from  the 
north.     The  commissioners  soon  returned. 

Commissioners  to  Foreign  Courts.  Soon 
after  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  a  plan  of 

treaties  with  foreign  governments  was  reported 
by  a  committee  on  that  subject,  and  Franklin, 
Deane,  and  Jefferson  were  appointed  (8ept.  26, 
1776)  commissioners  to  the  French  court.  Un- 
willing to  leave  his  wife,  whose  health  was  de- 
clining. Jefferson  refused  the  appointment,  ami 
Arthur  Lee,  then  in  London,  was  substituted  for 
him  ;  and  after  t  lie  loss  of  New  York  t  hese  com- 
missioners were    urged    to   press   (he   BUhjed    cil' 

a  treaty  of  alliance  and  commerce.  Commis- 
sioners were  also  appointed  to  other  European 

irts  in  1777;  Arthur  Lee  to  that  of  Ma. hid; 

his  brother  William  (lately  one  of  the  sheriffs 
of  London)  to  Vienna  and  Berlin,  and  Ralph 
Izard,  of  South  Carolina,  to  Florence.  All  but 
the  French  mission  were  failures.  Arthur  Lee 
was  not  allowed  to  enter  Madrid,  and  went  on  a 
fruitless  errand  to  Germany;  Izard  made  no  at- 
tempt to  visit  Florence, and  William  Lee  visited 
Merlin  without  accomplishing  anything.  There 
his  papers  were  stolen  from  him,  through  the 
contrivance,  it  was  believed,  of  the  British  resi- 
dent minister. 

Commissioners  to  urge  Secession.  In  or- 
der to  carry  out  the  design  of  the  few  leaders 
of  the  secession  scheme  to  have  tin-  whole  fif- 
teen slave-labor  states  belong  to  a  projected 
"Southern  Confederacy,"  four  of  the  stale  con- 
ventions which  adopted  ordinances  of  secession 
appointed  commissioners  to  go  to  these  several 
states  as  seductive  missionaries  in  the  cause  of 
disunion.  The  names  anil  destinations  of  these 
were  as  follows:  South  Carolina  sent  to  Alaba- 
ma A.  1'.  Calhoun;  to  Georgia,  James  L.  Orr; 
to  Florida,  L  W.  Spratt  ;  to  Mississippi,  M.  L. 
Bon  ham  ;  to  Louisiana,  .1.  L.  Manning;  to  Ar- 
kansas, A.  C.  Spain  ;  to  Texas,  .1.  B.  Kershaw. 
Alabama  sent  to  North  Carolina  [sham  W.  Gar- 
rett; to  Mississippi,  E.  W.  Petters;  to  South 
Carolina.  .1.  A.  Elmore  :  to  Mai  \  land.  A.  F.  Hop- 
kins; to  Virginia,  Frank  Gilmer;  to  Tennessee, 
L.  Pope  Walker;  to  Kentucky,  Stephen  F.  Hale  ; 
to  Arkansas,  John  A.  Winston.  Georgia  sent  to 
Missouri  Luther  .1.  Glenn;  to  Virginia,  Henry 
L.  Benuing.  MissUrippi  sent  to  South  Caro- 
lina ('.  E.  Hooker;  to  Alabama,  Joseph  W. 
Matthews;  to  Georgia,  William  L.Harris;  to 
Louisiana,  Wirt  Adams;  to  Texas,  II.  II.  Mil- 
ler; to  Arkansas,  George  B.  Fall :  t"  Florida,  E. 
M.  Yerger;  to  Tennessee,  T.  J.  Wharton  ;  to  Ken- 
tucky, W.  S.  Fealhcretoue;    to  North  Carolina. 


Jacob  Thompson,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  ; 
to  Virginia,  Fulton  Anderson  ;  to  Maryland,  A. 
H.  Handy  ;  to  Delaware,  Henry  Dickinson  ;  to 
Missouri,  —  Russell. 

Committee    of   Congress    at    Cambridge. 

The  seeming  apathy  of  Congress  in  respect  to 
the  army  besieging  Boston  greatly  perplexed 
Washington.  The  coed  season  was  approaching, 
and  not  only  powder  and  artillery  were  want- 
ing, but  fuel,  shelter,  clothing,  provisions,  aud 
the  wages  of  t  he  soldiers.  Washington,  wearied 
by  ineffectual  remonstrances,  at  length  wrote  a 
letter  to  Congress,  implying  his  sense  that  the 
neglect  of  that  body  had  brought  matters  in  his 
army  to  a  crisis.  He  submitted  to  their  consid- 
eration the  wants  of  the  army,  a  mutinous  spirit 
prevailing  among  them,  and  the  danger  that, 
when  the  terms  of  enlistment  of  all  the  troops 
excepting  the  regulars  should  expire  in  Decem- 
ber, it  would  lie  difficult  to  re-enlist  I  hem  or  get 
new  recruits.  CoilgMM  had  really  no  power  to 
provide  an  adequate  remedy  for  this  state  of 
things;  therefore  it  appointed  a  committee 
(Sept.  :{H,  177.">).  consisting  of  Dr.  Franklin, 
Lynch,  and  Harrison,  to  repair  to  the  camp. 
and,  witll  the  New  England  colonies  and  Wash- 
ington, devise  a  plan  for  renovating  the  army. 
They  arrived  at  Cambridge  Oct.  16.  With  such 
a  representative  of  Congress  as  Franklin  ami 
such  a  military  leader  as  Washington,  the  New 
England  commissioners  worked  harmoniously; 
and  tiny  demised  a  scheme  for  forming, govern- 
ing, and  supplying  a  new  army  of  about  t  w  enty- 
three  thousand  men.  whom  the  general  was  au- 
thorized to  enlist  without  delay. 

Committee  of  Fifty-one.    The  Conservative 
Republicans  of  New   York,  alarmed  by  the  bold 

movements  of  the  more  radical  Sons  of  Liberty, 
appointed  a  grand  Committee  of  Fifty-one,  as 

true  '•representatives  of  public  sentiment." 
They    repudiated    a    message     sent     to     Boston 

(May  14,  177  1)  by  the  Sons  of  Liberty,  recom- 
mending the  revival  of  non-importation  meas- 
ures, but  they  heartily  approved  id'  a  genera) 
congress.  The  radical  "Liberty  Boys"  were 
offended,  and  their  "Vigilance  Committee" 
called  a  meeting  of  citizens  l.luly  (i)  in  the 
Fields  (which  see).  It  was  the  largest  gath- 
ering  ever  before  seen  in  New  York.  The  meet- 
ing was  addressed  by  Alexander  Hamilton,  then 

a  Student  in  King's  (now  Columbia)  College.     It 

was  his  first  speech,  and  a  most  remarkable 
one;  and  it  stirred  the  people  with  so  much  in- 
dignation that  the  alarmed  Committee  of  Fifty- 
one  referred  the  nomination  of  deputies  to  the 
Continental  Congress  to  their  radical  brother, 
the  "Tribune"  (which  see).  At  the  same  time 
they  offended  some  id'  their  own  more  zealons 
members  bj  denouncing  the  resolutions  adopted 

by  the  meeting  in  the  Fields  as  seditious,  and 
leven  members  withdrew  from  the  committee. 
Not  long  afterwards  this  timid  committee  dis- 
appeared. 

Committee  of  One  Hundred.      When    the 
Provincial  Congress  had  begnn  its  first  session, 

the  Sons  of  Liberty  in  the  city  of  New  York  pro- 
ceeded to  organize  a  provisional  municipal  gov- 


COMMITTEE  OF  CORRESPONDENCE     282 


COMMON  SENSE 


eminent.  They  called  a  meeting  of  citizens 
(May  5,  1775),  at  which  a  Committee  of  One 
Hundred  was  chosen,  invested  with  the  charge 
of  city  affairs,  the.  people  pledgiug  themselves 
to  obey  the  orders  of  the  committee  until  other 
lUT&ngeinenta  should  be  made  by  the  Continen- 
tal Congress.  While  the  Provincial  Congress 
legislated,  the  Committee  of  One  Hundred  exe- 
cuted the  expressed  will  of  the  people. 

Committee  of  Secret  Correspondence.  On 
Sept.  18,  1775,  the  Continental  Congress  ap- 
pointed Messrs.  Welling,  Franklin,  Livingston, 
Alsop,  Deane,  Dickinson,  Langdoo,  Mclvean, 
and  Ward  a  "Secret  Committee"  to  contract 
for  the  importation  from  Europe  of  ammuni- 
tion, small-arms,  and  cannons,  and  for  such  a 
purpose  Silas  Deane  was  soon  sent  to  France. 
By  a  resolution  of  the  Congress,  April  17,  1777, 
the  name  of  this  committee  was  changed  to 
"Committee  of  Foreign  Affairs,"  whose  func- 
tions were  like  those  of  the  (present)  Secretary 
of  State. 

Committee  of  Sixty.  After  the  Provincial 
Assembly  of  New  York  had  adjourned,  never  to 
meet  again  (April  3,  1775),  a  Committee  of 
Sixty  was  appointed  in  the  city  of  New  York 
to  enforce  the  regulations  of  the  American  As- 
sociation (which  see).  Warmly  supported  by 
the  Sons  of  Liberty,  they  took  the  lead  in  po- 
litical matters.  By  their  recommendation  the 
people  in  the  several  counties  chose  representa- 
tives for  a  Provincial  Congress,  which  body  first 
convened  on  May  'ZZ,  1775. 

Committee  of  States.  The  Articles  of  Con- 
federation having  provided  for  the  appointment 
of  a  committee  composed  of  one  delegate  from 
each  state,  to  sit  during  each  annual  recess  "I 
Congress,  such  a  committee  was  appointed  at 
the  session  of  1783-81.  They  split  into  irrecon- 
cilable parties  and  abandoned  their  post  (June, 
1784),  leaving  tin-  Confederate  government  or 
league  of  states  without  any  head.  The  experi- 
ment was  never  tried  again. 

Committees  of  Correspondence.  At  a  town 
meeting   held   in   Boston  (Oct.  22,  177'2)  a   large 

committee,  composed  of  the  most  active  popular 
leaders,  was  appointed  to  state  in  an  address 
the  rights  of  the  colonies,  more  especially  those 
of  Massachusetts;  to  oommnuioate  and  publish 
the  same  to  the  several  towns  of  the  province, 
to  tl ther  colonies,  and  to  the  world  ;  stating 

the  Infringements  and  violations  of  those  rights, 
from  time  to  time,  by  the  British  government, 
and  to  request  an  Interchange  of  sentiments. 
This  w  ;is  done  in  a  masterly  manner,  and  Frank- 
lin, in  England,  caused  the  address  and  report 
to  DC  published  in  London,  with  a  preface  of 
his  own.     On  the  reception  of  these  documents, 

the  Virginia  House  of  Burgesses  appointed  a 
committee  to  obtain   authentic  accounts  of  all 

proceedings  of  Parliament  or  the  ministry  w  bloh 
might  affect  the  rights  of  the  colonies.  The 
committee  was  also  authorised  to  open  a  ear- 

respondenee  and  communication  with  the  other 

colonies.     This  system  of  committees  of  oorn 

spondelice  became  genet  si,  and  a  pow  crful  aid  ill 

prodnciiigunauimlty  of  sentiment  in  the  various 


colonies.  This  was  the  first  and  most  important 
step  towards  political  union. 

Committees  of  Inspection.  In  many  of  the 
now  American  states  the  class  known  as  Tories 
or  adherents  to  the  crown  were  in  a  minority, 
and  in  many  places  suffered  indignities,  such  as, 
if  offensively  active,  receiving  a  covering  of  tar 
and  feathers,  being  carted  around  as  a  public 
spectacle,  and  other  abuses  which  personal  and 
political  malignity  could  inflict.  To  prevent 
such  disgraceful  scenes,  which  would  lead  to  re- 
taliation and  the  rule  of  mob  law,  the  Conti- 
nental Congress  specially  committed  the  over- 
sight of  Tories  and  suspected  persons  to  the  reg- 
ularly appointed  committees  of  inspection  and 
observation  for  the  several  counties  and  dis- 
tricts. The  Tories  were  also  exposed  to  the 
dangers  from  the  law,  for  the  Whigs  (see  Whig 
and  Tory)  had  taken  all  power  into  their  hands 
and  required  allegiance  to  state  governments 
from  all  the  inhabitants.  The  consequence  was 
that  many  left  the  states  and  became  refugees 
in  Great  Britain  or  in  its  American  provinces 

Common  Schools,  Early,  in  New  England 

In  1041)  provision  was  made  in  the  Massaehn 
setts  Code  for  the  establishing  of  common  school 
in  that  province.  By  it  every  township  w 
required  to  maintain  a  school  for  reading  anil 
writing;  and  every  town  of  a  hundred  house- 
holders, a  grammar-school,  with  a  teacher  qual 
itied  to  "tit  youths  for  the  university"  (Har- 
vard). This  school-law  was  re-enacted  in  Con- 
necticut in  the  very  same  terms  ;  and  w  as  adopt- 
ed also  by  Plymouth  and  New  Haven.  The  pre- 
amble to  this  law  declared  that,  "it  being  one 
chief  project  of  that  old  deluder.  Sat  ban,  to  keep 
men  from  the  knowledge  of  the  Scriptures,  as 
in  former  times  keeping  them  in  an  unknown 
tongue,  so  in  these  later  times  persuading  men 
from  the  use  of  tongues,  so  that  at  the  least  the 
true  sense  and  meaning  of  the  original  might  be 
clouded  with  false  glossing  of  saiut-secmin^  de- 
ceivers, and  that  learning  may  not  be  buried  in 
the  grave  of  our  fathers."  therefore  this  law  was 
enacted. 

"Common  Sense."  At  the  suggestion  of 
Dr.  Benjamin  Rush,  of  Philadelphia,  it  is  said. 
Thomas  Paine  put  forward  a  powerfully  written 
pamphlet,  at  the  beginning  of  177t>.  in  favor  of 
the  independence  of  the  colonics.  Its  terse, 
sharp,  incisive,  and  vigorous  .sentences  stirred 
the  people  with  irrepressible  aspirations  for  in- 
dependence. A  single  sentence  will  indicate  its 
character:  "The  nearer  any  government  ap- 
proaches to  a  republic,  the  less  business  then  is 
for  a  kiiijj;  in  England  a  king  hath  little  more 
to  do  than  to  make  war  and  give  away  places. 
Arms  must  decide  the  contest  [between  QrasJ 
Britain  and  America];  the  appeal  w  as  the  choice 
of  the  king,  and  the  continent  hath  escaped  the 
challenge.     The  sun  never  shone  on  a  cause  of 

greater  worth,     "lis  not  the  affair  of  a  city, ■ 

count]  .  a  pro\  luce,  or  a  kingdom,  but  of  a  ennti- 
nenl  of  at  least  one  eighth  part  of  the  liabita 
ble  globe,  "lis  not  the  concern  of  a  day,  a  \e.ir, 
or  an  age  :  postc  rit\  are  \  irtually  involved  in  it. 
.vcn  to  lb.' end  of  time.  .  .  .  freedom  hath  been 


s. 
ts 

„ 


COMMUNISTIC  SOCIETIES  IN  AMERICA  283 


CONCILIATORY  BILLS 


banted  round  the  globe:  Asia  and  Africa  liatli 
long  expelled  her;  Europe  regards  her  like  a 
stranger;  and  England  bath  given  her  warning 
to  depart.  <>,  receive  the  fugitive,  and  prepare 
an  asylum  for  mankind."  The  effect  of  Common 
Sense  was  marvellous.  Its  trumpet  tones  awak- 
ened the  continent,  and  made  every  patriot's 
heart  beat  with  intense  emotion.  It  was  read 
with  avidity  everywhere  ;  and  the  public  appe- 
tite  tor  its  solid  food  was  not  appeased  until  one 
hundred  thousand  conies  hud  fallen  from  the 
press.  The  Legislature  of  Pennsylvania  voted 
to  the  author  $2500.  Washington,  in  a  letter 
written  at  Cambridge,  highly  applauded  it,  and 
all  over  the  colonies  there  were  immediate  move- 
ments in  favor  of  absolute  independence.  (See 
Thomas  Paine.) 

Communistic  Societies  in  America.  There 
are  hut  eight  of  these  societies  in  name.  These 
are  the  Shakers, established  in  the  Eastern  States 

iin  the  closing  decade  of  the  last  century,  and  in 
the  West  in  1808;  the  RappisU,  established  in 
1805;  the  B&umelers,  or  Zoarites,  established  in 
1817;  the  Eben-Ezers,  or  Amana  communists,  es- 
tablished in  1-11;  the  Bethel  Commune,  estab- 
lished in  1844;  the  Omnia  Perfectionists,  estab- 
lished in  1848,  the  Icarians,  who  date  from  1849, 
and  the  Aurora  Commune,  which  dates  from  1852. 
These  eight  societies  consist,  in  fact,  of  not  less 
than  seventy-two  communes.  The  Shakers  have 
titty-eight  of  these,  the  Atnana  Society  seven, 
ami  the  Perfectionists  two.  The  remaining  so- 
cieties consist  0f  but  a  single  commune  each. 
Of  all,  only  two  of  the  societies  remain  under 
the  guidance  of  their  founders.  These  communes 
numbered  in  the  aggregate,  in  1874,  about  5000 
persons,  including  children,  and  were  then  scat- 
tered in  t  hirleen  stales,  in  which  they  own  prob- 
ably   •  hundred  and  eighty  thousand  acres  of 

land.  The  lowest  estimate  of  their  wealth  is 
$12,000,000,  almost  the  whole  of  it  created  by 
patient  industry  and  frugality.  All  these  com- 
munes have  as  their  bond  of  union  some  form  of 
religions  belief.  The  Shakers  and  Rappists  ate 
the  only  celibates  among  these  societies.  For  a 
minute  account  of  the  communistic  societies  m 
America,  see  a,  work  on  the  subject  by  Charles 
Nordholf,  1875. 

Community  System  in  New  England.  The 
lauds  of  the  Plymouth  Colony  were  held  in  com- 
mon by  the  "Pilgrims"  and  their  partners,  the 
London  merchants.  In  1627  the  "  Pilgrims  "  sent 
Isaac  Allerton  to  Buglaud  to  negotiate  for  the 
purchase  of  the  shares  of  the  London  adventur- 
ers, with  their  slocks,  merchandise,  lands,  and 
chattels.  lie  did  so  for  $9000,  payable  in  nine 
years  in  equal  annual  instalments.  Some  of  the 
principal  persons  of  the  colony  became  hound 

for  the  test,  and  a  partnership  was  for 1,  into 

which  w:is  admitted  the  head  of  every  family, 
and  every  young  man  of  age  and  prudence.  It 
was  agreed   that   ever}    single   freeman  should 

hav ie  share;   and  every  father  of  a  family 

have  leave  to  purchase  one  share  tor  himself, 
one  fot  his  wife,  and  one  for  every  child  living 
with  him;  that  every  one  should  pay  his  part 
of  the  public  debl  according  to  the  uumbcr  of 


his  snares.  To  every  share  twenty  acres  of  ara- 
ble land  were  assigned  by  lot;  to  every  six 
shares,  one  cow  and  two  floats,  and  swine  in  the 
same  proportion.  This  agreement  was  made  in 
full  court,  Jan. :!,  1628.  The  joint-stock  or  com- 
munity system  was  then  abandoned,  a  division 
of  the  movable  property  was  made,  and  twenty 
acres  of  land  nearest  to  the  town  were  assigued 
in  fee  to  each  Colouist. 

Company  of  Free-traders.  When  the  prov- 
ince of  Pennsylvania  was  granted  to  William 
I'enn,  a  number  of  settlements  already  existed 

there.  A  royal  proclamation  confirming  the  gran  I 

to  I'enn,  and  another  from  I'enn  himself,  were 
sent  to  these  settlements  by  the  band  of  William 
Maikham  in  the  summer  of  1681.  In  his  proc- 
lamation I'enn  assured  the  settlers  that  they 
should  live  free  under  laws  of  their  own  mak- 
ing.    Meanw  bile  adventurers  calling  themselves 

the  Company  of  Free-traders  made  a  contract 
with  the  proprietor  for  the  purchase  of  lands  at 
the  rate  of  about  ten  dollars  the  hundred  acres, 
subject  to  a  perpetual  quit-rent  of  one  shilling 

for  every  one-hiindi  cd-ucrc  grant;  the  purchas- 
ers also  to  have  lots  in  a  city  to  bo  laid  out. 
Three  vessels  filled  with  these  emigrants  soon 

sailed  for  the  Delaware,  with  three  commission 
era,  who  bore  a  plan  of  the  city,  and  a  friendly 
letter  from  l'eun  to  the  Indians,  whom  he  ad 
dressed  as  brethren. 

Compton,  LrzzrjB.  A  sprightly  Canadian  "irl 
of  this  name,  sixteen  years  of  aj;c,  dressed  III 
man's  apparel,  enlisted  in  the  Service  of  the 
United  States  during  the  Civ  il  War.  and  served 
in  vat  ions  regiments  for  eighteen  months.  Sim 
was  in  seven  different  regiments,  and  partici- 
pated in  several  battles.  At  Fredericksburg  she 
was  severely  wounded.  On  account  of  the  dis 
co very  of  her  sex,  she  was  several  times  mastered 
out  of  the  set  vice,  anil  then  she  would  re-enlist 

in  another  regiment.     She  was  in  a  sharp  Bgbt 

between  Morgan's  guerillas  and  Colonel  Moore's 
Michigan  troops  at  Greet]  Blver,  Ky.  (June  4, 
18fi:i),  where  she  was  agaiu  wounded. 

Conciliatory  Bills  (Loud  North's  Si  •  OND) 
When  Parliament  reassembled  after  the  Christ- 
mas holidays  (January,  1778),  the  opposition  ex- 
posed the  losses,  expenses,  and  hopelessness  of 
the  war  with  the  colonists;  and,  to  the  surprise 
and  disgust  of  some  of  his  most  ardent  support- 
ers, I., ,kI  North  presented  a  plan  for  reconcilia- 
tion (Feb.  17),  aud  declared  he  had  always  been  in 
favor  of  peace,  and  opposed  to  taxing  the  Amei 

loans.    He  introduced  two  bills:  one  reno slug, 

on  the  part  of  the  British  Parliament,  any  in 
tention  to  levy  taxes  in  America— conceding,  in 

substance,  the  w  hole  original  ground  of  dispute  j 

the  other  authorizing  the  appointment  of  live 
commissioners,  the  commanders  of  the  naval  ami 

military  forces  to  be  two,  with  ample  powers  to 
treat  for  the  re-establishment,  of  royal  authority. 
Meanwhile  David  Hartley,  an  opponent  of  the 
war,  was  sent  to  Paris  to  open  negotiations  with 
t  he  American  commissioners  there.  The  war  had 
alreadj  I  !"•">  78)  cost  Qreat  Britain  more  than 
tw,  utv  thousand  men, $100,000,000  of  public  ex- 
penditure, and  live   hundred   and  fifty   Biitisli 


CONCILIATORY  PROPOSITION  284     CONFEDERATE  CONGRESS,  ACTS  OF 


vessels,  chiefly  in  tbe  merchant  Berrien,  captured 

by  American  cruisers,  worth  about  $12,000,000, 
besides  a  loss  of  trade  with  America,  suspension 
of  American  debts,  and  the  confiscation  of  the 
property  of  American  loyalists.  Added  to  all 
was  the  danger  of  a  war  with  France.  Copies 
of  these  conciliatory  hills  arrived  in  America  in 
the  middle  of  April  (1778),  and  the  Congress  took 
immediate  action  upon  them,  for  the  partisans 
of  the  crown  were  very  active  in  circulating 
them  among  the  people.  A  committee  of  that 
body  criticised  these  bills  very  keenly,  showing 
their  deceptiveueea  Fearing  tbe  effect  of  the 
bills  upon  the  people,  they  were  ordered  to  be 
printed  in  the  newspapers,  together  with  the  re- 
port of  the  committee,  which  concluded  with  a 
resolution,  unanimously  adopted,  denouncing  as 
open  and  avowed  enemies  all  who  should  at- 
tempt a  separate  treaty,  and  declaring  that  no 
conference  should  be  held  with  any  commission- 
ers until  the  British  armies  should  be  first  with- 
drawn, or  the  independence  of  the  United  States 
acknowledged. 

Conciliatory  Proposition,  Lord  North's 
(1775).  Iu  the  midst  of  the  hot  debate  in  Par- 
liament on  the  New  England  Restraining  Bill, 
Lord  North  astonished  the  king,  the  ministry, 
and  the  nation  by  himself  bringing  forward  a 
conciliatory  proposition, not  unlike  that  offered 
by  Chatham  just  before  (Feb.  1),  which  required 
the  colonists  to  acknowledge  the  supremacy  and 
superintending  power  of  Parliament,  but  pro- 
vided that  no  tax  should  ever  be  levied  except 
by  the  consent  of  the  colonial  assemblies.  It 
also  contained  a  provision  for  a  congress  of  the 
colonies  to  vote,  at  the  time  of  making  this  ac- 
knowledgment, a  free  grant  to  the  king  of  a  cer- 
tain perpetual  revenue,  to  be  placed  at  the  dis- 
posal  of  Parliament.  All  the  assemblies  rejected 
the  proposition.  A  committee  of  the  Continen- 
tal Congress,  to  which  the  proposition  bad  been 
referred,  made  a  report  (July  31,  1775),  in  which 
the  generally  unsatisfactory  character  and  the 
unsafe  vagueness  of  the  ministerial  offer  were 
fully  exposed,  The  Congress  accepted  the  re- 
port, and  published  it  to  the  world. 

Concord.     (See  Lexington  and  Concord.) 

Conestoga,  MassaCRI  <>r  Indians  at.  (See 
I'liiiim  Boys.) 

Confederate  Association  for  the  Relief  of 
Maimed  Soldiers.  While  tin-  loyal  people  wire 
carrying  on  the  benevolent  work  of  the  United 
States  Sanitary  and  Christian  Commissions 
(which  see)  for  the  benefit  of  the  Union  soldiers, 
.similar  efforts,  though  not  on  so  grand  a  scale, 
were  put  forth  by  the  benevolent  minded  in  the 

slave-labor  states  tor  the  benefit  of  tbe  Confed- 
erate soldiers.  They  labored  iu  the  good  work 
iik >- 1    EealoUSlj    (especially    the    women),  to   the 

extent  of  their  ability,  ami  conferred  vast  bene- 
fit* upon  tbe  sick  and  wounded  soldi)  i~  "i  the 
Confederate  Army.  We  have  no  special  reports 
i.l'  the    reSUH   of  their   labors,  but    we  know    that 

i  hc>  win'  ,i  great  blessing  to  the  recipients  of  the 
kindly  care  of  the  matrons  and  maidens  of  the 
South.  Among  the  variety  of  organizations  for 
benevolent  purposes  was called  / 


crate  Association  for  the  Relief  of  Maimed  Soldieis. 
The  object  was  to  supply  artificial  limbs  gratu- 
itously to  soldiers  who  bad  lost  their  natural 

ones. 

Confederate  Commissioners.  The  Confed- 
erate government  at  Montgomery  (which  see) 
appointed  three  commissioners  to  treat  with  the 
National  government  upon  various  topics  of 
mutual  interest,  and  for  the  "settlement  of  all 
questions  of  disagreement  between  the  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States  and  that  of  the  Con- 
federate States  upon  principles  of  right,  justice, 
equity,  and  good  faith."  Two  of  these — John 
Forsyth,  of  Alabama,  and  Martin  J.  Crawford, 
of  Georgia  —  arrived  in  Washington  March  5, 
1861.  On  tbe  11th  they  made  a  formal  applica- 
tion through  a  senator  for  an  official  interview 
with  the  Secretary  of  State.  It  was  declined, 
and  on  the  13th  they  sent  to  the  Secretary  a 
sealed  communication,  in  which  they  set  forth 
the  object  of  their  mission  and  asked  the  ap- 
pointment of  an  early  day  when  they  might  pre- 
sent their  credentials  to  the  President.  This 
first  attempt  of  the  so-called  "Confederate  States 
of  America"  to  gaiu  a  recognition  of  sovereignty 
for  the  Confederacy  failed,  for  the  administra- 
tion refused  to  receive  them  other  than  as  pri- 
vate citizens.  The  commissioners  nrged  that 
seven  states  had  exercised  "the  inherent  right 
nt  secession,"  withdrawn  from  the  Union  ami 
formed  a  confederacy,  and  claimed  the  right 
of  a  foreign  power  to  be  treated  as  equals. 
To  this  the  President,  through  the  Secretary 
(Mr.  Seward),  said  that  he  could  not  admit  that 
secession  was  possible,  that  any  states  were  out 
of  the  Union  ;  that  the  "Con  federate  States"  were 
not  a  foreign  power;  and  that  he  could  not  "  rec- 
ognize them  as  diplomatic  agents,  or  hold  corre- 
spondence or  other  communication  with  them." 
This  course  at  the  outset  gave  the  country  con- 
fidence in  the  firmness  and  wisdom  of  President 
Lincoln.  The  commissioners,  after  giving  the 
Secretary  of  State  a  lecture,  returned  home, 
April  11,1861. 

Confederate  Congress,  ACTS  OF  1 1S61).  Jef- 
ferson Davis  called  the  Confederate  Congress  to 
aasemble  at  Montgomery  on  April  29,  1861.    That 

body  passed  (May  9)  an  act  of  fifteen  sections 
recognizing  the  existence  of  war  between  the 
United  states  and  the  Confederate  states,  and 
concerning  the  commissioning  of  privateers. 
The  preamble  declared  that  the  Confederate 
Slates  had  made  earnest  efforts  to  establish 
friendly  relations  between  themselves  and  the 
United   States,  bat   the   latter   had   refused   and 

had  prepared  to  make  war  upon  the  former  and 

blockade  its  porta.  Such  being  the  case,  they 
declared    that    war   existed    between    •'the   two 

governments."     The]   authorised   the   "Presi 

dent  ol  the  Confederate  Slates*'  to  use  their 
whole  land  and  naval  force  to  meet  "the  war 
thus  commenced,"  and  to  issue  commissions  to 
privateers    under    the   seal    of  the    Confederate 

States.  (See  8tal  of  tin  ConftdtraU  Stait 
tenth  Motion  of  the  act  offered  a  bono 
for  each  person  who  might  be  on  board  any 

aimed    ship   or    vessel   belongiug  to  the   United 


CONFEDERATE  CONSCRIPTIONS 


CONFEDERATE  FINANCES 


States,  ;it  the  commencement  of  an  engagement, 
which  should  he,  burned,  sunk,  or  destroyed  by 
any  vessel  commissioned  as  a  privateer,  of  equal 
or  inferior  force.  They  also  offered  a  bounty  of 
*•>:>  for  every  prisoner  captured  by  a  privateer 
and  delivered  to  an  agent  of  the,  "Confed- 
eracy." Davis  had  not  waited  for  this  legal 
sanction,  but  issued  commissions  for  privateers 
Immediately  after  Ins  proclamation,  April  IT. 
(gee  Doris's  Proclamation.) 

Confederate  Conscriptions.  In  1862  the 
Confederate  Congress  authorized  the  President 

to  call  out  all  able-bodied  persona  between  the 
ages  of  eighteeu  and  forty-five  to  serve  in  the 
army.  Alter  the  fall  of  Viokabnrg  and  the  dis- 
aster at  Gettysburg  the  volunteer  enlistments 
were  few,  and  Davis  found  it  difficult  to  recruit 
his  shattered  armies,  for  there  was  general  dis- 
couragement, and  no  bounties  were  offered.  So 
the  Confederate  government  took  measures  to 

force  men  into  the  army,  and  appointed  agents 
in  every  county  to  seize  supplies,  if  necessary, 
for  the  use  of  tin-  army  ;  and  at  about  the  close 
of  1863  the  Confederate  Congress  passed  an  ex- 
traordinary act,  which  declared  ••every  white 
man  in  the  Confederacy,  between  the  ages  of 
eighteen  and  forty-five  years,  to  be  in  the  mili- 
tary service  and  subject  to  tin'  articles  of  w  al- 
and military  discipline  and  penalties;  ami  that 
upon  failure  to  report  for  duty  at  a  military  sta- 
tion within  a  certain  tune,  hi-  would  be  liable 
to  the  penally  of  death  as  a  deserter." 

Confederate  Constitution,  The,  was  ratified 
by  a  slate  convention  in  Alabama  March  13, 
1861 ;  by  the  state  convention  of  Georgia  on  the 
18th;  by  Louisiana  on  the  21st;  DJ  I 
tin-  25th;  by  Mississippi  on  the  30th,  and  by 
South  Carolina  on  April  5th. 

Confederate  Diplomatic  Agents.  A-  noa 
as  Jefferson  Davis  was  seated  in  the  presidential 
obair(see  Inauguration  of  Doris)  and  the  league 
had  assumed  a  national  character.  In-  sent  com- 
missioners to  Europe  to  seenre  formal  recog- 
nition by,  and  make  commercial  regulations 
with,  the  leading  governments  then'.  These 
commissioners  were  YV.  I,.  Yancey,  of  Alabama ; 
P.  A.  b'ust,  oi  Louisiana :  A.  Dudley  Maun,  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  T.  Butler  Kiug,  of  Georgia.  Yancey, 
who  lacked  about  every  requisite  of  a  states- 
man, but    who  could    fill  with   wild   passion   ;m 

excitable  populace  at  home,  was  sent  to  Eng- 
land.   Rust,  a  Frenchman,  who  had  emigrated  to 

Louisiana  in  early  life,  married  a  woman  of  for- 
tune, anil  reached  a  seat  on  the  bench  of  the 
Supreme  Court  ol  that  state,  w  as  geul  to  France. 
Mann,  a  dull  statistician  of  model  ate  ability,  was 
sent  to  Holland  ;  and  Kin;,',  an  extensive  slave- 
holder and  fanner,  was  sent  to  Belgium.  They 
could   not    inspire   the   confidence   of  the    rulers 

ami  statesmen  of  Europe,  either  in  the  justice 
or  the  ultimate  success  of  their  eaoae.     They 

wandered  about,  seeking  in  vain  for  willing 
listeners  to  their  tales  of  woe  and  promise,  in 
diplomatic  circles,  and  finally  abandoned  the 
■issloil,  to  the    relief  of  I  hose  who  had    become 

irauied  by  their  importunities. 

Confederate    Finances   (1861).      The   cou- 


gresB  at  Montgomery  found  it  necessary  to  have 
money  to  carry  on  a  war  against  the  Union.  So. 
abandoning  the  dream  of  free-trade  in  which 
many  had  indulged,  and  which  it  was  believed 
would  bring  to  their  doors  the  luxuries  of  the 
world,  they  proposed  tariff  laws,  and  even  went 
so  far  as  to  propose  an  export  duty  on  the  great 
staple,  cotton,  on  whose   supposed  regal  power 

they  confidently  leaned  for  support.  "I  appre- 
hend," said  Cobb,  who  proposed  the  last-named 
measure,  ••that  we  are  conscious  of  the  power 
we  hold  in  our  hands,  by  reason  of  our  producing 
that  staple  so  necessary  to  the  world.  I  doubt 
not  that  power  will  exert  an  influence  mightier 
than  armies  or  navies.  We  know  thai  h\  an 
embargo  we  OOUld  soon  place  not  only  the  I'n  it  ed 

states,  but  many  of  tin-  European  powers,  under 
the  necessity  of  electiug  between  such  a  recog- 
nition of  our  independence  as  we  require,  or  do- 
mestic revulsions  at  home.  "  They  issued  bonds 
in  February,  L861,  but  failed  to  Bud  customers 
for  them.  In  May  the  "Congress"  gave  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury  discretionary  power  to 
issue!  in  lieu  of  bonds.  $90,000,000  in  treasury 
notes,  not  bearing  interest,  in  denominations 
of  not  less  than  $5,  to  •'be  receivable  in  pay- 
ment of  all  debts  or  taxes  due  to  the  Confed- 
erate States,  except  the  export  duty  on  cotton 
or  in  exchange  for  bonds  authorized  to  be  is- 
sued.*' These  notes  were  made  payable  in 
Specie  at  the  end  of  two  yean  from  the  dale 
of  their  issue.  Another  scheme  was  set  forth 
in  an  act  approved  May 21,  which  forbade  debt- 
ors to  individuals  or  corporations  in  the  free- 
labor  states  from  making  payments  of  the  same 
'•to  their  respective  creditors,  or  their  agents 
or  assignees,  during  the  existing  war,"  but  to 
pa\  the  amount  of  their  indebtedness  "11110  1111' 
treasury  of  the  Confederate  states,  m  specie  or 

treasury   notes,   and    receive    for    the    same    the 

treasurer's  certificate,"  these  certificates  to  be 

redeemable  at  the  close  of  the  war  and  the  res- 
toration of  peace,  in  specie  or  its  equivalent.  It 
was  estimated  I  hat  the  amount  due  by  men  in 
the  "  Confederate  Stales"  to  dealers  ill  the  free- 
labor  states  at  that  time  was  aboul  $200,000,- 
000.  All  honorable  men  refused  to  countenance 
tins  scheme  of  villany,  and  refrained  from  re- 
porting their  indebtedness,  but  took  every  op- 
portunity to  liquidate  the  claims  of  Northern 
creditors.  This  notable  scheme  failed  to  put 
much  money  in  the  treasury  of  the  Confederate 

siaics.     Then  another  scheme  was  planned  to 

raise  money.  Cotton  was  made  the  main  basis 
for  the  credit  id'  bonds  issued  by  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury.  They  secured  very  little  money 
from  this  source,  but  got  from  the  producers  al- 
most everything  required  for  the  consumption  of 
their  armies,  tor  a  while.  The  plan  was  tor  the 
planters  to  subscribe  for  the  use  of  the  govern- 
ment a  certain  sum  of  money  out  of  the  pro- 
ceeds of  a  cci  tain  number  of  bales  of  cotton, 
when  sold,  the  planter  being  allowed  to  retain 
the  custody  of  his  cotton  and  the  right  to  choose 
his  time  for  its  sale.  When  sold,  he  received  the 
amount  of  his  subscription  in  bonds  of  the  Con- 
federacy. The  people  had  little  faith  in  these 
bonds,  but  were  willing  to  invest  in  them  the 


CONFEDERATE  FINANCES 


CONFEDERATE  GOVERNMENT 


i^Jil  ^psi 


jK.iii:'^^ni}( 


.     NOTE. 

surplus  "f  their  productions  which  they  could 
not  sell.  The  Secretary  of  the  Treaanry  an- 
iinnuoed  In  July  thai  aubscriptiona  t.>  the  oot- 
Ion   loan  amounted  to  oval  $50,000,000.      Bonds 


of  this  subscription  totlie  ainomit 
of  over  §15,000,000  were  disposed 
of  in  Europe,  chiefly  in  England. 
(See  Cotton  Loan.) 

Confederate  Government  at 
Richmond.  Not  wit  hstanding 
troops  were  pouring  into  Wash- 
ington for  the  defence  of  the 
government,  the  Confederates  felt 
confident  that  they  would  .vet  be 
able  to  seize  the  capital.  Their 
government  was  removed  from 
Montgomery  to  Richmond  (May 
21,  1861),  that  it  might  be  near 
the  theatre  of  operations  against 
the  National  capital.  They  then 
had  forty  thousand  troops  in  the 
field,  of  whom  about  twenty-five 
thousand  were  concentrating  in 
Virginia.  They  had  sent  agents 
abroad  to  seek  aid  and  recogni- 
tion from  foreign  governments; 
had  commissioned  numerous  pri- 
vateers to  depredate  ou  the  com- 
merce of  the  United  States:  had 
extinguished  the  lights  of  one 
hundred  and  thirty -one  light- 
houses on  the  coast  between  Cape 
Henry,  Va.,  and  the  Rio  Grande, 
Texas:  enlisted  actively  in  their 
revolutionary  schemes  the  gov- 
ernors of  thirteen  states;  and  in- 
surrection had  assumed  the  char- 
acter of  rebellion.  Feeling  con- 
fident .it' soon  occupying  the  Na- 
ional  capital,  the  Vice-President 
of  the  Confederacy  (A.  11.  Ste- 
phens) said  ina  speech  at  Atlanta. 
Ca.  (May  '23. 1861),  after  referring 
to  the  occupation  of  the  capital 
by  loyal 'soldiery:  "Their  filthy 
spoliation  of  the  public  buildings 
and  the  works  of  art  at  the  capi- 
tal, and  their  preparations  to  de- 
stroy them,  are  strong  evidences 
to  my  mind  that  they  do  not  in- 
tend to  hold  or  defend  that  place, 
lint  to  abandon  it.  alter  having 
despoiled  and  laid  it  in  ruins. 
Let  them  destroy  if.  savage-like, 
if  tbej  will.  We  will  rebuild  it; 
we  will  make  the  structures  more 
glorious,  riio'iiix-like,  new  and 
in. n.-  substantial  structures  will 
rise  from  its  ashes.  Planted  anew, 
under  f  he  auspices  of  our: superior 
ins!  i  tut  ions,  it  w  ill  live  and  flour- 
ish throughout  all  ages." 

Confederate  Government, 
Fiicm  or  (1866).    While  the  In- 
habitants of  Richmond,  the  Con- 
federate capital, were  at  their  re- 
spective places  of  worship  (Sun- 
day. April  8,  L866),  the  fearful  message  from 
Lee,  "  My   lines  are  broken   in   three  pi 
Richmond   must   be  evaonated  tins  evening," 

reached    the    doomed    city.       Jcllcr-oii     P.im>, 


CONFEDERATE  GOVERNMENT    287  CONFEDERATE  GOVERNMENT  SEAL 


President  of  the  Confederacy,  was  at  St.  Paul's 
(Episcopal)  Churcli,  when  the  message  was  pat 
in  his  hands  by  Colonel  Taylorwood.  He  im- 
mediately left  the  church.  There  was  a  deep 
ami  painful  silence  for  a  moment,  when  the  re- 
ligions services  were  closed  and  the  rector  Dr. 
Hinnegerode)  dismissed  the  congregation,  after 
giving  notice  that  General  Ewell,  the  com- 
mander in  Richmond,  desired  the  local  tones  to 
assemble  at  three  o'clock  P.M.  The  Secretary 
of  State  (Benjamin),  being  a  Jew,  was  not  at 
church;  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  (Mallory),  a 
Roman    Catholic,   was    at    mass,   in    St.   Peter's 

Cathedral :  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  (Tren- 
holm)  was  si.k;  the  Postmaster-general  (Rea- 
gan) was  at  Dr.  Petrie's  Baptist  Cbnrch;  and 
tbe  Secretary  of  War  (Breckinridge)  was  at  Dr. 
Duncan's  Church.  The  inhabitants  of  the  city 
wire  kept  in  the  most  painful  suspense  tor 
hours,  for  rumor  was  busy.  The  government 
was  as  silent  as  the  Sphinx.     Towards eveuing 

Wagons    were    loaded    at     the   departments   and 

driven  to  the  stations  of  the  Danville  Railway, 
preparatory  to  the  flight  of  tbe  government  offi- 
eers.   At  eight  o'clock  in  the  evening  President 

Davis  left  the  city  by  I  ail  w  a  y.  tak  ing  w  it  h  him 

horses  and  carriages  t<>  dm  in  case  the  road 
shonld  be  interrupted,  declaring  that  be  would 
not  give  np  the  struggle,  but  would  make  other 
cll'oi  ts  to  sustain  the  cause.  At  nine  o'clock  the 
Virginia  Legislature  fled  from  the  city.  The 
Confederate  ( 'ongress  had  already  departed :  and 
all  that  remained  of  the  government  ill  Rich- 
moiid  at   midnight  was  the  War  Department, 

represented  bj  Major  Melton.  The  gold  of  the 
Louisiana  hanks  that  had  been  sent  to  l.'ieh- 
niond  tor  safe-keepiug,  and  that  of  the  Rich- 
mond hanks,  was  sent  away  bj  the  Danville 
Railway  early  in  the  day.  The  Confederate  go^ 
eminent    halted  in  its  flight   at    Danville,  where 

an  attempt  w as  made  at  reorganization,  to  con- 
Rune  the  contest  "so  long  as  then-  was  a  man 
left  in  the  Confederacy."  On  hearing  of  the 
surrender  of  Lee,  they  tied  from  Danville  t<> 
Prcensbornugb,  V  C,  and  made  their  official 
residence  in  a  railroad  carriage,  where  the)  re- 
mained until  tbe  loth,  when,  it  being  seen  that 
the  surrender  of  .lohn<.ton  was  inevitable,  they 
again  took  flight  on  horses  and  in  ainbnlanoea 
for  Charlotte,  for  the  railway  was  crippled.  (See 
Slum  mini's  Said.)  There  Da\is  proposed  to  es- 
tablish the  future  capital  of  the  Confederacy. 
The  sin  render  of  Johnston  caused  the  Confed- 
eracy to  vanish  into  nothingness.  The  fugitive 
leaders  of  the  government  now  took  flight  again 
on  horseback, escorted  by  two  thousand  cavalry. 

They  turned  their  laces  low  aids  the  (in  If  of  Mex- 
ico, for  the  way  to  Mississippi  and  Texas  "as 

haired.  At  Charlotte, George  Dai  la,  the  Confed- 
erate attorney-general,  resig I  his  office;  Tren- 

holin  gnve  up  the  secretaryship  of  the  treasurj 

on   the   hanks  of  the   Cataw  ha.  where    Postmas- 

ler-generul   Reagan,  having  no  further  official 

lo  transact,  took  Trcnholm's  place. 
The  flight  continued  Gnlfward,  the  escort  con- 
stantly diminishing.  At  Washington,  Ga.,  the 
rest  of  Davis's  cabinet  deserted  him,  only  Rea- 
gan  remaining  faithful.      Mallory,  the  Secre- 


tary of  the  Navy, doubtful  whether  his  official 

services  would  lie  needed  on  the  Gulf,  tied,  with 

Wigfall    (which    sc to   La    Grange,  where   he 

met  his  family  and  was  subsequently  arrested; 
and  Benjamin  lied  to  England.  Da\is's  family 
had  accompanied  him  from  Danville  to  Wash- 
ington :  now,  for  prudential  reasons,  they  sepa- 
rated, hut  were  soon  reunited;  and  near  Irvvins- 
villc.  the  capital  of  Irwin  County,  (ia.,  three 
miles  south  from  Macon,  Davis  was  arrested  by 
National  cavalry  on  the  morning  of  May  li. 
1886,  and  taken  a  prisoner  to  Fortress  Monroe. 

(Sec   DoriS,  AfTMt  of.) 

Confederate  Government,  PREPARATIONS  OF 
Mo;  l't.ii.iii.    President  Davis  and  bis  colleagues 

were  so  thoroughly  alarmed  when  the  Nationals 

were  approaching  Richmond  by  land  and  water 
in  May,  1862,  that  they  made  preparations  to  fly 

into  South  Carolina.  The  archives  of  the  gov- 
ernment wen-  sent  to  Lynchburg  and  Columbia. 
The  railway  tracks  over  the  bridges  were  cov- 
ered with  plank  to  facilitate  the  passage  of  ar- 
tillery. The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  had  a 
special  train,  the  steam  of  the  locomotive  con- 
tinually tip.  ready  for  flight.  Disgusted  and 
alarmed  at  this  cowardice  of  the  civil  leaders  of 
the  cause,  the  Legislature  of  Virginia,  then  in 
session,  passed  resolutions  (May  II.  1862)  call- 
ing upon  the  government  of  the  Confederate 
States  to  defend  Richmond  at  all  hazards,  and 

resolved,  with  a  clearness  thai  deprived  the 
trembling  executive  and  his  associates  of  every 

ezonsebut  fear,  that  the  "President  he  assured 
that  w  batever  destruction  or  loss  of  property  of 

tin-  stale  or  indiv  idnals  shall  tlicivhy  result,  will 

be  cheerfully  submitted  to."    Ii  is  believed  that 

this  action  was  inspired  by  (iencral  Joseph  E. 
Johnston.  Put  for  this,  the  menihcrs  of  the 
civil  government  would  have  been  seen  living 
lo  South  Carolina  for  personal  safety. 

Confederate  Government  Seal.  A  sea!  is  a 
symbol  of  sovereignty  within  certain  bounds. 
on  April  ill',  L863,  a  joint  resolution  of  i he  Con- 
gress of  the  "Confederate  States  of  America" 


TROrosKD    '■  O0MFHMBATI  STATUS"   SEAL. 

beenme  u  law  for  the  establishment  id'  a  seal. 
declaring  that  it  should  "consist  of  a  device 
representing  an  equestrian  portrait  of  Wash 

IngtOD  (after  the  statue  which  surmounts  his 
ntoniiinent  at  Richmond)  surrounded  with  a 
wreath  composed  of  tho  principal  agricultural 


CONFEDERATE  GOVERNMENT  SEAL  288 


CONFEDERATE  NAVY 


prodncte  of  the  Confederacy — cotton,  tobaoeo, 
sugar-cane,  corn,  wheat,  and  rice— and  having 
around  its  margin  the  words, "  The  Com  kdeb- 
ate  Statks  ok  America,  Per  22,  1862"  (the 

date    of  the    establishment    of   the    permanent 

government),  with   the   motto  "Deo    Findice." 

Soon  after  the  passage  of  this  law,  the  Confed- 
erate Secretary  of  State  (.J.  1'.  Benjamin)  wrote 


Richmond.  It  was  engraved  in  solid  silver.  It 
was  sent  by  the  way  of  Bermuda,  but  it  did  not 
reach  Richmond  until  about  the  time  when  the 
Confederacy  was  broken  up.  The  writer  was 
informed  by  the  attorney-general  of  the  Con- 
federacy at  the  time  of  its  dissolution, that  tin- 
seal  was  never  used — no  Confederate  commis- 
sion ever  bore  this  emblem  of  sovereignty.     In 


'??' 


BrlHtPR£SIOE»r 


■yutuf/ua  ant/- — 


1 


JSp. 


'Vf 


OOlfFBDCRATI   Mi  u    rOMWSSlOM 


to  the  Confederate  representative  in  England    1876  it  was  In  the  poaaeaaion  of  T.J.  Pickets] 
f J.  M.  Mason  i,  directing  him  to  have  a  seal  made    who  was  the  oonimlaaioner  of  the  Confederacy 


b>  the  besl  artist,  Mr.  Mason  employed  Joseph 
s.  YVvon,  chief  "  seal  engraver  to  the  qneen,"  to 
do  the  work.  It  was  completed  earlj  In  July, 
1864,  and  placed  Ip  charge  of  Lieutenant  Chap- 
man, of  tin-  Confederate  Army,  to  oonvej  it  to 


in  Mexico.     The  BllgMN  Ing  on  page  98?  l-  al>ont 
half  the  si/e  of  the  Original. 

Confederate  Navy  (1861).  The  "Confeden 
ate  Btatea"  lacked  the  Ingenuity  and  skill  M 
construct  vessels  of  war,  hot,  bj  tbeoarlj  seisnn 


CONFEDERATE  PRIVATEERS 


239    CONFEDERATE  ROSETTE  AND  BADGE 


of  vessels  belonging  t<>  the  United  States  and  by 
pnrehaee,  they  bad  several  armed  vessels  at  sea. 
They  had  appropriated  to  their  use  six  United 

Stall'  revenue  cntters,  which  were  fitted  up  as 
privateers,  and  purchased  and  fitted  out  about 
a  dozen  others.  The  first  of  the  purchased  ves- 
sels was  named  the  Lady  Davis,  in  honor  of  the 
•rife  of  Jefferson  Davis.  She  was  armed  with 
St-ponnders  ami  placed  under  the  command  of 
Lieutenant  T.  I!,  ringer,  of  the  United  states 
Navy,  who  had  disci  t«'d  his  flag.  This  was  the 
beginning  of  the  "Confederate  States"  Navy, 
which  never  assumed  formidable  proportions 
until  ships  bnilt,  armed,  and  manned  in  British 
ports  were  permitted  to  enter  the  Confederate 
service.  The  Confederacy  bad  engraved  in  Eng- 
land a  very  line  naval  commission,  which  was 
given  to  the  commauders  of  all  their  vessels,  it 
was  much  superior  in  artistic  execution  to  the 
commissions  issued  to  National  naval  officers. 
Our  engraving  is  a  perfect  fao-simile  of  it.  a  little 
less  than  one  third  the  size  of  the  original.  It 
was  printed  on  elegant  vellum.  The  space  with- 
in the  wreath  covering  the  trophies  at  I  he  bot- 
tom was  the  place  of  the  seal. 

Confederate  Privateers.  The  Confederate 
Dougress  resolved  I  February,  1862  to  prosecute 
the  war  with  vigor.  Before  the  close  of  July 
following  they  had  more  than  twenty  vessels 
alioat  ;is  pi  i\  ateers  to  depredate  upon  Amei  ican 
Bommeree,  and  had  destroyed  millions  of  dollars' 
worth  of  property.  At  the  tirst,  the  most  for- 
midable of  these  were  the  Kaehville  and  Sumter. 


niVAim  unr 

The  former  was  a  side-wheel  steamer,  carried  a 
crew  of  eighty  men.  and  was  armed  with  two 
long    12-pouud     rilled    cat US.       She    was    de- 

ptroyed  (Feb.  28,  L8  12  by  the  Montauk,  Captain 
Worden.in  the  Ogeechee  Biver.  The  career  of 
the  Sumter  was  also  short,  bnt  much  more  active 
and  destructive.      She  had  a  crew  of  sixty-five 

men  ami  twenty-five  marines,  and  was  heavily 
arme.l.  She  had  run  the  blockade  at  the  month 
of  the  Mississippi  Biver  (.Ian.  30,  1861  .  ran 
among  tbe  West  India  Islands,  making  many 
■  ssels  bearing  tbe  Lmericau  Qag, and 
became  the  terror  of  the  American  merchant 
service,  skilfully  eluding  National  vessels  of 
war  sent  out  to  capture  her.  She  crossed  the 
Atlantic,  ami,  at  the  close  of  1861,  was  com- 
pelled to  seek  the  Bhelter  of  friendly  British 
guns  at  Gibraltar.  There  she  was  watched  bj 
I— 19 


tbe  Tu8carora,  United  Slates  Navy,  and  was  sold 
early  in  1862.  Mr.  Laird, a  ship-builder  at  Liv- 
erpool anil  a  member  of  the  British  Parliament, 
contracted  to  build  sea-rovers  for  the  Confeder- 
ates. The  first  of  his  production  that  went  to 
sea  was  the  Onto.  Mr.  Adams,  the  American 
Minister,  called  the  attention  of  the  British  gov- 
ernment to  the  matter  (Feb.  1~.  1862),  but  noth- 
ing was  done.  She  went  to  a  British  port  of 
the  Bahamas,  and  ran  the  blockade  at  Mobile, 
under  British  colors,  with  a  valuable  cargo. 
Her  name  was  changed  to  Florida,  and  she  was 
placed  in  charge  of  a  late  officer  of  the  United 

States  Navy  (John  New  land  Mafflt),  and  again 
went  to  sea  in  December.  The  Florida  hovered 
most  of  the  time  off  the  American  coast,  closely 
watched,  everywhere  leaving  a  Hack  of  desola- 
tion behind  her.      She  ran  down  to  the  coast  of 

South  America,  and,  alar d  at  the  presence  of 

a  National  vessel  of  war.  ran  in  among  the  Bra- 
zilian fleet  in  the  harbor  of  Bahia.  Captain  Col- 
lins.of  the  Wachuett,  ran  in  (del.  7.  1864  |,  board 
ed  the  Florida,  lashed  her  to  Ins  vessel,  and  bore 
her  to  Hampton  Roads.  Ya..  where  she  was  sunk. 
The  most  famous  of  the  Anglo-Confederate  ves- 
sels was  the  Alabama,  built  by  Laird  and  com- 
manded by  Raphael  Seinmes,  who  had  been  cap- 
tain of  the  Slimier.  Her  career  is  elsewhere  re- 
's! e  Alabama.)  The  career  of  tbe  Shenan- 
doah, another  Anglo-Confederate  privateer,  was 

largely  in  the  Indian.  Southern,  anil  Pacific 
oceans,  plundering  and  destroying  American  ves- 
sels. On  the  borders  of  the  Frozen  ocean, near 
Behring's  Strait,  she  attended  a  convention  of 
American  whaling  ships  (June  28,  1865)  without 
being  suspected,  as  she  bore  the  United  states 
Ideiily  she  revealed  her  character, 
and  before  evening  she  had  made  prizes  of  ten 
w  balers,  of  w  bich  eight  n  ere  burned  in  a  group 
before  midnight.  It  was 
the  last  act  in  the  drama 
of  the  Civil  War.  Her 
commander,  informed  of 
the  close  ofthe  war.sailcd 
for  England,  gave  up  the 
vessel  to  a  British  war- 
ship as  a  prize,  and  made 
himself  rich  by  pocketing 
the  money  that  belonged 
to  bis  companions.  His 
name  was  .lames  I,  Wad- 
dell,  and  he  bore  a  coin- 
mission  from  the  Colifed- 
•  i clary  id'  the 
Navy.  The  Shenandoah 
w  as  a  Clyde-built  steam- 
er, long  and  rakish,  of 
seven  hnudredand  ninety 
tons  burden.  She  was 
manned,  says  her  his- 
torian (C.  E.  Hunt),  by 
•■  Southern  gentlemen.'' 
Against  the  sending  out 
of  all  these  Vessels  Mr. 
Adams  protested  in  vain. 
Confederate  Rosette 
and  Badge.  The  ro- 
sette   was   made   of  blue 


•iur  ULUia,  rrcsi .  i 
Alt  STHHEJ 


CONFEDERATE  STATES  CONGRESS  290  CONFEDERATE  STATES  OF  AMERICA 


satiu  ribbon,  surrounding  a  disk  containing  two 
circles,  in  the  centre  of  which  was  a  portrait  of 
Jefferson  Davis.  On  one  were  the  words.  ••  <  In; 
l'ntsi  President.  Tin:  Right  Man  in  the 
Right  Place."    <>u  the  other  were  seven  stars 

and  the  name  of  JEFFERSON  Davis.  Attached 
to  this  was  a  badge  of  white  satin,  on  which 
was  printed,  in  propel  colors,  t lie  "Confeder- 
ate" flag.    Over  it  were  the  words.  "Tin:  SOUTH 

Forever.  Southern  Confederation."  Be- 
low it  were  the  words  "  JEFF.  Davis,  President ; 
A.  H.  Stephens,  Vice-President."  (See  Secession 
Cockade. ) 

Confederate  States  Congress,  Third  Ses- 
sion OF  THE.  The  government  of  the  Confed- 
erate States  was  transferred  from  Montgomery 
to  Richmond,  and  there  the  third  session  was 
opened  at  noon,  July  "20,  1S<51.  The  members 
were  called  to  order  by  Howell  Cobb.  Presi- 
dent Davis,  in  his  message,  congratulated  his 
associates  on  the  accession  of  states  to  the 
league;  declared  that  the  National  government 
had  revealed  its  intention  to  make  the  war  one 
of  subjugation  :  that  the  Confederates  had  not 
begun  the  war:  that  the  Confederacy  was  "a 
great  and  powerful  nation:"  that  their  nation- 
ality had  been  recognized  by  the  establishment 
of  "blockades  by  sea  and  land:"  and  that  the 
National  government  had  repudiated  the  idea 
of  the  Confederates  being  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  by  making  war  upon  them  "  with  a  sav- 
age ferocity  unknown  to  modern  civilization." 
He  charged  that  "  rapine  and  plunder"  was  the 
rale  of  the  loyal  soldiers:  that  they  plundered 
and  destroyed  private  houses;  that  they  made 
special  war  on  women  and  children  by  depriv- 
ing them  of  the  means  of  procuring  medicines, 
and  that  they  had  committed  outrages  on  de- 
fenceless women.  The  Congress  passed  an  act 
(Ang.  8,  1-til)  which  authorized  the  banishment 
from  the  limits  of  the  Confederate  States  of 
every  masculine  citizen  of  the  United  States 
(with  some  exceptions  named)  over  fourteen 
years  of  age  who  acknowledged  its  authority. 
The  couits  were  authorized  to  arrest  all  Union 
men  who  did  not  proclaim  their  allegiance  to 
the  Confederacy  or  leave  its  limits  within  forty 
days,  and  to  treat  them  as  "alien  enemies." 
Another  act  authorized  the  confiscation  of  every 
species  of  property  of  snob  "alien  enemies,"  or 

absent  citizens  of  tin-  United  States,  with  ex- 
ceptions already  alluded  to  (citizens  of  slave- 
labor  states  yet  in  the  Union).  Measures  for 
the  increase  and  officering  of  the  army  and 
navy"  and  for  extensive  financial  operations 
were  adopted.  It  was  reported  that  the  Con- 
federates then  had  2110.0(10  soldiers  in  the  held. 
and  President  Daria  was  authorised  to  increase 
this  force  by  an  addition  of  400,000  volunteers, 

to  serve  for  not  less  than  one  year  nor  more  than 
lime  years.  He  was  also  authorised  to  send  ad- 
ditional commissioners  to  Europe  :  also,  to  in- 
dict retaliation  upon  the  persons  of  prisoners  of 

war. 

Confederate  States  Government,  PCRKA- 
mm       I'll.-  provisional  government  of  the  ro- 

callcd  Confederate  States  ended  on   1  I 


wheu  the  permanent  government  was  organ- 
ized. Jefferson  Davis  had  been  unanimously 
chosen  President  for  a  term  of  six  years.  He 
chose  for  his  cabinet  Judah  P.  Benjamin,  of 
Louisiana,  Secretary  of  State;  George  W.  Ran- 
dolph, of  Virginia,  Secretary  of  War :  s.  R.  Mai- 
lory,  of  Florida.  Secretary  of  the  Navy:  C.  G. 
Meinminger.  of  South  Carolina,  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury:  .1.  II.  Reagan,  of  Texas.  Postmaster- 
general,  and  T.  11.  Watts,  of  Alabama,  Attorney- 
general.  Randolph  resigned  in  the  autumn, 
and  James  A.  Seddon.  a  wealthy  citizen  of  Rich- 
mond, was  made  Secretary  of  War  in  his  place. 
On  the  same  day  a  Congress,  professedly  elected 
by  the  people,  assembled  at  Richmond,  in  which 
all  of  the  slave-labor  states  were  represented  ex- 
cepting Maryland  and  Delaware.  Whether  the 
members  of  Congress  had  been  elected  on  the 
following  Virginia  plan  is  not  recorded:  "It 
being  necessary  to  form  a  ticket  of  electors," 
said  a  leading  newspaper  of  Richmond,  "and 
the  time  being  too  short  to  call  a  convention  of 
the  people,  it  was  suggested  that  the  Richmond 
editors  should  prepare  a  ticket,  thus  relieving 
the  people  of  the  trouble  of  making  elections." 
The  ticket  was  so  formed  and  voted  upon.  "  Ev- 
ery district  in  the  state."  said  the  journalist,  "  is 
embraced  in  this  editorial  report."  Devices  for 
seals  of  the  various  departments  were  adopted, 
and  the  seals  were  made  in  England. 
federate  Government  Seal.) 

"Confederate  States  of  America."  When  the 
convention  at  Montgomery  (which  seel  adopted 
a  permanent  constitution,  the  name  "Confeder- 
ate States  of  America"  was  given  to  the  league. 
This  was  a  misnomer,  for  no  states,  as  stares. 
had  confederated.  No  state,  as  a  state,  was  at 
any  time  during  the  war  in  insurrection  or  re- 
bellion; only  certain  persons  in  certain  states 
were  in  a  condition  of  insurrection  or  rebellion. 
An  ancient  poet  asked.  "  What  constitutes  a 
state  T"  and  answered  his  own  question,  "Men. 
high-minded  men  "  —  in  other  words,  as  applied 
to  our  free  government,  the  people.  The  peo- 
ple in  the  "seceded  states"  had  never  been 
asked  to  sanction  the  ordinances  of  secession; 
had  no  voice  in  the  choice  of  members  of  the 
convention  at  Montgomery,  which  assumed  tha 
powers  of  a  genera]  government;  bad  never 
spoken  concerning  the  constitution  which  these 
men  had  framed,  and  had  no  voice  in  forming 
the  government  called  the  "Confederate  States 
of  America."  It  was  only  a  confederation  of 
politicians,    leagued    for    the    avowed     purpose 

of  overturning  the  government  of  the  United 

States.      Equally  misnamed  is  a   history  of  the 
war  by  Alexander  H.  Stephens,  which  he  calls  : 

War  between  tin  stnt<*.    There  never  was  a  wi 

between  the  stall's. 

"Confederate  States  of  America,"  l'i  i:\n- 
mm  Consttti  no*  op  mm.  On  the  llth  of 
March  the  ■■  Congress"  at  Montgomery  adopted 

a   permanent    const  it  lit  ion    for   the  Confederacy. 

and  gave  to  the  league  the  title  of  "Confede 

ati-  Mates  , if  Ann  ilea."      In  its  preamble  the  doc- 
trine nt  state  supremacy  w  as  fully  re.  .  _ 

the  following  words ;   "We,  the  people  of  the 


CONFEDERATE  STATES  OF  AMERICA    291       CONFEDERATES,  CONVENTION  OF 


Confederate  States,  each  state  acting  in  its  sov- 
ereign and  independent  character,"  etc.  It  was 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  with  cer- 
tain omissions  and  alterations.  It  fixed  the  term 
of  service  of  the  Presidenl  and  Vice-President  at 
six  years,  and  made  the  former  ineligible  to  re- 
election. 

"Confederate  States  of  America,"  Ratifi- 
cation of  Permanent  Constitution  ov  the. 
The  Constitution  was  submitted  to  the  several 
revolutionary  or  secession  conventions  for  ratifi- 
cation. This  was  done  on  their  reassembling, 
respectively.  The  Convention  of  Alabama  rati- 
fied it  on  March  13,  L861  :  of  Georgia  on  March 
14th;  of  Louisiana,  March  'JBt  ;  of  Mississippi, 
March  26th;  of  South  Carolina,  April  :?<1.  In 
the  Mississippi  Convention  some  of  the  ablest 
men  proposed  to  submit  the  Constitution  to  the 
people,  but  this  democratic  idea  was  voted  down 
by  the  voices  of  seventy-eight  agaiusl  seven. 
None  of  the  conventions  ever  ventured  to  allow 
the  people  to  vote  fii.lv  OU  their  own  acts,  or 
on  the  subject  of  forming  a  Southern  confed- 
eracy. The  whole  authority  in  the  new  govern- 
ment was  vested.  l.y  palpable  usurpation,  in  the 
hands  of  the  politicians.  The  revolutionary 
movements  in  which  the  people  were  so  deeply 
interested  were  wholly  controlled  l>y  a  few  self- 
constituted  leaders. 

"Confederate  States,"  Siur  DSPABTMENI 
Seal  of  mi.  Ai  Richmond  the  Congress  of  the 
Confederate  States  de^  isetl  seals  for  I  heir  several 
departments.  That  of  the  Slate  Department, 
which    would    he    seen    abroad   more    than    any 


CONFEDERATE    "  8TATK    DKPAKTMKST  "    SEAL. 

other,  had  in  its  centre  an  eseutehenn  quartered 

by  a  St.  Andrew's  cross  bearing  ten  stars.  In 
the  npper  quartering  was  a  ship  under  full  sail, 
and  in  each  of  the  other  three  waa  an  agricultu- 
ral product  of  the  South.       From   the  top  of  the 

escutcheon  were  emitted  rays  of  light.  Under  it 
was  a  ribbon  bearing  the  motto  "Ni  lla  patria 

a mic  i  i  i  in n  ;" meaning," Nocountry,uo father- 
Land,  that  does  not  keep  faith:"  that  is  to  say, 
"We  reject  the  National  government  beoanse  it 

is  faithless."  Around  the  whole  were  the  words 
"DEPABTMENI  ..!■  Si  mi:.   <  "Ml  i>i  BATS  Si  I  I  I  - 

<>f  America." 

Confederates,   CONVENTION    of,  at   Mont- 


gomery (1861).  On  the  same  day  (Feb.  4, 1861) 
when  the  Peace  Congress  (which  see)  assembled 
at  Washington  to  consider  measures  for  preserv- 
ing the  Union,  delegates  from  six  states  wherein 
conventions  had  adopted  ordinances  of  secession 
assembled  at  Montgomery,  Ala.,  to  form  a  con- 
federacy for  the  destruction  of  the  Union.  In 
that  convention,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Ala- 
haina,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  and  Florida  were 
represented.  They  met  in  the  Slate  House  at 
Montgomery,  a  city  then  of  sixteen  thousand  in- 
habitants, situated  on  the  Alabama  River, three 
hundred  miles  by  its  course  from  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  The  delegates  were  forty-two  in  num- 
ber.* The  sessions  began  in  the  legislative  hall, 
with  i;  w.  Barn  well,  of  South  Carolina,  as  tem- 
porary chairman.  Rev.  Basil  Manly  invoked 
the  blessings  of  God  upon  the  premeditated  la- 
bors of  the  convention.  Howell  Cohh,  of  Georgia, 
waa  appointed  permanent  president  of  the  con- 
vention, and  .Johnson  I".  1  [ooper,  of  Montgomery, 
was  chosen  clerk.  In  his  speech  on  taking  the 
chair  Cobb  declared  that  they  met  as  •repre- 
sentatives of  sovereign  states  which  had  dis- 
solved their  political  connection  with  the  United 
Slates;"   that   the   separation    was  a   "  fixed,  an 

irrevocable  fact  perfect, complete,  and  perpet- 
ual ;"  counselled  his  associates  to  assume  the  re- 
sponsibility necessary  for  the  accomplishment 

of  the  work  they  had  entered  upon  ;  and  Con- 
cluded bj  Baying,  "With  a  consciousness  of  the 
justice  of  OUT  Canse,  aud  With  confidence  in  the 
guidance  and  blessinga  Of  a  kind  Providence,  we 
will  this  day  inaugurate  for  the  South  a  new- 
era  of  peace,  security,  ami  prosperity."  It  was 
agreed  that  all  voles  should  he  taken  l.y  states. 
It  was  perceived  at  the  outset  that  perfect  har- 
mony in  the  con vcnl  ion  could  not  he  expected. 
Nearly  all  of  the  delegates,  as  private  letters 
show,  were  aspirants  for  office  in  the  inchoate 
empire.       Each    felt    himself,    like    Bottom    the 

Weaver,  capable  of  performing  any  part  in  the 

drama  then  opening,  eit  her  as"  I. ion,"  --1'v  ra- 
mus." •■  Wall,"  or  •'  Moonshine."  The  South  Car- 
olinians were  specially  willing  to  hear  the  bur- 
den of  pui. lie  office.    Judge  MoGrath,  who  laid 

aside  his  judicial  rol.es  at  Charleston,  sent  word 
l.y    Memminger  that   lie  would   like   to   be   made 

attorney-general.     Robert   Barnwell  Bhett,  the 

•■  father  of  secession  in  South  Carolina,"  though  t 
himself  peculiarly  fitted  for  secretary  of  war, 
and  evinced,  in  letters  to  his  son,  special  sensi- 
tiveness beoanse  his  claims  to  distinction  had 

been  overlooked.  Memminger  aspired  to  be  sec- 
retary of  the  treasury,  and  .lames  Chesnut,  dr., 
w  ho  had  "  patriotically  "  made  a  sacrilice  of  his 
seat  in  the  United  Slates  Senate,  was  spoken  of 


*  The  following  are  Hie  names  of  the  ilolcgatos  :  South  Car 

Illicit   .lames  Chesll 111,  -Ir  ,  W.  I'.  Miles.  T   .1   Will, 

cis.  It.  W     I!;, unveil.  C    (J     Memminger,   I.    \l     Koitt,  W     W 

inert  Tooinl.s.  Unwell  Cobh,  Benjamin  II 

Hill,  Alexander  II  Stephens,  Kr. is  llarl ,  Marl 

t'nnl.  K,  A  N.shetl,  Augustus  It.  Wright,  Thomas  If.  li.  Cohh, 
Augustus  Keenati  .l/o/minn  Kidiar.l  \V  Walker,  Robert  II. 
Smith.  Colin  J  HoRae,  John  QUI  Shorter,  8  r  Hale,  David  P 
Lew  Ig,  i  nomas  Fearn,  .1  l.  M.  Currv.  w  I'  chili. .n 
p*_Wlllie  P.  Harris.  Walker  Brooke.  A  M  Clayton, W.  S,  Bar 
ry,  J.  T.  Harrison.  J.  A  P  Campbell, W.  8  Wilson  Louisiana 
-".John  Perkins.  Jr.,  Duncan  c.  Senna, C.  m  Conrad,  E  Spen 
cer,  Henry  Marshall.  Florida— Juckson  Morton,  Jamea  Pen 
Ochiltree. 


CONFEDERATES,  CONVENTION  OF   292  CONFEDERATES  ON  THE  POTOMAC 


as  a  fitting  head  of  the  new  nation.  Some  auto- 
graph letters  before  the  writer  are  rich  revela- 
tions of  disappointed  ambition.  In  the  conven- 
tion, Rhett  counselled  the  same  violence  that  the 
South  Carolinians  had  practised  at  Charleston, 
ami  when  his  recommendations  were  met  by 
calm  opposition,  he  denounced  his  associates  as 
cowards  and  imbeciles.  "  If  the  people  of 
Charleston  should  burn  the  whole  crew  in  effigy 
I  should  not  be  surprised."  lie  wrote,  Fell.  11, 
1861.  Men  like  Stephens,  Hill.  Brooke,  and  Per- 
kins controlled  the  fiery  spirits  like  Rhett  and 
Toombs  in  the  convention,  and  it  soon  assumed 
a  dignity  suited  to  the  gravity  of  the  occasion. 
The  sessions  were  generally  held  in  secret.  On 
the  second  day  .Meiutninger,  of  South  Carolina, 
offered  resolutions  declaring  it  to  be  expedient 
forthwith  to  form  a  confederacy  of  "seceded 
states."  and  that  a  committee  of  thirteen  be  ap- 
pointed to  report  a  plan  for  a  provisional  gov- 
ernment on  the  basis  of  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States,  and  that  all  propositions  in  refer- 
ence to  a  provisional  government  be  referred  to 
that  committee.  Alexander  H.  Stephens  then 
moved  that  the  term  "congress,"  instead  of 
"convention,"  be  used  when  applied  to  the  body 
then  in  session,  which  was  agreed  to.  Commis- 
sioners from  North  Carolina  appeared  (Feb.  6), 
and  were  invited  to  seats  in  the  convention. 
They  came  only  as  commissioners  from  a  "state 
yet  in  the  Union."  instructed  to  effect  an  "hon- 
orable and  amicable  adjustment  of  all  the  diffi- 
culties that  distract  the  country,  upon  the  basis 
of  tile  Crittenden  Compromise  (which  Bee),  mod- 
ified by  the  Virginia  Legislature/'  Their  mis- 
sion was  fruitless,  for  that  '•congress"  was  op- 
posed to  any  form  of  conciliation.  On  the  7th 
a  resolution  from  the  Legislature  of  Alabama, 
offering  the  '-Provisional  Government  of  the 
Confederacy  of  Seceding  States  the  sum  of 
$500,000  as  a  loan."  was  accepted.  On  the  same- 
day  Memmiiiger,  chairman  of  the  committee  of 
thirteen,  presented  a  plan  of  government.  It 
was  dismissed  in  secrel  Bession, when  tin-  Con- 
stitution of  the  Tinted  States,  with  some  impor- 
tant modifications,  was  adopted  as  the  form  of 
government  of  the  new  Confederacy.  (See  Con- 
federate States  of  America.)  This  provisional 
Constitution  received  the  unanimous  vote  of 
the  convention:  yet  the  violent  Rhett  fulmi- 
nated, through  the  Charleston  Mercury,  anathe- 
mas against  it.  especially  on  account  of  a  tariff 
clause,  the  prohibition  of  the  African  slave-trade, 
and  the  adoption  «>f  the  three-fifths  rule  of  rep- 
resentation for  slaves,  as  in  the  National  Con- 
stitution. "  Let  your  people,"  be  said.  "  prepare 
their  minds  for  a  failure  in  the  future  permanent 
Southern    Constitution,    for    Soul  li    Carolina    is 

about  to  be  saddled  with  almost  e\et\  griev- 
ance, except  abolition,  against  w  Inch  sin-  so  long 
struggled,  and  has  just  withdrawn  from  the 
United  states  Government."  On  the  9th  of 
February  tin-  president  of  the  convention  and 
all  the  members  took  the  oath  of  allegiance  to 
the  provisional  Constitution,  and  at  noon  the 
doors  of  the  ball  w  ere  thrown  open  to  the  pub- 
lic, and  the  convention  proceeded  to  the  elec- 
tion of  a  President  and  Vioe- President  of  the 


Confederacy.  Jeft'ersou  Davis,  of  Mississippi, 
was  chosen  President  by  unanimous  vote;  and 
by  alike  vote  Alexander  H.Stephens,  of  Georgia, 
was  chosen  Vice-President,  i  See  Inauguration  of 
Davit  and  Stephens.)  The  chairman  of  the  con- 
vention appointed  committees  on  foreign  rela- 
tions, postal  affairs,  finance,  commerce,  military 
and  naval  affairs,  judiciary,  patents  and  copy- 
rights, and  printing.  All  the  laws  of  the  United 
States  not  incompatible  with  the  new  order  of 
things  were  continued  in  force  temporarily.  A 
committee  was  appointed  to  report  a  constitu- 
tion of  permanent  government  for  the  Confed- 
eracy. On  the  KJth  a  delegate  from  Texas  (John 
Gregg)  took  his  seat  in  the  convention.  The 
others  were  on  the  way.  Preparations  were 
made  for  the  organization  of  an  army  and  navy, 
and  to  make  provision  for  deserters  of  the  old 
flag.  On  Feb.  16  Davis  and  Stephens  were  in- 
augurated, and  the  oath  of  office  was  adminis- 
tered to  Davis  by  Howell  Cobb,  president  of  the 
congress.  The  convention  authorized  him  to 
accept  one  hundred  thousand  volunteers,  and  to 
assume  control  of  "all  military  operations  be- 
tween the  Confederate  Slates:"  and  at  the  mid- 
dle of  March  it  recommended  the  several  states 
to  cede  to  the  "Confederate  States"  the  forts, 
arsenals,  dock-yards,  and  other  public  establish- 
ments within  their  respective  domains  which 
they  had  WTOSted  from  the  United  States." 

Confederates  on  the  Line  of  the  Potomac. 
Detachments  of  Confederates  from  headquarters 
at  Manassas  took  a  position  at  Munson's  Hill, 
within  six  miles  of  the  Capitol  as  the  bird  Hies, 
and  they  kept  up  the  blockade  of  the  Potomac 
below  Washington  by  batteries  on  the  Virginia 
shore.  When  the  government  proposed  to  re- 
move that  blockade,  and  National  troops  began 
to  push  back  the  Confederate  advance,  the  lat- 
ter retired  from  Munsoifs  Hill,  late  in  Septem- 


*  The  proceedings  of  this  convention,  and  of  the  " Provi- 
sional Government  of  the  Confederate  stales''  nave  never 
been  printed.    The  original  manuscripts  were  dts 
sume  of  General  Wilson's  command  al  Athens  G  i 
downfall  of  the  Confederacy    Thej  were  in  three 
of  the  recitation  rooms  of  the  luiversin 
respondent  of  the  Nam  York  Herald,  writing  froi 
the  19th  of  .tune,  lsil.i.  gives  the  following  interesting  history 
of  these  papers,  which  consist  of  journals,  correspondence,  eta, : 
-  As  the  Provisional  Congress  was  alioiil  to  e.\| 

iion  a  is  made  thai  the  journals  should  be  published     Thai 

was  Objected  to  on  the  ground  of  furnishing  much   valuable 

Information,  and  a  Ian  was  paaaed  authorising  and  requiring 
the  president  of  the  Congress.  Howell  Cobb,  to  have  three  cop- 
ies mail.-  of  all  the  journals     lie  was  al  that  time  m  the  army, 
commanding  the  Sixteenth  Georgia  Regiment,  and  down  on 
the  Pen  asula,  below  Richmond      He  al  once  •  i 
Hooper,  former  clerk,  to  undertake  llie  job      We 
his  hinder  Hires  u  is  DOl  known;   but  he  did  very  little,  and, 
after  having  them  on  hand  for  a  long  time,  died 
then   Shipped   to  a  gentleman    in  Georgia,  with  a   request  to 
complete  the  work     Papers  were  missing,  requ  i 
to  find;  materials  hard  to  gel.  and  the  work  then 

was  completi  :  one  time  held  iii  Atlanta,  nut 

■  i  om  ng  too  near,  were  hurried  oil  10V 
limn-  rumor  ol  a  rant  springing  ; 
carried  to  TallapooaJ  County,  Ala  .  on  a  planlal  on     In  march 
in-  from  Dadovillo  to  1....1.  Impokft,  General   Rous 
within  four  miles  of  the  boUM  where  the]   were;  and  wh.-n 
Ins  men  were  destroying  the  railroad  at  S 
having  lbs  little  light  near  Chebaw,  the 
the  woods  Iwo  miles  oil.  and  were  wntcbi 
Thej   were  Hon  removed  io   \ 
Sherman  oame  tearing  down 

the  spring,  they  were  hr.. 


CONFEDERATES  ABANDONED 


293  CONGRESS  AND  ROMAN  CATHOLICS 


ber.  After  that  there  were  some  struggles  for 
the  possession  of  the  Upper  Potomac.  Skir- 
mishes occurred  at  Lewinsville,  Ya.,  and  at 
Darnestowu,  Md.,  in  which  the  Nationals  were 
victors.  By  the  middle  of  October  (1861)  the 
Confederates  occupied  a  line  from  Fairfax  Court- 
house well  up  towards  Leesburg.  Meanwhile 
some  National  troops  had  crossed  the  river  at 
Harper's  Ferry  (Oct. 8, 1861)  to  seize  some  wheat, 
when  a  large  body  of  Confederates  menaced 
them.  Colonel  Geary  went  over  with  reinforce- 
ments for  the  Nationals,  and  on  the  hills  hack 
of  the  village  he  had  a  severe  engagement  with 
the  insurgents  and  repulsed  them.  Then  all  the 
Nationals  recrossed  tin'  river  with  their  spoils. 
At  Lewinsville  the  Nationals  lost  two  killed  and 
ten  wounded.  The  skirmish  at  Darnestowu, 
Md.,  between  National  pickets  and  four  hundred 
and  fifty  Virginians,  continued  about  two  hours. 
The  assailants  (the  Virginians)  were  repulsed, 
with  a  loss  often  killed  and  many  wounded; 
only  one  National  was  killed.  At  Harper's  Fer- 
ry Geary  losl  four  killed,  seven  wounded,  and 
two  taken  prisoners. 

Confederates,  Tin:,  abandoned  iiv  GREAT 
Britain.  In  April,  1864, the  British  minister  at 
Washington  was  permitted  to  send  to  Jefferson 

Davis  a  letter  from  Earl  Russell,  the  British  for- 
eign secretary,  in  which  that  officer,  in  the  name 
of"  her  Majesty's  government,"  protested  agaiust 
the  further  procuring  by  the  Confederates  of 
vessels  within  the  British  dominions  to  hi'  used 
for  piratical  or  privateering  purposes.  He  said, 
••  Her  Majesty's  government  protests  ami  remon- 
strates against  any  further  efforts  on  the  part 
of  the  to-called  Confederate  States  t>>  procure  ves- 
sels in  Great  Britain  for  hostile  purposes  against 
the  United  States."  And  "  her  Majestj  's  govern- 
ment further  protests  and  remonstrates  against 
all  acts  in  violation  of  t  he  neut  rality  laws  of  the 
realm."  These  words,  ut  tcrcd  bj  < who  per- 
sonally and  in  the  name  of  his  government  had 
given  the  insurgents  all  the  "aid  and  comfort" 
in  his  power  which  a  wise  prudence  would  al- 
low, kindled  the  hot  indignation  of  the  Confed- 
erates. Mr.  Davis  instructed  one  of  his  assist- 
ants to  reply  that  it  ••would  he  i ncoiisislen t 
with  the  dignity  of  the  position  he  [Mr.  Davis] 
tills  as  chief  magistrate  of  a  nation  comprising 
a  population  of  more  than  twelve  millions,  oc- 
cupying a  territory  many  times  larger  than  the 
United  Kingdom,  and  possessing  resources  nn- 
snrpassed  bj  those  ofanj  other  country  on  the 
face  of  the  globe,  to  allow  the  attempt  of  Earl 
Russell  to  ignore  the  actual  existence  of  the 
Confederate  Slates,  and  to  contemptuously  style 
them  'so  (ailed,'  to  pass  without  a  protest  and 
a  remonstrance.  The  President  therefore  does 
plot,  si  ami  remonstrate  against  this  studied  in- 
sult :  and  he  instructs  me  to  Bay  that  in  future 
any  document  in  which  it  may  he  repeated  will 
he  returned  unanswered  and  unnoticed." 

Confiscation  Act,  CONFEDERATE.  From  the 
Confederate  ••  Department  of  .lust  ice"  went  out 
I  list  ruct  ions,  late  ill  t  lie  summer  of  1861,  to  pat  in 
fone  the  Confiscation  Act  of  the  Confederate 
Congress  at  its  third  session  (which  Bee),  that  all 


persons,  Americans  or  Europeans,  having  a  dom- 
icile in  the  "Confederate  States,  and  carrying 
on  business  or  traffic  within  the  states  at  war 
with  the  Confederacy  "  were  "  deemed  enemies  ;" 
that  the  property  of  every  kind  of  these  persons 
should  he  seized  and  held,  and  that  the  receiv- 
ers of  the  same  should  apply  to  the  clerk  of 
courts  for  writs  of  garnishment  [a  warning  or 
notice  to  a  person  to  appear  in  court  and  give 
information,  such  person  being  called  a  gar- 
nishee], commanding  persons  suspected  of  hold- 
ing in  trust  the  property  of  an  "alien  enemy" 
to  appear  and  answer  such  questions,  under  oath, 
touching  such  custody,  as  might  be  propounded. 
The  authorized  persons  making  the  seizures  were 
furnished  with  a  formula  of  questions  for  the 
garnishees,  which  implied  the  establishment  of 
a  court  of  inquisition  of  the  most  despotic  kind. 
Under  this  searching  sequestration  act  a  vast 

amount  of  property  belonging  to  loyal  owners 
in  the  free-labor  states  was  seized,  swelling  the 
entire  loss  to  the  inhabitants  of  those  states  by 
the  repudiation  of  or  inability  to  pay  honest 
debts  by  the  business  men  of  the  South  to  about 
$300,000,000.  Few  men  had  the  boldness  to  op- 
pose this  measure.  It  was  a  strong  arm  for  pro- 
ducing a  sidid  South  (which  seel.  .1.  L.  l'etti- 
grew,  of  Chariest  on.  however,  boldly  opposed  it  in 
open  coi  ut.  denouncing  the  law  as  unknown  to  the 
jurisprudence  of  any  civilized  nation.  He  was 
served  with  a  writ  of  garnishment,  hut  refused 
to  obey  it,  telling  the  court  plainly  that  such 
proceedings  were  "no  better  than  those  which 
made  the  English  Star  Chamber  and  Spanish 
Inquisition  odious  to  every  lover  of  liberty." 

Congregational  Church  ix  SOUTH  CAROLI- 
NA. Healing  of  spiritual  destitution  in  South 
Carolina,  a  church  was  gathered  at  Dorchester, 
Mass.,  w  ith  the  design  of  settling  in  that  South- 
ern colony  to  encourage  and  promote  the  growth 
of  religion  there.  With  its  pastor,  Joseph  Lord, 
this  congregation  arrived  at  Charleston  at  the 

close  of  the  year  1695,  formed  a  settlement  on  the 
northern  bank  ot  the  Ashley  River,  which  they 
called  Dorchester,  and  there,  on  Feb.-.'.  1696,  the 
Lord's  Supper  was  for  the  fust  time  adminis- 
tered in  that  colony. 

Congress  and  the  Roman  Catholics.  With 
a  singular  lack  of  discretion,  the  tiist  Continen- 
tal Congress,  while  anxious  to  have  the  Cana- 
dians for  their  allies  in  the  inevitable  struggle 
then  impending,  otl'emled  the  Roman  Catholics 
of  that  country  by  expressions  in  their  address 

to  the  people  of  Great  Britain.     They  asserted 

that  the  Roman  Catholic  religion  had  "dis- 
pensed impiety,  bigotry,  persecution,  murder, 
ami  rebellion  through  every  part  of  the  world." 
In  the  address  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Quebec,  drawn  up  by  John  Dickinson, 
all  old  religious  prejudices  and  jealousies  wen 
condemned  as  unworthy  of  high-minded  men. 
and  the  Swiss  cantons  were  cited  as  examples 
of  a  union  composed  of  Roman  Catholic  and 
Protestant  states.  This  somewhat  soothed  the 
irritation  caused  by  the  other  address,  but  the 
words  of  the  latter  were  remembered  to  the  in- 
jury of  the  American  cause. 


CONGRESS.  APATHY  OF  THE 


■J'.H 


CONGRESS,  NATIONAL 


Congress,  Apathy  of  the  (1779).  Faction 
had  corrupted  or  enfeebled  patriotism  in  Con- 
gress in  1779,  and  there  prevailed  a  general  ap- 
athy in  that  body  concerning  public  affairs. 
Washington  saw  clearly  the  danger,  and  fre- 
qiiently  warned  Congress  of  it.  assuring  them 
that  the  British  ministers  plainly  intended  to 
prosecute  the  war  vigorously,  and  make  a  per- 
manent conquest  of  the  South.  But  the  Con- 
gress did  not  provide  for  reinforcements  for  the 
army,  for  they  believed  the  war  was  near  ils 
end.  In  this  belief  they  were  confirmed  by  the 
action  of  the  French  minister  at  Philadelphia, 
who  had  been  instructed  to  ascertain  the  ulti- 
mate demands  of  the  United  states,  and  to  mould 
them  into  a  form  acceptable  to  Spain.  (See 
Peace,  Anxiety  for,  and  Convention  between  France 
and  Spain.)  The  answer  of  Congress  to  the  Brit- 
ish communication  in  1778  implied  a  willingness 
to  treat  with  Great,  Britain  on  her  recognition 
of  American  independence.  But  they  could  not, 
without  violating  the  treaty  with  France,  make 
a  peace  that  did  not  include  the  latter  country. 
On  Jan.  14,  1779,  the  Congress  resolved  unani- 
mously "  that  as  neither  France  nor  these  United 
States  may  of  right,  so  they  will  not  conclude 
cither  truce  or  peace  with  the  common  enemy 
without  the  formal  consent  of  their  ally  first  ob- 
tained." 

Congress  at  New  London.  In  1711  a  con- 
gress (if  colonial  governors  was  held  at  New  Lon- 
don, Conn.,  to  concert  measures  concerning  the 
proposed  campaign  against  Canada. 

Congress  for  Permanent  Independence. 
Late  in  December,  177(>.  the  Continental  Con- 
gress, which  had  tied  from  Philadelphia  and  re- 
assembled at  Baltimore,  cast  aside,  ils  hitherto 
temporizing  policy.  Up  to  this  time, the  Con- 
gress had  left  on  their  journal  the  suggestion 
that  a  reunion  with  Great  Britain  might  be  the 
consequence  of  a  delay  in  F ranee  to  declare  im- 
mediately and  explicitly  in  their  favor.  Now 
they  voted  to  "assure  foreign  courts  that  the 
Congress  and  people  of  America  are  determined 
to  maintain  their  independence  at  all  events." 
It.  was  resolved  to  offer  treaties  of  commerce  to 
Prussia,  Austria,  and  Tuscany,  and  to  ask  for 
the  intervention  of  those  powers  to  prevent 
Russian  or  German  troops  from  serving  against 
the  United  States.  They  also  drew  up  a  sketch 
for  an  offensive  alliance  with  France  and  Spain 
against  Great  Britain.  These  measures  delight- 
ed the-  more  radical  members  in  Congress  and. 
with  the  victory  at  Trenton  which  immediately 

followed,  inspirited   the  people. 

Congress,  National,  Called  Session  oi  raa 
I  L861  I.  <>n  Thursday,  July  4.  1861, the  Thirty- 
M'vcnth   CougreBS   assembled    in   the  Capitol   at 

Washington  in  extraordinary  session,  in  compli- 
ance with  i he  call  of  President  Lincoln,  April  l*>. 

In    the   Senate    twenty-three   stales,  ami    in    the 

House  nf  Representatives   twenty-two  states 

and    one    territory,   were    represented.       Then! 
were  forty  Senators  and  one   hundred  and   tii't\- 

fuur  representatives.     Ten  states,  in  which  the 

p.dilical  leaders  hail   adopted  ordinate 

COHion,  Were   QOt  represented.      In  both  Houses! 


there  was  a  large  majority  of  Unionists.  It  was 
the  first  session  of  this  Congress,  and  Galusha  A. 
Grow,  of  Pennsylvania,  was  chosen  speaker  of 
the  House  of  Representatives.  The  President, 
in  his  message,  confined  his  remarks  to  the  spe- 
cial object  for  which  the  Congress  had  been 
called  together.  He  recited  the  many  and 
grave  offences  of  the  conspirators  against  the 
life  of  the  nation,  such  as  the  seizure  of  pub- 
lic property,  making  preparations  for  war,  and 
seeking  the  recognition  of  foreign  powers  as 
an  independent  nation.  In  the  act  of  firing 
on  Fort  Sumter,  ••  discarding  all  else,"  he  said, 
"they  have  forced  upon  the  c try  the  dis- 
tinct issue,  'immediate  dissolution  or  blood.'" 
He  reviewed  the  conduct  of  the  Virginia  poli- 
ticians, condemned  the  policy  of  armed  neutral- 
ity proposed  in  some  of  the  border  states,  al- 
luded to  the  call  for  soldiers,  and  the  necessity 
of  vindicating  the  power  of  the  National  gov- 
ernment. "It  is  now  recommended."'  he  said, 
"that  you  give  the  legal  means  for  making  the 
contest  a  short  and  decisive  one;  that  you  place 
at  the  control  of  the  government  fur  the  work 
at  least  4(10.0(11)  men  and  8400,000,000.  ...  A 
right  result  at  this  time  will  be»worth  more  to 
the  world  than  ten  times  the  men  and  ten  times 
the  money.  .  .  .  The  people  will  save  the  gov- 
ernment if  the  government  itself  will  do  its 
part  only  indifferently  will."  He  alluded  to 
the  preponderance  of  Union  sentiment  among 

the  people  in  the  South,  and  stated  the  remark- 
able fact  that,  while  large  numbers  of  officers 
of  the  army  and  navy  had  proved  themselves 
unfaithful,  "not  one  common  soldier  or  sailor  is 
known  to  have  deserted  his  Bag.  .  .  .  This  is  the 
patriotic  instinct  of  plain  people.  They  under- 
stand, without  an  argument,  that  the  destroy- 
ing of  the  government  which  was  made  by 
Washington  means  no  good  to  them."  The 
President  assured  the  people  that  the  side  ob- 
ject of  the  exercise  of  the  war-power  should  be 
the  maintenance  of  the  national  authority  and 
the  salvation  of  the  life  of  the  republic  After 
expressing  a  hope  that  the  views  of  Congress 
w.-re  coincident  with  his  own,  the  President 
said.  "  Having  chosen  our  course  without  guile 
and  with  pore  motives,  let  us  renew  our  trust 
in  God  and  go  forward  without  fear  and  with 
iii.mh  hearts."  Tin-re  were  important  report* 
from  the  departments  accompanying  the  Presi- 
dent's message.  The  Secretary  of  War  ^  Mr. 
Cameron)  recommended  the  enlistment  of  men 
for  three  years,  with  a  bounty  of  $100,  for  the 
additional  regiments  of  the  regular  army  :  also, 
that  appropriations  be  made  for  the  construc- 
tion, equipment,  and  current  expenses  of  rail- 
ways and  telegraphs  for  the  use  of  the  govern- 
ment ;  I'm  the  furnishing  of  a  more  liberal  sup- 
ply of  approved  arms  tor  the  militia,  and  an  in- 
crease in  the  clerical  lone  of  his  department. 
The  Secretary  of  the  Treasurj  (Mr.  Chase)  asked 
for  $240,000,1 for  war  expenses,  and  $80,1 ,000 

to  meet  the  ordinary  demands  lor  the  fiscal  \car. 
lie  proposed  to  raise  the  $80,000,000, in  addition 
to  the  sum  ol  iieai  h  $06, ,000,  bj  levying  in- 
creased duties  on  specified  articles,  and  also  by 
certain  internal  revenues,  or  h\  the  direct  taxa 


CONGRESS,  NATIONAL  2 

tion  of  real  and  persona]  property.  For  war 
purposes,  he  proposed  a  national  loan  of  not 
less  than  $100,000,000, to  be  issued  in  tbe  form 
of  Treasury  notes,  bearing  au  annual  interest  of 

seven  and  three  tenths   per  eent.,or  < sent  a 

day  on  (illy  dollars,  in   s *  from  >.">(>  to  s.">li(lii. 

He  proposed  to  issue  bonds  or  eerl  ilii  .ites  of 
debt, in  the  event  of  the  national  loan  proving 
insufficient,  to  an   amount    not  exceeding  $100,- 

000,000,  to  be  made  redeemable  at  the  pleasure 
of  the  government  after  a  period  not  exceeding 
thirty  years,  and  bearing  interest  not  exceeding 
■even  per  cent.  Be  also  recommended  the  issue 
of  another  class  of  Treasury  notes,  not  to  axeeed 
in  amount  $50,000,000,  bearing  an  interest  of 
&65  per  cent.,  and  exchangeable,  at  the  will  of 
the  bolder,  for  Treasury  notes.  The  - 
of  the  Navy  asked  Congress  to  sanction  his  acts 

l  see    Nary,  Creation    of),  and   recommended   the 

appointment  of  an  assistant-secretary  in  his  de- 
partment. Congress  acted  promptly  on  the 
suggestions  of  the  President.     It  was  found  tit 

the    outset    that    tilde    were    a    lew    members   of 

Congress  who  were  in  thorough  sympathy  with 

•  -lonists ;   lmt.  while  these  prolonged 

the  debates,  the  majority  of  loyal  men  was  so 
overwhelming  that  the  disloyal  ones  could  not 
defeat  the  will  of  the  people.     On  the  first  day 

of  the  Bession  Senator  Wilson,  of  Massachusetts, 

Chairman  of  the  Military  Commit! if  the  Up- 
per House,  gave  notice  that  he  should,  the  next 

•lay.  Miiimit  Bix  bills  having  for  their  object  the 
suppression  of  tbe  rebellion.  These  were  all 
adopted  afterwards.  They  were.  1.  To  ratify 
and  confirm  certain  acts  of  the  President  for 
the  suppression  of  insurrection  and  rebellion; 
2.  To  authorize  the  employment  of  volunteers 
to  aid  in  enforcing  tbe  laws  and  protecting 
public  propert]  ;  '■'•■  To  increase  the  present  mil- 
itary estahlisl nt  of  tbe  United  States ;   i.  to 

provide  for  the  better  organization  of  the  mili- 
tary establishment  :  5.  To  promote  the  efficiency 
of  the  ; 1 1 1 M \  :  6.  For  tbe  organization  of  a  vol- 
unteer militia  force,  to  be  called  the  National 
Guard  of  the  United  States.  At  an  early  day 
the  Senate  took  measures  to  purge  itself  of 
disloyal  members  by  expelling  the  following 
ten  Senators  :  James  M.  Mason  and  Robert  T. 
Hunter  of  Virginia,  Thomas  L.  Clingmau  and 
Thomas  lira--  of  North  Carolina,  James  Ches- 
nnt.  Jr.,  of  South  Carolina.  A.  O.  1'.  Nicholson 
of  Tennessee,  W.  K.  Seliastian  and  Charles  I!. 
Mitchell  of  Arkansas,  and  John  Hemphill  and 
Louis  T.  Wigfall  of  Texas.  On  .Inly  13  the 
Mason  and  Hunter  were  filled  by  John 

S.Carlisle  and  W.J.  Willey,  appointed  by  the 
Legislature  of  '•  reorganized  (West  )  Virginia*" 

On  the  same  day  John  1'..  (  lark,  of  Missouri,  was 
expelled  from  the  House  of  Representatives  as 
a  traitor  to  his  country.  Every  measure  for 
the  suppression  of  the  rebellion  proposed  bj 
ihe  President   and  heads  of  departments  was 

adopted.  On  the  l'.tlh  the  venerable  .1.  J.  Cut 
t elide n  (see  Crilti  intra  I  urn jinuii in  i,  w  ho  WSJ  I  hen 

■  member  of  the  House  of  Representatives, of- 
fered a  joint  resolution, "  That  the  present  de- 
plorable civil  war  has  been  forced  upon  the 
couutry   by  the  disunioninta  of  the   Southern 


3  CONGRESS,  NATIONAL 

States,  now  in  revolt  against  the  constitutional 
government,  and  in  arms  around  the  capital; 
that  in  this  national  emergency,  banishing  all 
feelings  of  mere  passion  or  resentment,  we  will 
recollect  only  our  duty  to  our  country;  that 
this  war  is  not  waged,  on  our  part,  in  any  spirit 
of  oppression,  nor  for  any  purpose  of  conquest 
or  subjugation,  nor  for  the  purpose  of  over- 
throwing or  interfering  with  the  rights  or  es- 
tablished institutions  of  those  states,  but  to  de- 
fend and  maintain  the  supremacy  of  the  Con- 
stitution, and  to  preserve  the  Union,  with  all 
the  dignity,  equality,  and  rights  of  the  several 
states,  unimpaired  ;  and  that  as  soon  as  these 
objects  are  accomplished  the  war  ought  to 
Cease."  It  was  bud  over  until  Monday.  On 
Sunday  (July  21)  the  battle  of  Bull's  Run  was 
fought.  Notwithstanding  the  capital  was  filled 
with  fugitives  from  the  shattered  army,  and  it 
was  believed  by  many  that  the  seat  ol 'govern- 
ment was  at  the  mercy  of  its  euemies,  Congress, 
w  ith  sublime  faith,  debated  as  calmly  as  before. 
By  an  almost  unanimous  vote.  Mr. Crittenden's 
resolution  was  adopted,  and  a  few  days  after- 
wards one  identical  with  it  passed  the  Senate 
by  a  vote  almost  as  decisive.  It  was  such  a 
solemn  refutation  of  the  false  charges  of  the 
Confederate  leaders,  that  it  was  a  war  for  sub- 
jugation and  emancipation  of  the  slaves,  t  hat  it 
was  not   allowed  to  be  published  in  lie    I 

envoy.    <>n  the  same  day  Congress  resolved  to 

spare  nothing  essential  for  the  support  of  the. 
government,  aud  pledged  "to  the  country  and 
the  world  the  employment  of  every  resource,  na- 
tional and  individual,  for  the  suppression,  over- 
throw, and  punishment  of  rebels  in  arms."  They 
passed  a  bill  providing  for  the  confiscation  of 
property  used  for  insurrectionary  purposes,  and 
that  the  master  of  a  slave  who  should  employ 
him  in  any  naval  or  military  service  against 
t  he  government  of  the  United  states  should  for- 
feit all  right  to  his  services  thereafter.  When 
had  finished  the  business  for  which  it 
was  called,  ami  bad  made  ample  provision  in 
men  aud  means  for  the  suppression  of  the  re- 
bellion, they  adjourned  (Aug.  6),  after  a  Bession 
of  thirty-three  days.  The  product  of  its  la- 
bor- consisted  in  t  he  passage  of  sixtj  -one  public 
and  seven  private  bills  and  live  joint  resolu- 
tions.      On    the   day    before    their    adjournment 

they  requested  the  President  t<>  appoint  a  fast- 
day. 

Congress,  National.  Exit:  vukimn 
skin  OK  THE  (1797).  On  May  13,  there  was  a  full 
quorum  of  both  houses  of  Congress  assembled  at 
Philadelphia  In  t  he  Senate  was  a  decided  Fed- 
eral majority.  The  object  of  the  session  was 
to  consider  the  relations  with  Prance.  To 
these  the  President  alluded  in  his  opining  mes- 
sage, and  declared  bis  intention  to  adhere  to 
the  neutral  policy  of  the  last  administration. 
Tbe  answer  to  the  speech  was  an  approval  of 
it;  yet  sympathy  for  the  French  caused  much 
hesitation  in  deciding  upon  positive  measures. 
But  measures  »,,,  adopted  looking  to  a  possible 
war  with  France.  In  a  session  of  eight  weeks 
ails  were  passed  apportioning  to  the  states  a 
detachment   of  BOJJOO    militia,   to    be    ready    to 


CONGRESS,  NATIONAL  2! 

march  at  a  moment's  warning;  appropriating 
§115,000  for  the  further  fortification  of  harbors; 
prohibiting  the  exportation  of  arms  and  ammu- 
nition, and  encouraging  their  importation;  au- 
thorizing the  equipment  of  three  frigates,  and 
their  employment,  with  an  increased  number  of 
revenue  cutters,  for  the  defence  of  the  coast. 
And  the  act  imposed  a  fine  of  $10,000  and  ten 
years'  imprisonment  on  any  citizen  who  might 
bo  engaged  in  titling  out  any  private  armed 
vessel  to  cruise  against  nations  with  whom  the 
United  States  were  at  peace,  or  against  tin-  ves- 
sels and  property  of  their  fellow-citizens.  The 
sum  of  $800,000  was  appropriated  to  carry  out 
these  measures,  and  the  duties  on  some,  im- 
ported goods  were  increased.  These  measures 
were  violently  opposed  by  the  Republicans,  but 
they  were  finally  passed.  The  administration, 
willing  to  try  further  peaceable  measures,  sent 
two  envoys  extraordinary  to  France.  (See  En- 
voys to  France.) 

Congress,  National,  Extraordinary  Ses- 
sion of  the  (1837).  In  consequence  of  the  em- 
barrassments occasioned  by  the  Specie  Circular 
(which  see)  and  the  sudden  collapse  of  the  credit 
system  (which  sec),  there  had  been  in  the  city  of 
New  York  alone  mercantile  failures  to  the  amount 
of  more  than  $100,000,000.  Fifteen  months  before 
property  had  been  destroyed  in  that  city  by  a 
disastrous  fire  (December,  1835)  of  the  estimated 
value  of  over  $-'0,000,000.  The  effects  of  these 
failures  and  losses  by  lire  were  felt  to  the  re- 
motest parts  of  the  Uuion,  and  credit  and  confi- 
dence were  destroyed.  Early  in  May  (1837)  a 
deputation  of  merchants  and  bankers  waited 
upon  President  Van  Bnren  with  a  petition  pray- 
ing him  to  defer  the  collection  of  duties,  rescind 
the  Specie  Circular,  and  call  an  extraordinary 
session  of  Congress.  Their  prayer  was  rejected  ; 
and  when  that  fact  became  known,  nearly  all 
the  banks  in  tiie  country  suspended  specie  pay- 
ment. On  May  16  the  Legislature  of  New  York 
passed  an  act  authorizing  the  suspension  of 
specie  payments  for  one  year.  The  measure 
embarrassed  the  national  government,  for  it  was 
unable  in  obtain  silver  and  gold  to  discbarge 

its  own  obligations.  The  public  good  demanded 
legislative  relief,  and  the  President  called  an 
extraordinary    session    of  Congress    to   convene 

Sept. 4.  In  his  message  to  thai  body  he  proposed 
the  establishment  of  an  independent  treasury  for 
the  public  funds,  totally  distinct  from  all  bank- 
ing institutions;  but  daring  a  session  of  forty- 
three  days  Congress  did  very  little  for  the  gen- 
eral relief  from  commercial  depression,  except- 
ing the  authorizing  of  an  issue  of  Treasury  notes 
in  amount  not  exceeding  (10,000,000. 

Congress,  NATIONAL,  EXTRAORMNABI  Si -- 
sion  of  the  ( 1841 1.  On  Manh  17.  1841,  Presi- 
dent Harrison  issued  a  proclamation  for  the  as- 
sembling of  the  Twenty  -  seventh  Congress  in 
extraordinary  session  on  May  31,  next  eusuing. 

They    convened    at     the    appointed    time.       The 

President,  in  bia  message,  referred  to  the  useful- 

I   national  bank.  s,i  thai  it  was  believed 
be  would  sanction  a  bill  for  the  creation  of  one. 

The  Congress  i leeded  to  adopt  measures  \«\ 


3  CONGRESS,  THE  RESIDENCE  OF 

the  relief  of  the  business  community.  They  re- 
pealed the  Sub-Treasury  Act,  and  passed  a  bank- 
rupt law  which  untied  the  energies  of  thousands 
of  enterprising  and  honest  men,  though  it  bore 
hard  on  the  creditor  class  for  a  while.  The  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury,  Mr.  Ewing.  Btrongly 
urged  the  chartering  of  another  United  States 
Bank.  It  was  known  that  the  President  had 
decided  constitutional  objections  to  the  old 
bank,  and  had  assisted  Jackson  in  his  war  upon 
it.  A  bill  was  proposed,  free,  it  was  thought) 
from  his  objections.  It  was  passed  Aug.  <>.  as 
the  ureal  Whig  measure  Of  the  session,  and  sent 
to  the  President.  At  the  end  of  ten  days  he 
vetoed  it,  giving  his  objections.  The  Whigs  in 
Congress  were  bewildered,  and  great  anxiety 
was  felt  throughout  the  country.  It  could  not 
be  carried  over  the  veto.  Another  bill  was  pre- 
pared, and  by  Mr.  Webster  laid  before  I  lie  I 'res- 
ident,  who  approved  it.  While  this  was  pend- 
ing, a  private  letter,  written  by  Mr.  Holts,  of 
Virginia,  was  made  public,  in  which  the  Pres- 
ident was  charged  with  infidelity  to  the  party 
in  power.  "He  will  be  an  object  of  execration 
with  both  parties,"  wrote  Mr.  Potts.  This  so 
irritated  the  President  that  he  resolved  not  to 
sanction  any  law  for  chartering  a  national  bank 
that  might  la;  passed  at  that  session.  The  sec- 
ond bill  was  passed  early  in  September,  which 
he  also  vetoed.  He  had  expressed  a  strong  de- 
sire to  have  this  matter  postponed  until  the  reg- 
ular session,  but  the  friends  of  the  measure  were 
impatient.  They  now  denounced  him  as  a 
traitor  to  the  party  which  had  elevated  him. 
His  act  caused  the  dissolution  of  the  cabinet  - 
Mr.  Webster  only  remaining.  He  did  so  be- 
cause public  interests  would  sutler  by  his  leav- 
ing at  that  juncture.  Mr.  Webster  felt  that  the 
bank  matter  had  been  pushed  with  too  much 
haste  and  persistency,  considering  the  state  of 
the  President's  mind,  and  he  wrote:  "I  thought 
his  known  wishes  ought  to  be  complied  with. 
I  think  so  still." 

Congress,  Pay  of  MEMBERS  or  1 1814).     The 

pay  of  members  of  Congress  (House  ni  Repre- 
sentatives) had  been  six  dollars  a  day  until  1814, 
when,  on  account  of  the  increased  expense  of  liv- 
ing, they  fixed  it  at  an  annual  salary  of  11500, 
without  regard  to  the  length  of  the  session.    At 

the  same  time  bills  were  introduced  to  increase 

i  he  salaries  of  foreign  ministers,  but  these  failed 
to  pass.    This  act  of  the  members  of  Congress 

in  voting  themselves  a  higher  salary  produced 
great  excitement  throughout  the  country.  It 
opposed  the  popular  doctrine  that  all  public 
officers  and  servants  should  be  kept  on  short  al- 
low ance;  and  so  indignant  were  the  frugal  peo- 
ple that  at  the  next  election  many  of  the  offend- 
ing Congressmen  lost  their  election.     Even  the 

popular   Henry  Clay  was  driven  to  a  close  <  an- 

vass.     The  act  was  repealed. 

Congress,  Tut.  i;r-inr\i  bof.     The  question, 

where  shall  be  the  pcimanciit  residence  of  Con- 
gress, in-  seat  of  i he  general  government,  was 
agitated  in  thesnmmerof  1783.     Philadelphiana 

-Opposed  it  would  be  fixed  at  that  city,  but 
when  they  adjourned  to  Piiiiccloii  (see  I'hihuld- 


CONGRESSIONAL  REPORTS  2 

phia,  Riot  in),  the  question  excited  much  inter- 
est and  a  great  deal  of  local  feeling.  One  party 
wished  the  national  capital  to  be  at  the  Dela- 
ware River  —  in  other  winds,  at  Philadelphia; 
another  wished  it  to  be  on  the  Potomac  Mary- 
land offered  to  cede  Auuapolis  for  the  pnrpose; 
New  Yoik  offered  Kingston  on  the  Hudson  ;  and 
the  Council  of  Pennsylvania,  anxious  to  bring 
Congress  back  from  Princeton,  apologized  for 
their  timid  conduct  in  the  presence  of  militia- 
men. It  was  finally  agreed  that  two  federal 
cities  should  lie  erected — one  near  the  Palls  of 
the  Delaware,  the  other  near  the  falls  of  the 
Potomac,  the  sessions  to  lie  held  alternately  in 
each.  Until  these  cities  should  he  built  the 
sessions  w  ere  to  lie  held  alternately  at  Annapolis 
and  Trenton.  This  plan  was  not  carried  out. 
In  1790  a  tract  of  hind  ten  miles  square,  lying 

on  each  side  of  the    Potomac,  was   ceded   to  the 

Doited  States  by  Maryland  and  Virginia,  and 

was  called  the  District  of  Columbia.  There  the 
seat  of  goverumeul  was  fixed, and  has  remained 
ever  since.  The  capital  city-named  Washing- 
ton in  honor  of  the  beloved  patriot  -was  laid 
out  in  1791,  and  the  erection  of  the  Capitol  was 
commenced  in  1793,  t  he  -eat  of  (lie  national  gov- 
ernment being  removed  to  Washington  city  in 
1801. 

Congressional  Reports.  At  the  tli 
of  the  National  Congress,  held  at  New  York,  re- 
porters had  been  admitted  to  the  Boor  of  the 
House,  and  the  debates  had  not  only  been  pub- 
lished from  day  to  day  in  the  newspapers,  but, 
at  the  close  of  the  session,  were  collected  in 
two  octavo  volumes,  called  The  Congressional 
Begister.  These  reports  were  not  satisfactory  to 
some  members,  who  proposed  to  withdraw  from 
the  reporters  the  privileges  of  the  door.  The 
reporters  retired  to  the  gallery.  At  the  next 
session  the  subject  came  up,  and  there  was  a 
tacit  admission  of  a  discretionary  power  in  the 
speaker  to  admit  to  the  floor  or  galleries  such 
stenographers  as  he  might  think  proper.  The 
Congressional  Register  did  not  extend  beyond  a 
third  volume.  After  the  removal  of  Congress  to 
Philadelphia  the  country  was  mainly  indebted 
to  the  enterprise  of  the  publisher  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Gazette,  who  employed  a  stenographer  or 

two  for  that  purpose,  and  from  the  columns  of 
which  most  of  tin'  other  newspapers  copied.  In 
1798  a  scheme  was  brought  forward  to  employ 
a  reporter  as  an  officer  of  the  House  at  a  salary 
of -hum  a  year,  but  it  was  not  adopted. 

Congreve  Rockets,  I'm:,  in  the  military  art, 
is  a  \eiy  destructive  species  of  firework,  the 
best  kind  of  w  Inch  was  invented  b\  sir  William 
Congreve,  anil  called  after  his  name.  The  body 
of  the  implement  is  cylindrical,  and  its  head 
conical.  It  is  tilled  with  very  inllannnable  ma- 
terials, on  the  combustion  of  which,  as  in  the 
common  sky-rocket,  the  body  is  impelled  for- 
ward with  an  accelerated  motion. 

Connecticut,  An  so  i.     Connecticut,  in  1771, 

■  I  only  tn  Massachusetts  in  population, 

wealth,  pat i ioi ism,  ami  military  resources.     In 

1774  its  Legislature  provided  for  organizing  an 

affective  militia,  prohibited  the  importation  of 


7  CONNECTICUT,  CHARTER  OF 

slaves,  and  ordered  the  several  towns  to  provide 
double  the  usual  qnautity  of  balls  and  flints. 
They  also  directed  the  issue  of  £15,000  in  bills 
of  credit  of  the  colony,  and  made  a  small  in- 
crease of  the  taxes.  This  was  the  first  issue  of 
paper  money  in  the  colouies  in  preparing  for  the 
war  for  independence. 

Connecticut  and  New  Netherland.  Tin 
Charter  of  Connecticut,  given  in  1662  (see  Cow 
soUdation  of  Connecticut  and  New  Haven),  included 
not  only  the  whole  of  Loug  Island,  but  Northern 
New  Netherland,  in  the  Hudson  River  region! 
By  a  treaty  which  Stuyvesant  had  made  at 
Hartford  in  1650,  the  English  towns  on  Long 
Island  were  allowed  the  right  to  accept  the  pro- 
tection of  Connecticut,  if  they  chose  to  do  so. 
This  right  was  now/  questioned,  and  it  compli- 
cated matters  so  far  as  the  claims  of  the  Dutch 

were  concerned.  But  Stuyvesant  would  not 
yield  without  a  struggle  to  :l  curtailment  of  his 
domains,  and  for  two  years  the  controversy  went 
on.      Stuyvesant    visited   Boston    and   conferred 

with  the  Commissioners  of  the  United  New  Eng- 
land Colonies,  but  gained  nothing.  Commis- 
sioners sent  to  Hart  fold  were  equally  unsuc- 
cessful. Meanwhile,  emissaries  from  New  Eng- 
land stirred  ap  the  settlers  in  Westchester  Coon- 

I  \  V  V  i  and  all  over  Long  Island  with  discon- 
tent of  Dutch  rule.  Led  by  two  bold  men,  a 
considerable  armed  force  went  from  town  to 
town  on  Long  Island  changing  the  names  of 
places,  deposing  magistrates,  and  proclaiming 
the  territory  a  part  of  the  dominions  of  Charles 
II.     Btnj  \  esaut,  seeing  how  matters  were  going, 

lowered  his  pretensions,  and  agreed  that  the 
towns  on  I. on";  Island,  Dutch  and  English, 
should    be   free,    respectively,    from    interference 

from  either  government.  These  disputations, 
and  the  interference  of  John  Scott,  produced 
stirring  events  whose  records  till  a  large  -pace 

in  the  local  and  intercolonial  history  of  Long 
Island,  New   Netherland,  and  Connecticut. 

Connecticut  and  Pennsylvania.  There  was 
Civil  war  in  Pennsylvania,  at  one  time,  between 
the  settlers  from  Connecticut  in  the  Wyoming 
Valley  and  the  lVnnsylvanians.  Connecticut 
claimed  the  soil  under  its  ancient  chattel  gee 

Western  Reserve,)     Finally,  late  in  1781, Penney  1- 

vania  applied  to  a  Federal  court,  established 
under   the  Articles  of  Confederation,  to  decide 

the  territorial  question  as  to  the  righteous  claim- 
ant to  Wyoming  and  the  northern  half  of  Penn- 
sylvania, claimed  by  Connecticut  as  within  her 
chartered  limits.  A  court  of  live  judges  met 
(November.  1782)  at  Trenton,  N.  J.,  and  made, 
at  the  close  of  a  six  weeks'  session,  a  unanimous 
decision  in  favor  of  Pennsylvania.  Connecticut 
acquiesced  when  Congress  confirmed  the  de- 
cision, ami  the  town  and  county  of  Westmore- 
land, organized  by  the  Connecticut  Assembly. 
ceased  to  exist.  The  people  of  Wyoming  con- 
tinued  uneasy,  anil  once  or  twice  were  on   the 

point  of  rebellion,  chiefly  because  the  Pennsyl- 
vauians  refused  to  recognize  the  land  titles 
claimed  by  Connecticut. 

Connecticut,  CHARTER  OF.  On  the  restora- 
tion of  monarchy  in  England,  the  Connecticut 


CONNECTICUT,  CHARTER  OF 


293 


CONNECTICUT,  COLONY  OF 


colonists  had  fears  regarding  their  political  fut- 
ure, for  they  had  been  .staneh  republicans  dur- 
ing the.  interregnum.  The  Genera]  Assembly 
therefore  resolved  to  make  a  formal  acknowl- 
edgment of  their  allegiance  to  the  king,  and  ask 
him  for  a  charter.  A  petition  to  that  effect  was 
signed  in  May,  1601,  and  Governor  Winthrop 
bore  it  to  the  monarch,  lie  was  at  first  coolly 
received,  but  by  the  gift  to  the  king  of  a  pre- 
cious memento  of  tbe  sovereign's  dead  father, 
the  heart  of  Charles  was  touched,  and,  turning 
to  Lord  Clarendon,  who  was  present,  lie  said, 
"Do  you  advise  me  to  grant  a  charter  to  this 
good  man  and  his  people f"  ''I  do,  sire,"  an- 
swered Clarendon.  "  It  shall  be  done,"  said 
Charles,  and  Winthrop  was  dismissed  with  a 
hearty  shake  of  his  hand,  and  a  blessing  from 
the  royal  lips.  (See  Winthrop,  John.)  A  charter 
was  issued  May  1,  1663  (N.  !■>.).  It  continued 
the  popular  constitution,  and  contained  more 
liberal  provisions  than  any  that  had  yet  been 
issued  by  royal  hands.  It  defined  the  bounda- 
ries so  as  to  include  the  New  Haven  Colony  and 
a  parr  of  Rhode  Island  on  the  east,  and  west- 
ward to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  New  Haven 
Colony  reluctantly  gave  its  consent  to  the  union 
in  10(55,  but  Rhode  Island  refused.  A  dispute 
concerning  the  boundary-line  between  Connec- 
ticut and  Rhode  Island  lasted  more  than  sixty 
years.  The  charter,  engrossed  on  parchment  and 
decorated  with  a  finely  executed!  miniature  of 
Charles  II.  (done  in  India-ink  by  Samuel  Cooper, 
it  is  supposed,  who  was  an  eminent  London  minia- 
ture painter  of  the  time),  was  brought  across 
the  sea  in  a  handsome  mahogany  box,  in  which 
it  is  still  preserved  in  the  State  Department  of 
Connecticut.  (See  Charles  II.)  It  was  of  so  gen- 
eral a  character,  and  conferred  such  large  pi>\\  ers, 
that  when  Connecticut  became  an  independent 
state  it  was  considered  a  good  fundamental  law 
for  the  commonwealth,  and  was  not  changed 
until  1818.  It  provided  for  the  election  of  the 
governor  of  the  colony  and  the  magistrates 
by  the  people,  substantially  as  under  the  pre- 
vious constitution;  allowed  the  free  transpor- 
tation of  colonists  and  merchandise  from  Eng- 
land to  the  colony;  guaranteed  to  the  colonists 
the  rights  of  English  citizens;  provided  for  tbe 
making  of  laws  and  the  organization  of  courts 
by  tin-  General  Assembly,  and  the  appointment 
of  all  necessary  officers  for  the  public  good  ;  for 
the  organization  of  a  military  force,  and  for  the 
public  defence.  Determined  to  hold  absolute 
pule   over    New   England,  King  .lames   II.  made 

Androe  a  sort  of  viceroy  (see  Androt), with  in- 
structions to  take  awaj  the  colonial  charters. 

For  the  purpose  of  seizing  that  of  Connecticut, 
whose  General  Assembly  had  refused  to  surren- 
der it.  Androe  arrived  at  Hartford,  where  the 
Assembly  was  in  Bessioit  in  their  meeting-house, 
Oct.  31,  1683  (O.  B.).     He  was  received  bj   the 

AMemblj     with    the    courtesy   due    to   his    rank 

when  he  appeared  before  them, with  armed  men 
at  his  back,  and  demanded  the  charter  to  be  put 
into  his  hands.  It  was  then  near  sunset.  A 
debate  upon  some  unimportant  subject  was  con- 
tinued until  after  the  candles  were  lighted. 
Then  the   long   box   containing  the  charter  was 


brought  in  and  placed  upon  the  table.  A  pre- 
conoerted  plan  to  save  it  was  now  put  into  oper- 
ation. Just  as  the  usurper  was  about  to  grasp 
the  box  with  the  charter,  the  candles  were 
snuffed  out.  When  they  were  relighted  the 
charter  was  not  there,  and  the  members  were 
seated  in  proper  order.  The  charter  had  been 
carried  out  in  the  darkness  by  Captain  Wads- 
worth,  and  deposited  iu  the  trunk  of  a  hollow 
oak-tree  on  the  outskirts  of  the  village.  (See 
Charier  Oak.)  Andros  was  compelled  to  content 
himself  with  dissolving  the  Assembly,  and  writ- 
ing in  a  bold  band  "Kims"  in  the  journal  of 
that  body.  When  the  Revolution  of  1088  swept 
the  Stuarts  from  the  English  throne,  the  char- 
ter was  brought  from  its  hiding-place,  and  un- 
der it  the  colonists  of  Connecticut  flourished  for 
one  hundred  and  twenty-nine  years  afterwards. 
Connecticut,  Colony  of,  one  of  the  original 
thirteen  English-American  colonies,  was  proba- 
bly first  discovered  by  a  European, Adrian  Block, 
j  at  the  mouth  of  the  Connecticut  River,  in 
1613.  (See  Netv  York.)  That  stream  the  Dutch 
called  Fierscfc-water  (fresh-water)  River;  the  In- 
dians called  it  Qiia-nck-ta-ciit,  "  long  river."  The 
Dutch  laid  claim  to  the  adjoining  territory  by 
right  of  discovery,  while  the  English  made  a 
counter-claim  soon  afterwards,  based  upon 
patent  issued  by  the  king  to  English  subjects. 
The  agent  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company 
took  formal  possession  by  proclamation  of  the 
Connecticut  Valley  so  early  as  1623  in  the  name 
of  the  States-General  of  Holland,  and  a  peace- 
able and  profitable  trade  with  the  Indians  might 
have  been  carried  on  had  not  the  Dutch  exas- 
perated I  he  natives  by  seizing  one  of  their  chiefs 
and  demanding  a  heavy  ransom  for  his  release. 
A  Dutch  embassy  which  visited  Plymouth  tried 
to  get  the  Pilgrims  to  abandon  Cape  Cod  Bay 
and  seat  I  hemsel  ves,  under  the  jurisdiction  of 
New  Netherland,  in  the  fertile  Connecticut  Val- 
ley (^ee  Dutch,  The,ai  Plymouth);  and  a  Mobegaa 
chief,  moved  by  equally  strong  self-interest,  in- 
vited (hem  to  the  same  territory,  his  object  be- 
ing to  make  the  English  a  barrier  between  his 
people  and  tbe  powerful  and  warlike  Peqiiods. 
i  See  Pequod  War.)  In  1639  Kdward  Winslow 
visited  the  Connecticut  Valley,  and  confirmed 
the  truth  of  all  the  pleasant  things  the  Dutch 
anil  Indians  had  said  about  it.  'flic  fame  of  it 
had  already  reached  Old  England, and  two  yean 
before  Window's  visit  Charles  1.  had  granted 
the  soil  of  that  region  to  Robert,  Karl  of  War- 
wick, and  he  transferred  it  to  William.  Viscount 
Saj  and  Seal;  Robert, Lord  Brook,  and  their  as- 
sociates, This  was  the  original  grant  of  Con- 
necticut, and  the  territory  was  defined  as  ex- 
tending westward  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean.  'I'he  Dutch,  having  purchased  the 
valley  from  the  Indians,  the  rightful  owners, 
built  a  redoubt  just  below  the  site  of  Hart  lord, 
called  loll  Good  Hope,  in  1633,  and  took  pos- 
session. Governor  Winthrop  of  Massachusetts, 
wrote  to  Win  Twiller  at  Manhattan  that  Eng- 
land had  granted  the  valley  to  English  subjects. 

anil   the   Dutch   must    "forbear  to   build   there." 

Van  Twiller  oourteonsly  replied  that  the  Dutch 
had  already  purchased  the  oountrj  from  the  In- 


CONNECTICUT,  COLONY  OF 


egg  Connecticut,  first  constitution 


dians  and  "set  up  a  house,  with  intent  to  plant." 
The  Dutch  finally  withdrew,  and  in  1  ( ;:!.">  ::»;  the 

first   permanent    set  I  lenient    in    the   valley   was 

made  at  Hartford  by  emigrants  from  Idaseachn- 

setts.  The  first  church  was  built  there  in  1635, 
and  l  he  first  court,  or  legislative  assembly,  was 
convened  at  Hartford  in  1  *;:»<>.  The  next  year 
occurred  the  distressing  war  with  the  l'cipiods, 
which  resulted  in  their  annihilation. 
nrcliciil  Valley,  J-'irxl  8etUen  in.)  A  year  later  a 
settlement  was  begnn  on  the  site  of  New  Haven, 
and  a  sort  of  theocratic  government  for  it  was 

established.      (See  New  linn  it  I nUiinj.)     (ioverunr 

Winthrop's  son,  John,  came  from  England,  and 
assumed  the  office  of  governor  of  the  colony  in 

the  (' leetieut  Valley  in  1636,  with  instruc- 
tions to  build  a  fort  and  plant  a  colony  at  the 
mouth  of  tin'  Connecticut  River.  A  dispute 
with  the  Plymouth  people  arose  about  the  right 
of  emigrants  from  Massachusetts  in  the  \  alley, 
but  it  was  si  Mm  amicably  Settled.  A  constitu- 
tion  for    the   government   of  the   colony   in   the 

valley  was  approved  by  a  general  vote  of  the 

people  (dan.  11.  1639).  It  was  a  remarkable  doc- 
ument, and  formed  the  basis  of  a  charter  after- 
wards obtained  from  the  king.  (See  (Ouiuitictit, 
First  Constitution  of.)  When  monarchy  was  re- 
stored in  England  Hie  people  hastened  to  a\ow 
their  allegiance   to  the  crown  and  applv    for   a 

shatter,  one  was  procured  from  Charles  II.  in 
l(!i)-j  embracing  the  Connecticut  and  New  Haven 

colonies,  and  the  union  was  perfected  in  1665. 
It  gave  the  people  jurisdiction  over  the  whole 
lands  w  ithiu  its  limits  :  provided  for  the  election 
■  ,  nor,  deputy -governor,  twelve  assist- 
ants, or  magistrates,  and  two  deputies  from  each 

town;  indeed.it  substantially  agreed  with  the 

former  Constitution.  It  was  BO  acceptable  to  the 
people  of  Connecticut  that  it  was  the  only  con- 
stitution of  the  province  ami  state  until  1818, 
when  the  present  one  was  formed.  The  jjovcrn- 
incut  was  at  first  a  pure  democracy,  but  it  be- 
came a  representative  one  in  1670.  By  order  of 
.lames  [I.Ooveruor  Andros  was  ordered*to  take 
away  the  charter, but  he  was  outwitted  by  the 

political  leaders,  and  it   was  saved.      (See  I  lun- 

Andros  seized  the  government,  but  it 

resinned  its  independent  functions  (Maj  '.'.  1689) 

after  the  accession  of  William  and  Mary.    There 

were  some  changes  in  the  colonial  government, 
and  from  the  union  of  the  colonies  until  1701 
il  Assembly  had  met  at  Hartford. 
Thereafter  it  was  ordered  that  the  Ma>  session 
should  be  held  in  Hartford,  and  the  October  ses- 
sion in  New  llavcn.  The  laws  of  the  colony  were 
\er\   rigid,  and  some  were  severe. 

In   the  war  for  independence  no  other 
state,  in   accordance  with  its  population,  fur- 

uisliiil  so  many  men  for  the  public  service,  or 
so  much  aid.  according  to  its  means  ;  tor  a  most 
patriotic,  energetic,  and  indefatigable  govem- 

I ,  iiiiihiill)    was    at    the    head    of    its    af 

3ee   Brother  Jonathan.)    The  delegates 
from  Connecticut  in  Congress  were  instructed 

by  the  unanimous  vote  of  the  General  Assemblj 

to  vote  for  independence, and  after  that  it  took 
its  place   with   the   twelve  other  colonies  as  an 

iudependent  state. 


Connecticut  Commission.  The  Furitan  set- 
tlement on  the  Connecticut  River  made  by  the 
ministers  at  New  ton  Messrs.  Hooker  and  Stone) 
in  1636,  with  all  their  congregations,  was  so  re- 
mote from  the  seat  of  government  that  Roger 
Ludlow  and  seven  others  were  commissioned  by 
the  authorities  of  Massachusetts  to  exercise  all 
the  powers  of  government  there,  legislative  and 
executive.  This  commission  was  limited  to  one 
year.  With  the  aid  of  a  .jury  they  dispensed 
civil  and  criminal  justice.  Their  first  court  was 
held  April  -iti,  1G:J«. 

Connecticut  Emigrants  near  Natchez.  Late 
in  the  sprine  ,,f  i7>i  news  reached  the  Connec- 
ticut settlers  near  Hatches  that  a  British  fleet 
was  ascending  the  Mississippi.  This  intelli- 
gence caused  them  to  attack  and  capture  Fort 
l'assmore.  to  use  it  as  a  defence.  The  rumor 
was  false;  and  when  the  Connecticut  people 
saw  their  mistake,  ami  heard  of  the  capture  of 
Pensaeela  by  the  Spaniards,  they  so  feared  Span- 
ish vengeance  that  they  resolved  to  dee  through 
the  woods  to  Georgia.  Men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren set  out  on  horseback,  and  during  a  journey 
of  lour  months  they  su  tiered  terribly  from  hun- 
ger and  the  hostility  of  the  Indians.  On  reach- 
inn  t'"'  frontiers  of  that  state  they  divided  into 
two  companies.  One  fell  among  American  pa- 
triots on  the  frontier,  tin1  other  made  their  way 
to  the  British  post  at  Sunbury. 

Connecticut,   FlBST   CostfliTlTl'lOS    of.      A 

constitution  for  the  colony  of  Connecticut  (in 
the  valley)  was  adopted  by  the  Vote  of  the  peo- 
ple .Ian.  11.  1639.  It  was  the  fust  example  in 
history  of  a  written  constitution  organizing  a 
government  and  defining  its  powers:  and  its 
leading  features  have  been  copied  into  the  con- 
stitutions of  the  several  slates  of  our  Union. 
After  declariug  that  the  Word  of  God  requires 
human  governments,  and  that  the  object  of  such 
governments   is   to   protect    and   preserve   the 

moral  and  civil  welfare  of  the  people,  it  pro- 
vided for  three  departments  of  government- 
legislative,  judicial,  and  executive  -all  to  be 
tilled  by  persons  to  be  appointed  by,  and  to  de- 
rive their  power  from,  the  people.    The  freemen 

consisted  of  those  who  had  been  admitted  inhab- 
itants by  the  towns  themselves.  These  were  to 
meet  annually  in  April  at  a  "court  of  election  ■ 
for  the  choice  of  so  man]  magistrates  and  other 
public  officers  as  should  be  found  requisite, one 
of  whom  was  to  be  designated  as  governor.  All 
elections  were  by  ballot.     The  governor  was 

voted  for  first,  and  elected  by  a  plurality  vote: 
then  the  magistrates  or  assistants  were  voted 
for  in  a  similar  manner.  The  governor  sat  with 
the  magistrates  in  their  judicial  capacity,  and 
both  the  governor  and  magistrates  sat  with  the 
deputies  elected  by  the  several  towns  in  a  legis- 
lative capacity.  If  the  deputies  constituted  a 
majority  of  the  (ieneral  Assembly,  the  legisla- 
tive power  was  substantially  in  the  hands  of  the 
people,  while  the  governor  and  magistrates  could 
;wiv  isc  us  to  necessary  legislation.  As  there  were 

to  be  two  .sessions  of  the  Legislature  annually, 
one  iii  the  spring,  called  "Court  of  Election," 
and  the  other  in  the  fall,  for  enacting  laws  and 


CONNECTICUT,  LEGISLATURE  OF       300         CONNECTICUT  STAMP-MASTER 


performing  other  public  services,  the  towns  chose 
their  deputies  semi-annually.  [Judex  this  con- 
stitution the  Connecticut  colony  flourished.  It 
recognised  no  higher  human  power  than  the 
people.  Connecticut,  under  it.  was  practically 
an  independent  government.  The  constitution 
formed  the  basis  of  the  charter  gran  ted  by  Charles 
II.  in  1662.     (See  Connecticut,  Charter  of.) 

Connecticut,  First  Division  of  THE  LeGIS- 
I.ATIKK  OF,  INTO  Two  HOUSES.  In  1696  the 
General  Assembly  of  Connecticut  was  li rst  di- 
vided into  two  houses.  The  governor  (or,  in  his 
absence,  the  deputy -governor)  and  assistants 
composed  the  upper  house,  and  the  deputies  reg- 
ularly returned  from  the  towns  in  the  colony 
were  called  the  lower  house.  The  governor 
presided  in  the  upper  house ;  the  lower  house 
chose  a  speaker  to  preside  over  their  delibera- 
tions. All  laws  became  so  only  by  the  mutual 
consent,  of  the  two  houses. 

Connecticut,  FIRST  GENERAL  COURT  in.  The 
commission  of  Ludlow  and  others  having  ex- 
pired, the  commissioners'  court  in  the  valley  of 
the  Connecticut  was  succeeded  in  1637  by  a  gen- 
eral court,  which  consisted  of  eight  magistrates 
chosen  by  all  the  freemen,  and  three  deputies 
from  the  three  towns  or  settlements,  then  con- 
taining about  two  hundred  and  fifty  inhabi- 
tants. The  first  session  of  this  court  was  begun 
May  1,  1637,  at  Hartford.  They  deliberated 
upon  a  subject  in  which  the  existence  of  the 
little  colony  was  concerned.  The  Pequods,  "ho 
had  killed  thirty  Englishmen  in  the  valley,  and 
tortured  their  captives,  were  attempting  to  form 
a  confederacy  of  the  tribes  to  extirpate  the  Eng- 
lish, and  the  destruction  of  the  colony  seemed 
imminent  That  first  general  court  determined 
that  the  three  towns  of  Windsor,  Hartford,  and 
Wethersfield  should  carry  on  an  offensive  war 
against  these  Indians,  and  voted  that  ninety  men 
should  be  immediately  raised  for  the  purpose. 
(See  Pequod  War.) 

Connecticut  Mediation.  In  hopes  that  mat- 
ters might  yet  be  reconciled,  notwithstanding 
British  soldiers  and  armed  patriots  had  come  to 
blows, Governor  Trumbull  and  the  Connecticut 
Legislature  sent  a  deputation  to  Gage  (Maj  l. 
IT?:,  as  mediators.  Alarmed  by  this  movement, 
the  Provincial  Congress  of  Massachusetts  ronton- 
titrated  against  any  separate  negotiations.  They 
also  voted  General  Gage  to  be  a  public  enemy, 
and  an  instrument  in  the  hands  of  tyrants,  whom 
there  was  no  further  obligation  t<>  obey.     The 

Connecticut  deputation  did  nothing. 

Connecticut  ORIGINAL  Patbnt  OF.  Robert, 
Earl  ofWarwick,  having  received  in  1630a  grant 
from  the  Council  of  Plymouth  of  "all  that  part  of 
the  northeast  extending  from  the  Narraganaet 
River  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  in  a  Btratghl 
line  near  the  shore  towards  the  southeast,  as 
the  coast  lies,  towards  Virginia,  and  within  that 
breadth  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  the  South 
Sea  [  Pacific],"  made  over  to  William 

Sa\  anil  Seal,  and  Robert,  Lord  Brook,  and  asso- 
ciates, the  whole  territory  of  this  grant  uj    a 

patent  Issued  March  I'.l.  1681,  This  is  the  orig- 
inal patent  ol  Connecticut. 


Connecticut  Regiments,  MUTINY  OF.  Pressed 
(low  n  by  want  —  want  of  clothes,  food,  and  pay 
—  twoof  the  Connecticut  regiments  in  the  Con- 
tinental army  at  Morristown.  in  May,  1780,  pa- 
raded under  arms,  declaring  their  intention  to 
return  home  or  to  obtain  subsistence  for  them- 
selves, 'flic  appeals  of  Washington  (whom  they 
almost  adored)  to  their  patriotism  brought  them 
back  to  duty:  and  on  the  appearance  of  the  en- 
emy at  that  time  they  rallied  as  one  man  in  de- 
fence of  the  Hag.  Greene  had  just  written  pri- 
vately to  the  President  of  Congress  in  Pennsyl- 
vania: "Should  there  be  a  want  of  provisions, 
we  cannot  hold  together  many  days,  in  the  pres- 
ent temper  of  the  army." 

Connecticut  River,  DEPREDATIONS  in  tiik. 
On  the  first  alarm  occasioned  by  the  blockade  of 
the  New  England  coast,  militia  had  been  called 
out  to  guard  the  more  exposed  points  Of  the  Con- 
necticut shores.  Regulars  had  afterwards  been 
substituted  by  the  War  Department, hut  during 
the  winter  of  1813-14  these'  had  been  withdrawn. 
Governor  Smith  remonstrated,  and  warned  the 
government  of  the  danger,  but  his  words  were 
unheeded.  The  consequence  was  that  six  boats, 
with  two  hundred  men  from  the  British  block- 
ading squadron,  entered  the  mouth  of  the  Con- 
necticut Fiver  (April  8,  1814),  ascended  that 
stream  several  miles,  and  destroyed  full  twenty 
vessels  which  had  collected  there  as  a  place  of 
safety.  It  was  this  neglect  of  the  New  England 
coast  by  the  national  government  that  formed 
one  of  the  grounds  ol'  complaint  by  the  Hartford 
Convention  (which  see  . 

Connecticut  Sanctions  Independence.  On 
June  14.  1770,  the  Connecticut  Assembly  in- 
structed its  delegates  in  Congress  in  favor  of 
independence,  foreign  alliance,  and  a  permanent 
union  of  the  colonies.  The  plan  of  a  confedera- 
tion was  not  to  go  into  effect  until  it  should  re- 
ceive the  assent  of  t  he  several  legislatures. 

Connecticut  Stamp-master,  Tiik.  .land  In- 
gersoll,- then  in  Eugland,  accepted  the  offloc  of 
stamp-master  or  Stamp-distributor,  under  the 
provision  of  the  Stamp  Act.  lie  arrived  at  Bos- 
ton from  abroad  in  August,  176,">.  He  was  late 
agent  of  the  Province  of  Connecticut  His  ad- 
vent in  Connecticut  was  hailed  with  scorn, 
even    by   former   personal   friends.      Assured   of 

the  protection  of  the  governor,  Ingersoll  pro- 
ceeded to  execute  the  duties  of  his  office  Un- 
people t  hreat  cued  him.  The  initials  of  his  name 
were  pointed  to  as  those  of  .ludas  Iscariot.  His 
house  was  surrounded  and  a  demand  made  for 
him  to  resign.  "  I  know  not,''  he  said,  "if  I 
have  power  to  resign.11  A  town  meeting  m 
New  Baven  (September,  1765)  earnestly  desired 
Ingersoll  "to  resign  the  stamp  office  immediate- 
ly. "1  shall  wail."  said  lllgersoll,  "to  sec  how 
(he  Geuera]  Assembly  is  inclined."  Already  the 
people  wore  moving  elsewhere.  Beveral  bun- 
fired  were  on  horseback,  m  three  di\  isioiis,  from 
Norwich.  New  London,  and  Windham,  and  oth- 
er adjacent  towns,  with  eight  days*  provision* 
The  men  wen  armed  with  ne\\l\  barked  cud- 
gels, [ngersoll  proposed  to  meet  them  at  Hart- 
ford,    He  se|  out  alone,  but  soon  found  himself 


CONNECTICUT  STATE  ARMY 


301 


CONNECTICUT  VALLEY 


under  a  large  escort  of  mounted  club-armed 
hum),  who  conducted  him  to  Wethersfield  and 
there  bade  Ingersoll  resign.  He  asked  leave  to 
go  to  Hartford.  "  Von  shall  not,"  it  was  an- 
swered, "go  two  rods  until  you  resign."  He 
had  sent  a  messenger  to  the  governor  and  the 

Assembly  and   tried    to  delay  the  act    until    lie 

should  bear  from  (hem.  The  people  became 
alarmingly  impatient,  and  Ingersoll,  saying 
••The  cause  is  uoi  worth  dying  tor,"  publicly 
resigned,  declaring  it  was  his  own  free  act. 
"Swear  to  it,"  said  the  crowd.  He  exoused 
himself.  •'Then  shout  'Liberty  and  property' 
three  times."  He  did  so.  Alter  dinner  a  caval- 
cade of  one  thousand  horsemen  escorted  him 
from  Wethersfield  to  Hartford,  and  Ingersoll 
was  compelled  to  read  the  paper  which  be  had 
signed  in  the  hearing  of  t  he  Assembly.  This  is 
a  fair  representative  picture  of  the  treatment  of 
the  stamp-distributors  in  all  the  colonics.  Thej 
all  resigned. 

Connecticut  State  Army.     The  project  of 
Invading  Canada  had  drawn  off  the  regulars  in 

garrison  on  the  sea-board  towards  the  inland 
frontier,  even  before  the  declaration  of  war 
(June,  1812).  On  this  account  a  call  for  militia 
detachments  to  do  garrisou  duty  was  made. 
The  governors  ol  Massachusetts  and  Co ■cli- 
ent denied  the  necessity  for  such  a  call,  and  the 
former  ur^cd  weighty  objections  to  it.  Be  said 
the-  coasts  of  Massachusetts  were  thickly  popu- 
lated and  its  militia  well  disciplined,  and  at  the 
fust  appearance  of  danger  of  invasion  t  hey  could 
immediately  be  summoned  to  the  defence  oi  t  he 
territory.  The  Articles  of  War  enacted  by  Con- 
gress gave  the  command,  when  the  militia  and 
regulars  acted  together,  to  the  superior  officer 

present,  whether  of  the    militia  or  the   regular 

army  :  in  cases  of  equal  rank  the  regular  officers 

to    take    precedence.      To   secure    the   command 

of  the  New  England  militia  to  regular  officers, 
tin-  lust  calls  had  been  made  tor  detached  com- 
panies, without  the  regular  quota  id'  field  offl- 
ceis.  This  was  complained  of  as  being  an  ir- 
regularity, to  which  the  governors  of  Massachu- 
setts and  Connecticut  refused  to  siilunit.  They 
even  denied   the  constitutional  validity  of  the 

Articles  of  War.  in  which  they  were  supported 
by  the  opinions  of  the  judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court  Of  Massachusetts.  finally  the  Legislat- 
ure ol' < 'ounce!  ieut  passed  a  law  (October,  1812) 
for  raising  a  provincial  array  of  two  thousand 

six  hundred  men  for  special  state  defence,  and 
made  Colonel  David  Humphreys  commander-in- 
chief  of  it.    The  avowed  object  id'  the  measure 

was    to    provide    for    the    defence   of  the   soil   of 

Connecticut  bj  a  method  less  expensive  and 
vexatious  than  by  furnishiug  detachraenta  of 

militia. 

Connecticut,  s  i  \  1 1    or.     Under  the  charter 

given  by  Charles  If.  in  1662,  C eoticut,  like 

Rhode  Island,  assumed  independence  in  1776, 
and  did  not  frame  a  new  constitution  of  govern- 
ment,    Under  that  charter  il  was  governed  until 

1618.       Connecticut,  under  its  charter,  claimed 

lauds  in  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio,  and  in  trying  to 

Snforoe  this  claim  much  trouble  eiisic 


STATK    SKVI.    OF    CONSECTICtT 


Susquehanna  Company,  Western  Bescrrc,  and  Fire 
Lands.)  During  the  Revolution  that  state  was 
lavish  in  its  supply  of  men  and  money  for  the 
American  cause,  and  while  other  colonies  were 
at  the  beginning  annoyed  by  royal  governors, 
Connect  icut  from 
the  beginning  was 
governed  by  rulers 
chosen  by  the  peo- 
ple. In  1814  Hart- 
ford. Conn.,  became 
the  t  heatre  of  a  fa- 
mous convent  ion 
which  attracted 
much  anxious  at- 
tention for  a  while. 
(See  Hartford  Cou- 
rt alio,,.)     In  1-1-  a 

convention  of  dele- 
gates from  each  town  in  the  stale  assembled  at 
Hartford  and  framed  a  constitution,  which  was 
adopted  by  the  people  at  an  election  on  the  5th 
of  October,   During  the  late  Civil  War  that  state 

furnished  to  the  National  army  54,882  soldiers, 
of  whom  1094  nun  and  97  officers  were  killed 
in  action,  666  men  and  I-  officers  died  from 
wounds,  and  3246  men  and  t>:S  officers  from  dis- 
ease. There  wen:  reported  "  missing"  381)  men 
and  21  officers. 

Connecticut  Towns  PLUNDERED  \\i>  lit  i:\- 
ed.  Tryon.  the  plunderer  of  Daubury  (which 
see),  was  employed  bj  Sir  Henry  Clinton  to 
agaiu  visit  New  England  with  the  torch.     <>n 

the  \  esse  Is  of  Sir  George  Collier,  soon  after  their 
return  from  the  King's  Ferry  (which  sec),  ho 
sailed  on  the  night  of  July  1,  17/!>.  with  two 
thousand  live  hundred  men  (many  of  them  tier- 
man  mercenaries),  for  the  shores  of  Connecticut. 

They  plundered  New  Haven  on  the  5th,  laid 
fast    Haven   in  ashes  on  the   6th,   destroyed 

Fairfield  in  the  same  way  on  I  he  ~t  h,  and  plun- 
dered and  burned  Norwalk  on  the  12 th.  Not 
content  with  this  wanton  destruction  of  prop- 
erty, the  invaders  insulted  and  cruelly  abused 
the  inhabitants.  The  Hessians  were  particular- 
ly active  in  the  latter  capacity.  While  Norwalk 
was  burning  Tryon  sat  in  a  rocking-chair  on  a 
bill  and  viewed  tin'  scene  with  apparent  pleas- 
ure. After  devaatating  these  pleasant  New 
England  villages,  Tryon  boasted  of  his  clem- 
ency in  leas  (ng  a  siugle  house  standing.     More 

villages  would  have  been  laid  waste  bad  not  the 

marauder  been  recalled  by  alarming  events  on 
the  Hudson. 

Connecticut  Valley,  BnoUSB  C<>i.,>\isis  i\. 
\  i  i  in  ii  i  l  Ml-:.  Wah-ipii-nia-cut.  a  sachem  seat- 
ed in  the  Connect  icn!  Valley,  solicited  (  1631 )  the 

governors  of  Plymouth  and  Massachusetts  to 

make    settlements    there.        fhe    object     of    the 

sachem  was  to  .secure  protection  for  his  people 
againat  the  warlike  Pequods.  Governor  Brad- 
ford and    Edward   Winalow   visited   Governor 

Winthrop  and  proposed  to  him  and  his  council 
to  join  in  a  trade  to  I  he  Connect  icut  Valley,  and 
to  make  a  plantation  there,  as  the  Dutch  wire 
making  efforts   to   that    end.      It   was  declined, 

and  the  Plymouth  people  resolved  to  undertake 


CONNECTICUT  VALLEY  3 

the  enterprise  at  their  own  risk.  (See  Connecti- 
cut, Colony  of.)    In  October,  1633,  the  materials 

for  a  house,  entirely  prepared,  were  put  on  board 
o  vessel  and  sent  by  a  chosen  company  to  the 
Connecticut  Biver.  The  Dutch  had  built  a  light 
tort  just  below  the.  site  of  Hart  lord,  and  when 
the  Plymouth  vessel  approached  t he  command- 
er of  the  fort  forbade  the  adventurers  to  pass. 
The  commander  of  the  enterprise  (William 
Holmes)  went  resolutely  forward,  and,  landing 
on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  set  up  the  house 
on  the  site  of  Windsor  and  palisaded  it.  This 
was  the  first  house  built  by  Europeans  in  the 
Valley  of  the  Connecticut.  (See  Connecticut  Val- 
ley, First  Settlers  in.) 

Connecticut  Valley,  First  Settlers  ix. 
The  Dutch  built  a  redoubt  on  the  river  just  be- 
low the  site  of  Hartford,  and  called  it  Fort  Good 
Hope.  There  they  prepared  to  plant  a  colony. 
The  Plymouth  settlers  bought  a  tract  of  land 
above  the  Dutch  fort  from  the  Indians,  and  sent 
a  wooden  house,  in  pieces,  on  a  small  vessel  com- 
manded by  Captain  William  Holmes,  to  be  set 
up  in  their  domain.  When  the  vessel  ap- 
proached the  fort  the  Dutch  commander  or- 
dered Holmes  to  heave  to;  and  as  he  "sailed 
right  on"  the  Hollander  threatened  to  open 
great  guns  upon  him.  Holmes  passed  by  un- 
harmed, lauded  his  cargo  on  the  site  of  Wind- 
sor, put  up  the  house,  and  took  formal  posses- 
sion of  the  country  in  the  name  of  his  king. 
The  few  Englishmen  with  him  formed  the  whole 
colony;  and  so  the  first  European  settlement 
was  made  in  the  Connecticut  Valley.  Van  Twill- 
cr,  at  Manhattan,  blustered,  and  sent  an  armed 
force  to  expel  tin;  intruders;  but  they  remained 
in  spite  of  the  Dutchman.  And  when  the  latter 
finally  withdrew,  there  was  an  influx  of  settlers 
from  Massachusetts.  In  the  autumn  of  1635  a 
company  of  men,  women,  and  children,  with 
oxen  and  cows,  traversed  the  broken  coun- 
try through  tangled  morasses,  across  running 
streams,  and  oyer  rugged  and  lofty  hills,  more 
than  one  hundred  miles,  Until  they  reached  the 
Valley  of  the  Connecticut,  then  white  with  snow. 
The  ice  in  the  river  prevented  a  vessel  laden 
with  supplies  for  them  ascending  the  stream. 
On  the  sites  of  Wet hei afield  and  Hartford  they 
built  log  huts  and  a  little  church  edifice  in  the 
drifting  snow.  Some  of  them,  fearing  starva- 
tion, made  their  w  ay  to  the  mouth  of  the  river, 
and  thence  to  Bostou  in  a  passing  vessel.  Those 
who  remained  Buffered  dreadfully,  living  some 

Of  the  time  upon  acorns.  Manx  of  the'  cattle 
perished  for  want  of  food.  In  Ui:i()  Eev.  Thom- 
as Hooker,  a  zealous  dissenting  minister  who 
came  to  Boston  from  Holland  in  1633,  hd  a  com- 
pany of  one  hundred  men,  women,  and  children 
tn  the   Connecticut   Valley.       They  wisely  made 

the  journey  in  summer,  driving  before  them  one 

hundred  and  sixty  head  of  cattle,  the  BOW  I  past  - 
uring  in  grassy  savannas  and  furnishing  much 
Wholesome  food  for  the  company.  The  women 
and  children  were  conveyed  in  wagons  drawn 
by  OXan,  w  bile  tin-  stalwart  men  cleared  t  he  way 
with    tln-ir   axes.      On  I  he   ft  h  of  .luls   the  e.nii- 

pany  si I    00    the    banks  of  the    ( 'oiinect  icu  t. 

where,   under   the  shadow    of   trees,    the]   sang 


J  CONQUEST  OF  JAMAICA 

hymns  of  praise.  On  the  following  Sabbath 
Mr.  Hooker  preached  and  administered  the  com- 
munion in  the  little  church  built  the  previous 
winter.  There  were  now  (ltiiiti)  rive  feeble  set- 
tlements in  the  Connecticut  Valley. 

Connecticut  Witches.  Historians  aver  that 
the  Connecticut  Colony  never  had  a  trial  for 
witchcraft  within  its  borders.  There  seems  to 
be  documentary  evidence  to  the  contrary,  and 
there  is  in  existence  in  Fairfield  a  record  of  a 
trial  there  of  ••  Mercy  Desborongh,  wife  of  Thom- 
as Desborough,"  charged  with  "  familiarity  with 
Satan,"  and,  in  a  preternatural  way,  "  having  af- 
flicted and  done  harm  to  the  bodies  and  estates 
of  sundry  of  their  ma  jesties'subjects."  This  trial 
occurred  in  September,  169-2.  The  testimony 
against  her  was  so  absurd  and  inconclusive  that 
the  judges  did  not  deem  it  sufficient  to  convict 
her.  Her  person  was  searched  for  the  tradi- 
tionary "  witchinarks,"  and  she  was  subjected 
to  the  infallible  test  of  binding  the  accused  per- 
son hand  and  foot  and  throwing  him  or  her  into 
dec)>  water.  If  the  body  floated,  guilt  was  clear- 
ly established  ;  if  it  sank,  innocence  was  as  clear- 
ly proven.  Mrs.  Desborough  was  so  bound  and 
cast  into  the  water;  and  in  the  proceedings  of 
the  trial  the  following  affidavit  appears:  "Mr. 
John  Wakemau,  aged  thirty-two  years,  and 
Samuel  Squiers  make  oath  that  they  saw  Mer- 
cy Desborough  put  into  the  water  and  that  she 
swam  like  a  cork.  This  was  done  iu  court. 
Sept.  15,  1692.  Attest,  John  Allyn,  Secretary." 
The  judges  w  ere  st  ill  unsatisfied,  and  adjourned 
tin-  court  to  Oct.  28,  when  the  case  was  given  to 
the  jury,  who  found  the  person  "  guilty,  accord- 
ing to  the  indictment,"  and  she  was  sentenced 
to  death.  Other  prisoners, tried  on  a. similar  in- 
dictment, were  acquitted.  Hex  lite  was  spared, 
a  numerously  signed  petition  for  a  commutation 
of  her  sentence  having  been  presented  to  the 
court. 

Conner, David,  wasborn  in  Ilarrisl.urg.  IVnii., 
about  1792;  died  in  Philadelphia  March 20,  1856. 
Be  entered  the  navy  in  January,  L809,  and  as 
actiDg-lientenant  was  in  the  action  between  the 
Hornet  and  Peacock  (which  see).  He  was  made 
a  lieutenant  in  1818,  and  remained  on  the  Hornet. 

In  her  action  with  the  Penguin  Conner  w  as  dan- 
gerously wounded,  and  for  his  brave  conduct 
was  presented  with  a  medal  by  Congress,  and  by 

ih.  Legislature  of  Pennsylvania  with  a  sword. 
He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  commander  in 
March,  1825,  and  to  captain  in  ls;>.->.  During 
the  war  with  Mexico  (1846-48j  he  commanded 

the  American  squadron  on  the  Mexican  coast, 
and  assisted  in  tin-  reduction  of  the  fortress  of 
San  Juan   de  I'lloa   iu   the  spring  of  1-17.      lie 

captured  Tampioo  in  November,  1846.     His  last 

service  was  in  command  of  the  Philadelphia 

Navj  yard. 

Conquest  of  Jamaica.  When  Cromwell  had 
made  peace  with  the  Dutch  (1664)  he  declared 
War  againBl  Spain,  and  sent  a  tleet  under  Ad- 
miral Penn  and  an  army  under  General  Vena- 
hies  to  attack  the  Spanish  West  In<! 
ward  Winslow    went    with    the    fled    as   one   of 

Cromwell's  commissioners  to  superintend  the 


CONSCRIPTIONS  3 

conquered  countries.  By  volunteers  from  Bar- 
hadoes  aud  the  Leeward  Islands  the  army  was 
increased  to  ten  thousand.  Santo  Domingo  was 
tirst  attacked.  The  English  were  repulsed,  and 
then  proceeded  to  Jamaica,  which  they  easily 
took  possession  of,  for  it  was  inhabited  l>y  only 
a  few  of  the  enervated  descendants  id' old  Span- 
ish colonists  ami  some  negro  slaves.  Winslovv 
died  at  sea  soon  after  the  repulse  at  Santo  Do- 

ningo,  and  Sedgwick,  of  Massachusetts,  was  put 

in  his  place.  He  framed  an  instrument  ofgO\  em- 
inent for  .Jamaica,  having  a  supreme  executive 
council,  of  which  he  was  the  head.  Cromwell, 
anxious  to  retain  and  people  the  island  with 
subjects  of  Great  Britain,  ordered  the  enlistment 
in  Ireland  of  one  thousand  girls  and  young  men, 
and  sent  them  over.  "  Idle,  masterless  robbers 
and  vagabonds,  male  and  female,"  were  arrest- 
ed and  Miit  to  .Jamaica;  and  to  have  a  duo  ad- 
mixture of  good  morals  and  religion  in  the  new 
colony,  Cromwell  sent  agents  to  New  England 
for  emigrants.  Many  at  New  Haven,  not  pros- 
pering at    home,  were  disposed    lo   go,  hut,  the 

magistrates  opposing,  few  went.  So  was  flrsl 
settled  by  thi'  English  the  flourishing  island  of 

.Jamaica,  which  tiny  yet  retain. 

Conscriptions.  In  October,  1-1 1.  the  Acting 
Secretary  of  War  i  .James  Monroe  >  proposed  vig- 
orous measures  for  increasing  the  army  and  giv- 
ing it  material  strength.  Volunteering  had 
ceased,  and  he  proposed  to  raise,  bj  conscription 
or  draft,  snfflcienl  to  fill  the  existing  ranks  of 

the  army  to  the  full  a unt  of  02,448  men  ;   also 

an  additional  regular  force  of  40,001)  men,  to  he 
locally  employed  for  the  defence  of  the  frontiers 
and  Bea-coast.  Bills  for  this  pnrpose  were  in- 
troduced into  Congress  (Oct.  27, 1814) ;  and  this 
and  other  war  measures  were-  more  favorably 
received  than  nsnal  because  of  the  waning  pros- 
pects of  peace  n  ith  Greal  Bi  itain,  excepting  on 
terms  humiliating  t<>  the  Uuited  States,  ["he 
proposition  to  raise  a  large  lone  l>y  conscription 
brought  matters  to  a  crisis  in  New  England. 
Because  of  the  unpatriotic  course  of  the  Peace 
Faction  in  New  England,  the  President  insisted 
upon  the  exclusive  control  of  all  military  move- 
ments there,  while  .-tales  in  other  portions  of 
the  Union  were  left  to  act,  ill  the  matter  of  local 
defences,  wholly  at  the  discretion  of  the  local 
governor-.  The  clamor  raised  against  the  meas- 
ure of  conscription  became  more  and  more  in- 
tense; and  radical  ami  indiscreet  men  of  the 
opposition  proposed  the  secession  of  the  New 
Eugland  States  from  the  Union  as  a  cure  for  ex- 
isting e\  ils.  Thoughtful  men  pondered  the  sil  u- 
ation  of  affairs  with  gnat  anxiety,  and  the 
famous  gathering  of  representatives  of  the  New 
England  States  known  as  "The  Hartford  Con- 
vention "  was  the  result. 

Conservatives.  The  advocacy  of  an  exten- 
sive specie  currency,  and  the  proposition  for  a 
Bab-Treasury  (which  see),  in  l-::7.  alienated 
many  of  the  Democratic  party,  and  the]  fol d 

a  powerful  faction  known  as  " Conservatives." 

They  filially  .joined  the  WhigS,  and.  in  1840,  as- 
sisted them  materially  in  electing  General  Har- 
rison President. 


3  CONSOLIDATION 

Consignees  of  Tea  Cargoes.  Those  who  ac- 
cepted the  office  of  consignees  of  the  tea  cargoes 
of  the  East  India  Company  were  held  in  equal 
disrepute  with  the  stamp-distributers  (which 
see).  They  were  requested  to  refrain  from  re- 
ceiving the  proscribed  article.  The  request  of 
a  public  meeting  in  Philadelphia  (Oct.  '2.  1773). 
that  Messrs. Wharton  should  not  act,  was  com- 
plied with,  and  their  answer  was  received  with 
shouts  of  applause.  Another  linn  refused,  and 
they  were  greeted  with  groans  and  hisses.  A 
public  meeting  in  Boston  (Nov.  5)  appointed  a 
committee  to  wait  upon  the  consignees  in f that 
town  and  request  them  to  resign.  These  con- 
signees were  all  friends  of  Governor  Hutchin- 
son— two  of  them  were  his  sons  and  a  third  his 
nephew.  They  had  been  summoned  to  attend  a 
meeting  of  the  Sons  of  Liberty  (under  Liberty 
Tree  i  and  resign  their  appointments.  They  con- 
temptuously refused  to   comply;    now,  in  the 

presence  ol  the  lown  committee,  they  so  equiv- 
ocated that  the  meeting  voted  their  answer 
"unsatisfactory  and  daringly  aft'rontive."  An- 
other committee  was  appointed  for  the  same 
purpose  at  a  meeting  en  the  18tb,  when  the  con- 
signees replied  :  "It  is  out  of  our  power  to  com- 
ply with  the  request  of  the  town."  The  meet- 
ing broke  up  with  ominous  silence.  The  con- 
signees became  alarmed,  and  asked  leave  to  re- 
sign their  appointments  into  the  hands  of  tin- 
governor  and  council.  The  prayer  was  refused, 
ami  the  consignees  tied  to  the  protection  of  the 

castle.  At  a  meeting  held  fust  in  Eaneuil  Hall 
and  then  in  the  South  Meeting-house  [ 
a  letter  was  received  from  the  consignees, offer- 
ing to  store  the  tea  until  they  could  write  to 
England  and  receive  instructions.  The  offer 
was  rejected  with  disdain.  The  sheriff  then 
read  a  proclamation  from  the  governor,  ordering 
the  meeting  to  disperse.  It  was  received  with 
I  lien  the  meeting  ordered  that  two  tea 

vessels  hourly  expected  at  Boston  should  lie 
moored  at  Griffin's  Wharf,  where  the  cargoes 
were  afterwards  destroyed.  (See  BoiUm  Tea  fur- 
iil.)  At  the  demand  of  a  popular  meeting  in  New 
..  25)  the  appointed  consignees  then 

declined  to  act,  whereupon  Governor  Tryon  is- 
sued an  order  for  the  cargo  of  any  tea-ship  that 
might  arrive  to  he  deposited  in  the  bai  racks. 

Consolidation  of  Connecticut  and  New 
Haven.  In  1682  Governor  Winthrop  procured 
a  (hatter  for  the  Connecticut  colony.  (See 
Winthrop,  John,  II.)  It  differed  from  other  char- 
ters in  vesting  jurisdiction  in  a  corporation  of 
resident  freemen  instead  of  an  English  corpora- 
tion or  single  proprietor  with  or  without  a  local 

assembly.  The  charter  Included  the  New  Haven 
colony.  (See  Xew  Haven.)  That  colony  refused 
to  accede  to  the  proposed  union,  chiefly  because 
Connecticut  preferred  a  property  qualification 
required  of  freemen  instead  of  the  spiritual  one 
of  church  membership,  and  the  known  inclina- 
tion of  the  Connecticut  people  towards  the  adop- 
tion of  the  "  half-Way  covenant  ■ — that  is,  a  com- 
promise between  the  rigid  discipline,  dogmas, 
and  exolnsiveuess  of  the  early  Church  in  New 
England  and  the  more  liberal  views  which  the 
grown-up  children  of  those  old   Puritans  bad 


CONSPIRACY  AGAINST  WASHINGTON    304    CONSPIRACY  AGAINST  WASHINGTON 


adopted,  and  which  had  boon  authorized  by  a 
synod  held  in  1659.  By  degrees  these  and  other 
objections  were  removed,  and  in  May,  1665,  the 
consolidation  of  the  colonies  of  Connecticut  and 
New  Haven  was  accomplished.  This  was  an  im- 
portant event.  In  October  a  Court  of  Assistants 
for  the  new  colony  was  established.  It  was  to 
consist  of  at  least  seven  assistants:  to  have  origi- 
nal cognizance  of  all  ciimcs  relating  to  life,  liber- 


that  body  which  was  calculated  to  dishonor  the 
commander-in-chief  and  restrain  his  military 
operations.  They  forbade  him  to  detach  more 
than  two  thousand  live  hundred  men  from  the 
Northern  army  without  first  consulting  Gates 
and  Governor  Clinton,  and  so  making  him  sub- 
servient to  his  inferiors.  The  Adamses  and  Ger- 
ry, of  Massachusetts,  and  Merchant,  of  Rhode 
Island,  actually  voted    for  a   resolution   forbid- 


ty,  or  banishment;  and  in  all  other  cases  to  have  ding  Washington  t<>  detach  any  troops  from  the 

appellate  jurisdiction.     (See  Court  of  Assistanta.)  Northern   Department  without   the  consent  of 

At  that  time  Connecticut  and  New  Haven  con-  Gates   and  Clinton.       Emboldened  by  the   evi- 

sistedof  nineteen  towns.     Only  one  town,  in  the  dent   strength  of  his  faction  in  Congress,  Gates 

New  Haven  jurisdiction  (Branford),  persisted  in  pursued  his  intrigues  with  more  vigor,  and  his 

opposing  the  union.     Mr.  Piersou,  the  minister  partisans  there  assured  him  that  he  would  soon 


of  Branford,  and  almost  his  whole  church  and 
congregation,  were  so  dissatisfied  with  it  that 
they  removed  to  Newark,  N.  J. 

Conspiracy  against  Washington.  In  the 
summer  of  177?  Washington  began  to  feel  the 
malign  influence  of  the  intrigues  of  Gates 
against  him,  such  as  Schuyler  had  endured. 
The  same  faction  in  Congress  which  favored 
Cates's  pretensions  in  the  case  of  Schuyler  (see 
Schuyler  and  Gates)  also  favored  his  ambitious 
schemes  for  his  elevat  ion  to  the  position  of  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  American  armies.  After 
Gates  had  superseded  Schuyler  (August,  1777), 
that  faction  induced  the  Congress  to  lavish  all 
their  favors  upon  the  former,  the  favorite  of  the 
New  England  delegation,  and  to  treat  Washing- 
ton with  positive  neglect.  They  did  not  scruple 
to  Blight  his  advice  and  to  neglect  his  wants. 
With  unpatriotic  querulousness  some  of  the 
friends  of  Gates  in  Congress  wrote  ami  spoke 
disparagingly  of  Washington  as  a  commander 
while  he  was  on  his  inarch  to  inert  Howe  (Au- 
gust, 1777).  John  Adams,  warped  by  his  par- 
tiality for  Gates,  wrote,  with  a  singular  indiffer- 
ence to  facts,  concerning  the  relative  strength 
of  the  two  armies:  "I  wish  the;  Continental 
army  would  prove  that  anything  can  lie  .lone. 
I  am  weary  with  so  much  insipidity.  I  am  sick 
of  Fabian  systems.  My  toast  IB, 'A  short  and 
violent  war.'"      After  the  defeat  of  Wayne  (see 

1'aoli  Tavern)  that  followed  the  disaster  at  the 
Braudywine,  the  friends  of  Gates  in  Congress  re- 
newed their  censures  of  Washington,  and  John 
Adams  exclaimed,  ■'<)  Heaven,  grant  us  one 
great  soul!  One  leading  mind  would  extricate 
the  best  cause  from  that  ruin  which  semis  to 
await  it."     And  after  the  repulse  of  the  British 

before  forts  Mercer  and  Mifflin  (October,  1777\ 

Adams  exclaimed:  "Thank  Cod.  the  glory  is 
not  immediately  doc  to  Hie  commander-in-chief, 
or  idolatry  and  adulation  would  have  been  so 
excessive  as  to  endanger  our  liberties."  After 
(lie  surrender  of  Bnrgoyne  the  proud  Gates  in- 
sulted Washington  by  Bending  his  report  im- 
mediately to  Congress  instead  of  to  the  com- 
mander-in-chief^ aud  was  not  rebuked;  and  he 
imitated  the  treasonable  conduct  of  Lee  bj  dis- 

obeying  the  orders  of  Washington  to  send  troops 

(not  needed  there)  from  the  Northern  Depail- 
incut  to  assist   in  capturing  Howe  and  his  army 

or  expelling  them  from  Philadelphia.  The  po«  - 
erful  Gates  faction  in  Congress  instai 1  him 

in    this   disobedience,  and   caused    legislation   by 


be  virtual  commander-in-chief,  w  hen,  late  in  N< 
vember,  1777.  he  was  made  president  of  a  new 
Board  of  War.  which  was  vested  with  large  pow- 
ers, and  by  delegated  authority  assumed  to  con- 
trol military  affairs  which  properly  belonged  to 
the  commander-in-chief.  Gates  found  a  fitting 
instrument  in  carrying  forward  the  conspiracy 
in  General  Conway,  who.  it  was  rumored,  was 
about  to  be  appointed  a  major-general  in  the 
Continental  army,  to  which  appointment  Wash- 
ington made  the  most  serious  opposition,  be- 
cause of  Conway's  unfitness;  also  because  it  was 
likely  to  drive  from  the  service  some  id'  the  best 

generals.   Conway  heard  of  this  opposition.    His 

malice  was  aroused,  and  his  tongue  and  pen 
were  made  so  conspicuously  active  that  he  was 
Considered  the  head  and  front  of  the  conspira- 
cy, which  is  known  in  history  as  "Conway's 
Cabal"  He  wrote  anonymous  letters  to  mem- 
bers of  Congress  and  to  chief  magistrates  of 
states,  filled  with  complaints,  vile  insinuations, 
and  false  statements  concerning  the  character 
of  Washington,  in  which   the   late   disasters   to 

the  American  arms  were  charged  to  the  inca- 
pacity and  timid  policy  of  the  commander-in- 
Chief.  He  also  wrote  forged  letters  as  if  from 
the  pen  of  Washington.  He  did  his  best  to  sow 
the  seeds  of  diseon  tent  among  the  ofti  eel's  of  the 
army,  and  caused  some  of  them  to  write  Batter- 
ing letters  to  Gates,  and  so  fed  his  hopes  of  hav- 
ing the  chief  command.  Members  of  Congress 
joined  in  this  letter-writing  in  disparagement 

of  th<'  chief.       A   delegate    from    Massachusetts 

(Mr.  Lovell)  in  a  letter  to  Gates  said,  after 
threatening  Washington  with  "the  mighty  tor- 
rent of  public  clamor  and  vengeance:"  •How 
different  your  conduct  and  your  fortune!  this 
army  will  be  totally  lost  unless  you  come  down 
and  collect  the  virtuous  band  who  wish  to  Bght 
under  vour  banner."  And  Dr.  Benjamin  K'ush. 
of  Philadelphia,  in  an  anonymous  letter  to  Pat- 
rick Henry,  after  declaring  that  the  army  at 
Yallev  Forge  had  no  general  at  its  head,  said  : 
■  a  Gates,  a  Lee,  or  a  Conway  would  in  a  few 

weeks  render  them  an  irresistible  body  of  men. 
Smne  of  the  contenls  of  this  letter   Oflgb.1    id  be 

made  public,  in  order  to  aw  akeii,  enlighten,  and 
alarm  our  connir\."  Henn  treated  the  anony- 
mous letter  with  contemptuous  silence,  and  sent 

it    to   Washington.      Bush's   handwriting  be- 
trayed him.    Conwaj  had  written  to  0 
oerning  Washington:  "  Heaven  has  been  deter- 
mined  to  save  yOOJ  country. or  a  vv  c.n 


CONSPIRACY  AGAINST  WASHINGTON     305 


CONSPIRACY  IN  THE  WEST 


and  bad  counsellors  would  have  ruined  it.'' 
When  these  words  reached  Washington,  he  let 
Conway  kBOW  the  fact.  A  penonal  interview- 
ensued, during  which  Conway  justified  his  words 
and  offered  no  apology.  He  boasted  of  his  defi- 
ance of  the  commander-in-chief,  and  was  com- 
mended by  Gates,  Mifflin,  and  others.  I  be 
(iates  faction  in  Congress  procured  Conway's 
appointment  as  inspector-general  of  the  army, 
with  the  rank  of  major-general,  and  made  him 
independent  of  the  chief.  The  conspirators 
hoped  these  indignities  would  cause  Washing- 
ton to  resign,  when  his  place  might  be  tilled  by 
(iates.  Then  the  conspiracy  assumed  another 
phase.  Without  the  knowledge  of  Washington 
the  Board  of  War  devised  a  winter  campaign 

against  Canada,  and  gave  the  command  to  l.a- 
feyette.  It  was  a  trick  of  Gates  to  detach  the 
marquis  from  Washington.  It  failed.  Lafay- 
ette was  summoned  to  York  to  receive  bis  com- 
mission from  Congress.  There  he  met  (iates, 
Mifflin,  and  others,  members  of  the  Hoard  of 
War.  .it  table.  Wine  circulated  freely,  and  toasts 
abounded.  At  length,  the  marquis,  thinking  it 
t i ii >■'  to  show  his  colors,  said:    "Gentlemen,  I 

perceive   '   toast    has   been   omitted,  which   I 

will  now  propose."  They  filled  their  glasses, 
when  he  gave,  "The  commander-in-chief  of  the 
American    armies."      The    Coldness    with    which 

that   tonal  was  received  confirmed  Lafayette's 

worst  opinion  respecting  the  men  around  him, 
and  he  was  disgnsted.  The  conspirators,  find- 
ing they  could  not   use  the  marquis,  aband id 

the  expedition.  So,  also,  was  the  conspiracy 
abandoned  soon  afterwards.     Some  of  Gates's 

New  England  friends  became  tired  of  him.  Con- 
way, found  out,  was  despised,  and  left  the  army. 

He  quarrelled  with  Geueral   Cadwallader  and 

fought  a  dnel  with  bim.  Conway  was  wound- 
ed, and,  expecting  to  die.  wrote  an  apologetic 
latter  to  Washington,  deploring  the  injury  he 
had  attempted    to  do  him.      He   recovered  and 

retnmed  to  France. 

Conspiracy  against  'Washington,  How  Du- 

ihiih.  When  the  conspiracy  to  deprive  Wash- 
ington  of  the   chief  command   i  see    C.titcx,    fiiii- 

tpkracy  of)  was  ripe,  a  day  was  secretly  chosen 

when  a  committee  of  Congress  should  be  ap- 
pointed to  arrest  Washington  at  Valle\  Forge. 
At  that  time  there  w  as  a  majority  of  the  friends 
of  the  conspirators  in  Congress  (then  sitting  at 
York.  I'eim.),  because  of  the  absence  of  the  New- 
York  delegation.  Only  Francis  Lew  is  and  Colo- 
nel William  Diier  were  at  York.  The  latter  was 
very  ill.  few  is,  having  been  informed  of  tin-  de- 
signs of  the  conspirators,  sent  a  message  to 
Duer.  The  latter  asked  his  physician  whether 
he  COUld   be  removed   to  the   court-house,  w  here 

Congress  was  in  session.  "Yes,"  said  the  doc- 
tor, "but  at  the  risk  of  your  life."  "Do  you 
mean   that   I  would   expire   before  reaching  the 

isked  Diur.  '•  .No."  said  the  physician, 
"but  I  would  not  answer  for  your  life  twenty- 
four  hours  afterwards."  "Very  well,"  responded 
Duei.  ■•  prepare  a  litter."     It  was  done,  and  Duer 

ied  to  the  floor  of  Congress.  The  ar- 
rival of  (ion  verneur  Morris,  of  the  New  York  del- 
egation, at  the  same  time,  satisfied  the  conspira- 
I.— 20 


tors  that  they  would  be  defeated,  and  they  gave 
up  the  hazardous  undertaking. 

Conspiracy  in  the  West.  As  the  time  for  the 
choice  of  Mr.  Lincoln's  successor  to  the  Presiden- 
cy of  the  United  States  in  1864  was  approach- 
ing, the,  members  of  a  secret  league  existing 
west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  appeared  more 
and  more  active.  The  following  outline  of  the 
conspiracy  against  the  life  of  the  republic  is 
drawn  from  well-authenticated  facts:  There 
was  a  secret  military  organization,  composed  at 
the  time  (August,  1864)  of  the  Democratic  con- 
vention, of  about  five  hundred  thousand  men, 
with  a  Commander-in-chief,  a  general,  and  sub- 
ordinate officers,  all  bound  to  a  blind  obedience 
to  the  orders  of  their  superiors,  and  pledged 
"to  take  up  arms  against  any  government  found 
waging  war  againsl  a  people  endeavoring  to  es- 
tablish a  government  of  t  heir  own  choice"  —  in 
other  words,  to  assist  the  insurgents  then  in 
arms  against  the  government  of  the  United 
State*.  Then  was  to  be  a  general  uprising  of 
the  members  of  this  league  ill  Missouri,  Illinois, 
Indiana,  Ohio,  and  Kentucky,  in  co-operation 
with  a  Confederate  force  nnder  Price,  who  was 
to  invade  Missouri.  (See  bfiMourt,  Last  Inmuion 
of.)    Price  (though  rather  late)  performed  his 

part,  but   the  timid  leaguers  failed  to  keep  their 

promises,  The  plot,  it  is  said,  originated  with 
the  Confederate  authorities  at  Richmond,  and 
was  chiefly  directed  by  Jacob  Thompson  (ex-Sec- 
retary of  the  Interior),  in  Canada,  with  tin-  im- 
portant aiil  of  Vallandigham  (which  see).  Pi  ice 
was  the  "  Grand  Commander  "of  tin'  Missouri. in 
and  Southern  members  of  the  league,  and  Val- 
landigham the  "Grand  Commander"  of  the 
Northern  members.  The  fint  blow  —  the  sig- 
nal for  the  uprising  —  was  to  have  been  struck 
at  the  time  of  the  meeting  of  the  Democratic 
convention    at    Chicago   (  Aug.  2\  ),  when   eight 

thousand  Confederate  prisoners  confined  at 
Camp  Douglas,  near  that  city,  were  to  be  lib- 
erated and  armed  by  the  Confederate  refugees 
in  Canada  there  assembled,  and  five  thousand 
sympathizers  with  the  Confederate  cause  then 
residing  in  Chicago.  Then  the  Confederate  pris- 
oners at  Indianapolis  were  to  be  released  ami 
armed,  and  the  hosts  of  Knights  of  the  Golden 
Circle  (which  sec)  -the  secret  conspirators  — 
were  to  gather  at  appointed  rendezvous  to  the 
number  of  full  one  hundred  thousand  men. 
This  force,  springing  out  of  the  earth,  as  it 
were,  in  the  rear  of  (iencrals  Grant  and  Sher- 
man, would,  it  was  believed,  compel  the  rais- 
ing of  the  Bieges  of  Richmond  and  Atlanta,  and 

secure    peace   Oil    the    basis   of  the    independence 

of  the   "Confederate   states."     Vallandigham 

was  to  go  boldly  from  exile  in  Canada  to  Chi- 
cago to  act  as  circumstances  might  require. 
When  the  convention  met  he  was  there.  The 
Confederate  refugees  in  Canada  wore  also  there, 

with  a  vast  number  of  sympathizers,  who  were 

publicly  harangued  from  balconies  of  hotels 
ami  Other  places  in  the  most  incendiary  and 
revolutionary  language,  not  only  by  professional 
politicians,  but  by  clergymen.  The  conspiracy 
was  foiled  by  thi'  vigilance  and  activity  of  Colo- 
nel P.J.  Sweet,  a  young  officer  who  was  in  com- 


CONSPIRACY  OF  TECT'MTHA 


306    CONSTERNATION  IX  NEW  ENGLAND 


mand  at  Chicago.  He  became  acquainted  w  ith 
the  secrets  of  the  conspirators.  Of  this  they 
were  timely  informed,  and  they  postponed  the 
contemplated  uprising  by  a  release  of  the  Con- 
federate prisoners  at  Camp  Donglas  until  the 
night  of  the  presidential  election.  At  that  time 
a  large  number  of  Confederate  officers  in  dis- 
guise were  in  Chicago.  Their  plans  were  all 
matured  when  young  Colonel  Sweet  interposed 
by  the  arrest  of  about  one  hundred  of  these  and 
Illinois  conspirators.  Hundreds  of  their  tire- 
arms  were  also  seized. 

Conspiracy  of  Tecumtha.  In  1810  Tecnm- 
tha  (written  also  Teeumseh)  and  his  brother, 

the  Prophet  (which  see),  endeavored  to  confed- 
erate the  Indian  tribes  in  the  Northwest,  for  the 
extermination  of  the  white  settlers  north  of  the 
Ohio.  The  ennning  Tecumtha  made  use  of  the 
popularity  of  his  brother  as  a  prophet,  or  med- 
icine man,  whose  influence  had  been  very  great 
over  large  portions  of  the  Delaware*.  Shawno- 
ese,  Wyamlots,  Miamis,  Ottawa*,  Pot  tawatoniies, 
Kickapoos,  Wiunebagoes,  and  Chippewas.  It 
was  among  the  more  remote  tribes  that  a  great- 
er part  of  these  converts  were  obtained.  In  the 
summer  of  1808  the  Prophet  removed  his  village 
to  Tippecanoe  Creek  (a  northern  branch  of  the 
Upper  Wabash),  among  the  Delaware*  and  Mia- 
mis. There  through  1809  the  Prophet  attracted 
large  numbers  of  Indians,  when  military  exer- 
cises' wcif  interspersed  with  religions  mummer- 
ies and  warlike  sports.  These  military  exer- 
cises, and  an  alleged  secret  intercourse  id'  the 
brothers  with  the  British  traders  and  agents, 
had  drawn  upon  the  Prophet  and  his  brother 
the  suspicions  of  Harrison,  the  Governor  of  the 
Indian  Territory  and  Superintendent  of  Indian 
Affairs.  With  consummate  duplicity,  the  Proph- 
et, visiting  Harrison  at  Yincennes,  allayed  his 
suspicions  by  assuming  to  be  a  warm  friend  of 
peace,  his  sole  object  being  to  reform  the  In- 
dians and  to  put  a  stop  to  their  use  of  whiskey. 
Not  long  afterwards,  a  treaty  made  with  several 
tribes  by  Harrison  was  denounced  by  Tecumtha. 
and  serious  threats  were  made  by  him.  Harri- 
son invited  the  brothers  to  an  interview  at  Vin- 
cennes  (August,  18,10),  when  the  latter  appeared 
with  many  followers  and  showed  so  much  hos- 
tility that    the   governor   ordered    him    and    his 

people  to  qnit  the  neighborhood.    (See  Hartison 

inul  Trciiiiillm.)  Ill  the  summer  of  1811  Tecuin- 
t  ha  journeyed  to  the  land  of  the-  Creeks,  Choo- 
taws,  ami  Chickasaws  to  engage  them  to  .join 
in  his  conspiracy,  but  tailed;  and  a  battle  that 
occurred  on  the  Tippecanoe  in  November  fol- 
lowing hit  Tecumtha  and  his  brother  without 
hope  t>f  confederating  the  tribes  for  their  mur- 
derous purpose.    (Sec  Tippecanoe,  Battle  of  the.) 

Constellation  and  La  Vengeance.  Early 
<>n  the  morning  of  Feb.  1.  1800,  Commodore 
Trnxtnn,  cruising  off  Gnadaloupa  in  the  in- 

:ite  I  iihmIi  Ihiliiin,  gave  chase  In  a  sail  that  ap- 
pealed to  th<'  southward,  but  it  was  about  tit- 
teen  bonn  before  he  came  within  hailing  dis- 
tance nt  tii.>  ressel,  it  proTed  to  be  the  large 
Ireiich  frigate  /.«  Vengeance,  which  opened  a 
battle    by    Bring   on    the   CoiiiUlldlum    .it    eight 


o'clock  in  the  evening.  A  desperate  engage- 
ment at  pistol-shot  distance  ensued,  which  last- 
ed until  one  o'clock  in  the  morning  (Feb.  2),  the 
combatants  all  the  while  running  free,  side  by 
side,  and  pouring  broadsides  into  each  other. 
Suddenly  La  Vengeance  ceased  firing  and  disap- 
peared in  the  gloom.  Truxtun  supposed  she 
had  gone  to  the  bottom.  He  found  his  own 
ship  greatly  crippled.  Nearly  all  her  shrouds 
had  been  cut  away.  A  squall  came  on  and  the 
shattered  main-mast  fell  into  the  sea.  carrying 
with  it  a  midshipman  and  several  topmen  who 
were  aloft.  La  Vengeance  (which  carried  54  guns 
and  400  men)  was  not  lost,  but  had  tied,  in  a 
crippled  condition,  to  Curacao,  where  she  arrived 
on  the  6th.  Captain  Pilot,  her  commander,  said 
he  twice  struck  his  flag  during  the  engagement, 
which  Trnxtnn  did  not  observe.  Trnxtnn  bore 
away  to  Jamaica,  and  it  was  some  time  before 
he  learned  the  name  of  his  antagonist.  This 
victory  gave  Truxtun  great  renown  at  home 
and  abroad.  Congress  thanked  hint  (March  29) 
and  voted  him  a  gold  medal.  La  Vengeance 
would  have  been  a  rich  prize.  She  had  on 
board  the  governor  of  Guadaloupe  and  his  fam- 
ily, and  two  French  generals,  a  full  cargo  •>!' 
sugar  and  coffee,  and  a  large  amount  of  specie. 
She  lost,  in  killed  and  wounded,  LOS.  The  Con- 
stellation lost,  in  killed  and  wounded,  39. 

Constellation  and  L'lnsurgente.  At  noon 
on  Feb.  9,  1799,  while  the  United  States  frig- 
ate Constellation,  Commodore  Trnxtnn,  was  cruis- 
ing off  the  Island  of  Nevis,  W.  I.,  the  French 
frigate  L'lnsurgente  appeared  to  the  southward. 
Trnxtnn  gave  chase,  and  at  a  little  past  three 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon  brought  on  an  engage- 
ment. It  lasted  an  hour  and  a  quarter,  when 
L'lnsurgente  surrendered.  Captain  Barnaul! 
did  not  yield  until  his  fine  ship  was  dreadfully 
shattered  and  he  had  lost  70  men  killed  and 
wounded.  The  Constellation  had  only  three  men 
wounded.  This  victory  produced  great  exul- 
tation in  the  United  States,  and  the  little  navy 
was  declared  to  be  eijiial  in  prowess  to  any  in 
the  world.  The  Constellation  carried  32  gnus  and 
300  men;  L'lnsurgente  carried  40  guns  and  408 
men.  Trnxtnn  was  everywhere  eulogized.  Tin 
merchants  of  Lloyd's  Coffee-honse,  London,  sent 

him  a  service  of  plate  worth  over  three  thou- 
sand dollars,  on  which  a  representation  of  the 
action  was  engraved;  and  a  song  called  "Trux- 
tun's  Victory"  was  everywhere  BUUg,  beginning 
with  the  words: 

"Com* all  ve>Yankw  sailors,  with  BWOrda  Mid  pikl 

"lis  Urns  to  try  four  courage  ami  bumble  baaghly  Fnum 

The  sons  of  Kramv  oar  MM  invailc. 

Destroy  oar  oommeroa  and  oar  U 
Til  Urn*  tin'  reckoning  thoald  be  paid 
To  brmve  Vanki  i 

Consternation  in  New  England.  Humors 
spread  over  New  England  in  LOO?  that  a  lunch 

armament  from  Europe  and  a  land  force  from 
Canada    were    about    to   fall    upon    the    English 

colonies.  Such  an  expedition  had  actually  been 
ordered  from  Prance;  and  it  was  placed  under 
the  command  of  tin  Marquis  of  Ncsinond.  an 
oilier  of  meat    reputat  ion.      Me   was  furnished 

wnh  ten  men-of-war, a  gallot,and  two  frigate*; 


CONSTITUENT  CONVENTION 


307       CONSTITUTION  AND  GUEHRIERE 


and  was  instructed  to  first  secure  the  posses- 
sions in  the  extreme  east,  then  to  join  fifteen 
hundred  men  to  lie  furnished  by  Count  Fronte- 
nao,  and  proceed  with  his  fleet  to  Boston  har- 
bor. After  capturing  Boston  and  ravaging  New 
England,  be  was  to  proceed  to  New  York,  re- 
duce  the  city, and  thence  send  back  the  troops 
to  Canada  by  land,  that  they  might  ravage  the 
New  York  colony.  Ncsimuid  .started  so  late 
that  lie  did  not  reach  Newfoundland  until  July 
•24,  when   a  council   of  war  decided   not    to   pro- 

eeed  to  Boston.  All  New  England  was  alarm- 
ed, and  preparations  were  made  on  the  seaboard 
to  defend  the  country,  'file  Peace  of  KVswick 
(which  see)  was  proclaimed  at  Boston  Dec.  HI, 
and  the  English  colonies  had  repose  from  war 
for  a  while. 

Constituent  Convention,  Pbofobbd.  The  dif- 
ficulty of  raising  money  for  t  lie  cm  rent  expenses 
of  the  l*n  it  eil  States  government  in  1782  alarmed 
its  friends.  Robert  Morris's  scheme  for  taxation 
had  failed  to  meet  Support.      (See   MoiTUft  I'miil 

iiifi  Scheme.)  A  part  of  his  plan  was  to  collect 
the  taxes  due  the  general  government  by  its 
own  officers;  and  by  a  vote  of  Congress  he  win 

authorized  to  appoint  receivers  of  taxes  at  dif- 
ferent points.  Alexander  Hamilton  was  ap- 
pointed receiver  at  New  York,  and  was  instruct- 
ed by  Morris  to  forward  the  views  of  Congress 
respecting  an  amendment  of  the  Articles  of 
Confederation  so  as  to  give  more  power  to  the 
general  government  in  the  matter  of  taxation. 
Hamilton  had  perceived  the  facility  with  which 
the  Eastern  States  had  met  in  con\  cut  ion,  and 
he  conceived  the  idea  of  a  const  it  ilent  Conven- 
tion. He  repaired  to  Ponghkeepsie,  on  the  Hud- 
son, where  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  New 
York  was  in  Bession  (Jnly,  17-2).  and  explained 
to  them  his  \  iews  Oil  the  only  methods  by  which 
the  United  States  could  obtain  a  national  con- 
stitution. His  father-in-law  (General  8obnyler) 
seconded  his  views.  He  was  a  State  Senator; 
and  on  July  19  that  gentleman  invited  the  Sen- 
ate to  consider  the  stale  of  t  he  nation.      On  his 

motion  it  was  agreed  that  the  general  govern- 
ment might  to  have  power  to  provide  revenue 

for  itself;  and  it  was  resolved  "that  the  fore- 
going important  end  can   never  lie  attained  by 

partial  deliberations  of  the  states  separate!]  ; 
hut  that  it  is  essentia]  to  the  common  welfare 
that  there  should  he.  as  soon  as  possible,*  con- 
ference of  the  whole'  on  the  subject  ;  and  that  it 
would  he  advisable, for  this  purpose,  to  propose 
to  Congress  i"  recommend,  and  to  each  state  to 
adopt,  the  manner  id'  assembling  a  genera]  con 
ven Hon  of  the  states,  specially  authorized  to  re- 
vise and  amend  the  confederal  ion,  reserving  a 
right  to  the  respective  legislatnres  to  ratify 
their  determinations."  The  resolution  proposed 
by  Schuyler  was  cat  lied  unanimously  In  both 
branches  of  the  Legislature  ;  and  Hamilton,  who 
drafted  them, wns elected, almost  without  oppo- 
sition, one  of  the  delegates  to  the  ('ongn-s  from 
New  York.      Robert  Morns  was  rejoiced  by  these 

auspicious  events,  and,  w  heii  he  welcomed  young 
Hamilton  (then  only  twenty-five  years  of  age ) 
to  the  national  Legislature, said, "  A  firm,  wise, 
manly  system  of  federal  government  is  what  I 


once  wished,  what  I  now  hope,  what  I  dare  not 
expect,  hut  what  I  will  not  despair  of."  Ham- 
ilton, of  New  York,  was  the  first  to  recommend 
a  general  convention  to  form  a  national  consti- 
tution ;  and  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  New 
York,  through  Senator  Schuyler,  was  the  first  to 
take  official  action  in  favor  of  the  measure. 

Constitution  and  Guerriere,  Tin:.  The  Con- 
stitution, 44 guns, Captain  Isaac  Hull,  sailed  from 
Huston  Aug.  '2,  1812,  and  cruised  eastward  in 
search  of  British  vessels.  Hull  was  anxious 
to  find  the  Guerridre,  38  guns,  Captain  .lames 
Kichard  Dacres.  who  had  boastfully  enjoined 
the  Americans  to  remember  that  she  was  not 
the  Little  Belt.  (See  President  and  Little  Belt,  The.) 
The  British  newspapers, sneering  at  the  Ameri- 
can navy,  had  spoken  of  the  Constitution  as  "a 
bundle  of  pine  boards  sailing  under  a  bit  of 
striped  bunting."  They  had  also  declared  that. 
"a  few  broadsides  from  England's  wooden  walls 
would  drive  the  paltry  striped  bunting  from  the 
ocean."  Hull  was  eager  to  pluck  out  the  sting 
of  these  insults.  He  Bailed  as  far  as  the  Bay  of 
I'lindy,  and  then  cruised  eastward  of  Nova  Sco- 
tia, w  here  be  captured  a  number  of  British  mer- 
chant vessels  on  their  way  to  the  St.  Lawrence. 
Oil  the  afternoon  of  Ai'g.  19  he  fell  ill  with  the 
Cneiriere,  in   latitude   41     40'.  longitude   56     48*. 

Some  firing  began  at  long  range  Perceiving  a 
willingness  on  the  part  of  his  antagonist  to  have 
a  fail  yard  arm  to  yard-arm  tight,  Hull  pressed 
sail  to  get  his  vessel  alongside  the  Ouerriin.    He 

was  fat.  wearing  very  tight  white  breeches,  and 
walked  the  deck  watching  the  movements  of 
the   enemy    with    keen    interest;    and    when    the 

dm  mi 'tc  began  to  pour  shot  into  the  Constitution, 

Lieutenant  Morris,  Hull's  second  in  command, 
asked,  'Shall  I  open  lire?"  Hull  quietly  re- 
plied, ••  Not  yet."  The  question  was  repeated 
when  the  shots  began  to  tell  on  the  Constitution, 
and  Hull  again  answered.  "  Not  yet."  When 
the  vessels  were  very  near  each  other,  Hull,  tilled 
with  intense  excitement,  bent  himself  twice  to 
the  deck  and  shouted.  "  Nun  .  boj  B,  pour  it  into 
them!"  The  command  was  instantly  obeyed. 
When  the  smoke  of  (he  broadside  cleared  away 
it  was  discovered  that  the  commander,  in  his 
energetic  movements,  bad  split  his  breeches 
from  waistband  to  knee  ;  bill  he  did  not  slop  to 
change  them  during  the  action.  The  guns  of 
the  Constitution  were  double-shotted  with  round 
and  grape,  and  their  execution  was  terrible. 
The  vessels  were  within  pistol-shot  of  each 
Other.  fifteen  minutes  after  the  contest  be- 
gan the  mizzen-mast  of  the  Querridre  was  shot 
away,  her  main-yard  was  in  slings,  and  her  hull, 
Bpai-B, Bflils, and  rigging  were  tern  in  pieces.  By 
a  skilful  movement, the  Constitution  now  fell  foul 
of  her  foe,  her  bowsprit,  running  into  the  lar- 
board quarter  of  her  antagonist.     The  cabin  of 

the  Constitution  was  set  on  lire  by  the  explosion 
of  the  forward  guns  of  the  (luerrihr,  but  the 
names  were  soon  extinguished.     Both  parties 

attempted  to  board,  while  the  roar  of  t  he  great 
guns  was  terrific.  The  sea  was  rolling  heavily, 
and  would  not.  allow  a  Bllfe  passage  from  one 
vessel  to  the  other.  At  length  the  Constitution 
became  disentangled  and  shot  ahead  of  the  C.uer- 


CONSTITUTION  AND  GUERRIERE       303 


CONSTITUTION  AND  JAVA 


Hire,  when  the  main-mast  of  the  latter,  shatter- 
ed into  weakness,  fell  into  the  sea.  -The  Over- 
Here,  shivered  and  shorn,  rolled  like  a  log  in  the 
trough  of  the  sea,  entirely  at  the  mercy  of  the 
billows.  Hull  sent  his  compliments  to  Captain 
Dacres,  and  inquired  whether  he  had  struck  his 
Hag.  Dacres,  who  was  a  "jolly  tar,"  looking  up 
and  down  and  at  the  stumps  of  his  masts,  cool- 
ly and  dryly  replied,  "Well,  I  don't  know  ;  onr 
niizzeii-mast  is  gone;  onr  main-mast  is  gone; 
upon  the  whole,  you  may  say  we  have  struck  our 
flag."  Too  much  bruised  to  be  saved,  the  Guer- 
riere  was  set  on  tire  and  blown  up  after  her 
people  were  removed.  So  ended  the  career  of 
the  vessel  that  "  was  not  the  Little  Belt."  This 
exploit  of  Hull  made  him  the  theme  of  many 
toasts,  songs,  and  sonnets.  One  rhymester  wrote 
concerning  the  capture  of  the  Guerriere: 

"  Isaac  did  so  maul  and  rake  her, 
That  the  docks  of  Captain  Dacre 
Were  in  such  a  WOflll  pickle, 
As  if  Death,  with  scythe  and  sickle, 
With  his  sling,  or  with  his  shart, 
Had  cut  his  harvest  lore  and  aft. 
Thus,  in  thirty  minutes,  ended 
Mischiefs  that  could  not  he  mended; 
Masts  and  yards  and  ship  descended 
All  to  Davy  Jones  s  locker— 
Such  a  ship,  in  such  a  pucker." 

Hull  had  only  seven  men  wounded.  He,  carried 
the  first  tidings  of  his  victory  to  Boston.  It 
was  received  with  unbounded  joy  throughout 
the  country.  The  people  of  Boston  gave  him 
aud  his  officers  a  public  banquet,  in  which  six 
hundred  citizens  participated.  The  authorities 
of  New  York  gave  him  the  freedom  of  the  city 
in  a  gold  box.  Congress  thanked  him  and 
awarded  him  a  gold  medal,  aud  appropriated 


that  it  has  been  taken  by  a  veto  enemy  —  an 
enemy  unaccustomed  to  such  triumphs,  and  likely 
to  be  rendered  insolent  and  confident  by  them." 
This  triumph  made  the  Americans  very  confi- 
dent, if  not  insolent. 

Constitution  and  Java,  The.  After  his  vic- 
tory over  the  Guerriere  (which  see),  Captain 
Hull  generously  retired  from  the  command  of 
the  Constitution  to  allow  others  to  wiu  honors 
with  her.  Captain  William  Bainbridge  was  ap- 
pointed his  immediate  successor,  and  was  placed 
in  command  of  a  small  squadron — the  Consti- 
tution, 44  guns;  Essex,  32;  and  Hornet,  18.  Bain- 
bridge sailed  from  Boston  late  in  October,  1812, 
with  the  Constitution  and  Hornet.  The  Essex 
was  ordered  to  follow  to  designated  ports,  and 
if  the  flag-ship  was  not  found  at  any  of  them, 
to  go  on  an  independent  cruise.  After  touching 
at  these  ports,  Bainbridge  was  ott"  Bahia  or  San 
Salvador,  Brazil,  where  the  Hornet  blockaded 
an  English  sloop -of- war,  and  the  Constitution 
continued  down  the  coast.  On  Dec. 29  she  fell 
in  with  the  British  frigate  <7«ra,  38  guns,  Cap- 
tain Henry  Lambert,  one  of  the  finest  vessels  in 
the  royal  navy.  They  were  then  about  thirty 
miles  from  the  shore,  southeast  of  San  Salvador. 
About  two  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  after  run- 
ning upon  the  same  tack  with  the  Constitution, 
the  Java  bore  down  upon  the  latter  with  the 
intention  of  raking  her.  This  calamity  was 
avoided,  and  very  soon  a  most  furious  battle  at 
short  range  was  begun.  When  it  had  raged 
about  half  an  hour  the  wheel  of  the  Constitution 
was  shot  away,  and  her  antagonist,  being  the 
better  sailer,  had  the  advantage  of  her  for  a 
time.      Bainbridge  managed  his  crippled  ship 


Hl-LL'8   MEDAL. 


fifty  thousand  dollars  to  be  distributed  as  prize- 
money  among  the  officers  and  crew  of  the  Con- 
stitution. The  British  public  were  unseed  bj 
i In-  event.  Their  faith  in  the  Impregnability 
of  tin-  "wooden  walls  of  Old  England"  was 
shaken.  Us  bearing  on  the  future  of  the  war 
was  incalculable.     The  London  limes  regarded 

il  OS  a  BerlOUa  blow  to  the  British  supremacy 
nt  the  seas.  "It  is  not  merely  that  an  English 
frigate  has  been  taken."  said  I  hat  journal,  "  but 


with  so  much  skill  that  she  was  first  in  coming 
to  the  wind  on  the  next  tack,  and  gave  her  an- 
tagonist a  terrible  raking  Bre.     Both  now  ran 

free,  with  the  wind  on  their  quarter,  and  at  three 
o'clock  the  Jura  attempted  to  close  by  running 
down  the  Constitution's  quarter.  She  missed 
her  aim,  and  lost  her  jib-boom  and  the  bead  of 
her  bowsprit  by  shots  from  the  Conntitiitioii.  In 
a  few  momenta  the  latter  poured  a  heavy  rak- 
ing  broadside   into   the  stem   of  the  .lata.      An- 


CONSTITUTION  AND  JAVA 


309         CONSTITUTION,  CRUISE  OF  THE 


other  followed,  when  the  fore-mast  of  the  Java 
went  by  the  board,  crushing  in  the  forecastle 
and  main-deck  in  its  passage.  At  that  moment 
the  Constitution  shot  ahead,  keeping  away  to 
avoid  being  raked,  and  finally,  after  manoeu- 
vring nearly  an  hour,  she  forereaohed  her  an- 
tagonist, wore,  passed  her,  ami  lulled  up  under 
her  quarter.  Then  the  two  vessels  lay  broad- 
Bide  to  broadside,  engaged  in  deadly  conflict 
yard -arm  to  yard-arm.  Very  soon  the  Java's 
mizzen-mast  was  shot  away,  leaving  nothing 

hut  the  main-mast,  the  yards  of  which  had  been 
carried  away.  The  tire  of  the,  Java  now  ceased, 
and  Bainbridge  was  nnder  the  impression  that 

she  had  Struck  her  colors.  II.-  had  foilght  about 
two  hours,  and  occupied  an  hour  in  repairing 
damages,  when  lie  saw  an  ensign  fluttering  over 
the  .linn.  Bainbridge  was  preparing  in  reuevi 
the  conflict,  when  the  Java's  colors  were  hauled 
down  and  she  was  surrendered.  She  was  bear- 
inn  :ls  passenger  to  the  East  Indies  Lieutenant- 
general  llyslop  (just  appointed  governor-gen- 
eral of  Bombay)  and  his  stall',  and  more  than 
one  hundred  Euglish  officers  and  men  destined 
for  service  in  the  East  Indies.  The  Jam  was  a 
wreck,  and  the  Constitution  was  very  much  out 
in  her  sails.  The  commander  of  the  Java  was 
mortally  wounded.  Her  officers  and  crew  num- 
bered aboul  446  persons.  Some  of  the  above- 
named  passengers  assisted  in  the  contest.  How 
many  of  the  British  were  lost  was  never  reveal- 
ad.  It  was  believed  their  loss  was  mar  100 
killed  and  200  wounded.  The  Constitution  lost 
i)  killed  and  25  wounded.  Bainbridge  was  also 
wounded.  After  every  living  being  had  been 
transferred  from  the  Java  to  the  Constitution,  the 
former  whs  tired  and  blown  op  (Dee.  31, 1812). 
The  prisoners  were   paroled   al   Ban  Salvador. 

The  news  of  the  \  ictory  Created  great  joy  in  the 

1'nitcd  states.  Bainbridge  received  honors  of 
the  mosl  conspicuous  kind  a  banquet  at  Bos- 
ton   If  arch  2, 1813) ;  thanks  of  legislatures;  the 

freedom  of  the  city  of  New  fork,  in  a  gold  box, 
by  its  authorities;  the  same  by  the  authorities 
of  the  eitj  of  Albany;  an  elegant  service  of  ail- 


ing naval  engagement  of  the  first  six  months  of 
the  war.  From  this  time  the  Constitution  was 
ranked  among  the  seamen  as  a  "lucky  ship," 
aud  she  was  called  "  Old  Ironsides." 

Constitution,  CRUISE  OF  Tin:  (1814).  When 
Bainbridge  relinquished  the  command  of  the 
Constitution,  44  guns,  in  1813,  she  was  thorough- 
ly repaired  and  placed  in  charge  of  Captain 
Charles  Stewart.  She  left  Boston  harbor,  for 
a  cruise,  on  I  tee.  30, 1813,  and  for  seventeen  days 
did  not  see  a  sail.  At  the  beginning  of  Febru- 
arj  .  1814,  she  was  on  the  coast  of  Surinam,  and. 
on  the  14th,  captured  the  British  war-schooner 
J'iiloii,  lt>  guns,  together  with  a  lettcr-of-mar<|iie 
which  was  under  her  convoy.  On  her  way 
homeward,  she  chased  the  British  frigate  La 
Piqw,  96  guns,  off  Porto  Rico,  but  she  escaped 
under  cover  of  the  night.  Early  on  Sunday 
morning,  April  .\.  when  off  Cape  Anne,  slie  fell 
in  with  two  heavy  British  frigates  (the  .Itniou 
and  /.«  Numphe)]  and  she  was  compelled  to 
seek  safety  in  the  harbor  of  Marbhhead.  She 
was  in  gnat  peril  there  from  her  pursuers. 
This.'  were  kept  at  bay  by  a  quickly  gathered 
force  of  militia,  infantry,  and  artillery,  ami  she 
was  soon  afterwards  safely  anchored  in  Salem 

harbor.  Thence  she  went  to  Boston,  where  she 
remained  until  the  close  of  the  year.  At  the 
end  of  December  (1-11)  the  Constitution,  still 
under  the  command  of  Stewart,  put  to  sea. 
Crossing  the  Atlantic,  she  put  into  the  Bay  of 
Biscay,  and  then  cruised  off  the  harbor  id'  Lis- 
bon.    Stewart  Bailed  southwards  towards  Cape 

St.  Vincent,  and.  on   Feb,  20,  L815,  he  discovered 

two  Strang.-  sails,  which,  towards  evening,  tiling 

out  the  British  Hag      Then  Stewart  displayed 

the  American  flag.  By  skilful  management  he 
obtained  an  advantageous  position, when  he  be- 
gan an  action  with  both  of  them;  and,  after  a 
severe   fight   of  about   fifteen   minutes  in   the 

moonlight,  both  vessels  became  silent,  and.  as 
the  cloud  of  smoke  cleared  awav,  Stewart  per- 
ceived that  the  leading  ship  of  his  assailants 
was  under  the  lee-beam  of  his  own  vessel,  while 
the  slernmost  was  luffing  up  as  with  the  iuten- 


...ii.ii  ii..\ 


vcr-plate  by  the  citizens  of  Philadelphia ;  and 

the  thanks  of  Congress,  with  a  gold  medal  for 
himself  and  silver  ones  for  his  officers,  besides 
fifty   thousand  dollars  in   money   to   Bainbridge 

and  his  companions-in-arms  as  compensation 

for  their  loss  of  prize-money.  The  conflict  be- 
tween the  Constitution  and  the  .lava  was  the  clos- 


.VLHA.NY    UU1.D    1UIX. 

lion  of  tacking  and  Crossing  the  stem  of  the 
Constitution.  The  hitter  delivered  a  broadside 
into  the  ship  abreast  of  her,  and  then,  by  skil- 
ful   management    of   the    sails,    backed    swiftly 

astern, compelling  the  foe  to  fill  again  to  avoid 
being  raked.  For  souk-  time  both  vessels  ma- 
noeuvred admirably,  pouring  heavy  shot  into 


CONSTITUTION,  CRUISE  OF  THE        310      CONSTITUTION,  RETREAT  OF  THE 


each  other  whenever  opportunity  offered,  when, 

at  a  quarter  before  seven  o'clock,  the  British 
ship  struck  her  Hag.  She  was  the  frigate  <  '.'/- 
one,  36  gnus, Captain  Falooln,  manned  by  a  crew 
of  one  hundred  and  eighty  men.  Stewart  now 
sought  her  consort,  which  had  been  forced  out 
of  the  fight  by  the  crippled  condition  of  her 
muuiug-gear.  She  was  ignorant  of  the  fate  of 
the  Cyane.  About  an  hour  aftei  the  latter  had 
surrendered,  she  nut  the  Constitution  searching 
for  her.  Each  delivered  a  broadside,  and,  for  a 
while,  there  was  a  brisk  running  tight,  the  Con- 
stitution chasing, and  her  bow  guns  sending  shot 
that  ripped  up  the  planks  of  her  antagonist. 
The  latter  was  soon  compelled  to  surrender, 
ami  proved  to  be  the  Levant,  IS  guns,  Captain 
Douglass.  The  Constitution  was  then  equipped 
with  52  guns,  ami  her  complement  of  men  and 
boys  was  about  four  hundred  and  seventy.  The 
loss  of  the  Constitution  in  this  action  was  three 
killed  and  twelve  wounded;  of  the  two  capt- 
ured vessels,  seventy- seven.  The  Constitution 
was  so  little  damaged  that  three  hours  after 
the  action  she  was  again  ready  for  conflict. 
That  battle  on  a  moonlit  sea  lasted  only  forty- 


fitfiea,the  Newcastle  firing  her  chase  guns  w  ith- 
out  effect.  Meanwhile  the  Levant  fell  far  in  the 
rear.  Stewart  signalled  her  to  tack,  which  she 
did.  when  the  three  vessels  gave  up  the  chase 
of  the  Constitution,  and  pursued  the  Levant  into 
Porto  Praya  harbor — a  Portuguese  port.  Re- 
gardless of  neutrality,  one  hundred  and  twenty 
prisoners,  whom  Stewart  had  paroled  there, 
seized  a  battery,  and  opened  upon  the  Levant, 
which,  receiving  the  tire  of  her  pursuers  at  the 
same  time,  was  compelled  to  surrender.  Stew- 
art crossed  the  Atlantic,  landed  many  of  his 
prisoners  in  Brazil,  and  at  l'orto  Rico  heard  of 
the  proclamation  of  peace.  Then  he  returns 
home,  taking  with  him  the  news  of  the  capture 
of  the  Oyant  and  Levant,  The  Constitution- 
-  Old  Ironsides"  as  she  was  called — was  hailed 
with  delight,  and  Stewart  received  public  hon- 
ors. The  Common  Council  of  New  York  gave 
him  the  freedom  of  the  city  in  a  gold  box.  and 
a  public  dinner  to  him  and  his  officers.  The 
Legislature  of  Pennsylvania  voted  him  a  goM- 
hilted  sword  ;  and  Congress  voted  him  and  his 
nun  the  thanks  of  the  nation  and  directed  a 
medal  of  gold,  commemorative  of  the  capture 


five  minutes.  Placing  Lieutenant  Ballard  in 
command  of  the  Levant,  and  Lieutenant  Hoff- 
man <>f  the  Cyans,  Stewart  proceeded  with  his 
prises  to  one  of  the  Cape  <!<•  Verd  Islands, 
where  he  arrived  on  March  |l».  is];,.  The  next 
day  the  Constitution  and  her  prizes  were  in  im- 
minent peril  by  the  appearance  of  English  ves- 
sels of  war  coming  port  ward  in  a  thick  fog. 
He  knew  they  would  have  no  respect  lor  the 
neutrality  of  the  port  i  l'orto  Praya), and  so  he 

cut    the  cables  of  the  Constitution.  ;i\i<\,  with   hid 

prises,  put  to  s,a.  They  were  chased  bj  the 
strangers,  which  were  the  British  frigate  Learn- 
<hr.  50  iMiiis,  sir  George  Collier:  NetoeattU,  50 
guns,  Lord  George  Stuart :  an. I  Acasta,  40  guns, 
Captain  Kerr.  They  pressed  hard  upon  the  fu- 
gitives. The  ',""'"  "as  (ailing  a  si  cm,  and  must 
soon  have  been  overtaken.   Stewart  ordered  her 

commander  to  lack.  lie  obeyed,  and  she  es- 
caped in  the  fog,  leaching  Neu  York  in  Apnl. 
The   three   ships  continued  to  chase  tin-  Consti- 


of  the  Ci/anc  and  Laant.to  be  presented  to  him. 
The  Constitution  was  always  fortunate.  Her 
crews  were  principally  New  England  men:  and. 
from  the  time  of  the  Tripolitan  War  (which 
sec)  until  she  left  off  cruising  and  became  a 
school-ship,  she  was  always  regarded  as  a 
"lucky  vessel."  Stewart  was  known  in  his 
later  days  as  ••  Old  ironsides." 

Constitution,  FAMOUS  Rin:r\r  ok  tiik. 
The  frigate  Constitution,  H  gHUB,  Captain  Isaac 
Hull,  had  just  returned  from  foreign  service 
when  war  was  declared.  She  sailed  from  An- 
napolis (.Inly  18,  1818)  on  a  cruise  to  the  north- 
ward,       lb,    the    Klh    she    fell   ill    with   a   small 

squadron  under  Captain  Broke,  whei e  at 

the  most  remarkable  naval  retreats  and  pur- 
suits ever  recorded  occurred.  The  Constitution 
could    not    cope    with    the    whole   squadron,  and 

her  safety  depeuded  on  successful  flight.    Then 

was  almost  a  dead  calm,  and  she  floated  almost 
independent    of  her   helm.         Her    boats    WON 


CONSTITUTION,  NATIONAL  3 

launched,  and  manned  by  strong  seamen  with 
sweeps.  A  long  18-pouudei  was  rigged  na  a 
stern-chaser,  and  another  of  the  same  Calibre 
was  pointed  oil' the  forecastle.  Ont  of  her  cab- 
In  windows,  which  by  sawing  were  made  large 
enough,  two  24-ponuders  were  ran,  and  all  the 
light  canvas  that  would  draw  was  set.  A  gen- 
tle breeze  sprang  up,  and  she  was  just  getting 
under  headway,  when  a  shot  at   Ion-  range  was 

Bred  from  the  shannon,  Broke's  Sag-ship,  bid 

without  effect.  Calm  and  breeze  succeeded 
each  other,  and  sweeps  and  sails  kepi  the  Cdii- 
uliliilion  moving  in  a  manner  that  puzzled  her 
pursuers.  At  length  the  British  discovered  the 
secret,  and  instantly  the  Shannon  was  urged  on- 
ward by  the  same  means,  and  slowly  gained  on 
the  Constitution.  The  Guerriere,  3*  guns,  Cap- 
tain Dacres, another  of  the  squadron,  had  now 

joined  in  the  chase.  All  day  and  all  uighl  the 
pursuit  continued;  anil  at    dawn   of  the  second 

day  of  the  chase  the  whole  British  squadron 
were  in  Bight,  bent  on  capturing  the  plucky 
American  frigate.     There  were  now  live  vessels 

in  chase,  clouded  with  canvas.  Expert  sea- 
manship kept  the  space  between  the  Constitu- 
tion and  her  pursuers  so  wide  that  not  a  gun 
was  fired.  She  was  four  miles  ahead  of  the 
Bslvidere,  the  nearest  vessel  of  the  squadron. 
At  sunset  (.Inly  19)  a  squall  struck  the  Caimti- 
tntion  with  great  fury,  lint  she  was  prepared  for 

it.  Wind,  lightning,  and  rain  made  a  terrible 
commotion  on  the  sea  for  a  short  time,  but  the 
gallant  ship  outrode  the  tempest,  and  at  twi- 
ll-lit she  was  flying  before  bet  pursuers  a(  the 
rate  of  eleven  knots  an  hour.  At  midnight  the 
British  tired  two  guns,  and  the  next  morning 
gave  u)i  the  chase,  which  had  lasted  sixty-four 

boms.  The  newspapers  were  tilled  with  the 
praises  of  Hull  and  his  good  ship,  and  doggerel 
verse  in  songs  and  sonnets,  like  the  following, 
abounded : 

'•  'Neath  Hull's  command,  with  a  laugh)  band, 
Ami  naught  beside  lo  bai  k  her, 
Upon  ;i  miy.  .-is  log  boob 
a  Heel  bore  down  i"  thwack  her. 

••  A  Beet,  you  know,  la  odd 

hip.  Mrs. 

the  tide  her  lega  (he  tried, 
And  yii'  the  roguea  toe  Ui| 

Constitution,    NATIONAL,    AMENDMENTS     N) 
tiik.      At   the  first  session  of  Congress  under 

the  National  Constitution  -begun  in  the  city 
of  New  York,  March  I.  17-;>  many  amendments 
to  that  Constitution  were  offered  for  considera- 
tion. Ten  of  these  Congress  proposed  to  the 
legislatures  of  the  several  states.  They  were 
ratified  by  the  requisite  number  at  the  middle 
of  December,  1791.  Another,  the  Xlth,  w  as  pro- 
posed March  5, 1794,  and  was  ratified  in  1798. 
Another, the  Xllth,  was  proposed  Dec.  12,  1803, 
and  was  ratified  in  L804.  These,  with  the  other 
ten.  became  a  port  of  the  National  Constitution. 
Another  article  was  proposed  by  Congress  May  1, 
1810,  inn  was  never  ratified.  (See  the  Constitu- 
tion, an.  II..  *\  :•.  clause  3.)     It  was  to  prohibit 

cili/cns  of  the  lulled  Stales  accepting  or  re- 
taining any  title  of  nobility  or  honor,  present, 
pension,  or  emolument  from  any  "  person,  king, 
or  foreign  power,"  without  the  consent  of  Cou- 


1  CONSTITUTION,  NATIONAL 

gress,  under  the  penalty  of  disfranchisement. 
Another  amendment,  the  XHIth,  was  adopted 
by  Congress  Jan.  31,  lc-GT),  and  its  ratification 
announced  Dee.  IS  li  provides  for  the  abolition 
of  slavery.  A  XlVth  amendment  was  adopted 
by  Congress  Jnue  13,  1866,  and  its  ratification 
proclaimed  July  20,  1868.  It  guarantees  civil 
rights  to  freedmen  ;  enforces  the  payment  of 
the  National  debt,  and  prohibits  the  payment  of 
the  Confederate  public  debt.  A  XYth  amend- 
ment was  adopted  and  proclaimed  March  30, 
1870,  which  guaranteed  the  right  of  suffrage  to 
all  citizens  without  distinction  of  race  or  color. 

Constitution,    National,    RATIFICATION   of 

THE.  The  convention  that  framed  the  Nation- 
al Constitution  was  divided  by  many  conflict- 
ing opinions.  So  with  the  people,  after  it  was 
adopted  in  convention  and  presented  to  them 
for  consideration.  It  was  violently  opposed  h\ 
extreme  "state-supremacy  men."    of  those  who 

signed  the  document  in  convention  probably 
not  one  approved  of  every  part.  Hamilton, 
one  of  the  most  earnest  advocates  of  the  pa- 
per, w  hen  urging  all  to  sign  it,  said,  "  No  man's 
ideas  are  more  remote  from  the  plan  than  my 
own;  but  is  it  possible  to  deliberate  between 
anarchy  and  confusion  on  the  one  hand  and  the 
chance  of  good  on  tin-  other?''  And  when  it 
was  submitted  t,,  the  people,  Hamilton,  Madi- 
son, and  Jay  wrote  a  series  of  powerful  papers 
in  favor  of  the  Constitution,  w  hi  eh,  in  collect- 
ed form,  make  a  volume  called  The  Federalist. 
These    appeared     in    a    New    York    newspaper. 

The  first  number  was  written  by  Hamilton  on 

board  an  Albany  sloop  on  her  passage  down  the 
Hudson  River.  There  was  an  injunction  of  se- 
crecy upon  the  proceedings  of  the  convention; 

so  the  public  did  lint  know  the  drift  of  the  de- 
bates. I'.ut  there  was  much  of  the  same  kind 
of  discussion  and  argument  in  public  halls  and 
in  the  newspaper  press.  The  friends  of  i  he  Con- 
stitution, who  now  began  to  lie  called  "  Feder- 
alists," w  ere  doubtful  of  the  final  result.  Con- 
ventions in  the  various  slates  were  called  to 
consider  it.  When  these  assembled  there  was 
intense  excitement  in  the  public  mind  every- 
where. The  convention  in  Delaware  was  the 
first  to  ratify  it.  by  unanimous  vote,  I  tee, ' .  178?  \ 
that  of  Pennsylvania,  46  to  23,  Dec.  12;  that  of 
New  Jersey,  unanimously.  Dec.  18.  The  Georgia 
convention  also  ratified  it,  by  unanimous  vote, 
.tan.'.'.  1788;  that  of  Connecticut,  128  to  10,  Jan. 
9;  of  Massachusetts,  187  to  168,  Feb.6;  of  Mary- 
land, 63  to  12,  April28;  of  South  Carolina,  1 19  bo 

73.  May  23;  of  New  Hampshire,  57  to  40,  June  21. 
Tin-    consent    of  the   people    of  nine    states   was 

necessary  to  make  the  new  constitution  the  su- 
preme law  of  the  land.  This  was  accomplished 
by  the  vote  of  New  Hampshire,  which  spread 
joy  among  the  Federalists.  Virginia  followed 
four  days  after  New  Hampshire— 89  to  79,  July 
■_>:»:  New  fork, 30 to 28, July 26;  and  North  Car- 
olina, Nov.  21.  Bhode  Island  stood  out  until 
Ma\  ■-"■».  1790,  «  hen  the  national  government  had 
been  in  operation  under  the  new  Constitution 
more  than  a  year.     (See  National  Constitution.) 

Constitution,  National,  Records  of  the 


CONSTITUTION,  THE  FRIGATE  3 

Convention  that  framed  the.  The  injunc- 
tion of  secrecy  as  to  the  proceedings  of  the  con- 
vention was  never  removed.      The  journal,  at 

the  final  adjournment,  was  intrusted  to  the  ens- 
tody  of  Washington,  who  afterwards  deposited 
it  in  the  Department  of  State.  It  was  first 
printed  by  order  of  Congress  in  1818.  Mr.  Yates, 
one  of  the  members  from  New  York,  took  short 
notes  of  the  earlier  proceedings  before  he  left 
the  convention  in  disgust.  These  were  pub- 
lished after  his  death  in  1821.  Madison's  more 
perfect  notes  were  published  in  three  volumes 
in  1840.  Luther  Martin,  one  of  the  delegates 
from  Maryland  (who  was  absent  at  the  time  of 
the  signing  of  the  instrument),  gave  a  "  repre- 
sentation "  of  the  convention  to  the  Legislature 
of  Mai  viand. 

Constitution,  The  Frigate,  saved  by  a 
Poem.  The  famous  frigate  Constitution,  called 
"Ironsides,"  is  yet  (1880)  afloat.  Many  years 
ago  the  Navy  Department  concluded  to  break 
her  up  and  sell  her  timbers,  as  she  was  thought 


THK    COXSTITITION    IN    ISTd. 

to  be  a  decided  "  invalid."  The  order  had  gone 
forth,  when  the  execution  of  it  was  arrested  by 
the  opposition  of  public  sentiment  created  and 
called  forth  largely  by  the  following  poetic  pro- 
tesl  by  Dr.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes: 
"Ay.  tear  her  tattered  ensign  down  I 

I<ong  has  it  waved  on  high. 
Ami  many  an  eye  lias  danoed  lo  see 

Thai  banner  In  the  akj 

II  rang  the  battle  shoot, 

And  hurst  the  cannon's  roar  ; 
The  meteor  of  the  ocean  air 

Shall  sweep  Hie  clouds  no  more. 

"Hit  deck  Onoe  red  with  hemes'  hlood, 
w  here  knell  tbe  vanquished  toe. 

When  winds  wire  hissing  o'er  the  Hood 
And  waves  were  white  helow. 

No  more  shall  lee)  the  victor's  I ■ 
Or  know  the  conquered  knee  ; 
The  harplei  of  the  shore  shall  pluck 

The  Eagle  of  tin 

"01  better  that  her  shattered  hulk 

should  sink  beneath  tbe  wave  ; 
Her  thunders  shook  the  might;  deep, 

And  there  should  be  hei 
Nail  t..  the  mail  her  holy  Bag, 

Set   every    thread! 

her  to  the  God  of  st..nus, 
The  lightning,  and  tin-  . 

"Old   Ironsides"  *U  MVed   and  created  into  a 
sel 1  ship. 


2  CONTINENTAL  ARMY 

"Constitutionalists"  and  "Friends  of  the 
People."  In  1805  the  conservative  portion  of 
the  Democratic  party  in  Pennsylvania,  who  were 
moderate  in  their  views  and  gave  a  firm  support 
to  the  National  Constitution,  took  the  name  of 
"  Constitutionalists,"  and  organized  what  they 
called  the  "Constitutional  Society. "  The  other 
section  of  the  party  constituted  themselves  into 
rival  clubs,  called  the  "  Friends  of  the  People." 
The  strife  between  them  was  bitter,  and  their 
denunciations  of  the  leaders  of  each  were  great- 
ly enjoyed  by  the  Federalists. 

Consular  Convention  with  France.  A  con- 
vention of  this  kind,  framed  in  accordance  with 
a  plan  agreed  to  by  the  Continental  Congress  in 
178-2.  was  signed  in  Paris  by  Franklin  in  1784. 
It  gave  to  the  consuls  of  the  two  nations  com- 
plete jurisdiction  over  the  merchants  and  mari- 
ners of  the  nation  they  represented,  and  could 
not  tail  to  produce  serious  collisions  in  its  exer- 
cise. The  Continental  Congress  therefore  in- 
structed Jefferson  to  ask  for  a  modification,  and 
especially  for  the  insertion  of  a  limitation  of 
time.  Long  negotiations  ensued.  This  modi- 
fication and  others  were  secured  in  the  summer 
of  1789,  and.  being  Bigned  anew,  the  convention 
was  submitted  to  the  Senate  for  ratification. 
Mr.  Jay,  then  holding  the  position  (from  tbe  old 
Congress)  of  Secretary  of  Foreign  Affairs,  was 
called  upon  for  a  report  upon  tin1  subject.  He 
said  it  was  still  objectionable;  but  the  United 
Slates  could  not  honorably  decline  ratifying  it, 
and  it  was  done. 

Consuls,  Authority  op.     Early  in  the  first 

session  of  the  Second  Congress  the  subject  of 
consuls  at  foreign  ports,  their  authority,  fees, 
etc..  was  brought  up  in  Congress  for  the  first 
time.  A  bill  was  reported  Nov.  14, 1791, and  be- 
came a  law  April  lb.  1792.  It  was  made  their 
duty  to  receive  and  authenticate  all  protests 
and  declarations  made  before  them  by  Ameri- 
can citizens,  or  by  foreigners  in  relation  of 
American  citizens:  copies  of  which,  under  their 
seals,  were  to  have  the  same  validity  as  the 
originals.  They  were  to  take  possession  of  the 
property  of  citizens  dying  within  their  consul- 
ate having  no  partner  or  representative, and  to 
act,  in  every  particular,  as  a  legal  representa- 
tive of  the  deceased  in  trust  for  heirs.  In  case 
of  ihe  Btrandingofa  vessel  within  their  consul- 
ate, liny  were  to  take  measures,  at  the  expense 
of  the  owner,  for  saving  the  vessel  and  cargo. 
Tin  \  were  to  provide  for  and  send  home,  at 
the  government  expense,  American  seamen  left 
abroad.  No  salaries  were  allowed  the  consuls, 
except   where   they  ailed   as  diplomatic    agents, 

as  in  the  Barbary  states;  but  they  were  en- 
titled to  certain  foes,  Which  were  sometimes 
abundant  and  sometimes  very  meagre  compen- 
sation. With  some  modifications  as  to  com- 
pensation, I  he   same  consular  system  now   pre- 

Continental  Army,  Cnxi'i  mux  OV  mi.  \t 
the  beginning  of  1781,  when  the  revolt  of  the 
Pennsylvania  line  occurred,  the  condition  of  tka 
:i  1 1 1 1  \  was  most  wretched.  A  committee  of  Con- 
gress reported  thai  it  had  been  "  unpaid  for.  li\o 


CONTINENTAL  AKMY 


313 


CONTINENTAL  ARMY 


months  ;  that  it  seldom  had  more  than  six  days' 
provisions  in  advance,  and  was  on  several  occa- 
sions, for  sundry  successive  days,  without  meat ; 
that  the  medical  department  had  neither  sugar, 
coffee,  tea,  chocolate,  wine,  nor  spirituous  liquors 
of  any  kind:  and  that  every  department  of  the 
army  was  without  money,  and  had  not  even  the 
shadow  of  credit  left."  The  clothing  of  the  sol- 
diers  was   in   tatters,  and   distress   of  mind  and 

body  prevailed  everywhere  in  the  service.     No 

wonder  that  some  of  the  soldiers,  who  believed 

that   their   term    of  Service    had    expired,   muti- 
nied, ai«d  marched  towards  Philadelphia  to  de- 
mand redress  from  the  Congress.     (See  PmtMyZ- 
laiiin  Line,  Revolt  >>/  the.  | 
Continental  Army,  Foi:m  \ in >\  in    im:.     (in 

the  11 ling  alter  the  affair  at  Lexington  and 

Concord  (April  20, 177"))  the  Massachusetts  <  lorn- 
miltee  of  Safety  sent  a  circular  Idler  to  all  the 
towns  in  the  province,  saying;  "We  conjure 
you,  hy  all  that  is  dear,  by  all  thai  is  sacred;  we 
in1;'  and  entreat  yon,  as  yon  will  answer  it  to 
your  country,  to  your  consciences,  and.  above 
all.  to  God  himself,  that  yon  w  ill  hasten  and  ar- 
range, by  all  possible  means,  the  enlistment  of 
men  to  form  the  army,  and  send  them  forward 
to  headquarters  at  Cambridge  with  that  expe- 
dition which  the  vast  importance  and  instant 
urgency  of  t  he  affair  demands."  This  call  was 
answered  l>y  many  people  before  it  reached 
them.  It  arose-  spontaneously  out  of  the  depths 
of  their  own  patriotic  hearts.  The  field,  the 
workshop,  the  counter,  the  desk,  and  even  the 
pulpit,  yielded  their  tenants,  who  hurried  to- 
wards Boston.  Many  did  not  wait  to  change 
their  clothes.  They  look  with  them  neither 
money  nor  food,  intent  only  upon  having  their 
firelocks  in  order.  The  women  on  the  way 
opened  wide  their  doors  and  hearts  for  the  re- 
freshment and  encouragement  of  the  patriotic 
volunteers,  and  very  soon  all  New  England  was 

represented  at  Cambridge  in  a  motley  host  of 

full  twenty  thousand  men.  On  the  afternoon 
of  the  20th  (April)  General  artemas  Ward  as- 
sumed the  chief  command  of  the  gathering  vol- 
unteers. The  Provincial  Congress  labored  night 
and  day  to  provide  lor  their  organisation  and 

support.  The  second  Continental  ( longTOSS  con 
vened    at    Philadelphia    (May   10),  and    on    the 

7th  of  .June,  in  a  us,, lut  ion  for  a  general  fast. 

hail  spoken  lor  the  flrst  time  of  "the  twelve 
united  colonus."  To  make  the  bond  stronger, 
they  then,  al  the  BOggestion  of  John  Adams, 
adopted  the  army  at  Cambridge  as  a  Continen- 
tal army,  and  proceeded  (June  15,  177.". )  to  ap- 
point George  Washington  the  oommander-in- 
ohief  of  it.  Thej  chose  for  his  assistants  Ar- 
temas Ward,  Charles  Lee,  Philip  Schuyler,  and 
Israel  Putnam,  major-generals ;  ami  Setb  Pome- 
toy,  Richard  Montgomery,  l>a\  id  Wboster,  Will 
lam  Heath,  Joseph  Spencer,  John  Thomas,  John 
Sullivan,  and  Nathaniel  Greene,  brigadier-gener- 
als. Horatio  Gates  was  appointed  adjntant-gen- 
eral.  The  paj  of  a  major-general  was  fixed  at 
*!•>•;  a  month;  of  a  brigadier-general,  $196 ;  "i 
tin'  adjutant  general, $125;  commissary-general 
and  provisions,  $80;  quartermaster- 
0Bneral,$8O;  deputy  quartermaster-general, $40; 


paymaster -general,  §100;  deputy  paymaster- 
general,  $50;  chief-engineer,  still;  assistant  engi- 
neer, $20 ;  aide-de-camp,  $33;  secretary  to  the 
general,  $66;  secretary  to  a  major-general, $33 ; 
commissary  of  musters,  S40.  Washington  re- 
fused to  receive  any  pay  for  his  service,  and  re- 
quired that  only  his  expenses  should  he  reim- 
bursed, (See  Washington.)  The  pay  of  all  suh- 
allerns,  commissioned  and  warrant,  was  after- 
wards (July  29)  determined. 

Continental  Army,  FIRST  ORGANIZATION  OV 

THE  (177.">).  Washington  took  command  of  the 
Continental  army  at  Cambridge  in  July,  177."). 
I'he  general  officers  bad  already  been  appointed 
by  Congress.  Washington  found  an  undisci- 
plined force,  and  immediately  took  measures  to 
bring  oriler  out  of  confusion.  (  'ongress  had  pro- 
vided for  one  adjutant-general e  ipiartermas- 

ter-general  and  a  deputy,  one  commissary-gen- 
eral, one  paymaster-general  and  a  deputy,  one 
Chief-engineer  and  two  assistants,  of  the  grand 
army,  and  an  engineer  and  two  assistants  for  the 
army  in  a  separate  department  ;  three  aides-de- 
camp,  a  secretary  to  the  general  and  to  the  ma- 
jor-generals, and  a  commissary  of  musters.  Jo- 
seph Tmmbull,  son  of  the  governor  of  Connecti- 
cut, wasappointed  commissary-general  :  Thomas 
Mifflin,  quartermaster-general ;  and  Joseph  Reed, 

of  Philadelphia,  was  chosen  by  Washington   to 

the  important,  post  of  secretary  to  the  command- 
er-in-chief 

Continental  Army,  SCCOND  ORGANIZATION 
"i  i  hi  i  it;-  .  Daring  the  encampment  at  Val- 
ley Forge  a  committee  of  Congress  spent  some, 
time  with  Washington  in  arranging  a  plan  for 
tin-  reorganization  of  the  army.  By  it  each  bat- 
talion of  fooi.  officers  included,  was  to  consist  of 
live  hundred  and  eighty-two  men,  arranged  in 
nine  companies;  the  battalion  of  horse  and  ar- 
tillery to  he  one  third  smaller.  This  would  have 
given  the  army  sixty  thousand  men;  hut,  in  re- 
alit\,it  never  counted  more  than  half  that  num- 
ber. General  Greene  was  appointed  quarter- 
master-general; Jeremiah  Wadsworth.  of  Con- 
nect icut. commissary-general  ;  Colonel  Scauiuiel, 
of  New  Hampshire,  adjutant-general ;  and  Baron 
de  Steuben,  a  Prussian  officer,  inspector-general. 

To  allay  discontents  in  the  army  because  of  the 

-i.ai   arrearages  of  the  soldiers'  pay,  auditors 

w  ere  appointed  to  adjust  all  accounts  ;  and  each 
Soldier   who   should   serve   until   the  end   of  the 

war  was  promised  a  gratuity  of  s-il.       The  ofli- 

oera  were  promised  balf-paj  for  seven  years  from 
i  he  conclusion  of  peace. 

Continental  Army,  THIRD  ORG  UnZATIOS  OF 

THE.  In  the  spring  of  177!>.  on  the  report  of  a 
committee  of  Congress,  that  body  proceeded  to 
a  new  orgauisatiou  of  the  army.  Four  regiments 
of  cavalry  and  artillery,  hitherto  Independent 
establishments  raised  at  large,  were  now  credit- 
ed towards  the  ipiota  of  the  states  in  w  Inch  they 

had  been  enlisted.  'I'he  state  quotas  were  re- 
duced to  eight]  battalions:  Massachusetts  to 
furnish  fifteen  :  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania, elev- 
en each  :  Connecticut  and  Maryland,  eight  each  ; 
the    two   Carollnas,  six   each:    New    York,  live; 

New  Hampshire  and  New   Jersey,  three  each; 


CONTINENTAL  ARMY  3 

Rhode  Island,  two ;  and  Delaware  and  Georgia, 
one  each.  Congress  allowed  §200  bounty  for 
each  recruit,  and  the  states  made  large  addi- 
tional offers;  but  the  real  amount  was  small, fur 
at  that  time  the  Continental  paper  money  had 
greatly  depreciated.  It.  was  found  necessary  to 
replenish  the  regimeuta  by  drafts  from  the  mili- 
tia. The  whole  force  of  the  American  army,  ex- 
elusive  of  a  lew  troops  in  the  Southern  depart- 
ment, consisted,  late  in  the  spring  of  1779,  of 
only  about  eighty-six  thousand  effective  men. 
At  that  time  the  British  had  eleven  thousand  at 
New  York  and  four  or  five  thousand  at  Newport, 
besides  a  considerable  force  in  the  South. 

Continental  Army,  FODBTH  OROAJtttZATIOM 

OF  THE  (1780).  A  Committee  Of  Congress,  of 
which  General  Schuyler  was  Chairman,  were 
long  in  camp,  maturing,  with  Washington,  a 
plan  for  another  reorganization  of  the  army. 
Congress  agreed  to  the  plan.  The  remains  of 
sixteen  additional  battalions  were  to  be  dis- 
banded, aud  the  men  distributed  to  the  state 
lines.  The  army  was  to  consist  of  fifty  regi- 
ments of  foot,  including  Hazen's,  four  regimeuta 
of  artillery,  and  one  of  artificers,  with  two  par- 
tisan corps  under  Annard  and  Lee.  There  were 
to  be  four  other  legionary  corps,  two  thirds  horse 
and  one  third  foot.  All  new  enlistments  were  to 
be  "for  the  war."  The  officers  thrown  out  by 
this  new  arrangement  were  to  be  entitled  to 
half-pay  for  life.  The  same  was  promised  to  all 
officers  who  should  serve  to  the  end  of  the  war. 
The  army,  as  BO  arranged,  would  consist  of  thir- 
ty-six thousand  men:  never  half  that  number 
were  in  the  field. 

Continental  Army,  MISERABLE  CONDITION 
OF  the  (1780).  The  subject  of  the  whole  or- 
ganization of  the  army  was  referred  by  Congress 
to  a  committee,  of  which  General  Philip  Schuy- 
ler was  chairman.  This  committee  visited  Wash- 
ington's cam])  at  Morristown  in  the  spring  of 
1780,  and,  in  conjunction  with  the  commander- 
in-chief,  were  vested  with  extensive  powers.  In 
a  report  which  they  made  to  Congress  in  May. 
soon  after  their  arrival,  the  committee  repre- 
sented '•  that  the  army  was  live  months  unpaid  ; 
that  it  seldom  had  mole  than  six  days'  provi- 
sions in  advance,  and  was  on  several  occasions, 
for  sundry  successive  days,  without  meat  ;  that 
the  army  was  destitute  of  forage  :  that  the  med- 
ical department  had  neither  sugar,  tea.  choco- 
late, wine,  nor  spirits;  ami  that  every  depart- 
ment was  without  money,  or  even  the  shadow 
of  credit." 

Continental  Army,  REORQ  LNIZATIONOl  mm. 
In  October,  177"),  a  committee  of  Congress  visited 
the  camp  at  Cambridge,  and.  in  consultation 
with  Washington  and  committees  of  the  New 
England  colouiee,  agreed  upon  a  plan  for  the  re- 
organization of  the  besieging  army.  It  was  to 
consist  of  tweuty-sii  regiments,  besides  riflemen 
and  artillery,  Massachusetts  was  to  furnish  -i\- 
teen  :  ( 'on  nee  t  ieut,  five  ;  New  Hampshire,  three  J 
and  Rhode  Uland,  two  -in  all  about  twenty 
thousand  men  ;  the  officers  to  be  Selected  out  of 

tlu.se  alreadj  in  the  servios,  it  was  easier  to 
plan  an  at  tin  than  to  create  one. 


4  CONTINENTAL  CONGRESS 

Continental  Army,  Tut:,  ox  Jily  4,  1776. 

According  to  a  return  submitted  to  Congress, 
the  Continental  army, on  the  day  when  the  Dec- 
laration of  Independence  was  adopted,  consisted 
of  seven  thousand  seven  hundred  and  fifty-four 

men  present  tit  for  duty,  including  one  regi- 
ment of  artillery.  Their  arms  were  in  a  wretch- 
ed condition.  Of  nearly  fourteen  hundred  mus- 
kets, the  firelocks  were  had;  more  than  eight 
hundred  had  none  at  all  ;  and  three  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  twenty  -  seven — more  than 
half  the  whole  number  of  infantry — had  no  bay- 
onets. Of  the  militia  who  had  been  called  for. 
only  eight  hundred  had  joined  the  camp.  With 
this  force  Washington  was  expected  to  defend 
an  extended  line  id'  territory  against  an  army 
of  about  thirty  thousand  men. 

Continental  Army,  TBOOPS  itknished  foh 
tiik,  by  each  State. 

New  Hampshire.. . .  18,497    Delaware 2.38<; 

Massachusetts CT.'.miT     M. inland 13,912 

Rhode  Island 5,908    Virginia 2G.678 

Connecticut 31,939    North  Carolina 7,388 

New  York lT.Tsl     South  Carolina C.417 

New  Jersey 10,726    Georgia 2.679 

Pennsylvania 25,078  |        Total 23X771 

Not  one  of  this  hand  of  patriots  is  now  (1880) 
living  on  the  earth.  (See  Cook,  Lemuel,  and  Lluhlt- 
ings,  William.) 

Continental  Bills  of  Exchange.  On  Oct.  3, 
177(5,  the  Continental  Congress  resolved  to  bor- 
row |5,000,000  for  the  use  of  the  United  States. 

at  the  annual  interest  of  tour  per  cent.,  and  di- 
rected certificates  to  be  issued  accordingly  by 
the  manager  of  a  loan  office  which  was  estab- 
lished at  the  same  time.  When  foreign  loans  wen 
made,  drafts  or  bills  of  exchange  were  used  for  the 
payment  of  interest.  On  the  opposite  page  is  a 
fae-siniile  of  one  of  these  drafts,  slightly  reduced 
in  size.  It  is  drawn  on  the  commissioner  of 
Congress,  then  in  Paris,  Bigned  by  Francis  Hop- 
kinson  (a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence), the  Treasurer  of  Loans,  and  counter- 
signed by  Nathaniel  Appleton.  commissioner  of 
the  Continental  Loan  Office  in  Massachusetts. 

Continental  Congress,  Aim-.un  imi\  i  01  I'n- 
EGATESTO  THE.     The  Assembly  of  Rhode  Isla 
appointed  delegates  .lime  l.">  :    the   Connecti 

Assembly  had  authorized  such  action  on  the 
and  the  Committee  of  Correspondence   choi 

them  on  the  Lith.     The  New  Hampshire  Legis 
la  t  ure  had,  after  some  difficulty  w  ilh  the  gOVOI 
or,  appointed  a  Committee   of  Correspondent- 
and  that   committee  nut   at    Portsmouth  to  a| 
point  delegates  on  June  .">.  but   being  dispel 
by    the   governor   and    sheriff,  a   convention 
l.xeter   appointed    them.      Similar  convention 
were  held   in   Maryland    anil   New    Jereej      Jnlj 
21,83,25).      Li  New  York  a  city  committee 
fifty-one,  in  connection  with  a  committee  of  me 
chanics, nominated  delegates.  A  poll  wasopeoedj 
at  which  the  mayor  anil  aldermen  presided,*  lit 
dele- ales  were  chosen  fjnlj  98),  and  were  adopt 
ed  by  some  of  the  interior  districts.      The  coun- 
ties of  Onoge,  Kings,  and  Suffolk  sent  separat 

deputies.     Governor  Peuu,  of  Pennsylvania, 
fused  to  call  an  Assembly,  when  the  Inhabitant. 


CONTINENTAL  CONG  B  ESS 


1/5  O  P 

*  *s   a.  E=C\S'  tn  ■ 


O«'XSK«0<»X3CQX3iei*)!C''5K«t5KX*XSK'Slf 


ootrnmrriL  m  uw 


of  Philadelphia  nut  in  town  meeting  (Jnly  18),  created  Armies, 

and  appointed  a  committee   for  the  city  and  1 1  ■« •  provinces  t 

county.     On  their  invitation  a  "Committee  of  treaties  with  f<> 

the  Province,"  composed  of  delegates  chosen  in  pire,  and  oompe 

the  several  comities,  met  at  Philadelphia  (Jnlj  the  states  whle 

6),  and  requested  the  Assembly  (which  bad  just  pendent   of  the 


CONTINENTAL  CONGRESS 


been  convened  for  another 
purpose)  to  appoint  dele- 
gates to  the  Congress.  It 
was  speedily  doue.  The  As- 
sembly nt'  Delaware  did  the 
same  (Aug.  1):  and  on  t lie 
same  day  the  Virginia  Con- 
vention chose  delegates 
from  that  colony.  A  like 
convention  held  in  North 
Carolina  |  Ang.  25  i  took 
.similar  action  ;  and  at  a 
public  meeting  of  men  from 
all  parts  of  South  Carolina, 

held  at  Charleston  (July  ti). 

delegates  were  chosen,  and 
the  act  was  ratified  by  the 
Assembly  .  The  iuflnence  of 

Governor  Wright  prevented 

the  selection  of  delegates 
from  Georgia 

Continental  Congress, 
Endoi  mi  i  1789).  TheCon- 

grass  «as  barely  kept  alive, 
foi  sei  era!  months  before  it 

expired,  by  the  occasional 
attendance  of  one  or  two 
members,     Among  the  last 

entries    in    its   journals    by 

Charles  Thomson,  its  per- 
manent secretary,  was  one 
under  date  of  "  Tuesday, 
Oct.  21,  K--."  as  follows: 
"  Prom  the  day  aboi  e  meu- 

ioued  to  the  l-t  of  Novem- 
ber there  attended  occasion- 
ally, from  New  Hampshire, 
el  cetera,  many  persons  from 
different  states.  From  Nov. 
3  to  Jan.  1.  L789,  only  six 
persons  attended  altogether. 
On  that  day  Heed,  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  Barnwell,  of 
South  Carolina,  were  pres- 
ent ;  and  after  that  only  one 
delegate  was  present  (each 
time  a  different  one)  on  nine 
different  day's."  The  very 
last  record  was  :  ■■  Monday, 
March  2.  Mr.  Philip  Pell, 
from  New  York.''     The  his- 

orj  of  that  Congress  has 
do  parallel.  At  iir>t  it  was 
a  spontaneous  gathering 
of  representative  patriots 
from  the  different  Euglish- 
Amerioan  colonies  to  con- 
sult upon  the  pnblic  good. 

yl     They    boldly    snatched    the 
sceptre  of  political  rule  from 

their  oppressors,  and,  as- 
suming imperial  functions, 
issued  bills  of  credit,  declared 
0  be  independent  states,  made 
rei^n  nations,  founded  an  sm- 
iled their  kinjx  to  acknowledge 
h  they  represented  to  be  hide- 
British  crown.     The  brilliant 


CONTINENTAL  CONGRESS  IN  1779       316 


CONTINENTAL  CONGRESS 


achievements  of  that  Cougress  astonished  the 
world.  Its  career  was  as  short  as  it  was  brill- 
iant, and  its  decadence  began  long  before  the 
war  for  independence  bad  closed.  Its  mighty 
efforts  had  exhausted  its  strength.  It  was 
smitten  with  poverty,  and  made  almost  pow- 
erless by  a  loss  of  its  credit.  Overwhelmed  with 
debt;  a  pensioner  on  the  bounty  of  France; 
unable  to  fulfil  treaties  it  bad  made;  insulted 
by  mutineers;  bearded,  encroached  upon,  and 
scorned  by  the  state  authorities,  the  Continen- 
tal Cougress  sunk  fast  into  decrepitude  and  con- 
tempt. With  ungrateful  pride, the  recipients  of 
its  benefits  seem  not  to  have  felt  a  pang  of  sor- 
row or  uttered  a  word  of  regret  when  the  once 
mighty  and  beneficent  Continental  Congress  ex- 
pired. 

Continental  Congress-  in  1779.  The  moral 
as  well  as  the  numerical  strength  of  the  Con- 
gress was  at  a  low  mark  in  1779,  and  the  gen- 
eral distrust  of  its  ability  to  meet  its  engage- 
ments caused  a  very  rapid  depreciation  of  its 
paper-money.  Many  of  the  ablest  members  had 
left  that  body,  and  were  devoting  their  energies 
to  the  affairs  of  their  respective  states.  The 
number  in  attendance  seldom  amounted  to  thir- 
ty, and  was  often  less  than  twenty-five.  The 
commander-in-chief  passed  the  weeks  at  Phila- 
delphia in  the  winter  of  1778-79  in  consultation 
with  the  members  of  Congress.  They  were  weeks 
of  anxiety  for  him.  His  letters  at  that  period 
evince  his  serious  alarm  at  the  state  of  affairs. 
In  a  letter  to  Colonel  Harrison  (Dec.  30,1778) 
he  implored  him  to  endeavor  to  rescue  his  coun- 
try by  sending  the  best  and  ablest  men  to  Con- 
gress. He  depicted  the  sad  falling  off  m  morals 
of  men  in  bigh  places  and  in  general  society. 
"This  is  not  an  exaggerated  account,"  he  said. 
"That  it  is  an  alarming  one,  I  do  not  deny  ;  and 
I  confess  to  you  that  I  feel  more  real  distress  on 
account  of  the  present  appearance  of  things  than 
I  have  done  at  any  one  time  since  t he  commence- 
ment of  the  dispute.  .  .  .  Providence  has  here- 
tofore taken  us  up.  when  all  other  means  and 
hope  seemed  to  be  departing  from  us.  In  this  I 
will  confide." 

Continental  Congress,  Presidents  of  the. 


Wktn  from. 

Pi  \  ton  Randolph 

Henry  Mlddieton 

Peyton  Randolph 

Sept.  5,  1774. 
Hot. -J.  1774. 

Hay  10, 1776. 

Hay  24.  1775. 
NOT   1,  1777 

Dee  10,  lTTs 
Sepl  38,  177'.' 
Jul]  i".  1781. 
Nov  .V  1781 

Nov.  80,  17S4. 

South  Carolina 

Massachusetts 

smith  Carolina. .. 

New  York 

Connei  tieul 

Henry  Lauren-   

Samuel  Huntington — 

Tli. una-  McKeu  

Ellai  B 1 1  not 

Thomas  Mifflin 

Richard  Henry  Lee. . . 

Nathan  Gorham 

Arthur  Bi  Clair 

'Ml 

New  Jersey 

Pennej  i 

Virginia 

Hassan  bi 

Pennsylvania 

Virginia 

Continental  Congress.   PBOPOBITIOV    TOR    \ 
The  Boston  Port  Bill  (which  see)  aroused  and 

united  the  colonies,  and  there  seemed  lo  be  tin 

almost  universal  desire  for  a  general  Congrasa 
to  consult  upon  public  affairs.     Measures  wen 

taken   in  that   direction   as  follows:    At   ■   tOWU 
meiling  at  Piov  nleni  e.  M.iv   17.  177  I  ;   a  commit- 


tee of  a  town  meeting  at  Philadelphia,  May  21 ; 
a  town  meeting  in  New  York  city.  May  23;  the 
House  of  Burgesses  of  Virginia,  May  27  ;  a  coun- 
ty meeting  in  Baltimore  County,  Md., May  31;  a 
town  meeting  at  Norwich.  Conn. .June  fi  ;  a  coun- 
ty meeting  at  Newark,  X.  J..  June  11:  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Assembly  and  a  town  meeting  in  Bos- 
ton, June  17;  a  county  meeting  at  New  Castle, 
Del.,  June  29 ;  the  Committee  of  Correspondence 
at  Portsmouth, N.H.,  July  6;  a  general  provincial 
meeting  at  Charleston,  B.  C,  July  (1,7,  and  8;  a 
district  meeting  at  Wilmington.  N.  C,  July  21. 
Within  the  space  of  sixty-four  days  twelve  of 
the  thirteen  colonies  spoke  out  in  favor  of  a  gen- 
eral Congress.  Georgia  alone  remaining  silent. 
The  resolution  of  the  Massachusetts  Assembly 
declared  that  "a  meeting  of  committees  from 
the  several  colonies  on  the  continent  is  highly 
expedient  and  necessary  to  consult  upon  the 
present  state  of  the  country,  and  the  miseries  to 
which  we  are  and  must  be  reduced  by  the  oper- 
ation of  certain  acts  of  Parliament ;  and  to  de- 
liberate and  determine  on  wise  and  proper  meas- 
ures to  be  recommended  to  all  the  other  colonies 
for  the  recovery  and  re-establishment  of  our  just 
rights  and  liberties,  civil  and  religious,  and  the 
restoration  of  union  and  harmony  between  Great 
Britain  and  America,  which  is  most  ardently  de- 
sired by  all  good  men."  The  committee  of  New 
York  having  requested  the  patriots  of  Massa- 
chusetts to  name  a  day  and  place  for  the  meet- 
ing of  the  Congress,  the  1st  «l'  September  was 
appointed  the  time  and  Philadelphia  the  place 

designated. 

Continental  Congress  ( 1777 ),  Flight  of 
THE.  Alter  the  battle  of  the  Brandyw  ine  (w  Inch 
see),  the  necessity  for  abandoning  Philadelphia 
was  perceived.  The  Congress,  which  had  re- 
turned to  Philadelphia  at  the  beginning  of 
March  (1777),  from  their  exile  in  Baltimore,  now 
resolved  (Sept.  14)  to  adjourn  to  Lancaster.  Af- 
ter the  ordinary  adjournment  on  Thursday,  Sept. 
18,  the  president  received  a  letter  from  Colonel 
Hamilton,  of  Washington's  staff,  w  hich  intimat- 
ed the  necessity  of  removing  the  Congress  im- 
mediately from  Philadelphia.  The  members  left 
at  one.-,  and  reassembled  at  Lancaster.  The  pub- 
lic papers  had  already  been  removed  to  Lancas- 
ter under  the  charge  of  Abraham  Clark,  one  of 
the  members,  in  wagons  guarded  by  troops.  Re- 
garding Lancaster  as  too  much  exposed,  the 
Congress  adjourned  to  York,  on  the  other  side 
of  the  Snsi|tiehanna  b'iver.  on  the  27th.  where 
they   met    on   Tuesday,  Sept.  80,  and   continued 

the  sessions  there  until  after  Philadelphia  was 
evacuated  by  the  British,  June  18,  1778. 

Continental  Congress,  SESSIONS  <>v  rnr. 
were    commenced    at    the    following    times   and 

places:   Sept.  5,  177  1,  Philadelphia:   May    16\ 

177.'.,  ditto;    Pec.  2ii.  177ti,  Haiti re:   March  4. 

1777.  Philadelphia;  Sept.  27.  1777.  Lancaster, 
Penn.:  Sept  30,  1777.  York,  Penn.;  July  2.  177s. 
Philadelphia;  June  30,  1783,  Princeton,  N..L; 

NOV.  86,  IT-:!.  Annapolis.  M.L  :  Nov.  1.  1>I.  Tien- 
ton.  N.  J.;  Jan.  ll.  1786,  New  Fork.     Tins  cm* 

tinned  to  be  the  place  of  meeting  from  that 
time  until  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  of 


CONTINENTAL  CONGRESS 


317         CONTINENTAL  CONGRESS,  FIRST 


the  United  States  in  1788.  From  1781  to  1788 
Congress  met  annually  on  the  first  Monday  in 
November, which  time  was  fixed  by  the  Articles 
of  Confederation  (which  Bee). 

Continental  Congress,  SETTLEMENT  of  the 
Accounts  of  tiik.  The  extent  and  intensity 
of  the  straggle  of  the  Continental  Congress  dur- 
ing the  fifteen  years  of  its  existence  to  maintain 
its  financial  credit  and  carry  on  the  war  may 
never  be  known.  Enongh  is  known  to  prove 
that  it  involved  great  personal  sacrifices,  much 
financial  ability,  unwearied  patriotism,  and 
abounding  faith  in  the  cause  and  its  ultimate 
triumph.  As  that  Congress  approached  its  de- 
mise, it  addressed  itself  to  a  final  settlement  of 
its  fiscal  accounts,  since  the  adoption  of  the 
peace  establishment,  commencing  with  17-4.  the 
liabilities  incurred  by  the  general  government, 
including  two  instalments  of  the  French  debt, 

amounted  to  a  little  i «  than  16,000,000, over 

me  half  of  which  had  been  met.  Only  §1,800.000 
of  the  balance  had  been  paid  in  by  the  states; 
the  remainder  had  been  obtained  by  three  Dutch 
loans,  amounting  in  tin'  whole  to  si. 600,000.  a 
fragment  of  which  remained  unexpended.      The 

arrearage  of  nearly  $8,000,000 consisted  of  inter- 
est on  the  French  debt,  ami  two  instalments  of 
over-dues.  This  indebtedness  was  passed  ovel 
to  the  new  government.  The  accounts  of  the 
quartermaster,  commissnry,clothiug,marine,aud 
hospital  departments  w  ere  cither  set  tied  oraboul 
to  be  settled.     The  accounts  of  many  of  the  loan 

offices  w  ere  unsettled.  There  seems  to  have  been 
much  laxity  in  their  management.  The  papers 
of  the  first  Virginia  loan  office  were  lost.  In 
South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  the  loan  office  pro- 
ceeds had  been  appropriated  to  state  uses,  and 
from  only  live  states  had  returns  been  made. 
Out  of  more  than  >•_>. ,000  advanced  to  the  Se- 
cret Committee  for  Foreign  Affairs  (which  see). 
prior  to  August.  1777.  a  considerable  part  re- 
named unaccounted  for.  The  expenditure  of 
full  one  third  of  the  money  borrowed  abroad  re- 
mained unexplained. 

Continental  Congress,  The,  BEFORE  tiik 
COM!  bdrration,  was  a  fluctuating  body,  it  be- 
ing a  rate  occurrence,  after  the  first  three  or 
four  years,  that  all  the  states  were  simultane- 
ously represented.  The  number  of  members 
present  did  not  generally  exceed  thirty,  and 
these  had  to  ilo  a  vast  ainoniit.of  business,  much 
of  it  of  an  executive  character,  performed  by 
committees.     Unlike  the  Congress  of  our  day, 

the  time  of  the  Congress  was  not  wasted  by  long 
speeches,  ami  the  debates  generally  took  the 
form  of  animated  conversations.  The  members 
were  paid  by  the  states  they  represented.      The 

president  of  the  Congress  was  provided  with  a 
house  at  the  public  charge;  bo  also  were  the 
expenses  of  his  household  paid-  He  was  regard 
ed  as  the  representative  of  the  sovereignty  of 
the  Union,  and  on  that  idea  the  ceremonial  of 
his  household  was  regulated.  From  the  first 
Continental  Congress  (1774  until  the  ratifica- 
tion of  the  Articles  of  Confederation  (March  1, 
17-1  i  Hi,,  presidential  chair  had  been  filled  by 
IVwon  Randolph,  John  Hancock,  Henry  Lau- 
rens, ami  Samuel  Hnutitigtou. 


Continental  Congress,  The  First,  assembled 
in  Carpenters'  Hall.  Philadelphia,  on  the  .">th  of 
September,  1774,  when  eleven  of  the   Euglish- 

American  colonies  were  represented  by  forty- 
four  delegates — namely,  two  from  New  Hamp- 
shire, four  from  Massachusetts,  two  from  Rhode 
Island,  three  from  Connecticut,  five  from  New- 
York,  five  from  New' Jersey,  six  from  Pennsylva- 


nia, three  from  Delaware,  three  from  Maryland, 
six  from  Virginia, and  five  from  South  Carolina. 
Three  depotiea  from  North  Carolina  appeared  on 
the  llth.  Peyton  Randolph,  of  Virginia,  was 
chosen  president  of  the  Congress,  and  Charles 

Thomson,  of  Pennsylvania,  was  appointed  sec- 
retary. Other  delegates  appeared  afterwards, 
making  the  w  hole  number  fifty-four.  Kach  col- 
ony had  appointed  representatives  without  any 
rule   as   to  number,  and   the    grave   question   at 

e  presented  itself.  How   shall  we  voref     It 

was  decided  to  vote  by  colonies,  each  colony  to 
have  one  vote,  for  as  yet  there  were  no  means 
lot  determining  the  relative  population  of  each 
colony.  Patrick  Henry,  in  a  speech  at  the  open- 
ing of  the  business  of  the  Congress,  struck  the 

keynote  of  union  by  saying,  "  British  oppression 

has  effaced  the  boundaries  of  the  several  colo- 
nies ;  the  distinction  between  Virginians,  Peon- 
sylvanians.  and  New  -Knglanders  is  no  more.  / 
am  not  a  Virginian,  but  an  American."    This  was 

the  text  of  every  speech  afterwards.  It  was 
voted  that  the  session  of  the  Congress  should 
be  opened  every  morning  with  prayer,  and  the 
Rev.  Jacob  Ducbe,  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church,  was  employed  as  chaplain.  There  was 
much  difference  of  opinion  concerning  the  duties 
and  powers  of  the  Congress.  Henry  contending 
that  an  entirely  new  government  must  be  found- 
ed :  Jay,  that  they  bad  not  assembled  to  form  a 
new  government,  hut  as  a  continental  commit- 
tee of  conference,  to  try  to  correct  abuses  in  the 
old.  The  members  were  unanimous  in  their  re- 
solves to  support  Massachusetts  in  resistance 
to  the  unconstitutional  change  in  her  chatter. 
They  appointed  a  committee  to  state  the  rights 


CONTINENTAL  CONGRESS,  FIRST        318      CONTINENTAL  CONGRESS,  SECOND 


of  the  colonists  in  genera],  tlie  several  instances 
in  which  those  rights  had  been  violated  or  in- 
fringed, and  to  anggeet  means  for  their  restora- 
tion. Other  committees  for  various  duties  were 
appointed,  and  at  about  the  middle  of  Septem- 
ber the  Congress  was  a  theatre  of  warm  debates, 
which  took  a  wide  range.  On  the  20th  of  Sep- 
tember they  adopted  a  request  for  the  colonies  to 
abstain  from  commercial  intercourse  with  Great 
Britain,  (See  American  Association.)  They  tried 
to  avoid  the  appearance  of  revolution  while  mak- 
ing bold  propositions.  Some  were  radical,  some 
conservative,  and  some  very  timid.  The  tyranny 
ofGage  in  Boston  produced  much  irritation  in  the 
Congress;  and  on  the  8th  of  October,  after  a  short 
biitspicydcbate.it  passed  the  most  important  res- 
olution of  the  session,  in  response  to  the  Suffolk 
resolutions  (which  sec),  as  follows:  "That  this 


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WHICH    0ONORES8    MET    IX 


Congress  approve  the  opposition  of  the  inhabit- 
ants of  Massachusetts  Bay  to  the  execution  of 
the  late  acts  of  Parliament  ;  and  if  the  same  shall 
be  attempted  to  be  carried  into  execution  by 
force,  in  snch  case  all  Americans  ought  to  sup- 
port them  in  their  opposition."  Tims  the  united 
colonies  east  down  the  gauntlet  of  defiance.  On 
the  14th  the  Congress  adopted  a  Declaration  of 
Colonial  Rights.  This  was  followed  on  the  SSOtll 
by  the  adoption  of  The  American  Association,  or 
general  non-importation  league.  An  Address  to 
the  People  of  Ureal  Britain,  written  by  John  Jay. 
and  a  memorial  To  the  Inhabitants  of  the  Sereral 
/tritish-American  Colonics,  from  the  pen  of  Rich- 
ard Henry  Lie.  were  adopted  on  the  -'1st.  On 
tli' ■  -Jtiih — the  last  day  of  the  session  a  Petition 
In  the  Kimj  and  an  Address  to  the  Inhabitant*  of  the 
Province  <f  Quebec,  or  Canada,  both  drawn  by 
John  Dickinson,  were  agreed  to.  A  vote  of 
thanks  to  tin-  friends  of  the  colonists  in  Parlia- 
ment was  sent  to  the  colonial  agents,  with  the 

petition  to  the  king.     Having  alreadj   pec 

mended  the  bedding  of  another  Continental  Con- 
gress at  Philadelphia  on  the  10th  of  May,  177.".. 
this  Congress  ndjonmed  in  (he  afternoon  of  Oct. 

86,  1774;  and  the  next  day  the  members  stalled 
for  home,  impressed  with  the  belief  that  war 
was  inevitable.  The  act  ual  BeBSlOOS  of  the  Con- 
gress oconpied  only  thirty-one  days.  Their  pro- 
ceedings produced  a  profound  sensation  in  both 


hemispheres.  The  state  papers  they  put  forth 
commanded  the.  admiration  of  the  leading  states- 
men of  Europe.  The  king  and  his  ministers  were 
highly  offended  ;  and  early  in  January  Lord 
Dartmouth  issued  a  circular  letter  to  all  the 
royal  governors  in  America  signifying  his  maj- 
esty's pleasure  that  they  should  prevent  the  ap- 
pointment of  deputies  to  another  Continental 
Congress  within  their  respective  governments, 
and  exhort  all  persons  to  desist  from  such  pro- 
ceedings. The  members  of  the  first  Continental 
Congress  were  cautious  concerning  the  assump- 
tion of  direct  political  authority.  They  had  met 
as  a  Continental  committee  of  conference.  Even 
the  American  Association  (which  see),  the  near- 
est approach  to  it,  was  opposed  by  Galloway  of 
Pennsylvania,  Duane  of  New  York,  and  all  the 
South  Carolina  delegation  but  two. 

Continental  Con- 
gress, Tin:  Ski  (.mi. t 

in  Philadelphia  May  Id, 
177.">.  Peyton  Randolph 
was  chosen  president  ; 
Charles  Thomson,  secre- 
tary :  Andrew  McNeare, 
door-keeper,  and  'Will- 
iam Shed,  messenger.  To 
this  Congress  all  eyes 
were  anxiously  turned. 
Randolph  was  soon  call- 
ed to  Virginia  to  attend 
a  session  of  the  Assem- 
bly as  speaker,  when  his 
seat  was  temporarily 
tilled  by  Thomas  Jeffer- 
son, and  his  place  as 
president  by  John  Han- 
cock. On  the  25tll  of 
May  Georgia  was  represented  in  the  Continen- 
tal Congress  for  the  tirst  time.  Lyman  Hall  hav- 
ing been  elected  special  representative  from  the 
parish  of  St.  Johns  and  admitted  to  a  seat,  but 
without  a  vote.  In  Committee  of  the  Whole  the 
Congress  considered  the  state  of  the  colonies. 
A  full  account  of  recent  events  in  Massachu- 
setts was  laid  before  them;  also  a  letter  from 
the  Congress  of  that  province,  asking  advice  as 
to  the  form  of  government  to  be  adopted  there, 
and  requesting  the  Continental  Congress  to  as- 
sume control  of  the  army  at  Cambridgi 
Continental  Army,  formation  of  the.)  This  second 
Congress  was  regarded  by  the  colonists  as  no 
longer  a  committee  of  conference,  but  a  provi- 
sional government.  The  liist  Congress  claimed 
no  political  power,  though  their  signatures  to 
the  American  Association  implied  as  much.  The 
present  Congress,  strengthened  by  the  public 
voice  id' tin'  colonists, entered  at  once  upon  the 
exercise  of  comprehensive  authority,  in  which 
the  functions  of  supreme  executive,  legislative, 
and   sometimes  judicial   powers  were  united. 

Ili,  si-  powers  had  no  fixed  limits  of  act  ion  nor 
formal  sanction,  except  the  ready  obedience  of  a 
large  majority  in  all  the  colonies.  The  Commit- 
tee of  the  Whole  reported  and  the  Congress  n- 

Solved  (Maj  96)  that  war  had  been  commenced 
bj  Great  Britain.     The  case  had  been  formulated 

iii  Massachusetts  in  an  epigram, as  follows: 


I'EXTERS'   HALL. 


CONTINENTAL  CONGRESS,  SECOND   319 


CONTINENTAL  LOTTERY 


'•THE  QUARREL  WITH    AMERICA  FAIRLY  STATED. 

Rudely  forced  to  drink  tea.  Massachusetts  in  finger 
Spills  the  lea  on  John  Bull  -John  Gills  on  to  b 

Mass.-i'  I-  '"  •'"', 

Ami  Hi'1''-  Nl:l-1,  ' 

Now,  good  men  of  the  law,  pray  who  is  in  fault, 
-in  or  resents  the  ai 

The  Congress  denied  any  intention  of  casting 
nfftbeir  allegiance,  and  expressed  an  anxious  de- 
rive for  peace;  al  the  same  time  voted  that  tin- 
colonies  ought  to  be  put  in  a  position  of  defence 
against  any  attempt  to  fence  them  to  submit  to 

Parliamentary  schemes  of  taxation.  Auotber  pe- 
tition to  the  king  was  adopted;  and  it  was  re- 
solved that  no  provisions  ongbt  to  be  furnished 
by  the  colonists  to  the  British  army  or  navy; 
that  no  hills  of  exchange  drawn  by  British  offi- 
cers ought  to  be  negotiated,  and  that  do  colo- 
nial ships  ongbt  to  be  employed  in  the  transpor- 
tation of  British  troops.  Committees  were  ap- 
pointed to  prepare  an  address  to  the  people  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland;  also  to  the  Assem 
bly  of  Jamaica,  and  an  appeal  to  the  "op- 
pressed inhabitants  of  Canada."  They  also  is- 
sued a  proclamation  (.June  ;i)  for  a  day  (Jnlj 

SO)  of  general  sole fasting  and  prayer.    They 

resolved  that  mi  obedience  was  dne  to  the  late 
no)  of  Parliament  for  subverting  the  charter  of 
Massachusetts,  and  advised  the  Congress  of  thai 
province  to  organize  a  government  in  as  near 
conformity  to  t  Lie  charter  as  circumstances  would 
admit.  The  Congress  adopted  thearmj  al  Cam 
bridge  as  a  Continental  ;  appointed  a  com- 
mander-in-chief i.lnne  15),  with  four  major-gen- 
erals and  eight  brigadiers;  arranged  the  rank 
ami  pay  of  officers,  and  perfected  a  preliminary 
organization  of  the  army.  They  worked  indus- 
triously in  perfecting  a  national  civil  organiza- 
tion and  for  support  of  the  military  force,  au- 
thorizing the  issue  of  liills  of  credit  to  I  he 
amount,  of  $2,000,000,  at  the  same  lime  talcing 
pains  not  to  give  mortal  offence  to  the  British 
government.  Bui  the  inefficienoyof  the  execu- 
tive powers  of  Congress  was  continually  ap- 
parent.    The  sagacious  franklin,  seeing  the  fo- 


Albany  twenty-one  years  before.  (See  Albany, 
Fourth  Colonial  Convention  at.)  It  was  a  virtual 
declaration  of  independence,  but  it  was  not  act- 
ed upon  at  that  time.  (See  Articles  of  Confeder- 
ation.') The  Congress  also  established  a  postal 
system  (July  "iti.  1775)  and  appointed  Dr.  Frank- 
lin postmaster-general  It  also  established  a 
general  hospital,  with  Dr.  Benjamin  Church  as 
chief  director.  The  army  before  Boston  and  an 
expedition  for  the  conquest  of  Canada  engaged 
much  of  the  attention  of  the  Congress  for  the 
rest  of  the  year. 

Continental  Congress,  Weakness  of  THK, 
\i  iii:si.  The  first  Continental  Congress  that 
met  in  Philadelphia  in  September,  1TT4,  was 
only  a  ( lommittee  of  Conference  from  t  wel\  e  col- 
onies, and  not  invested  with  any  legislative  or 
executive  authority.  So  with  the  second  Con- 
gress thai  assembled  in  the  same  city  in  May, 

1T7.">.  1 1  had  uncivil  or  military  power  to  legal- 
ly execute  its  commands,  nor  the  power  to  ap- 
point one.  '-Nor  was  one  soldier  enlisted.'' 
says  Bancroft,  ••  nor  one  officer  commissioned  in 
its  name.  They  had  no  treasury  ;  and  neither  au- 
thority to  levy  a  tax  or  borrow  money.  Their 
members  had  been  elected,  in  part  at  least,  by 
tumultuary  assemblies  or  bodies  which  had  no 
recognized  legal  existence;  they  were  intrust- 
ed with  no  powers  but  those  of  counsel;  most 

of  them  were  held  back  by  explicit  or  implied  in- 
structions; and  they  represented  nothing  more 
solid  than  the  unformed  opinion  of  an  unform- 
ed people.  Yet  they  were  encountered  by  the 
king's  refusal  to  act  as  a  mediator,  the  decision 
of  Parliament  to  enforce  its  authority,  and  the 
actual  outbreak  of  civil  war.  The  waters  had 
risen,  the  old  roads  were  obliterated,  and  they 
must  strike  out  a  new  path  for  themselves  anil 
for  the  continent.     The  exigency  demanded  the 

instant  formation  of  one  great  commonwealth 

and  the  declaration  of  independence.  'They 
are  in  rebellion,'  said  Edmund  Burke,  '  and  have 
done  so  much  as  to  necessitate  them  to  do  ;i 
great  deal  moi  i 


,*.    A.  ^^k^  .».,*-.».. 


,AAA-*kA^A-*.-*.AAAJkA 


muwi^Mv&^i 


$  -  % 


CLASS     the     FIRST) 

HIS  TICKET  entitles  the  Bearer  to  receive  * 
T   ^  fuch  Prize  as  may  be  drawn  againft  its  Num-  2 
j  Ntw^  ber»  according  to  a  Refolution  of  CONGRESS,  S 
pafled  at  Philadelphia,  November  18,   ^ll^^^u^/^t^ 


N. 


I.IITTKI1Y    TICKET. 


tility  of  attempting  to  carry  on  the  inevitable 

war  with  such  a  feeble  instrument,  submitted  a 
basis  of  a  form  of  confederal  ion,  similar  in  some 
respects  to  the  one  he  proposed  in  coin  cntiou  at 


Continental  Lottery,  The.  On  Nov.  1.  ITTC, 
the  Congress  by  resolution  authorized  the  rais- 
ing of  B  sum  of  money  by  lotterv  for  "  defraying 
the  expenses  of  the  next  campaign."     A  emu- 


CONTINENTAL  NAVY 


320 


CONTINENTAL  PAPER-MONEY 


mittee  appointed  to  arrange  a  plan  for  the  same  | 
reported  a  scheme  on  the  18th,  which  cou- 
templated  the  issue  of  one  hundred  thousand 
tickets,  each  divided  into  four  billets,  and  to  be 
drawn  in  four  classes.  The  total  sum  to  be 
raised  was  $5,000,000,  in  the  form  of  a  loan  at 
four  per  cent.  The  drawer  of  more  than  a  mini- 
mum prize  in  each  class — $20  in  the  first,  §30 
iu  the  second,  $40  in  the  third,  and  $50  in  the 
fourth  —  was  to  receive  either  a  treasury  note, 
payable  in  five  years,  or  the  pre-emption  of 
such  billets  in  the  next  succeeding  class.  Seven 
managers  were  appointed,  who  were  authorized 
to  employ  agents  in  the  several  states  to  sell 
the  tickets.  The  first  drawing  was  appointed 
March  1,  1777,  but  purchasers  of  tickets  had 
been  so  few  that  it  was  postponed  from  time  to 
time.  Various  impediments  appeared,  anil  the 
plan  that  promised  so  much  proved  a  failure. 
Many  purchasers  of  tickets  were  losers ;  and 
this,  like  other  financial  schemes  of  that  period, 
was  productive  of  much  hard  feeling  towards 

Continental  Navy,  The,  at  the  Close  of 
the  Revolution.  The  navy  was  almost  an- 
nihilated at  the  close  of  the  war.  Of  the  thir- 
teen frigates  ordered  to  he  built  by  Congress  iu 
1775,  two  had  been  destroyed  on  the  Hudson 
River  and  three  on  the  Delaware,  without  get- 
ting to  sea.  The  remaining  eight,  together  with 
most  of  the  purchased  vessels,  had  been  capt- 
ured by  the  British,  some  at  Charleston,  some 
at  Penobscot,  and  others  on  the  high  seas.  The 
only  American  ship  of  the  line  ordered  by  Con- 
gress and  finished  (the  Alliance)  was  presented 
in  1782  to  the  King  of  France,  to  supply  the  place 
of  a  similar  vessel  lost  in  Boston  harbor  by  au 
accident.     (See  Navy  of  the  United  States.) 


The  second  Congress  met  in  Philadelphia  May 
10,  1T75.  and  on  that  day,  iu  secret  session,  the 
measure  was  agreed  upon,  but  the  resolution 
was  not  formed  and  adopted  until  June  22,  the 
day  on  which  news  of  the  battle  on  Breed's  Hill 
was  received  by  the  Congress.  Then  it  was  re- 
solved "  that  a  sum  not  exceeding  two  millions 
of  Spanish  milled  dollars  be  emitted  by  the  Con- 
gress in  bills  of  credit  for  the  defence  of  Ameri- 
ca." and  that  "  the  twelve  confederated  colonies 
[Georgia  was  not  then  represented]  be  pledged 
for  the  redemption  of  the  bills  of  credit  now  di- 
rected to  be  emitted."  Each  colony  was  re- 
quired to  pay  its  proportion,  in  four  annual  pay- 
ments, the  first  by  the  last  of  November,  1779, 
and  the  fourth  by  the  last  of  November,  1782. 
A  committee  appointed  for  the  occasion  report- 
ed the  followiug  clay  the  annexed  resolution  : 

"  Resolved,  That  the  number  and  denomina- 
tions of  the  bills  be  as  follow  s  : 

49.000  bills  of  8  dollars  each $392,000 

49,0*)  bills  of  7  dollars  each 343.000 

4d. mm  bills  of  c»  dollars  each 294.uk) 

49,000  bills  of  5  dollars  each 245,000 

49.000  bills  of  4  dollars  each 196,000 

49,000  bills  of  3  dollars  each 147.000 

49,000  bills  of  2  dollars  each 98.000 

49,000  bills  of  1  dollar  each 49,000 

11.800  bills  of  20  dollars  each 236,000 

Total,  4U3,»00  $2,000,000 

"  Resolved,  That  the  form  of  the  bill  be  as  fol- 
lows: 

CONTINENTAL  CURRENCY. 

A*b Dollars. 

This  Bill  entitles  the  Bearer  to  receive Spanish  mill- 
ed Dollars,  or  the  value  thereof  in  Gold  or  Silver,  according  In 
the  resolutions  of  the  CONGRESS,  held  at  Philadelphia  the 
10(Ao/May.  A.D.  1775." 

A  committee  was  appointed  to  procure  the 
plates  and  superintend  the  printing  of  the  bills. 


^.;,z,,    Kclo;//z      FIFTY 


^zlS?> 


v-th 


\ 


1**1  ,st 


'5* 


Six  £0££%3H-  kS! 

THISBilUMMUtn.    '  c 
B.»«t-  ««  r.c      .    4£ 

SIX  SPAX'ISB  MUTED  -£S  r 
DOLLARS,  or  thr  L2> 
V*i<ntn.rt«f  in  (.01.11  OfT 


If. 


GRESS  (mlluWir  Ph. 
ItdelfUa  N.' 


3B) 

<.-Z-iy/6-\  ^y 


tmvi.j  i  ^y-  1  -^  EX 


FAC-S1M1I.K    OF    ' 


I  ..\  TIM  AT  VI.    BILLS. 


Continental  Paper  -  money.     The  ieane  <>t 


paper- mom 


bills  of  credit,  not  only  bv  the 


several  colonies,  but  by  the  Continental  Congress, 
became  a  neceatlrj  when  tbewai  began  iu  1775. 


The    plates  were  engraved  bj  Paul    Revere,  of 

Boston.     The  paper  was  so  thick  that  the  Brit- 
ish .ailed  it   "the  pasteboard  onrraney  of  the 
Che  si/.e  of  the  bills  averaged  sbonl 


CONTINENTAL  PAPER-MONEY 


321 


CONTINENTAL  SOLDIERS 


three  and  a  half  by  two  and  three  quarter 
inches,  haviug  a  border  composed  partly  of  rep- 
etitions of  the  words  "CONTINENTAL  CUBRKN- 
CY."  Ou  the  face  of  each  bill  was  a  device  (a 
separate  one  for  each  denomination)  significant 
in  design  and  legend;  for  example,  within  a 
circle  a  design  representing  a  hand  planting  a 
tree,  and  the  legend  "  1'osi  kiutate  " — for  pos- 
terity. The  lesson  to  be  conveyed  was,  that 
the  struggle  in  which  the  colonists  were  en- 
gaged, in  the  planting  of  a  new  and  free  nation, 
would  be  tor  the  benefit  of  posterity.  Twenty- 
ei"ht  gentlemen  were  appointed  to  sign  t 


bills.  New  issues  were  made  at  various  times 
until  the  close  of  177'.),  when  the 
amount  was  sJ4-'.(MMl.lioit.  Then  the  bills  had 
so  much  depreciated  that  $100  in  specie  would 
purchase  $2600  in  paper  currency.  (See  Deprs- 
liaiioii  of  I  on  i  i  in  ii  i<i  I  Paper-money.)  Laws,  penal- 
ties, entreaties,  could  not  sustain  its  credit.  It 
had  performed  a  great  work  in  enabling  the 

colonists,  without  taxes  the  tiist  three  yean  of 
the  n  ar.  to  tight  and  baffle  one  of  t  he  most  pow- 
erful nations  of  Europe.  And  the  total  loss  to 
'he  i pie,  by  depreciation  and  failure  of  re- 
demption, Of  $200,000,000,  operated  as  ;,  tax,  foi 
that  depreciation    was   gradual.      Continental 

bills  of  credit   are   now    very  ran only  in   the 

collect  inns  of  antiquaries.  Counterfeits  of  the 
bills  were  sent  out  of  New  York  by  the  British 
by  the  cartload,  and  put  into  circulation.  Tin 
following  appeared  in  Bivington's  Gazette: 

"  \iivKKTish«K\r     Person!  g _■  Inl  i  other  colonies  may 

be  supplied  «  nil  an;  numl 

fur  iIim  price  "C  the  paper  per  ream     They  are  bo  neatly  and 

n. i  rsk  in  getting  them  off.  it 

■  ble  in  discover  thai   they  are  nut  gen. 

.i  very  lam  amount 

Inquire  ol 

e  house,  from  n  a  II  to  4  P.M.,  during 

month." 

Continental  Paper-money,  Efforts  ro  Beg- 
tai.n  nut.     Early  in  January,  1777,  the  begiu- 
I.— 21 


uing  of  the  depreciation  of  the  Continental  bills 
of  credit  caused  a  convention  of  the  representa- 
tives of  the  New  England  States,  held  at  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  to  consult  about  the  defence  of 
that  state,  then  invaded.  They  agreed  upon  a 
scheme  for  regulating  by  law  the  prices  of  la- 
bor, produce,  manufactured  articles,  and  im- 
ported goods.  It  was  strenuously  opposed  by 
the  merchants,  but  it  was  presently  enacted 
into  a  law  by  the  New  England  States.  The 
Congress  resolved  that  these  bills  "ought  to 
pass  current  in  all  payments,  trade,  and  deal- 
ings, and  be  deemed  equal  ill  value  to  the  same 
nominal    sum    in    Spanish 

dollars."    It  was  resolved 

that  all  persons  refusing  to 
take  them  ought  to  be 
considered  "enemies  of  the 
United  States,"  on  whom 
"  forfeitures  and  other 
allies''  ought  to  be  in- 
dicted by  the  local  authori- 
ties. The  states  w  ere  called 
upon  to  make  the  bills  a 
legal  tender,  and  I  hey  were 
aih  ised  to  avoid  the  fur- 
ther issue  of  local  bills  of 
credit.  The  Congress  ap- 
proved (Feb.  1."),  1777)  the 
action  of  the  New  England 
convention  concerning  the 
regulation  of  prices,  and 
soon  afterwards  a  conven- 
tion for  the  Middle  States. 

in  which  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  Delaware,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Maryland,  and  Vir- 
ginia   were    represented, 

met  at  York,  I'eiin.,  ami 
agreed  upmi  a  scale  of  prices.  This  impracti- 
cable scheme  was  soon  abandoned. 

Continental  Soldiers,  LAST  SUBVTVORB  or 
THE.  Lemuel  Cook,  of  New  York,  and  William 
llutehings,  of  Maine,  who   both  died   in   May, 


LEMrEL  COOK. 

1868,  wore  the  last  survivors  of  the  Continental 
soldiers.  Lemuel  Cook  was  born  at  Plymouth, 
Litchfield  Co.,  Couu.,  in  17C4  ;   died   at   Clar 


CONTINENTAL  TREASURERS 

endon,  Orleans  Co.,  N.  Y.,  May  20,  1866,  at  the 
age  of  one  hundred  and  two  years.  He  en 
tered  tbe  military  service  of  his  country  in  the 
soring  of  17.-1.  and  was  with  the  allied  armies 
in  the  campaign  against  Cornwallis  in  Virginia 
He  was  then  about  seventeen  years  of  age,  and 
was  one  of  the  regulars.  He  enlisted  in  the 
Second  Light  Dragoons,  Colonel  Sheldon,  but 
was  mustered  into  Captain  Staunton's  company 
of  infantry,  and  continued  in  that  company  until 
June,  17S3.  At  the  termination  of  the  war  that 
year  he  was  discharged,  at  Danbury,  Conn, 
which  discharge,  signed  by  Washington,  he  re- 
tained until  his  death.  At  the  close  of  the  war 
he  married  Hannah  Curtis,  at  Cheshire,  Conn., 
by  whom  lie  had  eleven  children — seven  sons 
and  four  daughters.  He  married  a  second  wifi 
when  he  was  seventy  years  old.  In  his  earlier 
married  years  he  lived  in  the  almost  wilderness 
region  of  Utica,  N.  Y.,  and  afterwards  returned 
to  Connecticut,  where  most  of  his  children  were 
bom.  With  his  young  family  he  moved  into 
Central  New  York,  and  had  lived  at  Clarendon 
for  about  thirty  years  previous  to  his  death.  He 
was  a  fanner  all  his  life,  and  his  pension  was  his 
chief  means  of  support  the  latter  part  of  it.  His 
pension  was  for  many  years  .$100  a  year.  It  was 
increased  in  1863  to  $200,  and  the  last  year  of  his 
life  it  was  §300.     (See  Hiilchiiiyx,  William.) 

Continental  Treasurers.  On  the  29th  of  July, 
1775.  the  Congress,  having  issued  bills  of  credit 
to  the  amount  of  $2,000,000,  appointed  Michael 
Hillegas  and  George  Clymer,  of  Philadelphia, 
joint  treasurers  of  the  United  Colonies.  They 
were  required  to  give  bonds,  with  sureties,  for 
ihe  faithful  performance  of  their  duties,  in  the 
sum  of  $100,000,  to  the  president  and  other  mem- 
bers of  the  Continental  Congress  named,  in 
(met  for  the  colonies.  They  recommended  the 
Provincial  Assemblies  to  each  choose  a  treasurer 
lor  their  respective  colonies. 

"Contrabands."  On  the  day  after  his  ar- 
rival at  Fortress  Monroe,  General  Butler  sent 
out  Colonel  Phelps,  of  the  Vermont  troops,  to 
reconnoitre  the  vicinity  of  Hampton.  The  cit- 
izens had  just  fired  the  bridge.  The  flames 
were  extinguished  by  the  troops,  who  crossed 
the  stream,  drove  armed  insurgents  out  of 
Hampton,  and  found  the  inhabitants  in  sullen 

n 1  :   but  the  negroes  were  jubilant,  regarding 

the  Union  troops  as  their  expected  deliverers. 
In  the  contusion  caused  by  this  dash  into  Hamil- 
ton, three  negroes,  held  as  sla\es  by  Colonel 
Mallory,  of  that  village,  escaped  into  the  Union 
lilies,  and  declared  that  many  of  their  race,  w  ho 
were  employed  in  building  fortifications  for  the 

insurgents,  desired  to  follow.      They  were  taken 

before  General  Batler.     He  needed  laborers  in 

lield-works  which  he  was  about  to  construct. 
Regarding  these  slaves,  according  to  the  Ian*  -;/' 
Vini'uiia.  as  much  the  property  of  Colonel  Mal- 
lory :is  his  bones  or  his  pistols,  and  as  properly 
sei/ahle  as  they,  :is  aids  in  warfare,  and  which 
might     be    used    against     the    National    troops. 

"These  men  are  contraband  of  war."  said  Bat- 
ter; "set  iheniat  work."  This  order  w  ;is  scarce- 
ly announced,  bcl.'ic  Majoi  Carey,  OS  agent  of 


Bunkers  Bill 

1.  Threepence  a  dav. 

2.  Rotten  Ball  pork. 
:t   Tlie  scurvy. 

i  Slavery,    "beggary, 


52  CONTRERAS,  BATTLE  OF 

Colonel  Mallory,  and  "in  charge  of  his  proper- 
ty." appeared,  wishing  to  know  what  the  general 
intended  to  do  with  the  runaways.  "I  shall  de- 
tain them  as  contraband  of  war,*'  said  the  gen- 
eral :  and  they  were  held  as  such.  Other  slaves 
speedily  came  in.  General  Butler  wrote  to  the 
Secretary  of  War,  telling  him  what  he  had  done, 
on  the  assumption  that  tiny  were  the  property 
of  an  enemy  of  the  Republic  used  in  warfare,  and 
asking  instructions.  His  course  was  approved  by 
his  government ;  and  thenceforward  all  fugitive 
slaves  were  considered  "contraband  of  war," 
and  treated  as  such.  That  masterly  stroke  of 
policy  was  one  of  the  most  effective  aimed  at 
the  heart  of  the  insurrection;  and  throughout 
the  war  the  fugitive  slave  was  known  as  the 
"contraband."     So  emancipation  began. 

Contrast,  A.  During  the  siege  of  Boston  by 
Washington  and  the  Continental  army,  in  the 
summer  of  1775,  the  British  officers  were  annoy- 
ed by  the  distribution  of  handbills  in  their 
camp,  sent  in  by  American  sentinels,  calculated 
to  seduce  the  soldiers.  After  the  battle  on  Hun- 
ker's (Breed's)  Hill, the  principal  encampment  of 
the  Americans  was  on  Prospect  Hill ;  that  of  the 
British,  out  of  Boston,  on  Bunker's  Hill.  One 
of  the  handbills  alluded  to  contained  the  fol- 
lowing contrast: 

Prnspeet  Hill. 
1.  Peven  dollars  a  month. 
'->.  Fresh  provisions  in  plenty. 
3.  Health. 

i.  Freedom,    ease,   affluence, 
and  a  good  farm. 

Contreras,  Battle  of.  General  Scott  re- 
sumed bis  march  from  l'nebla  (which  see)  for 
the  city  of  Mexico  Aug.  7.  1847.  The  road  lay 
mostly  along  the  line  of  the  march  of  Cortes, 
more  than  three  hundred  years  before.  From 
the  lofty  summits  of  the  mountains  the  Ameri- 
can army  could  look  down  into  the  magnificent 
Valley  of  Mexico  ami  see  the  capital  in  the  dis- 
tance. Down  into  that  valley  the  army  cau- 
tiously  moved,  for   resistance   was   expected    at 

the  mountain  passes.     General  Twiggs,  w  ith  his 

division,  led  the  way:  and  on  Aug.  11  encamp- 
ed at  St.  Augustine,  w  ith  the  strong  fortress  of 
San  Antonio  before  him.  Close  upon  his  right 
were  the  heights  of  Chnrnbneco,  crowned  with 
fortifications  finished  and  unfinished, and  man- 
ned by  several  thousand  Mexicans;   and  not  fa 

off  was  the  strongly  fortified  camp  of  Control 
on    a   ragged    height,  containing   between 
and  7000  men  under  General  Valencia     In 
rear  of  it  was  Santa  Afia  with    12,000  men   as 
reserve.     In  the  afternoon  of  Aug   19,  Qenei 
Tw  i^s  and  Pillow,  assisted  by  Generals  lYrsi 
F.  Smith   and  Cadw  allaihr.  attacked   the  CSMj 

of  Contreras,  and  a  sharp  conflict  ensued,  witl 

almost  continual  skirmishing  around.     'Ibis  ii 
decisive  Conflict  continued  about   six  hours, 
the   moment  when  some   Mexican   cavalry  \ 

preparing  for  a  charge,  General  Seott  arrived 

the    scene    of  conflict.  Mid    ordered    up   G* 

Shields  with   reinforcements.      The   M,  x 

everywhere  fought  bravely  and  desperately. 
When  night   foil,  the  wearied  Amerii 

down  and  slept   in  the  ravines  ami  among  tl 


CONTROVERSY 


323 


CONVENTION  TROOPS 


rocks  on  the  verge  of  the  battle-field,  expecting 
to  renew  the  contest  in  the  morning.  Generals 
Scott  and  Worth  started  early  the  next  morning 
(Aug.  20)  from  Bt.  Augustine  for  Contreras.  and 
were  met  on  the  way  by  a  courier  with  the  good 
news  that  the  enemy's  cam])  was  captured.  The 
battle  bad  been  begnn  at  sum  ise  by  Smith's  divis- 
ion. While  Generals  shields  and  Pierce  had  kept 
Santa  Ana's  reserve  at  bay,  Smith's  troops  had 
inarched  towards  the  works  in  the  darkness  and 

gained  a  position,  unobserved,  behind  the  crest 
of  a  hill  near  the  Mexican  works.  Springing  up 
Suddenly  from  their  hiding-place,  they  delivered 
deadly  volleys  in  quick  succession  ;  dashed  pell- 
mell  into  the  intrenchments ;  captured  the  bat- 
teries at  the  point  of  the  bayonet  ;  drove  out  the 
army  of  Valencia;  and  pursued  its  flying  rem- 
nants towards  the  city  of  Mexico.  The  contest, 
which   had   lasted  only  seventeen  minutes,  was 

fought  by  4500 Americans, againsl  7000  Mexicans. 
The  trophies  of  victor;  \\  ere  -o  officers  and  3000 
Mexican  troops  made  prisoners,  and  \>'.l  pieces  of 
artillery.     (See  Mexico,  War  with.) 

Controversy  between  the  Governor  and 
Assembly  of  Pennsylvania.  In  January,  1757. 
the  Assembly  of  Pennsylvania  passed  a  bill  grant- 
ing for  his  majesty's  service  £100,000,  by  a  tax 
on  all  the  estates,  teal  and  personal,  "taxable," 
within  the  province.  The  governor  (Denny) 
refused  to  sanction  it,  because  it  would  heavily 

tax  the  proprietaries  of  the  province.  He  asked 
them  to  frame  :i  bill  providing  supplies  for  the 
pnblie  service,  such  as  he  could,  ••consistent  with 
his  honor  and  his  engagements  to  the  proprie- 
taries," subscribe.    The  Assembly  remonstrated, 

Baying  tiny  had  trained  the  bill  consistent  with 
their  rights  as  an  "  English  representative  body," 
and,  in  the  name  of  their  sovereign,  "and  in  be- 
half of  the  distressed  people  whom  they  repre- 
sented" unanimously  demanded  of  the  govern- 
or that  he  would  give  his  assent  to  the  bill  they 
luul  passed.  As  It  was  a  money  bill,  they  de- 
manded that  it  should  not  be  altered  or  amend- 
ed, "any  instructions  whatsoever  from  the  pro- 
prietaries notwithstanding,"  as  he  would  "an- 
swer to  I  he  crown  lor  all  the  consequences  ol  his 

refusal  at  his  peril."  The  governor  persisted  in 
his  refusal,  grounded  upon  parliamentary  usage 
in  England,  and  the  supposed  hardship  of  tax- 
ing the  unimproved  land  of  the  proprietaries. 
As  the  governor  would  not  sign  a  bill  that  did 
not  exempt  the  estates  of  the  proprietaries  from 
taxation,  the  Assembly  sent  Benjamin  Franklin, 
as  the  agent  of  the  province,  to  petition  the 
king  for  redress.  This  was  the  beginning  of 
protracted  disputes  between  the  representatives 
id'  the  people  of  Pennsylvania  and  the  agents 
of  the  proprietaries.  (See  Proprietary  Innova- 
tions in  Pennsylvania.  \ 

Convention  between  France  and  Spain. 
On  tl vening  of  April  12,  ITT'.',  the  represent- 
atives of  Prance  and  Spain  signed  a  conven- 
tion for  an  invasion  of  England,  in  which  the 
Americans  were  considered  and  concerned.      By 

lis  terms  France  bound  herself  to  undertake  tlie 

invasion  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  ;  and  if  the 
British  could  he  driven  from  .Newfoundland,  the 


fisheries  were  to  be  shared  with  Spain.  France 
promised  to  use  every  effort  to  recover  for  Spain 
Minorca,  1'ensacola,  and  Mobile,  the  Bay  of  Hon- 
duras, and  the  coast  of  Campeachy  ;  and  the  two 
courts  agreed  not  to  graut  peace  nor  truce,  nor 
suspension  of  hostilities,  until  Gibraltar  should 
be  restored  to  Spain.  Spain  was  left  free  to 
exact  from  the  United  States,  as  the  price  of 
her  friendship,  a  renunciation  of  every  part  of 
the  basin  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Lakes, 
of  the  navigation  of  the  Mississippi,  and  of  all 
the  territory  between  that  river  and  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains.  This  modification  of  the. 
Treaty  of  France  with  the  United  States  gave 
the  latter  the  right  to  make  peace  whenever 
Great  Britain  should  recognize  their  indepen- 
dence. So  these  two  Bourbon  dynasties  plotted 
to  exclude  the  Americans  from  a  region  essential 
to  them  as  members  of  an  independent  republic. 
But  a  new  power  appeared  in  the  West  to  frus- 
trate- their  designs,  whieh  was  prefigured  by  an 
expedition  under  a  hardy  sou  of  Virginia.  (See 
Clarke,  George  Roger.) 

Convention  in  Massachusetts  1768),  When 
it  was  known  that  British  troops  had  been  or- 
dered to  Boston,  a  town  meeting  was  held  and 
a  request  sent  to  Governor  Bernard  to  convene 
the  Provincial  Assembly.  He  refused,  and  a 
convention  of  delegates  from  all   the  towns  in 

the  province  was  provided  for.  Delegates  from 
more  than  one  bundled  towns  met  (Sept. 22)  at 
Boston,  ostensibly  "in  consequence  of  prevail- 
ing apprehensions  of  a  war  with  France."  This 
was  a  mere  pretext.    They  ordered  all  persons 

not  already  in  possession  of  lire-arms  to  procure 
them  at  once;  and  they  appointed  a  day  of  last- 
ing and  prayer  to  l bserved  by  all  congre- 
gational societies.     The  convention  petitio 1 

the  governor  to  summon  a  general  court.  He 
refused  to  receive  the   petition,  and   denounced 

the  convention  as  treasonable.  They  proceeded 
cautiously.  All  pretensions  to  political  author- 
it  v  were  expressly  disclaimed.  They  prepared 
and  adopted  a  petition  to  the  king,  and  a  letter 
to  De  Berdt,  agent  for  the  provinces  in  Eng- 
land,  charging  him  to  defend  the  colony  against 
accusations  of  sedition  or  a  rebellious  spirit. 
Such  was  the  beginning  of  tin'  system  of  con- 
ventions which,  in  a  few  years,  assumed  the 
whole  political  authority  of  the  colonies.  The 
convention  adjourned  after  a  four  days' session, 
and  the  day  alter  the  adjournment  troops  from 
Halifax  arrived. 

Convention  Troops.  (See  Surrender  of  Bur- 
scyns.)  The  vanquished  troops  made  prisoners 
to  the  Americans  by  a  convention  for  the  sur- 
render of  them,  made  by  Gates  and  Burgoyne, 
were  marched  through  New  England  to  Cam- 
bridge, near  Boston,  to  be  embarked  for  Europe. 
flu'  Congress  had  ratified  tin'  agreement  of 
Gates  that  they  should  depart,  on  giving  their 
parole  not  to  serve  again  in  arms  against  the 
Americans.  Circumstances  soon  occurred  that 
convinced  Washington  that  Burgoyne  and  his 
troops  intended  to  violate  the  agreement  at  the 

first  opportunity,  and  it  was  resolved  by  the 
Congress  not  to  allow  them  to  leave  the  conn- 


CONVENTION  TROOPS  3 

try  until  the  British  government  should  ratify 
the  terms  of  the  capitulatiou.  Here  was  a  di- 
lemma. That  government  would  not  recognize 
the  authority  of  the  Congress  as  a  lawful  body; 
BO  tht*  troops  were  allowed  to  remain  in  idleness 
in  America  four  or  five  years.  Burgoyne,  alone, 
was  allowed  to  go  home  on  his  parole.  The 
British  ministry  charged  the  Congress  with  ab- 
solute perfidy  ;  the  latter  retorted,  and  justified 
their  acts  by  charging  the  ministry  with  nudi- 
taled  perfidy.  Owing  to  the  difficulty  of  finding 
an  adequate  supply  of  food  for  the  captive  troops 
iu  New  England,  the  Congress  finally  determined 
to  send  them  to  Virginia.  Commissioners  sent 
over,  iu  the  spring  of  1778,  to  tender  a  scheme  of 
reconciliation,  offered  a  ratification  of  the  con- 
vention, signed  by  themselves;  but  Congress 
would  recognize  no  authority  inferior  to  the 
British  ministry  for  such  an  act.  Finally,  in 
pursnauce  of  a  resolution  of  Congress  (Oct.  15, 
1778),  the  whole  body  of  the  captives  (4000  in 
number),  English  and  German,  after  the  officers 
had  signed  a  parole  of  honor  respecting  their 


i  CONWAY 

either  by  exchange  or  desertiou.     Many  of  the 
Germans  remained  in  America. 

Convention  with  Great  Britain  (1818).  The 
commission  under  the  Treaty  of  Ghent  (which 
see)  to  determine  the  ownership  of  the  islands 
in  Passamaq noddy  Bay  had  agreed  to  confirm 
the  possession  of  them  as  it  existed  before  the 
war;  the  running  of  the  boundary-line  through 
the  St. Lawrence  and  the  Lakes  had  been  nearly 
completed;  but  the  commission  on  the  north- 
east boundary  had  not  yet  been  able  to  arrive 
at  any  conclusion,  w  lien  a  new  convention  de- 
cided (Oct.  20,  1818)  that  the  forty-ninth  degree 
of  north  latitude  should  be  the  boundary  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  the  British  posses- 
sions from  the  Lake  of  the  Woods  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  The  territory  west  of  these  moun- 
tains (now  Oregon)  was  to  remain  iu  the  joint 
occupation  of  both  parties  fox  ton  years;  in  other 
words,  the  British  Fur  Company,  which  alone 
had  any  establishments  in  that  remote  regioa, 
was  not  to  be  disturbed  for  that  period.  The 
commercial  convention  of  1815  (see  Treaty  of 


Vuburey's  Trattlt.) 


conduct  on  the  way,  took  up  their  line  of  inarch, 
early  in  November,  for  Charlottesville,  iu  Vir- 
ginia, under  the  command  ofMajor-general  Phil- 
lips.    Colonel  Theodorio  Bland  was  appointed 

by  Washington  to  superintend  the  march.  It 
was  a  dreary  winter's  journey  of  seven  hun- 
dred miles  through  New  England,  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  .Maryland,  and  Vir- 
ginia.     The    routes    of    the    two    nationalities 

were  sometimes  distant  from  each  other,  and 
sometimes  the  same,  until  they  reached  Valley 

Forge,  when  they  went  in  the  same  line  until 
they  had  crossed  the  Potomac  River.  Tiny  re- 
mained in  Virgiuia  until  October,  17>(>,  when  the 
ilanger  that  the  captives  might  rise  upon  mid 
overpower  their  guard  caused  the  British  to  be 

re red  to  Fort   Frederick,  in  Maryland,  and 

the  Germans  to  Winchester,  in  the  Shenandoah 

Valley.  Deal  lis,  desert  ion,  and  partial  exchanges 
had  then  reduced  their  Dumber  to  about  "JUKI. 
Afterwards  they  were  removed  to  Lancaster,  Iu 
Pennsylvania,  and  some  to  Easl  Windsor, Conn. 
i  outm  of  1781  they  were  all  dispersed, 


PMO0)  was  to  continue  in  force  for  1 1 1  *  -  same 
period.  The  loud  complaints  of  the  fishing  in- 
terest iu  New  England,  on  account  of  the  Brit- 
ish  construction  of  the  effects  of  the  late  war 
upon  the  treaty  of  1783, were  considered.  Con- 
cessions were  made.  Those  rights  were  restored 
so  far  as  related  to  the  north  and  east  .oasis  of 

the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  the  coast  of  Labrador, 

and  the  Magdalene  Islands;  but  off  the  coasts  of 
New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia,  in  the  Ba\  of 
Fiindy,  and  on  the  western  and  southern  por- 
tions of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  American  ves- 
sels were  not  to  Bah  within   three  miles  of  the 

shore.  As  the  two  governments  could  not  agree 
upon  the  Interpretation  of  the  article  of  the 

Treaty  ofGbeut  concerning  slaves  carried  away, 
under  which  a  huge  amount  was  claimed  in  the 
way  of  indemnity,  it  was  referred  to  a  third 
powei      Russia, 

Conway,  Thomas  (Count  de),  was  born  iu 
Ireland, Feb. 87, 1733;  died  about  1800.  He  was 
taken  to  France  when  he  was  six  yean  old.  was 
educated  there,  attained  the  military   rank  of 


CONWAY'S  CABAL 


:v>;, 


COOPER 


colonel,  came  to  America  in  1777,  and  entered 
the  Continental  army  as  brigadier-general.  He 
was  engaged  in  the  conspiracy  with  Gates  and 

others  to  .supplant  Washington  as  commander- 
in-chief,  and,  when  discovered,  lie  left  the  ser- 
vice and  returned  to  France.  (See  Conway's  Ca- 
bal.) In  1784  Conway  was  made  a  field-marshal, 
and  appointed  governor  of  all  the  French  set- 
tlements in  the  East  Indies.  When  the  French 
Revolution  broke  out  he.  was  compelled  to  dee 
from  France. 

Conway's  Cabal.  (See  Conspiracy  against 
Washington. ) 

Cook,  LEMUEL.  (See  Continental  Soldiers,  Last 
Swvioora  <>/  the.) 

Cook,  Philip  St. George,  was  born  in  Berke- 
ley Connty,  Va.,  in  1809,  and  graduated  at  West 
Point,  in  1827.  He  served  in  the  war  against 
Mexico,  and  late  in  1-111  was  made  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers.  He  had  seen  much  ser- 
vice in  wars  with  the  Indians,  commanded  in 
Kansas  during  the  troubles  there,  and  took  part 
in  the  Utah  expedition  in  1858.  He  commanded 
all  the  regular  cavalry  of  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac, and  was  distinguished  in  the  campaign  on 
the  Peninsula  in  1862. 

Cool  Arbor,  BATTLE  ok.      The  Army  of  the 

Pot ac  and  a  huge  part   of  the  Army  of  the 

James  formed  a  junction  near  Cool  Arbor  on  a 
pari  of  the  old  battle-ground  ofMcClellan  and 
Lee  the  year  before.  General  W.  P.  Smith  and 
sixteen  thousand  men  of  the  Army  of  the  .lames 
had  been  taken  in  transports  from  Bermuda 
Hundred  around  to  the  While  House,  whence 
they  hail  marched  towards  the  ( *  1  ■  i c  kahominy. 
Sheridan  had  seized  the  point  at  Cool  Arbor, 
and  the  Nationals  took  a  position  extending 
from  beyond  the  Hanover  Road  to  Elder  8w  amp 
Creek,  not  far  from  the  Cuiokahomiiiy.  Burn- 
tide's  corps  composed  the  li^ht  of  the  line, 
Warren's  and  Wright's  the  centre,  and  Han- 
cock'^ the  left.  The  Confederate  line,  reinforced 
by  troops  under  Breckinridge,  occupied  B  line 
in  front  of  the  Nationals     Ewell's  corps  on  the 

left,  I ^street's  in  the  centre,  and  A.  P.  Hill's 

on  the  right.  On  the  morning  of  Jnne  l  Hoke's 
division  attempted  to  retake  Cool  Arbor.  It 
was  repulsed,  but  was  reinforced  by  UcLaws's 
division.  Wright's  Sixth  corps  came  up  in  lime 
to  meet  this  new  danger;  and  Smith's  troops, 
from   the  Army  of  the  .lames,  after  a   march   of 

twenty-live  miles,  ca up  ami  took  post  on  the 

light  of  the  Sixth,  then  in  front  of  Cool  Arbor, 
on  the  road  leading  to  Gaines's  M  ills  (which  see). 

Between  the  two  armies  was  a  broad, open, un- 
dulating field  and  a  thin  line  of  woods  Over 
this  held  the  Nationals   advanced  to  the  attack 

at  four  o'clock   P.M.     The  veterans  of  Smith 

soon  captured  the  first   line  of  rifle-pits  and  six 

hundred  men.     Their  attack  on  the  second  line 

was  a  failure,  and  with  darkness  the  struggle 
ceased,  the  Nationals  having  losl  two  thousand 
men.  They  held  the  gronild,  and  bivouacked 
on  the  battle-field.  During  the  nighl  the  Con- 
federates made  desperate  but  unsuccessful  ef- 
foits  to  retake  the  rifle-pits.     General  Gran  I 


had  ordered  a  redisposition  of  his  army,  mak- 
ing Hancock  form  the  right,  to  the  left  of 
Wright'8  corps.  Buruside  was  withdrawn  en- 
tirely from  the  front  and  placed  on  the  right 
and  rear  of  Warren,  who  connected  with  Smith. 
Having  made  these  dispositions  on  the  id,  it 
was  determined  to  force  the  passage  of  the 
Chiokahominy  the  next  morning,  and  compel 
Lee  to  seek  safety  in  the  fortifications  around 
Richmond.  The  Nationals  moved  at  four  o'clock 
on  the  morning  of  the  3d.  Wilson's  cavalry  was 
on  the  right  Hank,  and  Sheridan's  held  the  lower 
crossings  of  the  river,  and  covered  the  roads  to 
the  White  House.  Orders  had  been  given  for  a 
general  assault  along  the  whole  line.  At  half- 
past  four,  or  a  little  later,  the  signal  for  the  ad- 
vance was  given,  and  then  opened  one  of  the 
most  sanguinary  battles  of  the  war.  It  was  be- 
gun on  the  right  by  the  divisions  of  Harlow  and 
Gibbon,  of  Hancock's  corps,  supported  by  Bir- 
ney'e.  Barlow  drove  the  Confederates  from  a 
stroii";  position  in  front  of  their  works,  and  capt- 
ured several  hundred  men  and  three  guns,  when 
the  Confederates  rallied  and  retook  the  position. 
There  was  a  severe  straggle,  and  ill  the  assaults 
Hancock  lost  three  thousand  men.  The  other 
divisions  of  the  army  were  hotly  engaged  at  the 

same  time.  The  battle  was  " sharp,  quick,  and 
decisive."  The  Nat  ionals  were  repulsed  at  near- 
ly ever]  point  with  great  slaughter.  It  was  es- 
timated that  within  the  space  of  twenty  minutes 
after  the  straggle  began  ten  thousand  Union 
Soldiers  lay  dead  or  wounded  on  the  field, while 
the  Confederates,  sheltered  by  their  works,  had 
not  lost  more  than  one  thousand.  Every  soldier 
among  the  Nationals  now  fell  that  further  at- 
tempts to  tone  the  Confederate  lines  would  be 
Useless,  There  was  marvellous  unanimity  of 
sentiment  on  this  point,  for  when,  a  few  hours 
later,  Meade  sent  orders  to  each  corps  command- 
er to  again  attack  without  regard  to  the.  move- 
ments of  other  corps,  the  whole  army,  as  if  con- 
trolled by  a  single  will,  refused  to  stir.  And 
so.  at  one  O'clock  P.M..  the  battle  of  Cool  Arbor 
ended.  The  Nationals  had  a  fearful  loss  of 
lite,  but  firmly  held  their  position,  with  all 
their  munitions  of  war.  Their  loss  in  this  en- 
gagement, and  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
Cool    Arbor,  was    reported    at    13,153,  of  whom 

1705  were  killed  and  2406  were  missing.  Im- 
mediately after  the  battle  Sheridan  was  sen: 
to   destroy    the    railways   in    Lee's    rear,  and    so 

make  Washington  more  secure.  This  task  he 
effectually    performed,  fighting   much    of  the 

time. 

Cooper,  JAMES  FENTMORE,  novelist,  was  born 

at  Burlington,  N..I..  Sept.  15,  1789;  died  atCoop^ 

eretown,  N.  V.,  8ept.  1 1.  1851.  lb'  studied  at 
\  ale  ( lollege,  but  did  not  graduate.    He  was  six 

years  in  the  naval  service,  and  in  1^11  he  mar- 
ried   Miss    De    l.aneey,  of   Westchester   County, 

N.  Y.     Choosing  literature  as  a  profession,  he 

look  the  path  of  romance,  and  wrote  and  pub- 
lished in  the  course  of  his  life  thirly-two  vol- 
umes of  fiction,  the  most   famous  of  which  were 

his  Leather -stocking  Tales,  lie  wrote  a,  History 
of  the  United  States  Navy,  in  two  volumes;  Lives 
of  American  Naval  Officers;  Battle  of  Lake  Erie; 


Gleanings  in  Europe;  Sketches  of  Switzerland ;  and 
a  comedy. 


JAMES  FENIMORE  COOPER. 

Cooper,  Miles,  LL.D.,  was  born  in  England 
in  1735;  died  in  Edinburgh,  May  1,  1785.  He 
graduated  at  Oxford  University  ill  1761,  and 
came  to  America  the  next  year,  sent  by  Arch- 
bishop Seeker  as  au  assistant  to  Dr.  Samuel 
Johnson,  President  of  King's  (now  Colombia) 
College.  He  succeeded  Johnson  as  president  in 
1763.  He  was  an  active  Tory  when  the  Revolu- 
tion broke  out,  and  was  reputed  one  of  the  au- 
thors, if  not  the  author,  of  a  tract  entitled,  A 
Friendly  Address  to  all  Reasonable  Americans.  Al- 
exander Hamilton  was  then  a  pupil  iu  the  col- 
lege, seventeen  years  of  age,  and  be  answered 
t lie  pamphlet  with  great  ability.  Cooper  be- 
came very  obnoxious  to  the  Whigs,  and  a  public 
letter,  signed  "Three  Millions,"  warned  him  anil 
Ins  friends  that  their  lives  were  in  danger.  On 
the  night  of  May  IU  a  mob,  led  by  "  Sons  of  Lib- 
erty "  (which  see),  after  destroying  or  carrying 
away  guns  on  the  Battery,  proceeded  to  drive 
him  from  the  college.  He  succeeded  in  escaping 
to  a  British  vessel, and  sailed  to  England.  He 
commemorated  this  stirring  event  by  a  poem 
printed  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  la  1776. 

Cooper,  PETER,  was  horn  in  New  York  city, 
Feb.  12,  171)1.  His  life  has  been  one  of  remark- 
aide  activity  and  enterprise.  First,  after  leav- 
ing his  father,  who  was  a  hatter,  lie  engaged 
in  learning  coach  -  making,  then  cabinet -mak- 
ing, then  iu  the  grocery  business,  and  finally, 

.ilmiit    1828,  he  was   in   the  manufacture  ofglne 

and  isinglass.  Iii  1830  he  engaged  qnite  exten- 
sively in  ironworks  at  Canton,  mar  Baltimore, 
and  there  he  manufactured  the  Brat  locomotive 
engine   ever    made    in    America,  which    worked 

Mteeessfully  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad. 
Then  he  erected  a  rolling-mill  and  iron-mill  iu 
the  city  of  N'ew  York,  in  which  he  first  SUOCeSS- 
fullv  used  anthracite  coal  in  puddling  iron.  In 
l-M.">  he  removed  the  machinery  to  Trent  on.  \.  J.. 
wleic  bo  elected  the  largest  rolling-mill  then  in 
tin-  United  siaies  for  manufacturing  railroad 
iron.  There  were  roiled  the  firs)  drought-iron 
beams  for  Are-proof  buildings.     He  beoi an 

alderman   in    the  city  of  New    York   about    1840. 

Prospering  greatly  iu  bnsiuess,  nearlj  a  quarter 
■  nrj  ago  Mi.  Cooper  oouceived  the  Idea 


5  COPLEY 

of  establishing  in  New  York  a  free  institute, 
something  after  the  Polytechnic  Institute  in 
Paris.  He  erected  a  building,  and  endowed  art- 
schools  and  other  means  for  fitting  young  men 
and  young  women  of  the  working-classes  for 
business,  at  a  cost  of  between  §600.000  and 
$700,000,  and  presented  the  "Cooper  Institute"' 
to  the  city  iu  1858.  Iu  the  spring  of  1854  he 
was  one  of  live  gentlemen  who  met  in  the  house 
of  Cyrus  \V.  Field  and  formed  the  "New  York, 
Newfoundland,  and  London  Telegraph  Compa- 
ny "  (see  Atlantic  Telegraph),  and  the  first  cable 
was  laid  partly  under  Mr.  Cooper's  supervision. 
He  did  every  thing  in  his  power  to  aid  the  Union 
cause  in  the  late  Civil  War.  An  outspoken  ad- 
vocate of  paper  currency  to  be  issued  by  the  na- 
tion (see  Greenbacks),  he  was  urged  to  become  a 
candidate  for  the  Presidency  by  friends  of  that 
financial  system.  He  refused  at  first,  but  final- 
ly consented,  though  without  auy  idea  of  being 
elected.  In  the  campaign  that  followed  he  ex- 
pended more  than  s-25,000  iu  aid  of  the  cause. 
Since  then  he  Las  taken  uo  part  iu  politics. 


PETER    COOPER. 


Copley,  John  SINGLETON,  artist,  was  born  in 
Boston,  July  3,  1737;  died  in  Loudon,  Sept.  9, 
1813.  He  was  a  self-taught  artist.  He  had  he- 
come  an  eminent  portrait-painter,  w  hen  in  1774 
he  went  to  Rome,  and  late  in  1775  went  from 
there  to  London,  with  the  intention  of  settling 
in  that  city,  where  he  was  joined  by  his  wife 
and  children  from  his  native  country.  There  he 
devoted  himself  to  portrait-painting,  was  intro- 
ilue,  (1  io  West,  and  his  name  became  so  famous 
as  an  historical  painter  thai  the  honorable  addi- 
tion of  i;.A.  was  given  to  it  in  17N3.  His- Heath 
of  the  Earl  of  Chatham  "  was  his  first  historical 
painting  of  much  pretension,  and  gave  him  great 
tame  in  England.  It  was  followed  by  others 
which  increased  his  reputation;  and  he  left  un- 
finished a  picture  on  the  subject  of  Nelson's 
death  at  Trafalgar.  His  last  painting  was  a 
portrait  of  his  son.  Lord   l.\  ndlintst.      His  wile 

was  daughter  of  Richard  Clarke  a  loyalist  of 

Boston,  and  one  of  (he  consignees  of  the  tea  that 
w  as  destroyed  there  ;   and  the  w  illinguess  of  his 

lainih  to  leave  America  on  account  of  political 
ohanges»doubtleas  formed  a  powerful  cause  win 


COPPER-MINES 


327 


CORCORAN 


Copley  determined  to  make  England  bis  perma- 
nent home. 

Copper  -  Mines.  There  are  evidences  that 
copper-mines  were  worked  in  our  country  by 
the  Mound-bnilders  (which  Bee).  The  lirst  cop- 
per-mines worked  in  the  United  states  were 
chiefly  in  New  Jersey  and  Connecticut.  From 
1701)  until  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  a  mine 
at  Simsbury,  Coun.,  yielded  much  ore,  when,  for 
about  sixty  years,  the  mine  was  a  state  prison. 
The  Lake  8u  peri  or  copper-mines  (the  most  con- 
siderable in  our  country)  were  firsl  worked,  in 
modem  times,  in  1845,  when  traces  of  ancient 
mining  were  found  near  the  Oc  ton  agon  River. 
In  making  excavations,  a  mass  of  copper,  sup- 
ported upon  block8  of  wood,  with  chaired  wood 
under  it,  was  found  twenty  feet  below  the  snr- 
faee.  When  taken  out,  in  1848,  it  weighed  eight 
tons.  The  Jesuit  missionaries  bad  noticed  cop- 
per ore  in  that  region  so  early  as  the  middle  of 
the  seventeenth  century, aud  the  Indians  rever- 

Ieneed  as  sacred  large  pieces  of  the  ore.  One 
mine  (the  Calumet  and  Hecla)  yielded  in  1872 
the  enormous  amount  of  eight  thousand  tons  of 
pure  copper,  or  almost  one  tenth  of  the  entire 
product  id'  the  globe  at  that  time. 

Copperheads.  A  nickname  given  to  a  polit- 
ical faction  in  the  free-labor  states  during  tlie 
American  Civil  War,  which  was  generally  con- 
sidered to  In-  in  secret  Sympathy  with  the  ene- 
mies of  the  Republic,  and  gave  them  aid  and  com- 
fort by  tiying  to  thwart  the  measures  of  the 
national  government.  The  name  is  derived  from 
a   poisonous    serpent    called    Copperhead,  whose 

bite  is  as  deadly  us  that  of  the  rattlesnake,  but, 
unlike  the  latter,  gives  no  warning  of  its  intend- 
ed attack,  and  is  therefore  t  v  pica!  of  a  concealed 
foe, 

Copyright  Law,  Tin:.  On  April  ."..  IW9,  In. 
David  Ramsay,  of  South  Carolina,  sent  a  peti- 
tion to  Cougress,  setting  forth  that  lie  was  the 
author  of  two  hooks — a  History  of  South  Caroli- 
na and  a  History  of  the  American  Revolution — and 
praying  that  body  to  pass  a  law  giving  him  and 
his  legal  successors  the  exclusive  right  to  vend 
and  dispose  of  those  works  in  the  roiled  Si  ali- 
tor a  term  of  years.  A  general  hill  to  that  ef- 
fect was  passed  iu  1790;  and  afterwards  other 
lulls  were  pa-s,d,  incorporating  with  the  copy- 
right hill  another  for  securing  patents  lor  me- 
chanical inventions.  The  term  of  a  copyright 
was  then  lived  at  fourteen  years  tm  hooks  al- 
ready published, and  the  same  term  for  unpub- 
lished hooks,  with  the  privilege  of  a  renewal  for 
fourteen  years  longer.  In  l~:'.l  a  general  copy- 
right law  was  passed,  granting  copyright  for 
twenty-eight  years,  and  providing  for  a  renewal 
for  fourteen  years.  In  1856  a  law  was  passed 
giving  to  the  authors  of  dramatic  compositions 
the  exclusive  right  of  publicly  representing 
them,  or  causing  them  to  he   represented.     In 

1-70   all   copyright    statutes    were    repealed    bj    a 

general  copyright  law  yel  (1880)  in  force,  which 
permits  anv    citizen  or  resident   of  the  United 

Slates  who  shall  he  the  "author,  inventor,  de- 
signer, or  proprietor  of  any  hook,  map,  chart. 
dramatic  or  musical  composition,  engraviug,  cut, 


print,  or  photograph  or  negative  thereof,  or  a 
painting,  drawing,  chromo,  statue  or  statuary, 
and  of  models  and  designs  intended  to  be  per- 
fected as  works  of  the  line  arts,  to  secure  a  copy- 
right thereof  for  twenty-eight  years,  with  the 
privilege  of  a  renewal  for  himself,  his  widow,  or 
children,  for  fourteen  years  more.''  Copyright 
certificates  are  issued  solely  by  the  Librarian  of 
Congress.  A  copy  of  the  title  of  a  book,  or  de- 
scription of  a  picture,  must  he  deposited  with 
him  before  the  publication  thereof;  and  two 
copies  of  a  hook  or  picture  (the  latter  by  photo- 
graph) must  he  sent  to  such  librarian  within 
ten  days  after  publication.  A  copy  of  every 
new  edition  must  he  sent  to  the  librarian.  A 
failure  to  comply  with  these  conditions  is  pun- 
ishable by  a  tine  of  |25. 

Coquetting  with  the  British.  In  July,  1780, 
the  mysterious  movements  of  Governor  Chitten- 
den, Ethan  and  Ira  Allen,  and  other  leaders  in 
Vermont,  excited  grave  suspicions  of  their  loy- 
alty, because  of  their  secret  correspondence  with 
the  British.  In  June  the  Congress  had  appoint- 
ed a  committee  to  visit  Vermont, and  had  de- 
clared their  disapprobation  id'  the  proceedings 
of  the  people  of  that  state  ill  setting  up  an  inde- 
pendent government  before  a  decision  of  Con- 
fess should  be  made  concerning  their  right  to 
separate.  The  governor  of  New  York  suspected 
a  combination  against  his  state,  and  intimated, 
ill  a  letter  to  a  member  of  Congress,  that  New 
York  might  be  compelled  to  use  all  her  resources 
for  the  defence  of  that  state.  lie  also  called  the 
attention  of  Washington  to  the  subject ;  and  he 
especially  condemned  the  conduct  of  I'.thau  Al- 
len, w  hose  mot  w  is  he  suspected.  General  Schuj  - 

ler,  who  had  been  ordered  by  Washington  to  ar- 
rest Allen,  wrote  to  Governor  Clinton  at  the 
dose  of  October,  Baying,  ''The  conduct  of  some 
of  the  people  to  the  eastward  is  alarmingly  mys- 
terious. A  Hag,  under  pretext  of  settling  a  car- 
tel with  Vermont,  has  been  on  the  Grants.  Al- 
len has  disbanded  his  mill!  ia,  and  the  enemy, 
in  number  upwards  of  sixteen  hundred,  are  rap- 
idly advancing  towards  us.  .  .  .  Entreat  General 
Washington  for  more  Continental  troops;  and 
let  me  beg  of  your  excellency  to  hasten  up 
hen."  There  was  general  alarm  concerning 
the  perplexing  movements  of  tin-  Veruionters. 
which,  in  the  light  of  subsequent  history,  was 
only  a  piece  of  coquetry  for  their  benefit.  The 
shrewd  diplomats  of  Vermont  were  working  for 
B  twofold  object  :  namely,  to  keep  hack  the 
BtitiBh  from  a  threatened  invasion  by  a  show 
of  friendly  feeling,  and  to  so  alarm  the  Congress 
as  to  induce  them  to  admit  Vermont   as  a  slate 

of  the  Union.     ;  Sr«'  Vermonta  Sovereign  State.) 

Corcoran.  Mirnvi  i.  was  born  in  Sligo,  Ire- 
land, Sept.  21,  IS->7  ;  died  mar  Fairfax  Court- 
house Dec.  29,  1863.  He  came  to  America  ill 
1849,  and  first  came  into  notice  as  colonel  of  the 

Sixty-ninth  New  York  Regiment,  when  the  Pres- 
ident  called   for  trOODS,  in    1861.      lb'   hastened 

with  his  regiment  to  Washington, and  was  dis- 
tinguished for  gallantry  in  the  battle  of  Hull's 
Kun,  where  he  was  wounded  and  made  prisoner, 

suffering  confinement  in  Richmoud, Charleston. 


CORDOVA  31 

Columbia,  and  Salisbury,  while  kept  for  execu- 
tion, in  case  the  national  government  put  to 
ileatfa  the  crows  of  Confederate  privateers  as 
pirates,  i  S&»  Savannah.')  He  was  exchanged,  and 
made  brigadier-general  in  1868.  He  raised  an 
"Irish  Legion," served  in  Lower  Virginia  and 
Upper  North  Carolina,  and  checked  the  advance 
of  the  Confederates  on  Norfolk.  He  died  of  inju- 
ries received  from  a  fall  from  his  horse. 

Cordova,  FRANCI8  PERM  win:/.,  discoverer  of 
Yucatan,  a  part  of  Mexico,  in  1517.  He  sailed 
from  Havana,  Cuba,  accompanied  by  one  hun- 
dred men.  In  a  battle  with  the  natives,  forty- 
seven  of  his  men  were  killed,  and  he  was  wound- 
ed in  twelve  places.  Hastening  back  to  Cuba, 
he  soon  afterwards  died  of  Ins  wounds. 

Corees,  a  small  tribe  of  Algonquins  on  the 
coast  of  upper  North  Carolina.  These  and  the 
CheraWB  and  other  smaller  tribes  occupied  lands 
OnOB  owned  by  the  powerful  Hatteras  tribe. 
They  were  allies  of  the  Tuscaroras  in  an  at- 
tack upon  the  English  in  1711,  and  were  de- 
feated :  and  they  have  since  disappeared  from 
the  face  of  the  earth,  and  their  dialect  has  been 
forgotten. 

Corinth,  Battle  of  (1862).  At  Ripley, Miss.,  the 
troops  of  Price  and  Van  Dora  were  concentrated, 
forty  thousand  strong,  after  the  battle  at  Inks 
(which  see),  and  at  the  close  of  September  they 

moved  on  Corinth.  They  bivouacked  within  ten 
miles  of  Corinth  on  the  night  of  Oct.  2.  On 
the  morning  of  the  3d  Kosecrans  was  prepared 
to  meet  an  attack.  Hamilton's  division  form- 
ed Ids  right,  Davies*  his  centre,  and  McKean's 
his  left,  on  the  front  of  Corinth.  A  brigade,  un- 
der Colonel  Oliver,  with  a  section  of  artillery, 
was  then  formed,  while  the  cavalry  watched 
every  approach.  Early  in  the  morning  (Oct.  3, 
1862)  the  Confederate  advance,  under  Colonel 
Lovell,  encountered  Oliver.  The  latter  being 
hard  pressed, General  MoArthur  was  sent  to  his 
support,  but  both  were  pushed  back.  To  these 
both  McKoan  and  Davies  sent  help.  Very  Boon 
Afterwards  the  Confederates. made  a  desperate 

charge,  drove   the  Nationals,  and   captured  two 

gnus,  the  Confederates  had  resolved  to  capt- 
ure Corinth,  with  its  immense  stores.  They 
now  pressed  heavily  on  the  National  centre. 
Davies    was    pushed    back,   when    Stanley    sent 

Colonel  Mower  with  a  brigade  to  his  as-.i-.t- 
auee;  and  Hamilton  was  pressing  through  a 
thick  mire  on  Lovell's  left,  when  darkness  fell, 

and    tin-    Struggle    ceased.       The    Confederates 

enveloped  Roseorans'a  front,  and  rested  on 
their  anna  Van  Dorn  believed  he  wonldhave 
possession  of  Corinth  before  sunrise.     He  had 

sent  a  >hont  of  triumph  to  Richmond  by  tele- 
graph.      The    battle     was     resumed     before    the 

dawn.     Kot h  parties  had  prepared  for  it.    The 

National  batteries  around  Corinth  WOTS  well 
manned,  and  a  new  one.  mounting  Ave  einis, 
had  been   const  nuted  during  the   night.      Allei 

a  considerable  cannonading,  the  Confederates, 

in  heavy  force,  cam it  at  a  little  past  nine 

o'clock,  advanced  rapidly,  and  fell  violent- 
ly, in  wedge-form,  upon  Davies,  intending  to 
break  in- 1 me  and  rush  into Coriutb.   The  strug 


8  CORINTH,  EVACUATION  OF 

glo  was  very  severe.  Grape  and  canister  shot 
made  fearful  lanes  through  the  Confederate 
ranks,  yet  they  pressed  on.  Davies'  forces 
gave  way.  but  soon  rallied.  The  Confederates 
captured  Tort  Powell  on  Davies'  right,  and  full 
twenty  men  penetrated  Corinth  to  the  head- 
quarters of  Kosecrans,  on  the  public  square, 
which  they  captured.  But  the  victorious  Con- 
federate column  was  soon  pushed  back,  and  Fort 
Powell  was  retaken  by  the  Fifty-sixth  Illinois. 
At  the  same  time  Hamilton's  guns  were  making 
fearful  havoc  in  the  Confederate  ranks.  The 
latter  soon  tied  to  the  woods.  Meanwhile  Lov- 
ell had  fallen  upon  Fort  Kobinett  and  the  adja- 
cent lines,  aucl  a  terrible  battle  ensued.  The  fort 
was  Stormed  by  a  strong  Confederate  force,  led 

by  Colonel  Rogers,  of  Texas.  Within  lay  prone 
Colonel  Fullers  Ohio  brigade,  who,  aroused,  de- 
livered such  a  murderous  tire  that  the  assail- 
ants recoiled.  In  a  moment  they  rallied,  ami 
again  charged.  The  Eleventh  Missouri  and 
Twenty -seventh  Ohio  poured  a  terrific  storm 
of  bullets  upon  them,  and  at  the  command 
"  Charge!"  the  Nationals  swarmed  over  the  par- 
apet, and  sent  the  assailants  Hying  in  confusion 
to  the  forest.  By  noon  the  battle  at  Corinth 
was  ended,  and  the  whole  Confederate  force 
was  retreating  southward,  vigorously  pursued. 
Bee  Eatahee,  Battle  of  the.)  The  National  low  la 
the  battle  at  Corinth  and  in  the  pursuit  was 
•2363,  of  whom  315  were  killed.  Of  the  Con- 
federate  loss  there  is  no   positive  record.      One 

of  their  historians  (Pollard)  admits  a  loss  of 
4500,  and  Rosecrans  estimated  it  at  9363,  of 
whom  1 4 v>:4  were  killed  and  224S  made  prison- 
ers The  Confederates  had  38,000  men  in  the 
battle:   the  Nationals  less  than  20,000. 

Corinth,  F.v.w  i  aiihn  of.  General  Halleeh  ar- 
rived on  the  battle-ground  of  Shiloh  (which  sect 
from  his  headquarters  at  St. Louis  on  April  12. 
1862,  and,  being  Grant's  superior  in  rank,  took 
command  of  the  National  troops,  Grant  was  pre- 
paring to  pursue  and  strike  Beauregard  while 
his  shattered  army  was  weak  :  but  Hallcck  re- 
strained (irant,  and  twenty  days  after  the  \  ie- 
tory  he  began  a  march  against  Beauregard  at 
Corinth.  On  May  3d  his  advance,  under  Gen- 
eral Sherman,  was  within  six  or  seven  miles  of 

Beanregard's  lines.  His  forces  bad  been  reor- 
ganized, w  ith  the  title  of  the  Grand  Army  ol  the 
Tennessee,  and  (irant  was  made  his  second  in 
command.  His  whole  force,  approaching  Cor- 
inth with  great  caution,  numbered,  w  ith  the  ac- 
cession of  Knell's  army,  about  one  hundred  and 

eight  thousand  men.  Beauregard  had  been  rate- 
foroed,  by  Van  Horn  and  Price,  with  Missouri 
ami  Arkansas  troops,  and  by  the  command  of 
Genera]  Mansfield  Lovell, who  had  conn-  up  from 

New  Oilcans.  For  t  w  enl  \ -se\  ell  da\s  the  Na- 
tional troops  were  busy  piling  up  I'm  tilications 
in  tln>  approaches  to  Coi  inth,  Interrupted  bj  fre- 
quent sorties  from  thai  town.  Then  the  Confed- 
erates were  driven  from  their  advanced  works 

nid  llalleek  prepared  for  a  sanguinary 

conflict  the  next  day.  Although  much  strength- 
ened, Beauregard  was  unwilling  to  i isk  a  battle 
with  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Tenni  i 

the  night   Of  Maj   U  the   National  sentinels  had 


CORN  A  LEGAL  TENDER 


329  COINER-STONE  OF  THI  CONTIDEFACV 


heard,  unreported,  the  incessant  roar  of  moving 
railway-ears  at  Corinth;  and  at  daybreak, just 
a.s  Balleck  .sent  out  skirmishers  to  "  feel  the  en- 
emy," the  earth  was  shaken  with  a  .series  of  ex- 
plosions, and  dense  col  minis  of  smoke  arose  above 
the  town.  There  was  no  enemy  to  "  feel;"  Beau- 
regard had  evacuated  Corinth  during  the  night, 
burned  and  blown  up  w  hatever  of  stores  he  could 
not  carry  away,  anil  lied  in  haste  to  Tupelo, 
many  miles  southward  from  Corinth,  where  he 
left  General  Bragg  in  command  of  the  Confed- 
erate forces  (now  called  the  Army  of  the,  Mis- 
sissippi), awl  repaired  to  Mineral  Springs,  in  Al- 
abama, for  the-  restoration  of  his  impaired  health. 
Balleck  took  possession  "l(  '.ninth, and  was  soon 

afterwards  called  to  Washington,  to  perform  the 
duties  ofgeneral-in-chief  of  all  the  armies  of  the 
Republic.  He  left  General  Thomas  in  command 
at  Coriuth,  and  General  Grant,  of  his  old  army, 
with  enlarged  powers. 

Corn  a  Legal  Tender.  On  Oct.  13,  1631,  In- 
dian corn  was  made,  by  act  of  the  Court  of  As- 
sistants (which  Bee),  a  legal  tender  in  payment 
of  all  debts  in  the  Colony  id'  Massachusetts  Bay, 
at  thi'  usual  rates  for  which  it  was  sold,  unless 
money  or  beaver  was  expressly  named  in  the 
contract.  At  that  time  coin  was  worth  |2.90 
a  "strike"  (four  bushels),  and  beaver  |1  :'•'-'  B 
BOnnd.  A  milch  cow  was  then  \  allied  at  from 
$1*25  to  $150. 

Cornbury,  LORD  (  Edward  Hyde  ),  misgov- 
erned New  Vol  k  and  New  Jersey  a  few  years, 
and  died  in  Condon.  April  I.  17'2:t.      He  came  to 

the  province  as  governor  In  17< ►_*,  when  he  was 
Sir  Edward  Hyde,  grandson  of  the  ftrsl  Earl  of 
Clarendon,  and   nephew,  by  maniage,  of  .James 

II.     He  was  on.'  of  the  officers  oi  that  monarch's 

household,  and  was  the  first   to  desert   linn  anil 

go  iivcr  to  the  Prince  of  Orange,  who  became 
William  III.  of  England.  Grateful  for  this  act, 
William  made  him  governor  of  the  united  prov- 
isoes  of  New    York    and    New    Jersey.       lie    was 

cordially  and  generously  received.  The  A  mom- 
bly.  which  was  larger]  "  I.eislenan  "  in  its  polit- 
ical composition  (see  BeUomont),  and  claimed 
Hyde  as  a  friend,  voted  him  a  double  salary,  a 
disbursement  of  the  expenses  <«f  his  voyage,  and 
a  reversion  of  seven  years.  A  public  dinner  was 
given  him,  and  the  freedom  of  the  city  in  a  gold 
box.  His  suite,  the  soldiers  of  the  gai  l  ison,  and 
all  citizens  unable  to  purchase  their  freedom, 
were  made  freemen,  with  rights  of  suffrage, 
trade,  and  of  holding  office.  This  generOOS  re- 
ception was  illy  requited.  In  debt  when  he 
came,  and  rapacious  and  bigoted,  he  plundered 
the  public  treasury, involved  himself  in  private 
debts,  and  opposed  every  effort  on  the  pari  of 

the  lepiesentat  Ives  of  t  he  people  for  tin-  seen  I  II  \ 
of  then  lights  and  the  growth  of  free  institu- 
tions. When  the  yellow  fever  appeared  in  New 
York,  in  1703,  he  retired  to  Jamaica.  I..  I.,  and 
the  bes|   house  in  the  place  happening  to  belling 

to  the  Presbyterian  minister,  he  requested  to 

bare  it  vacated  for  his  accommodation.  In- 
Htead  of  returning  it  to  the  owner,  be  made  it 
over  to  the  episcopal  party.  His  conduct  as 
ruh-r  of  New  Jersej  was  eqnallj  reprehensible, 


where  there  were  three  religious  factions — Qua- 
kers, Episcopalians,  and  Presbyterians  and  Con- 
gregationalists — to  either  of  which  the  governor 
seemed  willing  to  sell  himself.  The  Assembly 
adopted  a  pungent  address,  which  was  read  to 
Cornbury  by  the  speaker,  in  which  he  was  di- 
rectly accused,  among  other  things,  of  being  an 
extortioner  and  "the  merchandise  of  faction." 
Finally,  such  representations  went  from  both 
provinces  to  the  Board  of  Trade  that  Queen 
Anne  removed  him  (1708),  though  lie  was  her 
cousin.  Then  his  creditors  threw  him  into  pris- 
on, from  which  be  was  released  by  accession  to 
the  peerage  on  the  death  of  his  father,  when  he 
returned  to  England  and  became  Earl  of  Claren- 
don. His  official  course  ben  was  distinguished 
for  intolerance,  licentiousness,  dishonesty,  and 
misrule. 

Cornell,  Ezra,  founder  of  the  Cornell   Fni- 
ive  for  the  establishment  of  that  insti- 
tution ^"«H>,000.     He  subsequently  gave  more 
than  two  hundred  acres  of  land,  with  buildings, 

as  a  site  fur  the  university  and  as  a  farm  for 
the  use  of  the  institution.  He  also  gave,  be- 
sides, \  arions  donations  to  the  amount  of  nearly 
|120,000.  (See  UmfnUf,  Cornell.)  Mr.  Corueil 
died  at  Ithaca.  Fee. 'J,  IK  1. 

Corner-stone  of  the  Confederacy.  Alex- 
ander II.  Stephens,  who  was  made  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  Southern  Confederacy  (February, 
1861  I,  assumed  the  character  of  expounder  of 
the  structure  and  principles  of  the  new  govern- 
ment. He  made  the  occasion  of  a  speech  to  the 
citizens  of  Savannah  (.Match  SI,  1861  |  the  op- 
portunity for  giving  such  exposition  to  the 
world.  He  declared  that  the  immediate  cause 
of  the  existing  trouble  was  All  nan  slavery  in 
the  United  States.  He  believed  Jefferson  and 
his  compeers,  in  the  Revolutionary  era,  did  not 
understand    the    true    moral    status    of  slavery. 

••Most  of  the  leaders,  at  the  time  of  the  forma- 
tion of  the  old  Constitution."  he  said,  "enter- 
tained the  erroneous  idea  that  'the  enslave- 
ment of  tin'  African  was  in  violation  of  the  laws 
of  nature;  that  it  was  wrong  in  principle,  so- 
cially, morally,  and  politically;'  that  tiny  er- 
roneously believed  that,  •  in  the  older  of  Prov- 
idence, the  institution  would  be  evanescent,  ami 
pass  away.'  This  was  the  idea  of  the  fathers, 
who  rested  upon  the  false  assumption  put  forth 

in  the   Declaration  of  Independence,  thai  'all 

men  are  created  equal.'  Our  new"  govern- 
ment,'1 said  Stephens,  ••  is  founded  upon  exactly 
thi'  opposite  idea:  its  foundations  are  laid,  its 
corner-stone  rests,  upon  the  great  truth  that 
the  DOgrO  is  not  equal  to  the  white  man:  that 
slavery-subordination  to  the  superior  race  is  his 
natural  and  normal  condition.  This,  our  new 
government,  is  the  fust  in  the  history  of  the 
world  based  upon  this  great  physical  and  moral 
truth.  This  truth  has  been  slow  in  the  process 
of  development.  It  has  been  so  even  among  us. 
Many  who  hear  me,  perhaps,  can  recollect  well 
that  this  truth  was  not  generally  admitted  e\en 
within  their  day.  The  errors  of  the  past  gen- 
eration still  clung  to  many  as  late  as  twenty 
...  It    is  upon  this  truth,  as  I   have 


CORNPEANTER 


330 


CORXWALLIS 


stated,  our  actual  fabric  is  firmly  planted  ;  and 
I  cannot  permit  myself  to  doubt  the  ultimate 
success  of  a  full  reoognitioD  of  this  priuciple 
throughout  the  civilized  world.-' 

Complanter,  THE,  an  eminent  Seneca  chief, 
was  horn  at  Conewaugo,  on  the  Genesee  Riv- 
er; died  at  the  Seneca  Reservation.  Peim..  Feb. 
17.  1836, aged  about  one  hundred  years.  He  was 
a  half-breed, the  son  of  an  Indian  trader  named 
John  O'Bail.  He  led  Indian  allies  with  the 
French  against  the  English:  was  in  The  battle 
of  Monoilgahela  ( which  see);  and.  joining  the 
British  iu  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  led  de- 
stroyers of  the  settlements  in  New  York  and 
northern  Pennsylvania.  An  inveterate  foe  of 
the  Americans  during  the  war.  he  was  their  firm 
friend  afterwards.  He  was  an  earnest  promoter 
of  temperance  among  his  people.  In  his  later 
years  he  cultivated  a  farm  on  the  Alleghany 
River. 

Cornwall  County.  Andros.  governor  of  New 
York  in  1674,  succeeded  in  establishing  Date]] 
rule  over  the  country  between  the  Penobscot 
and  the  Kennebec.  He  built  a  fort  there,  and 
a  few  Dutch  settlers  established  themselves 
on  the  coast.  He  named  the  district  Corn- 
wall Countv,  as  a  part  of  the  domain  of  New 
York. 

Comwallis  abandons  the  South.  After  the 
battle  at  Guilford  (which  see),  in  which  Corn- 
wallis's  army  was  terribly  shattered,  be  hasten- 
ed for  the  borders  of  the  sea.  At  Wilmington, 
N.C.,  he  was  met  by  a  party  from  Charleston, 
sent  by  his  orders.  He  dared  not  attempt  to 
move  back  into  South  Carolina,  for  the  patriots 
there  were  fully  aroused,  and  Greene  was  keenly 
watching  his  movements  in  North  Carolina.  So 
he  resolved  to  abandon  the  Carolinas  ami  pene- 
trate into  Virginia,  at  the  same  time  writing  to 
Geruiaine,  who  had  given  him  his  entire  confi- 
dence,"] cannot  help  expressing  my  wish  that 
the  Chesapeake  may  become  the  seat  of  war, 
even,  if  necessary,  at  the  expense  of  abandoning 
New  York."  Without  waiting  for  an  answer, 
he  left  Wilmington  for  Virginia,  late  in  Apiil. 
with  14:S.">  men.  Iu  the  vicinity  of  the  Chesa- 
peake the  army  of  Cornwallis  became  prisoners 

of  war.     (See  Cornwallie,  Surrender  of) 

Cornwallis  at  Yorktown.  A  few  days  after 
be  reached  Williamsburg,  Cornwallis  received 
an  order  from  Sir  Henry  Clinton  to  send  three 
thousand  of  his  troops  to  New  York,  then  men- 
aced by  the  allied  (Americana  and  French)  ar- 
3ee  lii>< ■IuiihIh an  on  the  Budeem.)  Clin- 
ton also  directed  the  earl  to  take  a  defensive 
position  in  Virginia.  Satisfied  that  after  lie 
abenld  Bend  away  ao  large  a  part  of  his  army 

he  could  not  cope  with  Lafayette  and  his  asso- 
eiates.  Cornwallis  determined  to  cross  the. lames 
River  and  make  his  way  to  Portsmouth.  This 
movement  was  hastened  by  the  boldness  oftb< 
republican  troops,  w  ho  were  pressing  close  upon 
him, showing  inaoh  itrengtu  and  great  aeth  ity. 

On  July  6  a  detachment    sent   out   by  Wayne  to 

capture  a  British  field-pieoa  boldly  resisted  a 
large  norUou  of  Cornwallia'a  army,  aa  the  for- 
mer fell  book  to  Lafiiyotttt'a  mam  aiiin  MM  the 


Greene  Spring  Plantation  (see  Berkeley,  William), 
where  a  sharp  skirmish  occurred,  in  which  the 
marquis  had  a  horse  shot  under  him  and  each 
party  lost  about  one  hundred  men.  Cornwallis 
then  hastened  across  the  .lames  (July  9)  and 
inarched  to  Portsmouth.  Disliking  that  situa- 
tion, the  carl  proceeded  to  Yorktown,  on  the 
York  River,  and  on  a  high  and  healthful  plain 
he  established  a  fortified  camp.  At  Gloucester 
Point,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  be  cast 
up  strong  military  works. 

Cornwallis,  Charles,  earl  and  marquis,  was 
born  Dec.  31,  1738;  died  at  Ghazipoor,  India, 
Oct.  5,  1805.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
Cambridge,  and  entered  the  army  as  captain 
when  twenty  years  of  age.     Iu  the  House  of 


CHARLES   CORNWALLIS.       (K 


an  English  Print.) 


Lords  he  opposed  the  measures  tbat  caused  the 
war  with  the  Americans;  yet  be  accepted  the 
commission  of  major-general  and  the  command 
of  an  expedition  against  the  Carolinas  under 
Sir  Fetal  Tarker  in  177ti.  He  commanded  the 
reserves  of  the  British  in  the  battle  on  Long 
bland  which  see)  in  August;  was  ontgener- 
alled  b.\  Washington  at  Princeton  (which  see); 
was  with  Howe  on  the  Brandywine  and  in  the 
capture  of  Philadelphia,  when  he  returned  to 
England,  bat  soon  came  back;  was  at  the  capt- 
ure of  Charleston  (which  see)  in  May,  17-o:  was 
commander  of  the  British  troops  hi  th«'  Caroli- 
nas  that  year;  defeated  t.ates  pear  Camden  in 
Aagnat :  fonghl  Greene  at  Guilford  Court-boose 
early  in  17-1 ;  invaded  Virginia, and  finally  took 
post  at  and  fortified  Yorktown, on  the  fork  Biv- 

er,  and  there  surrendered  his  army  to  the  A r- 

ican  and  Freuob  tones  in  October,  l T  —  i  Bet 
Cormnillix.  Siiiremler  of.)       lie    was    appointed 

governor -general  and  commander-in-chief  in 

India  in  1786;  and  u;is  victorious  in  war  then 
in  IT'.M  '.».'.  compelling  Tippoo  Saib  to  cede,  as 

the  price  of  peace,  hall  Ins  dominions  to  the 
British    crown.       He    icturiicd    to    England    in 


CORNWALLIS  DECEIVED  3 

1793;  was  created  a  marquis;  and  appointed 
lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland  in  1798.  He  nego- 
tiated the  Treaty  of  Amiens  in  1802,  and  was 
governor-general  (if  India  in  l-""'. 

Cornwallis  Deceived.  The  success  of  Corn- 
Wallifl  in  awiug  the  i "habitants  of  Smith  Caro- 
lina into  passive  obedience  gained  him  hosts  of 
admirers  and  flatterers.  Secretary  Germaine  was 
delighted  with  his  prowess,  and  Governor  Mar- 
tin, of  North  Carolina,  flattered  him  with  prom- 
ises thai  his  presence  there  would  produce  ab- 
ject  submission  everywhere  in  the  state.  He 
aeoepted  the  suggestions  of  Martin  and  Tarle- 

ton  that  severity,  so  freely  used  in  South  Caro- 
lina, was  the  ferae  method  to  be  employed.  He 
then  lore,  when  he  was  alioiit  to  march  into 
North    Carolina    to   crash   out    republicanism 

there,  issued  orders  that  every  militia-man  who 
had  home  aims  with  the  British,  even  under 
compulsion,  and  had  afterwards  joined  the 
Americans,  should  be  instantly  hanged.  He 
set  up  a  gallows  at  Camden  for  the  indiscrimi- 
nate execution  of  those  among  his  prisoners 
who  had  formerly  given  their  parole,  even  if  it 
had  been  faithfully  kept  until  it  was  cancelled 
by  the  proclamation  of  Clinton.  I'ndcr  these 
and  other  cruel  orders  the  destruction  of  life 
and  property  became  fearful.  'With  the  mis- 
taken idea  that  this  was  the  lust  method  to  put 

down  the  rebellion, and  with  the  assurance  that 

loyalty  was  the  rules >-  the  people  of  North 

Carolina, Cornwallis  penetrated  that  state,  but 
to  soon  discover  thai  he  had  been  egregiously 
deceived.  His  ruthless  administration  and  bad 
faith  towards  the  paroled  prisoners  at  Charles- 
ton i see  Gadsden, Ckrittopher)  were  approved  by 
Gerinaine  in  beat  tj  terms. 

Cornwallis,  EFFECT  OP  THH  SURBKNDI  i:  OF, 
in  England.  News  of  the  surrender,  which 
reached  Eugland,  by  way  of  France,  Nov.  25, 
1781, gave  a  stunning  blow  to  the  British  iniu- 
isti\  and  the  lory  party  in  Great  Britain.  It 
was  clearly  perceived  that  final  disseverance  of 

the  colonies  from  the  mother  country  was  inev- 
itable; that  war  could  no  longer  serve  a  ns.  tul 
purpose,  and  that  humanity  and  sound  policy 
counselled  peace.      The   king  and  his  ministers 

were  astounded.  "Lord  North  received  the  in- 
telligence," said  Lord  George  Germaiue,"as  he 
would  have  takeu  a  oaunou-ball  in  his  breast; 

for  he  opened  his  arms,  exelaimin-  wildly  as  he 
paced  up  and  down  the  apartment  a  few  min- 
utes. •<)  Godl  it  is  all  over."'  In  deepest  con- 
sternation, he  repeated  these  words  many  times. 
The  stubborn  king  was  amazed  and  struck  dumb 
lor  a  tew  minutes;  then,  recovering  his  equa- 
nimity, he  wrote,  in  view  of  a  proposition  in  the 
Parliament  to  give  up  the  contest  and  allow 
the  Independence  of  the  colonies, "No  difficul- 
ties can  gel  me  to  consent  to  the  getting  id' 
peace  at  the  expense  of  a  separation  from  Amer- 
ica." The  city  of  London  petitioned  the  king 
to  "put  an  end  to  the  unnatural  and  unfortu- 
nate win;''  and  in  Parliament  a  great  change 
in  sentiment  was  immediately  visible.     Lots  in 

February, General  Conway  moved  an  address  to 
the  kin-  iii  favor  of  peace.     A  warm  debate  cu- 


ll CORNWALLIS  IN  NEW  JERSEY 

sued.  Lord  North  defended  the  royal  policy, 
because  it  maintained  British  rights  and  was 
just.  "Good  Godl"  exclaimed  Burke,  "are  we 
yet  to  he  told  of  the  rights  for  which  we  went 
to  war?  O  excellent  rights!  0  valuable  rights! 
Valuable  you  should  he,  for  we  have  paid  dear 
in  parting  with  you.  O  valuable  rights!  that. 
have  cost  Britain  thirteen  provinces,  four  isl- 
ands, one  hundred  thousand  men,  and  more 
than  £70,000,000  ($350,000,000)  of  money."  At 
the  hegiuuiug  id'  March  Conway's  proposition 
was  adopted.  Lord  North,  who,  under  the  in- 
spiration of  the  king,  had  misled  the  nation  for 
twelve  years,  was  relieved  from  office,  ami  he 
and  his  fellow  -  ministers  were  succeeded  by 
friends  of  peace.  The  kin-  stormed,  but  was 
compelled  to  yield.  Parliament  resolved  to 
end  the  war,  and  the  king  acquiesced  with  re- 
luctance. Early  in  Maj  I  1782  i  8ii  Guy  Carle- 
ton  arrived  in  New  York,  heating  propositions 

to  Con-rcss  for  lcconcilial  ion,  anil  Richard  Os- 
wald, a  London  merchant,  was  sent  to  Paris  as 
a  diplomatic  agent  to  confer  with  Franklin  ou 
the  subject  of  a  treaty  of  peace. 

Cornwallis,  FlRSI    Mini  m:y  MOVEMENT  of, 
ix  America.     Sir  Henry  Clinton  waited  long 

on  the  Cape  I'ear  River  for  the  arrival  of  Sir 
Peter  Parker's  fleet  with  Cornwallis  and  a  rein- 
forcement of  troops.  They  came  carls  in  May 
(1776),  aud  soon  prepared  to  make  an  attack  on 

Charleston.  Clinton  received,  by  the  fleet,  in- 
structions from  his  king  to  issue  a  proclama- 
tion of  pardon  to  ••all  hut  principal  iustigators 
and  abettors  of  the  rebellion,  to  dissolve  the 

provincial  congresses  and  commit  tecs  of  safety, 

to  restore  the  administration  of  justice,  aud  to 

arrest  the  persons  and  destroy  the  property  of 
all  who   should  refuse  to  give   sat  isfaeton    tests 

of  their  obedience."  He  was  expressly  ordered 
the  persons  and  destroy  the  property 
of  persistent  rebels  whenever  it  could  be  done 
with  effect."  When  the  British  forces  were 
about  to  have  the  North  Carolina  coast,  Clinton 

sent  Lord  Cornwallis,  at  the  instigation  of  Gov- 
ernor Martin,  to  burn  the  house  of  Hooper,  a 

dele-ate  iii  the  Continental  Congress,  and  to 
hum  and  ravage  the  plantation  of  General 
Robert  Howe.  Cornwallis  landed  in  Bruns- 
wick County  with  about  nine  hundred  men, 
and  proceeded  to  his  assigned  work.  In  this 
iguoble  expedition — his  first  in  America — ho 
lost    two    men    killed    and    one    taken    prisoner. 

Clinton,  in  a  proclamation  (May 6), invited  the 
people  to  ••  appease  the  vengeance  of  an  incensed 
nation"  by  submission,  and  offered  pardon  to 
all,  excepting  General  Howe  and  Cornelius  Har- 
nett. 

Cornwallis   in    New   Jersey.      Howe   sent 
Cornwallis  (November,  1777)  with  a  strong  body 

of  troops,  by  way  of  Chester,  to   BilliugSport  to 

clear  the  New  Jersey  banks  of  the  Delaware. 
Washington  immediately  sent  Genera]  Greene 

with  a  division  across  the  river  to  oppose  the 
movement.  Cornwallis  was  reinforced  by  live 
British  battalions  from  New  York,  while  ex- 
pected reinforce its  from  the  northern  army 

were    si  ill    delayed    through    the    bad    conduct 


CORNWALLIS  IN  SOUTH  CAROLINA     332  CORNWALLIS,  SURRENDER  OF 


of  General  Gates.  The  consequence  was  the 
forced  abandonment  of  Fort  Mercer,  at  Red 
Bank  (which  see)  and  the  levelliug  of  its  ram- 
parts by  the  British  troops.  The  leaders  of 
both  armies  recrossed  the  Delaware,  Cornwallis 
to  Philadelphia  aud  Greene  to  the  camp  of 
Washington. 

Cornwallis  in  South  Carolina.  Lord  Corn- 
wallis was  left  in  chief  command  of  about  four 
thousand  troops  when,  in  the  summer  of  1780, 
Sir  Henry  Clinton  departed  for  New  York.  The 
earl,  for  the  purpose  of  rooting  out  all  signs  of 
rebellion,  sought,  by  cruel  acts,  to  completely 
subdue  the  people  through  fear.  He  issued 
proclamations  and  instructions  which  encour- 
aged hostility  towards  every  patriot ;  and  under 
these  instructions  his  agents  and  the  Tories  com- 
mitted many  crimes.  Tarleton  and  his  legion 
spread  terror  in  many  districts.  A  quartermas- 
ter of  his  command  entered  the  house  of  Samuel 
Wyley,  near  Camden,  and  cut  him  in  pieces  with 
his  sword,  because  he  had  served  as  a  volunteer 
iu  defence  of  Charleston.  Because  the  Presby- 
terians generally  supported  the  American  cause, 
they  were  specially  singled  out  for  persecution. 
Huck,  a  captain  of  the  British  militia,  burned 
the  library  and  dwelling  of  a  Presbyterian  cler- 
gyman in  the  upper  part  of  South  Carolina  ;  and 
also  burned  every  Bible  in  which  the  Scottish 
translation  of  the  Psalms  was  found.  Prisoners 
who  had  been  paroled  at  Charleston  were  sub- 
jects of  perpetual  persecution  under  the  im- 
mediate observation  of  Cornwallis,  unless  they 
would  exchange  their  paroles  for  oaths  of  alle- 
giance. An  active  officer  was  deputed  to  visit 
every  district  in  the  state,  and  procure,  on  the 
spot,  lists  of  its  militia.  Any  Carolinian  there- 
after taken  in  arms  might  be  sentenced  to 
death  for  desertion  and  "  bearing  arms  against 
his  couutry."  Cornwallis  never  regarded  a  de- 
serter, or  any  whom  a  court-martial  sentenced 
to  death,  as  an  object  of  mercy.  His  lieutenant, 
Lord  Kawdon,  was  particularly  hard  on  desert- 
ers from  his  Irish  regiment.  "  I  will  give  the 
inhabitants,"  he  proclaimed,  "ten  guineas  for 
the  head  of  any  deserter  belonging  to  the  vol- 
unteers of  Ireland,  and  live  guineas  only  if  they 
bring  him  in  alive."  To  punish  Sumter,  who 
had  commanded  a  Continental  regiment,  a  Brit- 
ish detachment  turned  his  wife  out  of  doors  and 
burned  his  dwelling-house.  These  proceedings, 
and  others  equally  atrocious,  were  approved  by 
Cornwallis,  who  tried  to  crush  out  every  vestige 
of  independence  in  the  state  by  requiring  every 
able-bodied  man  to  join  the  British  army  and 
take  an  active  part  in  the  re-estaldisliinent  of 
royal  rule.  All  who  refused  were  treated  M 
••rebels"  Then,  under  instructions  from  Min- 
i-tei  Germaiue,  lie  determined  to  establish  a 
system  of  terrorism  that  should  wipe  out  every 
semblance  of  revolt  in  that  state  He  put  mil- 
itary despotism  in  the  place  of  civil  law.  He 
ordered  all  militia-men  who  had  seised  in  loy- 

ftlisl  Corps  and   were   afterwards  found  in   arms 

against  the  kiug  to  be  hanged  without  mere]  : 

ami  in   this  wax    man\    perished.       He   gaV6  ToTJ 

leaders  full  license  to  execute  these  onleis.  and 

hiHtaiith    Borders    and    plunderluga    and    tin' 


scourge  of  the  torch  everywhere  prevailed^ 
Property  was  wantonly  destroyed  by  fire  ami 
violence ;  the  chastity  of  women  was  set  at 
naught;  and  Whigs,  both  men  and  women,  cul- 
tivated and  tenderly  reared,  were  treated  by 
the  ravenous  Tory  wolves  as  legitimate  prey  to 
their  worst  passions.  These  measures  created 
revolt  and  a  thirst  for  vengeance,  and  when 
the  partisan  leaders  appeared  they  instantly 
found  hundreds  of  followers.  Cornwallis  soon 
found  South  Carolina  too  hot  for  him,  and  lie 
was  driven  through  North  Carolina  into  Vir- 
ginia. 

Cornwallis  Leaves  the  Carolina*  After 
the  battle  at  Guilford  Court-house  (which  see), 
Cornwallis  marched  towards  the  seaboard,  sat- 
isfied that  he  could  no  longer  hold  the  Carol  i- 
nas.  He  arrived  at  Wilmington  April  7.  1781, 
then  garrisoned  by  a  small  force  tinder  Major 
Craig,  where  he  remained  long  enough  to  rest 
and  recruit  his  shattered  army.  Apprised  of 
Greene's  march  on  Camden,  and  hoping  to  draw 
him  away  from  Lord  Kawdon,  the  earl  inarched 
into  Virginia  and  joined  the  forces  of  Phillips 
and  Arnold  at  Petersburg.  So  ended  British 
rule  in  the  Carolinas  forever.  He  left  Wil- 
mington April  25,  crossed  the  Roanoke  at  Hali- 
fax, and  reached  Petersburg  May  20.  Four  days 
afterwards  he  entered  upon  his  destructive  ca- 
reer in  that  state.     (See  Virginia,  Invasion  of.) 

Cornwallis;  SUBBKNDKR  or,  at  Yorktowx. 
Finding  escape  impossible,  and  further  resist- 
ance futile,  Cornwallis  sent  a  flag  to  Washing- 
ton, with  a  request  that  hostilities  should  be 
suspended  for  twenty-four  hours,  and  that  com- 
missioners should  be  appointed  on  both  sides  to 
meet  at  Mrs.  Moore's  house,  on  the  right  of  the 


MOORE'S   ""I  SB. 


American  lines,  to  arrange  terms  for  the  surren- 
der of  the  post  and  the  British  army.  Commis- 
sioners were  accordingly  appointed,  the  Ameri- 
cans being  Colonel  John  Laurens  ami  Viscount 
de  Noailles  ta  kinsman  of  Lafayette),  and  the 
British  Lieutenant  -colonel  Dundas  and  Major 
Boat.  The  barms  agreed  npoa  were  honorable 
to  both  parties, and  were  signed  on  the  19th  of 
October,  1781.  They  provided  for  the  surrender 
of  Cornwallis  as  a  prisoner  of  war,  with  all  his 
troops,  ami  all  public   property  as  spoils  of  \  ic- 


CORNWALLIS,  SURRENDER  OF    333    COBNWALLIS,  SURRENDER  OF 


Unj,     All  slaves  and  plunder  found  In  pome*-  Snob  were  tlie  general  term*;  bnt  Oomwallis 

sii.ii  ofthe  British  might  be  reclaimed  by  their  was  allowed  to  tend  away  persons  moat  obnox- 

ewnera;  otherwise  private  propertj  waa  to  '»•  inns  to  the  Wblga  In  the  vessel  that  carried 

napeeted.      The  loyalist!  were  abandoned  to  despatches  to  Clinton.     Late  in  the  afternoon, 

the  merey  or  reaeutinenl  of  their  oonutrymen.  Oct.  19,  the  surrender  of  the  British  troops  took 


CORNWALLIS'S  COMPLAINTS 


334 


CORTEREAL 


]>laco.  Washington  and  Rochambcau  were  at 
the  head  of  their  respective  troops,  on  horse- 
back. The  field  of  surrender  was  about  half  a 
mile  from  the  British  lines.  A  vast  multitude 
of  people,  equal  in  numbers  to  the  troops  to  be 
humiliated,  was  present  at  the  impressive  oer- 
emony.  Coruwallis,  it  was  said,  feigned  sick- 
ness, and  did  not  appear,  but  sent  his  sword  by 
General  O'Hara  to  act  as  his  representative. 
That  officer  led  the  vanquished  troops  out  of 
their  intrenchments,  with  their  colors  cased, 
and  inarched  them  between  the  two  columns 
of  the  allied  forces.  When  he  arrived  at  their 
head  he  approached  Washington  to  hand  linn 
the  earl's  sword,  when  the  commander-in-chief 
directed  him  to  General  Lincoln'  as  his  repre- 
sentative. It  was  a  proud  moment  for  Lincoln, 
who,  the  previous  year,  had  been  compelled  to 
make  a  humiliating  surrender  to  the  royal  troops 
at  Charleston.  He  led  the  vanquished  army  to 
the  place  chosen  for  the  surrender  of  their  arms, 
and  then  received  from  O'Hara  the  sword  of 
Cornwallis,  which  was  politely  returned  to  him 
to  be  restored  to  the  earl.  The  surrender  of 
the  colors  of  the  vanquished  army, twenty-eight 
in  number,  now  took  place.  Twenty-eight  Brit- 
ish captains,  each  bearing  a  Hag  in  a  case,  were 
drawn  up  in  line.  Opposite  to  them,  at  a  dis- 
tance of  six  paces,  twenty-eight  American  ser- 
geants were  placed  in  line  to  receive  the  colors. 
The  interesting  ceremony  was  conducted  by  an 
ensign  (Robert  Wilson),  then  only  eighteen  years 
of  age.  The  troops  then  laid  down  their  arms. 
The  whole  number  surrendered  was  about  7000. 
To  these  must  be  added  2000  sailors,  1800  ne- 
groes, and  1500  Tories,  making  the  total  number 
of  prisoners  12,000.  The  British  lost,  in  killed, 
wounded,  and  missing,  during  the  siege  550  men. 
The  Americans  lost  about  300.  The  spoils  were 
neatly  8000  muskets,  75  brass  and  100  iron  can- 
nons, and  a  large  quantity  of  munitions  of  war 
and  military  stores.  The  French  furnished  for 
gaining  this  victory  37  ships  of  the  line  and  70(H) 
men.  The  Americans  furnished  9000  troops,  of 
which  number  551X1  were  regulars.  On  the  day 
after  the  surrender  Washington,  in  general  or- 
ders, expressed  full  approbation  of  the  conduct 
of  the  allied  armies:  anil,  that  every  soldier 
might  participate  in  the  general  joy  and  thanks- 
giving, he  ordered  every  one  under  arrest  or  in 
confinement  to  beset  at  liberty;  and,  as  the  fol- 
lowing day  would  be  the  Sabbath,  lie  closed  his 
orders  by  directing  divine  service  to  be  per- 
formed in  the  several  brigades  on  the  morrow. 

Comwallis's  Complaints  Answered.  When 
Qceene  waaal  charlotte,  on  his  way  to  take  com- 
mand of  the  Southern  army,  he  received  from 
Cornwallis  a  complaint  of  cruelty  on  the  part  of 
th«'  Americans  in  hanging  ten  Tories  on  a  tree 
after  the  battle  of  King's  .Mountain  (\\  hioh  see), 
ami  accompanied  the  complaint  with  n  threat  of 
retaliation.  Greene  answered  the  earl  by  send- 
ing him  a  list  of  about  fifty  patriots  who  had 

been  hanged  by  Cornwallis  himself  and  bj  oth- 
ers high  in  the  British  service,  and  called  on 
mankind  to  sit  in  judgment  on  the  savage  order 
nf  the  earl  to  Hall a  1 1  ir  I  he  act  ion  m  mi  Cam- 
den, on  Lord  Bawdon'i  proclamation,  and  on  the 


murderous  raids  of  Tarleton.  He  showed  that 
no  American  officer  in  his  department  ever  imi- 
tated the  cruelties  systematically  practised  by 
the  British.  Sumter  and  Marion  always  spared 
prisoners,  although  they  found  the  worst  of 
enemies  among  them  in  the  persons  of  Tories. 
Those  hanged  at  King's  Mountain  were  among 
the  worst  murderers  in  that  region. 

Coronado,  Fhaxcis  Vasquez  DE,  set  out  in 
1540.  by  command  of  Mendoza,  Viceroy  of  Mex- 
ico, from  Culiacan.on  the  southeast  coast  of  the 
Gulf  of  California,  with  350  Spaniards  and  BOO 
Indians,  to  explore  the  country  northward.  He 
followed  the  coast  nearly  to  the  head  of  the  gulf, 
and  then  penetrated  to  the  Gila,  in  the  present 
Arizona  Territory.  Following  that  stream  to  its 
head-waters,  they  crossed  the  great  hills  east- 
ward, to  the  upper  waters  of  the  Rio  Grande  del 
Norte,  which  he  followed  to  their  sources.  Then 
crossing  the  Rocky  Mountains,  he  traversed  the 
great  desert  northeastwardly  to  the  present 
states  of  Colorado  or  Kansas,  under  latitude  40 J 
north.  In  all  that  vast  region  he  found  little 
to  tempt  or  reward  a  conquest — rugged  moun- 
tains and  plains  and  a  few  Indian  villages  in  some 
of  the  valleys.  At  the  same  time  Francisco  Alar- 
con  was  sent  to  trace  the  Pacific  coast  in  search 
of  an  imagined  gulf  or  strait  ("Strait  of  Ameri- 
ca ")  leading  to  the  Atlantic.  He  penetrated  to 
latitude  36  north, in  the  present  California.  The 
failure  of  this. expedition  caused  another,  under 
Rodriguez  de  Cabrillo.     (See  CubriUo.) 

Coronation  of  Powhatan.  In  1608  Captain 
Newport  came  to  Virginia  with  presents  for  the 
Emperor  Powhatan.  Among  these  was  a  basin, 
a  ewer,  some  clothes,  and  a  crown  for  the  dusky 
monarcb,  with  orders  for  him  to  be  crowned. 
Captain  Smith  was  then  president  of  the  col- 
ony, and  he,  as  special  ambassador  of  the  King 
of  England,  summoned  the  emperor  to  James- 
town to  undergo  the  ceremony  of  coronation 
Powhatan,  with  dignity,  refuse. 1  to  go.  saying 
"  I  also  am  a  king  ;  and  if  the  King  of  England 
has  sent  me  gifts,  they  should  be  brought  to  me; 
I  shall  not  go  to  receive  them."  Newport  went 
to  Powhatan  with  the  gifts.  They  were  accept- 
ed; but  no  persuasions  could  induce  the  barbari- 
an monarch  to  kneel  to  receive  the  crown.  Only 
by  two  Englishmen  beating  down  heavily  upon 
his  shoulders  could  he  he  brought  to  a  position 
that  mighl  be  considered  as  kneeling  ;  and  so 
he  had  the  crown  placed  upon  his  head.  The 
act  finished,  a  pistol  was  tired,  and  w  BS  follow  ed 
by  a  volley  from  the  boats  in  the  York  Kivcr. 
Powhatan  was  startled  by  a  fear  of  treachery, 
hut  when  assured  that  all  was  right.be  accept- 
ed this  acknowledgment  of  his  royal  state,  and 
ga\  e  a  slight  present  to  be  conveyed  to  his  broth- 
er the  King  of  England. 

Cortereal,  Gaspkb,  a  Portuguese  navigator, 
was  born  in  Lisbon, and  died  in  1601,  lie  was 
in  the  sen  ice  of  the  King  of  Portugal  w  hen,  In 
L600,  he  left  the  mouth  ot  the  Tsgns  with  two 
ships  well  equipped  at  his  own  cost  and  pro- 
ceeded to  make  discoveries  in  the  Northwest. 
Cortereal  was  a  gentleman  of  enterprising  and 
determined  character,  who  had  been  reared  la 


CORTEZ  AND  NABYAEZ 


335     COST  OF  WARS  WITH  THE  INDIANS 


the  household  of  the  Portuguese  monarch  and 
had  an  ardent  thirst  for  glory.   He  first  touched, 

it  is  believed,  the  northern  shores  of  Newfound- 
land, discovered  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and 
sailed  along  the  coast  of  the  American  continent 
to  latitude  till  .  and  named  the  neighboring  coast 
Labrador.  Cabot  had  visited  that  coast  two 
years  before  (see  Cabot)  but  did  not  land;  Cor- 
tereal  landed  in  several  places,  and  gave  pure- 
ly Portuguese  names  to  localities.  The  natives 
appearing  to  him  rugged  and  Strong  and  capital 
material  for  slaves,  he  seized  fifty  of  them,  and, 
carrying  them  to  Portugal,  mads  a  profitable 

sale  of  his  captives.  The  protits  of  this  vovage 
excited   the  cupidity  of  Cortereal  anil   his  kin;; 

(Emanuel  the  Great ),  ami  they  prepared  to  carry 
on  an  active  slave-trade  with  Labrador.  Cor- 
tereal went  on  a  second  voyage  in  1501,  but  was 
Supposed  to  have  been  lost  at  sea;  and  his  broth- 
er Michael,  w  ho  went  in  search  of  him.  was  never 
heard  of  afterwards.  An  expedition  sent  by  the 
kin;;  in  1503  found  no  trace  of  him.  The  com- 
mander of  one  of  the  vessels  seized  fifty-seven 

natives  as  si  avis,  but  most  of  them  wen-  lost  in 
tin-  ships.  The  kin;;  declared  that  Cortereal 
was  the  Brat  discoverer  of  the  American  conti- 
nent, and  he  caused  a  map  to  be  published  in 
[508,  in  which   the  coast    of   Labrador  is  called 

Tena  Corterealis,  or  Cortereal's  Land. 

Cortez  and  Narvaez.  Velasquez,  Governor 
of  Cuba,  sent  Pamphila  da  Narvaez  againal  Cor- 
tes, in  Mexico,  who  w  as  aetiug  independently  of 
his  superior.  Narvaez.  w  uli  a  fleet  and  army,  at- 
tempted to  take  Vera  Cms,  but  failed.  Leaving 
a  part  of  his  forces,  under  Alvarado,  in  Mexico, 
Cortez  marched  against  Narvaez,  attacked  and 

defeated   him.  and  compelled    his  nun    to  serve 

under  the  banner  of  the  conqueror  of  Mexico. 

Cortez,  lln:\vM><>.  was  born  at  Mcdellin, 
Kstreuiadura,  Spain,  in  I  !-.">.  of  a  good  family  : 
died  mar  Seville.  Dee. 8, 1547.  lie  studied  law- 
two  yean  in  Salamanca,  and  in  1504  sailed  from 
San  Lucar  for  Santo  Domingo  in  a  merchant  ves- 
sel. The  governor  received  him  kindly,  and  he 
was  soon    employed,  under   DiegO  VelasqUOZ,  in 

quelling  a  revolt.  In  1511  Diego  Columbus  (see 
Columbus),  governor  of  Santo  Domingo,  sent  Ve- 
lasquez to  conquer  ami  colonize  Cuba.     Cortez 

accompanied  him.  Santiago  was  founded,  and 
Cortez  was  made  alcalde,  or  mayor.  He  married 
a    Spanish    lady   and    employed    the    natives   in 

mining  gold,  treating  them  most  cruelly.  Velas- 
quez placed  him  at  the  head  of  an  expedition  to 
BOIiqneT  and  colonize  Mexico,  portions  of  which 
Cordova  and  Grijalva  had  just  discovered.  Be- 
fore he  sailed  Velasquez  countermanded  the  or- 
der, but  the  ambitious  Coltez,  disobedient. sailed 

lor  Mexico, in  1519,  with  ten  vessels, bearing 660 
Spaniards,  over  -2(mi  Indians,  a  few  negroes  and 
bursas,  and  sum,'  brasscannons      lie  landed  at 

Tobaseo,  where  he  fought  the  natives  and  heard 

of  Montezuma,  emperor  of  a  vast  domain,  pos- 
sessor  of  great  treasures,  and  living  in  a  city 
sailed  Mexico.    After  founding  Vera  Cruz,  Cor- 

tez  set  out  for  Montezuma's  capital.     Fighting 

his  way,  he  made  the  eoiupiered  nati\es  ,,«,, 
tlnii   vassalage  to  Spain  ami  become  his  follow- 


ers, and  in  November,  1519,  he  entered  the  city 
of  Mexico  with  a  handful  of  Spaniards  who  had 
Survived  the  battles,  and  six  thousand  native 
followers.  Montezuma  received  him  kindly. 
Cortez.  took  a  strong  position  in  the  city  and 
put  on  the  airs  of  a  conqueror  instead  of  a  guest. 
Some  of  the  irritated  Mexicans  attacked  the  in- 
vaders, when  Cortez,  making  that  a  pretext, 
seized  the  monarch  in  his  palace,  conveyed  him 
to  the  headquarters  of  the  troops,  and  threat- 
ened him  with  instant  death  if  he  did  not  quiet- 
ly submit.  Placing  the  emperor  in  irons.  Cortez 
caused  seventeen  of  the  men  w  ho  had  made  the 
attack   to   be   burned   to  death    in    front   of  the 

palace.  Then  Montezuma  was  compelled  to  ac- 
knowledge himself  and   his  subjectB  vassals  of 

Charles  Y.,  and  Cortez  forced  the  fallen  mon- 
arch to  give  him  gold  to  the  value  of  |10,000. 
Suddenly  startled  by  the  news  that  Narvaez 
(see  Narvam),  whom  Velasquez  had  sent  to  dis- 
place him,  had  landed  on  the  shores  of  Mexico 
with  900  men,  BO  horses,  and  a  dozen  cannons, 
Cortez.  leaving  900  men  in  Mexico,  hastened  to 
confront  his  rival  with  a  few  followers.  In  a 
battle  Narvaez  was  defeated.       The  vanquished 

troops  joined  the  standard  of  <  lortes,  «  ho  hast- 
ened back  to  Mexico.  The  people  had  revolted 
against  the  Spaniards.  The  captive  Montezu- 
ma tried  to  pacify  them,  but,  endeavoring  to  ad- 
dress them,  In-  was  assailed  by  a  mob  and  mor- 
tally wounded.  The  Spaniards  were  driven  out 
of  the  city;  their  rear-guard  was  cut  in  pieces, 
and  they  were  terribly  harassed   in  a  flight   for 

six  (lavs  before  tl xaspeiated  Mexicans.      On 

the  plain  of  Otompau  a  sharp  battle  w  as  fought 
(. I uly  7. 1530), and  Cortez  was  victor.  Marching  to 
Tlaseala,  he  collected  reinforcements  of  natives, 
inarched  upon  Mexico,  and  captured  the  city 
after   a   gallant   defence    of  seventy-seven   days, 

Aug.  13,  1521.     His  exploits  w  iped  out  the  stain 

of  his  disobedience,  and  he  was  made  civil  and 
military  ruler  of  Mexico,  and  a  marquis,  with  a 
handsome  revenue.  The  natives,  however,  were 
terribly  embittered  by  his  cruelties  and  his  zeal 
in  destrov  ing  their  idols,  for  he  resolved  to  force 
the  pagans  to  become  Christians.  They  revolt- 
ed again  and  again,  but  to  no  purpose,  for  the 
lire-amis  of  the  Spaniards  were  too  much  for 
legions  of  men  without  them.  Qnauhtemotsin, 
the  successor  of  Montezuma,  and  the  eleventh 

and  last  king  of  Mexico,  was  cruelly  put  to 
death.  The  conquests  of  Coitea  created  jeal- 
ousies and  the  intliction  of  injuries  to  his  prop- 
erty and  good  name,  and  he  returned  to  Spain  in 
gresl  pomp  and  splendor  to  appeal  for  justice. 
The  monarch  received  him  cordially,  honored 
him  with  new  titles,  and  decorated  him  with 
orders.  Returning  to  Mexico,  Cortez  explored 
the  country  northward  ami  discovered  the  Gulf 
and  Peninsnla  of  California.  (See  California.) 
Watched  by  spies  sent  out  by  his  king, Cortez 
returned  to  Spain,  where  he  was  at  lirst  received 
with  coolness  and  was  afterwards  utterly  neg- 
lected,    lie  forced  his  way  to  the  presence  of  his 

king,  upbraided  him  for  ingratitude,  withdrew 
from  court,  and  died  in  comparative  obscurity 
at  the  age  of  sixty-three  years. 

Cost  of  Wais  with  the  Indians.     It  was 


COTTOX  IX  THE  UNITED  STATES      336 


estimated  in  1876  that  the  potentially  hostile 
tribes  numbered  about  sixty  -  four  thousand 
souls,  widely  scattered  over  a  vast  territory, 
making  war  with  them  extremely  costly  in  men 
and  money.  War  with  the  Clieyeuues  in  1864 
caused  about  eight  thousand  troops  to  be  taken 
from  the  armies  engaged  in  suppressing  the 
great  insurrection  to  tight  the  Indians.  Tbe 
result  of  the  year's  campaign  was  the  killing  of 
fifteen  or  twenty  of  the  barbarians,  at  a  cost  of 
about  $1,000,000  apiece,  while  hundreds  of  sol- 
diers lost  their  lives  and  many  border  settlers 
were  butchered.  Tbis  and  subsequent  wars  with 
tbe  Indians  have  cost  onr  government  over  $100,- 
000,000.  Methods  to  civilize  them,  founded  ou 
justice  and  right,  would  have  been  far  less  costly. 

Cotton  in  the  United  States.  Mention  is 
made  of  cotton  "planted  as  an  experiment"  in 
the  region  of  the  Caroliuas  so  early  as  16-21,  and 
its  limited  growth  there  is  noted  in  1666.  In 
1736  it  was  cultivated  in  gardens  as  far  north  as 
latitude  36°,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Maryland. 
Forty  years  later  it  was  cultivated  on  Cape  May. 
X.  J. ;  but  it  was  almost  unknown,  except  as  a 
garden  plant,  until  after  the  old  war  for  in- 
dependence. At  the  beginning  of  that  conflict 
General  Delagall  had  thirty  acres  under  culti- 
vation near  Savannah,  Ga.  In  1748  seven  bags 
cf  cotton-wool  were  exported  to  England  from 
Charleston,  S.  C,  valued  at  £3  11*.  M.  a  bag. 
There  were  two  or  three  other  small  shipments 
afterwards, before  the  war.  At  Liverpool  eight 
bags  shipped  from  the  Uuited  states  in  1784  were 
seized,  on  the  ground  that  so  much  cotton  could 
not  be  produced  in  the  United  States.  In  1786 
the  first  Sea  Island  cotton  was  raised,  oil'  the 
coast  of  Georgia,  and  its  exportation  began  in 
1788  by  Alexander  Bissell,  of  St.  Simon's  Island. 
The  seeds  were  obtained  from  the  Bahama  Isl- 
ands. The  first  successful  crop  of  this  variety 
was  raised  by  William  Elliott  ou  Hilton  Head 
Island,  in  1700.  It  has  always  commanded  a 
higher  price  on  account  of  its  being  more 
staple  than  any  other  variety.  In  1791  the 
cotton  crop  in  the  United  States  was  2,000,000 
pounds.  The  invention  and  introduction  of 
Whitney's  cotton-gin  (which  see  caused  a  sud- 
den and  enormous  increase  in  the  production  of 
cotton.  In  1801  the  cotton  crop  in  the  United 
States  was  48,000,000  pounds,  of  which  20,000,- 
000  pounds  were  exported.  The  increase  in  its 
production  was  greatly  accelerated,  and  the  prod- 
uct of  the  year  ending  in  June,  I860,ou  a  sur- 
face of  little  less  than  11,000  square  miles,  was 
«»\  Br  5,387,000  bales, or  over  2,500,000,000  pounds. 
The  value  of  tbe  cotton  crop  iu  171U  was  about 
|30,000;  of  that  of  1859-60— the  largest  crop  ever 
gathered  0,000.      The  annual  pro- 

duction of  cotton  in  the  United  States  was  less 
alter  I860.  The  Civil  War  Interfered  with  it  ; 
but  in  1-711  it  was  neatly  4,000,000  bales,  or 
about     1,-un. 0011. (MM)    pounds.      iTlte    U 

much  in  weight  in  different  years.)    Theootton- 

plant    holds   u   conspicuous    place    iu   OU    so,  i:il. 

commercial,  and  political  history. 

Cotton,  John,  was  one  of  the  Orel  ministers 
in  boston,  and  was  born  at  Derby,  Eng.,  Dec.  4, 


COUCH 

1585;  died  in  Boston,  Dec.  23, 1652.  About  the 
year  1612  he  became  minister  of  St.  Botolph's 
Church,  Boston,  Lincolnshire,  where  he  remain- 
ed, a  noted  preacher  and  controversialist  for  twen- 
ty years,  constantly  leaning  towards  Puritanism 
(which  see).  For  his  non-conformity  he  wascited 
to  appear  before  Archbishop  Laud,  when  he  fled 
to  America,  arriving  at  Boston  iu  September, 
1633.  He  was  soon  afterwards  ordained  a  col- 
league with  Mr.  Wilson  in  the  Boston  Church. 
His  ministry  there  for  nineteen  years  was  so  in- 
fluential that  he  has  been  called  ••  The  Patriarch 
of  New  England."  He  was  a  rirm  opponent  of 
Roger  Williams,  and  defended  the  authority  of 
ministers  and  magistrates.'  He  and  Davenport 
were  invited  to  assist  iu  the  assembly  of  divines 
at  Westminster  (w  hich  see),  but  were  dissuaded 
from  going  by  Hooker. 

Cotton  Loan.  The  government  of  the  "  Con- 
federate States  of  America"  issued  bonds  for 
money  loaned,  with  pledges  of  cotton  as  securi- 
ty. Alexander  H.  Stephens  assumed  the  office 
of  expounding  the  principles,  intentions,  and  ef- 
fects of  this  Cotton  Loan.  The  object  was.  he 
said,  to  avoid  taxing  the  people.  "  If  we  do  not 
raise  money  by  loans,"  he  said,  iu  a  speech  to  a 
convention  of  cotton-growers  at  Augusta.  Ga., 
July  11.  1861,  "if  the  people  do  not  contribute, 
1  tell  you  we  intend  to  have  the  money,  and 
taxation  will  be  resorted  to  if  nothing  else  will 
raise  it.  Every  life  and  dollar  iu  the  country 
will  be  demanded  rather  than  you  and  every 
one  of  us  shall  be  overrun  by  the  enemy.  On 
that  you  may  count."  The  planters  well  knew 
what  his  demand  implied  :  to  refuse  to  subscribe 
to  the  loan  would  be  held  to  be  constructive 
treason  to  the  Confederacy.  Late  in  July  the 
Confederate  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  reported 
thai  $50,000,000  bad  been  subscribed  to  the  Cot- 
ton Loan.  The  bonds  bore  eight  per  cent,  inter- 
est, payable  semi-annually.  Stephens  declared 
thai  they  would  be  the  best  government  bonds 
in  the  world,  and  would  "doubtless  command 
fifteen  to  twenty  per  cent,  premium!"  Yet  he 
frankly  told  them,  what  came  to  pass,  that  if 
the  great  insurrection  should  fail,  "these  bonds 
will  not  be  worth  a  dollar."  Cotton  Loan  bonds, 
with  cotton  as  a  basis  of  security,  were  sold  in 
Europe  (mostly  in  England i  to  the  amount  of 
$15,000,000. 

Couch,  Daxrue  Nash,  was  born  in  Putnam 

County. N.  V..  Juh  23,1898;  graduated  at  West 
Point,  served  in  the  war  with  Mexico,  aided 
in  suppressing  the  last  outbreak  of  the  Semi- 
Doles,  and  resigned  iu  1*.V>.  In  January,  1861, 
while  residing  at  Taunton.  Mass..  he  was  com- 
missioned colonel  of  a  Massachusetts  regiment, 
and  made  a  major-general  of  Volunteers  in  Au- 
gust. He  commanded  a  division  in  General 
K,  |  ■?■  oorpa  in  i  If  battle  of  Pair  Oaks,  oi  Seven 
Pines (wbieb  see),  lb'  also  distinguished  him- 
self al  Williamsburg  and  at  Mahcrn  Hills,  an. I 
on  July  I.  1868,  was  promoted  to  major-general. 
Soon  after  his  good  service  at  Antictam  he  was 

put  in  com  maud  of  Sumner's  oorpa,  and  took  a 

prominent    part    in   battles  under   Hurnsidc  anil 

Hooker;  also  under  Thomas,  in  the  defeat  of 


COUNCIL  OF  PLYMOUTH 


:;.;; 


COURTING  THE  INDIAN? 


Hood  at  Nashville  (which  Bee),  ami  in  North 
Carolina  early  in  1885. 

Council  of  Plymouth,  THE.  After  the  depart- 
ure of  i  he  ••  Pilgrims"  fur  America,  a  new  (latent 
was  granted  (Nov, :'.,  1620)  to  the  North  Virginia 
Company,  the  Duke  of  Lennox,  the  Marquis- 
es of  Buckingham  and  Hamilton,  the  Earls  of 
Arundel  and  Warwick,  Sir  Feriliiianilo  Gorges, 
with  thirty-four  associates,  nod  their  successors, 
styling  them  "  The  Council  established  at  PI)  m- 
onth,  in  the  county  of  Devon,  for  the  plantiug, 
raliug,  ordering,  and  governing  of  New  Euglaud, 
in  America."  The  domain  embraced  in  the  terms 
of  this  patent  was  between  the  parallels  of  40 
and  46  north  latitude,  and  "in  length  by  all 
the  breadth  aforesaid  thronghoul  the  mainland 
from  sea  to  sea.''  Thai  domain  was  given  to  the 

company  as  absolute   property,  and   they    were 

empowered  i«>  exclude  all  from  trading  within 
the  boundaries  of  their  jurisdiction,  and  from 

fishing  in  the  neighboring  seas.  This  patent 
was  the  only  civil  basis  of  all  the  subsequeul 
patents,  which  divided  this  country  into  speci- 
fied domains. 

Council  of  the  Indies,  I'm:.     A  body  of  men 

appointed  by  the  Spanish  naroh,  who,  after 

the  discovery  of  America,  and  during  the  exist- 
ence of  Spain's  Immense  colonial  emp 
erned  colonial  affairs. 

Countervailing  Measures  1 1861 ).  In  retali- 
ation  tor  an   order   issued  bj    Chase,  the  lulled 

states  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  (Maj 
dtrectiug  all  officers  in  the  revenue  service  on 

the  northern  and  northwestern  waters  of  the 
Tinted  States  to  seize  and  detain  all  arms,  mu- 
nitions of  war,  provisions,  and  other  supplies  on 
the  way  tow  aids  states  in  which  insurrection 

m  other  WOrdS, establishing  blockades 

of  the  Mississippi  and  the  railways  leading  south 
from  Kentucky  the  Confederates  forbade  the 
exportation  of  raw  cotton  or  cot  ton  yarn,  except- 
ing through  seaports  of  the  Confederate  States. 

under  beavy  penalties.  Tiny  expected  thus  to 
strike  a  withering  blow  at  manufactures  in  the 
free-labor  states.     By  order  of  John  II.  Reagan, 

the  Confederate'  Postmaster-general,  and  as  an 
offset    to   the   older  of  the  National  l'ost  inastel - 

general  for  the  arrest  of  the  (Juited  states  postal 

service,  in  states  where  insurrection  existed,  af- 
ter Ma>  31, the  postniasten  in  those  states  were 
ordered  to  retain  m  their  possession,  after  June 
1,  "  for  the  benefit  of  the  Confederate  stales,  all 
nail-bags,  locks  and  keys,  marking  and  other 
stamps,"  and  "all  pri  perty  connected  with  the 
postal  sen  ice," 

Counties.  The  several  United  States  are  di- 
vided into  counties;  in  South  Carolina  called 
districts.  Several  hundred  years  ago  there  were 
huge  districts  of  country  in  England  ami  on  the 
Comment  governed  by  earls, who  wen',  however. 
subject  to  tin-  crown.   These  districts  were  called 

mini/if*,  aud   the    name  is   still    retained   even    in 

the  [Juited  states,  ami  indicates  oertain  judicial 

ami  other  jurisdiction.     The  Sax tqnivaleut 

for  county  was  nhiiT,  which  simply  means  divis- 
ion, and    was   not    applied   to    such  counties   as 

finally  distinct  sovereignties,  such  as 
I      » 


Kent.  Norfolk,  etc.  Thus  we  have  Lancashire 
ami  Yorkshire.  NowNetherlaud  (New  York)  was 
constituted  a  county  of  Holland,  having  all  the 
individual  privileges  appertaining  to  au  earl- 
dom, or  separate  government.  On  its  seal  ap- 
pears as  a  crest  to  tin-  arms  a  kind  of  cap  called 
a  coronet,  which  is  the  armorial  distinction  of  a 
count  or  earl. 

County  Courts  first  established  in  America. 
'fin'  extent  of  settlements  had  become  BO  great 
in  Virginia  in  1622  that  it  was  inconvenient  to 
bring  all  legal  causes  to  the  capital  at  .James- 
town, and  inferior  courts  were  appointed  in  con- 
venient places  to  relieve  the  governor  and  coun- 
cil (who  constituted  the  superior  judiciary )  of  a 
heavy  burden  of  business,  and  to  render  justice 
mote  accessible  and  less  expensive. 

County  Courts  in  Connecticut  In  May.  1666, 
the  General  Assembly  of  Connecticut  divided 
I  he  colony  ill  lo  four  count  ies  —  name  I  v .  Hartford, 
New  Haven.  New  London,  and  Fairfield,  and  es- 
tablished a  county  court  in  each. 

Courcelles,  M.  I).,  appointed  governor  of  Can- 
ada, arrived  in  l(>t'>.'>  with  a  regimen  I  of  soldiers 
and  many  families,  with  horses  (the  lirst  ever 
seen  in  Camilla),  cattle,  aud  sheep.  To  prevent 
the  irruptions  Of  the  Five  Nations  bj  way  of 
Lake  Chaniplain,  he  built  three  foils  between 
that  lake  and  the  mouth  of  the  Kichelicii,  or 
Sorel,  its  outlet. 

Court  of  Assistants,  Tut:.  This  was  com- 
posed of  a   prescribed  number  of  persona,  by 

whom  monthly  courts  were  held,  and  who,  with 
the  governor  and  deputy-governor,  managed  the 
affairs  of  the  government,  at  least  those  of  <  x- 
ecniive  routine.  The  assistants  were  mag- 
nates, and  were  elected  annually. 

Court  of  Chancery,  Tin:  FIRST,  ix  \i  w 
f*OBK.  Under  the  authority  of  the  Hoard  of 
Trade  ami  Plantations  (which  see),  the  Karl  of 
Helloinont,  governor  of  New  York,  set  up  a  court, 
of  chancery  in  that  province  in  1606,  hiin-i  11 
acting  as  judge. 

Courting  the  Indians.  The  British,  as  hos- 
tilities threatened  early  in  1T7.">,  endeav  ored  to 
secure  the  co-operation  of  the  Indians  against 
the  American  colonists.  Canadian  emissaries 
were  sent  among  the  northwestern  tribes  around 
the  npper  lakes  aud  in  t  he  Ohio  Valley.  (Juy 
Johnson,  Indian  agent  in  New  York,  carefully 
proceeded  to  reinov  e  American  missionaries  from 
iions.  The  colonists  took  immediate 
countervailing  measures.  The  good 
Wheelock  (see  Dartmouth  College)  sent,  as  the 
lirst  envoy  from  New  England,  t he  ardent  young 
preacher  James  Dean,  who  was  a  master  of  the 
language  of  the  Iroquois,  to  "  itinerate  a-  a  niis- 
Mimarv  among  the  tribes  in  Canada,  and  bright- 
en the  chain  of  friendship."  The  Provincial 
i  ongress  of  Massachusetts  sent  the  thoughtful 

and  pious  Kirklaml  to  the  Mohawks.  He  had 
lived  among  them  as  a  missionary,  and  was 
much  esteemed  by  them.  He  was  instructed  to 
persuade  thein  to  either  join  the  Americans  or 
remain  neutral.  The  same  Congress  voted  a 
blanket  and  a  ribbon  to  each  of  the  Indians  liv  - 


COYEXHOYEX  3 

ing  at  Stockbridge,  and  these  promised  to  iuter- 
oede  with  the  Six  Nut  ions. 

Covenhoven,  ROBERT,  a  soldier  and  pioneer 
in  Pennsylvania,  was  born  in  Monmouth  Coun- 
ty. X.. J..  Dec.  IT,  1755;  died  at  Northumberland, 
l'enn.,  Oct.  29,  1846.  His  ancestors  were  from 
Holland,  and  among  the  earlier  Bettlere  in  New 
Jersey.  About  the  beginning  of  the  Bevolntion 
they  moved  to  the  region  near  the  west  branch 
of  the  Susquehanna  River.  He  joined  the  Con- 
tinental army  under  Washington  in  177(>.  par- 
ticipated iu  the  battles  of  Trenton  and  Prince- 
ton, and  then  returned  to  northern  Pennsylvania, 
where  he  was  employed  in  the  defence  of  the 
frontier  against  the  Indians.  An  incident  of  his 
life  furnishes  a  glimpse  of  the  state  of  society 
at  that  time.  In  February,  1778,  Covenhoven 
was  married  to  Mercy  Kelsey  in  New  Jersey. 
While  the  nuptial  ceremony  was  in  progress, 
it  was  interrupted  by  the  sudden  arrival  of  a 
troop  of  Hessian  soldiers.  The  groom  escaped 
through  a  window,  but.  returning  at  night,  he 
carried  away  his  bride  to  his  Pennsylvania  home. 
From  that  time  until  the  close  of  the  war  he 
participated  as  watcher,  guide,  and  soldier  iu 
opposing  the  forays  of  the  barbarians;  and  was 
in  the  desperate  engagement  of  Wyalnsing.  He 
ranks  in  tradition  among  the  genuine  heroes  of 
America.  In  17iH>-'.>7  he  superintended  the  con- 
struction of  a  wagon-road  through  the  wilder- 
ness from  the  mouth  of  Lycoming  Creek  to 
Painted  Post.  Steuben  Co..  X.  V. 

Covington,  LEONARD,  was  born  at  Acqttas- 
co.  Prince  George's  Co..  Md.,  Oct.  :ii».  17o> :  died 
at  French  Mills.  N.  V..  Nov.  14,  1813.  lb-  was 
commissioned  lieutenant  of  dragoons  March  14. 
1792;  joined  the  army  under  General  Wayne, 
and  behaved  so  gallantly  in  the  war  with  the 
Indians  in  17'.»4  that  his  general  made  honorable 
mention  of  his  services.  He  was  promoted  to 
captain,  and  soon  afterwards  retired  from  the 
military  service.  After  occupying  a  seat  in  the 
Legislature  of  Maryland,  he  was  a  member  of 
Congress  from  1806  to  1-07.  In  the  latter  year 
he  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  of  cavalry, 
and  was  made  a  brigadier  in  1813,  and  ordered 
to  the  northern  frontier.  In  the  battle  at  Chrys- 
ler's Field  Not.  11, 1813)  he  was  mortally  wound- 
ed, and  died  three  days  afterwards. 

Cow-boys.  During  the  Bevolntion  a  band 
of  marauders,  consisting  mostly  of  Tory  refu- 
gees who  adhered  t<>  the  British  interests,  in- 
fested the  neutral  ground  in  Westchester  Coun- 
ty. N.  V..  between  the  American  and  British 
lines,  and  because  they  stole  many  cattle  were 
called  Cow-boys.  They  generally  plundered  the 
Win.'-,  or  adherents  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress :  but,  like  their  opponents  the  Skinners, 
they  were  not  always  scrupulous  in  the  choice 

of  then   victims.      (8ee  Skiiiiirix.) 

"Cow  Chace,  The."  Iu  the  summer  of  1780 
Washington  seul  General  Wayne,  with  a  consid- 
erable force,  to  storm  a  British  blockhouse  al 
pull's  Ferry, on  the  Hudson,  mar  Fort  Lee, and 

to  dine  into  the  American  camp  a  large  number 

of  cattle  ou  Bergen.  Neck  exposed  to  British  for- 
sgsrs,  who  might  go  out  from  Pawlus'a  Hook 


3  COW  CHACE,  THE 

[now  Jersey  City).  Wayne  was  repulsed  at  the 
block-house,  with  a  loss  of  sixty-four  men.  but 
returned  to  camp  with  a  large  number  of  cattle 
driven  by  his  dragoons.  This  event  inspired 
Major  Andre,  Sir  Henry  Clinton's  adjutant-gen- 
eral, to  write  a  satirical  poem,  which  he  called 
"The  Cow  Chace.-'  iu  which  Wayne  and  his  fel- 
low-" rebels "  were  severely  ridiculed.  It  was 
written  in  the  style  of  the  English  ballad  of 
Chevy  Chart,  in  three  cantos.  The  following  is 
a  copy  of  the  poem,  with  a  fac-simile  of  its  title 
from  Andre's  autograph;  also  of  the  concluding 
verse  of  the  original: 


'Jlc& 


To  drive  the  kino  one  summer's  morn, 

TUo  tanner  took  Ins  way. 
The  calf  shall  me  that  is  unborn 

Tlie  jumbling  of  that  day. 

And  Wayne  descending  steers  shall  know. 

And  tauntingly  deride. 
And  eall  to  mind,  iu  ev'ry  low. 

The  tanning  of  his  hide. 

Yet  Bergen  bows  still  ruminate 

Ohronsotoae  in  the  stall. 
What  mighty  means  were  used  to  get, 

And  lose  them  alter  all. 

For  many  heroes  bold  and  brave 
From   New  Bridge  and  Tapaan. 

And  thos,.  thai  dr  1  k 
Aud  those  thai 

distant  Delaware, 

And  still  remoter  Shannon. 
And  Major  Lee  with  horses  rare, 
And  Proctor  with  his  1 


All  won. Irons  proud  in  arms  they  came  — 

What   hero  ooold 
To  tread  the  ragged  path  to  fame. 

Who  had  a  pair 

At  six  the  host  w  ill  tweeting  bull'. 

Arrived  at  Freedom's  Pole, 
When  Wayne,  who  thought  he'd  lime  enough, 

lulled  the  whole: 

■hom  glory  doth  unite. 
Who  1  ■ 
Whether  the  wnin  thai  a  dooai'd  t" 
Or  that  in 

I   tempt  yoar  fori' 
Or  110 

And  take  a  pint  ol  rum 

Intemprate  valor  then  will 

So  all    the   land   shall    III 
And  n  iter. 


COW  CHACE,  THE 

Know  ibat  some  paltry  refugees, 

wiinrii  I've  a  mind  to  fight, 
Arc  playing  h— 1  among  the  trees 

Thai  grow  on  yonder  height. 

Their  fort  and  block  house  we  will  level. 

ADd  deal  a  horrid  slaughter; 
We'll  drive  the  scoundrels  to  the  dev.l, 

And  ravish  wife  and  daughter. 

I  under  cover  of  lh'  attack. 

While  you  are  all   at   blows, 
From  Knglish  Ne'.ghb'rbood  aud  Tinack 
Will  drive  away  the  cows. 

For  well  you  know  the   latter  is 

Tin'  serious  operation. 
And  fighting  wuli  the  reft  * 

Is  only  demon-ii 

words  from  all  the  crowd 
such  gi  i  gain, 

That  every  man  declared  aloud 
Fot  serious  work  Willi  Wayne 

Then  from  the  cask  of  rum  once  more 

They  took  a  heady  gill. 
When  line  ami  all  they  loudly  swore 

They'd  iigui  upon  tiie  hill. 
But  here— the  Mum.  |,as  not  a  strain 

Befitting  mod  great  deeds, 
Hurra,  they  cried,  hurra  lor  Wayne! 

And,  Shouting,  did  their  i 


Near  his  meridian  pomp,  the  sun 
Had  journeyed  from  the  horizon. 

wieu  fierce  the  dusky  tribe  moved  on, 

01   herOM  drunk    i 

ng  oaths 

R hoed  through  tl 

Bome  vow'd  la  Bleep  in  dead  men  - 
And  mi to  iwlm  111  blood, 

At  Irvine's  nod,  'twas  fine  to  see 

The    left    prepared    to    fight, 

Tin-  while  the  drovers.  Wayne  and  ; 

Drew  off  upon   thi 

Which  Irvine  'twas  Fame  don't  relate, 
i    her. 

Whether  'twas  be  thai  oocka  ■  hat, 

or  he  that  gives  a  glister. 

For  greatly  one  » 

■ght  at  Chestnut  11.11, 
Ani  i anadn  Immortalised 

The  vender  of  the  p  II 

ittendance  upon  Proctor 

Thev  both  might  have  to  boast  of. 
For  there  w  is  business  lor  the  doctor,' 

And  h  its  to  he  ,1  (posed  oC 

uneand  dly  inter 
I'h  it  SI  punk; 

The  sell  made  peer  had  sure  I q  i 

Hut  ihat  the  peer  was  drank. 

Hui  tarn  we  to  the  Hudson's  banks, 

Wh.re  -i i  ih,.  modest  train, 

Willi  pari firm,  ll gb  -lender  ranks. 

Nor  cared  s  pin  lor  Waj  na 

For  then  ihe  unrelenting  hand 
t»r  rebel  fury  drove, 

v  gen  al  band 
or  friendship  and 

■   Hun  a  dungeon's  gloom, 

By  He"  k  ii ibot 

Impending  o  er  the  r  beads 

is'    before  their  dale, 
mil -   hands 

Ami  silvered 
In  deep 

The    heller    da\  -    they'd 

■  thine, 
ihrtttS 


3159  COW  CHACE,  THE 

And  now  the  foe  began  to  lead 

His  forces  to  iir  attack; 
Balls  whistling  unto  balls  - 

Aud  make  the  block-house  crack. 

you  will  lake 
lord  lor  true; 
But  'tis  a  d— hie  in  stake. 

For  ev'ry  shot  went  through. 
The  firmer  as  the  rebels  pi 

The  loyal    hrioe-   -land  . 
Virtue  had  nerved  each  honest  breast, 
Aud  Industry  each  hand. 

In*  valor's  frenzy.  Hamilton 

Rode  like  a  Bold 
An  I  secret  irj   B 

With  pen  stuck  In  bis 

But.  lesi  chieftain  Washington 

should  mourn  them  in  the  mumps,t 
The  late  of  Withrington  to  shun, 
aghl  behind  the  slumps. 

But  ah'  Tbaddans  Posset. why 

BhOUld   thy    |«lor  soul   elope.' 

And  why  should  Titus  Hooper  die, 

Ah  '   die  — »  Hhoiil  a   rope  ■ 

Murphy,  thou  hi  whom 
Fair  Shela  lie  er  was  cruel  ; 

.<'oi//  tnir  aer  mourn  thy  doom, 
tich  :  would  ya  d  a,  my  jewel  • 

Thee  Kalhan  I'nnipkui.  I  lament, 

<M  melancholv   Que, 
The  graj  ha  want, 

In  in-  heart's  blood  was  wet 

Now  as  the  fight  was  further  fought 

And  balls  began  to  thicken, 

The  fray  assumed   the  gou  nils  thought, 
The  color  ol  a  II 

Yet  und  -inayed  the  chiefs  command, 

And  to  redeem  I 

•y  hear,  they  stand, 
They  turn  and  run  away 


Not  all  delights  (he  blood]  spear, 

Or  horrid  dm  ol  battle,  ' 
There  are.  I'm  sure,  who'd  like  to  hear 
A  wor.l  about  the  rattle. 

The  chief  whom  we  beheld  of  lata, 

-  bralenberg  barangu  ng. 
At  Tan  Van  Poop  -  uncoua 
of  Irvine  - 

While  vaii. mi  I.e.-  with  ooorage  wild, 

Host  brai  sly  did  i 
Tlie  tears  of  woman  and  of  child. 

Who   begged    he'd   leave   |hl 

Hui  Wayne,  of  sympathising  heart, 

Required 
Not  all  (he  blessings  could  impart, 

or  hauls  or  ol  beef 

i  prey  to  female  charms, 

I   look  more  delight  in 

A    lovely    II  ■ 

Than  cow  dri\  mi;  or  figo 

A  nymph,  the  reliiL-ees  had  drove 

Far  from   her  native  tree. 
.lust   happen'. I  to  he  on  ihe  move, 

When  up  <  a Wayne  at 

She    m    mad    Allthom  "s   lie. 

The  hem  saw  portraj  ed, 
And.  all   in  (ears    she  took  him  by 

—  the  bridle  ol  b 

d  (he  nymph,  0  great  commander, 

No  l an  buneai 

The  trees  you  see  them  cutting  yonder 

Are  all  my  near  n 

And  1.  forlorn.  Implore  thine  aid 

To  free  the  sacred  grove: 
Bo  -hall  thy  prowess  i«-  repaid 

Willi   an   unioor:    ' 


t  A  disorder  prevalent  in  the  rebel  Fncs. 
J  A  deity  of  the  woods. 


COW  CHACE,  THE 

Now  some,  to  prove  she  was  a  goddess! 

Said  this  enchanting  fair. 
Had  late  retired  from  the  Bodies,* 

Iu  all  the  pomp  of  war. 

That  drums  and  merry  lifes  had  played 
To  honor  her  retreat, 

And  Cunningham  himself  conveyed 
The  lady  through  the  street. 

Great  Wayne,  by  soft  compassion  swayed, 

To  no  inquiry  stoops, 

But  takes  the  "fair,  alllictcd  maid 
Right  into  Van  Van  Poop's. 

So  Roman  Antony,  they  Bay, 

Disgraced  th'  imperial  banner, 
And  for  a  gypsy  lust  a  day, 

Like  Anthony  the  tanner. 
The  Hamadryad  had  but  half 

Received  redress  from   Wayne. 
When  drums  and  colors,  cow  and  calf, 

Came  down  the  road  amain. 

All  in  a  cloud  of  dust  were  seen, 
The  sheep,  the  horse,  the  goat, 
The  gentle  heifer,  ass  obscene, 

The  yearling  and  the  shoat. 

And  pack  horses  with  fowls  came  by, 

Refeathered  on  each  side. 
Like  Pegasus,  the  horse  that  I 

And  other  poets  ride. 

Sublime  upon  the  stirrups  rose 

The  mighty  Lee  behind, 
And  drove  the  terror  smitten  rows, 

Like  chaff  before  the  wind. 

But  sudden  sec  the  woods  above 

Pour  down  another  corps. 
All  heller  skelter  in  a  drove, 

Like  that  I  sung  before. 
Irvine  anil  terror  in  the  van 

Came  dying  all  abroad. 
And  cannon,  colors,  horse,  and  man 

Ran  tumbling  to  the  road. 

Still  as  he  lied,  'twas  Irvine's  cry. 

And   his  example   too, 
"Run  on,  my  merry  men  all -for  why?" 

The  shot  will  not  go  through. t 


COWPENS,  BATTLE  OF  THE 

As  when  two  kennels  in  the  street, 
Swell'd  with  a  recent  ram. 

together  meet, 
k  the  neighboring  drain, 

ling  born  tribes  iu  one, 

As  s» .it  in  their  career, 
And  so  to  New  Bridge  they  ran  on — 

But  all  the  cows  got  clear. 

P •  Parson  Caldwell,  all  in  wonder, 

Saw  the  returning  train, 
And  mourned  to  Wayne  the  lack  of  plunder, 

For  them  to  ateal  again. 

l"or  'twas  his  right  to  seize  the  spoil,  and 
To  shire  with  each  commander, 

As  he  bad  done  at  Slaten   Island 
With  frost  bit  Alexander. 

In  his  dismay,  the  frantic  priest 
Began  to  grow  prophetic. 

You  had  swure.  to  see  his  lah'ring  breast. 

He'd  taken  an  emetic. 

"1  view  a  future  day."  said  he. 

■■  Brighter  than  this  day  dark  is. 
And  you  shall  see  what  you  shall  sec. 

Ha  !   ha!   one  pretty  marquis  ; 

And  he  .-hull  come  to  Paiilus-  Hook, 

achievements  think  on, 
And  make  a  bow  and  take  a  look, 

Like  Satan  over  Lincoln. 
And  all  the  land  around  shall  glory 

To  see  the  Frenchman  caper. 

And  pretty  Susan  tell  the  story 
In  the  next  Chatham  paper.'' 

This  solemn  prophecy,  of  course, 
Gave  all  much  consolation, 

Except  t,.  Wayne,  who  lost  his  horse 

Upon  the  great  occasion. 
His  horse  that  carried  all  his  prog, 

His  mil  taiy  sp lies. 

His  corn  stalk  wh  skey  for  his  grog — 
Lings  and  brown  breeches. 

And  now  I've  clos'd  my  epic  strain, 

I   tremble  us  I  show  it. 
Lest   this  same  warrio  drover,  Wayne, 

Should  ever  catch  the  post 


'/6?uJ 


The  List  canto  was  published  on  the  day  when 
Andre1  was  captured  at  Tarrytown.  At  the  end 
of  the  autograph  copy  was  written  the  following 
stanza,  in  a  neat  hand  : 

••  When  the  epic  strain  " 
The  poet   by  the  neck  was  hung  ; 
And   li.   In-  COSI    he   lind-   tOO   Inc. 
The  iliiii,/ bom  Inlir  decide.-  In.-  late." 

Wayne  wns  in  command  of  the  troops  from  whom 
the  guard  was  drawn  that  attended  Audi. ■'-  6X- 
eention. 


bonor  to  guard  bl 

I  Five  n  ii.  ' I 

sun  ,.i ■  bkx  k  booaa  floor, 

Hut  linn    li-  thought   the  (hoi  went  round, 
And  in  at  the  b  I 


Cowpens,  Battle  OF  THE.  From  his  camp, 
eastward  of  the  Pedee,  Greene  sent  Morgan,  with 
the  Maryland  regiment  and  Washington's  dra- 
goons of  Lee's  oorpa,  across  the  Broad  River,  to 
operate  on  the  British  lefl  audrear.  Observing 
this, Cornwallis  left  his  camp  at  Winnsborongb, 
and  pnsbed  northward  between  the  Broad  River 
and  the  Catawba,  for  the  purpose  of  interposing 
his  liuic  between  Greene  and  Morgan,  Against 
the  latter  lie  bad  detached  Tarleton  «  ith  about 
one  thonsand  light  troops.  Aware  of  Tarletou's 
approach,  Morgan  retired  behind  the  Paootot,  In- 
tending lo  defend  the  lord  :  hut  Tarleton  pressed 
six  miles  above,  when  Morgan  made  a  precipitate 
retreat.     If  lie  could  cross  the  Broad  B 


COWPENS 


341       CRADLE  OF  AMERICAN  LIBERTY 


would  -bo  safe.  On  his  right  was  a  hilly  dis- 
trict, which  mij;)it  afford  him  protection;  bat, 
rather  than  be  overtaken  in  his  flight,  he  pre- 
pared  to  fight  on  the  gronnd  of  his  own  selec- 
tion. He  (hose  for  that  purpose  a  place  known 
as ''The  Cowpens,"  about  thirty  miles  west  of 
King's  Mountain  (which  Bee).  He  arranged 
abou  1  tour  hundred  of  his  best  men  in  battle 
onlor  on  a  little  rising  gronnd.  There  were 
the  Maryland  light  infantry,  under  Lientenanfr- 
eolonel  John  Eager  1  Inward. composing  the  cen- 
tre, and  Virginia  riflemen  forming  the  wings. 
Lieutenant-colonel  William  Washington,  with 
eightv  dragoons,  were  placed  out  of  sight,  as  a 

reserve,  and  about  four  hundred  <  'arolinians  and 

Georgians,  under  Colonel  Andrew  Pickens,  were 
in  the  advance,  to  defend  the  approaches  to  the 

Samp.  North  Carolina  and  Georgia  sharp-shoot- 
ers acted  as  skirmishers  on  each  Hank.  At  eight 
o'clock  on  a  winter's  morning  (Jan.  17.  17-1  |, 
Tarleton,  with  eleven  hundred  troops,  loot  and 
horse,  with  two  pieces  of  cannon,  rushed  upon 
the  Republicans  with  loud  shouts.  A  furious 
battle  ensued.      In   a  skilful   movement,  in   the 

form  of  a  feigned  retreat,  Morgan  turned  so  sud- 
denly upon  his  pursuers,  who  believed  the  vic- 
tory was  secured  to  them,  that  they  wavered. 
Seeing  this.  Howard  charged  the  British  lines 
with  bayonets, broke  their  ranks,  and  sent  them 
fying  in  confusion.  At  thai  moment  Washing- 
ton's cavalry  broke  from  their  concealment,  and 

made  a  successful  charge  upon  Tai'lcton's  horse- 
men. The  British  were  completely  routed,  anil 
were  panned  about  twenty  miles.  The  Ameri- 
cans lost  seventy  -  two  killed  and  wounded. 
The  British  lost  OTer  three  hundred  killed  ami 
wounded,  and  near  five  hundred  made  prison- 
ers. The  spoils  were  two  can s,  eight  hun- 
dred muskets,  horses, and  two  standards.  The 
cannons  bad  been  taken  from  the  British  at 
Saratoga,  ami  retaken  from  Gates  at  Camden. 
The  Congress  gave  Morgan  the  thanks  of  the 
nation  and  a  gold  medal,  and  to  Howard  and 
Washington  each  a  silver  medal. 


Tree)  employed  two  men  to  go  up  to  theThiok- 
etty  Mountain,  and  in  tin;  grassy  intervals 
among  the  hills  raise  cattle.  As  a  compensa- 
tion, they  were  allowed  the  entire  use  of  the 
cows  (Inline;  the  summer,  for  making  butter 
and  cheese,  and  the  steels  in  tillage.  Ill  the 
fall  large  numbers  of  the  fatted  cattle  would  bo 
driven  doWD  to  Camden  to  be  slaughtered  for 
beef  on  account  of  the  owners.  This  region, 
on  account  of  its  e,rass  anil  lino  springs,  was 
peculiarly  favorable  for  the  rearing  and  Use  of 
cows,  and  consequently  was  called  "  The  Cow 
I'ens." 

Cox,  JACOB  Dot. son,  was  born  in  Montreal. 
Canada.  Oct.  '27.  1828.  His  mother  was  a  lin- 
eal descendant  of  Elder  William  Brewster,  of 
the  Mayflower.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  L85S,  and  practised  his  profession  in  Warren. 
Ohio,  until  elected  state  senator,  in  1^59.  He 
was  created  brigadier-general  of  state  militia, 
and  comiii'  nded  a  camp  of  instruction,  in  April, 
L861,  ami  in  May  was  made  brigadier-general 
of  volunteers,  doing  good  service  in  western 
Virginia.  In  August,  1862,  he  was  assigned  to 
the  Army  of  Virginia,  under  General  Pope,  and 
in  the  fall  was  ordered  to  the  district  of  the 
Kanawha.  Alter  the  death  of  Reno,  at  South 
.Mountain  (which  Bee),  he  coin  ma  nded  the  Ninth 

Corps,  lie  was  in  command  of  the  district  of 
Ohio  in  1863;  served  in  the  Atlanta  campaign  in 
1864;  and  was  promoted  to  major-general  in  De- 
cember of  that  year,  lie  joined  Sherman's  army 
early  in  1866,  was  governor  of  Ohio  in  1866  68) 
and  was  called  to  the  cabinet  of  President  Grant, 
i iv  of  the  Interior,  in  March,  l-li'.i. 

Cradle  of  American  Liberty.  This  name 
was  given  to  Fanenil  Hall,  in  Boston,  because 
it  was  the  usual  meeting-place  of  the  patriots 
during  the  long  contest  with  royal  power,  be- 
fore the  kindling  of  the  old  war  for  indepen- 
dence. It  was  erected  in  1742,  at  the  side  ex- 
pense of  Peter  Fanenil,  of  Boston,  w  ho  generous- 
ly  gave   it    to   the   town.      The   lower  story   was 


Col.li   Mi  '.u     \w  IBDKD   To   Mol:i 


Cowpens,  Till".     This  name  was  derived  from  used  for  a   market,  a'ld    in  the  upper  story  was 

the  cirenmstance  that,  some  years  before  the  an  elegant  and  spacious  hall,  with  convenient 

Revolution,    before     that     section     was    settled,  rooms  for  the  public  use.      It  was  burned  in  1761, 

some   persons   in   Camden   (then   called   Pine  when  the  town  immediately  rebuilt  it.     The  en- 


CRADOCK 


342 


CRANEY  ISLAND 


graving  shows  it  as  it  \v;is  during  (he.  Revolu- 
tion. Tlie  hall  is  about  eight;  feel  square,  and 
contains  some  line  paintings  of  distinguished 
men.  The  original  vane,  in  the  form  of  a  grass- 
hopper, copied  from  tliat  of  the  Royal  Exchange 
of  London,  still  docs  duty  there.  In  L805  an- 
other story  was  added  to  the  original  building. 


FjutlOIL  hall.     (From  an  English  print  of  the  time.) 

The  name  of  Cradle  of  Liberty  was  also  given 
to  the  "Apollo  Room,"  a  large  apartment  in  the 
Raleigh  Tavern  at  Williamsburg,  Va.,  where  the 
members  of  the  House  of  Burgesses  met  after 
its  dissolution  by  Governor  Lord  Dnnmore  in 
1774.  There  they  adopted  non-importation  res- 
olutions, appointed  a  fast-day,  and  chose  dele- 
gates to  the  First  Continental  Congress, which 
assembled  at  Philadelphia  in  September. 


TIIK    AICII.I.O 


Cradock,  Matthew,  an  opulent  London  mer- 
chant, was  the  tirst  governor  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Company,  who  founded  the  Massachusetts 
Baj  Colony.     He  never  came  to  America,  but 

«  U  a  munificent  supporter  of  the  colony  during 

us  aarly  struggles,     lb'  was  a  niembei  of  the 


celebrated  Long  Parliament  (which  see),  and 

died  May  27,  1641. 

Craig,  Su;  JxMRfl  Hkxry.  was  born  at  Gib- 
raltar. 174D :  died  .Ian.  12,  1812.  He  entered  the 
British  army  as  ensign  in  17(>:i.  was  aide-de-camp 
to  General  Boyd  at  Gibraltar  in  1770,  and  came 
to  America  iu  1774.  He  remained  in  service 
here  from  the 
battle  of  Ban- 
ker's Hill  until 
the  evacuation 

of  Charleston,  in 

1781,  w  here  he 
held  the  rank  of 
lieutenant  -colo- 
nel. He  was  made 
a  major-general 
iu  1794.  lieuten- 
ant-general in 
l-oi.  and  gov- 
ernor-general 
and  commander- 
in-chief  of  Cana- 
da in  1-or.  To- 
tally unlit  for 
civil  rule,  be  was 
a  petty  oppressor 
as  governor :  bis 
admin  ist  rat  ion 
was  short,  and  he 
returned  to  Eng- 
land in  1811. 

Craik,  .1  ami-. 
M.D.,  wasbornin 
Scotland  in  1731; 
died  in   Fairfax 
County. Va..  Feb. 
6,  1814.    Educated  for  a  physician,  be  came  to 
America  iu  early  life,  and  practised  his  profession 
in  Fairfax  County,     lie  was  the  intimate  friend 
and  family  physician  of  Washington.     He  was 
with  him  in  his  expedition  against  the  French 
in  1754, and  in  Braddock's  campaign  in  17.".").   In 
177.">  be  was  placed  in  the  medical  department 
of  the  Continental   Army,  and  rose  to  the  tirst 
rank.      He  unearthed  many  of  the  secrets  of  the 
Conway  Cabal   (which  Bee),  and   did  much 
to  defeat   the  conspiracy.     He  was  director 
of  the    army    hospital    at   Torktowil    in    the 
siege   of  that    place,  in    1781,  and   after   the 
Revolution  settled  near  Mount  Vernon,  where 
he  was  the  principal  attendant  of  Washing- 
ton in  his  last  illness. 

Craney  Island,  l,'i  ii  L8H  of  iiii  BlUTlsn 
\  i  1 1813).  On  the  1st  of  .lane.  1813,  Admiral 
8ir  J.  15orla.se  Warren  entered  the  Chesapeake 
with  a  considerable  reinforcement  for  the 
marauding  squadron  of  8  ckbnrn, 

bearing  a  large  number  of  land-troops  and 

marines.  There  were  twenty  ships  of  the  Una 
and  frigates  and  several  smaller  British  war- 
\  esse  Is  within  the  capes  of  Virginia.  The  citi- 
zens of  Baltimore,  Annapolis,  and  Norfolk  were 
equally  menaced.  Norfolk  was  the  tirst  point  of 

a i  lark.  For  ils  defence  on  the  waters  were  the 
frigate  Ct'iixttlliitioii.  :>-  gnu-,  and  a  flotilla  of 
gtlllboatSj  on  the   laud   were   forts  Norfolk  and 


CEANET  ISLAND  3 

Nelson  (one  on  each  side  oftbe  Elizabeth  River) 

and   torts  Tar  and   Iiarl r,  and   tlic   fortirica- 

t  ions  on  ( Taney  Island,  five  miles  below  the  city. 
Towards  midnigbt  of. June  ID  Captain  Tarbell, 
by  order  of  Commodore  Cassin,  commanding 
the  station,  went  down  the  Elizabeth  River 
with  fifteen  gunboats,  to  attempt  the  capture 
of  tbe  frigate  Junon,  38  gnus,  Captain  Sanders. 
wbiob  laj  abont  three  miles  from  the  reel  of 
the  British  fleet.  Fifteen  sharp-sbootera  from 
Clancy  Island  wen;  added  to  the  crews  of  the 
beats.  At  half-past  three  in  the  morning  the 
flotilla  approached  the  Junon,  and.  under  cover 

of  the  darkness  and   a  thick  fog,  the  American 

vessels  approached  her  to  within  easy  range 
without  being  discovered,  she  was  taken  i>y 
snrprise.  After  a  conflict  of  half  an  hour,  and 
when  victory  seemed  within  the  grasp  of  the 

Americans,  a  wiud  Spmng  np  from  the  northeast, 
and  two   vessels   Iyilie;  lieealmed   below  came  to 

the  Junon'a  assistance,  and  by  a  severe  oonnqn- 

ade  repulsed  them.  In  this  affair  t  he  Americans 
lost  one  man  killed  and  two  slightly  wounded. 

This  attack  bronght  matters  to  a  crisis.  The 
firing  had  been  distinctly  heard  by  the  fleet, 
and  with  the  next  t  id.',  on  a  warm  Sunday 
morning  in  June,  fourteen  of  the  Bi  itish  vessels 
entered  Hampton  Roods,  and  took  position  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Nenseruoud  River.  Thej  bore 
land-troops,  under  General  Sir  Sidney  Beckwith. 
The  whole  British  (broe,  iueluding  the  sailors, 

was  aboul   five   thousand   men       ( Jn\  crnor  I'.ar- 

beni  of  Virginia  had  assembled  several  thou- 
sand militia,  in  anticipation  of  invasion.  Cro- 
ne] Niand.  then  in  shape  like  a  painter's  pal- 
let, was  separated  from  the  main  by  a  shallow 
strait,  fordalile  at  low  tide,  and  contained  about 
thirty  acres  of  land.  On  the  side  commanding 
the  ship- channel  were  intrem  diluents  armed 
with  eighteen  and  twenty-four  pound  cannons. 


i  isd,  fKi:s. 


A  snccessfnl  defence  of  this  island  would  save 
Norfolk  and  the  navy-yard  there,  and  to  that 
end  efforts  were  made.  Genera]  Ruber!  B. 
Taylor  was  the  commanding  officer  of  the  Ais- 
t  riit .  The  whole  available  force  of  the  island. 
when  the  British  entered  Hampton  Roods, were 
two  companies  of  artillery,  under  the  general 
command   of  Major  .lames    Faulkner;    Captain 


3  CRAVEN 

Robertson's  company  of  riflemen  ;  and  four  hun- 
dred and  sixteen  militia  infantry  of  the  line, 
commanded  by  Lieutenant-colonel  Henry  Beat- 
ty.  If  attacked  and  overpowered,  these  troops 
had  no  means  of  escape.  These  were  reinforced 
by  thirty  regulars  under  Captain  Richard  Pol- 
lard, and  thirty  volunteers  under  Lieutenant- 
colonel  Johnson,  and  were  joined  by  about  one 
hundred  and  fifty  Seamen  under  Lieutenants  15. 
.I.Neale.W.  I!.  Shubriok,  and  .1.  Sanders,  and  fifty 
marines  under  Lieutenant  Breckinridge.  The 
whole  force  on  Craucy  Island  on  the  2<\  of  .June 
(1813)  numbered  seven  hundred  and  thirty-seven 

men.  At  midnight  the  camp  was  alarmed  by 
the  crack  of  a  sentinel's  rifle.  It  was  a  false 
alarm;  but  before  it  was  fairly  daylight  a  trooper 

came  dashing  across  the  fold  able  strait  with  the 
startling  information  that  the  British  wen;  land- 
ing in  force  on  the  main,  only  about  two  miles 
distant.  The  drum  beat  the  lone-roll,  and  Ma- 
jor Faulkner  ordered  his  <;un.s  to  tie  transferred 

so  as  to  command  the  strait.  At  the  same  time, 
flftj  Large  barges,  tilled  with  fifteen  hundred 
sailors  and  marines,  w  ere  seen  approaching  from 
the   British   ships.      They   were   led   by  Admiral 

Warren's  beaut  iful  barge  Ct  ntipede  (so  called  be- 
cause other  numerous  oars),  and  made  for  the 
narrow  strait  between  Craiiey  Island  and  the 
main.  Faulkner  had  his  artillery  in  posit  ion,  ami 
when  the  invaders  were  within  proper  distance 

bis  great  gnns  were  opened  upon  them  with  terri- 
ble effect.  The  British  were  repulsed, oud  hast- 
ened back  to  their  ships.    Warren's  barge,  which 

had  a  three-pound  svv  ivel-gun  at  the  bow,  with 
^our   others,   was   sunk    in    the    shallow    water, 

when  some  American  seamen,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Lieutenant  Tattnall,  waded  out.  secured 
l  he  vessels,  Olid  dragged  them  ashore,  seem  iui; 
many  prisoners.  The  British  loss,  in  killed, 
wounded,  and  missing,  was  one  hundred  and 
forty-four:  the  Americana  lost  none.  Tin'  in- 
vaders now  abandoned  all  hope  of  seizing  Nor- 
folk, the  Constellation,  ami  the  navy-yard,  ami 
never  attempted  it  afterwards. 

Craven,  CHARLBB,  was  governor  of  South  Car- 
olina from  1712  to  1716,  and  it  is  believed  that  he 
founded  lleniiforl,  on  Poll  Royal  l.'iver.  1 1 «-  as- 
sisted the  North  Carolinians  in  their  warfare 

Wltll  the  Indians,  and  in  1?  1.".  successfully  fought 
the  Vamasees  and  oilier  warlike  tribes  Of  the 
Gulf  region,  With  about    twelve  hundred  troops, 

w  Lute  and  block. 

Craven,  Tin  >m as  T..  was  born  in  the  District 

of  Columbia,  entered    the    United    States   Navy 

as  midshipman  in  1828,  and  was  made  captain 

June  7,  1861.  A  year  later  be  became  com- 
modore. He  materially  assisted  in  the  reduc- 
tion of  the  forts  on  the  Mississippi  below  N,  w 
Orleans  (May,  1862)  and  the  destruction  of  the 

Confederate  flotilla  there.  He  had  been  lieu- 
tenant -commander  of  t  he  flog-ship  RnOCTIWM  in 
Wilkes's  exploring  expedition  in  1838-42  (see 
South  Sea  Exploring  Expedition ),  and  was  in- 
structor of  the  United  States  Naval  Academy, 
at  Annapolis.  1851  ."■•"■.  In  L866  (Oct.  1")  he  was 
made  a  rear-admiral,  and   was  in   command  of 

the  North  Pacific  Squadron  in  I860. 


CRAWFORD 


344     CREDIT  SYSTEM  AND  ITS  COLLAPSE 


Crawford,  Samuel  Wylie.  was  born  in  Frank- 
lin County.  IVim.,  Nov.  8. 1829,  and  graduated  .-it 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1847.  He  stud- 
ied medicine,  and  in  1  Ho  I  was  made  assistant- 
Burgeon  iu  the  United  States  Army.     He  was  in 


SAMl'EL   WVLIE   CRAWFORD. 

Texas  and  New  Mexico  on  duty,  and  in  1856 
went  in  Mexico,  where  he  pursued  scientific  re- 
searches. Dr.  Crawford  was  surgeon  of  the  gar- 
rison of  Fort  Sumter  during  its  siege  in  1861, 
and  performed  valuable  military  service  there. 
In  Maj  he  was  made  major  of  infantry  and 
inspector  -  general  in  eastern  Virginia.  With 
Banks,  he  bore  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  Shen- 
andoah Valley  and  in  the  battle  of  Cedar  Moun- 
tain as  brigadier-general.  At  the  battle  of  An-, 
tietam  he  commanded  the  division  of  Mansfield 
after  tli.u  general's  death.     He  was  breveted 

colonel  in  the  United  States  Army  for  his  con- 
duct at  Gettysburg.  In  Grant's  campaign  i  1864 
65)  against  Richmond  General  Crawford  bore  a 
Conspicuous  pari  from  the  Wilderness  to  Appo- 
mattox Court -house.  In  March,  1865,  he  was 
created  major-general  of  volunteers. 

Crawford, Thomas, sculptor,  was  born  in  New 
York.  March  22,  1814;  died  in  London,  Oct.  10, 
Hot.  Manifesting  at  an  early  age  a  talent  and 
taste  for  art.  he  went  to  Italy  and  profited  by 
the  instruction  of Thorwaldsen  at  Rome.  There 
he  established  a  studio,  soon  rose  to  eminence, 
and  had  abundant  employment.  I  lis  works,  of 
superior  character,  are  quite  numerous.  Those 
widest  known  are  the  bronze  equestrian  statue 
of  Washington  for  the  monument  at  Richmond, 
ordered  by  the  state  of  Virginia;  the  colossal 
bronze  statue  of  the  Genius  of  America  that 
surmounts  the  dome  of  the  Capitol  at  Washing- 
ton; ami  the  historical  designs  for  the  bronze 
doors  in  the  new  Capitol.  Mr.  Crawford  was 
exceedingly  industrious, and  worked  with  great 
facility.  Dining  his  lite  of  forty-three  \  ears,  or 
leas  than  twenty-five  of  artistic  labor,  he  finish- 
ed more  than  sixty  works,  some  of  them  ('(dos- 
sal, and  hit  about  fifty  sketches  in  plaster,  be- 
sides designs  of  various  kinds.  Two  of  the 
Qnesi  of  his  works  in  marble  are  "The  Lasl  of 
his  Race"  colossal  .and  "The  Peri,wbotb  in  the 
New  York  Historical  Society. 

Crawford,  Wmi.i  am  Harris,  was  born  in  Nil 


son  County.  Ya.,  Feb.  -J4.  1772  :  died  near  Elber- 
ton,  Gil.,  Sept.  18,  1834.  After  teaching  school 
several  years,  he  became  a  lawyer,  beginning 
the  practice  of  his  profession  in  Lexington, Ga., 
iu  1799.  He  compiled  the  first  digest  of  the 
laws  of  Georgia,  published  in  1802;  was  a  mem- 
ber of  his  state  Legislature  from  1803  to  1807; 
was  United  States  Senator  from  1807  to  181:},  in 
which  body  he  was  regarded  as  its  ablest  mem- 
ber. Ill  1813  he  was  sent  as  United  States  Min- 
ister to  France,  and  on  his  return  (  1815  was  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  War;  but  in  October,  1816, 
he  was  transferred  to  the  Treasury  Department, 
which  position  he  held  until  1825, when  he  was 
a  defeated  Democratic  candidate  for  the  Presi- 
dency, having  been  nominated  the  previous  year 
by  a  Congressional  caucus.  He  had  four  other 
candidates  to  opposd — A  dams.  Calhoun.  Jackson, 
and  Clay.  At  about  that  time  his  health  failed, 
and  he  never  fully  recovered  it.  lie  became  a 
circuit  judge  in  Georgia,  and  was  warmly  op- 
posed to  ••  nullification  "  (which  see). 

Credit  System  and  its  Collapse  (1836-37). 
The  removal  of  the  deposits  of  the  public  money 

to  the  amount  of  sit). ,000  from  the  Bank  of 

the  United  States  (October,  1833), when  its  line 
of  discounts,  or  loans,  was  over  $60,000,000,  pro- 
duced a  terrible  panic.  But  when  these  funds 
were  distributed  over  the  country  by  deposits 
in  the  state  banks,  thereby  increasing  their 
power  to  lend  largely,  the  panic  ceased.  A 
course  of  credit  then  began  which  proved  ruin- 
ous. The  deposit  banks  loaned  freely, and  very 
soon  speculation  became  rife.  A  season  of  ap- 
parent prosperity  was  enjoyed,  which  most  peo- 
ple believed  to  be  real.  It  was  deceptive.  The 
credit  system  was  simply  enormously  expanded. 
Trade  was  brisk,  the  shipping  interest  was  pros- 
perous, prices  ruled  high,  luxury  abounded,  and 
nobody  seemed  t<>  perceive  the  under-current  of 
disaster  that  was  surely  wasting  the  foundations 
of  the  absurd  credit  system  and  the  real  pros- 
perity of  the  nation.  It  collapsed  at  the  touch 
of  the  Ithuriel  spear  of  Necessity.  A  failure  of 
the  grain  crop  of  England  caused  a  large  de- 
mand from  abroad  for  coin  to  pay  for  food  prod- 
ucts. The  Bank  of  England,  seeing  exchanges 
running  higher  and  higher  against  that  coun- 
try, contracted  its  loans,  and  admonished  houses 
who  were  giving  long  and  extensive  credits  to 

the  Americans,  bj  the  use  of  monej  borrowed 
from  the  bank,  to  curtail  that  hazardous  busi- 
ness. ,\l  about  the  same  time  the  famous  ••  Spe- 
cie Circular"  from  the  United  States  Treasury 
Department  was  issued  .inly.  1836  . 
tie  Circular.)  From  the  parlor  of  the  Bank  of 
England  and  from  the  Treasury  of  the  United 
states  went  forth  the  unwelcome  fiat,  I'm/  up! 
American  houses  iu  London  failed  for  many 
millions  of  dollars:  and  every  bank  in  the 
United  states  suspended  specie  payments  in 
1837,  bill  resumed  in  l-:'.'.».  It  was  then  that 
the  United  states  Bank,  rechartored  by  the 
Legislature  of  Pennsylvania,  fell  into  hopeless 
rum  (see  United  States  Bank),  and  with  it  went 

dow  n   a   very   large   number  of  the  state  banks 

of  the  country.  A  general  bankrupt  law, pass- 
ed in  1841,  relieved  of  debl  almost  forty  thou- 


(KEEK  CONFEDERACY 


345 


CBEEK  CONFEDERACY 


sand  persons, whose  liabilities  amounted, in  the 
aggregate,  to  abonl  siii.imhi.iioo. 

Creek  Confederacy.  The  domain  of  tlie 
Creek  Confederacy  extended  from  the  Atlantic 
westward  t'>  the  high  lands  which  separate  the 
waters  of  the  Alabama  and  Tombigbee  rivers, 
including  a  greater  pent  ion  of  the  states  of  Ala- 
bama and  Georgia  and  the  whole  of  Florida.  It 
was  with  the  people  of  this  confederacy  that 
Oglethorpe  held  his  Brs1  interview  with  the  na- 
tives cm  the  site  of  Savannah.  They  Called 
themselves  Mnscogees,  bnt,  the  domain  abound- 
ing in  creeks,  it  was  called  the  Creek  country 
by  the  Europeans.  Evidently  the  kindred  in 
origin  and   language  of  the  Chickasaws  and 

CboCtaWS,  thej    claimed    to    ha\e    sprung    limn 

the  earth,  emigrated  I i  the  Northwest,  and 

reached  Florida,  when  they  fell  hack  to  the 
more  fertile  regions  of  the  Ocmnlgee,  Coosa, 
and  Tallapoosa  rivers.  Some  of  them  remain- 
ed in  Florida,  and  these  are  the  Seminolcs  of 
out  day.  I»e  Soto  penetrated  their  country  so 
early  as  1540,  and  twenty  years  later  lie  Luna 

formed  an  alliance  w  ilh  the  tribe  id'  the  Coosas. 

When  the  Carol! nas  and  Louisiana  began  to  he 

settled  by  the  English,  Spaniards,  and  French, 
they  all  courted  tin'  Creek  nation.  The  Eng- 
lish won  the  Lower  Cncks,  the  French  the  Up- 
per Creeks,  while  the  Spaniards,  through  their 
presents,  gained  an  Influence  over  a  portion  of 

them.  In  1710  some  of  these  (  the  Cowelas  ) 
made  war  on  t  he  Cat  olinas,  and  were  petted  h\ 

the  Spaniards  al  8t.  Augustine ;  but  in  IT  I-  they 

joined   the   Flench,  w  ho   huill    a    foil    at    Mobile. 

Iii  1732  eight  Creek  tribes  made  a  treaty  with 
Oglethorpe  at  Savannah:  and  in  17:!'.l  he  made 
a  treaty  with  the  Cowetaa,  and  they  joined  him 
in  his  expedition  against  8 1.  Augustine.    When 

the  French  power  in  North  America  was  over- 
thrown, the  entire  Creek  nation  became  sub- 
ject to  English  influence.  At  that  time  they 
had  fifty  towns,  and  numbered  nearly  six  thou- 
sand   warriors.       They    were    the    allies    of    t  he 

British  during  the  American  Revolution.  Many 
Tories  fled  to  the  Creek  towns  from  the  Caroli- 
nes and  Georgia  at  the  dose  of  the  war,  and  ex- 
cited the  barbarians  to  ravage  the  frontiers  of 

those  states.       A   peace   was  concluded   with  the 

Creeks  by  Washington  in  1790;  yet  some  of 
them  joined  the  Cherokees  in  incursions  into 
Tennessee  in  1792.  Another  treat]  was  made 
in  1796,  mil  in  1809  thej  began  to  cede  lands  to 
the  United  States.  Hut  when  the  War  of  1812 
broke  out  they  joined  their  old  friends,  the  Eng- 
lish J  and  by  an  awful  massacre  at  Fort  Minis, 
in  August,  1813, they  aroused  the  Western  peo- 
ple to  vengeance.  Troops  led  by  General  .lack- 
son  and  others  entered  the  Creek  country  ;  and 
in  1814  the]  ravaged  the  finest  portion  of  it,  de- 
stroyed the  towns,  slew  ,u  captured  two  thou- 
sand of  the  Creek  warriors, thoroughly  subdued 
them,  and.  in  fact,  destroyed  the  nation.  Their 
last  stand  agaillBl   the  United  States  troops  was 

made  at  Horseshoe  Bend  in  March, 1815.  Some 
of  them  had  already  settled  in  Louisiana,  and 
finally  in  Texas,  where  i hey  remained  until  1872, 
when  the  government  took  steps  to  reunite  the 
nation   in   the   Indian  Territory,  west   of  Arkan- 


sas. They  had  ceded  all  their  lands  east  of 
the  Mississippi.  With  those  who  had  removed 
there  was  trouble  at  times.  Some  favored  re- 
moval west  of  the  Mississippi;  others  opposed 
it.  In  I~-J.">  they  put  one  of  their  chiefs  (Will- 
iam Mcintosh)  to  death  for  signing  a  treats  for 
the  cession  of  lands.  In  1836some  of  tin  Creeks 
joined  their  kindled,  the  Seminolcs,  in  Florida 
in  attacks  upon  the  white  people,  and  others 
joined  the  United  States  troops  against  them, 
i  See  Snniiiiih  Win-.)     They  were  finally  nearly  all 

removed  beyond  the  Mississippi, «  hen-  they  num- 
bered ahout  twenty-live  thousand  souls  in  1876. 
jsful  attempts  to  Christianize  them  were 
made.  They  refused  missions  and  schools  lor  a 
long  lime.  Their  nation  declined,  and  in  1857 
numbered  less  than  fifteen  thousand.  Dnriug 
the  Civil  War  the  tribe  was  divided  in  senti- 
ment, six  thousand  of  them  joining  the  Confed- 
erates. Their  alliance  with  the  Confederates 
was  disastrous  to  their  nation.  In  1866  they 
ceded  three  million  acres  of  their  domain  in  the 
Indian  Territory  to  the  United  Slates  for  thirty 

cents  an  acre.  They  are  among  the  most  peace- 
able and  order-loving  of  the  banished  tribes. 

The  men  of  the  Creek  Confederacy  were  well- 
proportioned,  active,  and  graceful;  the  women 

were  smaller,  exquisitely  formed,  and  BO! d" 

them  were   very  beautiful.      In  summer  both 

sexes  went  without  clothing,  excepting  .1  dra- 
pery of  Spanish  moss  that  was  fastened  at  the 
waist  and  fell  to  the  thighs.  The  principal 
people  painted  their  faces  and  bodies  in  fanciful 
colors,  and  fops  sometimes  appeared  in  heanti- 
fnl  mantles  of  feathers  or  deer-skins,  and  on 
their  heads  were  lolly  pinnies  of  the  eagle  and 
the    flamillgO.       The    houses   of  the    chiefs    stood 

upon  monnds, sometimes  in  the  form  of  a  great 
pavilion,  and  the  inside  of  their  whiter  dwell- 
ings was  daubed  with  clay.  Hunting,  ti-Ii iiiLT, 
and  cultivating  their  fertile  lands  were  their 
employments,  for  they  seldom  made  aggressive 
war.  They  were  skilful  artisans  iii  making 
arms,  houses,  barges,  canoes,  and  various  orna- 
ments. Thej  made  pottery  for  kitchen  sen  ice, 
and  some  of  it  was\er\  ornamental.  Fortifica- 
tions were  constructed  with  moats,  and  walled 
tow  us  and  grand  and  beautiful  temples  abound- 
ed. They  made  mats  of  split  cane,  with  which 
they  covered  their  houses  and  upon  which  they 
sal.  These  resembled  the  rush  carpeting  of  the 
Moors.  In  their  temples, dedicated  to  the  wor- 
ship of  the  sun.  were  votive  offerings  of  pearls 
ami  rich  furs.  They  regarded  the  sun  as  the 
superior  deity,  and  in  all  their  invocations  they 

appealed  to  il  as  to  God.  To  il  they  made  sac- 
rifices of  grain  and  animals.  The  chief,  while 
he  was  alive,  was  held  in  the  greatest  vene- 
ration as  priest  and  kiiii,r.  As  a  symbol  of  de- 
votion to  him  of  (he  entire  strength  of  the  na- 
tion, the  sacrifice  of  the  fust -horn  male  child 
was  required,  w  bile  the  young  mot  her  was  com- 
pelled to  witness  the  slaughter  of  her  child. 
Their  marriages  were  attended  with  great  dis- 
plays of  ornaments  and  flowers,  and  at  the  set- 
ting of  the  sun  the  bride  and  groom  and  their 
friends  prostrated  themselves  before  that  lumi- 
nary and  implored  his  blessing.     Like  the  Iro- 


CREEK  INDIANS  IN  NEW  YORK  3^ 

quois,  the  civil  power  in  their  government  was 
widely  distributed;  and,  like  tbe  Iroquois,  the 
Creeks  were  Mil  exception,  in  their  approach  to 
civilization,  to  all  the  Indian  tribes  of  North 
America.  Such  were  the  Creek  (or  Muscogee) 
Indians  wheu  tirst  seen  by  Europeans. 

Creek  Indians  in  New  York.  The  Conti- 
nental Congress  bad  ordered  (1788)  renewed 
negotiations  with  the  southern  tribes  looking 
to  complete  pacification.  The  National  Cou- 
gress  in  1789  made  an  appropriation  for  the 
purpose,  and  Washington  appointed  Geueral 
Lincoln,  Colonel  Humphreys,  and  Cyrus  Griffin 
(late  President  of  Congress)  commissioners  to 
treat.  They  were  instructed  to  try  and  induce 
the  Indians  to  comply  with  three  treaties  al- 
ready made  with  Georgia,  it  they  were  just,  and 
to  secure,  by  a  new  treaty,  the  tract  west  of  tbe 
Oconee  River,  whereon  settlers  were  already 
seated.  The  commissioners  met  Creek  repre- 
sentatives at  Rock  Landing,  Sept.  20  (1789). 
They  were  led  by  McGillivray,  a  half-breed,  the 
head  chief  of  the  Creeks,  who  received  the  com- 
missioners with  respect  and  friendship  such  as 
had  been  extended  to  the  British.  They  deter- 
mined not  to  yield  to  the  claims  of  the  Geor- 
gians; and  as  the  commissioners  did  not  pro- 
pose to  restore  their  lands,  they  broke  off  the 
treaty  abruptly.  McGillivray  was  the  son  of  a 
Scotch  trader,  who  had  married  a  Creek  maiden. 
Washington  despatched  Colonel  Willed  on  a 
new  mission  to  the  Creeks.  He  succeeded  in 
persuading  McGillivray  to  proceed  to  New  York 
(then  the  seat  of  the  national  government)  witli 
some  of  his  principal  chiefs  to  renew  negotia- 
tions. Accompanied  by  twenty-eight  of  these 
braves,  McGillivray  was  received  with  much  cer- 
emony at  Philadelphia  and  New  York.  He  ar- 
rived at  the  latter  city  (June  23,  1790)  when 
Congress  was  in  session.  In  tbe  reception 
there  the  Tammany  Society,  or  Columbian  Or- 
der, took  a  conspicuous  part.  That  society  had 
been  lately  established.  (See  Tammany.)  Ar- 
rayed in  their  Indian  costume,  the  society  es- 
corted the  Creek  chiefs  into  the  city,  and  after- 
wards entertained  them  at  a  public  dinner. 
McGillivray,  as  the  son  of  a  Scotchman,  was 
chosen  an  honorary  member  of  the  St.  Andrew's 
Society.  Washington  appointed  tbe  Secretary 
of  War  (Knox),  on  the  part  of  the  United  states. 
to  negotiate  a  treaty.  It  was  dune  satisfacto- 
rily to  all  parties,  and  was  ratified  Aug.  13,  1790. 
Tbe  treaty  was  signed  (Aug.  7)  by  Knox,  and  by 
McGillivray  and  twenty-three  of  bis  chiefs  on 

behalf  of  the  Creek  nation.      After  some  simple 

ceremonies,  the  conference  was  concluded  hy  a 

song  of  peace,  BUng  by  the  whole  Indian  depu- 
tation. 

Creeks,  THE,  SUE  loi:  I'l  u  r.  After  the  bat- 
tle at  tbe  Horseshoe  Bend  (see  Tokopeka)  Jaok- 

son  pushed  on  to  tbe  "  Hickory  (iround,"  at  tbe 

confluence  of  the  Coosa  ami  Tallapoosa  rivers, 

and  there,  On  the  site  of  Foil  Toulouse  (built  by 
the  Flinch  one  hundred  \ears  before),  he  raised 

tbe  national  standard  overs  fortification  there 
creeled  and  named  I'm  I  .lack-on.  Thither  dep- 
utation   after  deputation    of  humiliated    Creek 


S  CRISIS,  THE 

chiefs  made  their  way  to  sue  for  peace  on  he- 
half  of  themselves  and  their  people.  "dive 
proof  of  your  submission."  said  Jackson,  "  by 
going  and  staying  above  Fort  Williams,  where 
you  will  be  treated  with,  and  the  demands  of 
my  government  will  be  made  known  to  you. 
But  you  must  tirst  bring  in  Wcalhersford,  the 
leader  at  Fort  Minis,  who,  on  no  account,  can  be 
forgiven."  On  the  20th  of  April,  1814,  General 
Pinckney  arrived  at  Fort  Jackson,  when,  in- 
formed of  the  general  submission  of  the  Creeks, 
and  considering  the  war  with  them  at  an  end, 
he  issued  an  order  (April  21)  for  the  West  Ten- 
liesseeaus  to  march  home.  They  were  discharged 
at  Fayetteville,  Tcnn.  Jackson  then  retired  to 
his  own  home  at  the  Hermitage. 

Creeks,  Tut:, TREAT  FOR  REMOVAL.  A  treaty 
was  concluded  witli  the  Creek  nation.  Feb.  12, 
1825,  for  their  removal  to  lands  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River,  it  having  become  the  policy  of 
the  United  States  to  plant  all  of  the  barbarian 
tribes  east  of  the  Mississippi  on  reservations 
west  of  that  stream. 

Creeks,  TREATY  with  THE.  A  treaty  of  peace 
and  friendship  between  the  United  States  and 
the  Creek  nation  was  concluded  at  Colerain, 
Ga.,  Jan.  29, 1796.  It  did  not  satisfy  the  Geor- 
gians, as  no  new  cessions  of  land  were  obtained  ; 
but  it  put  an  end  to  the  mutual  depredations 
which  had  prevailed  on  that  frontier  and  pro- 
vided for  the  restoration  of  prisoners  and  prop- 
erty captured  by  the  Indians.  It  settled  the 
mutual  boundaries  of  the  Creeks,  Chickasaw  s. 
and  Choctaws;  and  in  consideration  of  an  ad- 
ditional annuity  of  six  thousand  dollars  and  the 
providing  of  the  Creeks  with  two  blacksmiths, 
the  right  was  obtained  tor  the  President  to  es- 
tablish such  posts  and  trading-stations  within 
the  territory  as  be  mighl  deem  expedient. 

Crele,  JOSEPH, the  oldest  man  who  ever  lived 
ill  America,  was  born  in  Detroit  in  172."> :  died 
at  Caledonia.  Wis.,  Jan.  27.  lSOO.  It  is  said  that 
the  date  of  his  birth  is  established  by  the  rec- 
ord of  baptisms  in  the  French  Roman  Catholic 
Church  at  Detroit.  In  17.">">  he  married  his  tirst 
wife,  and  was  twice  married  afterwards.  He 
bore  arms  against  Braddook  at  the  time  of  his 
defeat,  and  was  a  let ter-earricr  on  the  frontier 
several  years  before  the  Revolution.  At  tin' 
time  of  his  death  he  lived  with  a  daughter  by 
his  third  wile,  born  when  he  was  sixty -nine 
years  of  age.  Towards  llie  close  of  his  life  he 
would  sometimes  say.  despondingly,  "1  fear 
Death  has  forgotten  me." 

Creole  State.  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
Louisiana, in  which  a  large  portion  of  the  in- 
habitants are  descendants  of  the  French  and 
Spanish  settlers. 

Crescent  City.  A  name  given  to  New  Or- 
leans. Its  older  portion  was  built  around  a 
bend  of  the  Mississippi  of  crescent  form. 

" Crisis,  The."  During  the  old  war  for  Inde- 
pendence a  scries  of  political  pamphlets  writ- 
ten bj  Thomas  Paine,  an  English  emigrant,  was 
published  in  Philadelphia.  The  Aral  number, 
beginning  with  the  often -quoted  line,"  I 


CRITTENDEN  COMPROMISE  3 

are  the  times  that  try  men's  souls."  was  pub- 
lished in  December,  l?T(i.  The  last  number  was 
published  at  the  attainment  of  peace,  April  19, 
3o  useful  in  enconraging  the  Americans 
t<>  persevere  in  tlieir  Btrnggle  were  these  essays 
eonsidered,  that,  early  in  1782,  when  Paine  had 

laid  aside  his  pen  for  several  months,  he  was 
induced  by  Robert  Morris  to  resume  it,  with  a 
promise  that  lie  should  have  pecuniary  reward 
for  his  services.  The  series  and  the  title  were 
Suggested  by  a  similar  series  pnblished  in  Lon- 
don i  ITT.-.  76),on  the  fust  d timber  of  which  it 
was  announced  "  to  he  continued  weekly  dnring 
tin'  present  bloody  civil  war  in  America."  (See 
••  Common  Sense.") 

Crittenden  Compromise,  Tit k.  In  the  United 
States  Senate  in  December,  1860,  when  civil  wax 
was  threatened, the  venerable  John  .1.  Critten- 
den, then  seventy-five  years  of  age,  a  senator 
from  Kentucky,  offered  a  series  of  amendments  to 
the  National  Constitution,  and  joint  resolutions, 
for  the  protection  of  slavery,  t<>  satisfy  the  slave- 
holders ami  to  secure  peace,  which,  embodied, 
are  known  iu  history  as  the  "  Crittenden  Com- 
promise." The  amendments  substantially  pro- 
posed: 1.  To  re-establish  the  line  fixed  in  tin; 
Missouri  Compromise  (which  see)  as  tin'  boun- 
dary-line between  free  and  slave  territory:  that 
Congress  should  by  statute  law  protecl  slave 

property  from  interference  by  all  the  depart- 
ment, of  the  territorial  governments  during 
their  continuance  as  such  :  that  such  territories 

should  he  admitted  as  slates  with  or  without 
slavery,  as  the  state  const  itut  ions  should  deter- 
mine. 'J.  That  Congress  should  not  abolish 
slavery  at   any  place   within    the    limits  of  any 

slave-labor  state,  or  wherein  slavery  might 
thereafter  he  established.  3.  That  Congress 
should  notabolish  slavery  in  the  District  ofCo- 

1  ii  in  hi  a  so  lone;  as  it  should  exist  iu  t  he  adjoining 

states  of  Maryland  and  Virginia,  withonl   the 

consent  of  the  inhabitants  thereof,  nor  without 

just  compensation  made  to  the  owners  of  slaves 

who    should    not    consent    to   the   abolishment . ; 

that  Congress  -houM  not  prevent  government 

otliecrs  sojourning  in  the  district  on  business 
bringing  their  slaves  with  them,  and  taking 
them  with  them  when   they  should  depart.       I. 

That  Congress  should  have  no  power  to  prohibit 
or  hinder  the  transportation  of  slaves  from  one 
state  to  another,  or  into  territories  w  lure  slavery 

should  be  allowed.  .">.  'I'll ri I  the  National  Gov- 
ernment   should  pay  to  the  owner  of  a  fugitive 

slave,  who  might  be  rescued  from  the  officers  of 
the  law,  upon  attempting  to  take  him  back  to 
bondage,  the  full  value  of  such  "property"  so 
lost:  and  that  the  amount  should  be  refunded 
by  the  county  in  which  ihe  rescue  might  occur, 
that  municipality  having  the  power  to  sue  for 
and  recover  tin'  amount  from  the  individual  act- 
ors in  the  offence,  ti.  That  no  future  amend- 
ments to  the  Constitution  should  be  made  that 
Bight  have  an  effect  on  the  previous  amend- 
ments, or  on  any  sections  of  the  Constitution  on 
the  subject  already  existing:  nor  should  any 
amendment   be  made  that  should  give  to  the 

Congress  the  right  to  abolish  or  interfere  with 
Slavery  in  any  of  the  states  w  here  it  existed  bj 


1  CRITTENDEN 

law,  or  might  hereafter  be  allowed.  In  addi- 
tion to  these  amendments  Senator  Crittenden 
offered  four  joint  resolutions,  declaring  substan- 
tially as  follows:  1.  That  the  Fugitive  Slave 
Act  was  constitutional  and  must  be  enforced, 
and  that  laws  ought  to  be  made  for  the,  punish- 
ment of  those  who  should  interfere  with  its  due 
execution.  2.  That  all  state  laws  (sec  Personal 
Liberty  Bill*)  which  impeded  the  execution  of 
the  Fugitive  Slave  Act  were  null  and  void;  that 
such  laws  had  been  mischievous  in  producing 
discord  and  commotion,  and  therefore  the  Con- 
gress should  respectfully  and  earnestly  recom- 
mend the  repeal  of  them,  or  by  legislation  make 
them  harmless.  :t.  This  resolution  referred  to 
the  fees  of  commissioners  acting  under  the  fu- 
gitive Slave  Law.  and  the  modification  of  the 
section  which  required  all  citizens,  when  called 
upon,  to  aid  the  owner  in  capturing  his  run- 
away property.  4.  This  resolution  declared 
that  strong  measures  ought  to  be  adopted  for 
the  suppression  of  the  African  slave-trade.  On 
the  2d  0f  March  two  days  before  the  close  of 
the  session  Mason,  of  Virginia,  the  author  of 
the  Fugitive  slave  Law, called  up  the  Critten- 
den propositions  and  resolutions,  when  Clarke's 
resolutions  (which  sic)  were  reconsidered  and 

rejected,  for  the  pin-pose  of  obtaining  a  direct 
vote  on  the  original  proposition.  After  a  long 
debate,  continued  into  the  "small  hours"  of 
Sunday  morning  I  March  :!,  1861  I,  the  Crittenden 

Compromise  was  rejected  bj  a  vote  of  twenty 
against  nineteen.  Had  the  Secessionists  re- 
tained their  seats,  it  might  have  been  carried. 
A  resolution  of  the  House  of  Representatives 

w  as  then  adopted,  to  amend  the  Constitution  so 
as  to  prohibit  forever  any  amendment  of  that  in- 
strument  interfering  with  slavery  in  any  state. 

Crittenden,  GEORGE  I!..  was  born  in  Ken- 
tucky, and  graduated  at  West  Point  iu  L832, 
He  resigned  the  next  year,  served  in  the  war 
against  Mexico  (1846—48)  nnder  General  Scott, 
joined  the  insurgents,  and  became  a  Confeder- 
ate major-general,  and,  w  ii  h  Zollieoffer,  was  de- 
feated in  the  battle  at  Mill  Spring  (which  see) 
in  January,  1862.  He  was  a  sou  of  Senator  J.J. 
Crittenden. 

Crittenden,  JOHN  JORDON.was  born  in  Wood- 
ford County, Ky.,  Sept.  10, 1786;  died  at  Prank- 
fort,  Ky..  .Inly  26,  1863.  He  was  aide-de-camp 
to  Governor  Shelby  at  the  battle  of  the  Thames 
(which  see):  became  a  lawyer:  entered  the  Ken- 
tucky Legislature  iu  1816,  and  was  speaker  sev- 
eral years, and  was  fust  a  member  of  the  United 

Slates  Senate  in  1  ~  I T  19.  from  I-:;.",  to  1-11 
he  was  again  in  the  Senate,  when  President 
Harrison  called  him  to  his  cabinet  as  attorney- 
general.  He  was  again  in  the  Senate  from  1842 
lo    L848,  when    he   was   elected  governor   of  his 

state,  which  position  he  held  when  President 

Fillmore  appointed  him  attorney -general  in 
I860.      Mr.  Crittenden    was  one   of  the   most 

useful  and  trustworthy  of  I  he  members  of  the 
national  legislature,  and  was  regarded  as  the 

"patriarch   of  (he  Senate."      In   the  session   of 

I860  til  he  introduced  the  " Crittenden  Compro- 
mise "  (which  see).     His  term  in  the  Senate  ex- 


CRITTENDEN 


34S 


CROMWELL 


piling  in  Maroh,  1861,  he  entered  the  Lower 
House  as  a  representative  in  July  following, in 

which  he  was  a  very  ardent  but  conservative 
Union  man,  but  was  opposed  to  the  emancipa- 
tion of  the  slaves. 


JOHN   JOKDOX   CRITTEXDKX. 

Crittenden,  Thomas  LKONIDA8,  Becond  son  of 
Senator  .).  J.  Critteudeu,  was  born  at  Rnssell- 
ville,  Ey.,  in  1819.  He  Berved  under  General 
Taylor  in  the  war  against  Mexico,  and  when  the 
latter  became  President  of  the  United  States  he 
sent  Crittenden  to  Liverpool  as  United  States 
Consul.  He  returned  in  lS.">:i,  and  in  Septem- 
ber, 1861,  was  made  a  brigadier-general  and  as- 
signed a  command  under  General  Bnell.  For 
gallantry  in  the  battle  of  Shiloh  he  was  promot- 
ed to  major-general  of  volunteers  and  assigned 
a  division  in  the  Army  of  the  Tenm  - 
afterwards  commanded  the  left  wing  of  tbe 
Army  of  the  Ohio  under  General  Bnell.  Then 
he  served  under  Roseorans,  taking  part  in  the 
battles  at  Stone  River  and  Chickamanira.  His 
corps  was  among  the  routed  of  the  army  in  the 
last-named  battle.  He  commanded  a  division 
of  the  ninth  corps  in  the  campaign  against  Rich- 
mond in  1864.  In  Maroh,  1665,  be  was  breveted 
major-general  United  States  army. 

Crockett,  David,  was  born  in  Greene  Cnuu- 
ty,  Tenn.,  Ang.  17.  1786;  died  at  San  Antonio. 
Bexar  Co.,  Texas.  March.  ls::ti.  With  little  edu- 
cation, he  became  a  noted  banter  in  his  early 
life;  served  under  .Jackson  in  the  Creek  War; 
was  a  member  of  Congress  from  1898  to  1834, 
and  removed  to  Texas  in  the  latter  year, 'where 

be  became  zealously  engaged  in  the  war  for 
Texan  independence.  While  fighting  for  tin 
defence"  of  the  Alamo  at  San  Antonio,  he  fell. 
mortally  wounded. 

Croghan,  GBORGK,  Indian  agent,  was  born  in 
Ireland:  died  at  Pasaynnk,  Penn.,  in  the  sum 
merof  17— J.  Educated  in  Dublin,  be  emigrated 
to  Pennsylvania,  and  in  1746  was  engaged  in 
trade  with  the  Indians.  Acquiring  their  lan- 
guage and  friendship,  Pennsylvania  made  him 
Indian  agent.  Captain  in  Brnddnek'M  expedi- 
tion iii  1766, he  showed  such  excellence  in  mili- 
tary matters  that  in  1766  he  was  Intrusted  with 
be  west*  rn  frontier  of  Penusj  I- 


vania.  and  was  made  by  Sir  William  Jobnson 
his  deputy,  who.  in  17li:S,  sent  him  to  England 
to  confer  with  the  ministry  about  an  Indian 
boundary-line.  On  that  voyage  he  was  wrecked 
on  the  coast  of  France.  In  May.  177l>.  Croghan 
founded  a  settlement  four  miles  above  Fort  Pitt 
mow  Pittsburgh).  He  was  active  in  securing 
the  attachment  of  the  Indians  to  the  British  in- 
terest until  177(3.  but  took  no  active  part  in  tbe 
events  of  the  Revolution. 

Croghan,  GEORGE,  was  born  near  Louisville, 
Ky..  Nov.  l.">.  1791 :  died  in  New  Orleans.  .Ian.  8, 
1S49.  He  was  educated  at  the  College  of  Will- 
iam and  Mary,  which  lie  left  in  1810;  was  aide  to 
Colonel  Boyd  in  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe  (which 
see)  in  1811,  and  made  captain  of  infantry  in 
March.  1812.  In  March.  1813,  he  became  an  aide 
of  General  Harrison,  and  in  August  of  the  same 
year  sustained  the  siege  of  Fort  Stephenson 
(which  see)  against  a  force  of  British  and  In- 
dians, for  which  he  was  breveted  a  captain  and 
awarded  a  gold  medal  by  Congress.  He  was 
made  lieutenant-colonel  early  in  1S14.  and  re- 
signed in  1817.  Colonel  Croghan  was  postmaster 
at  Xew  Oilcans  in  1824, and  late  in  the  next  year 
was  appointed  inspector-general  of  the  army, 
willi  the  rank  of  colonel.  1  le  served  under  Tay- 
lor in  Mexico  at  the  beginning  of  the  war  with 
that  power. 

Cromwell,  OUVEK,  Lord  Protector  of  Eng- 
land, was  horn  at  Huntingdon,  April  'i">.  1699; 
died  at  the  Palace  of  Whitehall.  Sept.  ::.  1668 
His  social  position  was  thus  described  by  him- 
self: -I  was  by  birth  a  gentleman,  neither  liv- 
ing in  any  considerable  height  nor  yet  in  ob- 
scurity.''  His  family  was  connected  with  the 
St.  Johns.  Hampdeus.  and  other  English  histor- 
ical families.  It  is  a  curious  fact  that  when  he 
was  five  years  of  age  lie  had  a  figbl  with  Prince 
Charles,  who.  as  king,  was  beheaded  and  suc- 
ceeded by  Cromwell  as  the  ruler  of  England. 
He  flogged  the  young  prince,  who  was  then  with 
bis  family  visiting  Cromwell's  uncle.  As  a  boy 
he  was  much  given  to  robbing  orchards  and  play- 
ing unpleasant  pranks.  He  lived  a  w  ild  life  at 
Sidney-Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  whither  he 
was  sent  in  1616.  He  left  college  after  his  fa- 
ther's death  next  year,  and  in  1620  married  a 
daughter  of  Sir. lames  Hoiirchier.  when  his  man- 
ner of  life  changed,  and  he  became  an  earnest 
Christian  worker  for  good,  praying,  preaching, 
and  exhorting  among  the  Puritans.  He  he- 
came  a  member  of  Parliament  in  1628,  and  al- 
w  ays  exercised  much  influence  in  that  body.  He 
was  a  radical  in  opposition  to  royalty  in  the  fa- 
mous Long  Parliament.  When  the  Civil  War 
commenced  he  became  one  of  the  most  active  of 

the  men  in  the  ticld.  and  was  made  a  colonel  in 

1643  nmbr  the  Fail  of  Essex,  the  parliamentary 
lord-general.  He  raised  a  ca>  airy  regiment,  ami 
excited  ill  them  and  other  troops  which  he  af- 
terward- led  the  religions  seal  of  the  Puritana, 
ami  directed  it  with  force  against  royalty.    That 

regiment  became  the  most  famous  in  tl 
tionary  army.      After  the  death  of  the  king  lie 
resolved  t.>  iieconie  sole  ruler  of  Rugland.     He 
had   effected   the    prostration  of  the  monarchy. 


CROMWELL,  THE  BUCCANEER  349      CROWN  OFFICERS,  SELECTION  OF 


not  from  ambitious,  bat  from  patriotic  motives: 
bat  in  his  efforts  £01  power  after  the  execution 

lie  was  a  hold  operator.  When  the  Scotch  parti- 
sans of  the  son  of  the  king  (afterwards  Charles 
II.)  invaded  England  and  penetrated  to  Worces- 
ter, Cromwell,  with  thirty  thousand  English 
troops,  gained  a  decisive  victory  over  them. 
Grateful  to  the  victor,  the  government  gave  him 
an  .state  worth  $30,000  a  year  and  assigned  him 
Hampton  Court  as  his  abode  He  now  sought 
supreme  rule.  On  April  20,  1653,  he  boldly  drove 
the  remnant  of  the  Long  Parliament  which  ruled 
England,  out  of  the  House  of  (  'ominous  by  mili- 
tary force.  The  same  day  the  Council  of  State 
was  broken  up,  and  for  weeks  anarchy  prevailed 

in  England.    Cromwell  issued  a  summons  lor 

hundred  and  lifly-MX  pel-oils  named  to  meet  at 
Westminster  as  a  Parliament.  They  met  (all 
but  two)  in  July.  This  was  the  famous  "  Barc- 
bones'  Parliament,"'  so  called  after  one  of  its 
Puritan  members  named  Praise  (bid  Barebones. 
It  was  a  weak  body,  and  in  December,  1663, 
Cromwell  was  declared  Lord  Protector  of  Great 
Britain,  and  the  executive  and  legislative  pow- 
er- were  vested  in  aim  ami  a  Parliament.  In 
his  administration  of  affairs  he  exert,  ,1  consid- 
erable in  finance  in  the  English-American  colo- 
nic-. His  administration  was  a  stormy  one.  for 
plots  for  his  assassination  were  frequently  dis- 
covered, and  he  was  constantly  harassed  by  the 
opposition  of  men  who  had  acted  with  him  but 
were  honest  Republicans,  which  he  was  not. 
With  shattered  body  ami  distracted  mind,  he 
sank  into  the  grave  from  the  effects  of  a  tertian 
fever.  He  died  on  the  anniversary  of  the  battle 
of  Worcester. 

Cromwell,  the  Buccaneer.    <>t f  the  earli- 

est  of  the  famous  buccaneers  was  Captain  Crom- 
well, who  had  been  a  common  tailor  in  New 
England.  In  1646  he  was  in  command  of  three 
Gut-sailing  brigan tines, filled  with  armed  men, 
and  was  driven  into  the  harbor  of  New  Plym- 
outh by  a  storm.  Cromwell,  under  the  author- 
ity of  a  sort  of  second-hand  commission  from 
High-admiral  (Kail  of)  Warwick,  hail  capt- 
ured in  the  West  Indies  several  richly  laden  Span- 
ish vessels.  These  fret-hooters  spent  money  free- 
ly at  Plymouth.  Cromwell  and  his  men  soon  af- 
terwards went  to  Boston, where  hi'  lodged  with 
a  poor  man  who  had  helped  him  when  he  was 
poor,  a  ml  gave  him  genei  ois  coinpensat  ion.  Win- 

throp,  who  hail  lately  been  reelected  governor, 
received  from  this  freebooter  an  elegant  sedan 
chair  captured  in  one  of  his  prizes,  designed  as 
a  gilt   by  the  Viceroy  of  Mexico  to  his  sister. 

Crook,  Qcorok,  was  born  neat  Dayton,  Ohio, 

Sept.  -,  1828,  and  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
1H.VJ.     In  May.  1861,  he  w  as  promoted  to  captain. 

He  did  good  sei  \  toe  m  western  Virginia,  and  in 
September  w  as  made  brigadier-general  ami  took 

command  of  the  Kanawha  District.  In  com- 
mand of  a  division  of  eavalrj  in  the  Army  of  the 
Cumberland,  he  was  at  Chickarnanga(  which  see) 

anil  drove  Wheeler  across  the  'IVniu— 

WtmUt't  Bttid.)     Breveted  major-geueral  (July. 

1864),  lie   was  put  in  command  of  the  Arms   of 

giuia,  and  took  part  in  Sheridan's  oper- 


!  ations  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  lie  was  made 
major  general  of  volunteers  in  October,  and  late 
in  February.  1S65,  was  captured  by  guerillas, 
but  exchanged  the  next  month.  Besides  other 
brevets  he  was  breveted  brigadier-general  of  the 
regular  army  March  1:!.  l~b.">. 

Cross  Keys.  When  Banks  was  expelled  from 
the  Shenandoah  Valley  (see  Winchester),  the  city 
of  Washington  was  in  real  danger,  and  it  could 
only  be  relieved  from  peril  by  the  retreat  or 
capture  of  the  Confederates.  For  this  purpose 
McDowell  sent  a  force  over  the  Blue  Ridge,  to 
intercept  them  if  they  should  retreat,  aud  Fre- 
mont pressed  cm  from  the  wist  toward-  Snas- 
burg  with  the  same  object  in  view. 
ing  the  threatened  danger,  Jackson  lied  up  the 
valley  with  his  whole  force,  hotly  put  sued  by 
the  Nationals,  and  at  CrOBB  Ke.\ -.  beyond  Harri- 
sonburg, Fremont  overtook  Ewell,  w  hen  a  sharp 
but  indecisive  battle  occurred.  Kwell  had  about 
ii\e  thousand  men,  strongly  po-ted.  There  he 
was  attacked  (on  Sunday  morning, June  7.  1  ~-« >  —  > 
by  Fremont  with  the  tone  with  which  he  had 
moved  out  of  Harrisonburg.  General  Schenck 
led  the  right,  General  Milroy  the  centre,  and 
General  Stahl  the  left.     Between  the  extremes 

was  a  force  under  Colonel  ('Insert  t.  At  eleven 
O'clock  the  conflict  was  general  and  severe,  and 
continued  several  hours,  Milroy  and  Schenck  all 
the  while  gaining  ground,  the  former  w  it  It  heavy 
los-.  At  four  o'clock  the  whole  National  line- 
was  ordered  to  fall  back  at  the  moment  when 
Milroy  had  pierced  Kw  ell's  centre,  and  was  al- 
most up  to  his  guns.  Milroy  obeyed  the  order, 
but  with  great  reluctance,  for  he  felt  sure  of 
victory.  The  Confederates  occupied  the  battle- 
field that  night,  and  the  Nationals  rested  with- 
in their  first  line  until  morning,  w  hen  Ewell  was 
called  to  aid  Jackson  beyond  the  Shenandoah 
Biver.  The  National  loss  in  the  battle  was  six 
hundred  and  sixty-four,  of  which  two  thirds  fell 
in  Stahl's  brigade. 

Crown  Officers  Clamor  for  Taxing  the  Col- 
onies.     After  the  Congress  at  Annapolis  ,  which 

see), everj  erown  officer  in  the  colonies  urged 

upon  the  British  government  the  necessity  of 
devising  some  plan  for  deriving  a  revenue  from 
taxation  of  the  colonies.  Their  recommenda- 
tions put  forth  tin-  idea  that  "a  common  fund 
must  be  either  voluntarily  raised  or  assessed 
some  other  way."  Even  the  moderate  Sharpe, 
of  Maryland,  recommended  that  the  governor 
and  council  of  each  colony  should  be  vested  with 

power,  independent  of  the  Assembly,  to  levy 

money  ••after  any  manner  that  may  be  deemed 

most  ready  and  convenient." 

Crown  Officers,  SKLKCTION  of.  On  tbeSStfa 
of  March,  1774,  a  bill  passed  Parliament,  by  the 
overwhelming  majority  of  two  hundred  and 
thirty-nine  agaiust  sixty-four,  which  was  tan- 
tamount to  an  abrogation  of  the  Charter  of 
Ma-sachuseits.  It  gave  to  tin'  crown  the  ap- 
pointment of  counsellors  and  judges  of  the  su- 
preme court:  and  the  nomination  of  all  other 
officers,  military,  executive,  and  judicial,  was 
given  to  the  governor,  independent  of  any  ap- 
proval by  the  Council.      To  the  sheriffs,  instead 


CROWN  POINT 


350    CKOWN  POINT,  EXPEDITION  AGAINST 


of  the  selectmeu  of  the  towns,  was  given  the  se- 
lection of  jurors;  and  all  town-meetings,  except 
for  elections,  were  prohibited.  It  was  a  direct 
blow  at  the  liberties  of  the  people. 

Crown  Point,  in  Essex  County,  N.  Y.,  was 
quite  an  important  trading-station  between  the 
English  and  the  Indians  until  1731,  when  the 
French  took  possession  of  this  cape,  projecting 
into  Lake  Chaniplain  on  its  western  side,  and 
built  a  military  work  there,  which  they  called 
Port  Frederick.  It  remained  in  possession  of 
the  French  until  1759,  when  the  approach  of  a 
huge  English  force,  under  General  Amherst, 
caused  the  garrison  there  to  join  that  at  Ticou- 
deroga,  in  their  flight  down  the  lake  to  its  out- 
Tieonderoga,  Capture  of ,1759.)  Amherst 
remained  at  Crown  Point  long  enough  to  con- 
struct a  sufficient  number  of  rude  boats  to  cou- 


CROWX    POINT. 

vey  his  troops,  artillery,  and  baggage,  and  then 
started  to  drive  the  enemy  before  him  across  the 
St.  Lawrence.  The  delay  prevented  his, joining 
Wolfe  at  Quebec.  When  ready  to  move,  it  was 
mid-autumn  October  11),  and  heavy  storms  com- 
pelled him  to  return  to  Crown  Point,  after  going 
a  short  distance  down  the  lake.     There  he  placed 

his  troops  in  winter-quarters,  where  thej  con 
structed  a  fortress,  whose  picturesque  ruins,  after 
the  lapse  of  more  than  a  century,  still  attest  its 
original  Btreugth.  The  whole  circuit,  measur- 
ing along  the  ramparts,  was  a  trifle  less  than 
half  a  mile;  and  it  was  surrounded  by  a  broad 
ditch,  cut  out  of  the  solid  limestone,  with  the 
fragments  taken  out  of  which  massive  stone 
barracks  were  constructed.     In  it  was  a  well, 

eight    feel    in    diameter    and   ninety    feet    deep, 

also  int  out  of  the  limestone.  The  fortress  was 
never  entirely  finished,  although  the  British  gov- 

iii lUl  spent  ncaih  $10,000,000  II  pon  it  and  its 

outworks.     Crown  Point  was  an  important  place 

dm  in?,'  the  old  win-  for  independence. 

ClOWU     Poillt,     (AMIAIUN      A..MN- 


The  conduct  of  the  second  campaign  against 
Crown  Point  was  intrusted  to  General  John 
Winslow  (a  great-grandson  of  Edward  Winslow, 
governor  of  Plymouth),  who  led  the  expedi- 
tion against  the  Acadian.-,  in  17.").").  (See  Annlt- 
ans,  Expulsion  of)  The  Earl  of  Loudoun  was 
commander-in-chief  of  the  British  forces  in 
America,  and  General  James  Abeicronibie  was 
his  lieutenant.  General  Winslow  had  collected 
seven  thousand  men  at  Albany  before  Aber- 
crombie's arrival, with  several  British  regiments, 
in  June.  Difficulties  immediately  occurred  re- 
specting military  rank.  These,  unadjusted  when 
Loudoun  arrived,  were  made  worse  by  his  arro- 
gant assumption  of  supreme  rank  for  the  royal 
officers,  and  the  troops  were  not  ready  to  move 
until  Angnst.  Vigorous  measures  were  mean- 
while takeu  to  supply  and  reinforce  the  forts  at 
Oswego.  John  Brad- 
street,  appointed  coro- 
missary-geueral,  em- 
ployed for  this  purpose 
forty  com pauiesof  boat- 
men, of  fifty  men  each. 
Before  this  could  be  ac- 
complished.the  Punch, 
under  Montcalm,  capt- 
ured the  (lost  al  Os- 
wego,  w  Inch  event  so 
alarmed  the  inefficient 
Loudoun  that  he  aban- 
doned all  other  plans  of 
the  campaign  for  the 
year.  A  regiment  of 
British  regulars,  under 
Colonel  Webb,  on  their 
march  to  reinforce  <  tn- 
w  ego.  on  hearing  of  the 
disaster,  fell  back  to 
Albany  with  terror 
aud  precipitation ;  and 
other  troops,  moving 
tow  aids  Ticonderoga. 
were  ordered  to  halt, 
and  devote  their  efforts 
towards  strengthening  forts  Ed  wand  and  Will- 
iam Henry. 

Crown' Point,  Expedition  AGAIK81  (1756). 
The  plan  of  the  campaign  for  17.">.">  (see  French 
and  Indian  War)  contemplated  an  expedition 
against  the  French  at  Crown  Point,  on  Lake 
C  bam  plain,  to  be  commanded  by  William  John- 
son. He  accomplished  more  than  Braddock  or 
Shirley,  yet  failed  to  achieve  the  main  object 
of  the  expedition.      The  Assembly  of  New   York 

had  voted  £8000  towards  the  enlistment  in  Con- 
necticut of  two  thousand  men  for  the  Niagara 

and  Crown  Point  expedition  :  and  after  bearing 
of  Braddook'fl  defeat,  they  raised  four  hundred 
men  of  their  own,  ill  addition  to  eight  bundled 

which  they  had  already  in  the  field  The  troops 
destined  for  the  northern  expedition,  about  six 
thousand  in  number,  were  drawn  from  New  Png- 

lan.l.  \.  «  Jersey,  and  New  York.  Thej  were 
hd  bj  General  Pbineaa  Lyman,  of  Connecticut. 

to  the  head  ol  boat  navigation  on  the  Hudson, 
when'  they  built   Port  Lyman,  after"  aids  called 

Poit  Edward.    There  Johnson  joined  then 


CROWN  TOINT,  FRENCH  AT 


351 


CRUGER 


Tl 

!■ 

I 

ai 

f 


gnsi)  with  store?,  took  the  chief  command,  and 
advanced  to  Lake  George.  The  Baron  Dieskan 
had,  meanwhile,  ascended  Lake  Cbamplain  with 
two  thousand  men,  whom  he  brought  from  Mon- 
treal. Landing  at  South  Hay.  at  t lie  southern 
extremity  of  Lake  Champlaill,  Dieskan  inarched 

against  Port  Lyman,  bul  suddenly  changed  his 
route,  and  led  his  troops  against  Johnson,  at  the 
head  of  Lake  George,  where  his  camp  was  pro- 
tected ou  two  sides  by  an  impassable  swamp. 

Informed  of  this  movement  of  the  French  and 
Indian  allies  (  Sept.  7  ),  .lohnson  MUl  forward 
(Sept.   -  .    one    thousanii    .Massachusetts    troops, 

under  the  command  of  Colonel  Epbraim  Will- 
iams, and  two  hundred  Mohawk  Indians,  under 
King  Hendrick,  to  intercept  the  enemy.  The 
English  fell  into  an  amhuscade.  Williams  and 
Hendrick   were  Lot h  killed,  and  their  followers 

f>U  hack  in  great  confusion  to  Johnson's  oamp, 

hotly  pursued.       The    latter   had    heard   of  the 

disaster  before  the  fugitives  appeared,  east  np 
breastworks  of  logs  and  limbs,  and  placed  two 

cannons  upon  thein.and  was  prepared  to  receive 
the  pnranera  of  the  English.  Dieskan  ami  his 
victorious  troops  came  rushing  on,  without  sus- 
picion of  being  confronted  with  artillery.  They 
came,  a  motley  host,  with  BWOrds,  pike*.  I9.US- 
kets,  and  tomahawks,  anil  made  a  spirited  at- 
tack, hut  at  the  discharge  of  cannon  the  Indiana 
ihd  in  terror  to  the  forests.  So,  also,  did  the 
Canadian  militia.  Johnson  had  been  wounded 
early  in  the  light,  and  it  was  carried  through 
victoriously  by  Geueml  Lyman,  who,  bearing 
the  din  of  hat  tie.  had  cnnie  from  Fort  Lyman 
with  troops.  Tin-  hat  tie  continued  several 
hours,  when,  Dieskan  being  severely  wounded 
and  made  a  prisoner,  the  French  withdrew,  and 
hastened  to  Crown  Point.  Their  bags 
captured  by  some  New  Hampshire  troops.     The 

French  loss  was  estimated  at  one  thousand  men  ; 
that  of  the  English  at  three  hundred,  Johnson 
did  not  follow  the  discomfited  enemy,  hut  built 
a  strong  military  work  on  the  Bite  of  bis  oamp, 
whi<h  he  called  Fort  William  Henry.  He  also 
changed  the  name  of  Fort  Lyman  to  Fort  Ed- 
ward, in  compliment  to  the  royal  familj  :  and 
In-  was  rewarded  for  the  success  achieved  by 
Lyman  with  a  baronetcy  and  090,000  to  support 
tin1  new  title.  The  French  strengthened  their 
works  at   Crown    Point,  and   fortified   Tlconde- 

roga. 

Crown  Point,  Fkkm  it  \r  c  l?::i  I.  The  Ca- 
nadian authorities  at  Montreal  sent  a  partj  to 
occupy  Crow  n  Point, on  t  he  west  shore  of  Lake 

Champlain,  w  it  hin  one  h  in  id  led  miles  of  Ul>.m\ 

This  movement  startled  New  ifork  ami  \<v,  Eng 
land.   The  Assembly  of  the  former  resolved  that 

"this    encroachment,    if   not     prevented,  would 

ptOVe  of  the  most  pernicious  consequence  to  this 

and  other  colonics."   They  sent  notice  of  the  en- 

roachmeiit    to   Pennsylvania,  Connecticut,  and 

nesaohnsetts,and  applied  to  the  Hoard  ofTrade 
and  Plantations  for  aid.      That  body  supported 

their  complaints,  hut  l.'ohert  Walpole  judiciously 

conns. died  peace.  The  last  two  wars  of  Eng- 
land with  France  had  laid  upon  England  the 

burden  of  a  national  debt  of  I960, I, •:  and, 

iii  spile  of  the  re ist ranees  of  Ne»  York  and 


New  England,  the  French  quietly  occupied  the 
shores  of  the  lake,  built  a  fort  at  Crown  Point, 
and  made  a  settlement  ou  the  east  side  of  the 
water. 

Crozat  and  Louisiana.  The  first  settlement 
in  Louisiana  was  made  at  Biloxi  (now  in  Mis- 
sissippi) in  1699.  In  1702  there  were  settlements 
begun  on  Dauphin  Island  and  at  Mobile,  now  in 
Alabama.    The  French  government,  wishing  to 

promote  more  rapid  settlements  in  that  region, 
granted  (17P2)  the  whole  province,  with  a  mo- 
nopoly of  trade,  to  Anthony  Cro/.at.  a  wealthy 
French  merchant,  who  expected  large  profits 
from  mines  and  trade  with  Mexico.  Cro/.at 
contracted  to  send  ships  from  France,  with 
goods  and  emigrants,  every  year;  and  he  was 
entitled  to  import  a  cargo  of  negro  slaves  annu- 
ally. The  French  government  also  agreed  to 
pay  §10,000  a  year  for  the  civil  and  military 
establishments.  Crozat  established  a  trading- 
house  on  the  site  of  Montgomery,  on  the  Alaba- 
ma River,  and  another  at  Natchitoches,  on  the 
Red  River.     Fort  Rosalie  was  built  on  the  site 

of  Natchez,  about  which  a  town  s 1  grew  up, 

the  oldest  on  the  Lower  Mississippi  Crosal 
made  ineffectual  attempts  to  open  a  trade  with 
Mexico,  and  the  intercourse  l>y  sea  was  prohib- 
ited after  the  war.  After  five  years  of  large  out- 
lay and  small  returns.  Cro/at  resigned  his  pat- 
ent   1717):  bnt  other  speculators  soon  filled  his 

place.  The  Mississippi  Company  (sec  /.cue's  /luli- 
bh)  was  granted  the  monopoly  of  all  trade  with 
Louisiana  tor  twenty-live  years.  They  attempt- 
ed to  introduce-  six  thousand  white  people  and 
half  as  many  negroes,  and  private  individuals 
to  whom  grants  of  laud  had  been  made,  also  sent 
out  colonists.  Law.  having  twelve  square  miles 
of  land  in  Arkansas,  undertook  to  settle  the  do- 
main w  ith  1500  Germans.  The  Mississippi  Com- 
pany resigned  Louisiana  to  the  crown  in  1732, 

Cruger  and  Brown  Colonel  Brown,  who 
was  in  command  at  Augusta,  Ga.,  had  been  de- 
feated by  Colonel  Clarke,  who  captured  costly 
presents  designed  tor  the  Cherokees,  which  the 

British  had  intrusted  to  the  active-  loyalist 
commander.  With  a  corps  of  one  hundred  pro- 
vincials and  one  thousand  Cherokees,  Hrown 
maintained  a  position  on  Garden  Hill  against 
tin-  Americans  for  nearly  a  week, when  he  was 
rescued  (September,  1780)  by  Colonel  Cruger, 
the  loyalist  commander  at  Fort  Ninety-six.  At 
Ciugci's  approach  the  Americans  ret ired,  and 
Were  pursued.  Sonic-  were  killed  and  scalped, 
and  some  were  made  prisoners.  Of  the  latter. 
Captain  Ashhy  and  twelve  others  were  hanged 

under  the  immediate  direotiou  of  Brown;  thir- 
teen were  delivered  to  the  Cherokees,  and  peT- 
ished  by  tortures  or  the'  tomahawk,  or  wore 
thrown  into  tires.  By  Brown's  orders  thirty 
of  the  prisoners  were  put  to  death.  Cruger, 
accompanied  by  Major  Patrick  Ferguson  (see 
King's  Mountain),  attempted  to  waylay  the  re- 
treating party,  but  did  not  succeed. 
guata,  Siege  of.) 

Cruger,  Hkxisy,  Jr.,  was  horn  in  New  York 
ciiy,  in  17:i!>;  died  there,  April  24,  L827.  His  fa- 
ther became  a  merchant  in  Bristol,  Eng.,  where 


CRUGER 


352 


CULLUM 


he  died  in  17j?0.  Henry  was  associated  with  him 
in  trade,  and  succeeded  liiin  as  Mayor  of  Bristol 
in  1T-I.  He  bad  been  eleeted  to  Parliament  as 
the  colleague  of  Edmund  Burke  in  1774,  and  was 
re-elected  ill  1784,  and  on  all  occasions  advo- 
cated conciliatory  measures  towards  his  coun- 
trymen. After  the  war  he  became  a  merchant 
in  New  York,  and,  while  yet  a  member  of  the 
British  Parliament,  was  elected  to  the  Seuate 
of  the  State  of  New  York. 

Cruger,  John  HARRIS,  loyalist,  was  born  in 
New  York  city  in  17:!^;  died  in  London,  Jan.  3, 
1807.  He  was  brother  of  Henry  Cruger,  and 
Succeeded  his  father  as  member  of  the  govern- 
or's council,  lie  married  a  daughter  of  Colo- 
nel Oliver  De  Laucey,  and  commanded  a  battal- 
ion of  his  loyalist  corps.  He  served  under 
Cornwallis  in  South  Carolina,  and  was  in  com- 
mand of  Fort  Ninety-six  (which  see)  when  be- 
sieged by  Greene  in  May.  1781, aud  was  praised 
for  his  successful  defence  of  the  post  until  re- 
lieved by  Lord  Raw  don.  In  the  battle  of  Fufaw 
Spring,  in  September,  he  commanded  the  Brit- 
ish centre.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  went  to 
Euglaud,  and  his  property  was  confiscated. 

Cuba,  one  of  the  Spanish  West  India  Islands. 
and  the  largest  of  the  group.  Early  in  the  16th 
century  it  was  a  conspicuous  point  of  departure 
for  discoverers,  explorers,  aud  conquerors  of  the 
American  continent.  The  island  was  discovered 
by  Columbus  on  the  '^^lli  of  October,  1492,  when, 
it  is  believed,  he  entered  a  bay  near  Nuevitas,  on 
the  north  coast.  He  gave  it  the  name  of  Juana, 
in  honor  of  Prince  Juan,  or  John,  son  of  Isabella. 
Other  names  were  afterwards  given  to  it,  but 
that  of  the  natives— Cuba— is  retained.  It  was 
very  thickly  populated  by  a  docile  and  loving 
copper-colored  race,  who  were  rightfully  called 
by  themselves  The  Good.  When,  in  the  winter 
of  1509  Hi,  Ojeda  wassailing  from  Central  Amer- 
ica to  Santo  Domingo  (see  Ojeda)  with  some  of 
his  followers,  his  vessel  was  stranded  on  the 
southern  shores  of  Cuba.  lie  and  his  crew  suf- 
fered dreadfully  in  the  morasses,  and  more  than 

half  of  them  perished.    They  feared  the  natives, 

to  whose  protection  persecuted  ones  in  Santo 
Domingo  had  lied,  but  hunger  compelled  the 
Spaniards  to  seek  for  food  among  them.  These 
suffering  Christians  were  treated  most  kindly  by 
the  pagans,  and  through  their  good  offices  Oje- 
da was  enabled  to  reach  Jamaica,  then   settled 

by  his  countrymen.     He  had  built  a  chapel  in 

Cuba,  and  over  its  altar-piece  he  placed  a  snuill 
Flemish  painting  of  the  Virgin,  and  taught  the 
natives  t<>  worship  her  as  the  "  Mother  of  God." 
Then  Ojeda,  OH  reaching  Santo  Domingo,  told  his 
countr.v  men  of  the  abundance  of  precious  metals 
in  Cuba,  when  Diego  Velasquez,  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  Cuba  by  Diego  Columbus,  went  with 
three  hundred  men  and  made  an  easy  conquest 
of  it.    The  natives  bail  kepi  Ojeda's  chapel  sw.pt 

clean,  made  votive  offerings  to  the  Virgin,  com- 
posed couplets  to  her.  and  lltllg  them  with  ac- 
companiments of  instrumental   music  as  the] 

danced  in  the  sun- ding  groves,  and  tried  to 

conviuce  their  pious  oouquerors  that  they  were 
fellow-Christians,  bul  in  vain.     The  oouqueron 


made  slaves  of  them,  and  so  cruelly  worked  and 
treated  them,  men  ami  women,  in  the  fields  and 
mines,  that  in  less  than  fifty  years  only  a  few 
natives  were  left,  and  their  places  were  par- 
tially supplied  by  negro  slaves.  Cruelty  was 
the  rule  with  the  con<|iierors.  Velasquez  found 
there  a  rich  and  potent  cacique,  who  had  tied 
from  Hispauiola  to  avoid  slavery  or  death,  and 
he  condemned  the  fugitive  to  the  llames.  When 
he  was  fastened  to  the  stake,  a  Franciscan  friar, 
laboring  to  convert  him,  promised  him  imme- 
diate admittance  to  the  joys  of  heaven  if  he 
would  embrace  the  Christian  faith,  and  threat- 
ened him  with  eternal  torment  if  he  should  con- 
tinue in  his  unbelief.  The  cacique  asked  wheth- 
er there  wire  any  Spaniards  in  that  region  of 
bliss,  and  being  answered  in  the  affirmative,  re- 
plied. ••  I  will  not  go  to  a  place  where  I  may 
meet  one  of  that  accursed  race."  De  Soto  was 
made  captain-general  of  Cuba  in  1537, and  from 
that  island  he  sailed  to  make  a  Conquest  of  Flor- 
ida. From  it  Cordova  also  sailed,  and  Orijalva. 
when  they  went  and  discovered  Mexico:  and 
from  it  Velasquez  sent  Cortea  to  make  a  con- 
quest of  the  empire  of  Montezuma.  Cuba  has 
remained  in  the  possession  of  the  Spaniards  ever 
since  the  conquest.  The  introduction  of  negroes 
for  slaves  was  gradual  ;  and  towards  the  close 
of  the  Kith  century  monastic  institutions  and 
a  delegate  of  the  Inquisition  were  introduced 
there.  Cuba  has  experienced  revolts,  but  no 
successful  revolution,  since  the  beginning  of 
this  century  there  has  been  much  discontent  on 
the  island,  especially  among  the  Creole  popula- 
tion. During  the  last  thirty  years  there  has 
been  manifested  a  strong  desire  among  a  por- 
tion of  the  people  of  the  I'll  it  ed  States  to  annex 
Cuba  to  our  republic.  In  1848,  President  Polk 
authorized  the  American  minister  at  Madrid  to 
offer  $100,000,000  for  Cuba,  but  it  was  rejected. 
Soon  after  that,  fruitless  expeditions  from  our 
shores  to  create  a  revolution  there  in  favor  of 
Cuban  independence  have  occurred:  ami  in  the 
summer  of  1854, three  American  ministers  in  Eu- 
rope held  a  conference  at  Ostend.  in  Belgium, 
and  issued  a  statement  (set'  Ostnid  Minii/r.-lo) 
that  Cuba  ought  to  belong  to  the  United  States, 
and  that,  in  case  the  slaves  of  Cuba  should  be 
emancipated,  the  United  States  ought  to  take 
Cuba  from  Spain  by  force;   and  John  Slidell.  of 

Louisiana,  offered   a  resolution  in  the  United 

Stalin  Senate,  in  the  session  of  1858-59,  to  place 

|30, ,000  in  the  hands  of  President  Buchanan. 

with  a  view  to  the  acquisition  of  the  island.  A 
revolt  broke  out  in  1868, which  was  not  quelled 

until  early  in  1-T<.  at  which  time  nearly  100,000 
soldiers  had  been  sent   from  Spain,  on. 

of  whom  bad  died  or  been  killed. 
Ciillum,  tit  uia. i  Washing  iyjm,  «  as  horn  Feb. 

95,  1812,  and  graduated  at  West  point  in  1-:'.:!. 
entering  the  engineer  Corps,  and  becoming  cap- 
lain     in    July,    1838.       lb'     was    made    major    in 

August.  1861, lieutenant-colonel  in  March,  1863, 

and    colonel,   March,   1867,  which    rank    in    the 
United  states  Armj  be  still  holds,     n,  is  one  of 
the  most  accomplished  and  useful  office  i 
necis  in  the  Foiled  Slates  Aimv,  as  the  milila- 
IV  works  he  has  superintended  the  construction 


CULPEPPER  AND  ARLINGTON  31 

of  attest.  From  1845  to  1848  be  was  instructor 
of  practical  engineering  in  the  West  Point  Mil- 
itary Academy,  during  which  time  he  spent  two 
years  in  Europe.  He  served  as  aide-de-camp 
to  General  Soott  in  1861,  and  in  November  was 
made  brigadier  of  volunteers,  serving  on  the 
staff  of  General  Halleck  in  1862,  and  accompa- 
nying him  to  Washington.  He  was  an  efficient 
member  of  the  United  Stales  Sanitary  Commis- 
sion (which  see),  superintendent  of  West  Point 
Academy  from  1864  to  1866,  and  in  1865  was  bre- 
veted major-general  in  the  United  8tatea  Army. 
General  Cnllnm  has  published  several  books  on 
military  affairs,  and  a  Biographical  Register  of  the 

Officers  and  <hud  mil  a  of  Wttt  I'oint. 

Culpepper  and  Arlington.  In  1673  King 
Charles  gave,  to  two  <>!'  his  profligate  oonrtiers, 
Lord  Culpepper  and  the  Marl  of  Arlington,  ••  all 
the  domain  of  land  and  water  Called  Virginia" 
for  thirty  years.  A  commission  was  given  to 
Culpepper   as   governor  for  life,  to   take    effect 

whenever  Berkeley  (which  see)  should  vacate 
the  office.  He  purchased  the  interest  of  Arling- 
ton in  the  royal  grant.  Preferring  to  engage  in 
the  profligate  enjoyments  of  London  and  a  court] 
life,  he  did  not  go  to  Virginia  until  L680,  or  three 
yean  alter  Berkeley  had  left  the  provlnoe.  His 
profligacy  and  rapacity  there  disgusted  the  peo- 
ple, and  discontent  ripened  into  open  insurrec- 
tion. By  the  king's  order,  the  got  BlUOr  caused 
several  of  the  insurgents,  who  were  men  of  in- 
fluence, to   he   hanged.      A   reign  of  terror,  mis 

ealled  tranquillity,  followed.     At,  length  the 

king  himself  became  incensed  against  Culpep- 
per, revoked  his  grant  In  1684,  and  deprived 
him  of  office. 

Culpepper,  .Jons,  was  surveyor-general  in  the 
Carolina*, and  in  Jlw^  headed  an  insurrection  in 
the  Albemarle  or  North  Colony  in  favor  of  pop- 
ular liberty.  Led  by  him,  the  people  deposed 
the  officers  appointed  bj  the  proprietai 
the  public  funds,  appointed  new  officers,  and  or- 
ganized a  new  government.  Sent  to  England 
to  effect  a  compromise,  Culpepper  was  indicted 
for  high  treason,  but  through  the  influence  of 
the  Bar]  of  Shaftesbury  he  was  acquitted.  He 
returned  to  the  Carolinas,  and  in  lt'i^u  laid  the 
foundations  of  the  city  of  Charleston. 

Culpepper,  THOMAS  (Lord),  was  governor  of 
Virginia  from  1680  to  1683,  and  died  in  lTl'.t.  lie 
was  one  of  the  parasites  of  (  'hai  les  II.,  to  whom 

the  tei  ritory  of  Virginia  was  granted.    Fr oo- 

grantees  in  1660,  he  purchased  the  domain  be- 
tween the  Potomac  and  Rappahannock  rivers. 
His  daughter,  Lady  Fairfax,  Inherited  his  es- 
tate. As  one  of  Hie  Commissionen  for  Planta- 
tions (which  see),  he  was  deprived  of  his  office 
in  1683,  in  consequence  of  irregularities  in  rela- 
tion to  colonial  affairs. 

Cumberland,  Dukb  OF.     At  the  opening  of 

the  French  and  Indian  War  (which  s ,  in  IT.M. 

the    Duke   Of  Cumberland,  commander-in-chief 

of  the  British  Army,  was  Intrusted  with  the 
direction  and  conduct  of  American  affairs.  He 
wan  fond  of  war,  and  cruel  and  sanguinary  in 
disposition.  He  was  thoroughly  bra Ve, and  am- 
bitious of  military  renown.  A  thorough  disci- 
I.— 23 


3  CURTIN 

plinarian,  he  never  forgave  neglect  in  the  ser- 
vice. The  duke  entered  heartily  into  the  war 
with  Fiance,  but,  misunderstanding  the  char- 
acter and  temper  of  the  American  colonists,  he 
made  many  blunders  in  his  management  of  co- 
lonial affairs  at  that  crisis. 

Cumberland  Mountains,  NAMED  and  Pass- 
CD.  In  1747,  Dr.  Thomas  Walker,  of  the  Coun- 
cil of  Virginia,  penetrated  the  mountainous  dis- 
tricts in  the  southwestern  portion  of  that  prov- 
ince, and  crossed  the  great  range  of  hills  that 
separates  the  valley  of  the  Tennessee  from  the 
head-waters  of  the  more  northerly  tributaries 
of  the  Ohio,  lie  named  the  ridge  '•Cumberland 
Mountains,"  in  honor  of  the  Duke  of  Cumber- 
land, who  had  lately  gained  a  victory  over  the 
"Young  Pretender"  al  the  battle  of  Culloden. 
He  gave  the  same  name  to  one  of  the  rivers  that 
flowed  from  the  western  slopes  of  these  moun- 
tains. The  more  northerly  one  he  called  Loui- 
sa, but  it  retains  its  Indian  title,  K<iin-tiuk-t:(', 
giving  the  accent  on  the  middle  syllable,  Ken- 
Bo  the  fertile  regions  of  Tennessee  and 
Kentucky  were  flnt  revealed  to  the  English. 

Cumberland  Road,  Tit k.     (See  Internal  /m- 

jiinn  mints.) 

Cunningham,  William,  a  brutal  provost- 
marshal  of  the  British  Army  in  America,  in  the 
war  for  independence,  was  executed  in  England 

for  forgery,  Aug.  in,  1791,  lb-  starved,  perse- 
cuted, and  murdered  American  prisoners  in  the 
city  of  New  York.  Of  such  captives  under  his 
care.  Dearly  tWO  thousand  were  starved  to  death 
(whose  rations  he  soldi,  and  more  than  two 
hundred  and  fifty  were  privately  hung,  without 

trial,  to  gratify  his  brutal  appetite. 

Cunningham's  Raid.  During  the  winter 
..I  1780  -1.  William  Cunningham,  a  notorious 
Tory  leader,  under  orders  from  Colonel  Hal- 
four,  at  Charleston,  led  one  hundred  and  fifty 
white  men  and  negroes  into  the  interior  ot  South 
Carolina,  to  "  distress  the  inhabitants."  ( »n  his 
march  he  killed  every  person  he  met  whom  lie 
Suspected  of  being  friendly  to  the  United  States, 
and  burned  their  dwellings.      In  this  w  ay  about 

fifty  persons  perished.    A  house  which  sheltered 

thirty-live  Americans,  commanded  by  Colonel 
Hays,  was  tired  upon  because  the  inmates  re- 
fused to  surrender  at  discretion.  At  length  the 
marauding  party  set  lire  to  the  house,  when  the 
garrison  capitulated.  An  agreement  was  made 
and  signed,  in  which  it  was  stipulated  that  the 
Americans  should  be  treated  as  prisoners  of  war 
until  exchanged.  No  sooner  had  they  given  up 
their  arms  than  Cunningham  hanged  Colonel 
Hayes  to  the  limb  of  a  tree.  In  like  manner 
bis  second  in  command  was  treated;  and  with 
his  own  hand  Cunningham  slew  some  of  the 
other  prisoners,  and  requested  his  men  to  follow 

his  example.  These  beta  were  proven  before  a 
judicial  tribunal.  The  name  of"  Hill  Cunning- 
ham" became  a  cause  for  terror  over  large  dis- 
tricts in  South  Carolina. 

Curtin,  ANDREW  GREGG,  "  war-governor"  of 
Pennsylvania,  horn  at  Hellefonte.  I'enn.,  April 28, 
1817,  was  au  active  lawyer  and  politician,  and 


CUKTIS 


354 


CUSHING 


governor  of  his  native  state  when  the  Civil  War 
broke  out.  He  had  been  Secretary  of  State  from 
1805  to  1858,  and  Superintendent  of  Common 
Schools  in  I860.     He  was  re-elected  governor  iu 


(which  see).  In  May,  1861,  he  -was  appointed 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  and  major-gen- 
eral in  Mai cb.  1862.  Commanding  the  army  in 
Missouri,  he   gaiued   the    battle   of  Pea   Ridge 


ANDREW  GREGG   CCRTIN. 

186:5,  and  was  sent  by  President  Grant  as  min- 
ister to  Russia  in  1869. 

Curtis,  George  William,  born  in  Providence, 
R.  I.,  Feb.  24,  18-24.  Until  his  twenty -second 
year  he  was  engaged  in  acquiring  knowledge 
and  skill  for  the  literary  career  he  has  pursued. 
Iu  1846  he  went  abroad,  and,  after  spending  a 
year  in  Italy,  entered  the  University  of  Berlin, 
where  he  saw  the  revolutionary  movements  of 
1848.  He  spent  two  years  in  travelling  in  Eu- 
rope, Egypt,  and  Syria,  returning  to  the  United 
States  in  1850,  in  which  year  he  published  Nile 
Notes  of  a  Howadji,  He  joined  the  editorial  start' 
of  the  New  York  Tribune,  and  was  one  of  the  orig- 
inal editors  of  Putnam's  Monthly.  He  was  for 
many  years  an  eloquent  and  successful  lvccum 
lecturer,  and  is  still  (1880)  regarded  as  one  of 
the  most  accomplished  orators  iu  the  United 
States.  In  1867  he  became  editor  of  limpet's 
Weekly,  and  still  holds  that  position.  In  his 
writings  and  speeches  he  has  been  an  effi- 
cient supporter  of  the  Republican  party  since 
its  organization,  and  has  contributed  a  vast 
number  of  very  able  short  essays  through  Har- 
per's Monthly,  in  the  department  of  "  The  Easy 
Chair."  In  1871  President  Grant  appointed  Mr. 
Curtis  one  of  a  commission  to  draw  up  rules  for 
the  regulation  of  the  Civil  Service.  He  was 
one  of  the  members  of  the  Constitutional  Con- 
vention of  the  State  of  New  York  iu  1868,  iu 
which  he  was  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on 

Education.      Since  1804  he  has  been  one  of  the 

regents  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  New 
York. 

Curtis,  Samiel  Ryan,  born  in  Ohio.  Feb.  :'>. 
1807;  died  at  Council  Bluffs,  [o.,  Dec  25,  1866. 
Graduated  at  Vest  Point  in  1831,  and  the  fol- 
lowing year  left  the  armj  and  studied  law; 
■erred  under  General  Taylor  in  the  war  with 

Mexico,  and   was  General   Wool's  assistant    ad- 
jutant-general in  that  war.     He  was  for 8  while 

governor  of  Saltillo.     He  became  a  member  of 

in    L867,  retaining   that  position   until 

1881,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Peai  i  i 


SAMCEL   RTAS   CIRTIS. 

(which  see).  After  the  war  he  was  appointed 
United  States  Commissioner  to  treat  with  In- 
dian tribes — Sioux,  Cheyennes,  and  others. 

Cushing,  Caleb,  LL.D.,  was  born  at  Salis- 
bury, Mass.,  Jan.  17,  1800;  died  at  Newburyport, 
Mass.,  Jan.  2, 1879.  Graduated  at  Harvard  Uni- 
versity in  1817.  He  became  a  distinguished 
lawyer,  in  which  profession  he  began  practice 
at  Newburyport.  Mass.  Mr.  Cushing  served  in 
the  State  Legislature,  and  was  in  Congress  from 
1835  to  184:i,  as  a  Whig  representative,  when. 
with  Mr.  Tyler,  he  became  an  active  member 
of  the  Democratic  party.  President  Tyler  sent 
him  as  Commissioner  to  China,  where,  iu  1844, 


c.u.kii  c  mum 

he  negotiated  an  important  treaty.  He  advo- 
cated the  policy  of  war  with  Mexico,  and  led  a 
regiment  to  the  field.  In  1853  President  Pierce 
called  Mr.  Cushing  to  bis  cabinet  as  At  lorne\  - 
general.  As  president  of  the  Democratic  con- 
vention at  Charleston  (I860),  he  took  pari  with 
the  Secessionists.  In  1866  be  was  one  of  three 
commissioners  appointed  to  codify  the  laws  of 
the  United  Stales. 


CUSHING 


355 


CUSTIS 


Cushing,  Thomas,  LL.D.,  was  horn  in  Bus- 
ton  March  '-'4.  lr^.-);  died  Feb.  28,  17—  Be 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1744,  and  for  many 
years  represented  liis  native  city  in  the  General 
Court,  of  m  liich  body  be  became  speaker  in  17t>3, 
and  held  that  position  until  1774.  His  signa- 
ture was  affixed,  daring  all  that  time,  to  all 
public  documents  of  the  province,  which  made 
liis  name  so  conspicuous  that,  in  his  pamphlet, 
Taxation  no  Tyranny,  Dr.  Johnson  said,  "  One  ol>- 
ject  of  the  Americana  is  said  to  be,  to  adorn  the 
blows  of  Cashing  with  a  diadem.''  He  was  a 
■ember  of  the  Arsf  and  second  Continental 
Congress;   was   commissary -general   in   177."); 

was  a  judge;   and   in  1771*  was  elected  lieuteu- 
ant-governor  of  Massachusetts,  which  office  he 

held  until  his  d.ath. 

Cushing,  William  I'..  I".  s.  Navy,  was  born 
in  Wisconsin, Nov.  24,  1842;  died  in  Washing- 
ton, 1>.  C,  Dec.  17.  ;  -:  t.  He  entered  the  navy 
in  1857,  resigned,  and  was  reappointed  in  1861. 
He  performed  exploits  remarkable  for  coolness 
and  eonrage  daring  the  war.  tin-  most  notable 
of  which  was  tin-  destruction  of  the  Confederate 

ram  Albemarle,  at  Plyi itb,  N.  C 

l'or  this  in-  received  a  vote  of  thanks 
from  Congress.     In  1888  69  \\<-  commanded  (as 

lienteiiaiitcommaiidei  i  the  Steamer  Maitmo.  in 
tin-  Asia) ic  squadron. 

Cushing,  Wii.t.iAM,  I.I..1)..  horn  at  Scituate, 
Mass..  March  1.  1732;  dud  there,  Bepfe  13,  1-1". 
Graduated  at  Harvard  University  in  1751.  He 
studied  law.  became  eminent  in  his  profession, 
irney-general  of  Massachusetts,  a  jadge 
of  probate  in  1768,  judge  of  the  8uperioi  Court 

in  177-.'.  ami  in  1777  succeeded  his  father  as 
itice  of  that  court.  Under  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Constitution  of  17—  he  was  made 
chief-justice  of  the  state;  and  m  l7-'.»  President 
Washington  appointed  him  a  justice  of  the  8n- 

t  of  the  United  States,     lie  offered 

him  the  chief-justiceship  m  1796,  as  the  sucoes- 

.  hut    he  declined  it.       He  administered 

the  oath  of  office  to  Wasbiugtoo  in  his  second 
inauguration. 


Cushman.  ChaBI  "in   Bai  (H>1  R8,  an  eminent 
actress,  was  born  m  Boston,  Mass.,  Jul]  23,  1816; 
died  there,  Feb.  I-.  1876.     At  the  age  of  nine- 
-  sin-  made  her  tirst  appearance  on  the 
the Tremont Theatre,  Boston, a 
the  pecuniary  misfor ■  of  her  father  render- 
ing it  necessary  t"i  bet  to  assist  iu  the  support 
»f  the  family.    She  was  soon  engaged  to aiug  in 
English  opera  iu  New  Orleans,  bat  almost  im- 
llicdiateh  after  her  arrival  there  her  \oice  fail- 
ed,   she  then  hecaine  an  actress,  making  her 
hist   sppi                              ly   Macbeth,  with   great 
Prom  that    time   forward  her  profes- 
sional hi.                        ,  ■  t  ant  i  ess,  her  last  ap- 
pearance on  the  stage  i»  ing  in  1871.     Pot  i 

gave  choice  dramatic  readings.  In  so- 
cial life  she  held  a  high  position,  for  her  char- 
acter was  marked  by  purity  and  dignity,  and 
she  honored  the  profession  which  she  was  com- 
pelled to  embrace  bj  the  force  of  circumstances. 

Cushman,  Robert,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 


Plymouth  Colony,  was  horn  in  England  about 
the  year  1580,  and  died  in  1625.  He  joined  the 
Society  of  the  "Pilgrims"  in  Holland,  and  be- 
came very  active.  He  and  John  Carver  were 
appointed  agents  to  make  arrangements  for  the 
emigration  of  the  church  to  America,  and  he  was 
one  of  the  number  who  sailed  in  the  Speedwell, 
and  were  compelled  to  return  on  account  of  her 
unseaworthiness.  Mr.  Cnshiuan  remained  with 
those  who  did  not  go  in  the  Mayflower.  He 
went  to  New  Plymouth  in  the  autumn  of  1621, 
taking  with  him  thirty-live  other  persons,  and 
there  delivered  the  charter  to  the  colonists. 
He  preached  the  tirst  sermon  by  an  ordained 
minister  in  New  England  on  Dec  12.  On  the 
following  day  he  sailed  for  England.  The  ves- 
sel and  cargo  were  captured  by  the  French, and 
plundered  of  everything,  and  Cushman  was  de- 
tained two  weeks  on  the  French  coast.  On  his 
return  to  London  he  published  his  sermon  in 
New  England  On  Hit  Sin  and  Danijir  qf  Srlf-lon: 

and  also  an  eloquent  vindication  of  the  colonial 

enterprise.  He  made  a  strong  appeal  for  mis- 
sions to  he  sent  to  the  American  Indi 

Cushman  continued  the  agent  of  the  Plymouth 

Colony  in  London  until  his  death. 
1      Custer,  QaOROI  A.,  was  horn   at   New  Pum- 
;.  ■  .  i  i  .  I  let    5,  1839;   was  killed  by  Indians  June 

25,  1878.     Be  graduated  at  West  point  in  1861, 

and  was  an  active  ami  daring  ca\alry  officer 
during  the  Civil  War,  distinguishing  himself  on 
many  occasions.  He  never  lost  a  gun  nor  a 
color.  In  Jane,  1863, he  was  made  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers,  and  was  breveted  major- 
general  in  1-1.4.  He  was  particularly  distin- 
guished in  the  battles  immediately  preceding 

the  surrender  of  Lee  at  Appomattox  Court- 
house. He  was  exceptionally  fortunate  in  his 
military  career  during  tin'  Civil  War,  and  was 
made  lieutenant-colonel  of  tin-  Seventh  cavalry 
in  1866,  receiving  the  brevet  of  major-general 
in  the  United  states  Arm\  for  services  ending 

mender.      He  afterwards  commanded 
expeditiona  against  the  Indians  in  the  far  West. 

Iii  1879  a  statue  of  General  Custer  was  era  ted 
at  Wed  Point. 

Custer's  Raid.     Genera]  Cosier, with  fifteen 
hundred  cavalry,  crossed  the  Rapid  Am 
-.'7.  1864)  tor  the  purpose  chiefly  of  diverting  the 
attention  of  the  Confederates  from  Kilpatriek'a 

raid  |  w  hich  see  V  Custer  flanked  Lee's  army  on 
the  west,  and  pushed  on  to  within  four  miles  of 
Charlottesville,  when-  he  was  checked  by  a  su- 
perior Confederate  force  with  a  battery.  Turn- 
ing northward,  Custer  had  several  skirmishes, 
and  then  returned  to  camp,  followed  by  a  large 
BOmber  of  refugees  from  slavery. 

Cuatia,  Gxoboi  Washutotoh  Pakste,  adopt- 
ed son  of  General  Washington,  was  horn  April 

30,  17-1  ;  died  at  Arlington  House,  opposite 
Georgetown,  D.  C,  Oct  1".  1857.  He  was  a 
grandson  of  Mrs.  Washington.  His  father  was 
John  Parke  (  ust  is.  and  his  mother  was  Eleanor 
Calvert,  of  Maryland.    At  the  siege  ofYorktown 

|  17-1  Ins  father  was  aide-de-camp  to  Washing- 
ton ;  was  seized  with  cam])  -  fever ;  retired  to 
Eltham,  and  there  died  before  Washington  (who 


CUSTOM-HOUSE 


356 


DAGGETT 


hastened  thither  immediately  after  the  surren- 
der) could  reach  his  bedside.  Washington  af- 
terwards adopted  his  two  children  —  Eleanor 
Parke  and  George  Washington  Parke  Custis — 
as  his  own.  Their  early  home  was  at  Mount 
Vernon.  George  was  educated  partly  at  Prince- 
ton, and  was  eighteen  years  of  age  at  the  time 
of  Washington's  deatb,  who  made  him  an  exec- 
utor of  his  will  and  left  him  a  handsome  es- 
tate, ou  which  he  lived,  until  his  death,  in  lit- 
erary, artistic,  and  agricultural  pursuits.  In  his 
early  days  Mr.  Custis  was  an  eloquent  speaker ; 
and  in  his  later  years  he  produced  a  series  of 
historical  pictures,  valuable,  not  as  works  of 
art,  but  for  the  truthfulness  of  the  costume  and 
equipment  of  the  soldiers  delineated  in  them. 
His  Personal  Recollections  of  Washington  were  ar- 
ranged and  fully  annotated  by  Benson  J.  Los- 
sing,  and  published  in  1859,  with  a  memoir  by 
his  daughter,  Mrs.  Robert  E.  Lee. 

Custom-house,  A,  was  first  established  at 
Charleston,  S.C.,  for  the  enforcement  of  the  acts 
of  trade  in  1685.  The  colonists  there  cast  every 
obstacle  in  the  way  of  the  enforcement  of  those 


acts.  They  were  as  obstinate  as  those  of  Mas- 
sachusetts. 

Custom-house,  First  in  New  England,  was 
established  in  Boston  in  1680,  with  Edward  Ran- 
dolph as  commissioner.  His  authority  was  bu 
perseded  by  the  creation,  by  the  General  Conrt, 
of  a  colonial  naval  office.  (See  Randolph,  Ed- 
ward.) 

Cutler,  Manasseh,  LL.D.,  was  horn  at  Kil- 
lingly,  Conn.,  May  3,1742;  died  at  Hamilton, 
Mass.,  July  28, 1823.  He  graduated  at  Yale  Col- 
lege in  1765  ;  studied  theology  ;  was  ordained  in 
1771 ;  was  a  chaplain  of  a  regiment  in  the  army 
in  1776;  became  au  excellent  botanist;  and  gave 
the  first  scientific  description  of  the  plants  of 
New  Englaud.  As  agent  for  the  Ohio  Company 
in  1787,  he  bought  one  million  five  hundred 
thousand  acres  of  land  northwest  of  the  Ohio, 
and  started  the  first  company  of  emigrants  to 
that  region,  who  founded  the  town  of  Marietta 
in  April,  1787.  He  travelled  thither  in  a  "  sulky  " 
(a  two-wheeled,  one-seated  carriage),  seven  hun- 
dred and  fifty  miles,  in  twenty-nine  days.  He 
was  a  member  of  Congress  from  1800  to  1804. 


D. 


Dablon,  Clatjde,  a  French  Jesuit  missionary, 
who  labored  in  Canada,  New  York,  and  in  the 
present  states  of  Michigan  and  Wisconsin.  He 
was  born  in  1618,  and  died  in  Quebec,  Sept.  20, 
1697.  He  began  a  mission  at  Onondaga,  in  New 
York,  in  1655,  and  in  1661  he  set  out  for  Hud- 
son's Bay  by  land.  He  accompanied  Marquette 
(which  see)  to  Lake  Superior  in  1668,  and  estab- 
lished the  mission  at  the  Falls  of  St.  Mary  ;  also 
one  among  the  Fox  tribe  of  Indians.  In  1670 
he  became  superior  of  the  Canada  Jesuit  mis- 
sions, and  prepared  the  Relations  concerning 
New  France  for  1671-72,  which  was  printed  in 
New  York  in  1861 ;  also  that  for  1675.  An  ac- 
count of  Marquette's  discovery  of  the  Mississippi 
River  was  edited  by  him. 

Dacres,  James  Richard,  a  British  admiral. 
His  father  was  a  oommauder  in  the  battle  with 
Arnold  on  Lake  Chaniplain  in  1776.  The  sou 
entered  the  royal  navy  in  1796,  and,  being  placed 
in  command  of  the  frigate  Gnerricrc  in  1-11. 
was  sent  to  fight  the  Americans.  He  proudly 
boasted  that  he  would  "send  the  Constitution  to 
Davy  Jones's  locker"  when  he  should  he  so  fort- 
unate as  to  meet  her.  She  had  escaped  him  in 
her  famous  retreat  (see  Constitution,  Retreat  of), 
but  willingly  met  and  fought  tin'  Cuerr'urc after- 
wards. (See  Constitution  and  Cuerriere.)  Da- 
cres was  then  captain.  He  attained  the  rank 
of  flag-officer  in  1838,  and  in  1845  was  vice-ad- 
miral and  commander-in-chief  of  the  Beet  at  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.     1 1 »-  was  presented  with  a 

gratuity  l' i  the  "  Patriotic  Fund"  at  Lloyd's, 

in  consideration  of  his  wound.  He  was  mar- 
ried, in  L810,  to  Arabella  Boyd,  who  died  in 
1828.  Vice-admiral  Dacres  died  in  England, 
Dee.  i.  I-  a 

Daggett,  \  \  li  i  I  II  w  l.  was  horn  at  Attlchor- 
ough,  Mas-..  Sept.  ~,  IT'JT;   died  at   New    lla\en. 


Conn.,  Nov.  25, 1780.  He  graduated  at  Yale  Col- 
lege in  1748,  was  ordained  pastor  of  a  Presbyterian 
church  at  Smithtowu,  Long  Island,  in  1751,  and 
in  1755  was  chosen  professor  of  divinity  at  Yale, 
which  position  he  held  until  his  death.  Iu  1766, 
on  the  resignation  of  President  Clap,  he  was 
chosen  president  of  the  college  pro  tempore,  and 
officiated  in  that  capacity  more  than  a  year. 
He  was  au  active  patriot  when  the  War  of  the 


Revolution   broke  out  :    and   when   (he    British 
attacked   New    Haven,  in    1779.  be  took  part    in 

tin    resistanoe  made  by  the  dtiaeni  and  sur- 
rounding  militia.      Dr.   Daggett    was    made   a 


DAHLGREN  3 

prisoner,  and  the  severe  treatment  to  which  be 
was  subjected  bo  shattered  his  constitution  that 
he  never  recovered  his  health.  Alter  the  fa- 
mous "  Dark  Day"  (which  see),  in  1780,  he  pub- 
lished an  account  of  it. 

Dahlgren,  John  A..  U.  S.  Navy,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia  in  November,  I809j  died  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  July   12,  1870.     He  entered  the 

navy  in  1826,  and  was  made  rear-admiral  in 
1863.     He  was  the    inventor  of  the  Dahlgren 


JOT    A.   D.UII.IU'.KN. 

Kiin.  which  he  perfected  at  the  navy-yard  at 
Washington,  and  in  1868  he  was  made  Chief 
of  the  Bureau  of  Ordnance.  In  July,  1863,  he 
took  command  of  the  South  Atlantic  squad- 
ron, and.  with   the  land-forces  of  Crucial   Gill- 

■axe,  captured  Morris  Island  and  Fori  Wag- 
ner, and   reduced   Port   Snmter  t<>  a  heap  of 

ruins,  lb-  conducted  a  anccessfnl  expedition 
up  the  St.  John's  River,  in  Florida,  in  1864, 
and  co-operated  with  Genera]  Sherman  in  the 

capture  ot'  Savannah.  After  the  evaluation 
of  Charleston  (which  sect  be  moved  his  ves- 
sels up  to  that  eity.  Admiral  Dahlgren,  he- 
sides  being  the  inventor  of  a  cannon,  intro- 
duced into  the  navy  the  bighlj  esteemed  light 
boat-how  Ltzer. 

Dakota  originally  formed  a  part  of  Minnesota 
Territory.  It  was  a  portion  of  the  great  Louis- 
iana purchase  in  1803,  The  Nebraska  Territory 
was  formed  in  1854,  and  comprised  a  part  of 

what  is  now    Dakota.      The  latter  territory  was 

organized  by  act  of  Congress,  approved  March 
•■>,  1881,  and  included  the  present  territories  of 

Montana  and  Washington  (which  see  \  In  1883 
a  part  of  the  territory  was  included  in  Idaho, 
of  which  the  northeastern  part  was  organized 

as  Montana  in  1884,  and  the  southern  part  was 

transferred  to   Dakota,     [n   1888  a  large  area 

was  taken  from  Dakota  to  form  Wyoming  Ter- 
ritory (which  Bee).  The  Brat  permanent  settle- 
ments of  Europeans  in  Dakota  wen-  made  in 
I860,  in  what  an-  now  Clay,  Union, and  Tank- 
ton  counties.     The  nisi   Legislature  convened 

Match   17.  1862.      Emigration    was  limited  until 

1866,  when  settlers  began  to  flock  in,  and  popn- 


r  DAKOTAS 

lation  has  rapidly  increased.  Yankton,  situ- 
ated on  the  left  bank  of  the  Missouri  River,  is  its 
capital.  The  mineral  resources  already  devel- 
oped indicate  that  Dakota  is  a  territory  rich  in 
these  products,  and  its  agricultural  resources 
are  very  great. 

Dakotas,  or  Sioux.  This  is  a  large  and  pow- 
erful tribe  of  Indians,  who  were  found  by  the 
French,  in  1(140,  near  the  head- waters  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River.  The  Algonqnins  called  them  AVi- 
dowesmowx,  whence  (hey  came  to  be  called  Sioux, 
and  they  were  also  called  by  the  collective  name 
of  Dakotas.  They  occupied  the  vast  domain  ex- 
tending from  the  Arkansas  River,  in  the  south, 
to  the  western  tributary  of  Lake  Winnipeg  in 
the  north,  and  westward  to  the  eastern  slopes 
of  the  Rooky  Mountains.  They  have  been  class- 
ed into  four  grand  divisions — namely,  the  Win- 
who  inhabited  the  country  between 
Lake  Miohigan  and  the  Mississippi,  among  the 
Algonqnins;  the  Aasinniboins,  or  Sioux  proper 
(tin-  most  northerly  of  the  nation);  the  Minna- 
teree  group,  in  Minnesota,  and  the  Southern 
Sioux-,  who  dwelt  in  the  country  between  the 
Arkansas  and  Platte  rivers,  and  whose  hunt- 
ing-grounds extended  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
(See  Winnebagoea,  ^mfcntieofas,  Mrnnatereet,  and 

Southern  Sinus.)  In  1679  Jean  Dnluth.a  French 
officer,  Bel  up  the  Gallic  standard  among  them 
near  Lake  St.  Peter,  and  the  next  year  be  res- 
cued from  them  Father  Hennepin,  who  fust  ex- 
plored the  Upper  Mississippi.  The  French  took 
formal  possession  of  tin-  country  in  H'>~">.  when 
they  were  divided  into  seven  eastern  and  nine 
western  tribes.     In  wars  with  the  French  and 

other  Indians,  they  were  poshed  down  tin-  Mis- 
sissippi, and,  driving  off  the  inhabitants  of  the 
buffalo  plains,  took  possession.  Others  remain- 
ed on  the  shores  of  the  St.  Peter.  Some  of  them 
wandered  into  the  plains  of  Missouri,  and  there 
joined  the  Southern  Sioux.  In  the  War  of  1812 
the  Dakotas  took  sides  with  the  British.  In 
182S  the  population  of  the  two  divisions  of  the 
Dakotas  was  estimated  at  neatly  thirteen  thou- 
sand. Ill  1837  the]  ceded  to  tin-  United  States 
all  their  lands  east  of  the  Mississippi,  and  in 
1~.M  tin  v  ceded  thirty-live  million  aires  west 
of  the  Mississippi  for  |3,000,000.  The  neglect 
of  the  government  to  carry  out  all  the  provi- 
sions of  the  treaties  for  these  cessions  caused 
much  hitter  feeling,  and  a  series  of  hostilities 
bj  some  of  the  Sioux  ensued;  hut  after  being 
defeated  by  General  Harney,  in  1866,  a  treaty 
of  peace  was  concluded.  Enraged  by  the  fail- 
ure of  the  government  to  perform  its  part  of  the 
bargain  and  the  frauds  practised  upon  them, 
then-  was  a  general  uprising  of  the  Upper  Sioux, 
or  Dakotas.  in  1862,  and  nearly  a  thousand  set- 
tlers were  killed.  The  Lower  Sionx,  of  the  plains, 
also  became  hostile,  hut  all  were  finally  subdued. 
Full  one  thousand  were  held  captive,  and  thir- 
ty-nine were  hanged.  Many  bands  lied  into 
Dakota  Territory,  and  the  strength  of  the  na- 
tion was  greatly  reduced.  The  most  guilty 
bands  lied  into  the  British  dominions,  while 
Others,  from  time  to  time,  have  attacked  settle- 
ments ami  menaced  forts.  Loosely  made  trea- 
ties were  \  iolated  on  both  sides.     Bj  one  of  these 


DALE  31 

the  Black  Hills  were  made  part  of  a  reserva- 
tion, but  gold  having  been  discovered  there,  the 
United  States  wished  to  purchase  the  tract,  and 
induce  the  Indiaus  to  abandon  that  region  and 
emigrate  to  the  Indian  Territory.  They  showed 
great  reluctance  to  treat.  Sitting  Bull,  Spotted 
Tail,  and  Ked  Cloud  visited  the  national  capi- 
tal in  1875,  but  President  Grant  could  uot  induce 
them  to  sign  a  treaty.  Commissioners  met  an 
immense  miiuber  of  them  at  the  Red  Cloud 
Agency,  in  September,  but  the  Indians  set  such 
an  enormous  value  on  their  lands  that  nothing 
was  done.  The  sending  of  surveyors  under  a 
military  escort  to  the  Black  Hills  excited  the 
jealousy  of  the  Sioux,  and  they  prepared  for 
war.  In  the  spring  of  1876  a  military  force  was 
sent  against  them,  and  in  June  a  severe  battle 
was  fought,  in  which  Geueral  Custer  and  a  large 
portion  of  his  immediate  command  were  slain. 
Sitting  Bull,  who  led  the  Indians,  then  fled,  with 
a  large  number  of  his  followers,  into  the  British 
dominions. 

Dale,  Richard,  born  near  Norfolk,  Va.,  Nov. 
6,  1756 ;  died  in  Philadelphia,  Feb.  24, 1826.  He 
went  to  sea  at  twelve  years  of  age,  and  at  nine- 
teen commanded  a  merchant-vessel.  He  was 
first  a  lieutenant  in  the  Virginia  navy,  and  en- 
tered the  Continental  navy,  as  midshipman,  in 
1776.  He  was  captured  in  1777,  and  confined  in 
Mill  Prison,  England,  from  which  he  escaped, 
but  was  recaptured  in  Loudon,  and  taken  back. 


3  DALLAS 

yard,  Philadelphia,  and  over  the  grave  is  a  white 
marble  slab  with  a  long  iuseriptiou. 


ItlcllAKl)    DAIX 


Thenexl  year  be  escaped,  reached  France,  joined 
Paul  Jones,  and  soon  became  lieutenant  of  the 
lloiiliuiiiiiii  Richard,  receiving  a  wound  in  the 
famous  battle  with  Hie  Scrapie,  (See  Bonhommt 
Riokard and  Serapis.)  lie  continued  to  do  good 
service  to  Hie  end  of  the  war,  and  in  1794  was 

made  captain.     He  oi lauded  the  squadron 

ordered  to  the  Mediterranean  in  1801,  and  in 
April,  1808,  returning  home,  he  resigned  his 
commission,  lie  spent  the  latter  yean  of  his 
life  iii  ease  in  Philadelphia,  The  remain!  of 
Commodore  Dale  were  buried  in  Christ  Church- 


Dale,  Sir  Thomas,  governor  of  Virginia,  died 
near  Bantam,  East  Indies,  early  in  1620.  He 
was  a  distinguished  soldier  in  the  Low  Conn- 
tries,  and  was  knighted  by  King  James  in  1606. 
Appointed  chief  magistrate  of  Virginia,  he  ad- 
ministered the  government  on  the  basis  of  mar- 
tial law  ;  planted  new  settlements  on  the  James, 
towards  the  Falls  (now  Richmond);  and  intro- 
duced salutary  changes  in  the  land  laws  of  the 
colony.  He  conquered  the  Appomattox  Indians. 
In  1611  Sir  Thomas  Gates  succeeded  him,  but  he 
resumed  the  office  in  1614.  In  1616  he  returned 
to  England;  went  to  Holland;  and  in  1619  was 
made  commander  of  the  East  India  lleet,  when, 
near  Bantam,  he  fought  the  Dutch. 
•  Dallas,  Alexander  James,  was  born  in  the 
island  of  Jamaica,  June  21,  1759;  died  at  Tren- 
ton, N.  J.,  Jan.  16,  1817.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
Scotch  physician,  and  his  mother  becoming  a 
widow  and  marrying  again,  by  which  he  was 
deprived  of  any  share  in  his  father's  estate,  lie 
left  home  in  1783,  settled  in  Philadelphia,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  practice  of  law  in  that 
state.  He  soon  became  a  practitioner  in  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Hie  United  States.  He  wrote 
for  the  newspapers, and  at  one  time  was  the  ed- 
itor of  the  Columbian  Magaeku.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  State  of  Penusylvauia  in 
1791,  and  was  engaged  as  paymaster  of  a  force  to 
quell  the  Whiskey  Insurrection  (which  - 
1801  he  was  appointed  United  states  Attorney 
for  the  Eastern  Department  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  he  held  that  position  until  called  to  the 
cabinet  of  Madison  as  Seoretary  of  the  Treasury 
in  October,  1814.      In   1815  he  also  performed 

the  duties  of  the  War  Office,  and  was  earnest  in 
his  efforts  to  re-establish  a  national  bank,  lie 
resigned  in  November,  1816,  and  resumed  the 
practice  of  law,  in  which  profession  he  was  al- 
ways eminently  successful. 

Dallas,  QbOROB  Mii  i  i  i\.  1. 1. .IV.  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Jnlj  10,  I798j  died  there  Dee,  :u. 
1864,  He  graduated  at  the  College  of  New  Jer- 
sey in  L810,and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1818. 
He  went  with  Mr.  ( iallat in  to  Kussia  as  private 


DANA 


359 


DANBURY,  DESTRUCTION  OF 


secretary,  and  returned  in  1814,  when  he  assist- 
ed his  father  in  the  Treasury  Department.  In 
1828  he  was  Mayor  of  Philadelphia;  United 
States  Senator  from  1832  to  1833,  and  declined 
a  re-election.  He  was  ambassador  to  Russia 
from  1837  to  1839,  and  Vice-President  of  the 
United  Slates  from  1845  to  1849.  From  1856  to 
1S01  lie  was  American  minister  in  London.  Mr. 
Dallas  was  an  able  lawyer  ami  statesman. 

Dana,  FRANCIS,  I.L.I).,  was  horn  at  Charles- 
town,  Mass.,  June  13,1743;  died  at  Cambridge, 
Mass..  April  25,  1811.  Graduated  at  Harvard  in 
lTf,-.'.  He  was  admitted  to  the  liar  in  17(17; 
was  an  active  patriot;  a  delegate  to  the  Pro- 
vincial Congress  in  1774;  went  to  England  in 
1775  with  confidential  letters  to  Franklin;  was 
a  member  of  the  Executive  Council  from  177ti 
to  1780;  member  of  the  Continental  Congress 
from  177C>  to  1778,  ami  again  in  1784;  member 
Of  the  Board  of  War.  Nov.  17.  1777;  and  was  at 
the  head  of  a  committee  charged  with  the  en- 
tire reorganization  of  the  army.  (See  Committee 
qf  Congrest  at  Valley  Forge.)     When  Mr.  Adams 

went   on    an    embassy    to   negotiate   a    treaty   of 

pesos  and  commerce  with  Qreat   Britain,  Mr. 

Dana  was  secretary  of  the   legation.      At  Paris, 

early  in  1781, be  received  the  appointment  from 
Congress  of  minister  to  Russia,  elotbed  with 
power  to  make  the  accession  id'  the  United 
States  to  the  "Armed  Neutrality"  (which  sect. 

He  resided  two  yars  at  St.  Petersburg,  and  re- 
turned to  Berlin  in  1783.  He  was  again  in  Con- 
gress  in    the   Spring   of  17-1.  and    the    next    \car 

was  made  a  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 

Massachusetts.     In  1791  he  was  appointed  chief- 

justiee  of  Massachusetts,  w  bicli  position  he  held 
fifteen  years,  keeping  aloof  from  political  life, 
except  in  1792 and  1806, when  In-  was  presiden- 
tial elector.  lie  retired  from  the  lunch  and 
public  in'.-  in  1806. 

Dana,  Jam  is  DWIOHT,  I.I.D.,  bom  at  I'tica, 
N.  V..  Feb.  12,  l-i:i.  Graduated  at  Vale  College 
in  l-::::.  He  went  to  the  Mediterranean  in  the 
Delaware  as  teacher  of  mathematics  in  the  Unit- 
ed States  Navy, and  was  mineralogist  ami  geol- 
ogist of  Wilkes's  exploring  expedition,  183c'  12. 
(See  Smith  Sea  Exploring  Expedition.)  For  thir- 
teen years  afterwards  Mr.  Dana  was  engaged 
preparing  the  reports  of  this  expedition  ami 
other  scientific  labors.  These  reports  were  pub- 
lished bj  the  government,  with  atlases  of  draw- 
ings made  by  Mr.  Dana's  own  hand.     He  was 

elected    to    the    (hair    of    Silliinail    Professor    "I 

Natural  History  and  Geology  m  Vale  College  in 

1850,  and  entered  upon  his  duties  ill  1856,  a  po- 
sition which  he  yel  1880)  retains;  and  has  for 
many  years  been  associated  with  his  brother-in- 
law  ,  Benjamin  Silliman,  Jr.,  in  the  editing  and 
publishing  of  the  Amerioam  Journal  of  v 
Art,  founded  by  the  elder  Sillimau  iii  L819.  Pro- 
fessor Dana  has  contributed  much  to  scientific 

journals,  and  is  a  member  of  many  learned  so- 
cieties  at   home   ami  abroad.      In  1^-72  the  Wol- 

lastou  gold  medal,  in  charge  of  the  London  Geo- 
logical Society,  was  conferred  upon  him. 

Dana,  NaPOLBON  JaCKSOB  TecumSKH,  was 
born  in  Fort  Sullivan,  Eastport,  Me..  April  10, 


1822,  and  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1842.  He 
served  in  the  war  with  Mexico  ;  resigned  in 
1855  :  and  in  October,  1861,  became  colouel  of 
the  First  Minnesota  regiment  of  volunteers. 
He  was  in  the  battle  at  Ball's  Bluff  (which 
set) :  was  made  brigadier-general  early  in  1862; 
was  active  throughout  the  whole  campaign  on 
tin'  Peninsula,  participating  in  all  the  battles; 
ami  at  Antietam  commanded  a  brigade,  and 
was  wounded.  A  few  weeks  later  he  was  made 
major-general  of  volunteers;  was  with  the  Army 
of  the  Gulf  in  1863;  commanded  the  Thirteenth 

Army  Corps  a  while;  and  had  charge  of  the 
District  of  Yicksburg  and  West  Tennessee  in 
1864.  From  December,  1864,  to  May,  1865,  he 
was  in  command  of  the  Department  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

Dana,  RICHARD  HXNRT,  poet  and  essayist. 
was  born  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Nov.  15,  1787; 
died  in  Boston,  Feb.  2,  1-T'.».  He  (hose  the  pro- 
fession id'  law,  but  his  tastes  led  him  into  lit- 
erary pursuits.  In  1814  he  and  others  (the 
■North  American  Club")  founded  the  Xorth 
Beriew,  yet  (1880)  published,  of  which 
he  was  solo  conductor  for  a  while.  He  closed 
his  connection  with  it  in  1820.  It  was  while 
Dana  was  editor  of  the  Review  that  Bryant's 
Tkanatopeit  was  published  in  its  pages, the  au- 
thor being  then  unknown.  In  1821  the  first 
volume  of  The  Idle  Man  was  published.  It  wan 
unprofitable,  and  Mr.  Dana  dropped  it.  In  it 
he  published  stories  and  eSBBJ  I  from  bis  own  pen. 
In  tin'  same  year  he  contributed  to  the  Xcw 
York-  Beriew  (then  under  the  care  of  Mr.  Bry- 
ant )  his  first  poem  of  much  pretension.  The 
Deimg  Bowk.  In  1-27  his  most  celebrated 
poetical  production,  The  Buccaneer,  was  pub- 
lished, with  some  minor  poems.  Of  that  pro- 
duction Wilson,  of  BlackwoocVe  Magazine,  wrote, 
"  It  is  by  far  the  most  powerful  and  original  of 
American  poetical  compositions."  Mr.  Dana's 
writings  were  always  marked  by  great  delicacy 
and  grace  and  Strong  individuality.  Among 
his  most  valuable  prose  compositions  were  a 
series  of  lectures  upon  Shakespeare,  ten  in  num- 
ber, delivered  in  the  winter  of  1839-40  in  the 
cities  of  Boston.  New  Vork,  and  Philadelphia. 
Alter  1833  Mr.  Dana  wr.de  but  little, though  his 
lite  was  extended  about  forty-five  years  longer. 

Danbury,  Destruction' of.    Governor  Tryon 

was  one  of  the  most  malignant  foes  id'  the  Amer- 
ican patriots.  He  delighted,  apparently,  in  con- 
spicuously cruel  acts;  and  when  anything  of 
that  nature  was  to  be  done  he  was  employed  to 
do  it  by  the  more  respectable  British  officers. 

Ho  was  chosen  to  lead  a  marauding  expedition 
Into  Connecticut  from  New  York  in  the  spnng 
id'  1777.  At  the  head  id'  two  thousand  men.  he 
left  that  city  (April  23),  and  landed  at  Compo, 
between  rTorwalk  and  Fairfield, two  days  later. 
They   pushed   on   towards    Danbury,  an    inland 

town,  where  the  Americans  had  gathered  a 
large  quantity  of  provisions  for  the  army.    The 

marauders  reached  the  town  unmolested  (April 
25  )  by  some  militia  that  had  retired,  and,  not 
contented  with  destroying  a  targe  quantity  of 
stoics  gathered  there,  they  laid  eighteen  houses 


DANE  2 

in  the  village  in  ashes  and  cruelly  treated  some 
of  the  inhabitants.  General  Sillinian,  of  the 
Connecticut  militia,  was  at  his  home  iu  Fair- 
field  when  the  enemy  landed.  lie  immediately 
sent  out  expresses  to  alarm  the  country  and  call 
the  militia  to  the  held.  The  call  was  nobly  re- 
sponded to.  Hearing  of  this  gathering  from  a 
Tory  scout,  Tryon  made  a  hasty  retreat  by  way 
of  Bidgefield,  near  which  place  he  was  confront- 
ed by  the  militia  under  Generals  Wooster,  Ar- 
nold, and  Sillinian.  A  sharp  skirmish  ensued, 
in  which  Wooster  was  killed,  and  Arnold  had  a 
narrow  escape  from  capture,  after  his  horse  had 
been  shot  under  him.  For  his  gallantry  on 
that  occasion  the  Congress  presented  him  with 
a  horse  richly  caparisoned.  Tryon  spent  the 
night  in  the  neighborhood  for  his  troops  to 
rest,  and  early  the  next  morning  he  harried  to 
his  ships,  terribly  smitten  on  the  way  by  the 
gathering  militia,  and  at  the  landing  by  can- 
non -shot  directed  by  Lieutenant  -  colonel  Os- 
wald. They  escaped  capture  only  through  the 
gallant  services  of  some  marines  led  by  General 
Erskine.  About  sunset  the  fleet  deported,  the 
British  having  lost  about  three  hundred  men, 
including  prisoners,  during  the  invasion.  The 
Americans  lost  about  one  hundred  men.  The 
private  losses  of  property  at  Danbury  amounted 
to  about  eighty  thousand  dollars. 

Dane,  NATHAN,  LL.D.,  was  born  at  Ipswich, 
Mass.  Dec.  27,  1752;  died  at  Beverly,  Feb.  15, 
1836.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1778. 
Au  able  lawyer  and  an  influential  member  of 
Congress  (1785-88),  ho  was  the  framer  of  the 
celebrated  ordinance  of  1787  (which  see).  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Legislature 
several  years,  and  was  engaged  to  revise  the 
laws  of  the  state  (1799),  and  revise  and  publish 
the  charters  (1811)  which  had  been  granted 
therein.  Mr.  Dane  was  a  member  of  the  Hart- 
ford Convention  (which  sec)  in  1814.  His  work 
entitled  J  General  Abridgment  and  Digettof  Amer- 
ican Law,  in  nine  large  volumes  1823 
monument  of  his  learning  and  industry.  By  his 
miinilicence  he  founded  the  Dane  professorship 

of  law  iu  Harvard  University. 

D'Anville's  Expedition  (174f>).  While  the 
eastern  colonies  were  preparing  to  attempt 
the  conquest  of  Canada  (see  Canada,  Expedition 
against),  they  were  alarmed  by  the  intelligence 
that  a  powerful  French  fleet, nnder command  of 
the  Duke  D'Anville,  was  crossing  the  Atlantic 
from  France.    It  consisted  of  forty  ships-of-war, 

besides  transports,  a  ml  bore  nearly  four  thousand 
regular  land-troops,  under  experienced  otlicers. 
With  all  kinds  of  mililaiv  stores.  This  was  t  In- 
most    powerful    armament    ever   sent    to    North 

America  from  Europe.     It  came  to  recover  Lonia- 

burg  (which  see),  and  to  distress,  ifnol   U)  eon 

nuer,  all  Nev  England.     D'Anville  bad  been  in- 
structed to  dismantle  Louisburg,  retake  Annap- 
deatroy  Boston,  ravage  along  the  North 

American   coast,  and  to  visit    the    British  SUgar- 

islands  The  troops  destined  lor  Canada  were 
recalled,  and  six  thousand  four  hundred  of  the 
inland  militia  inarched  into  Boston  (September, 
17lti).      To   then    assistance   six   thousand  more 


10  DARE 

were  prepared  to  march  from  Connecticut  at 
the  first  notice.  The  old  forts  on  the  sea-coasts 
were  strengthened,  and  great  anxiety  every- 
where prevailed.  This  was  relieved  when  in- 
telligence came  of  disasters  to  the  French  fleet 
as  they  approached  the  American  coast.  In  a 
terrible  gale  several  ships  were  wrecked;  the 
expected  junction  w  ith  some  vessels  from  Santo 
Domingo  had  failed;  a  pestilent  fever  among 
the  French  land-troops  had  carried  off  many; 
and  intercepted  letters,  opened  in  a  council  of 
war  on  the  admiral's  ship,  which  indicated  the 
speedy  arrival  of  an  English  fleet,  caused  a  di- 
vision among  the  officers.  Mortified  by  the  re- 
sult of  his  great  expedition,  D'Anville  died  sud- 
denly, either  by  apoplexy,  brought  on  by  anxi- 
ety and  mortification,  or  by  Bel f- administered 
poison.  His  successor,  D'Estonrnelle,  proposed 
to  abandon  the  expedition.  The  rejection  of  his 
proposition  so  agitated  him  that  a  fever  was 
brought  on,  and,  in  delirium,  he  fell  on  his 
sword.  The  remains  of  the  shattered  fleet  pro- 
ceeded to  attempt  the  capture  of  Annapolis, 
but  when  off  Cape  Sable  (Oct.  13)  another  vio- 
lent tempest  scattered  them,  anil  they  returned 
singly  to  France.  They  had  buried  two  thou- 
sand four  hundred  men  in  American  Boil. 

Dare,  Virginia.  In  1587  John  White  went 
to  Roanoke  Island  as  governor  of  an  agricult- 
ural colony  sent  out  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh.  He 
was  accompanied  by  his  son-  in  -  law,  William 
Dare,  and  his  young  wife.  It  was  intended  to 
plant  the  colony  on  the  mainland,  but  White 
went  no  fait  her  than  Koanoke.  There  he  found 
the  melancholy  remains,  in  the  form  of  whiten- 
ed skeletons  and  a  broken  fort,  which  told  the 
sad  fate  of  the  "  protectors  of  the  rights  of 
England"  which  Grenville  had  left  then 
Grenville.)  The  new  colonists  wisely  deter- 
mined to  cultivate  the  friendship  of  the  In- 
dians. Manteo —  the  chief  who  accompanied 
Amidas  and  Barlow  i see  Amidae)  to  England  - 
living  with  his  mother  and  relatives  on  Croa- 
tan  Dlaud.  invited  the  colonists  to  settle  on  his 
domain.  White  persuaded  him  to  receive  the 
j  rite  of  Christian  baptism,  and  bestowed  upon 
him  the  title  of  baron,  as  Lord  of  Koanoke  - 
the  first  and  last  peerage  ever  created  on  the 
soil  of  our  Republic.  It  became  necessary  for 
the  ships  to  return  to  England  for  sup]  dies,  and, 
to  hasten  them.  White  went  with  them,  leaving 
behind  eighty-nine  men,  seventeen  women,  and 
two  children.  Among  the  women  was  his  mar- 
ried daughter,  Eleanor  Daw,  who  had   given 

birth  to  a  daughter  since   her  arrival,  to  whom 

they  gave  the  name  of  Virginia     On  his  way 

home,  White  touched  at  Ireland,  where  he  left 
some  potatoes  which  he  took  lioin  Virginia — 
the  first  of  thai  kind  ever  seen  in  Europe.  He 
started  back  with  two  ships  laden  with  sup- 
plies; but  bis  greed  made  bim  negleol  his  duty 
to  the  colonists,  and.  instead  of  going  directly  to 
Virginia,  he  pursued  Spanish  ships  in  search  of 
plunder.  His  Teasels  w.re  so  1. altered  that  ho 
was  obliged  lo  return  to  England,  and  Spanish 
war-vessels  in  British  watorapreventedhiaaailing 
for  \  mil  ica  again  until  1690.     He  found  Roanoke 

a  desolation,  and  no  trace  of  the  colons  w  .. 


DARIEN  SHIP  CANAL  31 

found.  It  is  believed  that  they  became  min- 
gled with  the  natives,  for  long  years  afterwards 
families  of  the  Hatteras  tribe  exhibited  uninis- 
takable  specimens  of  blood  mixed  with  that  of 
Europeans.  It  is  supposed  the  friendly  "  Lord 
of  Roanoke"  had  saved  their  lives,  for  an  in- 
scription on  bark  indicated  that  they  had  gone 
from  Boanoke  («>  Croatan.  Perhaps  when  .James- 
town was  founded  (  Hi"7  i,  on  tlie  Boanoke  Biver 
(see  Jamestown), little  Virginia  Dare, then  twen- 
ty Tears  of  age,  was  a  beautiful  young  Indian 
t j u i-i'i i  on  the  banks  of  the  Boanoke. 

Darien  Ship  Canal.  (See  Interooamic  Canal.) 
One  of  the  great  canal  projects  which  have  at- 
tracted the  nations  is  i , . .  a  |  1880)  under  consid- 
eration by  tl»t;  United  states  government.  It 
is  the  construction  of  a  ship  canal  to  connect 
the   waters  of  the  Atlantic  and   Pacific  oceans. 

In  1849  an  Irish  adventurer  published  a  book  in 

which  he  said  be  had  crossed  and  recrossed  He- 
ist limns  of  Darien,  and  that  in  the  construction 
of  a  canal  there  only  "three  or  four  miles  of 
deep  tock  cutting"  would  be  required.  Believ- 
ing this,  an  English  company  was  formed  for 
the  purpose.  \\  ilh  a  capital  of  se\  enty-liv  e  mill- 
ion dollars,  and  an  engineer  \\  as  sent  to  survey  a 

route,  who  reported  that  the  distance  between 
"tidal  effects"  was  only  thirty  miles,  and  the 
summit   level   only   one   bundled   and   fifty  feet. 

The  governments  of  England,  France,  the  Unit- 
ed Stales,  and  New  ( iranada  joined,  late  ill  1853, 
in  an  exploration  of  the  best  route  for  a  canal. 
It  was  soon  ascertained  that  the  English  engi- 
neer bad  never  crossed  the  isthmus  at  all.  The 
summit  level  to  which  be  directed  the  expedi- 
tion  was  thousand   feet    above   t  ide  -  water. 

instead  of I  bundled  and  fifty  feet.  The  ex- 
pedition effected  nothing.  In  1864  Lieutenant 
Isaac  St  tain  led  an  American  expedition  for  the 
same  purpose.  They  followed  the  route  pointed 
out   by  the  English   engineer,  and,  after  intense 

suffering,  returned  and  reported  the  proposed 
route  wholly  impracticable.  The  success  of  the 
Sue/  Canal  revived  tin-  project, and  in  1870  two 

expeditions  were  sent   out    by  the  United  States 

government  -one,  under  Commander  T.  <  ►.  Bel- 
fridge,  of  the  United  Stales  Navy,  to  the  Isth- 
mus of  Darien;  and  the  other,  under  Captain 
Shufcldt,  of  the  navy,  to  the  Isthmus  of  Te- 
Iiu.'inlepec.      Three  routes  were  surveyed  across 

the  narrow  part  of  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  bj 
Belfridge,  and  he  reported  all  three  as  having 

i  hat  made  the  construction  of  a  canal 

impracticable,  lb-  reported  a  route  by  the 
Atrato  and  Napipi  rivers  as  perfeotrj  feasible. 
It  would  Include  one  hundred  and  lifts  miles  of 

river  navigation  and  a  canal  less  than  forty 
miles  in   extent.      It   would   call  for  three  miles 

of  rock-cutting  one  hundred  and  twenty  five  feet 

deep. ami  a  tunnel  of  five  miles, with  a  roof  Suf- 
ficiently high  to  admit  the  tallest-masted  ships. 

Belfridge  estimated  the   entire   cost   at   I  him 

died  and  twenty -four  million  dollars.  The 
whole  mattei  was  iel, ue,|  in  1872  to  a  commis- 
sion to  continue  investigations.  The  vast  im- 
portance  of  sueh   a    work   is   conceded,  and   the 

commercial  Interests  of  the  world  demand  its 
speedy  completion.     It  will  undoubtedly  be  ac- 


L  DARK  DAY 

oomplished  by  the  joint  efforts  of  Americans 
and  Europeans. 

Daring  Raid  in  Northern  Georgia.  While 
General  Mitchel  was  holding  the  Charleston 
and  Memphis  Railway  in  Northern  Alabama 
(see  Mitchel' x  Expedition),  be  set  on  foot  one  of  the 
most  daring  enterprises  attempted  during  the 
war.  It  was  an  effort  to  break  up  railway 
communication  between  Chattanooga  and  At- 
lanta, in  Georgia.  For  this  purpose  J.  J.  An- 
drews, who  had  been  engaged  in  the  secret  ser- 
vice by  General  Buell,  was  employed.  With 
twenty  picked  men  Andrews  walked  to  Mari- 
etta, in  the  guise  of  Secessionists  from  Ken- 
tucky seeking  Georgia's  freedom  from  persecu- 
tion. At  Marietta  they  took  the  oars  for  a  sta- 
tion not  far  from  the  foot  of  Great  Keuesaw 
Mountain,  and  there,  while  the  engineer  and 
conductor  were  at  breakfast,  they  uncoupled  the 

engine,  tender,  and  box-car  from  the  passenger 
train  and  started  up  the  road  at  full  speed. 
Tiny  told  inquirers  where  they  were  compelled 
to  stop  that  they  were  conveying  powder  to 
Beauregard's  army.  They  passed  several  trains 
before  the]  began  to  destroy  the  road.  The  first 
train  that  came  to  a  broken  spot  bad  its  engine 
reversed  and  became  a  pursuer  of  the  raiders. 
Onward  they  dashed  with   the  speed  of  a  gale. 

passing  other  trains,  when,  at  an  important  curve 

of  the  road,  after  destroj  tag  the  track  a  consid- 
erable distance,  Andrews  said,  "Only  one  more 
train  to  pass,  boys,  and  then  we  will  put  our  en- 
gine at  full  speed,  burn  the  bridges  after  us, 
dash  through  Chattanooga,  and  on  to  Mitchel, 
at  Iluntsville.''  The  exciting  chase  continued 
many  miles.  The  raiders  cut  telegraph  wires 
and  tore  up  tracks.  The  pursuers  gained  upon 
them,  finally  their  lobrioating-oll  became  ex- 
hausted, and  such  was  the  speed  of  1 1n-  engine 
that  the  brass  journals  in  which  the  axles  re- 
volved were   melted.       fuel  failing,  the  raiders 

were  compelled  to  leave  their  conveyance,  fif- 
teen miles  from  Chattanooga,  and  take  refuge 
in  the  tangled  woods  on  Cbickamauga  Creek. 

A  great  man-hunt  was  organised.  The  moun- 
tain passes  were  picketed,  and  thousands  of 
horse  and  foot  soldiers,  with  several  blood- 
hounds, scoured  the  country  in  till  directions. 
The  w  hide  party  were  finally  .apt  tired,  and  An- 
drews and  se\  en  of  his  companions  were  hanged. 

To  each  of  the  survivors  the  Secretary  of  War 
gave  a  bronze  medal  in  token  of  approval. 
Dark  and  Bloody  Ground.    Two  sect  ions  of 

our    country    have     received     this    appcllat  ion. 

First  it  was  applied  to  Kentucky,  the  great  bat- 
tle-field between  the  Northern  and  Southern  In- 
dians, and  afterwards  to  the  portion  of  that  state 

wherein  Daniel  Boone  and  his  com  pa  ii  ions  were 
compelled  to  carry  on  a  warfare  with  the  sav- 
ages.  It  was  also  applied  to  the  Valley  of  the 
Mohawk,  in  New  York,  and  its  vicinity,  known 
as  Tryon  County,  wherein  the  Six  Nations  and 
their  Tory  allies  made  tearful  forav  s  during  the 
Bevolution. 

Dark  Day,  Thk.  On  the  12th  of  May.  1780,  a 
remarkable  darkness  overspread  all  New  Eng- 
land, varying  in  Intensity  at  different  places.  In 


DARLEY 


362 


DARTMOOK  PRISON 


some  sections  persons  could  not  read  common 
printed  matter  in  the  open  air.  Birds  became 
silent  and  went  to  rest;  barn-yard  fowls  went 
to  roost,  and  cattle  sought  their  accustomed 
evening  resorts.  Houses  were  lighted  with  can- 
dles, aud  nearly  all  out-of-doors'  work  was  sus- 
pended. The  obscuration  began  at  ten  o'clock 
in  the  morning  aud  continued  until  night.  The 
cause  of  the  darkness  has  never  been  revealed. 
The  air  was  unclouded. 

Darley,  Felix  O.  C,  an  emiuent  American  de- 
signer aud  painter,  was  born  in  Philadelphia 
June  23, 1822.  He  evinced  a  taste  for  drawing 
at  an  early  age.  While  a  lad  in  a  mercantile 
house  he  spent  his  leisure  time  in  sketching. 
For  some  of  these  he  was  offered  a  handsome 
sum,  and  this  induced  him  to  choose  art  as  a  life 
pursuit.  He  spent  several  years  in  Philadel- 
phia, always  living  by  his  pencil,  and  in  1848  he 
went  to  New  York,  where  he  made  admirable  il- 
lustrations for  some  of  living's  humorous  works. 
Among  these  were  The  Legend  of  Sleepy  Hollow 
and  J!ip  Fan  Winkle.  These  works  procured  for 
him  the  reputation,  at  home  and  abroad,  as  a 
leader  in  the  art  of  outliue  illustrations.  Mr. 
Darley  has  illustrated  a  great  many  books  and 
made  numerous  admirable  designs  for  bank- 
notes. For  Cooper's  works  he  made  five  hun- 
dred illustrations.  More  than  sixty  of  them 
were  engraved  on  steel.  He  executed  four  large 
works  ordered  by  Prince  Napoleon  while  in  this 
country.  These  were,  "  Emigrants  attacked  by 
Indians  on  the  Prairies,"  "The  Village  Black- 
smith," "The  Unwilling  Laborer,"  and  "The 
Repose."     He    illustrated  several  of  Dickens's 


beautiful  design  of  the  certificate  of  stock  giv- 
en as  evidence  of  subscription  for  the  Cen- 
tennial Exhibition  in  1876.  Among  the  later 
works  of  Mr.  Darley  iu  book  illustrations  were 
five  hnudred  beautiful  designs  for  Lossing's 
Our  Vonntnj.  Mr.  Darley  went  to  Europe  near 
the  close  of  the  war,  studied  models  in  Rome, 
and  returned  with  a  portfolio  full  of  personal 
sketches. 

Darlington,  William,  LL.D.,  was  born  of 
Quaker  parents  at  Birmingham.  Penn.,  April  28, 
1782;  died  at  West  Chester,  Penn.,  April  23, 
1863.  Having  studied  medicine  and  also  lan- 
guages and  botany,  he  went  to  Calcutta  as  sur- 
geon of  a  ship.  Returning  iu  1807,  he  practised 
medicine  at  West  Chester  with  success;  was  a 
Madisonian  iu  polities,  and  when  the  war  broke 
out  in  1812  he  assisted  in  raising  a  corps  for  the 
service  iu  his  neighborhood.  He  was  chosen 
major  of  a  volunteer  regiment,  but  did  not  see 
any  active  service.  He  was  a  member  of  Con- 
gress from  1815  to  1817  and  from  1819  to  1823. 
his  town  he  founded  an  academy,  an  atbeussum, 
and  a  society  of  natural  history.  Dr.  Darling- 
ton was  an  eminent  botanist,  and  a  new  and 
remarkable  variety  of  the  Pitcher  plant,  found 
iu  California  in  1859,  was  named,  in  his  honor, 
"  Darlingtonica  California."  He  wrote  and  pub- 
lished works  on  botany,  medicine,  biography, 
and  history.  Dr.  Darlington  was  a  member  of 
about  forty  learned  societies  in  America  aud  Eu- 
rope. 

Dartmoor  Prison.  At  the  close  of  the  War  of 
1812-15  prisoners  held  by  both  parties  were  re- 
leased as  soon  as  proper  arrangements  for  their 


prism  in  1816 


works,  and  during  the  Civil  War  he  delineated     enlargement  could  be  made.      At  the  conclusion 

many  characteristic  scenes.     Borne  of  the  mora    of  peace  then  were  about  six  thousand  Ameri- 
elaborate  pictures  on  the  United  States  goTero     can  oaptives  confined  in  Dartmoor  Prison,  in> 

ment  bonds  were  made  b_\   Darley;   and  also  the  |  eluding   two    thousand    live   hundred    American 


DARTMOOR  PRISONERS 

seamen  impressed  by  British  cruisers,  who  had 
refused  to  fight  in  the  British  navy  against 
their  countrymen,  and  were  there  when  the  war 
begau.  Some  had  been  captives  ten  or  eleven 
years.  The  prison  was  situated  on  Dart  Moor, 
a  desolate  region  in  Devonshire,  where  it  had 
been  constructed  for  the  confinement  of  French 
prisoners  of  war.  It  comprised  about  thirty 
acres,  enclosed  within  double  walls,  with  seven 
distinct  prison-houses,  with  enclosures.  The 
place,  at  the  time  in  question,  was  in  charge  of 
Captain  T.  G.  Shortland,  with  a  military  guard. 
He  was  accused  of  cruelty  towards  the  captives. 
It  was  nearly  three  months  after  the  treaty  of 
peace  was  signed  before  they  were  permitted  to 
know  the  fact.  From  that  time  they  wen  in 
daily  expectation  of  release.  Delay  caused  un- 
easiness and  impatience,  and  sj  mptoma  of  a  de- 
termination to  escape  soon  appeared.  On  April 
4  the  prisoners  demanded  bread  instead  of  hard 
biscuit,  and  refused  to  receive  the  latter.  On 
the  6th,  so  reluctantly  did  the  prisoners  obey 
orders  to  retire  to  their  quarters,  that  when  some 
of  them,  with  the  appearance  of  mutinous,  inten- 
tions, not  only  refused  to  retire,  but  passed  be- 
yond tin'  prescribed  limits  of  their  conlinement, 
they  were  tired  upon  by  order  of  Captain  Short- 
land,  tor  the  purpose  of  intimidating  all.  The 
tiriner  was  followed  up  by  the  soldiers,  without 
excuse,  live  prisoners  wcic  killed  and  thirty- 
three  were  wounded.  This  act  was  regarded 
by  the  Americana  as  a  wanton  massacre,  and 

w  hen  the  British  authorities  pronounced  it  "JUB- 
tiliable  "  the  hottest  indignation  was  excited 
throughout  the  Republic. 

Dartmoor  Prisoners.  The  last  survivor  of 
the    Dartmoor   prisoners   was    Lewis   1'.  (lover. 

who  died  in  Brooklyn,  Long  Island.  N.  V..  in 
February,  1879,  at  the  age  of  eighty-nine  years. 

Dartmouth  College,  one  of  the  higher  insti- 
tutions of  learning  -in  the  English-American 
colonies,  was  chartered  in  1769.  It  grewonl  of 
an  earlier  school  established  by  Bev.  Dr.  Whee- 
lock at  Lebanon,  Conn.,  designed  for  the  educa- 
tion of  Indian  children,  he  being  encouraged  by 
his  success  in  educating  a  young  sfohegau,  Sam- 
son Occom,  who  became  a  remarkable  preach- 
er.    (See  0axm,8.)     Pnpila  from  the  Delaware 

tribe  weie  received,  and  the  school  soon  attract- 
ed public  attention.  .lames  Moor,  a  fanner, 
gave  two  acres  of  land  and  a  house  for  the  Use 
of  the  school,  and  from  that  time  it  was  known 
as  Mooi's  Indian  Charity  School.  Occom  ac- 
companied Bev.  N.  Wbittaker  to  England  to 
raise  funds  for  the  increase  of  the  usefulness  of 

the  school,  and  about  > .",0.0011  were  subscribed. 
A  board  of  trustees  was  organized,  of  which 
Lord  Dartmouth,  one  of  the  .subscribers,  was 
elected    president.       The    children    of   the    New 

England  Indians  came  to  the  school  in  large 
umbers, and  Dr. Wheelook  resolved  to  transfer 

it  to  a  place  nearer  the  heart  of  the  Indian  pop- 
ulation in  that  region,      lie  selected  llanovet.on 

the  Connecticut  Biver,  in  the  western  part  of 

New  Hampshire,  and  giants  of  about  fcTtj  -four 
thousand  acies  of  land  were  made.  (iowrnor 
Weutworth  gave  it  a  charter  (1769),  under  the 


53  DAVENPORT 

title  of  Dartmouth  College,  so  named  in  honor 
of  Lord  Dartmouth.  The  institution  was  re- 
moved, with  the  pupils,  to  Hanover,  ill  1770, 
where  President  Wheelock  and  all  others  lived 
in  log  cabins,  for  it  was  an  almost  untrodden 
wilderness.  Dr.  Wheelock  held  the  presidency 
until  his  death,  in  1779  (see  Wheelock,  L\),  and 
was  succeeded  by  his  sou  John,  who  was  sent 
to    Europe   to  procure  funds  for  the  support  of 

the  college.  He  obtained  considerable  sums, 
and  philosophical  implements.  In  1816  a  re- 
ligious controversy  led  to  a  conflict  with  tho 
Legislature,  and  the  latter  created  a  new  cor- 
poration, called  Dartmouth  University, in  which 
the  property  of  the  old  corporation  was  vested. 
A  lawsuit  ensued,  carried  on  for  the  college  by 
Daniel  Webster,  which  resulted  (1819),  Dually, 
in  the  establishment  of  the  inviolability  of  char- 
tered rights  anil  the  restoration  of  the  old  char- 
ter. 

Dartmouth,  Lord.     (See  Legge,  George.) 

Davenant    (D'Avenant),   Sik  William,  and 
his  Pbojsctsd  Colony.      Davenant  was  an 

English  dramatist,  son  of  an  innkeeper,  at  w  hose 
house  Shakespeare  often  stopped  while  on  his 
journeys  between  Stratford  and  Loudon,  and 
who  noticed  the  boy.  Young  Davenant  [eft  Col- 
lege without  a  degree.  Showing  much  liter- 
ary talent,  he  was  encouraged  in  writing  plays 
by  persons  of  distinction,  and  on  the  death  of 
lien  Joueon  in  I<;:!7  he  was  made  poet-laureate. 
He  adhered  to  the  royal  cause  during  the  civil 

war  in  England,  and  escaped  to  France,  where 

he  became  a  Roman  Catholic.      After  the  death 

of  his  king  In-  projected  (1661 )  a  colony  of  French 

people  in  Virginia,  the  only  American  province 
that  adhered  t<>  royalty,  and,  with  a  vessel  tilled 
w  ith  French  men,  women,  and  children,  he  sailed 
for  Virginia.  The  ship  was  captured  by  a  par- 
liamentary cruiser,  and  the  passengers  were  laud- 
ed in  England,  where  the  life  of  Sir  William  w  as 
spared,  il  is  believed,  by  the  intervention  of 
John  Milton,  the  poet,  who  was  Cromwell's  Latin 
secretary.  Sir  William  had  a  strong  personal  re- 
semblance to  Shakespeare,  and  it  was  currently 
believed  that  he  was  a  natural  son  of  the  great 
dramatist.  This  idea  Sir  William  encouraged. 
He  died  in  April,  1668,  at  the  age  of  sixty-three 
yean. 

Davenport,  JOHN,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
New  lla\en  colony,  was  born  at  Coventry,  Bug., 
1697  j  died  in  Boston.  March  1.'..  1670.  Educated 
at  Oxford,  he  entered  the  ministry  of  the  Es- 
tablished Church.  He  Anally  became  a  non- 
conformist, was  persecuted,  and  retired  to  Hol- 
land, where  he  engaged  in  secular  teaching  in  a 
private  school.  He  returned  to  London  and 
came  to  America  in  June,  l(i:!7,  where  he  was 
received  with  great  respect.  The  next  year  he 
assisted  in  founding  the  New  Haven  colony, and 
was  one  of  the  chosen  '-seven  pillai- 
\nr  llnnii.)  He  concealed  Colic  and  Whallcy. 
two  of  the  '•regicides,''  in  his  house,  and  by  his 

preaching  induced  the  people  to  protect  them 

from  the  king's  commissioners,  sent  over  to  ar- 
rest them.  (See  Unjii-idcs.)  In  1668  Mr.  Daven- 
port was  ordained  minister  of  the  Bret  church  in 


DAVIDSON  3 

Boston,  and  left  New  Haven.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  several  controversial  pamphlets. 

Davidson,  JOHN  Wynx,  was  born  in  Fairfax 
County,  Va.,  Aug.  18,  1824,  and  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1*45.  entering  the  dragoons.  Ac- 
companying Kearney  to  California  in  1846,  he 
was  in  the  several  battles  during  the  war  with 
Mexico.  He  was  also  active  in  New  Mexico,  af- 
terwards, against  the  Indians.  In  1861  he  was 
made  major  of  cavalry,  and  early  in  1862  briga- 
dier-geueral  of  volunteers,  commanding  a  bri- 
gade in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  After  serv- 
ing in  the  campaign  on  the  Peninsula,  he  was 
transferred  (August,  1862)  to  the  Department  of 
the  Mississippi,  and  co-operated  with  General 
Steele  in  the  capture  of  Little  Rock,  Ark.  He 
was  breveted  major-general  of  volunteers  in 
March,  1865. 

Davie,  William  Richardson,  -was  born  near 
Whitehaven.  Eug..  June  20,  1756;  died  at  Cam- 
den, S.  C,  Nov.  8, 1820.  He  came  to  America  in 
17(">4  with  his  father,  and  settled  in  South  Caro- 
lina with  his  uncle,  who  educated  him  at  the 


WIUJ-LM   KIUIARDSON   DAVIK. 

College  of  New  Jersey  (where  he  graduated  in 
1776),  and  adopted  him  as  his  heir.  He  pre- 
pared himself  for  the  law  as  a  profession,  but  be- 
came an  active  soldier  in  the  Eevolntion  in  a 
troop  of  dragoons.  When  lie  was  in  command 
of  the  troop  he  annexed  it  to  Pulaski's  legion. 
He  fonghl  at  Btono,  Hanging  Pock,  and  Pocky 
Mount;  and  at  the  head  of  a  legionary  corps, 
with  the  rank  of  major,  he  opposed  the  advance 
of  Cornwallis  into  North  Carolina.  After  the 
overthrow  of  the  American  army  at  Camden  he 
saved  the  remnant  of  it  ;  and  he  was  a  most  ef- 
ficient commissar;  under  Genera]  Oreeoe  in  the 
.Southern  Department.  He  rose  to  greal  emi- 
nence as  a  lawyer  after  the  war,  and  was  a  del- 
egate to  the  convention  that  framed  the  Na- 
tional Constitution,  bn(  Richness  aJ  home  com- 
pelled him  to  leave  before  the  work  m 
plisbed.     In  the  convention  of  North  Carolina 

he  was  its  most  earnest  and  aide  supporter.      In 

.i^  governor  of  North  Carolina,  but 


4  DAVIS 

was  soon  afterwards  sent  as  one  of  the  envoys 
to  the  French  Directory.  Very  soon  after  his  re- 
turn he  withdrew  from  public  life.  In  March. 
1813.  he  was  appointed  a  major-general,  but  de- 
clined the  service  on  account  of  bodily  infirmi- 
ties. 

Davis,  Andrew  Jackson,  the  subject  of  re- 
markable psychological  phenomena,  was  born  at 
Blooming  Grove,  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  11. 1826. 
While  a  shoemaker's  apprentice  in  Poughkeep- 
sie,  early  in  1843,  remarkable  clairvoyant  powers 
were  developed  in  him  by  the  manipulation  of 
mesmeric  influences  by  William  Levingston.  He. 
was  quite  uneducated,  yet  while  tinder  the  in- 
fluence of  mesmerism  or  animal  magnetism  he 
would  discourse  fluently  and  in  proper  language 
on  medical,  psychological,  aud  geueral  scientific 
subjects.  While  in  a  maguetic  or  trance  state 
he  made  medical  diagnoses  and  gave  prescrip- 
tions. In  March,  1S44.  he  fell  into  a  trance  state 
without  any  previous  manipulations,  during 
which  he  conversed  for  sixteen  hours,  as  he  al- 
leged, with  invisible  beings,  and  received  inti- 
mations and  instructions  concerning  the  posi- 
tion he  was  afterwards  to  occupy  as  a  teacher 
from  the  interior  state.  In  1845,  while  in  this 
state,  he  dictated  to  Pev.  William  Flshbougb  his 
first  and  most  considerable  work.  The  Principles 
of  Nature,  her  Divine  BevelaUons,  and  a  Foiee  to 
Mankind,  which  embraces  a  wide  range  of  sub- 
jects. He  has  since  put  forth  several  works, 
all  of  which  he  claims  to  have  been  the  produc- 
tion of  his  mind  under  divine  illumination  and 
the  influence  of  disembodied  spit  its.  Among  his 
most  considerable  works  are  The  Ureal  llar- 
monia.'m  four  volumes;  The  Penetralia  :  History 
and  Philosophy  of  Evil :  The  Harbinger  of  Health, 
and  Stellar  Key  to  the  Summer  Land.  Mr.  Davis 
may  be  considered  as  the  pioneer  of  modern  spir- 
itualism. 

Davis,  JEFFBB80H, born  in  Christian  County. 
Ky.,  June  3,  1808;  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
1828;  served  as  lieutenant  in  the  Black  Hawk 
War  (which  see)  in  1831-32, and  resigned  in  1836 


to  become  a  cot  ton-planter  in  Mississippi.  He 
n  as  a  member  of  Congress  in  18 15  In.  ami  served 
as  colonel  of  a  Mississippi  regimenl  in  the  war 
with  Mexico,     lb    »raa  United  States  Senator 


DAVIS 

from  1847  to  1851,  and  from  1857  to  1861.  He 
was  called  to  r  1 1*-  cabinet  ofPreeideul  Pieroe 
Secretary  of  War  in  lK">:s,  and  remained  four 
years.  He  abdicated  bis  seal  in  the  Senate  to 
join  the  insurrection  against  the  life  of  the  Re- 
public in  January,  1861,  and  was  ohoaen  provi- 
sional President  of  the  Southern  Confederacy  in 

February.  In  November,  1861,  he  was  elected 
permanent  President  for  six  years.  Early  in 
April,  1865, he  and  his  associates  in  the  govern- 
ment fled  from  Richmond,  first  to  Danville,  Va., 

and  then  towards  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  He  was 
arrested  by  Union  cavalry  in  Georgia,  taken  to 
Fortress  Monroe,  and  confined  on  a  charge  <>f 

treason  for  about  two  years,  when  be  was  re- 
leased on  bail,  and  was  never  brought  to  trial. 

Davis,  Jm  person,  Capture  oi  , 

Jidtnttt  Government,  Flight  (if  the.)  Mr.  Davis's 
wife  and  children,  and  his  wife's  sister,  had  ac- 
companied him   from  Danville  to  Washington. 

<Ja.,  where,  for  prudential  reasons,  the  lather 

separated  from  the  Others.  He  soon  learned 
that  some  Confederate  soldiers,  believing  that 
the  treasure  that  was  carried  away  from  Rich- 
mond was  with  Mrs. Davis, had  formed  a  plot  to 
seize  all  her  trunks  in  search  of  it.  He  hastened 
to  the  rescue  of  bis  family  ami  property,  riding 
rapidlj  eighteen  miles.  They  were  near  Irwins- 
ville,  south    of  Macon,  Ga.     The   tent-,  were 

Bitched  at  night,  and  the  Wearied  ones  retired 
to  rest,  Intending  to  resume  their  tlight  iu  the 
morning.  General  Wilson,  at  Maoou,  hearing 
of  Davis's  flight  towards  the  Gulf,  bail  sent  out 

Michigan  and  Wisconsin  cavalry,  whose  \  igi- 
lanee  was  cpiickelicd  by  the  ottered  lew  aid  of 
$100,000  for  the  arrest  of  the  fugitive.  Simul- 
taneously, from  opposite  points,  these  two  par- 
ties approached  the  camp  of  Davis  and  his  little 
party  just  at  dawn,  May  11.  1865,  Mistaking 
each  other  for  foes,  the]  exchanged  shots  with 
sueb  precision  that  two  men  were  killed  and 
several  wounded  before  the  error  was  discov- 
ered. The  sleeper.-,  w  ei  e  a  i .  ui-cd.  Theeaiiip  was 
Surrounded,  and  Davis,  while  attempting  to  es- 
cape   in    disguise,  was   captured    and    eonvewd 

to  General  Wilson's  headquarters.     Davis  had 

slept  in  a  wrapper,  and  when  aroused  hastih 
]iulled  on  his  boots  and  went  to  the  tent-door.  He 
Observed  tin-  National  cavalry.  '■Then  you  are 
captured!"  exclaimed  his  wife.  Iu  an  instant 
she  fastened  the  wrapper  around  him  before  he 

was  aware,  and  then,  bidding  him  adieu,  urged 
him  to  go  to  a  spring  near  by,  where  bis  horse 
and  arms  were.  He  complied,  and  as  be  was 
leaving  the  tent -door,  followed  by  a  servant 
with  a  water-bucket,  his  sister-in-law  flung  a 
shawl  over  his  head.  It  was  in  this  disguise 
that  he  was  captured.  Such  is  the  slots  as  told 
by  ('.  f).  I,.  Stuart  of  Das  la's  stall'.  The  Confed- 
erate chieftain  was  taken  to  Fortress  Monroe  by 
way  id'  Savannah  anil  the  sea,  when-  be  was  I  "ii 
lined  about  two  years  under  a  (barge  of  treason, 
and  finally  released  on  bail.  He  was  never  Iru  d 
for   his   offence.       (See    .tmufxli/   (111(1    I'lirdnii ,  and 

Beagan,  who  was  captured  with  Da- 
\ -is,  and  Alexander  EL  Stephens,  the  Viee-Presi- 
dent  of  the  Confederacy,  were  sent  to  Fort  War- 
ren, iu  Boston  Harbor. 


5  DAVIS 

Davis,  Jr.Ki  Kiisox  C,  U.  S.  Army,  was  born 
in  Clarke  County,  Ind.,  March  2,  1828;  died  in 
Chicago,  Nov.  29,  1879.  He  served  in  the  war 
with  Mexico,  and  was  made  lieutenant  iu  1852. 
He  was  one  of  the  garrison  of  Fort  Sumter  dur- 
ing the  bombardment  in  April,  1861.  The  same 
year  he  was  made  captain,  and  became  colonel 
of  an  Indiana  regiment  of  volunteers.  In  De- 
cember be  was  promoted  to  brigadier-general  of 
volunteers,  and  commanded  a  division  iu  the 


battle  of  Tea  Ridge  early  in  1862.  He  partici- 
pated in  the  battle  of  Corinth  in  1662;  COU1- 
manded  a  division  in  the  bailies  of  Stone  Riv- 
er, Murfreesboroagb,  and  Chickamauga  in  1862- 

(i:!  ;  and  in  1864  commanded  the  Fourteenth 
Army  Corps  in  the  Atlanta  campaign  and  iu 
the  march  through  Georgia  and  the  Carolinas. 
He  was  breveted  major-general  in  1865, and  the 

next  Near  f.luls  88)  was  commissioned  a  colonel 

of  infantry  in  the  army  of  the  United  States. 

He  was  afterwards  on  the  Pacific  coast,  and 
commanded  troops  in  Alaska.  He  commanded 
the  forces  that  subdued  the  Modoes  (which  see) 

m  i-;:;. 

Davis  Medal.  The  only  medal  bestowed  as 
a  token  of  grateful  recognition  of  valuable  ser- 
vices b\  the  Confederates  during  the  Civil  War 
was  given  to  a  company,  mostly  Irishmen,  known 
as  the  •■  Davis  Guards,"  for  gallantly  repairing 
the    attack    of    the    Nationals    at     Sabine    Fass 

(which  see).  Sept.  B,  1863.  Jefferson  Davis  pre- 
sented each  of  the  men  with  a  small  silver  med- 
al— not  struck  in  a  die,  but  cut  out  of  sheet  sil- 
ver. 

Davis,  PRB8I01  m.  I.'n  i  iimn  <>k,  at  Kicii- 
M(i\l>.  Va.  Ibe  Confederate  Congress  adjourned 
May  21,  1861,  to  meet  at  Richmond  ou  July  20. 
(hi  Mas  26  President  Davis  stalled  for  that  city, 
intending,  it  is  said,  to  take  command  of  the 
Confederate  troops  in  Virginia  in  person.  He 
was  ace panied  by  his  favorite  aid.Wigfall  of 

Texas  i see  WigfaU  at  I'aii  Suini(r),  and  his  Sec- 
retary of  state,  Robert  Toombs  of  Georgia.    His 

journey  was  a  continuous  ovation.  At  every 
railway  station  men,  women,  and  children  greet- 
ed  him    with  cheers  and   waving  of  bamlker- 


DAVIS'S  CABINET  3( 

chiefs.  A  reporter  for  the  Richmond  Examiner, 
who  accompanied  him,  said:  '"Never  were  a 
people  more  enraptured  with  their  chief  magis- 
trate tliau  ours  are  with  President  Davis;  and 
the  trip  from  Montgomery  to  Richmond  will 
ever  be  remembered  with  delight  by  all  who 
witnessed  it."  At  Petersburg,  Davis  and  his 
party  were  met  by  Governor  Letcher  and  the 
mayor  of  Richmond,  and  lie  was  escorted  into 
his  future  "capital"  by  soldiers  and  civilians. 
He  was  taken  to  the  Fair  Grounds,  where  he 
addressed  (May  28)  a  great  multitude.  On  the 
31st  he  was  serenaded,  when  he  uttered  a  mem- 
orable speech  that  foreshadowed  the  policy  of 
his  administration  and  evinced  the  spirit  of  his 
associates.  "  Those  with  whom  we  have  lately 
associated,"  he  said,  "have  shown  themselves 
so  incapable  of  appreciating  the  blessings  of  the 
glorious  institutions  they  inherited  that  they 
are  to-day  stripped  of  the  liberty  to  which  they 
were  born.  They  have  allowed  an  ignorant 
usurper  [President  Lincoln]  to  trample  upon 
all  tbe  prerogatives  of  citizenship,  and  to  exer- 
cise power  never  delegated  to  him;  and  it  lias 
been  reserved  to  your  state,  so  lately  one  of  the 
original  thirteen,  hut  now,  thank  God!  fully 
separated  from  tliem,  to  become  the  theatre  of  a 
great  central  camp,  from  which  will  pour  forth 
thousands  of  brave  hearts  to  roll  back  the  tide 
of  this  despotism.  ...  To  the  remotest  limits 
of  the  Confederacy,  every  proud  heart  beats 
high  with  indignation  at  the  thought  that  the 
foot  of  tbe  invader  has  beeu  set  upon  the  soil 
of  Old  Virginia.  Tbere  is  not  oue  true  son  of 
the  South  who  is  not  ready  to  shoulder  his  mus- 
ket, to  bleed,  to  die,  or  to  conquer,  in  tbe  cause 
of  liberty  here."  Davis's  reference  to  Virginia 
having  become  "the  theatre  of  a  great  central 
camp,"  and  the  battle-lield  in  defence  of  the 
Sooth,  recalled  to  thoughtful  minds  the  assur- 
ance of  Governor  Pickens  of  South  Carolina,  so 
early  as  the  close  of  December,  1860,  that  the 
people  of  that  state  would  not  sillier  the  horrors 
of  war — "  You  may  plant  your  seed  in  peace,  for 
Old  Virginia  will  have  to  bear  the  brunt  of  bat- 
tle." A  caricature  of  the  day,  printed  on  en- 
velopes, represents  the  "Old  Dominion"  as  a 
decrepit  old  woman,  mnch  bent  and  leaning 
upon  a  short  staff,  while  armies  are  contending 
upon  her  back  -horse,  foot,  and  artillery.  Cn- 
der  the  fignre  are  the  words  "Poor  old  simple 
Virginia."  To  a  remark  from  a spectatoi  ■  Ml 
ns  something  about  Bnena Vista"  (which  see) — 

Davis  said,  "We  will   make  the  battle-fields  ill 

Virginia  another  Bnena  Vista,  and  drench  tbem 
with  blood  more  precious  than  any  thai  flowed 

then."     The  eiti/ens  of  Richmond  purchased 

from  .lames  A.  Scddon  (see  /'"'•<  CoHfrtU  li i- 
elegaai  mansion, and  presented  it.  sumptuously 

furnished,  to  President  Davis  as  a  residence. 

Davis's  Cabinet.  Jefferson  Davis,  President 
of  the  Southern  Confederacy,  chose  for  his  con- 
stitutional advisers  a  cabinet  modelled  after 
that  of  the  United  States.  He  appointed  Bob- 
art  Toombs,  of  Georgia,  Secretary  of  state; 
Charles  G.  Memminger,  of  South  Carolina,  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasurj  :  Le  Boj  Pope  Walker. 
of  Alabama,  Secretar]  of  War;  Stephen  K.  Mal- 


5  DAYS  WORK  IN  CONGRESS 

lory,  of  Florida,  Secretary  of  the  Navy  ;  and 
John  H.  Reagan,  of  Texas,  Postmaster-general. 
Afterwards,  Judah  P.  Benjamin  was  made  At- 
torney-general. 

Davis's  Proclamation.  Two  days  after  Pres- 
ident Lincoln's  call  for  troops  (which  see)  by 
proclamation.  Jefferson  Davis  issued  an  intend- 
ed countervailing  one,  in  the  preamble  of  which 
he  said  the  President  of  the  United  States  had 
"announced  the  intention  of  invading  the  Con- 
federacy with  an  armed  force  for  the  purpose 
of  capturing  its  fortresses  (see  Seizure  of  I'ublie 
Property),  and  thereby  subverting  its  indepen- 
dence, and  subjecting  the  free  people  thereof  to 
the  dominion  of  a  foreign  power."  He  said  it 
was  the  duty  of  his  government  to  repel  this 
threatened  invasion,  and  "defend  the  lights  and 
liberties  of  the  people  by  all  the  means  which 
the  laws  of  nations  and  usages  of  civilized  war- 
fare placed  at  its  disposal."  He  invited  the 
people  of  the  Confederacy  to  engage  in  priva- 
teering (see  Privateering) ;  and  he  exhorted  those 
who  had  "felt  the  wrongs  of  the  past"  from 
those  whose  enmity  was  "more  implacable,  he- 
cause  unprovoked,"  to  exert  themselves  in  pre- 
serving order  and  maintaining  the  authority  of 
the  Confederate  laws.  This  proclamation  was 
met  by  President  Lincoln  by  a  public  notice 
that  he  should  immediately  order  a  blockade  of 
all  the  Southern  ports  claimed  as  belonging  to 
the  Confederacy  ;  and  also  that  if  any  person,  un- 
der the  pretended  authority  of  such  states,  or 
under  any  other  pretence,  should  molest  a  \  i  ssel 
of  the  United  States,  or  the  persons  or  cargo  on 
board  of  her.  such  person  would  be  held  amena- 
ble to  the  laws  of  the  United  States  for  the  pre- 
vention and  punishment  of  piracy.  With  this 
opposing  proclamation  the  great  Civil  War  was 
actively  begun. 

Day,  Stephen,  was  the  first  printer  in  the 
English -American  colonies,  lie  was  born  in 
London  in  Kill;  died  at  Cambridge.  Mass..  lice. 
22,  1668.     He  came  to  Massachusetts  in  1638, 

and  was  employed  to  manage  the  joint  ing-press 

sent  out  by  Rev.  Mr. Glover.  He  began  print- 
ing at  Cambridge  in  March.  1639.  Be  was  not 
a  skilful  workman,  and  was  succeeded  in  the 
management,  about  1648,  bj  Samuel  Green,  who 
employed  Day  as  a  journeyman. 

Day's  "Work  in   Congress,  A    (1774).     The 

most  momentous  act  of  the  fust  Continental 
Congress  during  its  whole  session  occupied  the 
entire  business  on  Oct.  B,  1774.  Alter  a  short 
and  spicy  debate,  the  great  council  "i;<-olml. 
That  this  Congress  approve  the  opposition  of 
the  inhabitants  of  Massachusetts  Bay  to  the  ex- 
ecution of  the  late  acts  of  Parliament  :  and  if 
the  same  shall  be  attempted  to  be  carried  into 

execution  by  force,  in  such  case  all  America 
ought  to  support  then  in  their  opposition."  This 
is  all  that  appears  on  the  journal  for  that  day. 
It  was  enough.  From  that  day  the  crystallisa- 
tion of  the  British-American  colonies  into  an  in- 
dependent nation  went  rapidly  on.  It  «  as  like 
the  luminous  handwriting  on  Iiclshajvai's  "  all, 
and  w  ise  men  interpreted  it  as  a  propbecj  ot  die 

dismemberment  of  tbe  British  empire.    George 


DAYTON  31 

III.  responded  to  this  resolution  by  denouncing 
liis  American  subjects  as  rebels. 

Dayton,  Elias,  was  bom  at  Elizabethtown, 
N.  J.,  in  17;i"> ;  died  there  in  July,  1807.  He 
fought  with  the  Jersey  Blues  under  Wolfe  at 
Qaebec;  was  a  member  of  the  Committee  of 
Safety  at  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution,  and 
became  colonel  of  a  New  Jersey  regiment.  He 
served  in  New  York  and  New  Jersey;  fonght  in 
several  battles,  the  last  at  Yorktovvn,  and  in 
January,  17K5,  was  made  a  brigadier- genera). 
He  was  a  member  of  Congress  in  1787-88,  and 
was  afterwards  in  the  New  Jersey  Legislature. 

Dayton,  Jonathan,  LL.D.,  son  of  Elias.  was 
horn  at  Elizabethtown, N.  J., Oct  16,  L760;  died 
there,  Oct.  «J,  1S24.  He  graduated  at  the  Col- 
lege of  New  Jersey  in  177(1;  entered  the  army  as 
paymaster  of  his  father's  regimen!  in  August; 
■Med  in  storming  a  redoubt  at  Yorktowir,  \\  bicfa 

was  taken  by  Lafayette;  and  served  faithfully 
until  the  close  of  the  war.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  OOnvention  that  framed  the  National  Consti- 
tution in  17S7,  and  was  a  representative  in  Con- 
gress from  1791  to  17'J'J.  Hi'  was  speaker  in 
17'.ir>,  and  was  made  United  states  Senator  in 

17'J1).  He  held  the  seat  until  1806.  He  Served 
in  both  branches  of  his  state  Legislature.  Sus- 
pected of  complicity  in  Burr's  conspiracy,  he 
was  arrested, bul  was  never  proceeded  against. 
Deaf  and  Dumb.     In  1670  the  whole  number 

of  deaf  and  dumb  persons  in  the  United  States 
and  territories  was  sixteen  thousand  two  hun- 
dred and  live.  Much  has  been  done  in  our  coun- 
try tor  their  instruction.  Bo  earlj  as  17:':;.  hi. 
W.Thornton  published  an  essay  in  Philadelphia 

on  Tun-hiii!)  the  Dumb  In  Sptak,  but  no  attempt 
was  made  to  establish  a  school  for  the  purpose 
here  until  1811,  when  the  effort  was  unsuccess- 
ful.     A  school  for  the   instruction   of  the  silent 

thai  proved  successful  was  opened  in  Hartford, 
Conn.,  by  Rev.  'I'.  H.  Gallandet  (which  see)  in 
1817,  and  was  chartered  under  the  name  of  tin' 
"  New  England  Asylum  for  the  Deal  and  Dumb." 
Congress  granted  for  its  rapport  a  township  of 
land  in  Alabama,  the  proceeds  of  which  formed 
a  fund  of  about  $340,000.  Other  asylums  have 
since  been  established,  numbering  thirty-six  in 

1870,  and  a  National  Deaf-mute  College  was  es- 
tablished at  Washington  in  1864  In  1876  there 
were  about  four  thousand  four  hundred  pupils 
in  these  institutions. 

Dean  Tucker's  Proposition.  The  British 
Ministry  knew-  more  of  the  differences  of  opin- 
ion in  the  Continental  Congress  than  did  the 
Americans,  for  Calloway  bad  lei  out   the  secret 

to  friends  of  the  crown.     This  fact  enoonraged 

I, old  North  and  his  colleagues  to  believe  that  a 

little  til  inness  on  the  pari  of  Great  Britain  would 

shake  the  resolution  and  break  up  tin'  apparent 
union    of  the   colonists.      It   was   known    that   a 

large  portion  of  the  most  respectable  and  influ- 
ential of  the  inhabitants  of  the  colonies  were 
warmly  attached  to  the  mother  country.  In 
several  colonies  there  was  a  strong  prejudice 
felt  towards  New  England, where  the  most  vio- 
lent proceedings  had  occurred.  The  Quakers, 
a*i   a    body,  were    opposed    to   violent    measures. 


7  DEANE 

The  governor  of  Pennsylvania  was  indifferent, 
and  Scotch  Highlanders  settled  in  New  York 
and  the  Carol inas  and  Georgia  were  very  loyal. 
Even  should  the  nuion  remain  perfect,  it  was 
believed  the  limited  resources  of  the  colonists 
would  be  wholly  inadequate  to  any  obstinate  or 
lengthened  resistance.  Military  officers  boast- 
ed that,  at  the  head  of  a  few  regiments,  they 
would  "  march  from  one  end  of  America  to  the 
other."  All  British  writers  and  speakers  exer- 
cised their  pens  and  tongues  in  the  same  strain. 
Only  one  bad  the  good  sense  to  recommend  a 
peaceful  separation.  That  was  Dean  Tucker, 
author  of  the  Light  of  Nature,  and  a  prolific  pam- 
phleteer of  the  day.  He  proposed  that  Parlia- 
ment, by  a  solemn  act  declaring  them   to  have 

forfeited  all  the  privileges  of  British  subjects  by 

sea  and  land,  should  cut  off  the  rebellious  prov- 
inces from  the  British  empire;  with  provision, 
however,  for  granting  pardon  and  restoration 
to  eil  her  or  all  of  them  on  their  humble  petition 
to  that  effect.  Had  this  proposition  been  then 
adopted, Great  Britain  would  have  still  retained 
a  large  anil  influential  party  in  the  colonies,  the 
hatreds  engendered  by  war  would  have  been 
avoided,  and,  at  the  worst,  the  colonies  would 
have  been  lost  to  (ileal  Britain,  as  they  finally 
Were,  Without  the  loss  of  blood  and  treasure  on 
both  sides  which  the  war  caused.  Hut  vulgar 
expedients  were  preferred, and  this  wis.'  propo- 
sition was  denounced  as  the  height  of  folly,  and 
even  the  wise  lliirke  called  it  "childish." 

Deane,  Jamts,  was  a  missionary  to  the  Six  Na- 
tions (whiofa  see).  He  was  born  in  Connecticut, 
Aug. 80,  1748;  died  at  Westmoreland, N.Y., Sept 
10,  1823,  Graduated  at  Dartmouth  College  in 
1771!.  From  the  age  of  I  well  e  years  he  w  as  with 
a  missionary  in  the  Oneida  tribe  of  Indians,  and 

mastered  their  language.     After  his  graduation 

he  went    as  a  missionary  to  the  Caughnawagafl 

and  St.  Francis  tribes  for  two  years;  and  when 

the  Revolution  broke  out,  Congress  employed 

linn  to  conciliate  the  tribes  along  the  northern 
frontier.  He  was  made  Indian  agent  and  inter- 
preter a(  Fori  stanwix  (now  Rome, Oneida  Co.), 
with  the  rank  of  major.  He  was  many  years  a 
jndge  in  Oneida  County,  and  twice  a  member 
of  the  New  York  Assembly.  Mr.  Dcano  wrote 
an  Indian  mythology. 

Deane,  Sii.as,  was  born  at  Groton,  Conn.. 
Dec. 24,  ir:;7;  died  at  Deal.  Eng.,  Aug.  •-':;.  1789. 

He  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1758,  became 
a  merchant  in  Wei  hersfiehl.  Conn.,  and  w  as  a 
delegate  to  the  first  Continental  Congress.  He 
was  very  active  in  Congress,  in  177").  in  tittinj; 
out  a  naval  force  for  the  colonies,  and  in  the 
Spring  of  177(i  he  was  sent  to  France  as  a  secret, 
political  and  linancial  agent,  with  authority  to 
operate  in   Holland  and  elsewhere        He  was  to 

ascertain  the  feeling  of  the  Creneh  government 

towards  tin'  revolted  colonies  and  Great  Britain, 
and  to  obtain  military  Supplies.  He  made  ar- 
rangements with  Beaumarehais  (which  see)  for 
substantial  aid  from  France,  and.  vv  ith  Dr.  Frank- 
lin and  Arthur  Lee,  negotiated  treaties  of  aruity, 
commerce,  and  alliance  in  February,  1778.  (See 
Treat;/  of  Alliance.)     Complaints  were  made  of 


DEARBORN 


368      DEATH  AND  BURIAL  OF  DE  SOTO 


his  extravagance  in  making  contracts,  especial- 
ly with  French  officers  to  serve  iu  the  Conti- 
nental Army,  and  lie  was  recalled  by  order  of 
Congress  (Nov.  21,  1777  ),  and  returned  home. 


SILAS    UEA.NE. 


John  Adams  took  his  place  abroad.  Deane  ar- 
rived at  Philadelphia  Aug.  10,  1778,  and  on  the 
13th  reported  to  Congress.  In  thai  body  lie 
found  false  reports  operating  against  him  ;  and 
finally,  exasperated  by  the  treatment  which  he 
received  at  their  hands,  he  engaged  in  a  contro- 
versy with  influential  members.  He  was  re- 
quired to  give  a  full  statement  of  his  financial 
transactions  in  France,  and  was  compelled  to 
return  to  that  country  for  his  papers,  which  he 
did.  Owing  to  some  strictures  which  he  had 
made  upon  the  conduct  of  the  French  govern- 
ment, be  became  obnoxious  to  the  authorities 
there,  and  retired  to  the  Netherlands.  Arthur 
Lee  (whose  enmity  to  Deane  was  created  by  jeal- 
ous] )  was  the  author  of  the  misrepresentations 
that  gave  Deane  all  his  trouble.  He  charged 
him  with  appropriating  public  funds  to  his  pri- 
vate use.  Dr.  Franklin  testified  to  Deane'- 
strict  honesty  and  private  worth,  but  Lee  had 
the  ear  of  Congress,  and  Deane  bad  to  suffer.  He 
died  in  obscurity  and  poverty  in  England.  He  has 
since  been  vindicated,  and  all  unjust  suspicions 

have  been  removed  from  intelligent  minds. 

Dearborn,  Hi:ni;y,  was  horn  at  Northhamp- 
ton, N.  H.,  Feb.  23, 1751 ;  died  at  Roxhury, Mass., 
June  6,  1829.  He  became  a  physician,  and  em- 
ployed his  leisure  time  in  the  study  of  military 
Bcienoe.  At  the  head  of  sixty  volunteers  he 
hastened  to  Cambridge  on  the  day  after  the  af- 
fair at  Lexington,  a  distance  of  sixty-live  miles. 

He  \\  a-  appointed  a  captain  in  Stark's  regiment, 
participated  in  the  battle  <>f  Hunker's  Hill,  and 
in  September  following  il77.~o  accompanied  Ar- 
nold in  his  wonderful  expedition  to  Quebec. 
(See  AmoUPi  VxptdUUm.)  He  participated  in 
the  siege  of  Quebec,  and  was  made  prisoner,  but 

was  paroled  in  May,  l?7ti,  when  he  lieeaine  ma 

immel'sNev  Hampshire  regiment.    He 
was  m  tin-  battles  of  Si Ul water  and  Saratoga  in 

tin'  fall  of  1777.  and  led  troops  in  those  engage- 
ments      in  th'    lattei   a-  lieutenant-colonel.       He 

wa-  iii  the  battle  of  Monmouth,  was  in  Sulli- 

Vatl'a  campaign  (w  hieli  see  against  tin-  Indians 
ill  1779,  and  in  1781  was  attached  to  Washing- 
ton's   staff   as    deputy    tinartct in. islet -general. 


with  the  rank  of  colonel.  In  that  capacity  he 
served  in  the  siege  of  Yorktown.  In  17S4  he 
settled  in  Maine,  and  became  general  of  militia. 
He  was  marshal  of  Maine,  by  the  appointment 
of  Washington,  in  1789,  member  of  Congress 
from  1793  to  171)7,  and  w  as  Secretary  of  War  un- 
der Jefferson  from  180]  to  1809.  Prom  1809  till 
1812  he  was  collector  of  the  port  of  Boston,  when 
he  was  appointed  as  senior  major-general  in  the 
United  States  Army,  and  commander-in-chief  of 
the  Northern  Department.  He  was  not  very  suc- 
cessful in  that  position,  and  was  superseded 
July  6,  1813,  in  consequence  of  being  charged 


BKXBV   PE.VRBORX. 

with  political  intrigue.  He  asked  in  vain  for  a 
court  of  inquiry.  In  18'2*2-'24  he  was  the  Amer- 
ican minister  in  Portugal,  and  iu  the  latter  year 
returned  to  his  farm  at  Roxhury,  near  Boston, 
where  he  died. 

Dearborn's  Invasion  of  Canada.  On  the  first 
of  September,  1812,  Brigadier-general  Bloomtield 
had  collected  about  eight  thousand  men — ■regu- 
lars, volunteers,  and  militia  —  at  l'lattslmtg, 
on  Lake  Champlain,  besides  some  small  ad- 
vanced parties  at  Chazy  and  Champlain.  On 
the  arrival  of  General  Dearborn,  he  assumed 
direct  command  of  all  the  troops,  and  on  Nov. 
lli  he  moved  tow  aids  the  Canada  line  with  three 
thousand  regulars  and  two  thousand  militia.  He 
moved  on  to  the  La  Colle,  a  small  tributary  of 
the  Soiel.  where  he  was  met  hy  a  considerable 
fotce  of.mixed  British  and  Canadian  troops  and 
Indians,  under  Lieutenant-colonel  De  Salaherry. 
an  active  British  commander.  .Inst  at  dawn, 
on  the  morning  of  the  90th,  Colonel  Zebulon 

M.  Like  crossed  the  La  Colle  and  surrounded  a 
block-hOUSe.  Some  New  York  milit  ia  approach- 
ing were  mistaken,  in  the  dim  light,  for  Brit- 
ish soldiers.  Bike's  men  opened  fire  upon  them, 
and  for  nearly  half  an  hour  a  sharp  contlict 
was  maintained.  When  they  dlsooveted  their 
mistake,  they  found   De  Salaherry  approaching 

w  ith  ail  Overwhelming  force.  These  Were  tielcc- 
ly  attacked,  hut  the  Amen,  ins  w,iv  soon  forced 
to  retreat  so  precipitately  that  they  left  five  of 
theft  number  deed  and  five  wounded  on  the  field. 
The  army,  disheartened,  returned  to  Plattsbnrg. 
Death  and  Burial  of  De  Soto.  On  Ma\  U, 
1642,  De  Soto  (which  see]  died  on  the  banks  of 


DEATH  OF  KING  PHILIP 


3G9 


DECATUR 


the  Mississippi,  which  he  had  discovered.  As 
he  had  declared  to  the  Indians,  who  were  snu- 
vrorshippers,  that  lie  was  a  sun  of  the  sun,  and 
that  Christians  could  not  die,  it  was  thought 
wise  to  conceal  his  death  from  the  pagans.  He 
was  secretly  huried  in  the  gateway  of  the  Span- 
ish camp.  The  Indians  knew  he  was  sick.  He 
was  not  to  lie  seen,  and  they  saw  a  new-made 
grave.  They  looked  upon  it,  and  pondered. 
Moscoso,  whom  De  Soto  bad  appointed  his  suc- 
cessor, ordered  the  body  to  be  taken  up  at  the 
dead  of  night.  It  was  wrapped  in  mantles  in 
which  sand  had  been  sewed  up,  taken  in  a  hoat  to 
the  middle  of  the  gnat  river,  and  there  dropped 
to  the  bottom  in  nineteen  fathoms  of  water. 
Ilerrera  says  it  was  sunk  in  a  hollow  live-oak 
log.      When   the   Indian  chief  asked   Moscoso  for 

De  Soto,  that  leader  replied.  "  lie  has  ascended 
to  heaven,  hut  will  ret  urn  soon." 

Death  of  King  Philip.  Captain  Church  (which 
sen  surprised  Philip  at  Mount  Hope  <  Lug.  8, 
1676),  killed  ahout  one  hundred  and  thirty  of 
his  followers,  and   captured    his    wife   and   son. 

Philip  barely  escaped.  Ten  daya  afterwards  an 
Indian  deserter  told  Church  that  Philip  was  on 
Mount  Hope  Neck,  and  offered  to  guide  him  to 
the  place  and  help  to  kill  him,  for  Philip  had 
killed  the  deserter's  brother  because  he  had  pro- 
posed peace  with  tin-  English.  Church  i  1 1 1 1 1 1  •  •  - 
lliately  went  in  search  of  Philip  with  a  small 
number  of  men,  English  and  Indians,  following 
his  volnnteer  guide.  <>n  his  arrival  at  a  swamp 
where  Philip  was  oonoealed,  he  disposed  his  men 
around  it  in  amhuseade.  Philip's  shelter  was 
soon  discovered  on  the  edge  of  the  swamp,  and 

the  English  and  Indians  opened  Are  upon  it. 

At  that  instant  Philip  seized  his  gun  and  lied 
for  thf  thicket,  where  he  was  confronted  bj  an 
Englishman  and  an  Indian  in  OOVert,  When  he 
was  within   fair  inuskel  -shot   distance  the  Eng 

lUhman  snapped  his  gun.     It  missed  lire,  when 

he   hade   the    Indian    to   shoot.      He  did   so,  and 

the  bullet  pierced  King  Philip's  heart. 

Death  of  President  Harrison.  On  Saturday, 
liaroh  '27,  1641,  President  Harrison,  who  had 
heen  Inaugurated  twenty-three  days  before, after 
suffering  much  from  0  oold  for  a  week  pic\  ions, 
was  taken  wiih  a  chill  and  other  symptoms  of 
fever.  This  attack  was  followed  by  pneumonia, 
which  hatlled  medical  skill,  and  terminated  his 
lite  on  Snnday  morning,  jusl  one  month  from 

the  day  when  he  took  the  chair  of  the  Presi- 
dency.    He  was  sciionsh   in  only  eighl  days, 

Ahout    three    hours    l.el'ore    his   death,  after   his 

physician  had  just  administered  something  for 

his  comfort,  and  while  Ins  mind  seemed  wan- 
daring,  he  spoke  out  as  if  to  his  successor,  say- 
ing, "Sir.  I  wish  \  on  to  understand  the  princi- 
ples of  the'  government.     1  wish  them  carried 

out.  I  ask  nothing  more."  These  were  his  last 
words.      The  members  of  his  family  who  were  in 

Washington,  tin"  members  of  his  cabinet,  Colo- 
nels Chambers  and  Todd,  w  ho  were  his  aides  in 
the  ha  tile  of  the  Thames  (  which  see),  and  a  num- 
ber of  relatives  and  friends  were  near  his  bedside 

when  he  expired.  His  funeral  took  place  from 
the  presidential  mansion  on  April  7,  attended  by 

I.     84 


an  immense  multitude  of  people.  The  body  was 
interred  in  the  Congressional  burying-ground, 
and  was  afterwards  conveyed  to  North  Bend, 
Ohio,  and  placed  in  the  family  vault. 

Death  of  President  Taylor.  While  the  hot 
debates  in  Congress  were  going  on  concerning 
the  slavery  question,  the  country  was  called  to 
mourn  the  death  of  the  President.  He  was  seized 
by  a  malady  similar  in  its  effects  to  cholera, 
which  assumed  the  form  of  bilious  fever,  and 
terminated  his  life  (July  9,  1850)  in  live  days. 
He  died  at  the  presidential  mansion,  in  the  six- 
ty-sixth year  of  his  age.  He  was  attended  in 
his  last  moments  by  his  wife  ;  his  daughter  (  Mrs. 
Colonel  Bliss)  and  her  husband ;  his  son.  Colonel 
Tax  lor,  and  family;  his  son  -  in  -  law,  Jefferson 
Davis,  and  family;  and  by  Vice-President  Fill- 
more, other  officers  of  I  he  government,  mem- 
bers of  the  diplomatic  corps,  etc.  His  last  audi- 
ble words  were:  "I  am  about  to  die.  I  expect 
the  summons  soon.  I  have  endeavored  to  dis- 
charge all  my  official  duties  faithfully.  I  regret 
nothing,  hut  am  sorry  that  I  am  ahout  to  leave 
my  friends."  The  funeral  occurred  on  Saturday, 
.Inly  13,  and  was  attended  by  a  vast  concourse 

of  citizens  and  strangers.  The  pageant  exceed- 
ed everything  of  the  kind,  in  order  and  magnifi- 
cence, that  had  ever  taken  place  at  the  national 
capital. 

Decatur,  Stbphkn,  was  horn  at  Sinepuxent, 
Md.,  Jan. 5, 1779;  died  near  Washington.  DC, 
March  22,  1880.  He  entered  the  United  Slates 
Navy  as  midshipman  April  30,  1798, and  rose  to 
captain  in  1804,     His  first  notable  exploit  was 


STBPHKN   I1KCATCR. 

the  destruction  of  the  Philadelphia  in  theharhor 
of  Tripoli  (see  Philadelphia),  fot  which  Congress 
gave  him  thanks,  a  sword,  and  promotion.  He 
commanded  a  division  of  gunboats  in  the  at- 
tack on  Tripoli,  Aug.  ".  1804.  In  command  of 
the  frigate  United  States,  he  captured  the  frigate 
Macedonian,  Oct.  25,  1812,  for  which  Congress 
gave  him  a  gold  medal.  In  January,  1816,  after 
a  running  fight,  the  President,  his  Sag-ship,  was 
captured  by  a  British  squadron;  and  a  few 
months  later  he  was  sent  to  I  he  Mediterranean, 
and  compelled  the  government  of  Algiers  to  re- 
linquish lis  barbarous  condnct  low  aids  other 
powers,  and  to  pay  for  American   property  de- 


370    DECLARATION  OF  COLONIAL  RIGHTS 


DECATUR 

sfroyed.  (Sec  Algiers.)  He 
was  appointed  a  navy  com- 
miseioner  iii  November,  1815, 
and  made  his  residence  in  tlio 
line  mansion  of  Kalorama, 
abont  a  mile  from  George- 
town, bnilt  l>y  Joel  Barlow. 
Decatur  bail  opposed  the  re- 
instatement of  Barron  to  hia 
former  position  in  the  navy, 
and  a  duel  was  the  conse- 
quence. (Sec  Barron.)  They 
fought  at  the  famous  duel- 
ling ground  near  Bladens- 
burg.vv  hen  Decatur  was  mor- 
tally wounded,  and  was  tak- 
en to  Washington.  Gener- 
al Solomon  Van  Rensselaer 
wrote  to  his  wife  from  that 
city,  on  March  20,  1820,  as 
follows:  '■  I  have  only  time, 
after  writing  to  several,  to 

say  that  an  affair  of  honor  took  place  this  morn-  was  present  when  he  died.  Mrs.  Decatur  snr- 
illg  between  Commodores  Decatur  and  ISarron,  vived  her  husband  about  forty  years,  dying  at 
in  which  both  fell  at  the  first  lire.  The  ball  en-  Georgetown,  in  I860.  Decatur's  remains  were 
tend  Decatur's  body  two  inches  above  the  hip  taken  from  the  house  in  Washington,  at  four 
and  lodged  against  the  opposite  side.  I  just  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  and  borne  to  Kal- 
e.iini-  from  his  house.  He  yet  lives,  but  will  oraina  by  the  following  officers:  Commodores 
never  Bee  another  sun.  Barron's  wonnd  is  se-  Tiugey, Macdonongh,  Rodgers,  and  Porter,  Cap- 
vere,  but  not  dangerous.  The  ball  struck  the  tains  Casein,  Ballard,  and  Chauncey,  Generals 
upper  part  of  his  hip  and  turned  to  the  rear.  Brown  and  Jesnp,  and  Lieutenant  McPhersOB. 
He  is  ruined  in  public  estimation.  The  ex-  The  funeral  was  attended  by  nearly  all  the  pub- 
eitement  is  very  great."  On  the  following  day  lie  functionaries  in  Washington.  American  and 
Van  Rensselaer  wrote  of  his  death,  and  said,  foreign,  and  a  great  number  of  citizens.  While 
'•His  poor  wife  (they  have  no  children)  is  dis-    the  procession   was  moving  minute-guns  were 

fired   at   the   navy  -J  aid.      His  remains  were 

deposited   in  Joel   Barlow's  vault   at   Kalo- 

rania,  where  they  remained  until  1846,  when 
they  were  taken  to  Philadelphia  and  r<  in- 
terred, with  appropriate  ceremonies,  in  St.  Pe- 
ter's llniying-ground.  Over  them  a  beautiful 
monument,  delineated  in  the  engraving,  was 
erected. 

Declaration  of  Colonial  Rights.  In  the 
first  Continental  Congress  (1774)  a  commit- 
tee of  two  from  each  colony  framed  and  re- 
ported, in  the  form  of  a  series  of  ten  resolves, 
a  declaration  of  the  rights  of  the  colonies: 
1.  Their  natural  righis:  2.  That  from  their 
ancestry  the]  were  entitled  to  all  the  rights, 
liberties,  and  immunities  of  free  and  natural- 
born  subjects  of  England  :  :*.  That  by  the  em- 
igration to  America  by  their  ancestors  they 
never  lost  any  of  those  rights,  and  that  theil 
descendants  were  entitled  to  the  exercise  of 
those  rights;  4.  Thai  the  foundation  of  aU 
free  governments  is  in  the  right  of  the  people 
to  participate   in  their  legislative  council; 

and  as  the  American  colonists  could  not  exer- 
cise such  right  in  the  British  Parliament, they 
were  entitled  to  a  tree  and  exclusive   power 

of  legislation  in  their  several  provincial  leg- 
islatures, where  the  right  of  representation 

COllld   alone   be   preserved.       (The]    conceded 

treated  beyond  expression,     she  would  suffer   the  right  of  Parliament   to  regulate  external 

no  one  to  be  in  her  room.  and.  strange  to  say.  commerce,  but  denied  its  right  to  lax  them  in 
she  did  not  see  him  until  after  In-  death."    Gen-    anv    way,  w  ilhout  their  consent,  tor  raising  an 

era]  Nan  Rensselaer  was  misinformed,  for  she   internal  or  external  revenue.)     .">.   that  they 


DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE   371   DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE 


were  entitled  to  the  common  law  of  England, 
ami  more  especially  the  great  privilege  of  being 
tried  by  their  peers  of  the  vicinage  according  to 

the  course  of  law  ;  6.  Thai  they  w  ere  entitled  to 
the  benefit  <>i'  English  statutes  at  the  time  of 
the  emigration  of  their  ancestors;  7.  That  they 
were  entitled  to  all  the  immunities  and  privi- 
leges  conferred  upon  them  by  royal  charters  or 
secured  to  them  by  provincial  laws;  -'.That 
they  had  a  right  peaceably  to  assemble,  state 
their  grievances,  and  petition  the  king  without 
interference  of  ministers  ;  '.».  That  the  keeping 
of  a  standing  army  in  any  colony,  without  the 
consent  of  the  Legislature,  was  unlawful;  II). 
That  the  exercise  (if  legislative  power  in  sev- 
eral colonies  by  a  council  appointed  daring 
pleasure  by  the  crown  was  unconstitutional, 
dangerons,  and  destructive  to  the  freedom  of 
American  legislation.  The  report  of  the  com- 
mittee designated  the  various  acts  of  Parlia- 

nt  which  were  infringements  and  violations 

of  the  rights  of  t  he  colonist-,  and  that  t  hi'  repeal 
of  them  was  essentially  necessary  in  order  to  re- 
store harmony  between  Qreat  Britain  and  the 
American  colonies.  The  acts  enumerated  were 
eleven  in  number  namely,  Sngar  Act,  stamp 
Act.  two  quartering  acts,  Tea  Act,  Ait  suspend- 
ing tin-  New  York  Legislature,  two  acts  for  -the 
trial  in  Great  Britain  of  offences  committed  in 
America, Boston  Porl  Mill. the  Act  for  Regulating 
[•nbverting  )  the  Government  of  htassachnsetts, 
and  the  Quebec  Aot  (See  these  respectively.) 
Declaration  of  Independence.  It  was  very 
Important  t"  bave  Lee'-  resolution  for  indepen- 
dence, offered  June  7.  I77d.  prefaced  by  a  pre- 
amble that  should  clearly  declare  the  causes 
which  impelled  the  representatives  of  the  peo- 
ple to  adopt  it.  To  avoid  loss  of  time,  a  com- 
mit tee  w  a-  then  appointed  to  i  ire  pare  such  decla- 
ration. The  committee  was  composed  of  Thom- 
as Jefferson,  .John  Adams.  Benjamin  Franklin, 
Soger  Sherman, and  Robert  I.'.  Livingston.  Mr. 
Lee  having  been  called  home  before  the  ap- 
pointment of  the  committee.  Mr.  Jefferson  was 
put  in  his  place.  Me  was  requested  by  the 
committee,  after  discussing  the  topics,  to  make 
a  draft  of  a  declaration  of  independence.     It  was 

djaouased  in  committee, amended  very  slightly, 

and  Dually  reported.  Debates  upon  it  were 
long  and  animated.  There  was  some  opposi- 
tion to  voting  for  independence  at  all,  and  it 
ma  considerably  amended.  It  was  <v  ident  from 
the  beginning  that  a  majority  of  the  colonies 
would  vote  for  independence  (the  vote  in  Cnii- 
■jre-s  was  by  colonies),  but  it  was  important  that 

the  vote  should  lie  utian i inoiis.    The  declaration 

was  warmly  debated  on  tin-  day  i.luh  2)  when 

the  resolution  was  passed,  and  also  on  the  lid. 
Meanwhile  news  came  of  the  arrival  of  a  large 
British  armament, under  the  brothers  Howe,  at 
S.indy  Hook.  Immediate  and  united  action  was 
essential.  MeKean,  one  of  the  two  representa- 
tive, "i  Delaware  present,  burning  with  a  de- 
sire to  have  the  vote  of  his  colony  recorded  in 

the    affirmative,  sent   an    express  alter  the  third 

delegate,  Cesar  Rodney,  He  was  eighty  miles 
from  Philadelphia.  Ten  minntea  after  receiv- 
ing McKean's  message  Rodnej  was  in  the  sad- 


dle, and,  riding  all  night,  he  reached  the  door 
of  Congress  (July  4)  just  in  time  to  secure  the 
vote  of  Delaware  in  favor  of  independence. 
All  three  of  the  delegates  from  Delaware  voted 
for  the  declaration.  The  vote  of  Pennsylvania 
WHS  also  secured,  a  majority  of  its  seven  dele- 
gates being  in  favor  of  the  measure  ;  and  on 
the  4th  of  duly.  177(>.  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence was  adopted  by  the  unanimous 
vote  of  the  thirteen  colonies.  (See  Xar  York 
and  Independence.)  In  that  document,  after  re- 
citing the  causes  and  the  reasons  for  making 
it.  in  a  series  of  definite  charges  against  King 
George  III.,  the  Congress  said, "  We,  therefore, 
the  representatives  of  the  United  States  in  gen- 
eral Congress  assembled,  appealing  to  the  Su- 
preme Judge  of  the  world  for  the  rectitude  of 
our  intentions,  do.  in  the  name  and  by  the  au- 
thority of  the  good  people  of  these  colonies,  sol- 
emnly publish  and  declare  that  the  united  col- 
onies ate.  and  of  right  ought  to  he.  free  and  In- 
dependent states:  that  they  are  absolved  from  all 
allegiance  to  the  British  crown  ;  and  that  all  po- 
litical connection  between  them  and  the  state 
of  Great  Britain  is,  and  ought  to  be,  totally  dis- 
solved;  and  that,  as  free  and  independent  states, 
they  have  full  power  to  levy  war,  conclude  peace, 

contract  alliances,  establish  commerce,  and  do 

all  other  acts  and  things  which  independent, 
states  may  Of  right  do.  And  for  the  support  of 
this   declaration,   with    a    firm    reliance    on    the 

protection  of  Divine  Provideuce,  we  mutually 

pledge  to  each  other  our  lives,  our  fortunes,  and 
onr  snored  honor."  This  declaration  was  signed 
on  the  dav  of  its  adoption  by  every  member 
present  who  voted  I'm-  it,  to  show  that  a  ma- 
jority of  the  colonies  approved  the  measure. 
Tins,-  signatures  were  attached  to  a  copy  on 
paper.  It  was  engrossed  on  parchment  and  again 
signed  on  the  2d  of  August-  Two  others  after- 
wards Bigned  it  one  in  September,  and  the 
other  later  in  autumn.  Immediately  after  it 
was  adopted  it  was  printed  and  sent  through- 
out the  colonies,  with  only  the  names  of  John 
Hancock.  President  of  Congress,  and  Charles 
Thomson,    the    Secretary,    attached    to    it.        In 

January.  1777.  it  was  printed  on  a  "broadside," 

with  the   names  of  all   the  signers,  and   sent  to 

the  several  assemblies  and  to  the  several  com- 
manding officers  of  the  Continental  troops.  (See 
facsimile  on  following  page.) 

Declaration    of    Independence,      I'm.     in 
1'nvMi:.     Vergennes,  the  French  minister  far 

foreign    a  flairs,  was    not    B   man   of  high-toned 

morality,  but  was  a  keen  diplomat,  and  never 

scrupulous   iii    regard    to   measures   that    would 

favorably  affect  the  interests  of  France.  Be 
was  eager  to  promote  and  prolong  the  quarrel 
of  Great  Britain  with  her  colonics  and  push  it 
to  a  separation,  for  it  would  weaken  the  power 
of  the  ••  natural  enemy  of  France."  lie  favored 
secret  aid  to  the  struggling  colonists  (see  Beau- 
wiirrlmis),  and  when  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence leached  Versailles  (  August,  177H  )  he 

read  to  the  king,  in  caliinet  council,  considera- 
tions on  the  part  which  France  should  then 
take  towards  England.  He  showed  the  advan- 
tages of  war  with  that  nation.     "The  war  will 


DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE      372  DECLARATION  OF  REBELLION 

form,"  lie    said,  •'  between   France    and  North  young  king,  whose  decision  in  the  matter  was 

America  a  connection  which  will  not  grow  np  invoked,  too  weak   to  lead  in  affairs   of  snefa 

and  vanish  with  the  need  of  the  moment     No  magnitude,  hating  republicanism  and  fearing 

interest  can  divide  tbe  two  nations.    Commerce  revolution,  resolved  that  peace  with  England 

will  form  between  them  a  very  durable,  if  not  should  uot  be  broken  during  bis  reign.     That 


j    J    1 

3  1  i  1 
JU2  ti  if  i^j  i 

:  -  *  4  if" 


an    eternal,  chain  ;    vivifying    industry,  it    will  broken    peso*    was  only  tliliii/iil   less   than    two 

bring  into  onr  barbora  the  oommodltiee  which  years,  not  prevented. 

America  formerij  poured  Into  those  of  England,  Declaration  of  Rebellion  in  the  Colonies. 

with  •  double  beneit,  for  the  augmentation  of  In  an  address  to  the  throne  (Feb. 7, 1775),  pro- 

mil  national  Iftbot  lessens  thai  "la  rival."    The  pond  b]  the  ministry,  the;  declared  thai  a  re- 


DECLARATION  OF  RIGHTS 


:sr:; 


DECLARATION  OF  WAR 


hellion  existed  in  sfassaebnsette,  countenanced 
and  fomented  by  aulawful  combinations  in  oth- 
er colonies,  and  recommended  energetic  meas- 
ures for  Suppressing  it.  The  address  was  adopt- 
ed, after  a  lorn;  debate.  by  a  large  majority; 
and  Parliament  pledged  its  support  to  tbe  kin-; 
in  the  maiutenanoe  of  the  just  authority  of 
the  crown  and  nation. 

Declaration  of  Rights  by  Virginia.    George 
Mason  dratted   for  Virginia  a  declaration  of 

rights,  and   on    May   27,   1776,  Archibald   Carey 

presented  it  to  tbe  Virgiuia  convention.  On 
the  12th  of  .June  it  was  adopted.  It  declared 
that  all  men  are  by  nature  equally  free,  and  are 
invested  with  inalienable  rigbta  —  namely,  the 
enjoyment  of  life,  liberty,  property,  and  the  pur- 
suit id' happiness  and   safct.N  ;   that  all  power  is 

vested  in.  and  consequently  derived  from,  the 
people  :  that  government  is,  or  ought  to  be,  in- 
stituted for  the  common  benefit  and  security  of 
the  people,  nation,  or  community,  and  that  when 
government  shall  fail  to  perform  its  required 

functions,  a  majority  of  the  people  have  an  un- 
alienable right  to  reform  or  abolish  it ;  that, 
public  services  not  beiug  descendible,  the  office 
of  magistrate,  legislator,  or  jndge  onght  not  to 
be  hereditary  :  that  the  legislative  and  execu- 
tive powers  of  the  state  should  be  distinct   fr 

the  judicature,  and  that  the  members  ol  the 
fust  two  should,  at  fixed  periods,  return  unto 
the  body  from  which  they  were  originally  taken, 

and  the  vacancies  be  supplied  b\  frequent  elec- 
tions; tliat  elections  ongbl  to  in-  free;  that  all 
men  having  a  permanent  interest  in  and  attach- 
ment to  the  country  have  tin'  right  of  suffrage, 
and  cannot  be  taxed  or  deprived  of  their  prop- 
erty for  public  uses  without  their  own  consent 
or  that  of  their  representatives  freely  elected, 
nor  bound  by  any  law  to  which  they  have  not, 

in  like  manner,  assented ;  that  ther ight  to 

be   no  arbitrary  power  for  suspending  laws,  for 

requiring  excessive  bail,  or  for  granting  of  gen- 
eral warrants;  that  u an  ought  to  be  de- 
prived of  liberty  except  by  the  law  of  the  laud 

or  the  judgment  of  his  peers,  holding  sacred 
the-  ancient  trial  by  jury;  that  the  freedom  of 
the  pi  ess  is  one  of  the  greatest  bul  walks  of  lib- 
erty, and  can  liever  be  restrained  but  by  des- 
potic governments;  that  a  well-regulated  mili- 
tia, composed  of  t  In'  body  of  tbe  people,  trained 

to  arms,  is  the  proper,  natural,  anil  safe  defence 
of  a  flee  stale;  that  standing  armies  in  times 
of  peace  should  be  avoided  as  dangerous  to  lib- 
erty, and  in  all  cases  the  military  should  be  un- 
der strict  subordination  to  t  hi-  ci\  il  power  ;  that 
the  people  have  a  right  to  uniform  government  ; 
that  no  free  government  can  be  preserved  but 
by  a  firm  adherence  to  justice,  modetat  ion,  tem- 
perance, frugality,  ami  virtue,  and  by  frequent 
recurrences  to  fundamental  principles ;  and  that 

religion  can  be  directed  only  by  reason  and  con- 
viction, not  by  force  in   violence;  therefore  all 

men  ate  equally  entitled  to  the   tree  ■ 

it  according  to  the  dictates  of  conscience.  The 
unanimous  voice  of  tin-  convention  approved  of 
this  declaration  of  rigbta 

Declaration  of  War  against  Great  Britain 


1(1812).  The  British  Orders  in  Council  and 
French  Decrees  remained  unrepealed.  For- 
bearance on  the  part  of  the  United  States  no 
eined  a  virtue.  British  newspapers 
had  declared  that  the  United  States  could  not 
"be  kicked  into  a  war.''  The  indignation  of 
the  American  people  was  at  fever  heat ;  and  on 
June  1,  1S1'2,  President  Madison  submitted  to 
Congress  a  confidential  war  message,  in  which 
he  recapitulated  all  the  causes  of  complaint 
against  Great  Britain,  and  asking  the  National 
Legislature  to  consider  and  decido  whether 
their  country  should  longer  remain  passive 
"under  these,  progressive  and  accumulated 
w rones."  lb-  also  made  grave  charges  against 
France.  The  message  was  referred  to  tbe  Com- 
mittee on  Foreign  Relations,  which,  on  June  3, 
reported  an  echo  to  the  sentiments  of  the  mes- 
sage. As  a  part  Of  the  report,  Calhoun,  the 
chairman,  presented  a  bill  declaring  w  at  against 
Great  Britain.  A  motion  was  made,  and  lost, 
to  include  France  in  the  same  declaration. 
While  the  matter  was  pending  in  CoUgreSS  Un- 
people throughout  the  country  were  fearfully 
excited  by  contending  e tious.     After  much 

debate  ill  Congress,  it  finally  passed  bot  II  houses, 

.Lin.  ]-.  and  became  a  law  on  receiving  tin-  sig- 
nature of  the  President.  The  bill  had  been  de- 
bated iu  secret  session;  now  the  seal  ofseorqpj 
was  removed, and  on  the  19th  the  President  is- 
sued a  proclamation  announcing  the  fact,  and 
calling  upon  tin-  people  of  the  United  States  to 

sustain  the  public  authorities  in  measures  foi 
obtaining  a  speedy,  just,  and  honorable  peace. 
In  tin-  House  of  Representatives  the  members 
from  l'ennsv  lvania  and  the  states  south  and  west 
gave  sixty-two  votes  tor  the  measure  to  seven- 
teen against  it.  In  the  Senate  the  same  states 
gave  fourteen  for  it  to  live  against  it.  ■•Thus," 
said  a  late  writer,  "  the  war  may  be  said  to  have 
been  a  measure  of  the  South  and  West  to  take 
cite  of  tin-  interests  of  the  North,  much  against 

the  will  of  the  latter."  The  minority  iu  Con- 
gress soon  Issued  an  aide  protest  again*!  tin-  war. 
which  was  chiefly  written  by  .losiah  Quinoy, 
who  w  as  at  t  he  head  of  the  opposition,  not  only 

in  Congress, but  throughout  the  country. 

Declaration  of  "War  between  England  and 
France.  On  March  15,  1711.  the  King  of  France, 
at  Versailles,  declared  war  against  England  : 
and   on    the   29th    King   George,  at    St.  James's 

Palace,  declared  war  against  Prance.  Before 
these  declarations  were  made  known  in  Boston 
tin-  governor  of  Cape  Breton  sent  about  nine 

hundred    men    under    DuvivieT,  who   surprised 

and  took  Canso,  burned  the  place,  and  sent  the 
prisoners  (  eight]  in  number  i  to  Boston.  An- 
napolis (  Port  Royal)  was  kept  iu  alarm  for  a 
nth  by  the  French  anil  Indians,  and  two  hun- 
dred men  were  sent  from  Boston  to  reinforce 
the  English  garrison  there.  Massachusetts 
took    vigorous     measures    for    defence    against 

the  French  and  Indians  everywhere.     Full  live 

hundred  men  were  impressed,  of  which  three 
hundred  were  for  the  eastern  front  ier.  and  two 

hundred  for  the  western.     The  garrisons  in  the 

Fast  were  reinforced.     Fort  una!  elv,  t  w  eiity  can- 

peunders)and  two  13-iuch  mortars  had 


DECLARATORY  ACT  3' 

just,  l)t'cn  srni  to  Castle  William, in  Boston  bar- 
bor,  u  gift  from  the  king, with  all  stuns  except- 
ing guupowder.  The  Legislature  also  ordered 
a  chain  of  forts  to  be  built  between  the  Con- 
necticut River  and  the  New  York  bouudary- 
liue. 

Declaratory  Act,  The.  Pitt  conolnded  liis 
speech  in  the  Commons  against  the  Stamp  Act 
by  a  proposition  for  its  absolute  and  immediate 
repeal,  at  the  same  time  recommendiug  an  act, 
to  accompany  the  repeal,  declaring,  in  the  most 
unqualified  terms,  the  sovereign  authority  of 
Great  Britain  over  her  colonics.  This  was  in- 
tended as  a  salve  for  the  national  honor,  neces- 
sary, as  Pitt  knew,  to  secure  the  repeal  of  the 
act.  But  Lord  Camden,  who  was  the  principal 
supporter  of  the  repeal  bill  in  the  Upper  House, 
was  opposed  to  the  declaratory  act,  and  vehe- 
mently declared  that,  "  taxation  and  representa- 
tion are  inseparable."  The  declaratory  act  be- 
came a  law.  hut  it  was  distasteful  to  thinking 
Americans,  for  it,  involved  the  kernel  of  royal 
prerogative,  which  the  colonists  rejected.  But 
it  was  overlooked.  Pitt  had  the' honor  of  the 
repeal.  The  London  merchants  lauded  him  as 
a  benefactor,  and  there  was  a  burst  of  gratitude 
towards  him  in  America.  New  York  voted  a 
statue  to  Pitt  and  the  king;  Virginia  voted  a 
statue  to  the  monarch;  Maryland  passed  a  sim- 
ilar vote,  and  ordered  a  portrait  of  Lord  Cam- 
den :  and  the  authorities  of  Boston  ordered  full- 
length  portraits,  of  Barre*  and  Conway,  friends 
of  the  Americans,  for  Faneuil  Mall. 

Decorum,  FtRST  B8EACB  <>i\  in  CONGRESS, 
Matthew  Lyon  was  a  rough,  energetic  member 
of  ( longress  from  Vermont  from  1797  to  IdOl.    A 

native  of  Ireland,  he  possessed  much  of  the  ex- 
citability of  his  people.  Soger  Griswold  was 
also  a  member  of  Congress  from  Connecticut  at 
the  same  time.  Lyon  was  a  democrat.  Griswold 
a  federalist.  In  his  maiden  speech  Lyon  ridi- 
culed the  formality  exercised  towards  the  Pres- 
ident in  waiting  upon  him,  and  challenged  the 
ill-will  of  the  Federalists  and  the  dislike  of  his 
own  partisans,  for  he  assumed  to  be  a  leader  of 
the  democracy.  During  the  balloting  in  tin' 
house  (.'an.  30, 179H),  in  the  case  of  the  impeach- 
ment of  Senator  Blount,  Lyon  began  a  conver- 
sation w  ith  the  speaker  in  a  loud  tone,  as  if  he 
desired  to  attract  the  attention  of  the  other 
members,  in  which  he  made  disparaging  and  in- 
sulting remarks  about  the  Connecticut  mem- 
bers, saying  the  people  of  that  state  were  mis- 
represented by  their  members  of  Congl t  IS.  Be 
said  he  knew  the  people  well,  for  he  had  had 
occasion  to  fight   them  when  they  came  to  v  isit 

their  relations.  "Did  yon  ti^ht  them  with  your 
wooden  sword  ?"  asked  Griswold,  in  jocular  al- 
lusion to  the  dismissal  of  Lyon  from  a  company 
Of  Green  Mountain  Hoys  (which  seel  in  177.".  for 

cowardice.    This  taunt  was  repeated  in  another 

form  when  Lynn  declared  that  if  he  could  only 
gO  to  Connecticut  and  manage  a  newspaper 
there  he  WOUld  enlighten  the  pcoylc.  "  You 
couldn't    Obange    the    opinion    of   the    meanest 

hostler  in  the  state.''  said  Griswold,  good-nat- 
uredly.    Lyon  declared  he  could,  and  that  he 


4  DEERFIELD 

had  serious  thoughts  of  moving  into  the  state 
and  lighting  them  on  their  own  ground,  (iris- 
wold laid  his  hand  on  Lyon's  arm,  and  said, 
smiling,  "If  you  go,  Mr.  Lyon,  I  suppose  you  will 
wear  your  wooden  sword?"  At  this  Lyon  took 
tire,  and,  turning  suddenly  round,  spat  in  (Iris- 
wold's  face.  There  was  some  oommotiou  for  a 
moment,  and  a  motion  was  made  for  Lyon's  ex- 
pulsion from  the  house.  Lyon's  party  friends 
rallied,  and  defeated  the  motion  for  expulsion. 
Soon  afterwards  Griswold  attacked  Lyon  with 
a  cane  as  he  sat  in  his  seat  in  the  House,  and 
seriously  beat  him  over  the  head.  Lyon  rushed 
to  the  fireplace,  and,  seizing  a  pair  of  tongs, 
approached  (iriswold.  who  struck  him  a  violent 
blow  in  the  face,  threw  him  down,  and  beat  him 
on  the  floor.  Griswold  dragged  him  by  the  legs, 
when  a  call  to  order  from  the  speaker  stopped 
the  disgraceful  affray.  A  motion  was  made  for 
the  expulsion  of  both  Lyon  and  Griswold, but  it 
was  lost ;  so  also  was  a  motion  for  a  vote  of  cen- 
sure. This  was  the  lirst  of  those  disgraceful  per- 
sonal encounters  on  the  floor  of  Congress  w  bich 
have  occasionally  disgraced  that  body.  A  cari- 
cature representing  the  fight  with  cane  and  tongs 
was  published  soon  after  the  occurrence. 

Deerfield,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Connecti- 
cut River,  franklin  County,  Mass..  was  twice 
the  victim  of  a  foray  by  French  and  Indians. 
During  Kin^  Philip's  War  a  terrible  slaughter 
occurred  a  mile  from  the  town.  Sept.  1-  (O.  8. 1, 
1675.  The  Indians  had  burned  Deerfield  and 
murdered  some  of  the  inhabitants.  The  surviv- 
ors fled,  leaving  about  three  thousand  bushels 
of  wheat  in  stacks  in  the  field.  Captain  Thomas 
Lothrop,  commanding  part  of  a  force  at  I  lad- 
lev,  was  sent  with  eighty  men  to  secure  this 
grain.  They  wore  young  soldiers,  the  "flower 
id'  Essex  County."  As  they  approached  Deer- 
field  they  fell  into  an  Indian  ambush,  and  the 
captain  and  seventy-six  of  his  men  were  slain. 
They  Bold  their  lives  dearly,  for  ninety-six  of 
their  assailants  perished  in  the  fight.  The  stream 

near  which  the  scene  occurred  has  been  called 
Blood;  Brook  to  this  day.  A  rode  monument 
was  erected  on  the  spot  forty  years  afterwards, 
and  in  183H  another  an  obelisk  of  white  mar- 
ble    was  put  up  there.    Late  in  February,  L704, 

a  party  of  French  and  Indians,  under  Major  Hcr- 

tel  de  K'ouvillc,  who  had  travelled  on  snow- 
shoes  from  Canada,  approached  Deerfield.  The 
chief  object  of  the  expedition  was  to  procure  a 
little  bell  hung  over  the  meet  ing-house  in  that 
village.      It   had  been  bought  in  France  for  the 

church  in  the  Indian  village  of  Caughnawaga, 

ten  miles  above  Montreal.     The  vessel  that  bore 

ii  io  America  was  captured  bj  a  New  England 
privateer  and  taken  into  Boston  harbor.  The 
bell  was  sold  to  the  Deerfield  congregation.  Fa- 
ther Nicolas,  the  priest  at  Caughnawaga,  per- 
suaded the  Indians  to  accompany  him,  under 
De  K'ouvillc,  to  gel  the  bell.  When  the  invad- 
ers approached  Deerfield,  the  snow  lay  four  feci 

deep  in  that  region,  and  was  covered  bj  a  haul 
crust  thai  bore  the  nun.  Cpon  drifts  that  lay 
by  the  palisades  thev  Were  able  to  crawl  over 
these  defences  in  the  gloom  of  night,  while'  the 
inhabitants  were  slumbering.     The  lirst  intitua- 


DEFECTION  IN  PENNSYLVANIA  375  DEFENCE,  PREPARATIONS  FOR 

Congressional  Pugilists. 


Jonathan  Dayton,  Sptaket 


Jonathan  H\  Candy,  Clerk. 


FIKST   FHUIT   IN  CO 


'.£'.  Cor.  ilk  Jk  t'/.eiliiul  Si. 


timi  tin'  villagers  had  of  danger  was  the  burst- 
ing in  of  t lie  doors  before  the  dawn  (March  1, 
1704),  and  tin-  terrible  sound  of  the  war-whoop. 
The  people  were  dragged  from  tbeir  beds  and 
murdered,  without  regard  to  age  <>r  sex,  or  'al- 
lied into  captivity.  The  village  was  set  on  Are, 
ami  every  building,  excepting  the  chape]  and 
one  dwelling-house,  was  laid  in  ashes.  Forty- 
■even  of  the  inhabitants  were  killed,  and  one 
hundred  and  twenty  were  captives  <>n  their  way 
through  the  wilderness  towards  Canada  an  hour 
after  sunrise.  Under  the  directiou  of  Father 
Nicolas,  the  bell  was  carried  away,  and  finally 
found  its  destined  place  In  the  belfry  of  the 
ehnroh  at  Canghuawaga,  where  it  still  hangs. 
Among  the  victims  of  tliis  foray  were  Rev.  John 
Williams,  pastor  of  the  church  at  Deerfield,  and 

liis  family,  w  ho  were  earned  Into  captivity,  ex- 
cepting two  children,  who  were  murdered.  (See 
Williams,  John.) 

Defection  In  Pennsylvania.  Tin-  gloomy 
outlook  after  the  fall  of  Fort  Washington  (which 
see)  and  the  flight  of  Washington  and  his  melt- 
ing army  across  New  Jersey  (wlltoh  see)  caused 
many   persons  of  influence   in    Pennsylvania,  as 

well  as  in  New  Jersey,  t<>  waver  and  fall  away 
frciin  the  patriot  canse.  The  must  conspicuous 
of  these  in  Pennsylvania  were  Joseph  Galloway, 
who  had  been  a  member  of  the  fust  Continental 
Congress,  ami  Andrew  Allen,  also  a  member  of 
thai  Congress,  and  two  of  his  brothers.  The 
brothers  Howe  having  issued  a  new  proclama- 


tion of  pardon  ami  amnesty  to  all  who  should 
within  sixty  days  promise  not  to  take  up  arms 
against  the  king, these  men  availed  themselves 

of   it,   not    doubting    their   speedy    restoration    to 

their  former  fortunes  and  political  importance. 

They  went  over  to  Howe:  so  did  Samuel  Tuck- 
er, a    leader   in   the   movements  agaiusl    British 

oppression  in  New  Jersey,  and  a  host  of  Jersey- 
men,  who  Bigned  a  pledge  of  fidelity  to  the  Brit- 
ish crown.  Even  John  Dickinson,  whose  fidel- 
ity as  a  patriot  may  not  he  questioned,  was  so 
thoroughly  convinced  of  the  folly  of  the  Dec- 
laration <>f  Independence  and  the  probability  of 

;.  return  1o  the  British  fold  that  he  discredited 
the    Continental   hills  of  credit,  ami  refused   to 

accept  an  appointment  from  Delaware  as  a  del- 
egate in  Congress.  The  state  of  Maryland  also 
showed  a  willingness  at  this  juncture  to  renounce 
the'  1  teclaratiou  of  Independence  for  the  sake  of 
peace.  Amidst  this  falling  away  of  civilians 
and  the  rapid  melting  of  his  army,  Washing- 
ton's faith  ami  courage  never  faltered.     From 

Newark,  when  he  was  flyiug  with  his  shattered 
ami  rapidly  diminishing  forces  towards  the  I  (el- 
aware  River  before  pursuing  Comwallis, he  ap- 
plied to  the   patriotic  and  energetic  Willi 

I.iv  ingSton,  govel  nor  <»t  New  Jersey,  for  aid.    To 
expressions  of  sympathy  from  the  governor,  he 
replied  (Nov.30,  1776),  "  I  will  not  despair." 
Defence,  GENERAL  PREPARATIONS  tot;.     On 

May  96,  1TT.">,  the  Continental  CoUgreSS  unani- 
mously determined  that,  as  hostilities  had  acta- 


DEFENCES  OF  THE  DELAWARE         3 

ally  commenced  IU  Massachusetts,  and  large  rein- 
forcements were  expected  for  the  British  troops 
in  Boston,  the  several  provinces  should  be  imme- 
diately put  in  a  state  of  defence.  The  necessary 
committees  were  speedily  appointed  to  prepare 
reports.  One  of  them  was  to  designate  the  posts 
to  be  occupied  in  New  York  ;  another  to  recom- 
mend methods  for  raising  ammunition  and  mili- 
tary stores;  a  third  to  estimate  the  amount  of 
jnoney  necessary  to  be  raised  for  purposes  of 
defence;  and  a  fourth  to  prepare  rules  and  reg- 
ulations for  the  government  of  the  army.  Wash- 
ington's good  judgment  had  been  so  conspicuous 
in  the  past  that  he  was  named  chairman  of  all 
these  committees. 

Defences  of  the  Delaware.  When  Howe  en- 
tered Philadelphia  (September,  1777)  the  Amer- 
icans still  held  control  of  the  Delaware  River 
below  that  city.  On  Mud  Island  (consisting  of 
mud  and  Band),  near  the  oouflnence  of  the  Schuyl- 
kill and  Delaware,  was  built  Fort  Mifflin.  On 
the  New  Jersey  shore,  opposite,  at  Red  Bank, 
was  Fort  Mercer,  a  strong  redoubt,  well  fur- 
nished with  heavy  artillery.  At  Billingsport, 
on  the  same  shore,  three  miles  lower  down,  were 
exteusive  hut  unfinished  works  designed  to 
guard  some  obstructions  in  the  river  there. 
Other  formidable  obstructions  were  placed  in 
the  river  below  forts  Mifflin  and  Mercer,  in  the 
form  of  chevaux-de-frise — sunken  crates  of  stones, 
with  heavy  spears  of  iron-pointed  timber,  to  re- 
ceive and  pierce  the  bows  of  vessels.  Besides 
these,  there  were  floating  batteries  on  the  river. 
(See  Forts  Mercer  and  Mifflin.) 

Defences  of  "Washington.  Immediately  af- 
ter the  battle  at  Bull's  Run  (which  see)  ener- 
getic measures  wen-  taken  to  place  defences 
around  the  city  of  Washington  that  should 
make  it  absolutely  secure  from  attack.  General 
George  B.  McClellan  had  been  called  to  the 
chief  command  of  the  forces  at  and  near  Wash- 
ington. With  the  assistance  of  Majors  Barry 
and  Barnard  he  projected  a  series  of  fortifica- 
tions at  prominent  elevated  points,  and  the  two 
officers  named  were  detailed  to  construct  them. 
Not  an  eminence  near  the  capital  was  long  with- 
out a  fortification  upon  it.  So  vigorously  was 
the  enterprise  prosecuted  that  in  the  course  of 

a   few   months   not   less   than   fifty-two  of  these 

military  works  were  completed."     At  no  time 

afterwards  during  the  war  did  the  Confederates 

ever  Berionsly  attempt  to  assail  them.     At  no 

lime  was  the  capital  in  danger  from  external 
Bee  map  on  opposite  page.) 

Definitive  Treaty  of  Peace.  (See  T\re*ty  of 
Peace,  17-:',.  > 

De  Gourgues  HAXQfl  SPANIARDS  tH  Flohipa. 
(See  Huguenott  in  Florida,") 

De  Grasse,  COUNT,  i>i  i  i  \  ir.i>.  On  April  IS, 
17*J,  a  fierce  naval  engagement  occurred  in  the 
West  Indies  between  Admiral  the  Count  de 
Grasse  and  Admiral  Sir  George  Rodney.     The 


\  M<  i  i.  n., i Sep! 

mi  local  oni  ,,r  lb, 

•  inriy  i»"  "I  il,<m  ware  ilo-o  f pl< 

(hi  wen-  in,  .-lu-'l. 


6  DE  HAVEN 

count's  flag-ship  was  the  VilU  de  Pari),  the  same 
as  when  lie  assisted  in  the  capture  of  Cornwal- 
lis  at  Yorktow  n.  She  was  a  magnificent  vessel. 
which  the  city  of  Paris  had  presented  to  the 


COINT   DE  GRASSE. 

king  (Louis  XV.).  The  count  fought  his  antag- 
onist with  such  desperation  that  when  he  w  as 
compelled  to  strike  his  colors  only  two  men  be- 
sides himself  were  left  standing  on  the  upper 
deck.  By  this  defeat  and  capture  there  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  English  thirty-six  chests 
of  money  and  the  whole  train  of  artillery  in- 
tended for  an  attack  on  .Jamaica.  The  French 
lost  in  the  engagement,  in  killed  and  wounded, 
about  three  thousand  men;  the  British  lost 
eleveu  hundred.  For  more  than  a  century  the 
French  had  not,  in  any  naval  engagement,  been 
so  completely  beaten.  The  fleet  was  nearly  ru- 
ined. 

De  Haas,  John  Phii.ii'.  was  born  in  Holland 
about  1735;  died  in  Philadelphia  about  1784. 
He  was  descended  from  an  ancient  family  in 
northern  France;  came  to  America  in  1750; 
was  an  ensign  in  the  French  and  Indian  War: 
participated  in  a  sharp  conflict  with  Indians 
near  Pittsburgh;  and  was  colonel  of  the  Firs! 
Pennsylvania  regiment  in  1770.  He  served  in 
tin-  American  army  in  Canada,  and  afterwards 
at  Ticonderoga.  He  led  his  regiment  from  Lake 
Champlain  to  New  York,  ami  participated  in 
the  battle  on  Long  Island  in  August,  177(i.  In 
February,  1777,  he  was  promoted  to  brigadier- 
general.  General  He  Haas  was  a  good  discipli- 
narian, and  served  in  various  capacities  dining 
the  cut  in'  war  with  credit  to  himself  and  ben- 
efit to  his  adopted  country.  The  latter  \ears 
of  his  life  wen  passed  in  Philadelphia. 

De  Haven,  Ei>\\  in  J.,  an  arctic  explorer,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia  in  1819;  died  there  Maj  '.'. 
l~t;:>.  He  entered  the  navj  as  midshipman,  rose 
to  lieutenant  in  1*11.  and  resigned  in  1857.  He 
was  with  Wilkes  in  his  great  exploring  expedi- 
tion in  l-:',-  (2, and  commanded tbe  first  explor- 
ing expedition  fitted  out  at  New  York  to  search 
for  Bir  John  Franklin  in  the  Arctic  seas.  The 
expedition  consisted  of  the  AdfMmee,  one  hundred 
and  forty  tons,  and  the  Bmeut, niuetj  t,,ns.  Dr. 
Kane,  who  accompanied  the  expedition,  pub- 
lished a  full  account  of  it. 


DE  LANCEY 


377 


DELAWARE,  POSITION  OF 


De  Lancey,  James,  was  born  in  New  York  in 
1703;  died  there,  Aug. 2,  L760.  He  graduated  at 
the  University  of  Cambridge,  Englaud,  ami  soon 

after  his  return  t<>  New  York  (1729)  was  made  a 
justice  di' the  Supreme  Court  of  that  province, 
and  chief-justice  in  IT:!:'..  For  two  years,  as 
lieuteuant-governor,  he  was  acting  governor 
(1753-55),  after  the  death  of  Governor  Oeborn. 
Mr.  !).■  Lancey  was  tor  many  years  the  most  in- 
llnential  man  in  the  politics  ami  legislation  of 
(In-  colony,  ami  was  one  of  the  founders  of  Kind's 

i  now  Columbia)  College,    lie  wrote  a  Review  oj 
the  Military  Operations fiom  17.",:;  to  17:>(i. 
De  Lancey,  Ot.ivi.i:,  brother  of  Chief-justice 

James,  w  as  born  in  New  York  city  in  1717  ;  died 


',  British  army  in  Boston  during  the  Biege  in  17T."V— 
7(>.  and  accompanied  it  to  Nova  Scotia.  He  re- 
turned with  it  to  Staten  Island  in  June,  and 
commanded  British  cavalry  when  the  army  in- 
vaded Long  bland  in  August,  whicb  formed  the 
advance  of  the  right  column.     To  him  Genera] 

Wood  hull  surrendered  under  promise  of  protec- 
tion, but  it  was  not  afforded, and  the  patriot  was 

murdered.  He  was  active  under  Sir  Henry 
Clinton  throughout  the  war.  In  17>l  he  suc- 
ceeded Major  Andre  as  adjutant-general,  and  on 
his  return  to  England  undertook  the  arrange- 
ment ot  tin,  claims  of  the  loyalists  for  compen- 
sation for  losses  in  America.  He  was  also  at  the 
head  of  a  commission  for  settling  all  army  ac- 


^4 

=s^^ 

iriv 

§fe/ 

°i  c'< 

1 

/    counts  during  the  war. 

fcer y     Because  ot  defalcations 

^y         in  his  public  accounts, 

he  was   removed  from 

Office,  and  was  elected  to  Par- 
lament  in  17(.Hi. 

Delaware   consents  to   Li- 
dependence.    Ou  the  14th  and 

loth  ot  June,  177(1,  the  Assembly 
of  Delaware  unanimous!)  ap- 
proved the  resolutions  ot  Con- 
gress ot  May  15th,  overturned 
the  proprietary  government 
within  her  holders,  substituted 

her  own  name  on  all  occasions 
at  Beverley,  England,  Oct.  27,  1786.  He  was  Car  that  of  the  king,  and  gave  to  her  delegates 
for  many  years  a  member  of  the  Assembly  ami  uew  instructions,  which  left  them  at  liberty  to 
council,  also  a  colonel  of  pro\  incial  troops,  and  vote,  respect  ing  independence, according  to  their 
when  the  Revolution  broke  out  be  organised  and     |ndgmeut.   This  was  considered  a  tacit  sanction 

equipped,  chietly  at   his  own  expense,  a  corps  of     ot  independence. 

In  1777  he  was  appointed  brigadier       Delaware,  Position  Of  (1861>     This  little 


mac  siiowi.Ni;  Tin: 


iii  the  royal  service,  llis  military  operations 
were  chiefly  in  the  region  of  New  York  oity.  At 
the  evacuation  of  that  city  in  17-:;  he  went  to 
England. 

De  Lancey,  OLIVER,  was  born  in  New  York 
city;  died  in  Edinburgh  in  September,  1822. 
Educated  abroad,  h>'  entered  the  British  aruij 
in  1766, and  rose  to  major  ui  177;; ;  was  with  the 


stall'  lay,  still  more  than  Maryland,  within  the 
embrace  ot  the  free-labor  state-,  ami  took  but 

Very   little    part    in   the   secession    movements   at 

the  beginning  <»l  1861,  its  governor  (William 
Burton  i,  several  ot  its  senators,  it-  representa- 
tive! in  the  National  Senate,  and  many  leading 
politicians  sympathised  with  the  Secessionists, 

hut  Hie  people  in  general  were  conservative  and 


DELAWARE,  COLONY  AND  STATE  OF    378 


DELAWAEES 


loyal.  Its  Legislature  convened  at  Dover,  the 
capital  of  the  state,  on  June  3,  18G1,  when  the 
governor,  in  hid  message,  charged  the  impend- 
ing troubles  upon  the  Abolitionists  ot  the  North, 
who,  from  "pulpits,  rostrums,  and  schools,  Im- 
press and  people,"  had  waged  a  "  persistent  war 
upon  nunc  than  $8,000,000,000  ot  property."  ( »n 
the  following  day  Henry  Dickinson,  a  commis- 
sioner from  Mississippi,  addressed  the  Legislat- 
ure, and  urged  the  right  and  duty  ot  secession 
from  the  free-labor  States.  The  House,  by  unan- 
imous vote  (concurred  in  by  a  majority  ot  the 
Senate),  adopted  a  resolution  that  they  deemed 
it  proper,  and  due  to  themselves  and  the  people 
ot  Delaware,  to  express  their  unqualified  disap- 
proval ot  the  remedy  for  existing  evils  proposed 
by  the  commissioner  fronr  Mississippi.  This 
ended  his  mission.  Delaware  maintained  this 
position  during  the  war  that  ensued;  and  it  is 
a  noteworthy  tact  that  it  was  the  only  slave- 
laboi  state  whose  soil  was  not  moistened  with 
the  blood  oi  the  slain  in  battle. 

Delaware,  Tin;  COLONY  and  State  of,  takes 
its  name  from  Lord  De  la  Wan  (Delaware),  who 
entered  the  bay  oi  that  name  in  1010,  when  he 
was  governor  of  Virginia.  It  had  been  discov- 
ered by  Hudson  in  1609.  In  lti"29  Samuel  Godyn, 
a  director  oi  the 
Dutch  West  India 
Company,  hough) 
of  the  Indians  a 
tract  of  land  near 
the  mouth  of  the 
Delaware;  and  the 
next  year  De  Tries, 
with  twenty  colo- 
nists from  Holland, 
settled  near  the  site 
of  Lewes.     (See  De 

Vries.)  The  cnlonv 
was  destroyed  by 
the  natives  three  years  afterwards,  and  the  red 
men  had  sole  possession  of  that  district  until 
1638,  w  lien  a  colony  ot  Swedes  and  Finns  land- 
ed on  Cape  Hcnlopen.  and  purchased  the  lands 
along  tin'  bay  and  river  as  far  north  as  the  bills 
at  Trenton.  (See  Sew  Sweden.)  They  built  Fori 
Christiana  near  the  site  of  Wilmington.  Their 
settlements  were  mostly  planted  within  the 
present  limits  of  Pennsylvania.  The  Swedes 
were  conquered  by  the  Dutch  of  New  Nether- 
land  in  1655,  and  from  that  time  until  1664, 
when  New  Netherland  was  conquered  by  the 
English,  the  territory  was  claimed  by  the  Dutch, 
and  controlled  by  them.  Then  Lord  Balti- 
more, proprietor  of  Maryland,  claimed  all  the 
territory  on  the  west  side  of  Delaware  Bay, 
and  even  to  latitude  40  :  and  settlers  from  Ma- 
ryland attempted  to  drive  away  the  settlers  in 
tin-  present  State  of  Delaware.  When  William 
Penn  obtained  a  grant  of  Pennsylvania,  he  was 
very  desirous  of  owning  the  land  on  Delaware 
Baj  to  the  sea, and  procured  from  tlic  Duke  of 

Voik  a  release  of  nil  his  title  and  claim  to  New- 
Castle  and  twelve  miles  around  it,  ami  to  the 
land  UetweeU  I  hat  tract  and  t  lie  (tea;  and  in  the 

presence  of  all  the  settlers  lie  prodnoed  bis  deeds 
(October,  1688),  and  formally  accepted  the  Mir- 


si  vi  i:  se.u.  ok  iii  -  \u  via: 


render  of  the  territory.  Lord  Baltimore  pressed 
his  claim,  but  in  1685  the  Lords  ot  Trade  and 
Plantations  made  a  decision  in  Penn's  favor.  A 
compromise  afterwards  adjusted  all  conflicting 
claims.  The  tracts  which  now  constitute  the 
State  ot  Delaware,  Penn  called  ''The  Territo- 
ries," or  ''Three  Lower  Counties  on  the  Dela- 
ware." They  were  governed  as  a  part  of  Penn- 
sylvania for  about  twenty  years  afterwards,  and 
each  county  had  six  delegates  in  the  Legislat- 
ure. Then  Penn  allowed  them  a  separate  Leg- 
islature ;  but  the  colony  was  under  the  governor 
ot  Pennsylvania  until  lTTti.  when  the  inhab- 
itants declared  it  an  independent  state.  A  con- 
stitution was  adopted  by  a  convention  of  the 
people  of  the  three  counties  -New   <  ;isl  le.  Kent. 

and  Sussex — Sept.  20,  1776.  A  state  government 
was  organized,  and  John  McKinhv  was  .beted 
its  tirst  governor.  In  Yi'di  a  second  constitution 
was  framed  and  adopted.  Delaware  was  the  fust 
state  that  adopted  the  National  Constitution. 
This  was  done  by  a  convention  on  Dec.  7, 1787, 
or  less  than  three  months  after  it  was  signed  by 
the  members  of  the  convention  who  framed  it. 
Although  Delaware  was  a  slave-labor  state,  it 
refused  to  secede  at  the  outbreak  ot  the  Civil 
War;  and,  though  it  assumed  a  sort  of  neutral- 
ity, that  little  state  furnished  several  regiments 
of  volunteers  for  the  National  army.  Dining 
the  French  and  Indian  War,  and  the  war  for  in- 
dependence, Delaware  patriotically  furnished  its 
shaie  ot  nun  and  money  for  the  public  defence. 
Delawares,  an  important  family  ot  the  Al- 
gonquin nation,  who  are  also  called  Lenni-Le- 
napes,  or  "men.''  When  the  Europeans  found 
them,  they  were  dwelling  in  detached  bauds, 
under  separate  sachems,  on  the  Delaware  lviver. 
The  Dutch  traded  with  them  as  early  OS  ltd:!, 
and  held  friendly  relations  with  them  :  but  in 
1632  the  Dutch  settlement  ot  Suancndael  was 
destroyed  by  them.  Tin'  Swedes  found  them 
peaceful  when  they  settled  on  the  Delaware. 
This  family  claim  to  have  come  from  the  west 
with  the  Minquas,  to  whom  they  became  vas- 
sals. They  also  claimed  to  be  the  source  of  all 
the  Algonqnins,  and  were  Btyled  "grand  fa- 
thers." The  Delawares  comprised  three  power- 
ful families  (viz..  Turtle,  Turkey,  and  Wolf), 
and  were  known  as  Minseys.  or  Munsees,  and 

Delawares  proper.  The  former  occupied  the 
northern  part  of  New  .Jersey  ami  a  portion  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  the  latter  inhabited  lower 

New  Jersey,  the  banks  of  the  Delaware  below 
Trenton,  and  the  whole  valley  of  the  Schuylkill. 

After  the  conquest  ol  New  Netherland.  the  Eng- 
lish kept  up  trade  with  the  Delawares.  and  Will- 
iam Penn  ami  his  followers  bought  large  tracts 
of  land  from  them.  They  were  patties  on  the 
Indian  side  to  the  famous  treaty  with  Penn. 
At  that  time  the  Indians  within  the  limits  of 
his  domain  were  estimated  at  six  thousand  in 
number.  The  Five  Nations  conquered  tin-  Del- 
awares, and  called  them  "  women  "  in  contempt  : 
and  w  hen.  at  the  middle  of  tin-  last  century,  the 

latter, dissatisfied  with  the  Interpretation  of  a 
treaty,  refused  to  leave  their  land,  the  I  ;\ .  Na- 
tions banghtilj  ordered  them  to  go.  Commin- 
gling with  warlike  tribes,  the  Delawares  became: 


DEMOCRACY,  EARLY,  IN  NEW  YORK  379  DEMOCRACY  IX  NEW  NETHERLAND 


warlike  themselves,  and  developed  great  energy 

on  the  war-path.  They  fought  the  Cherokees, 
and  in  17?:!  some  of  them  went  over  the  moun- 
tains and  settled  in  Ohio.  So  early  as  1741  the 
Moravians  had  begun  missionary  work  among 
them  on  the  Lehigh,  near  Bethlehem  and  Naza- 
reth, and  a  little  elmivli  w  as  soon  filled  with  In- 
dian converts.  At  the  beginniug  of  the  French 
and  Indian  War  the  Delawares  were  opposed  to 

the  English,  excepting  a  portion  who  were  led 
by  the  Moravians;  bnl  in  treaties  held  at  Eas- 
ton.  in  Pennsylvania,  at  different   times,  front 

l?")t)  until  1761,  they  made  (peace  with  the  Eng- 
lish, and  redeemed  themselves  from  their  vas- 
salage to  the  Six  Nations.  They  settled  on 
tin-  Susquehanna,  the  Christian  Indians  apart. 
Then  another  emigration  over  the  mountains 
occurred,  and  they  planted  a  settlement  at  Mus- 
kingum. Ohio,  These  joined  Pontiao,  and  be- 
tieged  Fori  I'itt  (Pittsburgh)  and  other  frontier 

po-ls,   hut    were    defeated    in    August.    1763,   bj 
Colonel  Bouquet,  and  their  great   cln 
osenng,  was  killed.    Their  towns  were  ravaged, 
and  the  Moravian  converts,  who  were  innocent, 

Bed  for  refuge  to  Philadelphia.  These  returned 
to  the  Susquehanna  in  L764,  and  the  Ohio  por- 
tion made  peace  at  Mnskingum  tin-  same  year, 
and  ai  Fori  Pitt  in  l?ii.'>.  The  remainder  in 
Pennsylvania  emigrated  to  Ohio,  and  in  L786 
not  a  Delaware  was  left  east  of  the  Alleghany 

Mountains.  Moravian  missionaries  went  with 
their  Bocks,  and  t  lie  (  hrist  ian  Indians  increased. 

The  pagans  kept  npon  the  war-path  until  tiny 
were  severely  smitten  in  a  drawn  battle  at  Point 
Pleasant,  in  1771.  The  Delawares  joined  the 
English  w  Inn  the  Revolutionary  War  broke  out, 
hut  made  peace  with  the  Americans  in  177-.  >\  hen 

a  massacre  of  ninety  of  the  Christian  Indians 
in  Ohio  by  the   Americans  aroused  the  fury  of 

the  tribe.     Being  almost  powerless, tbej  fled  to 

the  Huron  River  and  Canada.  Under  the  pro- 
visions of  a  treaty  in  17-7.  a  small  hand  of  Del- 
awares ret  nrned  to  the  Mnskingum,  the  remain- 
der being  hostile.   These  foOgbl  Way  lie,  and  w  ere 

parties  to  the  treaty  at  Greenville  in  179 

(I  in ■in-ill) .)     The  scattered  tribes  in  Ohio  refused 

to  join  Teonmtha  in  the  War  of  1812, and  in  1818 

they  ceded  all  their  lands  to  the  United  Stall's, 
and  settled   on   the   White    River,  in    Illinois,  to 

the  onmber  of  eighteen  hundred,  leavings  small 
remnant  behind.  They  Dually  settled  in  Kansas, 
where  missions  were  established  among  them, 

and  they  rapidly  increased  in  the  arts  of  ci\il- 
ized  lite.  In  the  late  Civil  War,  the  Delawares 
furnished  one  hundred  and  seventy  soldiers  for 
the  National  army.  Having  acquired  land  from 
tin-  Cherokees  in  the  Indian  Territory, they  are 
now  there,  ahout  one  thonsaud  Strong,  and  still 
keep  uii  their  totemio  distinction  of  Turtle,  Tur- 
key, and  Wolf  families. 

Democracy,  K\i:ii.i\  Nih  Y<>i:k.    We  have 

observed  i  see   hiilli  and  Sliii/risn ill)  bow  the  first 

gerni  of  demooracj  or  republicanism  appeared 
in  New  Amsterdam, and  was  cheeked  in  its  via- 
Ible  growth  by  the  bee]  of  power.  It  grew,  nev- 
ertheless. It  was  stimulated  by  the  kind  acts 
of  Governor  Dongnu  (see  Dongan);  and  when 
tin-    English   revolution   of   1688   had   developed 


tin'  strength  of  the  people's  will,  and  their  just 
aspirations  were  formulated  in  the  Bill  of  Rights, 
it  sprang  np  into  a  vigorous  fruit-bearing  plant. 
Its  power  was  manifested  in  the  choice  and  ad- 
ministration of  Leisler  as  ruler  until  a  royal 
governor  was  appointed  (see  Lcinli-r),  and  his 
death  caused  the  lino  of  separation  between  de- 
mocracy anil  aristocracy  —  republicanism  and 
monarchy  —  "  Leislerians''  and  "  Anti-Leislei  i- 
ans" — to  be  distinctly  drawn.  During  the  ex- 
citing period  of  Leister's  rule,  the  aristocratic 
or  royalist  party  were  led  hy  Nicholas  Bayard, 

a  wealthy  and  influential  citizen,  who  was  warm- 
ly seconded  by  Robert  Livingston.     These  two 

men  were  chiefly  instrumental  in  bringing  Leis- 
ler to  the  scaffold  and  treating  his  family  and 
friends  in  a  shameful  manner.  This  conduct 
was  continued  until  the  Earl  of  Bellomont  suc- 
ceeded Fletcher  as  governor  (see  Bellomont), 
when  the  ••  Ant  i-Leislerians"  were  reduced  to  a 

minority,  and  kept  quiet  for  a  while.     After  the 

death  of  Bellomont  (March  6,  1701),  John  Nan- 
fan,  his  lieutenant,  ruled  for  a  while.     Nanfan 

favored  the  dei iratic  party.     So  soon  as  it 

was  known  that  I. old  Cornluiry,  a  thorough 
aristocrat  and  royalist,  had  been  appointed  gov- 
ernor, Bayard  ami  his  party  heaped  abuse  not 
only  upon  the  dead  Bellomont,  hut  upon  Nan- 
fan.  The  latter  saw  that  Bayard  was  on  the 
verge  ofa  pit  which  he  bad  digged  himself,  and 
he  pushed  him  into  it.  Bayard  had  procured  an 
act,  in  1691, aimed  at  Leisler  and  his  supporters, 
providing  that  any  person  who  should  in  any 
manner  endeavor  to  disturb  the  government  of 
the  colony  should  he  deemed  "rebels  and  trai- 
tors unto  their  majesties," and  should  incur  the 
pains  and  penalties  of  the  laws  of  England  for 
such  offence.     Bayard  was  arrested  on  a  charge 

id'   treason,    tried,    Convicted,    anil    received    the 

horrid  sentence  then  imposed  by  the  English 
law  upon  traitors  to  he  hauged,  quartered,  etc. 
Bayard  applied  fora  reprieve  until  his  majesty's 
pleasure  should  be  known.  It  was  granted,  and 
iii  the  meantime  Cornbury  arrived,  when  all  was 

reversed.  Bayard  was  released  and  reinstated. 
I'lie  de rats   were   placed  under  the   lash  of 

i he  aristocrats,  which  Bayard  and  Livingston 

used  without  mercy  hy  the  hand  of  the  wieteh- 
ed  ruler  to  whom  they  offered  libations  id'  flat- 
tery.     The  chief-jitst  ice  who  tried  Bayard,  and 

the  advocate  who  opposed  him,  wiie  compelled 

to  flj  to  England.  From  that  time  onw  aid  t  here 
was  a  continuous  conflict  hy  the  democracy  of 
New  York  with  the  aristocracy  as  represented 
by  the  royal  governors  and  their  official  para- 
sites. It  fought  bravely,  and  won  many  victo- 
ries, the  greatest  of  which  was  in  a  fierce  battle 

for  the  freedom  of  the  press,  in  the  case  of  John 

Peter  Zenger.     (See  Zmgm*t  Trial.) 

Democracy  in  New  Netherland.     Governor 
Kieft   (whiflh   seel   had  resolved  to  chasten   the 

Raritan  Indians  for  a  grave  offence,     lie  called 

upon  the  people  to  shoulder  their  muskets  for  a 
light.  They  knew  his  avarice  and  greed,  and 
withal  bis  cowardice,  and  boldly  charged  these 
things  upon  him.  "  It  la  all  well  for  yon,"  they 
said,  "who  have  not  slept  out  of  the  fort  a  sin- 
gle night  since  you  oajue,  to  endauger  our  lives 


DEMOCRACY  IN  NEW  NETHERLAND   3d0 


DEMOCRATIC  CONVENTION 


and  our  homes  iu  undefended  places,"  and  they 
refused  to  obey.  This  attitude  of  the  people 
transformed  the  governor.  He  invited  (Aug. 
23,  1641)  the  heads  of  lain i lies  of  New  Amster- 
dam to  meet  him  iu  consultation  on  public  af- 
fairs. They  assembled  at  the  fort,  and  prompt- 
ly chose  twelve  citizens  to  represent  them.  80 
appeared  the  tirst  popular  assembly,  and  so  was 
chosen  the  first  representative  congress  in  New 
Netlierland.  It  was  a  spontaneous  outgrowth 
of  the  innate  spirit  of  democracy  that  animated 
the  people.  The  twelve  were  the  vigorous  seeds 
of  that  representative  democracy  which  bore 
fruit  in  all  the  colonies  more  than  a  century 
later.  Again,  when  the  colony  was  threatened 
with  destruction  by  the  Indians,  Kieft  summon- 
ed tin!  people  into  council  (September,  1643),  who 
chose  eight  men  as  the  popular  representatives, 
to  act  with  the  governor  iu  public  affairs.  Again, 
when  Governor  Stuyvesant  (which  see)  found 
the  finances  of  the  colony  of  New  Netherlaud  in 
such  a  wretched  condition  that  taxation  was 
necessary,  he  dared  not  tax  the  people  without 
their  consent,  for  fear  of  offending  the  States- 
General,  so  he  called  a  convention  of  citizens, 
and  directed  them  to  choose  eighteen  of  their 
beat  men,  of  whom  he  might  select  niue  as  rep- 
resentatives of  the  tax-payers,  and  who  should 
form  a  co-ordinate  branch  of  the  local  govern- 
ment. He  tried  to  hedge  them  arouud  with  re- 
strictions, but  the  nine  proved  to  be  more  potent 
in  promoting  popular  liberty  than  had  Kieft's 
twelve.  They  nourished  the  prolific  seed  of  de- 
mocracy, which  burst  into  vigorous  life  in  the 
time  of  Jacob  Leister  (which  see).  Stuyvesant 
tried  to  stille  its  growth.  The  more  it  was  op- 
posed, the  more  vigorous  it  grew.  Late  in  the 
autumn  of  li>.~>:>  a  ((invention  of  nineteen  dele- 
gates, who  represented  eight  villages  01  Com- 
munities, assembled  at  the  town-hall  in  New 
Amsterdam,  ostensibly  to  take  measures  to  sc- 
enic themselves  from  the  depredations  of  the 
barbarians  around  them  and  sea-rovers.  The 
governor  tried  in  vain  to  control  their  action; 
they  paid  very  little  attention  to  his  wishes  or 
his  commands,  tie  Btormed  and  threatened,  but 
prudently  yielded  to  the  demands  of  the  people 
that  he  should  issue  a  call  for  another  conven- 
tion, and  give  legal  sanction  for  the  election 
of  delegates  thereto.  These  met  in  New  Am- 
sterdam on  Dec.  10,  K>.">:;.  <)l  the  eight  (lis- 
tings represented,  lour  were  Dutch  and  four 
English.  Of  the  nineteen  delegates,  ten  were 
Of  Dutch  and  nine  were  of  English  nativity. 
This  was  the  tirst  really  representative  assem- 
bly iu  the  great  state  of  New  York  chosen  bj 

the   people.      The    names   Of  the   delegates   were 

as  follows:  Prom  New  Amsterdam,  Van  li.it- 
teni.  Kregier,  and  Van  de  Grist;  from  Branch- 
l.  n  i  Brooklj  n  i,  Lnbbertsen,  Van  der  Beeok,  and 
Beeckmau;  from  Flushing,  Hicks  and  Flake; 
from  Newtown,  Coe  and  Hazard:  from  Beam 
stede  (Hempstead  |,  Washburn  audSomers;  from 
Amersfoort  i  Flatlauds),  Wolferteen,  Stryoker, 
and  Swartwont  ;  from  Mid  wont  (Flatbush),  El- 
bertasn  and  Bpioer;  and  from  Graveeend,  Bax- 
ter and  Elnbbard.  Baxter  was  then  the  Eng- 
lish secretary  of  the  colony,  and  led  the  English 


delegates.  The  object  of  this  convention  was 
to  form  and  adopt  a  remonstrance  against  the 
tyrannous  rule  of  the  governor.  It  was  drawn 
by  Baxter,  signed  by  all  the  delegates  present. 
and  sent  to  the  governor,  with  a  demand  that 
he  should  give  a  "categorical  answer."  Iu  it 
the  grievances  of  the  people  were  stated  under 
six  heads.  Stuyvesant  met  this  severe  docu- 
ment with  his  usual  pluck.  He  denied  the  right 
of  some  of  the  delegates  to  seats  in  the  conven- 
tion. He  denounced  the  whole  thing  as  the 
wicked  work  of  Englishmen,  and  doubted  wheth- 
er George  Baxter  knew  what  he  was  about.  He 
wanted  t  o  know  whet  her  t  lure  was  uo  one  among 
the  Dutch  in  New  Netlierland  "sagacious  aud 
expert  enough  to  draw  up  a  remonstrance  to 
the  Director-general  and  his  council,"  and  se- 
verely reprimanded  the  new  city  government  of 
New  Amsterdam  (New  York)  for  "seizing  this 
dangerous  opportunity  for  conspiring  with  Un- 
English  [with  whom  Holland  was  then  at  war], 
who  were  ever  hatching  mischief,  but  never  per- 
forming their  promises,  and  who  might  to-mor- 
row ally  themselves  with  the  North" — meaning 
Sweden  and  Denmark.  The  convention  was 
not  to  be  intimidated  by  bluster.  They  inform- 
ed Stuyvesant,  by  the  mouth  of  Beeckmau,  that 
unless  he  answered  their  complaints,  they  would 
appeal  to  the  States-General.  At  this  the  gov- 
ernor  took   tire,  and,  seizing   his  cane,  ordered 

Beeckmau  to  leave  his  presence.    The  plucky 

ambassador  coolly  folded  his  arms,  and  silently 
defied  the  magistrate.  When  Btuyveeanfs  an- 
ger had  abated,  he  asked  lieeckniaifs  pardon  for 
his  rudeness.     He  was  not  so  complaisant  with 

the  convention.  He  ordered  them  to  disperse 
on  pain  of  his  "  high  displeasure."  The  con- 
vention executed  their  threat  by  sending  an  ad- 
vocate to  Holland  to  lay  their  grievances  before 
the  States-General. 

Democratic  Convention  at  Charleston 
(1860).  On  April  S3,  I860,  about  six  hundred 
chosen  representatives  of  the  Democratic  party 

assembled  in  convention  in  the  hall  of  the  South 
Carolina  Institute  in  Charleston,  and  chose  Ca- 
leb Cushing,  id'  Massachusetts,  their  chairman. 

From  the  tirst  hour  of  the  session  knowing  ones 

discovered  omens  of  an  impending  tempest, 
which  might  topple  from  its  foundations  the 
political  organization,  founded  in  1828,  known 

as  the  Democratic  parly.  Mr.  CuslUDg  WAS  a 
statesman  of  great  experience,  and  then  sixt\ 
years  of  age.  He  w  as  a  scholar  id'  w  ide  and  \  a- 
ried  culture,  and  a  sagacious  observer  of  men. 
Haviiig.joiiied  the  Democratic  parly  at  the  time 
of  the  defection  of  President  Tyler,  he  became 
conspicuous  ainone;  the  advocates  of  the  war 
w  nil  Mexico  and  other  measures  lor  the  exten- 
sion of  slave  territory  and  the  perpet  nation  of 

tie-  system,  and  was  regarded  with  great  favor 

by  the  Southern  politicians  in  the  convention  as 
their  fast  political  friend.  His  opening  address 
to  ibe  convention  pleased  them.  In  it  he  de- 
clared it  to  l»c  the  mission  of  the  Democratic 

part]  "  lo  leconeile  popular  freedom  with  Con- 
stituted  order,"  and    to   maintain    "the    MOTed 

reserved  rights  of  the  sovereign  states."     He 

charged  the  Republicans  w  ith  "  laboring  Ioo\d- 


DEMOCRATIC  CONVENTION 


381 


DEMOCRATIC  REVOLUTION 


throw  the  Constitution.''  He  declared  thai  the  cratic  party  to  recognize  slavery  as  a  sacred, 
Republicans  were  aiming  to  produce" a  perpet-  permanent,  and  national  institution.  The  mi- 
ual  sectional  conspiracy,"  which  would  hurry  nority,  composed  wholly  of  delegates  from  the 
the  country  on  to  civil  war. "  and  that  it  was  free-labor  states,  resolved  that  the  limit  of  con- 
"the  high  anil  noble  pari  of  the  Democratic  cession  to  the  demands  of  the  Southern  politi- 
cal ty  of  the  Union  to  withstand  —  to  strike  cians  was  reached,  and  they  would  yield  no  fur- 
down  and  conquer  —  these  banded  enemies  of  ther.     They  represented  a  majority  of  the  prea- 


by  all  hut  the  extreme  pro-slavery  Wing  of  the     against  one  hundred  and  twenty-seven.      They 

convention;    who.it  is  said,  desired  rather  to   offered  to  adopt  a  resolution  expressive  of  their 


-strike  down"  the  Democratic  party,  to  obtain 
more    important    advantages    tor    themselves. 

They  had  come  instructed  to  demand  from  the 
convention  a  candidate  and  an  avowal  of  prin- 
ciples which  should  promise  a  guarantee  for  the 
speedy  recognition  bj  the  national  government 
and  the  people,  in  a  political  way,  of  the  system 
of  slavery  as  a  national  institution.     The  most 


willingness  to  abide  by  any  decision  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  tin-  United  States.  To  this  eon- 
cession  Butler  objected,  ami  three  reports  from 
the  committee  went  into  the  convention  —  a 
majority  and  minority  report, and  one  from  Mr. 
Butler.  A  warm  debate  ensued,  and  Avery, 
from  North  Carolina,  declared  that  the  doctrine 
of  popular  sovereignty     the  authority  of  the 


prominent  candidate  for  the  presidency  in  the  people  concerning  slavery  was  as  dangerous 
convention  was  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  who  was  as  that  of  Congressional  interference  with  the 
committed  to   an   opposite   policy   concerning 

slavery,  and    whose    friends    would    never    rote 

for  the  demands  of  the  extreme   pro-slaver] 
men.     This   the   latter   well   knew.     They   also 


rcXXXffiMaVfl 


institution.     The  debate  continued   until  the 
29th,  and  the  next  morning  a  vote  was  taken. 
The  minority  report,  in  favor  of  popular  sover- 
eignty, was    adopted    by    a    decided    majority, 
when  Walker,  of  Alabama,  afterwards 
the  Confederate  Secretary  of  War.  an- 
nounced that  the  delegates  from   his 
state  would  secede   from  the  conven- 
tion. The  movement  was  preconcerted. 
This  delegation  was  followed  by  those 

of  other   slave -labor   states,  and   the 

Bseceders  assembled  in  St.  Andrew's 
Hall,  to  prepare  for  an  independent 
political  organisation.  The  disruption 

I  of    the    Democratic    patty,   as    repre- 

sented iii  the  convention,  was  now 
complete.  When  D.C.Glenn,  of  Mis- 
sissippi, announced  the  secession  of 
the  delegation  from  his  state,  he  said : 
"I  tell    Southern    members,  and    for 

them  I  tell  the  North,  that  in  less 
than  sixty  days  you  will  find  a  united 

South  standing  side  by  side  with  us." 
There  was  great  rejoicing  in  Charleston 
knew-  that  the  rejection  of  Mr.  Donglas  bj  the  that  night  because  of  this  secession,  for  the  pol- 
representativea  of  the  slaveholders  would  split  iticians  were  aware  that  the  scheme  for  disunion 
the  Democratic  party,  and  they  resolved  to  act.    was  ripe  for  execution.    The  seceders  organised 


i.vsTin  11.. 


it  is  said,  in  accordance  with  then-  convictions 
They  held  the  dissevering  wedge  in  their  own 

hands,  and  they  determined  to  UBS  it  w  ith  effect. 

(See  Impending  Critii.)  A  committee  of  one  del- 
egate from  each  State  was  appointed  to  prepare 
a  platform  of  principles  for  the  action  of  the 
convention.  Mr.  Butler,  of  Massachusetts,  pro- 
posed in  that  Committee  to  adopt  the  doctrine 
of  the  right  of  the  people  in  any  state  or  terri- 
tory to  decide  whether  slavery  should  or  should 
not  exist  w  ith  in  its  borders.     This  was  rejected 

by  seen  teen  states  (on  I  v  two  of  them  free-]; :i  hoi- 
st at  es)  against  lift  ecu.  This  was  the  entering  of 
the  dissevering  wedge.  The  majority  now  of- 
fered to  accept  that  doctrine,  with  an  addition- 
al resolution  declaring  that,  in  the  spirit  of  Jndge 
Taney's  opinion  see  Dred  Scott  Cote),  neither  Con- 
gress nor  a ii >  otbei  legislative  body  had  .>  right 
to  interfere  with  slaver}  anywhere,  or  to  impair 
or  destroy  the  right  of  property  in  slaves  bj  snj 

legislation.      This  was  a  demand  for  III.'  Denio- 


Constitntional  Convention,"  with  James  A. 
Bayard,  of  Delaware,  as  chairman.     They  called 

the  body  they  had  left  the  ■•  Rump  Convention." 
<  iii  M.i\  3d  they  adjourned,  to  meet  in  Richmond, 
Va..  iii   . I  une.        g  '  .'ii  mi  I  inn.)     The 

regular  convention  also  adjourned,  to  meet  in 
Baltimore  June  18.  (Sec  Baltimore  Convention.) 
Democratic  Revolution  in  England.  Upon 
the  changes  in  the  policy  of  Great  Britain  tin; 
English-American  colonies  were  always  affect- 
ed; and  of  each  phase  of  the  imperial  govern- 
ment, admirers  ami  supporters  would  always 
lie  found  iii  the  colonics.  The  revolt  against 
Charles  I.  (1641)  was  ail  active  protest  of  grow- 
ing  democracy  against  the  absurd  doctrine  of 

the  divine  1  ight  of  kings  and  the  almost  illimit- 
able royal  prerogative.  The  revolution,  which 
was  tor  a  while  successful, and  swept  monarchy 

from  the  land,  was  the  effort  of  the  people  to 
lead  in  the  progress  of  humanity,  and  to  con- 
tend for  that   equality  which  the  law  of  nature 


DEMOCRATIC  SOCIETIES  3 

gave  them.  They  failed  to  secure  permanent 
success  beonnse  they  attempted  ton  much  at 
once.     Their  energy  in  detaching  the  decaying 

institutions  of  the  past  from  the  living  isanes 
of  the  hour  was  too  heroic,  and  a  little  more 
than  eleven  years  after  they  decapitated  their 
monarch  the  old  order  of  things  was  restored  in 
the  person  of  his  son.  In  these  changes  society 
in  America  felt  the  shocks,  but  with  far  less  in- 
tensity than  they  were  felt  in  England. 

Democratic  Societies.  In  imitation  of  the 
Jacobin  clubs  in  Paris,  members  of  the  Re- 
publican party,  at  about  the  time  when  Genet 
arrived  from  France,  formed  secret  associations, 
which  they  called  "  Democratic  societies."  Their 
ideas  and  feelings  were  almost  wholly  French, 
and  a  large  proportion  of  their  membership  con- 
sisted of  French  people.  They  were  disloyal  to 
the  government  of  the  United  States,  and  sought 
to  control  the  politics  of  the  Union.  They  seem 
to  have  been  inspired  with  the  fanaticism  which 
at  that  time  controlled  France.  They  vigorous- 
ly denounced  and  opposed  Washington's  proc- 
lamation of  neutrality.  The  societies  existed  in 
various  states,  and  first  introduced  the  word 
"Democrat"  into  American  politics.  Many  of 
the  Republican  party  would  not  adopt  the  word, 
preferring  the  old  name,  until  the  combined  op- 
position became  known  as  the  Democratic-Re- 
publican party.  The  Democratic  societies  flour- 
ished for  a  while  with  great  vigor.  Their  mem- 
bers were  pledged  to  secrecy.  Each  society  had 
a  distinct  seal  of  its  own,  which  was  attached 
to  the  certificate  of  every  member, in  which  he 
was  commended  to  the  good  offices  of  every  sim- 
ilar society  in  the  I'nion.  The  informed  and 
thoughtful  citizens  saw  scarcely  any  resem- 
blance between  French  and  American  democra- 
cy. The  former  assumed  the  aspect  of  violence 
in  every  form,  while  the  latter  was  calm,  just, 
and  peaceful.  A  pamphlet  was  published  in 
179(5  in  which  the  difference  is  delineated  by 


2  DE  MOOTS 

in  the  political  societies  which  played  a  con- 
spicuous part  in  national  politics  during  the 
administration  of  President  Washington  ran  as 
follows:  "To  all  other  societies  established  on 
principles    of   LIBERTY,  EQUALITT,  UNION,  Pa- 

triotic  Virtue, and  Perseverance:  We, the 
members  of  the  Republican  Society  of  Balti- 
more, certify  and  declare  to  all  Republican  or 
Democratic  societies,  and  to  all  Republicans  in- 
dividually, that  citizen  hath  been  admit- 
ted, and  now  is  a  member  of  our  BOciety,  and 
that,  from  Ids  known  zeal  to  promote  Republi- 
can principles  and  the  rights  of  humanity,  we 
have  granted  him  this  our  certificate  (which  he 
baa  signed  in  the  mar- 
gin i.  and  do  recom- 
mend him  to  all  Re- 
pnblicans,  that  they 
may  receive  him  with 
fraternity,  which  we 

offer  to  all  those  w  lio 
may  come  to  us  w  it li 
similarcredentials.  In 
witness  w  hereof,  etc. 
Alexander  McKinn, 
President :  George 
Sears,  Secretary."  The 
seal  of  the  Baltimore 
■y.  which  issued 
the  above  certificate, 
is  composed  of  a  figure  of  Liberty.  \\  ith  pilens, 
Phrygian  cap,  and  fasces,  with  the  name  of  the 
society. 

De  Monts,  Sibdr  (Pierre  de  Cast),  a  wealthy 
Huguenot  (see  BvguenoU),  who  was  commis- 
sioned viceroy  of  New  France  (see  Vemuami), 
with  full  powers  to  settle  and  rule  in  a  region 
extending  over  six  degrees  of  latitude,  from 
Cape  May  to  Quebec.  The  domain  was  named 
Cadiein  the  charter.  (SeeJcadia.)  Vested  with 
the  monopoly  of  the  fur-trade  in  the  region  of 
the  River,  and  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  they  nt- 


Tin:  rnsTK^T 


an  engraving  called  Tin  ContratL  It  was  iooo 
after  that  these  societies  began  to  dwindle  in 
numbers  and  soon  disappeared. 

Democratic  Societies,!  r.i! 1 1 Mi  \n  ofMkM- 
BEB8BIP  in.      T'ne    certificate    of   membership 


tempted  to  make  a  settlement  on  the  former 
Making  arrangements  with  Cbamplaiti  as  chief 
nnvigutor,  De  Monts  sailed  from  France  in 
March,  1604,  with  lour  ships,  well  manned,  ac- 
companied b\  his  bosom  fi  lend,  the  llaioli  dcl'ou- 


DE  MONTS 


3o3 


DENOTE 


trinconrt,  and  Font-Grave"  :is  his  lieutenants; 
and  fiudiug  the  St.  Lawrence  ice-bonud,  011  his 

arrival  early  iu  April,  be  determined  to  make  a 
settlement  farther  to  the  southward.  The  ships 
also  linn-  a  goodly  company  of  Protestant  and 
Soman  Catholic  emigrants,  with  soldiers,  arti- 
sans and  convicts.  There  \\<re  several  Jesuits 
in  tie-  company.  Passing  around  Cape  Breton 
and  the  peninsula  of  Nova  Scotia  into  the  Bay 
of  Fundy,  they  anchored  in  a  fine  barboron  the 
northern  Bhoreofthal  peninsula  early  in  May. 
Pontrincourt  was  charmed  with  the  country, 
and  was  allowed  to  remain  with  a  pari  of  the 
company,  while  De  Mollis,  with  the  remainder, 


seventy  in  nnmber,wen1  to  Passamaqnnddy  Hay, 
and.  on  an  island  near  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Croix, 
huilt  a  fort,  and  there  spent  a  terribly  severe  «  in- 
ter, that  killed  half  of  them.  In  the  spring  they 
returned  to  Poutrincourt's  settlement,  which  he 
bad  named  Port  Royal      now  Annapolis,  X.  s. 

Early  the  next   autumn   De  Moots  and   Ponliin- 

eonrt  returned  to  Prance,  leaving  Champlaio 
and  Poiit-Grave*  to  make  further  explorations. 
(See  Champlain.)  Then  was  a  strnggle  for  rnle 
and  existence  at  Port  Royal  for  a  few  years. 
Pontrincourt  returned  to  France  for  n  ci  nits  for 

his  colony.  Jesnil  priests  who  accompanied  him 
on  his  id  ui  n   to  Acadie     No\a  Scotia)  claimed 


the  right  to  supreme  rule  by  virtue  of  their  holy 
office.  Pontrincourt  resisted  their  claim  stoutly, 
saying,  "It  is  my  part  to  rule  you  on  earth  :  ir 
is  your  part  to  jjuide  me  to  heaven."  When  he 
finally  left  Port  Royal  (1612)  in  charge  of  his 
son,  the  . I. 'suit  priests  made  the  same  claim  on 
the  fiery  young  Pontrincourt,  who  threatened 
them  with  corporal  punishment,  when  they  w  ith- 
drew  to  Mount  Desert  Island  (now  a  summer 
resort  )  and  set  up  a  cross  in  token  of  sover- 
eignty. They  were  there  in  1613, wheu  Samuel 
Argall,  a  freebooter  of  the  sens,  went,  under  the 
sanction  of  the  governor  of  Virginia,  to  drive  the 
French  from  Acadie  as  intruders  on  the  Boil  of  a 
powerful  English  company.  The  Jesuits 
at  Mount  Descrt.it  is  said, thirsting  for 
vengeance, piloted  Argall  to  Port  Royal. 
He  plundered  and  burned  the  town, 
drove  the  inhabitants  to  the  woods,  and 

broke  up  the  settlement.     (See  Acadia.) 

Uuable  to  contend  with  the  English 
c pany,  De  Moots  abandoued  Acadie* 

and  proposed  to   plant  a  colony  on   the 

Si.  Law  icnce  River,  under  the  direction 

of  Champlain  and  Pont-Greve*.  lint  Ins 
monopoly  was  part  tally  revoked  in  1608. 
Under  the  auspices  of  a  company  of  mer- 
chants at  Dieppe  and  St.  Malo,  settle- 
ments were  begun  at  Quebec  and  Mon- 
treal, i  Sic  Champlain.)  Soon  after- 
wards the  fortune  of  De  Moots  was  s(, 
much  reduced  that  1 1 «-  could  not  pursue 
his  scheme  of  colonization,  and   it  was 

abandoned. 

Denmark,  and  American  Cruisers. 

Near   the    close    of   Sepleinlicr,    l?/!»,   ail 

American  frigate  entered  the  port  of 
Bergen,  with  two  rich  prizes.  The  Brit- 
ish envoy  at  Copenhagen  complained, 
ami  the  Danish  minister  published  an 
ordinance    forbidding    the    sale    of   the 

prizes  until  tiny  should  have  been  con- 
demned in  an  American  court  of  ad- 
miralty. In  the  same  ordinance  he  de- 
clared that  as  the  King  of  Denmark  had 
recognized    neither    the   independence 

nor  the  Bag  of  the  United  Stales,  its  ves- 
sels could  not  he  permitted  to  bring 
their  prizes  into  Danish  harhors.      The 

two  prizes  were  set  1 1 

Dennie,  JOSEPH,  author  and  journal- 
ist, was  horn  in  Boston,  Aug.  30,  1Ti>-  : 
died  in  Philadelphia,  .Ian.  7.  1813.  lie 
graduated  at  Harvard  iu  1790,  became  a  law- 
yer, hut  abandoned  his  profession  for  the  pur- 
suit of  literature.  He  contributed  articles  to 
various  newspapers,  while  yet  practising  law, 
over  the  signature  of  "Farrago.'1  In  1795  he 
became  connected  with  a  Boston  weekly  news- 
paper called  The  Tablet.  It  survived  only  three 
months,  when  Dennie  hecame  the  editor  of 
the  Fdiniir'x  Weekly  Museum,  ;\t  Walpolc,  N.  II., 
Which  acqr.ired  an  extensive  circulation.  To 
it  he  OOntribllted  a  series  of  atlracli. 
under  the  title  of  The  Lin/  Preacher.  These 
gave  their  author  a  high  reputation  and  were 
extensively  copied   into  the   newspapers  of  the 


DENNISON 


334       DEPRECIATION  OF  PAPER-MONEY 


country.  He  -went  to  Philadelphia  in  1799, 
where  lie  was  confidential  secretary  to  Timothy 
Pickering,  then  Secretary  of  State.  In  that 
position  lie  remained  for  a  few  months,  and 
after  editing  for  a  short  time  the  United  Slates 
Gazette,  he  commenced,  in  conjunction  with  As- 
hnry  Dickens,  the  Portfolio,  at  first  a  weekly, 
but  afterwards  a  monthly  periodical,  which 
acquired  a  high  reputation.  In  that  publica- 
tion he  adopted  the  literary  name  of  "Oliver 
Oldsehool."  The  Portfolio  became  the  recog- 
nized leader  in  periodical  literature,  and  was 
enriched  by  the  contributions  of  some  of  the 
foremost  writers  in  the  country.  Mr.  Dennie 
coutiuued  his  connection  with  it  until  his  death. 

Dennison,  Wtt.t.tam,  known  as  the  "  war- 
governor"  of  Ohio,  was  born  in  Cincinnati,  Nov. 
23, 1815.  He  was  educated  at  the  Miami  Uni- 
versity, and  graduated  in  1835.  Admitted  to 
the  bar  iu  1840,  he  became  an  eminent  praeti- 


VII.LIA.M    DENNISON. 

tioner.  In  1848-50  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Ohio  Legislature;  and  he  took  an  active  part  in 
financial  and  railroad  matters.  Mr.  Dennison 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  tile  Republican  party 
in  1856.  In  18fi0  he  was  chosen  governor  of 
Ohio,  which  office  he  held  two  years,  during 
which  time  he  performed  most  important  official 
service  in  putting  troops  into  the  field  for  the 
defence  of  the  Life  of  the  Republic.  Prom  Octo- 
ber, 1864,  to  Jnfy,  L866,Mr.  Dennison  was  Post- 
master-general, when  he  withdrew  from  the 
cabinet  of  President  .lohnson. 

De  Nonville,  Tin:  EXPKDITIOM  (W.  In  1685 
the  Marquis  de  Nonville.  a  colonel  iu  the  Flench 
army,  brave  and  sagacious,  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  Canada,  with  instructions  to  "humble 
the  pride  of  the  Iroquois."  who  were  the  friends 

of  the  English  ami  had  rejected  overtures  from 
the  French,  lb-  took  post  :>t  Fori  Frontenac 
-.  ,  /  a  8alle),  on  tin-  site  of  Kingston,  Canada, 
and  there  prepared  for  an  expedition  against  a 

portion  of  the  Five  Nations.    He  declared  to  bis 

sovereign  that  the  Indians  sustained  themselves 
only  bj    the  aid  of  the   English,  who  were    "the 

ohief  promoters  of  the  insolence  and  arrogance 

of  the  Iroquois."  lie  tiled  to  induce  them  to 
nicel   him  in  council,  to  seduce  Ihelil  from  the  ill- 

iluciicc  of  the  English, and  ■  lew  went  to  Fron- 


tenac; but  when  Dongan  heard  of  the  designs 
of  the  French  he  invited  representatives  of  the 

Five  Nations  to  a  council  in  New  York  city. 
They  came,  and  Dongan  told  them  the  King  of 
England  would  be  their  "  loving  father."  and 
conjured  them  not  to  listen  to  the  persuasions 
of  the  French.  Finally,  in  May.  1687,  De  Non- 
ville was  joined  by  eight  hundred  French  regu- 
lars from  France,  and  soon  afterwards  assem- 
bling more  than  two  thousand  French  regulars. 
Canadians,  and  Indians,  he  proceeded,  at  their 
head,  to  attack  the  Senecas.  (See  Iroquois  Con- 
federacy.) He  coasted  along  the  southern  shores 
of  Lake  Ontario  to  Irondeqnoit  Bay,  in  Monroe 
County,  where  he  landed  and  was  joined  by 
some  French  and  Indians  coming  from  the  West. 
Thence  he  penetrated  to  Ontario  County,  where 
he  was  attacked  by  a  party  of  Senecas  in  am- 
bush, but  he  repulsed  his  assailants.  The  next 
day  two  old  Seneca  prisoners,  after  having  been 
confessed  by  the  Jesuit  priests,  were  cooked  and 
eaten  by  the  savages  and  the  French.  With- 
drawing to  a  point  near  West  Mcriden.  Monroe 
Co.,  De  Nonville  then  took  possession  of  the 
whole  Seneca  country  (July,  1687)  in  the  name 
of  King  Louis,  with  pompous  ceremonies.  Alter 
destroying  all  the  stored  corn  (more  than  one 
million  bushels),  the  growing  crops,  cabins,  and 
a  vast  number  of  swine  belonging  to  the  natives 
whose  country  he  had  invaded.  De  Nonville  re- 
turned to  Irondeqnoit  Bay  and  thence  to  Mon- 
treal. An  act  of  gross  treachery  committed  by 
him  before  he  undertook  tl xpedition.  in  seiz- 
ing deputies  from  those  nations  and  sending 
them  to  France,  gave  the  death-blow  to  Jesuit 
missions  among  the  Five  Nations.  Lamberville, 
a  faithful  missionary,  barely  escaped  with  his 
life,  through  the  generositj  of  the  Onondagas. 

De  Peyster,  Abraham,  was  one  of  the  most 
eminent  merchants  and  citizens  of  New  York  in 
the  days  of  early  English  rule  there.  He  was 
born  in  New  Amsterdam  (afterwards New  York  |, 

July  8,  1»'».">^:  died  there, Aug.  10,  17-28.  Between 
Ki'.tl  and  1695  he  was  mayor  of  the  city  of  New 
York;  was  fust  assistant  justice  and  then  ehicf- 
jnstice  of  New  York,  and  was  one  of  the  king's 
council  under  Governor  Hyde  (aflerw  aids  Lord 
Cornbury).  and  as  its  president  was  acting-gov- 
ernor for  a  time  in  1701.  Mr  De  Peyster  was 
colonel  of  the  forces  in  New  York  and  treasurer 
of  that  province  and  New  Jersey.  He  was  a 
personal  friend  and  correspondent  of  William 
l'enu.  Having  amassed  considerable  wealth.  In- 
built a  fine  mansion, which  stood,  until  1856, in 
Pearl  street.  It  was  used  b\  Washington  as  his 
headquarters  for  a  while  in  I77f>.  His  father. 
John,  was  born  in  Hacrlein.  w  as  of  Huguenot 
descent,  and  was  one  of  the  earlier  settlers  of 

New  Amsterdam. 

Depreciation  of  the  Continental  Paper- 
money.  The  issue  of  bills  of  credit  bad  been 
of  vast  benefit  to  the  colonies  at  ihe  beginning 
Of  the  armed  contest  with  Great  Britain,  and 
their  value  was  kept  up  remarkably  through  the 

patriotism  of  the  people.  At  the  end  of  eighteen 
months  from  the  Ural  iasne,  $90,000,000  had  been 
emitted,  besides  huge  issues  bj  the  several  col- 


DERMER  » 

onies,  anil  no  depreciation  bad  been  observed. 
It  was  soon  obvious, however,  that  depreciation 
could  only  be  prevented  by  stopping  the  issue. 
and  ( longress,  a>  a  substitute,  proposed  to  raise  a 
loan  and  to  establish  a  Lottery  for  the  .same  pur- 
pose. But  at  the  beginning  of  1777,  owing  to 
i ,  \  i'i  see  to  the  American  arms,  depreciation  be- 
gan. On  tbe  1st  of  January,  1777,  the  value  of 
glOO  in  specie  was  sli),">  in  Continental  money. 
The  scale  of  depreciation  was  as  follows  : 

ITTT.  1"».  I"9.  1180.  1781. 

I       January $105  |S96  1749  |S0M  $7400 

February 107  350  868  3322  7600 

March 109  370  1000  37:t6         

April 112  4oo  1104  4ooo        

May    115  400  1215  1800          

June 120  400  1342  6400         

July 125  425  1477  8900         

August 150  450  1630  7000          

September 175  475  1800  7100         

275  500  9030  72O0          

November     ...  800  1 1  0        

December 810  884  $508  7400        

Tbe  credit  of  Congress  was  .so  low  that  loans 
came  in  slowly.  Tbe,  rate  of  interest  was  raised 
from  four  to  six  per  cent.,  with  very  little  effect, 
and  Congress  was  compelled  to  resume  tbe  issue 

of  bills  Of  credit.      The   result  was  a  very  rapid 
depreciation  in  their  nominal  value. 
Hnental  Paper-money.) 

Dermer,  Thomas,  an  active  friend  of  coloni- 
sation schemes,  aud  a  man  of  prudence  and  in- 
dustry, was  employed  by  tbe  Plymouth  Com- 
pany after  his  return  from  Newfoundland,  in 
1618,  t"  bring  about,  if  possible,  reconciliation 
with  the  barbarians  of  New  Eugland,  and  to 
make  further  explorations.  He  sailed  from 
Plymouth  with  two  vessels  (one  a  small  opeu 
pinnace)  in  February,  1619,  touched  at  Mohe- 
gan  Island, and  then  visited  the  coast.  Dermer 
was  accompanied  from  England  by  Squauto 
England);  also  by  S&moset,  a  native 
lit  Sagadahook,  whom  John  Mason,  Governor  of 
Newfoundland, had  lately  sent  home, he  baving 
been  one  of  Hunt's  captives.  Dermer  succeed- 
ed, in  a  degree,  and  proceeded  t<>  explore  the 
ooasl  to  Virginia.  He  sent  borne  his  ship  from 
Mobegan  Island, laden  with  tish  and  ran,  and, 
leaving   Squauto  at   Baco,  sailed   .southward. 

Near   (ape    Cod    he   was   captured    by    Indians, 

but  ransomed  himself  by  a  gift  of  some  hatch- 
its.  Passing  Martin's  (Martha's)  Vineyard,  he 
navigated  Long  Island  Sound  by  the  help  of  an 
Indian  pilot,  the  first  Englishman  who  had  sailed 
upon  these  waters,  and  passed  on1  to  sea  ai 
Sandy  Hook,  Going  through  Hell  Gate  he  lost 
an  anchor  in  "  the  dangerous  cataract,"  ami  the 

current  was  so  swift  that  he  did  not  stop  at 
Manhattan;  but  on  his  return  from  Virginia 
(1620)  lie  touched  there  and  held  a  conference 
with  some  Hutch  traders  "on  Hudson's  River." 
Dermer  took  occasinu  to  warn  the  Dutch  that 
they  were  on  English  territory,  when  they  re- 
plied that  they  found  no  Englishmen  there,  un- 
derstood no  such  thing,  and  "hoped  they  had 

not    offended."       Dermer  sent   a  journal    of   bis 

proceedings  to  ( forges,  and  thus,  no  doubt,  hast- 
ened the  procurement  of  t he  new  charter  for  the 
Plymouth  Company.     (See  Plymouth  Company.) 
Des Banes,  J i is i  ph  I'm  rataii  K WAlXET,boru 
1.— 25 


>  DE  SOTO 

in  1722;  died  at  Halifax,  N.  S.,  Oct.  24,  1824, 
aged  one  hundred  and  two  years.  He  was  edu- 
cated for  the  army  at  tbe  Royal  Military  Col- 
lege at  Woolwich,  aud,  as  lieutenant,  came  to 
America  in  1756,  aud  raising  three  hundred  re- 
cruits in  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland,  formed 
them  into  a  corps  of  field-artillery.  He  distin- 
guished himself  as  an  engineer  in  the  siege  of 
Louisbnrg  (which  see),  and  was  aide-de-camp 
to  Wolfe  when  be  fell  at  Quebec,  that  general 
dying  in  Des  Barres's  arms.  He  was  active  in 
the  retaking  of  Newfoundland  in  17ti2,  and  for 
ten  years  afterwards  he  was  employed  in  a  coast 
survey  of  Nova  Scotia,  lie  prepared  charts  of 
the  North  American  coasts  in  1775  for  Earl  Howe, 
and  in  1777  lie  published  The  Atlantic  Neptune, 
in  two  large  folios.  He  was  made  governor  of 
t'ape  Breton,  with  the  military  command  of 
Prince  Edward's  Island,  in  17-4,  and  in  1804, 
being  then  about  eighty-two  years  of  age,  he 
was  made  lieutenant-governor  of  Prince  Ed- 
ward's Island. 

Desolation  of  the  Niagara  Frontier  (1813). 
Early  in  October,  1813,  Geueral  McClure,  of  the 

New  York  militia,  was  left  in  command  of  Tort 
George,  on  the  Niagara  River.     In  November 

the  startling  intelligence  reached  him  from  the 
westward  that  Lieutenant-general  Drunimoiid 
was  approaching  with  a  heavy  force  of  white 
men  and  Indians.  Met 'lure's  garrison  was  then 
reduced  to  sixty  effective  men,  and  be  deter- 
mined  to  abandon  the  post   and   0TOSS   over  to 

Fort  Niagara.    The  weather  became  extremely 

cohl.  and  oil  Dec.  1"  lie  attempted  to  blow  up 
the  foil  while  his  Hoops  were  crossing  the 
river.  He  also  wantonly  set  on  tire  the  village 
of  Newark,  near,  and  one  hundred  and  fifty 
houses  were  speedily  laid  ill  ashes.  McClure 
had  barely  escaped  with  his  troops,  lea\  ing  Fort 
George  unharmed  and  tents  that  would  shelter 
fifteen  hundred  men,  when  Colonel  Manning  ar- 
rived with  his  regulars  and  Indians.  Retalia- 
tion Immediately  began.  The  British  seized 
Fort  Niagara,  and  massacred  a  part  of  the  gar- 
rison; and  every  village  and  hamlet  along  the 
New  York  side  of  the  river  between  the  lake 
and  Buffalo  was  plundered  and  burned.  Buf- 
falo, also,  was  given  to  the  flames;  only  four 
buildings  were  left.  Hundreds  of  innocent  in- 
habitants at  Newark  and  on  the  American  side 

suffered  intensely  in  consequence  of  the  cruel 
acts  of  McClure. 

De  Soto,  1"ii:n  \m»>,  was  born  at  Xeres,  Es- 

tremaduia,   Spain,   about    the    year    1500.       His 

family  was  noble  but  Impoverished.  Davila, 
Governor  of  Darien  (see  Nutiow),  was  bis  kind 
patron,  through  whose  generosity  he  received  a 
good  education,  and  who  took  bini  to  Central 
America,  where  he  engaged  in  exploring  tbe 
coast  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  hundreds  of  miles  in 
search  of  8  supposed  strait  connecting  the  two 
oceans.  When  IM/arro  went  to  Peru.  De  Soto 
accompanied  him,  and  was  his  chief  lieutenant 
in  achieving  the  compost  of  that  country. 
Brave  and  judicious.  De  Soto  was  the  chief 
hem  in  the  battle  that  resulted  in  the  capture 
of  Cuzco,  the  capital  of  the  lucas  (Peruvian 


DE  SOTO  3 

kings),  and  the  destruction  of  their  empire. 
(Sec  Ineae.)  Soon  after  that  event  he  returned 
to  Spain  with  large  wealth,  and  was  received 
by  the  king  (Charles  V.)  with  great  considera- 
tion. He  married  Isabella  Bobadilla,  a  scion  of 
one  of  the  most  renowned  of  the  Castilian  fam- 
ilies, and  his  influence  at  court  was  thereby 
strengthened.  Longing  to  rival  Cortez  and 
Pizarro  in  the  brilliancy  of  his  deeds,  and  be- 
lieving Florida  to  he  richer  in  the  precious  met- 
als than  Mexico  or  Peru.  De  Soto  ottered  to  con- 


FEK.NAXDO   DE  SOTO. 

quer  it  at  his  own  expense.  Permission  was 
readily  given  him  by  his  king  (Charles  V.),  who 
commissioned  him  governor  of  Cuba,  from  which 
island  he  would  set  out  on  his  conquering  expe- 
dition. Elegant  in  deportment,  winning  in  all 
his  ways,  an  expert  horseman,  rich  and  influen- 
tial, and  then  thirty-seven  years  of  age,  hun- 
dreds of  young  men,  the  flower  of  the  Spanish 
and  Portuguese  nobility,  Hocked  to  his  stand- 
ard, the  wealthier  ones  dressed  in  suits  of  uor- 
geona  armor  and  followed  by  trains  of  servant.-. 
Willi  these  and  his  beautiful  young  wile  and 
other  noble  ladies  De  Soto  sailed  from  Spain 
early  in  April,  1538,  with  seven  large  and  three 
small  vessels,  the  San  Christoval,  of  eight  hun- 
dred tons,  being  bis  flag-ship.  Amply  supplied 
and  full  of  Joy  in  the  anticipation  of  entering 
an  c;ii i lily  paradise, gayety  and  feasting, music 
and  dancing,  prevailed  on  board  the  flag-ship 
during  that  sunny  voyage,  in  which  richly 
dressed  ladies,  with  handsome  pages  to  do  their 

bidding,  were  conspicuous,  especially  on  warm 
moonlit  aightB  within  the  tropic  of  Cancer.  At 
near  tlie  close  of  May  the  fleet  entered  Cuban 

waters.  De  Soto  occupied  a  whole  year  prepar- 
ing for  the  expedition,  and  at  the  middle  of 
Hay,  1539,  be  sailed   from  Cuba  with   nine  ves- 

■els, bearing  a  tl sand  followers,  and  cattle, 

ules.  and  swine,  the  fust  of  the  latter 
seen  on  the  Ainclicail  continent.  He  left  pub- 
lic affairs  in  Cuba  in  the  hands  of  his  wile  and 

the  llentenant-governor.  Tin'  voyage  i"  Flor- 
ida was  pleasant, and  the  armamenl  landed  <>n 
the  shores  of  Tampa  Bay  on  the  35th  of  May, 

near  where   Narvaez  had   first   anchored.      (See 


3  DE  SOTO 

Narvaee.)  Instead  of  treating  the  natives  kind- 
ly and  winning  their  friendship,  De  Soto  un- 
wisely sent  armed  men  to  capture  some  of 
them,  in  order  to  learn  something  about  the 
country  he  was  to  conquer.  The  savages,  cruel- 
ly treated  by  Xarvaez,  and  fearing  the  same 
usage  by  De  Soto,  were  cautious.  They  were 
also  wily,  expert  with  the  bow,  revengeful,  and 
fiercely  hostile.  With  cavaliers  clad  in  Bteel 
and  riding  one  hundred  and  thirteen  horses, 
with  many  footmen  armed  with  arquebuses, 
cross-bows,  swords,  shields,  and  lances,  and  a 
single  cannon,  and  supplied  with  savage  blood- 
hounds from  Cuba,  and  handcuffs,  iron  neck- 
collars,  and  chains  for  the  captives,  De  Soto  be- 
gan his  march  in  June,  1539.  He  was  accom- 
panied by  mechanics,  priests,  inferior  clergy, 
and  monks  in  sacerdotal  robes  bearing  images 
of  the  Virgin,  holy  relics,  and  sacramental  bread 
and  wine,  wherewith  to  make  Christians  of  the 
captured  pagans.  At  the  very  outset  the  expe- 
dition met  with  determined  opposition  from  the 
dusky  inhabitants,  but  De  Soto  pressed  forward 
towards  the  interior  of  the  fancied  land  of  gold. 
He  wintered  east  of  the  Flint  River,  near  Talla- 
hassee, on  the  borders  of  Georgia.  The  next  year 
he  went  northward  to  the  head-waters  of  the 
Savannah  River,  crossed  the  beautiful  country 
of  the  Cherokees  (see  Cherokee*),  and  penetrated 
the  fertile  Coosa  region,  where  the  Spaniards 
practised  the  most  cruel  treachery  towards  the 
friendly  natives.  De  Soto  was  rewarded  in 
kiud  not  long  afterwards,  and  in  a  terrible  bat- 
tle with  the  Mobilians  (see  Mobiliant),  on  the 
site  of  Mobile,  the  exiied it  ion  was  nearly  ruined. 
Turning  northward  with  tin-  remnant  of  his 
forces,  be  fought  his  way  through  the  Chicka- 
saw country  (see  Chickasaw),  and  reached  the 
upper  waters  of  the  Yazoo  Siver  late  in  Decem- 
ber, w  here  he  wintered,  in  great  distress.  Mov- 
ing westward  in  the  spring,  he  discovered  the 
Mississippi  River,  in  all  its  grandeur,  full  to  the 
brim,  in  May.  1541.  (  See  Miwimppi.)  It  was 
near  the  Tower  Chickasaw  Bluff,  in  Tunica 
(  n..  Miss.  Crossing  the  mighty  stream.  De  Soto 
went  westward  in  his  yet  fruitless  search  for 
gold,  and  spent  a  year  in  the  country  towards 
the  eastern  slopes  of  the  h'ocky  Mountain-.  Re- 
turning to  the  Mississippi  in  May,  1542,  he  died 
Of  a  fever  on  its  bank-  in  May  or  .June,  at  the 
age  of  forty-two,  and  was  buried  in  its  turbid 
waters,  encased  in  a  trough  made  of  the  trunk 
of  a  live-oak  It  was  sunk  in  the  waters  at 
midnight,  to  prevent  its  being  desecrated  by 
the  Indians.  Before  his  death  he  had  conferred 
the  leadership  of  the  expedition  upon  Moscow, 

his  lieutenant,  w  ho.  with  the  wretched  remnant 
of  the  expedition, wandered  another  year  in  the 
region  weel  of  the  Mississippi;  and  returning 

to  that  river  in  May,  1543,  they  built  rude  ves- 
sels, and.  w  ilh  a  number  of  beautiful  Alabama 
girls  whom  they  had  carried  away  captive  after 
the  battle  at  Maubila  (whiofa  -eel,  they  made 
their  way  to  Mexico,  when'  tin-  elegant  Ca-til- 
ian  ladies  at  the  court  of  the  viceroy  were  en 
raptured   by  the  beauty  of  the  dusky  Mobilian 

girls.   The  new-  of  De  Soto's  death  oast  a  gloom 

over   Havana,  and   poor  l'oua   Isabella,  w  ite  of 


DE  SOTCVS  PEEFIDT  3: 

the  great  leader,  who  had  so  long  waited  for 
his  return,  died  of  a  broken  heart. 

De  Soto's  Perfidy  towards  an  Indian 
Queen.  The  Spaniards  in  Florida  wintered  at 
Tallahassee.  In  March,  1540,  De  Soto  broke  up 
his  encampment  and  marched  northward,  hav- 
ing been  told  that  gold  would  lie  found  in  that 
direction.  He  reached  tin-  Savannah  Siver,  at 
Silver  Muff.  On  the  opposite  .side  of  the  stream, 
in  (present)  Barnwell  District,  lived  an  Indian 
queen,  young,  beautiful,  and  a  maiden,  who 
ruled  over  a  large  extent  of  country.  In  a 
richly  wrought  oanoe  filled  with  shawls  and 
skins  and  other  things  for  presents,  the  dusky 
cacira  glided  across  the  liver,  and  with  kind 
words  welcomed  tin-  Spaniards  ami  offered  them 
her  sim  vices.  Presents  were  exchanged.  A  mag- 
nilicenl  string  of  pearls  was  upon  her  neck. 
This  she  drew  over  her  head  ami  bung  it  around 
the  neck  o!  De  Soto  as  a  token  of  her  regard. 
Then  she  invited  him  and  his  followers  to  cross 
over  to  her  village.  In  canoes  and  on  log-rafts 
they  passed  the  stream,  ami.  encamping  in  the 
shadows  of  mulberry-trees,  they  soon  received  a 
bountiful  supply  of  venison  and  wild  turkeys. 
There  tiny  enjoyed  the  young  queen's  hospital- 
ity until  May.  ami  when  tiny  departed  De  Soto 
requited  the  kindness  of  the  royal  maiden  with 
foul  treachery.  He  carried  her  away  a  pris- 
oner, and  kepi  her  near  his  person  as  a  hostage 
for  the  good  behavior  of  her  people  towards  the 
Spaniards,  she  filially  escaped,  and  returned 
home  a  hitter  enemy  of  the  perfidious  white 

people. 

Destruction  of  the  Pequod  Nation.  Sas- 
■Bous  and  his  warriors  crossed  the  Pequod  (now 

Tl ies)  River  and  tied  westward,  pursued  by 

the  English.    They  took  refuge  in  Saaoo  swamp, 

near  the  Bite  of  Fairfield,  Conn.,  where  they  were 

nearly  all  either  killed  or  captured, 

and  a   tew    followers  escaped   to  the   Mohawks. 

Those  who  Wile  vet  lice  ill  the  forests  were 
hunted  like  wild  beasts,  ami  the  scalps  of  IV- 
quods  win'  almost  daily  brought  into  Hartford 
or  Windsor.  Sachem's  Head,  a  point  on  Long 
Island  Sound,  in  Guilford,  w  as  so  named  because 
there  two  Pequod  sachems  who  had  been  made 
prisoners  wen-  executed.  Those  of  the  nation 
who  wen-  made  prisoners  were  divided  among 
the  Mohegans  and  Narraganseta  ami  incorpo- 
rated with  those  people.  Literally, "a  nation 
had  perished  in  a  day."  The  result  was  relict' 
to  the  colonies  from  Indian  wars  for  nearly  forty 
]  lie  Puritans,  who  believed  themselves 
to  be  under  the  peculiar  can-  of  Divine  Provi- 
dence, and  the  Indians  to  be  the  children  of  the 
devil,  exulted  in  this  signal  instance  of  the  fa- 
vor of  Heaven.  "The  Lord  was  pleased,"  wrote 
Captain  Mason,  " to  smite  our  enemies  in  the 
hinder  parts  ami  give  us  their  land  for  an  in- 
heritance."    (See  Pequod  War.) 

Detroit,  Sibob  ov  (1763-64).  The  tragedy  of 
Pontiae's  war  was  to  open  at  Detroit  Under 
pretext  of  boldtug  a  friendly  council  with  Ma- 
jor Gladwin,  commander  of  the  fort,  the  wilj 

chief  entered  it  in  May  (1763)  with  al t  three 

hundred  warriors,  each  carrying  a  knife,  toma- 


7  DETROIT,  SURRENDER  OF 

hawk,  and  short  gun  under  his  blanket.  When 
Pontiae  should  rise  and  present  the  green  side 
of  a  belt,  the  massacre  of  the  garrison  was  to 
begin.  Gladwin  was  warned  of  the  plot  the 
day  before  by  a  friendly  Indian,  and  the  calam- 
ity was  averted  by  the  appointment  of  another 
day  for  the  council.  When  the  Indians  retired, 
tin-  gates  of  the  fort  were  closed  upon  them, 
and,  knowing  the  reason,  Pontiae  began  a  Siege 
that  lasted  full  a  year.  Genera]  Amherst  hast- 
ily collected  a  small  body  in  the  East  for  the 
relief  of  Detroit  and  reinforcement  of  Fort  Ni- 
agara, and  sent  them  under  the  command  of 
Captain  Dalyell,  one  of  his  aides.     Dalyell  left 

reinforcements  at  Niagara, and  proceeded  to  De- 
troit with  the  remainder  of  his  troops  and  pro- 
visions in  a  vessel  that  arrived  on  the  evening 
of  .Inly  ISO.  They  succeeded  in  entering  the 
fort  with  provisions.  Pontiae  had  already  sum- 
moned Gladwin  to  surrender;  now  Dalyell  pro- 
posed to  make  a  sortie  ami  attack  the  besieging 
Indians.  Gladwin  thought  it  would  be  impru- 
dent, but  Dalyell  persisted,  and  before  daylight 
on  the  morning  of  .Inly  31  he  sallied  out  with 
two  hundred  and  forty  chosen  men  to  attack 
the  barbarians,  who  lay  about  a  mile  up  the 
river.  Pontiae  was  on  the  alert,  and  at  a  small 
stream  on  the  northern  Verge  of  the  city  of  De- 
troit the  English,  furiously  assailed  by  the  In- 
dians, were  forced  to  make  a  precipitate  retreat 
in  the  darkness,  leaving  twenty  of  their  com- 
rades killed  and  forty-two  wounded  on  the  bor- 
ders of  the  brook,  which  has  ever  since  been 
called  "  Bloody  Pun.''  Dalyell  was  slain  while 
trying  to  carry  off  some  of  the  wounded,  ami  his 
scalp  became  an  Indian's  trophy.  Pontiae  con- 
tinued the  Biege  of  Detroit  until  the  arrival  of 
Colonel  Bradstreet  in  May,  1764, 
Detroit,   Stjbkbhdbb    of  (1812).      General 

Brook,  Governor  of  Upper  Canada,  with  a  few 
regulars  and  three  hundred  militia,  hastened  to 

Amberstburg  to  assist  in  turning  back  the  in- 
vaders of  Canada.  He  arrived  there  on  the 
night  of  Aug.  13.  Tecumtha  and  his  Indian 
warriors  were  on  an  island  opposite  Fort  Mai- 
den,    on  the  following  morning  Brock  held  a 

conference  with  the  Indians  (of  whom  about 
one  thousand  were  present  ),  telling  them  he 
had  come  to  assist  in  driving  the  Americans 
from  their  rightful  hunting-mounds  north  of 
the  Ohio.  The  barbarians  were  pleased,  and 
at  a  BUbsequent  interview  with  Tecumtha  and 
other  chiefs  they  assured  him  that  the  Indians 
would  give  him  all  their  strength  in  the  under- 
taking. Then  Brook  marched  from  Maiden  to 
Sandwich,  which  the  Americans  had  deserted, 
ami  a  battery  was  planted  opposite  Detroit, 
which  commanded  the  fort  there.  The  Ameri- 
can artillerists  begged  permission  to  open  lire 
upon  it,  ami  Captain  Snelling  asked  the  privi- 
lege, of  going  over  in  the  night  to  capture  the 
British  works.  Hull  would  not  allow  any  dem- 
onstrations against  (he  enemy,  and  the  latter 
prepared  for  assault  without  any  molestation. 
It  is  evident  that  Hull  had  determined  to  sur- 
render his  post,  under  certain  contingencies, 
ami  did  not  wish  to  exasperate  the  British  and 
Indians.     The  truth  is,  he  was  much  deceived 


DETROIT,  SURRENDER  OF 


388       DEY  OF  ALGIERS,  INSOLENCE  OF 


by  letters  intended  to  he  intercepted,  showing 
preparations  fur  large  and  immediate  reinforce- 
ments t<>  Brock's  army  ;  and  he  had  also  been  de- 
ceived into  the  belief  that  a  large  poll  ion  of  the 
followers  of  the  latter,  who  were  only  militia, 
wen:  regulars.  The  militia  had  been  dressed 
in  scai  let  uniforms,  and  were  paraded  so  as  to 
show  treble  their  real  number.  Hull  was  hem- 
med in  on  every  side  ;  his  provisions  were  scarce, 
and  lie  .saw  no  chance  of  receiving  any  from  Ohio. 
He  knew  that  if  the  barbarians  were  exasperat- 
ed and  the  fort  should  be  takeu  there  would  be 
a  general  massacre  of  the  garrison  and  the  in- 
habitants, and  his  kindness  of  heart  and  grow- 
ing caution,  incident  to  old  age,  made  him  really 
timid  and  fearful.  When  Brock's  preparations 
for  attack  were  completed  (on  the  15th i, he  sent 
a  summons  to  Hull  for  an  unconditional  surren- 
der of  the  post.  In  that  demand  was  a  covert 
threat  of  letting  loose  the  bloodthirsty  barba- 
rians in  case  of  resistance.  Hull's  whole  effect- 
ive force  at  that  time  did  not  exceed  one  thou- 
sand men.  The  fort  was  thronged  with  trem- 
bling women  and  children  and  decrepit  old  men 
of  the  village  and  surrounding  country,  who  had 
fled  to  it  for  protection  from  the  Indians.  He 
kept  the  Hag  that  bore  the  summons  waiting 
full  two  hours,  for  his  innate  bravery  and  pa- 
triotism bade  him  refuse  and  light,  while  his 
fear  of  dreadful  consequences  to  bis  army  and 
the  people  bade  him  surrender.  His  troops 
were  confident  in  their  ability  to  successfully 
confront  the  enemy,  and  he  finally  refused  com- 
pliance with  the  demand.  Active  preparations 
were  then  made  for  defence.  The  British  open- 
ed a  cannonade  and  bombardment  from  their 
battery,  which  was  kept  op  until  near  mid- 
night. The  tiring  was  returned  with  spirit; 
but  Hull  would  listen  to  no  suggestions  for  the 
erection  of  a  battery  at  Spring  Wells  to  oppose 
the  enemy  if  they  should  attempt  to  orOSfi  the 
river.  Early  on  the  morning  of  the  Kith  they 
Crossed  and  landed  unmolested  :  and  as  they 
moved  towards  the  fort,  in  single  column,  Te- 
cumtha  ami  his  Indians,  seven  hundred  strong, 
who  had  crossed  two  miles  below  during  the 
night,  took  position  in  the  woods  on  their  left 
as   flankers,  While   the   light    was   protected  by 

the  guns  of  the  Quern  Charlotte,  in  the  river. 
They  had  approached  to  a  point  within  five 
hundred  yards  of  the  American  line,  when  Hull 
sent  a  peremptory  order  for  the  soldiers  to  re- 
treat within  the  already  overcrowded  fort. 
The  infuriated  soldiers  reluctantly  obeyed; 
and  while  the  enemy  were  preparing  to  storm 
the  fi>n.  Hull,  without  consulting  any  of  his 
Officers,  hoisted  a  white  Hag,  and  a  capit  illation 
for  a  sin  lender  was  soon  agreed  upon.  The 
surrender  took  place  at  noon,  Aug.  Hi.  1812. 
The  foil,  garrison,  army,  and  the  Territory  of 
Michigan  wen-  included  in  the  terms  of  surren- 
der. The  spoils  of  victory  for  the  British  were 
tWOUtj   live  llUDdred  stand  of  arms,  twenty-live 

iron  ami  eight  brass  pieces  of  ordnance,  fortj 
barrels  of  gunpowder,  a  stand  oi  colors,  a  great 
qnantitj  of  military  stores,  and  the  armed  brig 

John    .liltiiiis.      One    of   the    bra-s    caul s    bole 

the  following  inscription:  ••Taken  at  Saratoga 


on  the  17th  of  October,  1777."  General  Hull 
and  his  fellow-captives  were  sent  first  to  Fort 
George  and  then  to  Montreal,  where  they  ar- 
rived Sept.  6,  when  they  were  paroled,  and  re- 
turned to  their  homes.  Hull  was  tried  for  trea- 
son and  cowardice,  and  sentenced  to  be  6hot, 
but  was  pardoned  by  the  President.  His  char- 
acter has  since  been  fully  vindicated.  (  See 
UuW«  Trial.) 

Devens,  CHARLES,  Jit.,  was  born  at  Charles- 
tow  ii,  Mass.,  April  4, 1820,  and  graduated  at  Har- 
vard University  in  1838,  He  studied  at  the 
Cambridge  Law  School,  and  practised  the  pro- 
fession of  law  several  years.  In  1S4S  he  was  a 
State  Senator,  and  was  United  States  Marshal 
for  Massachusetts  from  1849  to  1853.  Hi-  was 
engaged  in  his  profession  at  Worcester.  Mass., 
when  the  Civil  War  began,  and  was  one  of  the 
earliest  Union  volunteers,  becoming  major  of  a 
rifle  battalion  April  16,  1861,  and  colonel  of  a 
regimen  I  in  July  following.  Before  the  arrival 
of  Colonel  Baker,  he  commanded  at  Ball's  Bluff 
(which  see),  and  again  after  that  officer's  death. 
In  April,  1862,  he  was  made  brigadier-general  ; 
served  on  the  Peninsula;  was  wounded  at  Fair 
Oaks;  was  in  the  battles  of  South  Mountain 
and  Antietam;  and  commanded  a  division  in 
the  Eleventh  Corps  at  Chancellorsville.  In  the 
Richmond  campaign  of  1864-65  he  was  con- 
tinually engaged,  and  in  December,  1864,  be 
was  in  temporary  command  of  the  Twenty- 
fourth  Army  Corps.  In  April,  1865,  he  was 
breveted  major-general  of  volunteers,  and  in 
1867  was  appointed  a  justice  of  the  Superior 
Court  of  Massachusetts.  In  March.  1-7T.  hi' 
was  called  to  the  cabinet  of  President  llaws  as 

Attorney-general  of  the  United  states. 

De  Witt,  Simmon,  was  bom  in  Ulster  County, 
N.Y.,Dee.26,1756;  died  at  Albany.  Dec 3,  1834. 
He  graduated  at  Qnoeu'a  (now  Rutgers  I  al- 
lege in  1776;  joined  the  army  under  Gates ;  and 
was  made  assistant  geographer  to  the  army  in 
1778,  and  chief  geographer  in   1780.     Hi'  was 

surveyor-general  of  New  York  fifty  yean     1784 

1834).     In  1796  he  declined  the  appointment  of 

surveyor-general  of  the  United  States.  He  was 
regent,  vice-chancellor,  and  chancellor  of  the 
Slate  of  New  York,  and  member  of  many  learn- 
ed societies. 

Dexter,  Samiki..  1.1..D..  was  born  in  Boston, 
May  14.1761:  died  at  Athens,  N.  Y.,  Msj  4.1-16. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1781  ;  studied  law 
at  Worcester;  and  became  a  state  legislator,  in 
which  position  he  became  distinguished  for  in- 
tellectual ability  and  oratory.     President  Adams 

appointed  bim,  successively,  Secretary  ol  Wat 
(1800  audofthoTreasarj  (1801), and  fori  while 

he  had  charge  of  the  State  Department.     On  the 

accession  of  Jefferson  i  1801  -  be  resumed  the 
practice  of  law.  He  dec  lined  foreign  embassies 
offered  by  Adams  and  Madison.  Mr.  Dexter  was 
a  Federalist  until  the  War  of  L812,  when,  beiug 
in  favor  of  that  measure,  be  separated  biniaoH 
from  his  party.  He  wii  the  first  president  of 
the  i'iim  ti ■lupciam  e  society   formed  hi  Mams 

cllllselts. 

Dey  of  Algiers,  In -mi  m  i   01    mi.    In  May, 


DEY  OF  ALGIERS,  INSOLENCE  OF       389 


DICKINSON 


1800,  Captain  Bainbridge,  in  command  of  the 
George  Washington,  24  gnus,  went  to  Algiers  with 
the  usual  tribute  to  its  ruler.  {See  Algiers,  Trib- 
ute to.  i  Be  arrived  in  September,  performed  with 
courtesy  the  duties  enjoiued  upon  him,  and  was 
about  to  leave  port ,  when  the  dey  commanded 
him  to  cany  an  Algerine  ambassador  to  the  court 
of  the  sultan  at  Constantinople.  Bainbridge 
politely  refused  compliance,  when  the  haughty 
and  offended  dey  said  sternly,  "Yon  pay  me 
tribute,  by  which  yon  become  my  slaves,  and 
therefore  I  have  a  right  to  order  yon  as  I  think 
proper."     The  ^ims  of  the  Algeri lastle,  he 

was  assured,  would   open    upon    Ins   vessel    if  lie 

attempted  to  leave  the  harbor  without  the  am- 
bassador, and  he  was  compelled  to  submit.  As- 
sured also  that  if  be  did  not  accede  to  the  Alge- 
rine ruler's  demands  his  vessel  would  be  seized. 
he  was  compelled  to  submit  to  tins  further  hu- 
miliation of  displaying  the  Algerine  flag  at  the 


main  and  that  of  (lie  doited  States  at  the  fore. 
He  sailed  out  of  the  port,  transposed  tin-  flags, 
and  bore  the  ambassador  to  Constantinople.  "  I 
hope,"  he  wrote  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy, 
"I  shall  never  again  he  senl  to  Algiers  with 
tribute  unless  I  am  authorized  to  deliver  it  from 

the    mouth    of  our   cannon."       The    sultan    had 

never  heard  of  the  United  Spates;  hut  he  drew 

a  nond  omen  from  the  fact  tli.n  its  flag  was  re- 
lated to  his  own,  for  it  bore  stars,  w  bile  his  dis- 
played a  crescent   moon.      II.    believed  the  two 

nations    would   always   bfl    friends,   and    so    the\ 

have  been.  On  his  return  to  Algiers,  Bainbridge 
bore.  ■ijiniKin  from  the  Turkish  authorities  for 
his  protection.  Tbe  dey  requested  him  to  go 
on  another  errand  to  Constantinople,  lie  re- 
niaed.       Tin'   dey    flew    into   a    rage,   threatened 

war, and  Anally  menaced  the  captain  with  per- 
sonal \  iolenee.  Bainbridge  produced  the  firman, 
and  the  hangbtj  dey  became  as  obsequious  as  a 
•lave,     Then  Bainbridge  assumed  the  air  of  a 

dictator.      Be  demanded  the  Instant   release   of 


the  French  consul  and  fifty  or  sixty  of  his  coun- 
trymen who  had  lately  been  imprisoned  by  the 
dey  ;  and  when  Bainbridge  left  he  carried  away 
all  the  French  in  Algiers. 

Diamond  State.  A  name  sometimes  applied 
to  the  state  of  Delaware  because  of  its  small 
size,  wealth,  and  supposed  importance. 

Diaz  del  Castillo,  BKRXAL,  was  horn  at  Me- 
dina del  Campo,  Spain,  about  1500,  and  came  to 
America  as  an  adventurer  in  extreme  youth  in 
1514,  joining  the  expedition  of  Cordova  in  1517, 
and  of  Grijalva  in  1518.  He  seised  Cortez 
faithfully  and  valiantly.  During  bis  adventu- 
rous career  he  was  engaged  in  one  hundred  and 
nineteen  battles  and  skirmishes,  ami  was  wound- 
ed several  times.  He  wrote  a  history  of  the  con- 
qneel  of  New  Spain,  whioh  he  completed  in  1568, 
intended  to  correct  the  misstatements  of  (Joma- 
ra's  Chronicle  of  New  Spain,  in  which  nearly  all 
the  glory  of  its  conquest  was  given  to  Cortez. 
Diaz  was  a  rough,  un- 
lettered soldier,  and  his 
It  istoiy  has  been  pro- 
nounced a  '•collection 
of  fables." 

Dickinson,  JOHN, 
LL.D.,  was  born  in  Mary- 
land, Nov.  13,  L732;  died 
at  Wilmington,  Del.,  Feb. 
14,1808.  He  studied  law- 
in    Philadelphia  ami   at 

the    Temple    in    London. 

and  practised  bis  pro- 
fession in  Philadelphia. 
In  the  Pennsylvania 
Assembly,   to  which   be 

was    elected    in    1764,    he 

showed  great  legislative 

ability,  and  was  a  ready 
and  vehement  debater. 
At      the     same     time,    he 

wrote  much  on  the  sub- 
ject of  British  infringe- 
ment on  the  liberties  of 

the   colonies.      The    most 
noted    of  these    writings    were    papers    (twelve 

in  number)  entitled  Letter*. from  o  Pennsylvania 

Farmer,  etc.  (see  Letters,  otc.)i  published  in  the 
Pennsylvania  chronicle  in  1707.  Mr.  Dickinson 
was  a  member  of  the  flrst  Continental  Congress, 
ami  wrote  several  of  the  state  papers  put  forth 
by  that  body  (see  Continental  Congress).  Con- 
sidering the  resolution  of  independence  unwise, 
he  voted  against  it  and  tbe  Declaration,  and 
did   not    sign  the  latter  document.      This  made 

him  unpopular.  In  177?  he  was  made  a  briga- 
dier-general of  the  Pennsylvania  militia.  He 
was  elected  a  representative  in  Congress  from 
Delaware  in  1779,  and  wrote  the  Address  to  the 

States  put  forth  bj  that  body  in  May  of  that 
year.        lie     was    successively     president     of    the 

states  of  Delaware  and  Pennsylvania  (1781  85), 
and  a  member  id'  the  convention  that  framed' 

the  National  Constitution  |  1787).      Letters  from 

his  pen.  over  the  signature  of  "Fabins,"  advo- 
cating the  adoption  of  the  National  Consti- 
tution, appeared   in   1788;   and   another   series, 


DICTATORSHIP  CONFERRED  S 

over  the  same  signature,  on  our  relations  with 
France,  appealed  iu  1797.  Mr.  Dickinson  as- 
sisted in  framing  the  Constitution  of  Delaware 
ill  179^.     His  monument  is  Dickiusou  College, 


at  Carlisle.  Penn.,  which  he  founded  and  liber- 
ally endowed. 

Dictatorship  conferred  on  'Washington.  On 
Dec 27, 1776,  the  Congress,  sitting  in  Baltimore, 
alarmed  at  the  dangerous  aspect  of  affairs,  "  /.'#■- 
totted,  That  General  Washington  shall  be,  and 
he  is  hereby,  invested  with  fall,  ample,  and  com- 
plete powers  to  raise  and  collect  together,  in  the 
dy  and  effectual  manner,  from  any  or 
all  of  these  United  States,  seventy-six  battalions 
of  infantry,  in  addition  to  those  already  voted 
by  Congress  (see  ConUmental  Army,  Reorganiza- 
tion of  the);  to  appoint  officers  for  the  said  bat- 
talions of  infantry:  to  raise,  officer,  and  equip 
three  thousand  light  horse,  three  regiments  of 
artillery,  and  a  corps  of  engineers,  and  tJ>  estab- 
lish their  pay  :  to  apply  to  any  of  the  state-  for 
such  aid  of  the  militia  as  he  Bhalljndge  neces- 
sary ;  to  form  such  magazines  of  provisions,  and 
in  such  places,  as  he  shall  think  proper;  to  dis- 
place and  appoint  all  officers  under  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general, and  to  fill  np  all  vacancies  in 
every  other  department  in  the  American  armies  : 
to  take,  wherever  he  may  be.  whatever  he  may 
want  tor  the  DSC  of  the  army,  if  the  inhabitants 
will  not  sell  it,  allowing  a  reasonable  price  for 
tlit-  same;  to  arrest  and  conflne  persons  who  re- 
flate to  take  the  Continental  currency  [not  then 
beginning  to  depreciate],  or  are  otherwise  dis- 
affected to  the  American  cause;  and  return  to 
tin-  states  of  which  they  are  citizens  their  names 
and  the  nature  of  their  offences,  together  with 
the    witnesses   to   prove   them."      'I'll.-    foregoing 

powers  win-  rested  in  Washington  for  the  term 

of  six  I ths  ensuing  the  date  of  the  resolution. 

ioner  determined  by  Congress.  These 
powers  were  almost  equal  to  those  of  a  Roman 
dictator.  The;  wen-  conferred  before  the  Con- 
Id  possibly  have  beard  of  the  brilliant 
victory  at  Trenton  on  the  morning  of  tin-  pre- 
vious dav. 


)         DINWIDDIE  AND  THE  FRENCH 

Dieskau.  Lfuwn;  AUGUST,  BaBOh,  was  horn 
in  Saxony  in  17t»l :  died  at  Suresnes,  mar  Paris, 

Sept.  8,  17.">7.  Ik-  was  lieutenant-colonel  of  cav- 
alry under  Marshal  Saxe.  and  was  made  briga- 
dier-general of  infantry  in  174?,  and  commander 
of  Brest.      In    l"  ~.iit   to   Canada 

with  the  rank  of  major-general:  and  in  an  at- 
tack upon  the  fortified  encampment  of  General 
William  Johusou  at  the  head  of  Lake  George 
y  wouuded  that 
he  died  from  the  effects  exactly  two  years  after- 
wards. 

Dinwiddie  and  the  French  The  revelations 
made  to  Washington  at  Fort  Le  Boeuf,  the  evi- 
dent preparations  of  the  French  to  make  a  con- 
certed movement  to  secure  the  occupation  of  the 
Ohio  region,  and  the  tenor  of  St  Pierre's  answer 
to  Dinwiddle's  letter,  convinced  the  latter  of  the 
necessity  of  quick  and  energetic  countervailing 
measures.  St.  Pierre  declared  that  h< 
ing  under  the  instructions  of  his  superior,  the 
Marquis  Duquesne,  at  Montreal,  and  refused  to 
withdraw  his  troops  from  the  disputed  territory. 
Dinwiddie  immediately  prepared  for  an  expedi- 
tion against  the  French,  and  asked  the  other 
colonies  to  co-operate  with  Virginia.  This  was 
the  first  cull  for  a  general  colonial  union  against 
the  common  enemy.  All  hesitated  excepting 
North  Carolina.  The  Legislature  of  that  prov- 
ince promptly  voted  four  hundred  men,  who 
on  the  march  for  Winchester,  the 
place  of  rendezvous  :  but  they  eventually  proved 
of  little  worth,  for,  doubtful  of  being  paid  for 
their  services,  a  great  part  of  them  were  dis- 
banded before  they  reached  the  Shenandoah 
Valley.  Some  volunteers  from  South  Carolina 
and  New  York  hastened  to  the  gatliei  ing-place. 
Virginia  responded  to  the  call  to  anus  by  organ- 
izing a  regiment  of  six  hundred  men.  of  which 
.Joshua  Fry  was  appointed  colonel  and  Major 
Washington  lieutenant-colonel.  The  Virginians 
assembled  at  Alexandria,  on  the  Potomac. whence 
Lieutenant -colonel  Washington,  with  the  ad- 
vance, marched  (April  *2.  1754)  at  their  head  for 
the  Ohio.  Meanwhile  Captain  Trent  had  re- 
cruited a  company  among  the  traders  west  of 
the  mountains,  and  had  begun  the  erection  of  a 
fort  at  the  folks  of  the  Ohio,  the  site  of  Pitts- 
burgh. They  were  attacked  (April 
party  of  French  and  Indians,  who  expelled  Trent 
and  his  men.  completed  the  fort,  and  named  it 
Duquesne,  in  honor  of  the  captain -gmeral  of 
Canada.  News  of  this  event  reached  Washing- 
ton at  Will's  ('reik  (now  Ctinihctl, 
pushed  forward  with  one  hundred  and  fifty  nun 
to  a  point  on  the  Monongahela  leas  than  forty 
miles  from  Fort  Daquease.  There  ]■ 
formed  that  a  strong  force  of  French  anil  In- 
dian- was  marching  to  intercept  him.  lit-  vv  isely 
fell  back  to  the  Great  Meadows,  where  be  greet- 
ed a  stockade,  and  called  it  Fori  Necessity.  Be- 
fore it  was  completed,  a  few  of  ins  troops  at- 
tacked an  advanced  patty  of  the  enemy  under 
Jnmonville  in  the  night,  and  the  commander 
and  Several  of  his  men  were  killed.     Some  of  his 

captured  men  were  seal  to  Governor  Dinwiddie. 
Reinforced,  Washington  marched  fur  Fort  Da- 
-  driven  bai  k  t 


DINWIDDIE  AND  VIRGINIA  ASSEMBLY    391      DIPLOMACY  OF  THE  REVOLUTION 


oessity,  which  he  was  obliged  to  .surrender  on 
(he  3d  of  July.     (See  Fori  Necessity.) 

Dinwiddie  and  the  Virginia  Assembly. 
Robert  Dinwiddie,  born  in  Scotland  about  1690; 
died  at  Clifton,  England,  Aug.  1,  1770,  was  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  Virginia  from  17.VJ  to  17.">7. 
lit-  was  rapacious,  and  unscrupulous  in  the  ac- 
cumulation of  wealth.  Owing  to  his  exaction 
of  enormous  lees  authorized  by  the  Hoard  of 
Trade  for  the  issue  of  patents  for  lands,  he  gained 
the  ill-will  of  the  people  of  Virginia,  and  when 

lie  called  for  money  to  enable,  him  to  oppose  the 
encroachments  of  the  French,  the  House  of  Bur- 
gesses paid  no  attention  to  his  expressed  wishes. 

(See  Dinwiddie  and  the  French.)  Dinwiddie,  un- 
mindful of  this  conduct,  enlisted  a  captain's 
command,  and  sent  them  to  build  a  fort  at  the 
forks  of  the  Ohio  (now  Pittsburgh),  and  called 
on  neighboring  colonies  for  aid  in  the  work.  On 
the  return  of  Washington,  the  governor  called 

the  Virginia  Assembly  together.     They  now  saw 

Impending  danger,  and  granted  $50,000  towards 
tin-  defence  of  the  frontiers.  A  committee  of 
the  burgesses  was  appointed  to  act  in  concert 
with  the  governor  in  the  expenditure  of  this 
money, for  Dinwiddie  could  not  be  trusted.  He 
submitted  with  a  bail  grace  to  l  his  '•  encroach- 
ment on  the  prerogative  "  of  a  royal  governor. 

Dinwiddie,  ROBERT,  was  born  in  Scotland 
aboui  L690;  died  at  Clifton,  England,  Aug.  1, 
177i>.     While  acting  as  clerk  to  a  collector  of 

customs  in  the  West  Indies  he  discovered  and 
exposed  enor is  frauds  practised  by  his  prin- 
cipal, and  was  rewarded  with  the  office  of  sur- 
veyor of  the  customs,  and  afterwards  with  that 
of  lieutenant-governor  of  Virginia.  He  arrived 
in  the  colony  in  1752,  and  returned  to  England 
in  1758.     lie  attempted  to  expel  the  French  from 

the  Ohio  region,  after  Bending  Washington  to 
their  commander  on  a  mission  of  observation. 
Washington  proved  himself  to  be  a  zealous  offl- 
cer;  and  Dinwiddie,  discovering  his  capacity, 
made  him  adjutant  •general  of  a  military  dis- 
trict. Dinwiddie  was  the  first  to  suggest  to  the 
British  Board  of  Trade  the  taxing  of  the  colo- 
nies (I7."ili  for  funds  to  cans  on  the  war  with 
the  French  and  Indians:   and  he  was  one  of  the 

five  colonial  governors  who  memorialized  Par- 
liament i  L755)  in  favor  of  the  measure.  He  had 
much  clashing  and  vexation  with  the  House  of 
Burgesses;  and,  worn  out  with  trouble  and 
age,  he  left  Virginia  under  a  cloud  caused  by  a 
Oharge  made  by  his  enemies  that  he  had  appro- 
priated  to  his  own   use   £20,000  transmitted  to 

liim  for  compensation  to  the  Virginians  for  mon- 
ey expended  by  them  in  the  puhlie  service. 

Diplomacy  of  the  Revolution.  & 
the  idea  of  independence  had  taken  the  practi- 
cal shape  of  a  resolution  and  declaration  adopt- 
ed by  ( longress,  the  Americans  began  to  contem- 
plate the  necessity  of  foreign  aid.  material  and 
moral.  Tin-  Congress  app ted  a  Secret  Com- 
mittee of  Correspondence  (which  see)  for  the 

purpose,  and  sent  Silas  Heane  upon  a  half-com- 
mercial, half- diplomatic  mission  to  Prance. 
Franklin  was  at  first  opposed  to  seeking  foreign 

alliances.       "A    virgin   state,"   he  said,  "  should 


preserve  the  virgin  character,  and  not  go  about 
suitoring  for  alliances,  hut  wait  with  decent  dig- 
nity for  the,  application  of  others."  But  Frank- 
lin soon  became  the  chief  suitor  in  Europe,  for 
in  the  autumn  of  1776  he  was  sent  as  "commis- 
sioner"—  a  real  "ambassador" — to  France  to 
seek  an  alliance  and  material  aid.  The  aid  was 
furnished  through  Beaumarchais,  at  first  secret- 
ly, and  afterwards  by  the  government  openly. 
i  See  Beaumarchais.)  The  American  commission- 
ers proposed  a  treaty  of  alliance  with  France, 
but  the  French  government  hesitated,  for  it  did 
not  then  desire  an  open  rupture  with  England; 
but  when  the  news  of  the  defeat  and  capture  of 
Burgnyue's  army,  late  in  1777,  reached  France, 
the  king  no  longer  hesitated,  and  a,  treaty  of 
amity,  commerce,  and  alliance  was  consum- 
mated in  February,  1778.  (See  Treaty  of  AUi- 
ance.)  The  recognition  of  the  independence  of 
the  United  states  involved  France  in  war  with 
England,  and  the  latter  sent  commissioners  to 

negotiate  with  the  Americans  for  peace.  The 
terms  were  not  satisfactory,  and  the  mission 
failed.  The  French  government  pressed  Spain 
to  join  in  espousing  the  cause  of  the  Americans, 
but  that  power  hesitated,  because  a  support  of 
such  a  republican  system  in  America  might  be 
dangerous  to  the  integrity  of  her  own  colonial 
System  in  that  part  of  the  world.  In  this  feed- 
ing France  had  been  alike  cautious,  and  for  the 
same'  reasons.  They  had  agreed  that  while  it 
would  not  be  politic  to  invade  the  rights  of  the 
British  crown,  they  would  evade  the  obligations 
of  treaties,  for  both  had  a  mischievous  intent  to 
foment  the  disturbances  between  England  and 
her  American  colonies.  While  doing  this  se- 
cretly, they  held  the  language  of  h >Bt  neu- 
trality. When, therefore,  France  had  determined 
openly  to  espouse  the  cause  of  tin-  Americans, 

Spain  was  urged  to  do  likewise;  but  the  Span- 
ish court  could  not  be  persuaded  to  go  beyond  a 

certain  point.    The  French  minister,  with  keen 

prescience,  saw  ultimate  independence  for  Amer- 
ica, while  the  Spanish  court  dreaded  such  a  re- 
sult. Meanwhile  the  Continental  Congress  had 
sent  Mr.  .lay  as  ambassador  to  Spain,  to  win  the 
active  friendship  of  that  power.  He  could  effeol 
nothing;  and  it  was  well  he  did  not,  as  subse- 
qoenf  events  manifested.    From  the  time  of  the 

treaty  of  alliance  with  France,  the  action  of 
Spain    towards   the    United    States    was    selfish. 

hypocritical,  and  often  sullen,  she  declared 
war  against  England  for  her  own  selfish  pur- 
pose, but  it  worked  in  favor  of  the  Americans 
by  keeping  British  troops  employed  elsewhere 
than  in  America,  Tin'  Count  d'Aranda,  the 
Spanish  minister  in  France,  who  bad  watched 
the  course'  of  events  with  keen  vision  from  the 
beginning  to  the  end  id'  the  Ameri.-an  war  for 
independence,  suggested  to  his  sovereign,  as  an 

antidote  to  American  independence,  the  forma- 
tion of  the  Spanish- American  colonies  into  inde- 
pendent Spanish  monarchies.  He  said,  in  refer- 
ence to  the  treaty  of  peace'  in  1783:  "The  inde- 
pendence of  the  English  colonies  has  been,  then, 
recognized.      It  is  lor  me  a  subject  of  grief  and 

fear.  France  has  but  few  possessions  in  Ameri- 
ca ;   but  she  was  bound  to  consider  that  Spain, 


DirLOMATIC  TROUBLES 


392      DIRECTORY,  FRENCH  EXECUTIVE 


her  most  intimate  ally,  bad  many,  and  that  she 
now  stands  exposed  to  terrible  reverses.  From 
the  beginning  France  has  acted  against  her  true 
interests  in  encouraging  and  snpporting this  in- 
dependence, and  so  I  have  often  declared  to  the 
ministers  of  this  nation."  When  the  Armed  Neu- 
trality <  which  see)  was  proposed  in  1780,  the 
Americans  gladly  joined  the  European  powers 
with  their  moral  influence  (all  they  could  then 
give),  for  it  would  aid  themselves  by  weakening 
England.  Its  results  were  disappointing  to  the 
other  powers,  but  it  added  to  the  open  enemies 
of  England.  The  Congress,  in  instructions  to 
Dana  at  St.  Petersburg,  bad  said:  "You  will 
readily  perceive  that  it  must  bo  a  leading  and 
capital  point,  if  these  United  States  shall  be  for- 
mally admitted  as  a  parly  to  the  convention  of 
the  neutral  maritime  powers  for  maintaining 
the  freedom  of  commerce."  Thus  early,  while 
yet  fighting  for  independence,  the  American 
statesmen  assumed  the  dignity  and  used  the 
language  of  the  representatives  of  a  powerful 
nation,  which  they  certainly  expected  to  form. 
The  Americans  had  opened  negotiations  with 
the  States-General  of  Holland  for  a  treaty  so 
early  as  1778.  William,  brother  of  Richard  Hen- 
ry and  Arthur  Lee.  had  begUU  the  discussion  of 
such  a  treaty  with  Van  Berkel,  the  pensionary 
of  Amsterdam.  This  negotiation  with  a  single 
province  was  made  in  secret.  Lee  had  no  au- 
thority t<>  sign  a  treaty,  nor  could  the  expression 
of  a  single  province  bind  the.  Dutch  Republic. 
Finally.  Henry  Laurens  was  sent  by  Congress 
to  negotiate  a  treaty  with  the  States-General, 
hut  was  captured  while  crossing  the  Atlantic. 
and  imprisoned  in  England.  Then  John  Adams 
was  sent  tor  the  purpose  to  the  Hague.  Early 
in  17^'i.  through  the  joint  exertions  of  Mr.  Ad- 
ams and  the  French  minister  at  the  Hague,  the 
provinces,  one  after  another,  consented  to  the 
public  recognition  of  Mr.  Adams,  and  BO  open- 
ly recognized  the  independence  of  the  United 
States.  He  was  publicly  introduced  to  the 
Prince  of  Orange  on  April  "i'i,  1782.  In  October 
following  he  had  completed  the  negotiation  of  a 
treaty  with  Holland,  and  signed  it  witli  great 
satisfaction.  It  was  a  "Treaty  of  Alliance  be- 
tween their  High  Mightinesses  the  States-Gen- 
eral of  the  United  Netherlands  and  the  United 
sintes  of  America."  This  treaty  was  not  alto- 
gether dependent  upon  the  alliance  of  the  United 
States  with  France,  and  was  a  step  forward  in 
the  march  of  the  former  towards  independent 
national  existence.  The  Anal  great  act  in  the 
diplomacy  of  the  Revolution  was  the  oegotia 
tion  of  a  treaty  of  peace  «  ilh  England,  the  chief 
points  "f  which  will  be  found  under  the  title  of 
Treaty  of  Peace.  In  their  foreign  diplomacy  the 
( lougn  —  had  been  greatly  aided  at  almost  ever] 
■tap  by  the  enlightened  wisdom,  prudence,  and 
firmness  of  Count  Gravier  de  Vergennes,  wno 
was  :>  faithful  servant  of  hi-  king,  while  he  ear- 
nestly desired  the  boon  of  the  enjoyment  of  ra- 
tional liberty  for  all  peoples.     He  died  soon  after 

the  peace.     (See  Fergtmnee.) 

Diplomatic  Troubles  !-]>,: 

who  was  iii>i  sent   to  Prance  as  a  diplomatic 
ami  commercial  agent  of  the  Congress,  were  in- 


trusted the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  money 
by  the  commissioners.  Dr.  Franklin  had  de- 
served confidence  in  his  ability  and  honesty. 
The  jealous,  querulous  Arthur  Lee.  who  be- 
came associated  with  him  and  Franklin,  soon 
made  trouble.  He  wrote  letters  to  his  brother 
Congress  (Richard  Henry  Lee),  in  which  he 
made  many  insinuations  against  the  probity  of 
both  his  colleagues.  Ralph  Izard,  commission- 
er to  the  Tuscan  court, offended  because  he  was 
not  consulted  about  the  treaty  w  ith  France,  had 
written  home  similar  letters  ;  and  William  Car- 
michael,  a  secretary  of  the  commissioners,  who 
had  returned  to  America,  insinuated  in  Con- 
gress that  Deane  had  appropriated  the  public 
money  to  his  own  use.  Deane  was  recalled, 
and  out  of  this  affair  sprang  two  violent  par- 
ties, Robert  Morris  and  other  members  of  Con- 
gress who  were  commercial  experts  taking  the 
side  of  Deane.  and  Richard  Henry  Lee,  then 
chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Affaire, 
being  against  him.  Deane  published  in  the 
Philadelphia  Gazette  an  "Address  to  the  People 
of  the  United  States."  in  which  he  referred  to 
the  brothers  Lee  with  much  severity,  and  claim- 
ing for  himself  the  credit  of  obtaining  supplies 
from  France  through  Beaumarchais.  Thomas 
Paine,  then  secretary  of  the  Committee  on  For- 
eign Affairs,  replied  to  Deane  (Jan.  2,  1779), 
availing  himself  of  public  documents  in  his 
charge.  In  that  reply  he  declared  that  the  ar- 
rangement had  been  made  by  Arthur  Lee,  in 
London,  anil  revealed  the  secret  that  the  sup- 
plies, though  nominally  furnished  by  a  com- 
mercial house  i  see  lu  oilman  Imis  i,  really  camo 
from  the  French  government.  This  statement 
called  out  loud  complaints  from  the  French 
minister  (Gerard),  for  it  exposed  the  duplicity 
of  his  government,  and  to  soothe  the  feelings  of 
their  allies.  Congress,  by  resolution,  expressly 
denied  that  any  gratuity  bad  been  received 
from  the  French  court  previous  to  the  treaty  of 
alliance  This  resolution  gave  Beanniarchais 
a  valid  claim  upon  Congress  for  payment  for 
supplies  which  he.  under  the  tirm  name  ut'llor- 
talee  A.  Co.,  had  sent  to  America.  (S 
marchais.)  Paine's  indiscretion  cost  him  his 
place.  He  w:1s  compelled  to  resign  his  secre- 
taryship. The  discussion  among  diplomatic 
agents  soon  led  to  the  recall  of  all  of  them  ex- 
cepting Dr.  Franklin,  who  remained  sole  minis- 
ter at  the  French  court.  Deane.  who  was  un- 
doubtedly an  able,  honest  man.  preferred  claims 
for  services  and  private  expenditures  abroad, 
but.  under  the  malign  influence  of  the  Less,  !■■ 
was  treated  with  neglect  and  fairly  driven  into 
poverty  and  exile.  In  [842  more  than  fifty 
yean  after   his   death       Diane's  long-disputed 

claim  was  adjusted  by  Congress,  a  large  sum  of 

money  being  paid  over  to  his  Inns. 

Directory,  Tin:   I'kimii   Iai,i  ii\i.       This 
name    was    given    to    the    government     of    the 

French  Republic,  established  b\  a  constitution 

in  AUgUSt,  1795, framed  by  the  moderate  Repub- 
lican party  after  the  fall  of  Robespierre  and  the 

end  of  the  Reign  of  Terror.  The  Executive  Di- 
rectory consisted  of  live-  persons,  who  promul- 
gated the  laws, appointed  the  ministers,  and  had 


DISAFFECTION  IX  NEW  YORK  393    DISBANDING  OF  CONTINENTAL  ARMY 


the  management  of  military  and  naval  affairs. 
They  decided  questions  by  a  majority  vote,  and 
presided,  by  turns,  three  months  each,  the  pre- 
siding member  having  the  signature  and  the 
seal.  Daring  their  terms  of  office  none  of  them 
COnld  have  a  personal  command,  or  absent  him- 
self for  more  than  live  days  from  the  place 
where  tlie  council  held  its  sessions  without   its 

permission.  The  legislative  power,  under  the 
constitution,  was  vested  in  two  assemblies,  the 

Council  of  Five  Hundred  and  the  Council  of  the 
Ancients,  the  former  having  the  cxeltish  e  right 
of  preparing  laws  for  the  consideration  of  the 
latter.  The  judicial  authority  was  committed 
to  elective  judges.  The  first  directors  chosen 
(Nov.  1.  1796)  were  MM.  Bams,  Revelliere-Le- 
peanx,  Rewbell,  Letonrnenr,  and  Carnot.  The 
latter  organized  the  armies  w  ith  great  skill  and 

wi-dom. 

Disaffection  in  New  York.  During  the  win- 
ter "i  \~,~~<  ?ii  disaffection  to  the  Bepnblioan 
cause  especially  among  the  older  and  wealthier 
families,  became  conspicnonB  and  alarming  to 

the  patriots,  and  there  were  fears  of  the  loss  of 

the  city  of  New  York  to  the  Republican  cause. 

In  Queens  Connty,  on  Long  Island,  the  people  be- 
gan to  arm  in  favor  of  the  crown.  Hearing  of 
this, General  Howe,  in  Boston,  sen!  General  Sir 
Henry  Clinton  on  a  secret  expedition.  Wash- 
ington suspected  New  York  was  his  destination, 
where  Governor  Tryon  was  sowing  the  seeds  of 
disaffection  from  bis  "sent  of  government "  on 
board  the  Duckets  o/Oordon  in  the  harbor.  The 
Committee  of  Safety  ami  the  Provincial  Conven* 
tion  of  New  York  were  strongly  tinctured  with 
Tory  ism.  General  Fee.  then  in  Connecticut,  had 
heard  of  disaffection  there  and  asked  permission 
of  Washington  to  raise  volunteers  to  go  there  and 
•nppressit.  The  privilege  wan  granted,  and,  with 

the  aid  of  <  Jo  veil  lor  Truin  hull,  he  embodied  about 
twelve  hundred  volunteers  and  pressed  on  tow- 
York,  with  the  bold  "  King  Bears'1  as 
his  adjutant-general.  His  approach  i  February, 
177(ij  prod  need  great  alarm.  Many  Tories  Bed 
with  their  families  to  Foul;  Island  and  New  Jer- 
sey :  and  the  timid  Committee  of  Safety  protest- 
ed against  his  entering  the  city,  for  the  captain 
of  the  Asia  (which  see)  had  declared  that  if 
"rebel  troops"  were  permitted  to  enter  the 
town,  he  would  cannonade  and  burn  it.  Lee 
nressed  forward  and  encamped  in  the   Fields, 

and  in  a  proclamation  he  said  he  had  come  to 
prevent  tin'  occupation  of  Long  Island  and  New- 
York  by  the  enemies  of  lih-i  t  \  .  •■  If  the  ships 
of  war  are  quiet,"  he  said,  "  1  shall  be  ipii.t  ;   if 

they  make  my  presence  a  pretext  for  firing  on 
the  town,  the  first  house  set  in  flames  by  their 

Huns  shall  be  a  funeral  pile  of  some  of  their 
best  friends."  Before  this  manifesto  the  Tories 
shrank  into  inactivity.  A  glow  of  patriotism 
wanned  the  Provincial  Congress,  and  that  body 
speedih  adopted  measures  for  fortifj  ing  the  city 

Ud  its  approaches  and  garrisoning  it  with  two 

thousand  men.  On  the  day  when  Fee  entered 
New  York  Sir  Henry  Clinton  arrived  at  Sandy 
Hook,  but  did  in>t  deem  it  prudent  to  enter  the 
harbor  of  New  York.  He  sailed  on  to  the  coast 
of  North  (  arolina. 


Disaffection  in  Pennsylvania.  When  Gen- 
eral Howe  landed  at  the  head  of  Elk  River 
(August,  17/7)  and  marched  on  Philadelphia,  he 
found  the  country  swarming  with  Tories.  A 
large  part  of  the  Quakers,  a  wealthy  and  influ- 
ential class,  were  enemies  of  the  patriots,  or  at 
least  neutral,  while  the  German  population 
(which  was  large)  were  indifferent,  except  as  to 
means  to  avoid  the  burdens  of  war.  The  Penn- 
sylvania militia,  which  had  been  recently  organ- 
ized, numbered  thirty  thousand  men  ;  but  owing 
to  the  prevalence  of  Toryism,  the  loudest  call 
could  not  bring  out  at  anyone  time  more  than 
three  thousand.     Delaware,  also,  was   largely 

disaffected  towards  the  American  cause,  but  bet 
sons  were  more  largely  represented  in  the  Con- 
tinental army  than  those  of  any  other  state  in 
proportion  to  the  population. 

Disappointment  of  the  British  in  New 
York.      Having  driven  Washington   and  his 

little  army  beyond  the  Delaware,  and  seeing  the 
alacrity  with  which  the  people  id'  New  Jersey, 
under  tin  influence  (d'  his  proclamation,  seemed 
to  return  to  their  allegiance,  Howe  believed  the 
rebellion  was  broken,  and  he  ami  his  officers 
prepared  for  a  winter's  enjoyment  in  New  York. 
Corn  wall  is  had  leave  to  return  home.  The 
young  officers  were  preparing  to  have  theatri- 
cal performances,  and  other  indoor  amusements. 
The  fighting  being  over,  as  was  supposed,  Corn- 
wall is  had  sent  his  baggage  on  board  a  packet 
about  to  sail  for  England,  and  the  loyalists  of 
that  city  were  feeling  jubilant,  when  the  news 
of  Washington's  fatal  blow  at  Trenton  (see 
'I'n  ii i, in.  Battle  a/)  dispelled  the  pleasant  dream. 
Cornwallis  recalled  his  baggage  and  was  com- 
pelled to  take  the  field  for  a  winter  campaign, 
and  he  ilid  not  leave  the  country  for  nearly  fire 
years  afterwards. 

Disarmament  of  Tories.  On  March  14. 1771). 
( 'mni'i 'ss  by  resolution  recommended  to  the  sev- 
eral assemblies,  conventions,  and  committees 
and  councils  of  safety  id'  the  united  colonies  im- 
mediately to  cause  all  persons  to  be  disarmed 

in  their  respective  colonies  w  ho  were  notorious- 
ly disaffected  to  the  patriot  cause,  or  who  had 
not  associated,  or  refused  to  associate,  to  defend 
by  arms  t he  liberties  of  the  united  colonies. 

Disbanding  of  the  Continental  Army  17-:!). 
It  was  expected  that  the  immediate  disbanding 
of  the  army  would  follow  the  proclamation  of 
peace.  A  definitive  treaty  had  not  yet  been  ne- 
gotiated, and  British  troops  still  held  New  York 
city.  It  would  not  be  safe,  under  such  circum- 
stances, to  actually  disband  the  army.  The  Con- 
gress therefore  decided  that  the  engagements  of 
men  enlisted  for  the  war  wen  binding  till  the 

treaty  of  peace  was  definitively  rat  died.  On  the 
recommendation  of  Washington  orders  were  is- 
sued for  granting  furloughs  or  discharges  at  the 
discretion  id'  the  commander-in-chief.  Greene 
was  authorised  to  grant  furloughs!  for  North 
Carolina  troops;  and  the  lines  of  Maryland  and 
Pennsylvania  serving  under  him  were  ordered 
to  march  for  their  respective  states.     Three 

months'  pay  was  to  be  furnished  the  furlougbed 
soldiers.    They  Were  also  to  keep  their  arms  and 


DISBANDING  OF  THE  UNION  AEMIES    394    DISLOYALTY  AT  NATIONAL  CAPITAL 


accoutrements  :is  an  extra  allowance.  These 
furloughs  amounted  to  discharges.  Few  of  the 
recipients  ever  returned,  and  so  a  greal  portion 
of  the  army  was  gradually  disbanded  before  the 
definitive  treaty  was  eoucluded  in  September. 
A  remnant  of  the  Continental  army  remained  at 
West  Point  under  Knox  until  the  British  evac- 
uated New  York  (Nov.  25,  1783).  After  that 
event  they  all  received  their  discharge. 

Disbanding  of  the  Union  Armies  (18G5). 
The  soldiers  of  the  great  armies  that  confront- 
ed Lee  and  Johnston  in  Virgiuia  and  North 
Carolina,  and  conquered  them,  were  marched  to 
the  vicinity  of  the  National  capital,  and  dur- 
ing two  memorable  days  (May  22  and  23, 1865) 
moved  through  that  city,  with  tens  of  thousands 
of  moistened  eyes  gazing  upon  them,  and  passed 
in  review  before  the  chief  magistrate  of  the  na- 
tion and  his  ministers.  Then  began  the  work 
of  disbanding  the  armies  by  mustering  out  of 
service  officers  and  men.  On  the  2d  of  June 
Lieutenant-general  Grant,  the  general-in-chief 
of  the  National  armies,  issued  the  following 
address  to  them:  "Soldiers  of  the  Armies  of 
the  United  States:  By  your  patriotic  devo- 
tion to  your  country  in  the  hour  of  danger  and 
alarm,  your  magnificent  fighting,  bravery,  and 
endurance, yon  have,  maintained  the  supremacy 
of  the  1'iiion  and  tin  Constitution, overthrown 
all  armed  opposition  to  the  enforcement  of  the 
laws  and  of  the  proclamation  forever  aholisbiug 
slavery — the  cause  and  pretext  of  the  rebellion 
— ami  opened  the  way  to  the  rightful  authori- 
ties to  restore  order  and  inaugurate  peace  on  a 
permanent  and  enduring  basis  on  every  foot  of 
American  soil.  Your  marches,  sieges,  and  bat- 
tles, in  distance,  duration,  resolution,  aud  brill- 
iancy of  results,  dim  the  lustre  of  the  world's 
past  military  achievements,  and  will  be  the  pa- 
triot's precedent  in  defence  of  liberty  aud  right 
in  all  time  to  come.  In  obedience  to  your  coun- 
try's call,  you  left  your  homes  and  families, 
and  volunteered  in  her  defence.  Victory  has 
crowned  your  valor  aud  secured  the  purpose  of 
your  patriotic  hearts;  and  with  the  gratitude 
of  your  countrymen  and  the  highest  honors  a 
great  and  free  nation  can  accord,  you  will  soon 
be  permitted  to  return  to  your  homes  and  fami- 
lies, conscious  of  having  discharged  the  highesl 
duty  of  American  citizens.  To  achieve  these  glo- 
rious triumphs,  and  secure  to  yourselves,  \our 
fellow-countrymen,  and  posterity  the  blessings 
of  free  institutions,  tens  of  thousands  of  your 
gallant    comrades    have    fallen,  and   sealed    the 

priceless  legacy  with  their  blood.    The  graves 

of  these  a  grateful  nation  bedews  with  teals, 
honors  their  memory,  and  will  ever  cherish  and 
support  their  stricken  families."  (See  Left  Fan- 
will  to  hi*  Army.)  <  in  March  1.  1865,  there  was 
an  aggregate  force  on  the  muster-rolls  of  the 
arm]  of  965,591  men,  of  whom  602,593  wen  pres- 
ent for  duty  and  132,638  were  on  detached  ser- 
vice. The  aggregate  force  was  increased  by  the 
isi  of  May,  by  enlistments,  to  1,000,616,  of  all 
arms,  officers  and  men.     The  disbanding  of  this 

arm>  went  steadily  on  from  .1 ■  1,  and  by  the 

middle  of  autumn  786,000  officers  and  men  were 

mustered  oat   of  the  service.    The  wonderful 


spectacle  was  exhibited  of  vast  armies  of  meu, 
surrounded  by  all  the  paraphernalia  of  war. 
transformed  in  the  space  of  one  hundred  and 
fifty  days  into  a  vast  army  of  citizens,  engaged 
in  the  blessed  pursuits  of  peace. 

Discovery,  RIGHTS  CONFESSED  BT.  It  early 
became  a  law  among  European  nations  that  the 
country  which  each  should  first  explore  should 
be  deemed  absolute  property  of  the  discoverer, 
from  which  all  others  should  be  entirely  exclud- 
ed. The  English,  in  turn,  adopted  the  law  that 
a  nation,  a  citizen  or  subject  of  which  should 
discover  the  month  of  a  great  river,  became 
owner  of  the  region  drained  by  that  river  and 
its  tributaries. 

Disinterested  Patriotism.  In  arranging  new 
regiments  at  Cambridge  bite  in  1??.").  Colonel  Asa 
YVhitcoinbe.a  meritorious  officer,  who  had  served 
in  the  late  French  and  Indian  war.  was  left  out 
on  account  of  his  age.  His  men  were  indignant, 
and  refused  to  re-enlist.  The  colonel,  to  sit 
them  au  example,  himself  enlisted  as  a  private 
soldier.  One  of  the  other  colonels  gave  up  his 
regiment  to  Whitcombe;  and  these  examples  of 
disinterested  patriotism  were  noticed  by  Wash- 
ington in  general  orders. 

Disloyalty  at  the  National  Capital.  At  the 
close  of  1860,  when  South  Carolina  had  passed 
an  ordinance  of  secession,  the  enemies  of  the 
government  were  bold  and  defiant  at  the  Na- 
tional capital.  Secession  cockades  (which  see) 
appeared  in  the  streets.  The  newspapers  there 
were  generally  filled  with  seditious  matter.  Yir- 
ginia  newspapers  had  already  suggested  (what 
the  conspirators  had  planned)  the  capture  of 
Portress  Monroe,  the  Gosport  navy-yard,  and 
the  arsenal  at  Harper's  Perry,  preparatory  to 
the  seizure  of  the  National  capital  and  its  ar- 
chives. (See  "  On  to  Washington.")  The  disnnion- 
ists  were  so  confident  of  the  success  of  their 

scheme  that  a  leading  Virginian  said  openly  : 
"Mr.  Lincoln  will  not  dare  to  come  to  Wash- 
ington after  the  expiration  of  the  term  of  Mr. 
Buchanan.  The  city  Will  be  seized  and  occu- 
pied as  the  capital  of  the  Southern  Confederacy, 
and  Mr.  LinoSjbj  will  be  compelled  to  take  his 
oath  of  office  in  Philadelphia  or  New  York." 
The  veteran  journalist  Huff  Green,  the  w  arm  co- 
worker with  Calhoun,  said  to  Joseph  C.  Lewis. 
of  Washington :  "We  intend  to  take  possessios 
of  the  army  and  navy  and  of  the  archives  oJ  the 

government;  not  allow  the  electoral  vote  to  be 

counted;  proclaim  Buchanan  provisional  Presi- 
dent, if  he  w  ill  do  as  w  e  w  ish  and  if  not.  choose 
another:  seize  the  Harper's  Ferry  arsenal  and  the 
Gosport  navy-yard  simultaneously, and,  sending 
armed  men  down  from  the  former  and  armed  ves- 
sels up  from  the  latter,  seize  Washington  and  es- 
tablish a  new  government."  The  Secessionisti 
believed  the  President  wa>  pledged  not  to  in- 
terfere, and  that  the  seat  of  government  of  a 
"Southern  Confederacy"  might  be  established 
there  without  governmental  resistance.  I  bit  all 
were  not  satisfied  of  the  co-operation  of  the 
President.  Borne  South  Carolina  spies  in  Wash- 
ington  could  not  trust  him.  One  of  them,  writ- 
ing to  the  (  Inn  li  slaii  .!/(»•<  unj.  said  :   "  1  know  all 


DISMEMBERMENT  OF  RHODE  ISLAND   395  DISRUPTION  OF  BUCHANAN'S  CABINET 


that  lias  been  done  here,  but  depend  opon  noth- 
ing that  Mr.  Buchanan  promises.  Be  will  oheat 
us  unless  we  are  too  quick  for  him.''    Nor  would 

they COUfide  implicitly  in  cacli  other.  The  same 
writer  said:  "Further  let  me  warn  you  of  the 
danger  of  Governor  Pickens  making  Trescott 

his  channel  of  communication  with  the  Presi- 
dent, lor  the  latter  will  be  informed  of  every- 
thing that  transpires,  and  that  to  our  injury." 
(See  Orr's  Plan.)  And  the  elder  Rhett  began  a 
letter  to   his  son,  the  editor  of  the  Mircini/,  by 

saying, "  Jefferson  Davis  is  not  only  a  dishonest 

man,  hut  a  liar."  (From  an  autograph  letter.) 
Washington  society  was  at  that  time  thorough- 
ly permeated  with  the  views  of  secession  ism, 

and  tin-  Southern  members  of  Congress,  in  both 

1 ses,  formed  the  focus  of  the  disunion  move- 
Bents  in  the  slave-labor  states  which  BOOn  cre- 
ated insurrection,  rebellion,  and  civil  war.  Vet 
with  all  this  tide,  of  open  disloyalty  surging 
around  the,  National  capitol,  the  President, 
teeniiugly  hound  hand  and  foot  in  the  toils  of 
the  enemies  of  his  country,  sat  with  folded 
hands,  and  did  not  lift  a  finger  to  stay  the  fury 
of  the  rising  tempest.  Of  him  a  writer  at  the 
capital  [J.  \V.  Forney]  said:  '"His  confidants 
are  disunionists;  his  leaders  in  the  Senate  and 
in  the  House  aredisunimiists.and  while  be  drives 
into  exile  the  oldest  statesman  in  America  [Gen- 
eral Cass]  simply  and  only  because  he  dares  to 
raise  bis  voice  in  favor  of  the  oonntry,  he  oon- 

sultsdaily  with  men  who  publicly  avow  in  their 

seats  in  Congress  that  the  Union  is  dissolved  and 

that  the  laws  are  standing  still.'' 

Dismemberment  of  Rhode  Island.  While 
extending  her  domain  northward  by  the  annex- 
ation of  Maine  and  I.aconia,  Massachusetts  w  as 
eager  to  dismember  the  heretical  common  wealth 
Of  Rhode  Island.  Coddiugton  (which  see)  had 
Obtained    from   the   English   Council   of  State  a 

commission  for  a  separate  government  for  Aqni- 

day.or  Rhode  bland  proper,  and  this  favored  the 
Scheme    Of  Massachusetts.       The    latter   claimed 

Warwick  as  a  part  of  its  territory  by  virtne  of 

the  sni sm f  two  sachems  to  whom  it  for- 
merly belonged,  backed  by  an  alleged  grant  from 
Plymouth  of  any  claim  she  might  have  under 
her  patent.  The  Plymouth  people  denied  both 
the  fact  and  the  legality  of  any  such  claim.  The 
people  of  Warwick  were  hostile  in  feeling  tow- 
ards Massachusetts.     Hearing  that  two  persons 

had  lately  been  hung  lor  witchcraft,  one  at  Hart- 
ford and  one  at  Charlestown  (two  women),  they 
Maid  that  "then  Were  no  other  witches  upon 
earth,  nor  devils,  but  the  ministers  of  New  Eng- 
land and  such  as  they."  This  caused  the  quar- 
rel to  wax  warm,  and  the  people  of  Providence, 
Win  u  ick.  and  New  port,  apprehending  danger  to 
their  independence,  appealed  to   England  for  a 

confirmation  of  their  charter,  protection   from 

the  Indian  vassals  of  Massachusetts,  and  the  re- 
call of  Coddington's  commission.  This  matter 
produced  a  quarrel  among  the  commissioners  or 

Congressmen  of  the  united  colonics,  and  came 
near  breaking  up  the  confederacy  at    that   time. 

The  charter  w  as  confirmed. 
Disputes  between  Royal  Governors  and 


the  People.  These  disputes,  which  continued 
about  seventy  years,  were  begun  in  Massachu- 
setts when,  in  1702,  Joseph  Dudley  arrived  from 
England  with  a  commission  from  Queen  Anne 
to  be.  captain-general  and  governor  of  the  prov- 
ince. In  his  first  speech  he  demanded  a  "  lit 
and  convenient  house-'  for  the  governor,  and  a 
settled  and  stated  salary  for  him.  The  House, 
in  their  answer  the  next  day,  observed  that  they 
would  proceed  to  the  consideration  of  these 
propositions"  with  all  convenient  speed."  They 
resolved  to  present,  out  of  the  public  treasury, 
the  sum  of  £500,  and  said,  "  as  to  settling  a  sal- 
ary for  the  governor,  it  is  altogether  new  to  us, 
nor  can  we  think  it  agreeable  to  our  present  Con- 
stitution, but  we  shall  be  ready  to  do.  according 

to  onr  ability,  what  may  be  proper  on  our  part  for 

the  support  of  the  government."  The  governor 
sent  for  the  speaker  and  the  representatives  to 
e to  his  chamber,  when  he  declared  his  dis- 
appointment because  of  their  procedure,  and 
expressed  a  hope  that  they  would  think  better 

of  the  matter.  So  began  those  disputes  which 
were  ■  of  the  causes  of  the  final  dismember- 
ment of  the  British  empire. 

Disruption  of  Buchanan's  Cabinet.  <  m  1  tee. 
27, 1860,  news  of  the  occupation  of  Fort  Sumter  by 
Major  Anderson  reached  Washington.  See  l»- 
ilirsmi  in  Fwi  Sumter.)  The  cabinet  assembled  at 
noon.  They  had  a  Stormy  session.  Floyd  de- 
manded of  the  President  an  order  Ibr  Anderson's 
return  to  Fort  Moultrie,  urging  that  tin-  Presi- 
dent, if  he  si Id  withhold  it,  would  "violate 

the  -oleum  pledges  of  the  government."    The 

President  was  inclined  to  give  the  order,  but 
the  warning  voices  of  law  and  duty,  as  well  as 
public  opinion,  made  him  hesitate,  and  t  hi'  cab- 
inet adjourned  without  definite  action.  The 
position  of  the  President  was  painful.  He  had 
evidently  made  pledges  to  the  Secessionists, 
without  suspecting  their  disloyal  schemes  when 
he  made  them,  and  had  filled  his  cabinet  with 
disloyal  men.  supposing  them  to  be  honest.  It 
is  said  that  at  that  time  he  was  in  continual 
(ear  of  assassination.  On  the  morning  after  the 
cabinet  meeting  Just  referred  to,  news  came  of 
the  seizure  of  Fort  Moultrie  and  Castle  Pinck- 
ncy.  The  President  breathed  more  freely.  The 
Secessionists  had  committed  the  lirst  act  of  war, 
and  he  felt  relieved  from  his  pledges.  He  per- 
emptorily refused  to  order  the  withdrawal  of 
Anderson  from  Sumter,  and  on  the  following 
day  Floyd  resigned  the  seals  of  Secretary  of 
War  and  lied  to  Richmond.  In  his  letter  of 
resignation  he  said,  respecting  the  secretary- 
ship. •'  I  can  no  longer  hold  office,  under  my  con- 
victions of  patriotism,  nor  with  honor,  subject- 
ed as  I  am  to  a  violation  of  solemn  pledges." 
Joseph  Holt,  of  Kentucky,  a  thoroughly  loyal 
man,  took  Floyd's  place,  and  a  load  of  anxiety 
was  lifted  from  the  minds  of  the  loyal  people 
of  the  Republic.  The  disruption  of  Buchan- 
an's cabinet  went  on.  Attorney-general  Black 
hail  taken  the  place  of  General  Cass  as  Secreta- 
ry of  State,  and  Edwin  M.  Stanton  tilled  the  of- 
fice ot  Attorney-general.     Philip  F.  Thompson, 

id'  Maryland,  had  succeeded  Orr  as  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury,  but,  unwilling  to  assist  the  gov- 


DISSENSIONS  IN  CABINET  3 

eminent  in  enforcing  the  laws,  lie  was  succeed- 
ed by  John  A.  Dix,  a  stanch  patriot  of  New 
York.  Thompson  left  the  Interior  Department 
Jan.  8,  1861. 

Dissensions  in  "Washington's  Cabinet.  Mr. 
Jefferson  returned  from  France  in  the  autumn 
of  1789,  to  take  a  Beat  in  Washington's  cabinet. 
He  was  filled  with  the  French  enthusiasm  for 
republican  ideas  and  hatred  of  monarchy,  and 
he  was  chilled  by  the  coldness  of  Washington, 
Adams,  Hamilton,  and  others  towards  the  cause 
of  the  French  revolutionists.  He  became  mor- 
bidly sensitive  and  suspicious,  especially  of 
Hamilton,  regarding  him  as  still  a  champion 
of  a  limited  monarchy,  for  which  he  had  ex- 
pressed his  preference  in  the  convention  that 
framed  the  Constitution.  The  consequence  was, 
that  hitter  animosity  grew  up  between  them 
which  gave  Washington  great  uneasiness,  and 
they  became  the  acknowledged  leaders  of  two 
violently  opposing  parties — Federalists  and  Re- 
publicans. When  Washington  thought  of  re- 
tiring from  the  presidency,  at  the  close  of  bis 
first  term,  Jefferson,  who  knew  and  valued  his 
sterling  patriotism,  urged  him  to  accept  the  of- 
fice  a  second  time.  In  a  letter  to  him,  he  bold- 
ly avowed  his  belief  that  there  was  a  conspiracy 
on  foot  to  establish  a  monarchy  in  this  country 
on  the  ruins  of  the  Republic,  and  pointed  to  the 
measures  advocated  by  Hamilton  as  indicative 
of  a  scheme  to  Corrupt  legislators  and  people. 
Washington  plainly  told  Jefferson  that  his  sus- 
picions about  a  monarchical  conspiracy  were 
unfounded,  and  that  the  people,  especially  of  the 
great  cities,  were  thoroughly  attached  to  repub- 
lican principles.  Bat  Jefferson  was  linn  in  his 
belief  in  a  conspiracy,  and,  finally,  criminations 
and  recriminations  having  taken  place  in  the 
public  prints  between  the  two  secretaries.  Ham- 
ilton charged  l'renean's  Gazette,  which  continu- 
ally attacked  the  administration,  with  being  the 
organ  of  Jefferson,  edited  by  a  clerk  in  his  office. 
Tin'  whole  article  was  courteous  in  words,  hut 
extremely  bitter  in  allusions.  It  produced  an 
open  rupture  between  the  two  secretaries,  which 
Washington  tried  in  vain  to  heal  in  a  letter  to 
Jefferson.  Jefferson,  not  long  afterwards,  hit 
the  cabinet,  which  Washington  regretted,  for  he 
was  able  and  thoroughly  patriotic. 

Dissolution  of  Non  -  importation  Leagues. 
Towards  the  close  of  177H  the  merchants  began 
to  be  lax  in  the  observance  of  non-importa!  ion 
agreements,  and  at  a  meeting  in  lioston  in  Oc- 
tober it  was  resolved  to  import  everything  but 
tea.  Merchant*  in  other  cities  followed  their  ex- 
ample. These  associations,  while  having  a  pow- 
erful political  effect,  brought  about  many  salu- 
tary social  reforms  among  the  people  of  ihe  col- 
onies, by   causing   the   discontinuance   of  many 

extravagant  customs  which  involved  large  ex- 
penditures of  money,  and  needed  le.ssons  o!  si  in  I 
economy  «  ere  learned. 

Dissolution  of  the  Union  long  Contem 
plated.  Slate  pride,  ihe  mother  of  the  doctrine 
of  state  supremacy,  «  as  conspicuously  manifest- 
ed in  the  foimaiit f  ihe  League  of  states  nn- 
der  ihe  Articles  of  Confederation  (which  see). 


6  DISSOLUTION  OF  THE  OHION 

It  was  also  conspicuous  in  the  convention  that 
framed  the  National  Constitution,  and  especial- 
ly so  in  the  state  conventions  called  to  ratify 
that  document.  It  was  so  strong  in  New  York 
that  the  ratification  was  effected  by  only  one 
majority  in  the  convention.  Whenever  the  im- 
perious will  of  politicians  became  thwarted  by  a 
public  policy  opposed  to  their  wishes,  they  were 

in  the  habit  of  speaking  of  a  dissolution  of  the 
Union  as  the  remedy  for  the  provocation.  Such 
was  eminently  the  case  with  the  oppoaen  of 
Jay's  treaty  in  1795  (which  see).  Such  was  the 
tone  of  the  famous  Virginia  resolutions  of  179S 
(which  see).  So  threatening  to  the  peace  of  the 
Union  had  the  expression  of  such  threats  become 
during  the  administration  of  President  Wash- 
ington, that  the  chief  burden  of  his  Farewell 
Address  was  a  plea  for  union.  The  purchase  of 
Louisiana  and  its  creation  as  a  state  called  forth 
this  sentiment;  from  New  England  politicians 
(see  Secession  in  AYtr  England),  and  the  positive 
declarations  of  Calhoun  to  Commodore  Stewart, 
in  1812,  of  the  intention  of  the  Southern  politi- 
cians to  dissolve  the  Union  in  case  of  a  certain 
contingency,  showed  the  alarming  prevalence  of 
this  idea  in  the  slave-labor  states.  (See  L'uling 
Clans  in  the  South.)  It  was  put  forth  conspicu- 
ously in  the  debates  on  the  admission  of  Mis- 
souri. (See  Missouri  Com  promise.)  After  the  tar- 
iff act  of  1828, so  obnoxious  to  the  cotton-grow- 
ers, became  a  law,  the  citizens  of  St.  John's  par- 
ish, in  South  Carolina,  said  in  convention:  "We 
have  sworn  that  Congress  shall,  at  our  demand, 
repeal  the  tariff.  If  she  does  not.  our  state  Leg- 
islature will  dissolve  our  connection  «  ith  the 
Union,  and  we  will  take  our  stand  among  the, 
nations;  and  it  behooves  every  true  Carolinian 
•to  stand  by  his  arms."  and  to  keep  the  halls  of 
our  Legislature  pure  from  foreign  intruders." 
When,  in  the  autumn  of  1832,  the  famous  Nul- 
lification Ordinance  was  passed  (win.  ! 
positive  were  the  politicians  of  South  Carolina 
thai  the  dissolution  of  the  Union  was  nigh,  that 
they  caused  a  medal  to  be  struck  with  this  in- 
scription, "Jul i\  c. c \ i  hoi  v  First  Prrsidi  m 

hi-    nil:  SOI   mi  l:\   COOT  i  l'i  RA<  1  ."      In   1836  a 

novel  was  written  b  j  Beverly  Tucker,  of  Virginia, 
called  The  Partisan  Leader, in  which  the  doctrine 

of  state  supremacy  ami  sectional  feeling  was  in- 
culcated in  the  seductive  form  of  a  romance, 
which  was  widely  circulated  at  the  South,  and 
made  the  people  familiar  with  the  idea  of  seces- 
sion as  a  great  good  for  that  section.  "South- 
ern Bights  Associations"  were  founded,  having 
lor  their  object  the  dissolution  of  the  1'nion. 
These  were  active  at  ihe  time  of  the  excitement 
about  the  admission  of  (  alil'oi  nia  into  the  Union. 

One  of  the  most  active  of  the  Virginians  in  dis- 
union movement* at  that  time  was  M.  R.  H  Gar- 

mil  (who  was  in  Congress  when  the  Civil  War 
broke  out).  In  a  letter  to  \\ .  II  Trescott,  a 
leader  in  the  "  Southern  Rights  Association  *  of 
South  Carolina  (May,  1851  ,  Garnet!  mourned 
over  the  action  of  Virginia  in  hesitating  to  en- 
ter into  the  scheme  of  revolution  then.      "I  do 

not  believe,"  be  wrote,  •■  that  the  course  of  the 
Legislature  is  a  fair  expression  of  the  popular 

feeling.      In  the  East,  at   least,  the  great  major- 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  ARMS  3 

ity  believe  iu  tbe  right  of  secession,  aud  feel  the 
deepest  Bympathy  with  Carolina  in  opposition 
hi  measares  which  they  regard  as  die  docs. 
Unt  tin'  West  —  Western  Virginia — here  is  the 
rub!  Only  60,000  stoma  to  494,000  ul<it<* .'  When 
I  consider  tins  fact,  aud  the  kind  of  argument 
which  we  have  heard  in  this  body,  I  cannot  hut 
regard  with  the  greatest  fear  the  question, 
whether  Virginia  would  assist  Carolina  in  such 

an  issue.  .  .  .  Vou  will  object  to  the  word  Deino- 

orat.  Democracy,  in  n->  original  philosophical 
sense,  i-.  indeed,  incompatible  with  slavery  and 
the  whole  system  of  Southern  society."  Mr. 
Qarnetl  expressed  a  tear  that,  if  the  question 

was  raised  between  Carolina  aud  the  National 
government,  and  the  bitter  prevailed,  the  last 
lope  of  Southern  civilization  would  expire. 
Preston  S.  Brooks,  who  assaulted  Senator  Suin- 
iMi  of  Massachusetts,  when  alone  at  his  desk  in 
Sumner,  Charles),  with  a  heavy 
cane,  said,  in  an  harangue  before-  an  excited  pop- 
ulaee  in  South  Carolina,"]  tell  you  that  tin- 
only  mode  which  I  think  available  for  meet- 
ing the  issue  is.  just  to  tear  iu  twain  the  Consti- 
tution of  the  United  states,  trample  it  underfoot, 
and  form  a  Southern  Confederacy,  every  state 
of  which  shall  be  a  slave-holding  state. . .  •  I  have 
been  a  disoniouisl  from  the  time.  I  could  think. 
HI  were  commander  of  an  army,  I  never  would 
post  a  sentinel  wbo  would  not  swear  slavery 
was  right.  ...  If  Fremont  be  elected  President 
of  the  United  States,  I  am  for  the  people,  iu 
their  majesty,  rising  above  the  laws  and  lead- 
ers, taking  tbe  power  into  their  own  bauds,  go- 
ing, by  concert  or  not  by  oouoert,  and  layiug 

the  stroug  aim  of  Southern  power  upon  the 
treasury  and  archives  of  the  government." 
This  was  attempted  in  1861.     (See  "»  tu  Weak- 

iiKjton.) 

Distribution  of  Anns  in  the  South.  Sec- 
retary Floyd  stripped  Northern  arsenals  of  anus 
and  sent  them  to  Southern  arsenals,  ill  prepara- 
tion for  the  insurrection  that  broke  out  in  1861. 
(See  FloyoJa  l>i*l,>>i«l  .liis.)  These  anus  were 
distributed  as  follows: 

r>rr.m,m  llutltl:  AUtrti  it***,.     Ri.t... 
5,720  '.'.ikni 

lie  Arsenal 

To  Mount  Vernon  Arsenal  

To  Buluu  Kuugo  Arsenal 18,580  1 1  i  .•  ■ 

District  of  Columbia,  ORG  \m/  v  HON  "i  t  m 
|  IT'.M  i  The  District  was  erected  into  two  ooun- 
ivided  by  the  Potomac,  and  was  placed 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  a  circuit  court,  com 
posed  of  a  chief-justice  and  two  assessors;  the 
judgment  of  this  court  to  be  final  in  criminal 

oases,  but  in  civil  cases,  where  the  ai int  iu 

dispute  exceeded  |100  in  value,  a  writ  of  error 
to  lie  in  the  Supreme  <  lonrt  of  the  United  states. 
This  arrangement  was  after* aids  modified.  In- 
stead of  providiug  a  homogeneous  oode  of  law  a 
for  the  District,  those  of  Maryland  and  Virginia, 

as  thej  Stood  at  that  moment,  were  continued 
111  force  oil  the  respective  sides  of  the  Potomac. 

District  of  Columbia,  Si  v\  i  i:v  t\  mi  ■-.  aJrKM 
imii  D.     A  bill  for  this  purpose  was  passed  by 


7         DISUNION  THREATENED  IN  1779 

the  National  Congress  (April  11,  186-2),  and  be- 
came a  law  by  the  signature  of  the  President 
April  16.  It  provided  lor  the  payment,  out  of 
the  treasury  of  the  United  States,  of  an  average 
compensation  of  $300  to  the  master  or  mistress 
of  each  slave  thus  emancipated.  Thus  emanci- 
pation began  at  the  national  capital.  In  conuee- 
tion  with  this  event  was  a  cut  ions  proceeding. 
A  free  negro  of  the  district,  who  had  bought 
and  paid  tor  his  slave  wife,  she  and  her  chil- 
dren being,  by  the  slave  code,  his  lawful  slaves, 
claimed  and  received  compensation  for  her  aud 
her  half-dozen  children. 

District  of  Louisiana.  All  the  region  west 
of  the  Mississippi  and  north  of  Orleans  Territory 
(which  seel  was  constituted  the  District  of  Lou- 
isiana iu  1804.  It  included  a  little  village  on 
the  Arkansas  River,  and  several  on  or  near  the 
Mississippi, the  principal  of  which  was  St.  Louis. 
(See  Fur-trade.)  The  white  population  was  less 
than  four  thousand,  and  it  was  proposed  to  re- 
serve this  region  for  the  Indians.  The  Presi- 
dent was  authorized  to  propose  to  the  tribes 
cast  of  the  Mississippi  an  exchange  of  their  lands 
for  other  territory  out  of  the  reserve,  and  their 
migration  thither.  This  policy  has  since  been 
extensively  carried  out.  The  District  of  Lou- 
isiana was  placed  under  the  charge  of  Indiana, 
and  was  erected  into  a  separate  territory  of  the 

second  class  iu  1805,  the  power  of  legislation 
being  vested  in  the  governor  and  ju<3  _ 

Disunion,  Pian-osi  i  ion  rofi(1804)  The  pur- 
chase of  Louisiana,  was  deprecated  and  violently 
opposed  by  the  Federalist  leaders,  lx 
would  strengthen  the  Southern  political  influ- 
ence then  controlling  the  national  government 
They  professed  to  regard  the  measure  as  inim- 
ical to  the  Northern  and  Eastern  sections  of  the 
I'liion.  The  Southern  politicians  hail  made 
them  familiar  with  the  proscription  of  disunion 
as  a  remedy  for  incurable  political  evils,  and 
they  resolved  to  try  its  efficacy  in  Hie  ease  in 
question.  All  through  the  years  1803  and  1804 
desires  for  and  fears  of  a  dissolution  of  the  Union 

were  freely  expressed  in  what  were  flee -labor 
states  in  1861.  Last  of  the  Alleghauies,  early  in 
1804,  a  select  convention  of  Federalists,  to  be 

held  in  Boston,  was  contemplated,  in  the  ensu- 
ing autumn,  to  consider  the  question  of  disunion. 

Alexander  Hamilton  was  invited  to  attend  it, 
hut  his  emphatic  condeinnal  ion  of  the  whole 
plan,  only  a  short  time  before  his  death,  seems 
to  have  disconcerted  the  leaders  and  dissipated 
the  scheme.  The  I,*e\  ..ledcdi.ih  Morse,  then  verv 
inlluential  in  the  Church  and  iu  politics  in  New 
England,  advocated  the  severance  of  the  East- 
ern Stales  from  the  Union,  so  us  to  get  rid  of 
the  evils  of  the  slave  system;  and, later, Josiah 
Quinoy,  in  a  debate  in  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives, expressed  his  opinion  that  it  might  be- 
come necessary  to  divide  the  Union  as  a  cure 
of  evils  that  seemed  to  be  already  chronic. 

Disunion  threatened  in  1779.  Iu  angry 
debates  in  Congress  on  the  subject  of  the  fish- 
eries, iu  1779,  threats  of  disunion  were  made  by 
deputiea  of  the  North  and  the  South.  It  was 
showu  that  the  prosperity  of  New  England  do- 


DIX  3i 

pended  on  the  fisheries ;  but  in  tliis  the  South- 
ern Status  had  no  common  interest.  Iudeed,  in 
all  tin-  states  the  doctrine  of  state  supremacy 
was  bo  universally  prevalent  that  the  deputies 
in  Congress,  instead  of  willingly  legislating  for 
the  whole,  legislated  for  their  respective  states. 
When  appeals  had  been  made  in  Congress  tor  a 
favorable  consideration  of  New  England  in  rela- 
tion to  the  fisheries  without  effect,  .Samuel  Ad- 
ams said  that  "  it  would  become  more  and  more 
necessary  for  the  two  empires  [meaning  the 
Northern  and  Southern- States  divided  by  "Ma- 
son and  Dixon's  Line"  (which  see)]  to  separate." 
When  the  North  offered  a  preliminary  resolution 
that  the  country,  even  if  deserted  by  France  and 
Spain,  would  continue  the  war  tor  the  sake  of 
the  fisheries,  four  states  drew  up  a  protest,  de- 
claring peremptorily  that  if  the  resolution  should 
be  adopted  they  would  withdraw  from  the  con- 
federation. These  sectional  interests  continu- 
ally stood  in  the  way  of  a  perfect  union  of  the 
struggling  colonists.  The  inflexible  tenacity 
with  which  each  state  asserted  its  title  to  com- 
plete sovereignty  often  menaced  the  Union  with 
destruction,  and  independence  became,  in  the 
minds  of  some,  an  idle  dream.  When,  in  Au- 
gust. L781,  envoys  from  Vermont  were  in  Phila- 
delphia, entreating  for  the  admission  of  their 
state  into  the  Union,  the  measure  was  opposed 
by  the  Southern  delegates,  because  it  would  "de- 
stroy the  balance  of  power"  between  the  two 
sections  of  the  confederacy,  aud  give  the  pre- 
ponderance to  the  North. 

Dix,  DOROTHEA  Lynde,  was  born  at  Worces- 
ter, Mass.  After  her  father's  death  she  sup- 
ported herself  by  teaching  a  school  for  young 
girls  in  Boston.  Becoming  interested  in  the 
welfare  of  the  convicts  in  the  state  prison  at 
Charlestown,  her  philanthropic  spirit  expanded 
and  embraced  all  of  the  unfortunate  and  suffer- 
ing classes.  Having  inherited  from  a  relative 
property  sufficient  to  render  her  independent, 
she  went  to  Europe  for  her  health.  Returning 
to  Boston  in  1837,  she  devoted  her  life  to  the  in- 
vestigation and  alleviation  of  the  condition  of 
paupers,  lunatics,  and  prisoners,  encouraged  by 
her  friend  and  pastor,  Dr.  Chaniiing.  In  Ibis 
work  she  visited  every  state  in  the  Onion  east 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  endeavoring  to  per- 
suade legislatures  to  aid  the  unfortunate,  and 
was  instrumental  in  bringing  about  the  founda- 
tion of  several  state  asylums.  At  the  breaking 
out  of  tbe  Civil  War  she  was  placed  in  a  re- 
sponsible position  in  relation  to  public  hospi- 
tals  by   the   Secretary  of  War  (see   United  States 

Sanitary  Commission), and  to  the  end  labored  iu- 

Qtly  for  the  relief  of  the  Buffering  soldiers. 

Dix,  John  Adams,  was  burn  at  Bosoawen, 
\.  II..  .inly  24,  1798;  died  April  81,  1879.  lb 
graduated  at  Brown  University  in  1830,  and 
completed  bis  studies  In  a  French  college  at 
Montreal.  He  entered  the  army  as  a  cartel  in 
1812,  w  ben  the  war  w  itb  England  began.  While 
bis  father, Lieutenant-colonel  Dix.  was  at  Fori 
McHeury,  Baltimore,  young  Dix  punned  his 
studies  at  si.  Mary's  College.  In  the  spring  of 
L813  be  was  appointed  an  ensign  in  Ihe  army, 


DIX 

and  was  soon  promoted  to  third  lieutenant,  and 
made  adjutant  of  an  independent  battalion  of 
nine  companies.  He  was  commissioned  a  cap- 
tain in  1825,  and  having  continued  in  the  army 
sixteen  years,  in  1828  he  left  the  military  ser- 
vice. His  father  had  been  mortally  hurt  at 
Chrysler's  Field  (which  see),  and  the  care  of  ex- 
tricating the  paternal  estate  from  difficulties, 
for  the  benefit  of  his  mother  and  her  nine  chil- 
dren, bad  devolved  upon  him.     He  had  studied 


JOlLX    ADA11S    DIX. 

law  while  in  the  army.  After  visiting  Europe 
for  bis  health,  Captain  Dix  settled  as  a  lawyer 
in  Cooperstown,  N.  Y.  He  became  warmly  en- 
gaged in  politics,  and  in  1830  Governor  Tliroop 
appointed  him  adjutant -general  of  the  state. 
In  1833  he  was  elected  Secretary  of  Stale  of 
New  York,  which  office  made  him  a  member  of 
the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  University  and 
other  important  positions.  Chiefly  through  his 
exertions  public  libraries  were  introduced  into 
the  school  districts  of  the  state  and  the  school 
laws  systematized.  In  1842  he  was  a  member 
of  the  New  York  Assembly,  and  of  the  United 
States  Senate  from  L845  to  1849.  In  the  discus- 
sion of  the  question  of  the  annexation  ot'Texas 
anil  of  slavery  he  expressed  the  views  of  the 
Free  Soilers  (which  Bee),  whose  candidate  for 
governor  he  was  in  1848.  In  U.V.I  be  was  ap- 
pointed Postmaster  of  New  York  city  :  ami 
when,  early  in  1861,  Buchanan's  cabinet  was 
dissolved,  he  was  called  to  the  position  of  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury.  In  that  capacity  he  is- 
sued the  famous  order.  (See  Dix,  Order  of.)  He 
was  appointed  major-general  of  volunteers  May 
HI.  1861  :  commander  at  Baltimore,  and  then  at 
fortress  Monroe  and  on  the  Virginia  peninsula: 
and  in  September,  1802,  be  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  Seventh  Army  Corps.  He  w  as  also 
chosen  President  of  the  Pacific  Railwaj  Com- 
pany. In  L806  be  was  appointed  minister  to 
France,  which  position  he  filled  until  1889.  He 
was  elected  Governor  of  the  state  of  New  York 
in  1872,  and  retired  to  private  lite  at  the  end  of 
the  term  of  two  years,  al  which  time  be  per- 
formed rare  service  lor  the  good  name  of  the 
Stale   of  New   York.       General    l>i\    was   a   line 

classical  scholar,  and  translated  several  pas- 
sages from  Catullus.  Virgil,  and  others  into  pol- 
ished English  verse.  He  made  a  most  conscien 
tiousand  beautiful  translation  of  the  Dim  in, 


DIX'S  FAMOUS  ORDEK  3 

Dix  s  Famous  Order.  Early  in  January, 
1861,  Johu  A.  Dix  was  made  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury.  He  found  tbe  department  in  a 
wretched  condition, aud  proceeded  with  energy 
iu  tho   administration   of  it.      Hearing  of  the 


J  DIX'S  FAMOUS  ORDER 

Mobile  and  Xew  Orleans.  He  found  the  Lexis 
Cat*  in  the  hands  of  the  insurgents  at  Mobile. 
The  Robert  MeClelland,  at  Xew  Orleans,  was  in 
command  of  Captain  J.  G.  Breshwood,  of  the 

navy.     Jones  gave  the  captain  an  order  from 


&*&nA 'AfJutoft   tianrfh 


Vi 


rf 


^tifaw 


GENERAL   DIS'S    FA 


tendency  in  the  slave-labor  states  to  seize  I'nit-  i  Dix  to  tail  to  the  North.     Breahwood  ahsolnte- 

e<l  8tatea  property  within  their  borders,  he  sent     ly  refused   to  obey  the  order.      This  fact  .Jones 

■'  ipecial  agent  of  Ins  department  |  Hemphill    made  known,  by  telegraph,  to  Ibx.  and  added 
Lee  revenue  outtera  at    that  the  ooUectoi  at  Xew  Orleans  (Hatch)  eiuv 


DIXIE  4 

rained  the  rebellious  captain.  Dix  instantly 
telegraphed  back,  "Tell  Lieut. Caldwell  to  ar- 
rest Capt.  Breshwood,  assume  command  of  the 
cutter,  and  obey  the  order  I  gave  through  you. 
If  Capt.  Breahwood,  after  arrest,  undertakes  to 
interfere  with  the  command  of  the  cotter,  tell 
Lieut.  Caldwell  to  consider  him  as  a  mutineer 
and  treat  him  accordingly.  If  anyone  attempts 
to  haul  down  the  American  flag,  shoot  him  on  the 
spot."  The  Secessionists  in  New  Orleans  had 
possession  of  the  telegraph,  aud  did  not  allow 
this  despatch  to  pass,  and  the  McCUUand  was 
handed  over  to  the  authorities  of  Louisiana. 
As  Secretary  Uix's  order  was  Hashed  over  the 
land  it  thrilled  every  heart  with  hope  that  the 
temporizing  policy  of  the  administration  had 
ended.  The  loyal  people  rejoiced,  and  a  small 
medal  was  struck  by  private  hands  couiineino- 


DIX    MEDAL. 

rative  of  the  event,  on  one  side  of  which  was 
the  Union  Hag.  and  around  it  the  words,  "THE 
Flag  of  on:  Union,  1862 ;"  on  the  other,  in  two 

circles,  the  last  clause  of  Dix"s  famous  order. 
After  the  war  the  authorship  of  the  famous  or- 
der was  claimed  for  different  persons,  and  it  was 
asserted  th.it  General  Dix  was  only  the  medium 
for  its  official  communication.  In  reply  to  an 
inquiry  addressed  by  the  writer  to  General  Dix 
at  the  close  of  August,  1>T:?,  he  responded  as 
follows  from  liis  country  residence: 

■•  Bunu,  Wkst  Haykn,  N.T.,  Sept.  21. 1ST3. 
"  Your  favor  is  received.  The  '  order '  alluded  to  was  writ- 
ten  by  myself,  without  any  suggestion  from  any  one.  and  it 
was  sent  oil  three  clays  before  it  was  communicated  to  the 
President  or  cab  Del  Mr  Stanton's  letter  to  Mr.  Bonner,  of 
the  Lrtitjer.  staling  that  it  was  wholly  mine,  was  published  in 

tober  or  late  in  September,  to 

Bilence  forever  the  misrepresentations  in  regard  to  it  After 
writing  it  (about  seven  o'clock  in  the  evening),  I  gave  it   to 

Mr  Hardy,  a  clerk  In  the  Treasury  Department,  to 

copy  was  signed  by  me.  and  sent  to  the  telegraph  offloa  the 

same  evening,  and  the  original  was  kepi,  like  all  Other  origi- 
nal despatches      ll  is  now.  as  vou  state,  in  nossi 
son.  Rev.  I»r  Dix.  No  ■>!  West  twenty  lillli  Street,  New  York, 
li  m  photographed  In  lsi>;l  or  18U4,  and  you,  no  doubt,  have 
mile  thus  made. 

■  Very  truly  yours,  John  a.  Dn  " 

Dixie.     A  supposed  imaginary  land  of  luxu- 
rious   enjoyment    somewhere    in    the    Southern 

States,  and  during  the  civil  War  it  became 
;i  collective  designation  for  the  slave -labor 
states.  "Dixie"  songs  and  "Dixie "music  pre- 
vailed all  over  those  states  and  in  the  Confed- 
erate army.  It  had  no  such  significance.  It 
is  a  simple  refrain  that  originated  among  De- 
em emigrants  to  tin'  South  from  Manhattan,  or 

New  Tork,  island  aboul  eighty  yean  ago.  A 
man  named  Dixy  owned  a  large  tract  of  laud 
on  that  island  and  niauj  slaves.  Thej  became 
unprofitable,  and  the  growth  of  the  abolition 
sentiment  i le  Dixy's  slaves  uncertain  prop- 
erty,    lie  lenl  quite  a  huge  number  of  them  to 


0  DOMESTIC  SLAVE-TRADE 

Southern  planters  and  sold  them.  The  hea\  ier 
burdens  imposed  upon  them  there, and  the  mem- 
ories of  their  birthplace  and  its  comforts  on 
Manhattan,  made  them  sigh  for  Dixy's.  It  be- 
came with  them  synonymous  with  an  earihly 
paradise,  and  the  exiles  sang  a  simple  refrain 
in  a  pathetic  manner  about  the  joys  at  Dixy's. 
Additions  to  it  elevated  it  into  the  dignity  of  a 
song,  and  it  was  chanted  by  the  negroes  all  over 
the  South,  which,  in  the  Civil  War,  was  called 
the  ''Land  of  Dixie." 

Dodge,  Ghknyii.i.e  M.,  was  bom  at  Danvers. 
Mass.,  April  12,  1831.  lie  was  educated  at  Par- 
tridge's Military  Academy,  Conn.,  ami  became  a 
railroad  purveyor  in  Illinois  and  Iowa  and  west- 
ward to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  He  was  sen!  to 
Washington  in  1861  to  procure  arms  and  equip- 
ments for  Iowa  volunteers,  and  became  colonel 
of  a  regiment  in  July.  He  commanded  a  bri- 
gade on  the  extreme  right  at  the  battle  of  Pea 
Ridge  (which  see),  and  was  wounded.  For  his 
services  there  he  was  made  brigadier-general. 
He  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  tin-  Dis- 
trict of  the  Mississippi  in  Juue,  1862.  He  was 
with  Sherman  in  his  Georgia  campaign,  and  was 
promoted  to  major-general.  He  finally  com- 
manded the  Sixteenth  Corps  in  that  campaign, 
and  in  December,  1864, he  succeeded  Rosecrans 
in  command  of  the  Department  of  Missouri.  In 
1867-69  he  was  a  member  of  Congress  from 
Iowa. 

Dodge,  Henry,  was  born  at  Vincennes,  Ind., 
Oct.  12, 1782;  died  al  Burlington, N. J., Jan.  19, 
1867.  lb-  commanded  a  company  of  volunteers 
in  the  War  of  1812-15,  and  rose  to  the  position 
of  lieutenant  -  colonel  of  mounted  infantry  in 
1814.  He  fought  the  Indians  from  L832  to  1834, 
when  he  made  peace  on  the  frontiers,  and  in 
1835  commanded  an  expedition  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  He  was  Governor  of  Wisconsin  and 
Superintendent  of  Indian  Affairs  from  l-:is;  to 
1841 ;  a  delegate  in  Congress  from  1-41  to  1845; 
and  United  States  Senator  from  1849  to  1857. 

Domestic  Manufactures.     (See  H 
iifaftuns.) 

Domestic  Slave-trade.  The  rapid  exten- 
sion of  settlements  in  the  southwest  after  the 
War  <>f  1812  15,  ami  the  great  profits  derived 
there  from  the  cultivation  of  cotton,  had  not 
only  caused  the  revival  of  the  African  slave- 
trade,  in  spite  of  prohibitory  laws,  but  it  had 
given  occasion  to  a  rival  domestic  slave-trade, 
of  which  the  national  capital  had  become  one 
of  the  cut  res,  where  it  was  carried  on  by  pro- 
fessional traffickers  in  human  beings.  They 
bought  np  the  slaves  of  impoverished  planters 
of  Man  land  and  Virginia,  and  sold  them  at 
lurge  profits  in  the  ootton-growiug  districts  of 
ilu-  So, Hi,  and  Wot.  This  new  traffic,  which 
included  many  of  the  wont  features  of  the  Af- 
rican slave-trade,  was  severely  denonuoed  by 
John  Randolph,  of  Virginia,  as  ••  heinous  ami 
abominable,  inhuman  and  illegal."  This  opin- 
ion was  founded  on  fact-  reported  bj  a  comniit- 

icc  of  Inquiry.     Governor  D.  1«.  Williams,  of 

South  Carolina,  denonuoed  the  traffic  as  •re- 

■   ami  etiicl ;"  dragging 


DOMINION  IN  AMEEICA  4 

along  the  streets  and  highways  of  a  crowd  of 
Buttering  victims  to  minister  to  insatiable  ava- 
rice," condemned  alike  by  "enlightened  human- 
it  jr,  wise  policy,  and  the  prayers  of  the  just." 
The  governor  urged  that  it  had  a  tendency  to 
introduce  slaves  of  all  descriptions  from  other 
stales,  "defiling  the  delightful  avocations  of 
private,  life"  "by  the  presence  ofcouvicts  and 
malefactors."  The  Legislature  of  South  Caro- 
lina passed  an  act  forbidding  the  introduction 

of  slaves  from  other  states.  A  similar  act  was 
passed  bj  the  Georgia  Legislature.  This  legis- 
lation was  frequently  resorted  to  on  occasions 

of  alarm,  hut  the  profitable  extension  of  cotton 
cultivation    and    the    demand    for    slave    labor 

overcame  all  scruples.  Within  two  years  after 
iis  passage,  the  prohibitory  act  of  South  Caro- 
lina was  repealed.     The  interstate  Blave-traffic 

was   carried    on    extensively    until    slavery    was 

abolished  in  1863.  a  Richmond  newspaper,  in 
1861,  urging  Virginia  to  join  the  Southern  Con- 
federacy, which  had  prohibited  the  traffic  be- 
tween   them    and    slates    that     would    liol    join 

them,  gave  as  a  most  argent  reason  for  such  an 

act,  that   if  it    wire   not    accomplished   tin-  "(lid 

Dominion  "would  lose  this  trade,  amounting  an- 
nually to  from  thirteen  to  twenty  million  dollars. 

Dominion  in  America,  l't:r\<  it  \\i>  ENG- 
LISH Claims  hh:.     The  Treat]  of  Ail  la-Cba- 

pelle  I  which  see  )  was  only  a  truce  hetweoii 
France  and  England,  contending  for  dominion 
in  America.     The  fi ir, excluded  from  all  the 

frontier  coasts  of  North  America,  a  iined  to  re- 
pair this  disadvantage  by  possessing  the  river 

Bt. Lawrence  on  the  north  and  the  Mississippi 

on  the  west  and  south,  and  a  connection  of  the 
(■(domes  of  Louisiana  and  Canada  through  the 
intermediate    lakes   and    waters.       This   design, 

which  the  English  frustrated,  was  regarded  by 

the  latter  as  not  only  prejudicial  to  them  in  its 
operation,  hut  unjust  in  principle.     The  French 

claim    rested    upon    a    prior    settlement    in    New 

France.  The  English  claim  rested  upon  the 
grant  to  the  Plymouth  Companj  (1620)  of  all 

the    lands    between    the    parallels   of  forty    and 

forty-eight  degrees  north  latitude  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean    see  Council  of  Plymouth),  &nd  on  treaties 

made  with  the  native  inhabitants  of  the  con- 
tinent. They  insisted, moreover, thai  the  coun- 
try  of  the   Si\    Nations    was   ceded    to    1 1 1 .  ]  1 1    bj 

the  French  in  the  treaties  at  Utrecht  I  1713) 
and  Aix  la  chapel  le  ( I?  1-  ».  -fhe  English,  there- 
fore, regarded  as  encroachments  by  the  French 

the  erection  bj  the  latter  of  about  twenty  forts, 
besides  block-houses  and  trading-posts,  within 
claimed  English  domain.  So.  w  hih-  Acadia  fur- 
nished one  held  for  hostilities  between  the  two 

nations,  the  country  along  the  lakes  and  in  the 
Ohio  and  Mississippi  valleys  furnished  another. 

The  dispute  was  settled  by  the  arbitrament  of 

aim-. 

Dongan,  Tbomas,  was  a  younger  son  of  an 
Irish  baronet,  born  in  1634.  lie  was  a  colonel 
in  (he  royal  army,  and  served  under  the  French 

kinj;.      In    1678   he    was   appointed    I.ieutenant- 

gorernor  of  Tangier,  Africa,  whenoe  he  was  re- 
called In  1680.     The  relations  between  England 
I— 26 


1  DOUBLEDAY 

and  France  were  then  delicate,  and  Dongan 
being  a  Roman  Catholic,  like  the  proprietor  of 
New  York,  he  was  chosen  hy  Duke  , James  gov- 
ernor of  that  province  (1683),  as  it  was  thought 
his  experience  in  Fiance  might  make  it  easier 
to  keep  up  friendly  relations  with  the  French 
on  the  borders.  Dongan  caused  a  company  of 
merchants  in  New  York  to  he  formed  for  the 
management  of  the  fisheries  at  Pemaquld,  a 
part  of  the  duke's  domain  (see  Pemaquid),  and 
he  took  measures  to  protect  the  territory  from 
encroachments.  Dongan  managed  the  relations 
between  the  EuglUh,  French,  and  Indians  with 
dexterity.  He  was  not  deceived  hy  the  false 
professions  of  the  French  rulers  or  the  wiles  of 
the  Jesuit  piiests;  and  when  l>e  Nonville  in- 
vaded the  country  of  the  Five  Natiot 
he  showed  himself  as  hold  as  this  leader  in  de- 
fence of  the  rights  of  Englishmen.  Dongan 
sympathized  with  the  people  of  his  province  in 
their  aspirations  for  liberty,  which  his  prede- 
ndros)  hail  denied:  and  he  was  instru- 
mental in  the  formation  of  the  Bret  General  As- 
seinhly  of  New  Yolk,  and  in  obtaining  a  popu- 
lar form  of  government.  (See  Charter  of  Liber- 
ties and  Franchueg.)  When  the  perfidious  king 
violated  bis  promises  w  hih-  he  was  duke.  I  tongas 
was  grieved,  and  protested  :  and  w  hen  the  mon- 
arch ordered  him  to  introduce  French  priests 
among  the  Five  Nations,  the  enlightened  gov- 
ernor resisted  the  measure  asdangerons  to  Eng- 
lish power  on  the  continent.  Mis  lirmncss  in 
defence  of  the  rights  of  the  people  and  the  safe- 
ty of  the  English  colonies  iii  America  agaiusl 
what   he   could   not    hut   regard  as  the  treachery 

of  the  king  Anally  offended  his  sovereign,  and 

he  was  dismissed  from  office  in  the  spring  of 
1688,  when  Andros  took  his  place,  bearing  a 
vice-regal  commission  to  rule  all  New  England 
besides.  Dongan  remained  in  the  province  un- 
til persecuted  bj  Leisler  in  1600, when  he  with- 
drew to  Boston. 

Doolittle,  Amos,  one  of  the  earliest  engravers 
on  copper  in  the  United  States.  While  a  vol- 
unteer in  the  camp  at  Cambridge  (1775)  be  vis- 
ited the  scene  of  the  skirmish  at  Lexington  and 
made  a  drawing  and  engraving  of  the  affair, 

which  furnishes  the  historian  with  the  only 
eonect  representation  of  the  buildings  around 
the  "Green "at  that  time.     He  afterwards  made 

other  historical  prints  of  the  lime. 

Dorr,  Thomas  Wilson,  was  born  in  Provi- 
dence. K.  1..  in  ISO.".:  died  there.  Her.  27,  1854. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1883.  He  studied 
law  with  Chancellor  Kent,  and  began  its  prac- 
tice in  1827.  He  is  chiefly  conspicuous  in  our 
history  as  the  chosen  governor  of  what  was 
called  the  "Suffrage  party,"  and  attempted  to 

lake  the  place  of  w  hat  was  deemed  to  he  the  le- 
gal state  government.  (See  Rhode  Island.)  He 
was  tried  for  and  convicted  of  high-treason,  and 

sentenced  to  imprisonment   for  life   in   1842,  DUl 

was  pardoned  in  1847;  and  in  L853  the  Legislat- 
ure restored  to  him  his  civil  rights  and  ordered 
the  record  of  his  sentence  to  he  expunged.      lie 
lived  to  see  his  party  triumph. 
Doubleday,   ABNER,  was   born    at    Bnllston 


DOUGHFACES  4 

Spa,  N.  Y..  June  26, 1819,  and  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1H4'2.  He  served  in  the  artillery  in  the 
war  with  Mexico;  rose  to  captain  in  1855;  and 
served  against  the  Seminole  Indians  in  1856-68. 
Captain   Doubleday  was  an   efficient  officer  in 


AHXKK    DOIHLKDAY. 

Fort  Sumter  with  Major  Anderson  during  its 
siege.  He  tired  the  first  gnu  (April  12,  1861) 
upon  the  insurgents  from  that  tort.  On  May 
14  he  was  promoted  to  major,  and  on  Feb.  3, 
1862,  to  brigadier  -general  of  volunteers.  In 
Hooker's  corps,  at  the  battle  of"  Antietam.  lie 
commanded  a  division  ;  and  when  Reynolds  fell 
at  Gettysburg,  Doubleday  took  command  of  hie 
corps.  He  had  been  made  major-general  in 
November,  1862,  and  had  been  conspicuously 
engaged  in  the  battles  of  Fredericksburg  and 
Chancellorsvillo.  He  was  breveted  lirigadier- 
and  major-general  of  the  United  States  Arm;  in 
March,  1865,  and  was  commissioned  colonel  of 
infantry  in  September,  1867. 

Doughfaces.  When,  in  1820,  the  great  de- 
bate on  the  slavery  question,  elicited  by  pro- 
ceedings in  relation  to  the  admission  of  Missouri 
as  a  free-labor  or  slave-labor  state,  eighteen 
Northern  men  were  induced  to  vote  for  a  sort 
of  compromise,  by  which  the  striking  the  prohi- 
bition of  slavery  out  of  the  Missouri  Bill  was 
carried  by  ninety  to  eighty-seven.  John  Ran- 
dolph, who  denounced  the  compromise  as  a 
"dirty  bargain,"  also  denounced  these  eighteen 
Northern   representatives   as   " doughfaces " 

plastic  in  the  hands  of  expert  demagogues.  The 
epithet  was  at  once  adopted  into  the  political 
vocabulary  of  the  Republic, 'where  it  remains. 

Douglas,  STEPHEN  Ai;\oU). was  born  at  Bran 
dm i.  \  I.,  \pi  il  23,  1813 J   died  in  Chicago,  June  :'». 

1861.  He  learned  the  business  of  cabinet-mak- 
ing, studied  law.  became  an  auctioneer's  clerk 
in  Jackson >  ille,  III.,  and  taught  school  until  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar.  wlun  lie  soon  became  an  ac- 
tive politician.  Because  of  his  small  stature 
and  power  of  intellect  and  speech  he  was  called 

••The  Little  Giant."     He  was  Attorney-general 

of  Illinois  in  i*:;:.;  was  in  the  Legislature ;  was 

■  it    Stale    in    |s|ll  ;    judge    in 

l-ll  :  .i ml  was  in  Congress  la  1843  17.    lie  was 


■2  DOUGLASS 

a  vigorous  promoter  of  the  war  with  Mexico, 
and  w  as  United  States  Senator  from  1847  to  1861. 
He  advanced  and  supported  the  doctrine  of  pop- 
ular sovereignty  (which  sec)  in  relation  to  slav- 
ery in  the  territories,  and  was  the  author  of  the 


STKl'llEN    ARNOLD    DOIGLAS. 

Kansas-Nebraska  Hill  (which  see);  and  in  1856 
was  a  rival  candidate  of  Buchanan  for  the  nom- 
ination for  the  Presidency.  He  took  sides  in 
favor  of  freedom  in  Kansas,  and  so  became  in- 
volved in  controversy  with  President  Buchanan. 
He  was  the  candidate  of  the  Democratic  party 
in  1860  for  President  of  the  United  States,  but 
was  defeated  by  Abraham  Lincoln. 

Douglass,  Frederick,  was  born  near  Baston, 

M«l..  about  1S17.  He  is  a  mulatto,  the  son  of  a 
slave  mother,  lie  lived  in  Baltimore  after  he 
was  ten  years  of  age.  and  secretly  taught  him- 
self to  read  and  write.     Endowed  with  groat 


"':   '  ',-■  . 


mssRii  k  i"" 

natural  moral  ami  intellectual  ability,  be  fled 
from  slavery  at  the  age  of  twenty-one  years, 
and,  going  to  New  Bedford,  married,  and  sup- 
ported himself  by  day-labor  on  the  what  \  6S  Slid 
in  workshops.  In  I  — 11  he  spoke  at  an  anti- 
slaverv    convention    at   Nantucket,  and    s,„,ii    al 

iiTwarils  was  made  the  agent  of  the  I4assachn< 

sells   Anli  sla\el\    Society.       lie   lectured   c\ten- 

si\ei\    in   New    England,  and,  going  to  Greal 

Britain,  spoke  in    ncarh   all  the   large  towns  in 


DOWNFALL  OF  ANDR08 


403 


DEAINSV1LLB,  SKIRMISH  AT 


that  country  on  tbe  subject  of  slavery.  On  his 
return  to  the  United  States,  in  1-17.  he  began 
tbe  pnblicatiou,  at  Rochester,  N.  V..  of  Fredericl 
Douglass' »  Paper,  a  weekly  newspaper.  He  had 
published  his  autobiography.  In  1H70  he  he- 
oame  editor  of  tbe  National  Era  at  Washington 
city,  and  in  1-70  was  appointed  marshal  of  the 
District  of  Columbia 

Downfall  of  Andros.  When  news  came  to 
Huston  of  the  revolution  in  England,  Governor 
Andros  affected  to  disbelieve  it.  and  imprisoned 
those  who  bronghl  it.  With  the  people  the 
••  u  ish  was  father  to  the  thought,"  and  they 
ga\ e  credence  to  t  he  rnmor  and  arranged  a  pop- 
ular insurrecl  ion.  A  mob  gathered  in  the  streets 
of  Boston.  The  sheriff  who  attempted  to  dis- 
perse them  was  made  a  prisoner:  so  also  was 
the  commander  of  the  Frigate  Bom  as  he  landed 
from  his  boat.  The  militia  assembled  in  amis 
at  the  town-house  under  their  old  offict  «.  An 
dros  and  his  eonneil  withdrew  in  ahum  to  a 
fort  which  crowned  an  eminence  still  known  as 
Fort  Hill.  Simon  Bradstreet,a  former  governor, 
then  eighty-seven  years  of  age,  was  seen  in  the 
crowd  by  the  militia,  and  immediately  pro- 
claimed the  chief  magistrate  of  the  redeemed 

colony.  The  magistrates  and  other  citizens 
formed  themselves  into  a  eonneil  of  safety.     The 

ready  pen  of  Cotton  Mather  wrote  a  proclama- 
tion, and  Andros  was  summoned  to  surrender. 
A  barge  sent  from  the  /.'»«  to  take  off  tbe  gov- 
ernor and  his  council  was  intercepted  and  capt- 
ured. Andros  yielded,  and.  with  the  TOVal  ex- 
I'resident  Dudley,  Randolph,  and  his  other  chief 
partisans,  was  imprisoned  (April  18,  1689)  lu 
dros,  by  the  conniv  a  nee  of  a  sent  inel.  escaped  to 

Rhode  Island,  bnl  was  bronghl  back.  In  .July 
following  he  was  s.  nt   to  England. 

*M.) 

Draft  Riots  ill  New  York.  A  draft  or  con- 
scription of  men  for  the  National  army  had  been 
authorized  (April,  1862)  bj  Congress.  The  Pres- 
ident  refrained  from  resorting  to  this  extreme 
measure  as  long  as  possible,  but,  owing  to  the 
great  disconragemenl  to  volunteering  prodnoed 
hy  the  unpatriotic  Peace  faction  (w  bioli  see  |  and 
th<-  Knights  of  the  Golden  circle  (which  see),  he 
issued  a  proclamation  (Maj  B,  1863)  for  a  draft, 
to  begin  in  July,  and  oansed  the  appointment 
in  every  Congressional  district  of  an  enrolling 
board.  This  was  made  the  occasion  for  inaugu- 
rating ■  connter-revola$ioa  in  the  free-labor 
state--.  Organized  resistance  to  the  measure  in- 
stantly appeared.  The  leaders  of  (In-  peace  fac- 
tion denounced  the  law  and  all  acts  under  it  as 
despotic  ami  unconstitutional,  and  an  obscure 
lawyer  of  New  York   city,  named   McCunii,  who 

had  been  elected  a  judge,  so  decided.  He  was 
■Retained  bj  three  judges  of  the  Supreme  Conn 
of  Pennsylvania  —  Lowrie,  Woodward,  and 
Thompson  and.  supported  by  these  legal  deci- 
sions, the  politicians  antagonistic  to  tbe  admin- 
istration  opposed   the  draft    with   a   high   hand. 

The  public  mind  was  great!]  excited  by  the  ha- 
rangues of  public  speakers  and  the  utterance  of 

the   opposition    newspapers  when   the  draft    was 

ordered.     The  national  anniversary  (Jul)  4)  was 


made  the  special  occasion  for  these  utterances, 
and  distinguished  members  of  the  peace  faction 
exhorted  the  people  to  stand  firmly  in  opposi- 
tion to  what  they  called  the  "  usurpations  of  the 
government."  Sneers  were  uttered  on  that  day 
because  Vioksburg  had  not  been  taken,  and  the 
President  had  made  ••  a  midnight  cry  for  help" 
became  of  Lee's  invasion  iii  Maryland;  when  at 
that  very  moment  Vioksbnrg, with  thirty-seven 
thousand  prisoners,  was  in  possession  of  General 
Grant,  and  Lee  and  his  legions,  discomfited  at 
Gettysburg, were  preparing  to  dee  hack  to  Vir- 
ginia. A  leading  opposition  journal  in  New 
York  city  counselled  its  readers  to  provide  them- 
selves with  a  "good  rilled  musket,  a  few  pounds 
of  powder,  and  a  hundred  or  so  of  shot."  to  re- 
sist the  draft.  On  the  evening  of  .July  :!  an  in- 
cendiary baudbill, calculated  to  incite  to  insur- 
rection, was  scattered  broadcast  over  the  city; 
and  it  is  believed  that  an  organized  outbreak 
had  been  planned,  and  would  have  been  ex- 
ecuted, lint  tor  the  defeat  of  Lee  that  very  day 
at  Get  tysbnrg,  and  Graut's  success  at  Vicksburg. 
When,  on  Monday  (-July  13),  the  drai't  began  in 
New  York,  iii  a  building  on  Third  Avenue,  at 
Forty-sixth  Street,  a  large  crowd  (who  had  cut 
the  tolegraph-wiree  leading  out  of  the  citj  )  sud- 
denly appeared,  attacked  the  building,  drove 
out  the  clerks,  tore  up  the  papers,  pound  a  can 
of  kerosene  over  the  floor,  and  very  soon  that  and 
an  adjoining  building  were  in  flames.  The  lire- 
men  were  not  allowed  to  extinguish  them,  and  tbe 
police  who  came  were  overpowered,  and  the  su- 
perintendent (Kennedy)  was  severely  beaten  bj 
the  moh.  So  began  a  tumuli  in  which  thousands 
of  disorderly  persons,  chiefly  natives  of  Ireland, 
were  engaged  for  full  three  days  and  nights. 
The  disorders  broke  out  simultaneous!]  at  dif- 
ferent points,  evidently  having  a  central  head 
somewhere.  The  cry  against  the  draft  soon 
ceased,  and  those  of  "1  (own  with  the  abolition- 
ists!"  "Down  with  the  niggers!"  "Hurrah  for 
Jeff.  Davis!"  succeeded.  The  moh  compelled 
hundreds  of  citizens  driven  out  of  manufactur- 
ing establishments  whiofa  they  had  closed,  or  in 
the  Streets  to  join  them  ;  and.  under  the  inllii 
ence  of  strong  drink,  arson  and  plunder  hecainc 
the  business  of  the  rioters.     The  special  object* 

of  their  wrath  were  the  innocent  colored  people. 
They  laid  in  ashes  the  Colored  Orphan  As\  luin. 
and  the  tell  died  inmates,  who  lied  in  e\cl\  di- 
rection, were  punned  and  cruelly  lieateu.  Men 
and  women  were  beaten  to  death  in  the  streets, 
and  the  colored  people  in  the  city  were  hunted 
as  if  they  were  noxious  wild  beasts.  Finally, 
the  police,  aided  hy  the  military,  suppressed 
the  insurrection  in  the  city,  hut  not  until  one 
thousand  persons  had  Keen  killed  or  wounded, 
and  property  to  the  amount  of  $8,000,000  de- 
stroyed. Over  fifty  bnildings  had  been  destroyed 
by  the  mob,  and  a  large  number  of  stores  ami 

dwellings,  not  huriied,  were  sacked  and  plun- 
dered. This  riot  was  undoubtedly  an  irregular 
outbreak  of  a  vast  conspiwc]  against  the  lite  of 
the  Republic 

Drainsville,  SKTJUfUH  at.     The  loyal  people 

of  the  country  became  Impatient  because  Hie 
Arm)  of  the  Potomac,  full  two  hundred  thousand 


DBASE 


-li  i  j 


DRAKE 


strong,  at  near  Christmas,  1861,  was  seemingly 

kept  at  Kiv  by  sixty  thousand  Confederates — 
a  littli'  more  than  their  cumber  at  Manassas. 
Then  was  a  Beuse  of  relief  when,  on  Dec.  20,  Gen- 
eral E.  O.  C.  <  >rd  bad  a  sharp  skirmish  with  Con- 
federate cavalry  near  Drainsville,  led  by  Colonel 
.1.  K.  B.  Stuart.  Out  had  gone  out  to  capture  in- 
surgent foragers,  and  to  gather  forage  from  the 
farms  of  secessionists.  He  w  as  attacked  by  Sm- 
art, who  had  come  up  from  Centroville.  A  se- 
vere ligha^i-curred.  and  the  Confederates  were 
beaten  atrtVTlcd.  The  Nationals  lost  seven  killed 
and  sixteen  wounded  :  the  Confederates  lost 
forty-three  killed  and  one  hundred  and  forty- 
three  wounded.  The  Nationals  returned  to  camp 
with  sixteen  wagon-loads  of,  hay  and  twenty- 
two  of  coin. 

Drake,  Samuel  Gardiner,  was  horn  at  Pitts- 
field,  N.  EL,  Oct.  11,  17'.'-:  died  in  Boston,  Jnne 
14,  1875.  He  received  a  common-school  education, 
and  taught  in  a  district  school  for  several  years. 
Settling  in  Boston, he  there  established  the  first 
antiquarian  book-store  in  the  United  States,  in 
1828.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  New 
England    Historical   Genealogical    Society,   of 

which  he  was  at  one  time  president,  and  in  1847 
began  the  publication  of  the  New  England  Gene- 
alogical Register,  continuing  it  many  years  as  ed- 
itor and  publisher,  making  large  contributions 
of  biography  to  its  pages.  Mr.  Drake  resided  in 
London  about  two  years  (1858-60).  lie  pre- 
pared many  valuable  hooks  on  biographical  and 
historical  subjects.  His  Boot  of  I lie  Indians  is  a 
standard  work  on  Indian  history  and  biography. 
He  prepared  an  excellent  illustrated  History  of 
Boston,  and  his  illustrative  annotations  of  very 
old  American  hooks  and  pamphlets  are  of  ex- 
ceeding value. 

Drake,  Sn:  FRANCIS,  was  born  near  Tavistock, 
Devonshire,  England,  about   1642  :   died    near 

Puerto  Hello,  Dec  •_>?.  1595.  Becoming  a  seaman 
in  early  youth,  he  was  owner  and  master  of  a 
ship  at  the  age  of  eighteen  years.  After  making 
commercial  voyage-*  to  Guinea,  Africa,  he  sold 

her.  and  invested  the  proceeds  in  an  expedition 

to  Mexico,  nnder  Captain  Hawkins,  in  L567.    flu 

lli-et  was  nearly  destroyed  in  an  attack  by  the 
Spaniards  at  San  Juan  de  I'lloa  (near  Vera  Crux'), 
and  Drake  returned  to  England  stripped  of  all 
his  property.  The  Spanish  government  refused 
to  indemnify  him  for  his  losses,  and  he  sought 
revenge  ami  found  it.  Queen  Elizabeth  gave 
him  a  commission  in  the  royal  navy,  and  in  1572 
lie  sailed  from  Plymouth  with  two  ships  for  the 

avowed  purpose  of  plundering  the  Spaniards. 
He  did   so   successfully  on   the   coasts   of  South 

America,  ami   returned    in    1579   with   greater 

wealth  than  he  eVBT  possessed  before.  Drake 
Wai  welcomed  as  a  hero:  he  soon  won  the  title 
honorably  by  circumnavigating  the  globe.  He 
had  seen  from  a  mountain  at  Darieii  the  waters 
of   the    Pacific    Ocean,   and    resolved    to    explore 

them.  Under  the  patronage  of  the  qneen,  he 
sailed  from  Plymouth  in  December,  1677  ;  passed 

through  the  strait  of  Magellan  into  the  Paoiflc 
<  iiinn  :  pillaged  the  Spanish  settlements  on  the 
coasts  ,,|   IYiii  and  Chili,  and  a  Spanish  galleon 


laden  with  gold  and  silver  bullion;  and,  push- 
ing northward,  discovered  the  bay  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, took  possession  of  California  in  the  name 
of  his  queen,  and  named  the  country  New  Al- 
bion, or  New  England.  (See New England.)  Fear- 
ing encounters  with  the  Spaniards  on  his  return 
with  his  treasure-laden  vessels,  Drake  sought  a 
north-east  passage  to  England.  Met  by  severe 
cold,  he  turned  back,  crossed  the  Pacific  to  the 
Spice  Islands,  thence  over  tin-  Indian  Ocean, 
and.  doubling  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  reached 

England  in  November.  1580.  The  delighted 
queen  knighted  Drake,  who  afterwards  plun- 
dered Spanish  towns  on  the  Atlantic  coasts  of 
America:  and.  returning,  took  a  distressed  Eng- 
lish colony  from  Roanoke  Island  (see  Roanoke), 
and  carried  them  to  England.  In  command  of 
a  licet  of  thirty  vessels,  in  1587,  lie  destroyed 
one  hundred  Spanish  vessels  in  the  harbor  of 
Cadiz:  and  from  a  captured  vessel  in  tin-  East 
India  trade  the  English  learned  the  immense 
value  of  that  trade  and  how  to  carry  it  oif.  As 
vice-admiral.  Drake  materially  assisted  in  de- 
feating the  Spanish  Armada  in  1588  :  and  the 
next  year  he  ravaged  the  coasts  of  the  Spanish 
peninsula  After  various  other  exploits  of  a 
similar  kind,  he  accompanied  Hawkins  to  the 
West  Indies  in  1595.  Hawkins  died  at  Porto 
Rico,  and  Drake,  in  supreme  command,  gained 
victory  after  victory  over  the  Spaniards.  Late 
in  the  year  a  fatal  malady  destroyed  his  life, 
and  he  w  as  buried  at  sea. 

Drake,  SlR  FRANCIS,  in  CALIFORNIA.  After 
Drake  had  made  his  plundering  raid  along  the 
coasts  of  Spanish  South  America  in  1579,  he 
sailed  northward  as  high,  probably,  as  latitude 
hi  .  or  near  the  boundary  between  Oregon  and 
the  British  possessions.  He  possibly  went  far- 
ther north,  fbrlie  encountered  very  cold  weath- 
er in  June,  and  turned  back.  Drake  entered  a 
line  bay  and  landed  his  stores,  preparatory  to 
repairing  his  ship  :  and  he  remained  on  the  coast 
full  a  month,  hospitably  treated  by  the  natives. 
L«te  in  Jnue  he  was  visited  by  the  king  of  t  he 
country  and  his  official  attendants.  The  former 
was  dressed  in  rabbit-skins-  a  peculiar  mark  of 
distinction.  His  officers  were  clad  in  feathers, 
and  his  other  followers  wen  almost  naked. 
I  hake  received  them  cordially.  The  sceptre- 
bearer  and  another  officer  made  speeches,  after 
which  the  natives  indulged  in  a  wild  dance,  in 
which  the  women  joined.  Then  Drake  was 
asked  to  sit  (low  n.  w  hen  the  king  and  his  people 
desired  him  to  "become  tin-  king  and  governor 
of  the  country."  Then  the  king,  singing  with 
all  the  rest,  set  a  OTOWn  upon  Drake's  head,  and 
saluted  him  as  llioh,  or  sovereign.  Drake  ac- 
cepted the  honor  in  the  name  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth. He  took  formal  possession  of  the  coun- 
try, named  it  New  Albion  (sec  Xnr  England), 
and.  electing  a  wooden  post,  planed  upon  it  a 
copper  plate,  with  an  inscription,  on  which  was 
asserted  the  right  of  Queen  Elizabeth  and  her 
successors  to  the  kingdom,  with  the  time  of  his 
arrival  there,  and  a  statement  of  the  voluntary 
resignation  of  the  aonutrj  to  the  Bagliah  by  the 

king   and   people.      On    the   same  plate  were   en- 
(1   the   pui  (tail  and  aims  of  the  qneen  and 


DRAPER  4 

tli«'  navigator.  Then  he  Bailed  Bar  tbe  Molucca 
Mauds.  It  is  believed  that  sir  Francis  Drake 
entered  the  "Golden  Gate"  of  San   Francisco 

Bay,  and  that  near  its  shores  the  ceremony  of 
his  coronal  ion  took  place. 

Draper,  John  William,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  scien- 
tist, was  horn  at  St.  Helen's,  near  Liverpool, 
Eng.,  May  ">,  1811,  and  was  educated  in  scien- 
tific studies  at  the  University  of  London.  He 
came    to   America    iu    KV.\,  and    continued    his 


juiin  mm  «  i 

medical  and  chemical  studies  in  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  where  be  took  the  degree  of 
M.D.  He  became  1 1836  39)  professor  of  chem- 
istry, natural  philosophy,  and  physiology  in 
Hampden-Siduej  College, Virginia,  since  1838 
Dr.  Draper  has  been  connected,  as  professor, 
with  the  University  oftheCitj  of  New  fork, and 
aided  iu  establishing  the  University  Medical  Col- 
lage, of  which  he  was  appointed  (1841)  professo] 
of  chemistry-  In  I860  physiology  was  added  to 
the  chair  of  chemistry.  Since  that  year  he  has 
been  president  of  tin1  medical  faculty  of  the  in- 
stitution, and  in  1-71  he  was  also  president  of 
the  scientific  departmenl  of  the  university.  Dr. 
Draper  is  one  of  the  most  patient,  careful,  and 
acute  of  scientific  Investigators.  His  industry 
in  experimental  researches  is  marvellous,  and 
his  publications  on  scientific  Bubjects  are  vo- 
liiminoiis.  lie  has  contributed  much  to  other 
departments  of  learning.  His  HUtoryoftMe  In- 
tellectual Development  of  Europe  appeared  in  1862; 
his  Thought*  mi  the  Future  Civil  Policy  of  America, 
md  his  Historu  of  the  Amerioan  Civil  War, 
in  three  volumes,  appeared  between  1867  and 
1(870.    To  I  »r.  Draper  are  due  many  fundamental 

facts  COUCeruillg  tbe  phenomena  of  the  spec- 
trum of  light  and  heat.  Among  his  later  pro- 
ductions are  reports  of  experimental  examina- 
tions of  the  distribution  of  heat  and  of  chemical 
force  in  the  spectrum.  Dr. Draper's  researches 
materially  aided  in  perfecting  Dagnerre'a  great 
discovery.  In  1876  the  Rumford  gold  medal 
i  see  Count  Rum  ford)  was  he-towed  upon  Dr. 
Draper  by  the  American  Academy  of  Sciences 
for  his  researches  in  radiant  energy. 

Drayton,  (it  \ia.  i  i  t  .1 1  dob.  Tbe  first  charge 
to  the  grand  Jurj   at  Camden,  s.  c,  in  1774, 


5  DKAYTON 

by  Jndge  William  II.  Drayton,  is  conspicuous 
iu  American  history.  "In  order  to  stimulate 
yonr  exertions  in  favor  of  your  civil  liberties, 
which  protect  yonr  religious  rights,"  he  said, 
'•instead  of  discoursing  to  you  on  the  laws  of 
other  states  and  comparing  them  to  our  own, 
allow  me  to  tell  yon  what  yonr  civil  liberties  are, 
and  to  charge  yon,  w  hich  1  do  in  the  most  solemn 
manner,  to  hold  them  dearer  than  your  lives  a 
lesson  and  charge  at  all  times  proper  from  a 
jndge,  hut   particularly  so  at    this  crisis,  when 

America  is  in  one  general  and  grievous  commo- 
tion touching  this  truly  important  point."  The 
jndge  then  discoursed  on  the  origin  of  the  col- 
ony, the  nature  of  the  constitution,  and  their 
civil  rights  under  it,  and  concluded  by  saying 
that  some  might  think  his  oharge  inconsistent 
with  his  dutj  to  tin'  kiug  who  had  just  placed 
him  on  the  bench;  "hut,  for  my  part,"  he  said. 
'•  in  my  judicial  character  I  know  no  master  but 
the  law.  I  am  a  ser\ant.  not  to  the  king,  but 
to  the  constitution:  and.  in  my  estimation.! 
shall  best  discharge  my  duty  as  a  good  servant 
to  the  kinjj  and  a  trusty  officer  under  the  con- 
stitution when  I  boldly  dec  dare  the  laws  to  the 
people  and  instruct  them  in  their  civil  rights." 

This  charge, scattered  broadcast  by  the  puss. 
had  a  powerful  influence  in  the  colonies,  and. 
with  other  patriotic  acts,  cost  Jndge  Drayton 

his  office,  for  he  was  .soon  suspended. 

Drayton,  William  Hi  \i:y.  was  bom  in  South 
Carolina. September,  1742;  died  in  Philadelphia, 
Sept  :;,  ITT',),  lb-  was  educated  in  England, and 
on  his  return  he  became  a  political  writer.  In 
1771  he  was  appointed   pi  iv\ -councillor  for  the 


province  of  South  Carolina,  but  he  soon  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  patriots  and   protested  agoJllSt 

the  proceedings  of  his  oolleagnea.  In  1774  be 
addressed  a  pamphlet  to  the  Continental  Con- 
gress, in  which  he  stated  the  grievances  of  the 

Americans,  and  drew  up  a  hill  of  rights,  and 
substantially  marked  out  the  line  of  conduct 
adopted  by  the  Congress.  He  was  appointed  a 
judge  in   1771.  but   was  suspended  from  tl f- 

noe  when  he  became  a  member  of  the  Commit- 
tee  of  Safely   at    Charleston.       In    177.'.  be   was 

president  of  the  Provincial  Congress  of  South 

Carolina.      In    177ti  he   became   chief  just  ice   of 


DRED  SCOTT  CASE 


406 


DRUMMOM) 


the  state;  and  his  published  charge  to  a  grand 
jury  in  April, that  year, displayed  great  wisdom 
and  energy,  and  was  widely  Circulated  and  ad- 
mired. Mr.  Drayton  was  chosen  President,  or 
Governor,  of  South  Carolina  in  1777,  and  in 
1778-79  was  a  member  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress. He  wrote  a  history  of  the  Revolution  to 
the  end  of  the  year  1778,  which  was  published 
by  his  son  in  1821. 

Dred  Scott  Case,  The.  At  about  the  time 
that  Mr.  Buchanan  became  President-elect  of 
the  Bepnblic  a  ease  of  much  moment  was  ad- 
judicated by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 

States.       A  negro  named   Died   Seolt    had   been 

the  Blave  of  a  Uuited  states  army  officer  living 
in  Missouri.  He  was  taken  by  his  master  to  a 
military  post  in  Illinois,  to  which  the  latter  had 
been  ordered  in  the  year  1834.  There  Seott 
married  the  female  slave  of  another  officer, 
with  the  consent  of  their  respective  masters. 
They  had  two  children  born  in  that  free-labor 
territory.  The  mother  was  bought  by  the  mas- 
ter of  Scott,  and  pareuts  and  children  were  taken 
by  that  officer  back  to  Missouri  and  there  sold. 
Scott  sued  for  his  freedom  on  the  plea  of  his  in- 
voluntary residence  in  a  free-labor  territory  and 
state  for  several  years.  The  case  was  tried  in 
the  circuit  court  of  St.  Louis,  and  the  decision 
was  in  Scott's  favor.  The  Supremo  Court  of 
the  state  reversed  the  decision,  and  the  case 
was  carried  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States,  Chief-justice  Soger  1!. 'fancy  presiding. 
The  chief-justice  and  a  majority  of  the  court 
were  friends  of  the  slave  system,  and  their  de- 
cision, which,  for  prudential  reasons,  was  with- 
held until  after  the  Presidential  election  in  the 
fall  of  1856,  was  against  Scott.  The  chief-jus- 
tice declared  thai  any  person  •■whose  ancestors 
were  imported  into  this  country  and  held  as 
slaves"  hail  no  right  to  sue  in  a  court  in  the 
United  States;  iii  other  wonts,  he  denied  the 
right  of  citizenship  to  any  person  who  had  been 
a  slave  or  was  a  descendant  of  a  slave.  The 
chief-justice,  with  the  sanction  of  a  majority  of 
the  court,  further  declared  that  the  trainers  and 
Supporters  of  the  Declaration  of  American  Inde- 
pendence did  not  include  the  negro  race  in  our 
conn  try  in  tin- great  proclamation  that  "all  men 

are  created  equal  :'*  that  the  patriots  of  the  Rev- 
olution and  their  progenitors  " for  more  than  a 
century  before "  regarded  the  negro  race  as  so 
far  inferior  that  they  had  no  rights  which  the 
while  man  was  hound  to  respect,  and  that  they 
were  never  spoken  of  except  as  property.  He 
also  declared  that  the  trainers  of  the  National 
Constitution   held  the  same  views.      The   obief- 

justice  went  further  iii  his  extra-judicial  decla- 
rations, saying  that  the  Missouri  Compromise 
(which  sees,  and  all  other  BOtS  restricting  slav- 
ery,were  unconstitutional,  and  that  neither  Con- 
gress nor  local  legislatures  had  any  authoritv 
for  restricting  the  spread  over  the  whole  Union 
of  the  institution  of  slavery.     The  dominant 

part]  ass, lined  thai  the  decision  was  linal  thai 
Slavery  was  a  national  institution,  having  the 
right   to  exist  anywhere  in  the  I'liion,  and  thai 

lb.-  boaal  of  a  Georgia  politician  thai  he  should 
_\ct  "count  his  slaves  on  Banker's  Hill"  might 


be  legally  carried  out.  President  Buchanan, 
who  had  been  informed  of  this  decision  before 
its  promulgation,  foreshadowed  his  course  in  the 

matter  in  his  inaugural  address  (March  4.  1857), 
in  which  he  spoke  of  the  measure  as  one  which 
would  "speedily  and  finally''  settle  the  slavery 
question;  and  he  announced  his  determination 
to  cheerfully  submit  to  it.  The  decision,  or 
opinion,  was  promulgated  March  6,1857.  (See 
March  of  Public  Saitinicnt.) 

Drewry's  Bluff;  COMMODORE  RODOERS  AT. 
When  Huger  lied  from  Norfolk  (see  Norfolk, 
Capture  of)  the  Confederate  flotilla  went  up  the 
James  River,  pursued  by  National  gunboats  un- 
der Commodore  Rodgers,  whose  (lag -ship  was 
i he  Qalena,  the  round-top  of  which  was  iron- 
clad, so  as  to  make  it  a  safe  lookout.     The  pur- 


suers met  with  no  obstructions  until  they  ap- 
proached Drewry's  Bluff,  a  bank  on  the  right 
side  of  the  James,  nearly  two  hundred  feet  in 
height,  about  eight  miles  below  Richmond.  Re- 
low  t  his.  point  were  two  rows  of  obstructions  in 
the  river,  formed  by  spiles  and  sunken  vessels. 
and  the  shores  were  lined  with  rifle-pits  Idled 
wiih  sharpshooters.  The  Galena  anchored  with- 
in six  hundred  yards  of  the  battery,  and  opened 
lire  upon  it  on  the  morning  of  May  15.  A  sharp 
light  was  kept  up  until  after  eleven  o'clock, 
when  the  ammunition  of  the  Galena  was  nearly 

expended,  and  the  flotilla  withdrew.     Rodgers 

lost  ill  the  attack  twenty-seven  men  and  a 
100-pound  rilled  cannon,  which  burst  on  board 
the    gunboat      Xaiifiatttcl;.    disabling     her.       The 

Confederate  loss  in  the  battery  was  ten.  Rod- 
gers fell  back  to  City  Point. 

Drummond,  Sn;  OkORQR  GORDON,  was  born 
in  Quebec  in  1771 :  died  in  London,  Oct.  10, 1854. 
He  entered  the  British  army  in  1789;  served  in 
Holland  and  Egypt;  and  in  1811  was  made  lieu- 
lenanl-general.  In  1813  he  was  second  in  com- 
ma i  id  to  sir  George  Provost;  planned  the  capt- 
ure of  Fori  Niagara  in  December  of  thai  jrear; 
took  the  villages  of  Black  Rock  and  Buffalo; 
captured  Oswego  in  May,  1814;  and  was  in  chief 
command  of  the  British  forces  at  the  battle  of 

Lnndy's  LailS  (which  seel  in  July.      In  August 

be  was  repulsed  al  Port  Brie,  with  beavj  loss, 

and  WO*  Several)   wounded.       He  succeeded  Pre- 

\osi  in  l-ii.  and  returned  to  England  iu  l~lti. 


DUANE  4i 

The  next  year  he  received  the  grand  cross  of 
the  Bath. 

Duane,  Jambs,  w.as  born  in  New  York  city, 
Feb.  6, 1733;  died  at  Duanesbnrg,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  1, 
1797.  He  inherited  a  large  estate  at  the  site  of 
Duanesbnrg,  which  he  begau  to  settle  in  1705. 

In  1789  he  married  a  daughter  of  Cob 1  Robert 

Livingston.  He  beeanie  an  active  patriot  in  the 
Revolution;  was  a  member  of  the  First  Conti- 
nental Congress  (1774) ;  also  iu  Congress  from 
17-n  to  1783:  was  in  the  Provincial  Convention 
of  New  York  in  177<i  77:  and  was  on  the  com- 
mittee to  draft  the  first  constitution  of  that 
state.      He   ret  in  ned   to   New   Yolk   city  in   17-:!. 

after  the  evacuation, and  was  the  Aral  mayor  of 
that  city  alter  the  Revolution.  In  1783  -l  lie 
was  a  member  of  (hi-  Council  and  Slate  Sena- 
tor, and  in  17^-S  was  a  member  of  tin-  conven- 
tion of  New  York  that  adopted  the  National 
Constitution.  From  1780  to  1794  Mr.  Doane 
was  United  States  District  Judge. 

Duane's  Proposition.  Late  in  May,  1775, 
.lames  I  Inane,  a  delegate  from  New  York  in  the 

Continental  Congress,  moved,  in  Committee  of 
the  Whole,  the  •'  opening  of  negotiations  in  or- 
der to  accommodate  the  nnhappy  disputes  sub- 
sisting between  Greaf  Britain  and  the  colonies, 

and  that  lliis  he  made  a  pari  of  the  [second] 
petition  to  tin-  king"  prepared  by  John  Jay.  It 
was  a  dangerous  proposal  at  that  time,  as  it 

was  Calculated  to  cool  the  Srdot  of  ieM>tance 
which   then   animated   the   people.      Dnane   was 

a  stanch  patriot,  hut  was  anxious  for  peace,  if  it 

could  he  procured  With  honor  and  for  I  he  good 

id'  his  country. 

Duche,  Jacob,  D.D.,  was  born  in  Philadel- 
phia in  1739;  died  there. .I;,,,.:!.  1798.  Educated 
at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  he  became 
an  eloquent  Episcopalian.  A  descendant  of  a 
Huguenot, he  naturally  loved  freedom.     As>i>t- 


JU'.ill   in  eiir. 

ant  minister  of  Christ  Church,  Philadelphia,  he 
was  invited  by  the  Continental  Congress  "I  1"  1 
to  open  their  proceedings  with  prayer,  and  re- 
ceived their  public  thanks.  In  1775  he  became 
lector  of  Christ  Church,  and  espoused  the  pa- 
triot cause.  Of  a  timid  nature,  Duche.  when  the 
British  took  possession  of  Philadelphia  (1777), 


,  DUER 

alarmed  hy  the  gloomy  outlook,  forsook  the 
Americans,  and,  in  a  letter  to  Washington^  urged 
him  to  do  likewise.  This  letter  was  transmit- 
ted to  Congress,  and  Duche  lied  to  England, 
where  he  became  a  popular  preacher.  His  es- 
tate was  confiscated,  and  he  was  banished  as  a 
traitor.  In  171MI  Dm-ln-  returned  to  Philadel- 
phia, an<l  his  sins  were  forgiven  him. 

Ducking-stool.  The  English  colonies  in 
America  continued  for  a  lone/  time  the  manners 
and  customs  of  their  native  land:  among  others, 
that  of  the  use  of  the  ducking-stool  for  the  pun- 
ishment of  inveterate  scolding  women.  Bishop 
Meade,  in  Old  Ckurohe$,  Ministers,  and  Families  in 
Virginia,  says,  ••  If  a  woman  was  convicted  of 
slander,  her  hiisliand  was  made  to  pay  five  hun- 
dred-weight of  tobacco;"  but  the  law  proving 
insufficient,  the  penalty  was  changed  to  duok- 
iug.      Placet  for  ducking  were  prepared  at  court- 

1 SOS.      An  instance  is  mentioned  of  a  woman 

w  ho  was  ordered  to  lie  ducked  three  times  from 

a  vessel  lying  in  the  .lames  River.    The  woman 

was  tied  to  a  chair  at  the  longer  end  of  a  lever, 
controlled    at    the   shorter   end    by   men    with   ■ 

rope.  The  stool  being  planted  firmly, the  wom- 
an was  raised  on  the  lever,  and  then  lowered  so 
as  to  he  plunged  under  the  water. 

Dudley,  Joseph, Governor  of  Massachusetts, 
was  horn  at  Roxbnry,  July  S3, 1647;  died  there, 
April  9,1790.  Graduated  al  Harvard  in  1665, 
He  prepared  for  the  ministry,  hut.  preferring 
politics,  he  became  a  representative  iii  die  Gen- 
eral Court  ami  a  magistrate.  From  lti77  to 
1681  hi'  was  one  of  the  commissioners  for  the 
united  colonies  of  New  England.  He  was  in 
the  battle  with  the  Nan  a-ansets  in  1675,  and 
was  one  of  the  commissioners  who  dictated  the 
terms  of  a  treaty  with  that  tribe  In  Septem- 
ber, 1686,  King  .lames  commissioned  him  Presi- 
dent of  New  England,  aud  in  1687  lie  was  made 
chief-  justice   of  the    Supreme   Court.       Dudley 

was  sent  to  England  with  Andres  in  1689,  and 
the  next  year  was  made  chief-justice  <'t  New 
York.  He  went  to  England  in  1693,  and  was 
deputy-governor  of  the  Isle  of  Wight  He  en- 
tered Parliament  in  1701, and  from  1702  to  1715 
he  was  captain-general  and  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts. Then  he  retired  to  his  quiet  home  at 
Roxbnry. 

Dudley,  Thou  vs.  <io\  ernor  of  Massachusetts 
in  1634,  and  also  in  1640,  1645,  and  1650.  II. 
was  hoi n  in  Northampton,  England,  in  1576; 
died  at  Roxbnry, Mass., Jul;  31,1653.  He  was 
an  officer  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  serving  in  Hol- 
land :  and  afterwards  he  became  a  Puritan,  and 
retrieved  the  fortunes  of  the  Earl  of  Lincoln  h\ 
a  faithful  care  of  his  estate  as  his  stew  aril.      He 

came  to  Boston  in   1630,  as  depnty  -  governor, 

with  his  son-in-law,  Simon  llradstreet,  and  held 
the  office  ten  years.  He  was  appointed  majol- 
general  of  the  colony  in  Hill. 

Dudley's  Defeat.  ( See  I'urt  Meigs  and  id 
Define*) 

Doer,  William,  was  horn  in  England, March 
1-.  17  17  :  died  May  7.  1799.  In  17(17  he  was  aid 
to  Lord  Cine  in  India,      lie  came  to  America, 


DUG  SPRINGS,  BATTLE  AT  4( 

and  in  176^  he  purchased  a  tract  of  land  in 
Washington  County,  N.  Y.;  became  colonel  of 
the  militia,  judge  of  the  county  court,  member 
of  the  New  fork  Provincial  Congress,  and  of 
the  Committee  <>i'  Safety.  He  was  oue  of  the 
committee  that  drafted  the  first  constitution 
Of  the  State,  of  New  York  (1777).  and  was  a 
delegate  in  Congress  in  1777-78;  and  lie  was 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  Board  until  the  reor- 
ganization of  the  finance  department  under  the 
National  Constitution,  lie  was  Assistant  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury  under  Hamilton  until 
1790.  Colonel  Doer  married  (1779)  Catharine, 
daughter  of  Lord  Stirling. 

Dug  Springs,  Batii.i:  at  ("1861).  General 
Lyon  was  eighty  miles  from  Spriugfield  when 
he  heard  of  the  perils  of  Sigel  after  the  right  at 
Carthage  (which  see),  lie  poshed  on  to  the 
relief  of  the  latter,  and  on  July  13  he  and  Sigel 
joined  their  forces,  when  the  general  took  the 
chief  command.  The  combined  armies  num- 
bered, at  that  time,  about  six  thousand  men. 
horse  and  foot,  with  eighteen  pieces  of  artillery. 
There  Lyon  remained  in  a  defensive  attitude 
for  some  time,  waiting  for  reinforcements  which 
had  been  called  for,  hut  which  did  not  come. 
The  Confederates  had  been  hugely  reinforced  ; 
and  at  the  (lose  of  July  Lyon  was  informed 
that  they  were  marching  upon  Springfield  in 
two  columns — twenty  thousand  —under  the  re- 
spective commauds  of  Generals  Price.  McCul- 
loch  (of  Texas),  l'earce,  McBride,  and  Rains. 
Lyon  went  out  to  meet  them  with  ahotit  six 
thousand  men,  foot  and  horse,  and  eighteen  can- 
nons. lea\  ing  a  small  force  to  guard  Springfield. 
At  Dug  Spriilgs,  nineteen  miles  southwest  of 
Springfield,  in  a  broken,  oblong  valley,  they  en- 
countered a  large  Confederate  force  under  Gen- 
eral Kains.  While  the  National  vanguard  of 
infantry  and  cavalry,  under  Steele  and  Stanley, 
were  leading,  they  were  unexpectedly  attacked 
by  Confederate  infantry  who  suddenly  emerged 
from  the  woods.  A  sudden  charge  of  twenty- 
live  of  Stanley's  horsemen  scattered  the  Confed- 
erates in  every  direction.  The  charge  was  fear- 
ful, and  the  slaughter  was  dreadful.  "  Are  t hese 
men  or  devils,  they  fight  sot"  asked  some  of  the 
wounded.      Confederate  cavalry   now   appeared 

emerging  from  the  w Is,  when  some  ol   Lyon's 

CBU DOns,  managed  by  Captain  Totlen.  threw 
shells  that  frightened  the  horses,  and  the  Con- 
federates were  scattered.  They  (hen  withdrew, 
leaving  the  valley  in  possession  of  the  Nation- 
als. Lyon's  loss  was  eighl  men  killed  ami  thir- 
ty wounded:  that  of  h'ains  was  about  fortj 
killed  and  as  many  wounded. 

Duke  of  York's  Patent.  This  grant,  given 
b\  King  Charles  II.  to  his  brother  .lame-,  in- 
cluded all  the  country  between  the  Hudson  and 
Connecticut  rivers,  which  was  also  covered  by 
i  In-  el i. ii  lei  of  (  oiniecticut,  and  in  many  places, 
especially  mar  the  Sound,  was  settled  by  the 
English  Puritans.  This  grant  produced  alarm, 
and  commissioners  were  appointed  on  both  sub-. 
to  consider  the  matter.    (Sea  Date*!  (  tartar.) 

Duke'B  Charter,  Tint.  On  the  18th  of  March. 
King  Charles  11.  granted  to  bis 


1  DUKE'S  LAWS,  THE 

brother  James,  Duke  <  f  York  and  Albany,  under 
B  patent  bearing  the  royal  seal,  a  territory  in 
America  which  included  all  the  lands  and  rivers 
from  the  west  side  of  The  Connect  ietlt  River  to 
the  east  side  of  the  Delaware  River.  Its  inland 
boundary  was  a  line  from  the  head  of  the  Con- 
necticut River  to  the  source  of  the  Hudson, 
thence  to  the  head  of  the  Mohawk  branch  of  the 
Hudson,  and  thence  to  the  east  of  Delaware  Bay. 
It  also  embraced  Long  Island  and  the  adjacent 
islands,  including  Martha's  Vineyard  and  Nan- 
tucket: also  the  ••  territory  of  Pemaquid,"  in 
Maine.  This  granted  territory  embraced  all  of 
New  Netberlaud  and  a  part  of  Connecticut, 
which  had  been  affirmed  to  other  Euglish  pro- 
prietora  by  the  charter  of  1662.  (See  llinilnop.) 
The  duke  ;then  Lord  High  Admiral  of  England) 
detached  four  ships  from  the  royal  navy,  bear- 
ing four  hundred  and  fifty  regular  troops,  fox 
the  service  of  taking  possession  of  his  domain. 
Colonel  Richard  Nicolla  commanded  the  expe- 
dition. Stnyvesant  was  compelled  to  surren- 
der (see  Stuyvaant),  and  the  name  of  the  terri- 
tory was  changed  to  New  York.  Very  soon  com- 
missioners appointed  by  the  governments  of 
New  York  and  Connecticut  to  confer  about  the 
boundary  between  the  two  colonies  agreed, 
lor  the  sake  of  peace  and  good-fellowship,  that 
the  territory  of  New-  York  should  not  extend 
farther  eastward  than  along  a  line  twenty  miles 
from  the  Hudson  River,  and  that  remains  the 
boundary  to  this  day.  In  107:5  the  Dutch  (part- 
ly through  treachery,  it  is  believed)  agaiu  be- 
came possessors  of  New  York,  but  the  following 
year  it  was  returned  to  England  by  treaty.  It 
was  decided  that  these  political  changes  had 
cancelled  the  Duke  of  York's  title  lo  the  do- 
main, and  a  new  one,  with  boundaries  defined  as 
in  the  first  grant,  was  issued  (June  •->".»,  167  I  ),  but 
the  line  agreed  upon  —  twenty  miles  eastward 
of  the  Hudson  —  was  fixed  upon  as  the  eastern 
limit  of  the  Province  of  New  York. 

Duke's  County.  In  the  grant  of  New  Neth- 
erlaud  by  Charles  II.  to  his  brother  James,  Duke 
of  York  (1664),  Long  Island,  Nautueket,  Martha's 
Vineyard,  and  the  Elizabeth  Islands  (see  ffot- 

Hold)  were  included,  they  having  been  pur- 
chased of  Henry,  grandson  of  William.  Earl  of 
Stirling,  and  previously  assigned  to  the  duke. 
In  1683,  when  tin-  Province  of  New  York  was 
parcelled    into    counties,   these    islands    oil'   the 

coast  of  Massachusetts  wen-  constituted  a  shire 

by  the  name  of  Duke's  County.  Bj  I  he  authori- 
ty n\'  William  and  Mary  this  county  was  taken 
from  New    fork  and  annexed  to  Massachusetts. 

Duke's  Laws,  Tin:.     In  1666, a  meeting  was 

held    at    Hempstead.   L.  1.  I   Feb.  88    .   at    which 

thirty-four  delegates  assembled  two  represent- 
atives of  each  of  tin-  English  and  Dm  eh  towns 
on  Long  Island  and  two  in  Westchester.    Some 

of  them  had  been   members  of  Stu\  m-smiu's  last 

General  Assembl]  of  New  Motherland  the  pre- 
vious yeai  x  tin  rhuiil.)  Tbe  meet- 
ill;;  had  been  called  b\  Governor  Nico!  Is  to  -set- 
tle good  ami  know  n  laws'"  in  then  government 
for  the   future  and   receive  their   "best    advice 

ami  Information."     1  in-  governor  laid  before  the 


DUNLAP 


409       DL'NMORES  CALL,  RESPONSE  TO 


falegatee  a  body  of  general  laVs,  which  had  been  |  receiver-general  of  t  1k^  province.  They  met 
chiefly  compiled  from  statutes  then  in  force  in  aizteeu  miles  from  Williamsburg,  where  the 
New  England, with  more  toleration  in  matters   matter  was  compromised  by  tin-  reoeiver-geu- 


»f  religion.     The  delegates  were  not   satisfied 

with  many  of  them,  and  several  amendments 
were  made;  lint  when  they  asked  to  lie  al- 
lowed to  choose  their  own  magistrates, the  k°v- 
ernor  exhibited  instructions  from  the  Duke  of 
York,  his  master,  «  herein  the  choice  of  ■•  officers 

of  justice  was  solely  to  he  made  hy  the  gov- 
ernor;-' anil  he  told  them  decidedly  that  it  tiny 

would  have  a  greater  share  in  the  government 

than  he  could  give  them,  they  must  go  to  the 
king  for  it.  The  delegates  found  that  they 
were  not  popular  representatives  to  make  laws, 
inn  were  mere  agents  to  accept  those  already 
prepared  for  them.  They  had  merely  ex- 
changed the  despot  ism  of  Stnvvcsanl  for  Ellg- 
1  is.li  despotism.  (See  Stuytmant.)  The  New 
York  code  adopted  by  that  meetiug  was  ar- 
ranged in  alphabetical  order  of  subjects  and 
published,  and  is  generally  known  as  the  Duke's 
Laws. 


era! paying  the  lull  value  of  the  pi 


Henry 


sent   the  money  to  the  public   treasury  and  re- 
turned home. 

Dunniore  captures  a  Printing-office.     John 


Dunlap,  William,  was  a  painter,  dramatist, 

theatrical    manager,  and    historian,      lie   was 

horn  at  Perth  .\mi...\.N.  J.,  Feb.  19,1766;  died  Holt,  a  Whig,  published  a  newspaper  at  Norfolk, 

in  New   York  city,  Sept.  28,  i-.'.'.t.     His  father,  Ya..at  the  time  when  British  vessels,  with  Gov- 

being  a  loyalist,  went  to  New  York  city  in  1777,  eruor   Dunmore,   appealed    before   that    town, 

where  William  began  to  paint.    He  made  a  por-  Dunmore.  offeuded  with  Holt  lor  ••  favoriug  se- 

1 1  ait  of  Washington  al  Rooky  Hill,  N.  J.,  in  17-:'..  dition  and  re  he  11  ion,"  sent  a  small  armed  party 

The  next  year  he  went  to  England  and  received  ashore  to  seise  the  priutiug-office.     They  nut 

instructions  from   Benjamin  West,      lie  became  with  no  resistance. and  the  pi  ess  and  ot  her  print - 

an  actor  for  a  short  time,  and  in  IT'.Iti  was  one  of  ing  materials  were  carried  on  hoard  the  man-of- 

t  he  managers  of  the  John  st  net  Theatre,  New  war  Fowey,  with  two  pi  inters,  and  there  used  in 

York,   lie  look  the  Park  Theatre  in  1798.    Prom  publishing  a  gazette  that  favored  the  royal  side. 

1-11  to  1816   he    was  pay, naster^eneral   of  the  Dunmore  ,.,„,,„  Mm„lx  ,  , .-,  „  1:lll   EABL  ut. 

Governor  of  Virginia   <  1 TT I  76),  was   horn   in 


New    York  Slati-  militia.      He   began  a  scries  of 

paintings  in  1816.  In  1833  he  published  a  lli«- 
Urry  of  the  Amerioan  Theatrea,  ami  in  1934  ■<  lh- 
tnni  of  the  .Iris  of  Design.  His  History  of  New 
X< tin rlmid  mill  tin'  State  of  New  Tori  was  pub- 
lished   in    1840.      Mr.  Dunlap    was   f  the 

(bunders  of  ih«  National  academy  of  Design. 

Dunmore  and  Patrick  Henry.  The  hold 
movements  in  the  Virginia  Convention  (March, 
177.".)  excited   tl (Metal   wrath  of  Governor 

Dunmore,  who  stormed  in  proclamations;  and 
to  frighten  the  Virginians  (or,  probably,  with 

a  in mischievous  intent),  he  caused  a  rumor 

to  he  circulated  that    he   intended   to  excite   an 

insurrection  among  the  slaves       finally,  late 

in  April,  he  caused  marines  to  come  secret U 
at  nigbl  from  the  I'mnii,  a  sloop-of-war  in  the 
York  River, aud  oarrj  to  her  the  powder  in  the 

old  magazine  at  Williamsburg.    The vement 

was  discovered.  The  minute-men  assembled  at 
dawn,  and  were  with  difficulty  restrained  from 
seizing  the  governor.  The  assembled  people 
leni    i   respectful    remonstrance   to   Dunniore. 

complaining    of  the    act    as    specially   cruel    al 

that  time,  when  a  servile  insurrection  was  ap- 
prehended. The  governor  replied  evasively, and 

the  people  demanded  the  return  of  I  he  powder. 
When  Patrick  Henry  heard  of  the  ail.  he  gath- 
ered a  corps  of  volunteers  and  marched  ton  aids 
tin-  capital.  The  frightened  governor  sen!  a 
deputation  to  meet  him.     One  of  them  was  the 


1732;  did  at   Ramsgate,  Eng.,  May,  1809.     He 

was  a   Scotch  nobleman,  descended   in  the  femi- 
nine,  line   from    the   house  of  Stuart.       lie   was 

made  governor  of 
New  York  iii  Janu- 
ary. 1770.  and  of  Vir- 
ginia July,  1771,  ar- 
riving there  e.ll  Iv  ill 

177.'.  When  the  Vir- 
ginia Assembly  ree- 
oinmciiiled  a  com- 
mittee of  correspond- 
ence (March.  (773), 
he  immediate]]  dis- 
solved them  ;  and 
hat  time  until 
he  lied  for  safely  on 
hoard  a  ship-of-war 
in    the   York    River 

(June  ('..  177.".^.  he  was  in  continual  collision 
with  the  people,  lie  set  tire  to  and  destroyed 
Norfolk.  Ya.. on  the  1st  of  Jaunary,  1776, having 
been  defeated  in  a  battle  at  the  (ireat  Bridge 
<  Dee.  'J.  I77.'i)  ten  days  before.  In  an  engage- 
ment ill  Hie  Chesapeake  (July  8)  he  was  wound- 
ed, and  soon  afterw aids  returned  to  England. 
Iii  1786  Duumore  was  made  governor  "i  Bei 
miida. 

Dunmore's   Call,  Rbbponsi   m.     (See   /'»» 
mare's  War.)     When  Governor  Dunmore  tailed 


DUNMORE'S  CONSPIRACY  4 

for  tlie  militia  of  the  southwest  to  fight  the 
Ohio  Indians,  the  settlers  in  the  region  of  the 
Greenbrier,  New  River,  ami  Holston  respond- 
ed cheerfully.  The  Repnblicaua  of  Watauga 
(which  see),  led  by  Evan  Shelby,  about  titty  iu 
number,  with  Janus  Robertson  and  Valentine 
Sevier  as  subalterns,  left  home  in  Augnsl  and 
joined  the  camp  of  the  Virginians  on  l  hi'  Great 
Levels  of  the  Greenbrier,  at  (present)  Lewis- 
burg.  Then  these  militiamen  traversed  the 
pathless  mountains  with  their  pack-horses  and 
droves  of  cattle,  and  reached  the  mouth  of  the 
Kanawha  ou  Oct.  o\    (See  Point  Pleasant  Halite.) 

Dunmore's  Conspiracy.  John  Murray,  Earl 
of  Dunmore.  succeeded  Lord  Botetourt  as  gov- 
ernor of  Virginia  iu  1771,  but  did  not  arrive 
there  from  his  governorship  of  New  York  until 
the  summer  of  177-2.  lie  acted  independently  of 
the  people,  and  soon  there  was  a  quarrel  be- 
tween them.  In  1775,  finding  the  people  of  his 
colony  committed  to  the  cause  of  freedom,  be 
engaged  in  a  conspiracy  to  bring  the  Indians  in 
hostile  array  against  the  Virginia  frontier.  He 
employed  Dr.  John  Connelly,  whom  he  had  com- 
missioned in  1774  to  lead  in  a  movement  for  sus- 
taining the  claims  of  Virginia  to  the  whole  dis- 
trict of  Pennsylvania  west  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains.  He  was  a  native  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  lived  at  Pittsburgh;  and  it  is  believed  that 
he  suggested  to  Dunmore  the  plan  of  combining 
the  western  Indians  against  the  colonists,  lie 
visited  General  Gage  at  Boston  early  in  the  au- 
tumn of  1775.  ami  immediately  after  his  return 
to  Williamsburg  he  left  Dunmore  and  departed 
for  the  Ohio  country,  with  two  companions. 
They  were  stopped  near  Hagerstown  as  suspi- 
cious persons,  sent  back  to  Frederick,  and  there 
an  examination  of  Connelly's  papers  revealed 
the  whole  nefarious  plot.  He  bore  Dunmore's 
commission  of  colonel,  and  was  directed  t«  raise 
a  regiment   in  the  western  country  and  Canada, 

the  rendezvous  to  be  at  Detroit,  where  hostili- 
ties against  the  white  people  might  lie  more 
easily  fomented  among  the  Indians.  Thence  he 
was  to  march  iu  the  spring, enter  Virginia  with 
a  motley  force,  and  meet  Dunmore  at  Alexan- 
dria, on  the  Potomac,  who  would  be  there  with 
a  military  and  naval  force.  The  arrest  of  Con- 
nelly frustrated  the  design.  He  was  (tut  in  jail 
and  his  papers  were  sent  to  the  Continental 
CougreSB.  He  was  kept  a  prisoner  until  about 
the  end  of  the.  war. 

Dunmore's  War.  A  war  w  ith  Ohio  Indians 
in  1774  by  Governor  Dunmore,  of  Virginia,  was 
so  called.  The  cold-blooded  mnrderofthe  fara- 
1 1  >  of  Logan,  an  eminent  Mingo  chief,  and  other 
atrocities,  had  caused  fearful  retaliation  on  the 
part  of  the  barbarians.  While  Penusylvaniaus 
and  tin'  agents  of  the  Six  Nations  wete  making 
efforts  for  pence, Go \  ernor  Dunmore,  bent  on  war, 
called  for  volunteers,  and  four  hundred  of  these 
were  gathered  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio,  a  little 
below   Wheeling.      This   force  marched   against 

and  destroyed  (Aug. 7,  177 1 1  a  Shaw  noese  town 

on  the'  MuskingltlU.  Thej  were  followed  by 
Dunmore.  w  ith  one  thousand  live  hundred  Nu 

ginians,  who  pressed  forward  agaiust  an  Indian 


0  DUNMORE'S  WAR 

village  on  the  Scioto,  while  Colonel  Andrew 
Lewis,  with  one  thousand  two  hundred  men,  en- 
countered a  force  of  Indians  at  Point  Pleasant, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Kanawha  River  (Oct. 
10),  where  a  bloody  battle  ensued.  The  Indians 
were  led  by  Logan,  Cornstalk,  and  other  braves, 
'fhe  Virginians  were  victorious,  but  lost  seventy 
men  killed  and  wounded.  Dnimiore  was  charged 
with  inciting  the  Indian  war  and  arranging  the 
campaign  so  as  to  carry  out  his  political  plans. 
It  was  charged  that  he  arranged  the  expedition 
so  as  to  have  the  force  under  Lewis  annihilated 
by  the  barbarians,  and  thereby  weaken  the  phys- 
ical strength  and  break  down  the  spirits  of  the 
Virginians,  for  they  were  defying  royal  power. 
His  efforts  afterwards  to  incite  a  servile  insur- 
rection in  Virginia  for  the  same  purpose  skow 
that  he  was  capable  of  exercising  almost  any 
means  to  accomplish  his  ends.  The  Indians  in 
the  Ohio  country,  alarmed  at  the  approach,  of 
Dunmore,  had  hastened  to  make  peace.  Logan 
let  used  to  attend  the  conference  for  the  purpose, 
but  sent  a  speech  which  became  (anions  in  his- 
3ee  Logan's  Speech.)  Dtiumore's  officers 
in  that  expedition,  having  heard  of  the  move- 
ments in  New  England,  and  of  the  Continental 
Congress,  held  a  meeting  at  Port  Gower  (month 
of  the  Hock  hocking  River),  and  after  compli- 
menting the  governor  and  declaring  their  alle- 
giance to  the  king,  resolved  to  maintain  the 
rights  of  the  colonists  by  every  means  iu  their 
power. 

Dunmore's  War  on  the  Virginians.  In  No- 
vember, 177.">.  Lord  Dunmore  proceeded  in  the 
war-ship  I'oinii  to  Norfolk,  w  here  he  proclaimed 
freedom  to  all  slaves  who  should  join  tin"  royal 
standard,  which  be  had  unfurled,  ami  take  up 
arms  agaiust  the  '•rebels."  He  declared  martial 
law  throughout  Virginia,  and  made  Norfolk  the 
rendezvous  for  a  British  tlect.  Me  sent  maraud- 
ing parties  on  the  shores  of  I  In-  Elizabeth  and 
James  rivers  to  distress  the  Whig  inhabitants. 
Being  repelled  with  spirit,  he  resolved  to  strike 
a  severe  blow  that  should  produce  terror.  He 
began  to  lay  waste  the  country  around.  The 
people  were  aroused  and  the  militia  were  rapid- 
ly gathering  for  the  defence  of  the  people,  when 

Dunmore,  becoming  alarmed,  constructed  bat- 
teries at  Norfolk, armed  the  Toriesand  negroes, 

ami  fortified  a  passage  over  the  Elizabeth  River, 
known  as  the  (ileal  Bridge,  a  point  where  he 
expected  the  militiamen  to  march  to  attack 
him.  Being  repulsed  in  a  battle  then 
177.>).  Dunmore  abandoned  his  intrctiehnients  at 
Norfolk  and  repaired  to  his  ships,  when,  men- 
aced by  famine  for  (he  people  would  not  fur- 
nish supplies  — and  annoyed  by  shots  from  some 

of  the  houses,  he  can  nomiilcd  I  be  town  (Jan.  1, 
177lil  and  sent  sailors  and  marines  ashore  U>  set 
it  on  lire.  The  greater  portion  of  the  compact 
part  of  I  he  oitj  w  as  burned  n  bile  the  cannonade 
was  kepi  up.  After  committing  other  depreda- 
tions on  i  he  Virginia  coast,  he  landed  on  Gwj  u's 
Island,  iu  Chesapeake  Bay,  with  live  hundred 
men.  black  and  white,  oast  up  some  Intrench- 

ineiils.  and  lniill  a  stockade  foil.  Virginia  mili- 
tia, under  General  Andrew    Lew  is,  at  lacked  and 

drove  him  from  the  island.    Buruiug  aevi  ral  of 


DUPONCEAU 


411      DUQUESNE,  EXPEDITION  AGAINST 


his  vessels  that  were  aground,  Dnnmore  sailed 
away  with  the  remainder,  with  a  huge  amount 
of  booty,  among  w  hich  were  sbont  one  thousand 
slaves.  After  more  plundering  o'u  the  coast  the 
vessels  were  dispersed,  some  to  the  West  Indies, 
some  to  the  Bermudas  and  St.  Augustine,  and 
Duninore  himself  prooeeded  to  join  the  naval 
force  at  New  York,  and  soon  afterwards  went  to 
Bnglaud. 

Duponceau,  Pbtbr  Stkimiex,  LL.D.,  philolo- 
gist, was  bom  in  the  Isle  ofRhe',  France, June  :?. 
1760;  died  in  Philadelphia,  April  2,  1844.  He 
weiii  to  Paris  in  177.~>.  where  lie  became  acquaint- 
ed with  the  Baron  de  Bteuheu, and  accompanied 
him  to  America  as  his  secretary.  He  was  brev- 
eted a  captain  I  February,  177-  |,  and  assisted 
Bteuben  in  the  preparation  of  his  system  of  mil- 
itary tactics  tor  the  use  of  the  United  States 

troops.  Prom  17-1  to  IT-!',  he  was  secretary  ti> 
Robert    R.  Livingston,  then    at    the   head   of  the 

Foreign  Office  of  the  government  :  and  then 
studying  law,  was  admitted  to  practice  in  17S.">. 
becoming  eminent  in  the  profession  on  ques- 
tions of  civil  and  international  law.  Id'  finally 
devoted  himself  to  literature  and  science,  and 
made  many  valnalde  researches  into  the  lan- 
guage and  literature  of  the  North  American  In- 
dian-.. In  1819  If  published  a  Memoir  mi  tin 
Structure  of  the  Indian  Languages,  When  seven- 
ty-eight years  of  age  (1838)  he  published  a  Dis- 
sertation mi  the  Chinese  Language;  also  a  trans- 
lation of  a  Description  of  New  Sweden,  In  1836 
the  French  Institute  awarded  him  a  prize  lor  a 
disquisition  on  the  Indian  languages  of  North 

America.      Mr.  Duponoean  opened  a  law  acade- 
my in  Philadelphia  in  1821,  and  wrob 
essays  on  the  subject  of  law. 

Dupont,  Samuel  Francis,  was  born  at  Ber- 
gen Point,  N..I..  Sept.  -.'7.  1803;  died  in  Phila- 
delphia, June  23,  L865.      II.'  entered  the  I'nilcd 

sialic  Navy  as  midshipman  at  twelve  years  of 
age,  and  became  oommander  Oot.  28,  1842.     He 


saw   much  active  service  on  the  California  coast 

during  the  war  with  Mexico,  clearing  the  Gulf 
of  California  of  Mexican  \.s>eis.     He  was  raised 

to   captain    in    1866  j    and    in    October,    1861,   he 
prooeeded,  in   command   of  the   South   Atlantic 


squadron,  to  capture  Port  Royal  Island,  on  the 
South  Carolina  coast,  to  secure  a  central  harbor 

and  depot  of  supplies  on  the  Southern  shores. 
(See  Port  Royal.)  In  .Inly  Commodore  Dupont 
was  made  a  rear-admiral  on  the  active  list,  and 
in  April,  1863,  he  commanded  the  fleet  which 
made  an  unsuccessful  effort  to  capture  Charles- 
ton. Admiral  Dnpout  assisted  in  organizing  the 
naval  school  at  Annapolis,  and  was  the  author 
of  a   highly  commended    report    on   the    use    of 

floating  batteries  for  coast  defence. 

DuportaiL  LsBBOOB,  chevalier,  a  French 
general,  who  came  to  America  duriug  the  old 
war  for  independence,  and  was  appointed  brig- 
adier-general in  the  Continental  Army  in  No- 
vember, 1777,  and  major-genera]  November,  1781. 
He  was  direeting-engiueer  at  the  siege  of  York- 
town,  in  the  fall  of  1781.  Returning  to  France, 
he  was  named  iiiairilitil-ili-camj)  :  and  in  No- 
vember, 1790,  was  made  minister  of  war.  In 
December,  171)1,  he  resigned;  and  when  engaged 
in  military  service  in  Lorraine,  hi'  received  a 
warning  of  the  designs  of  the  Jacobins,  and 

Bought  safety  in  America.  He  died  at  sea  in 
1802,  when  returning  to  Frame. 

Duquesne,  IXi'i  mi  io\  m.ms-i     IT 
expedition   against    Fort    Duqiiesue   was   com- 
manded   by    General   John    Forbes,  who    had 

about  nine  thousand  men  at  his  disposal  at 
Fort  Cumberland  and  RaystOWU.  These  in- 
cluded Virginia  troops  under  Colonel  Washing- 
ton, the  Royal  Americans  from  South  Carolina, 
and  an  auxiliary  force  of  Cherokee  Indians. 
Biokness  and  perversity  of  will  and  judgment 
on  the  part  of  Forbes  caused  delays  almost  fatal 

to  the  expedition.  He  was  induced,  bj  the  ad- 
vice of  some  Pennsylvania  land  speculators,  to 
use  the  army  in  constructing  a  military  road 
farther  north  than  the  one  made  by  Braddock. 
Washington, who  kuew  the  country  well, strong- 
ly advised  against  tin-  measure,  but  he  was  nu- 

heeded,  and  so  slow  was  the  progress  of  the 
troops  towards  their  destination,  thai  in  Sep- 
tember, when  it  was  known  there  were  not 
more    than    eight    hundred    men    at    Dtiquesne, 

Follies,  with   six  thousand  troops,  was   Net  east 

of  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  Major  Grant, 
with  a  scontiug-party  of  Colonel  Bouquet's  ad- 
vance corps,  was  attacked  (Sept.  '21  ).  defeated, 

ami  made  a  prisoner,  still  Forbes  went  creep- 
ing on,  wastiug  precious  time,  and  exhausting 

the  patience  and  respect  of  Washington  and 
other  energetic  officers;  and  when  Bonqnet 
joined   the   army    il    was   fifty   miles    from    Foil 

Duqnesne.  The  winter  was  approaching,  the 
troops  wei'e  discontented,  and  a  council  of  war 
was  called,  to  which  Follies  intended  to  pro- 
pose an  abandonment  of  the  enterprise,  when 
three  prisoners  gave  information  of  the  extreme 
weakness  of  the  French  garrison.  Washington 
was  immediately  sent  forward,  and  the  whole 
army  prepared  to  follow.  When  the  Virginians 
were  within  a  day's  march  of  the  fori,  they  were 
discovered  by  some  Indians,  who  so  alarmed  the 
garrison  bj  an  exaggerated  account  of  the  Dum- 
ber of  the  approaching  troops  that  the  guar- 
dians of  Fort  Dtiquesne,  reduced  to  live  hundred, 


DUQUESNE,  FOKT 


412         1HSTIN.  HANNAH.  BRAVERY  OF 


set  it  on  fire  (Nov.  '24),  and  fled  (town  tin-  Ohio 
in  boats  with  Mich  haste  and  confusion  tliat 
they  left  everything  behind  them.  The  Vir- 
ginians took  possession  the  next  day.  and  the 
name  of  the  fortress  was  changed  to  Foi  t  l'itt, 

in  honor  of  the  great  English  statesman. 

Duquesne,  Fobt.  "While  Captain  Trent  and 
his  company  were  building  a  fort  on  the  Bite  of 
Pittsburgh,  Captain  Coutrecceur,  with  one  thou- 
sand Frenchmen  and  eighteen  cannons,  went 
down  the  Alleghany  River  in  sixty  bateaux 
and  three  hundred  canoes,  took  possession  of 
the  unfinished  fortification,  and  named  it  Fort 
Dnquesue,  in  compliment  to  the  captain-general 
of  Canada.  Lieutenant  -  colonel  Washington, 
with  a  small  force,  hurried  from  Cumberland  to 
recapture  it. but  was  made  a  prisoner, with  about 
four  hundred  men,  at  Fort  Necessity. 
tviddie.)  In  1755  an  expedition  for  the  recapt- 
ure of  Fort  Duquesne,  commanded  by  General 
Edward  Braddock,  inarched  from  Will's  Creek 
(Cumberland)  on  Jnne  10th,  about  two  thou- 
sand strong.  British  and  Provincials.  On  the 
banks  of  the  .Monongahela  Braddock  was  de- 
feated and  killed  on  .July  9,  and  the  expedition 
was  ruined.  In  1758  another  expedition,  com- 
manded by  General  John  Forbes,  moved  against 
Fort  Duquesne.  In  July  six  thousand  troops 
were  gathered  at  Will's  Creek  (Cumberland). 
Washington  was  there,  at  the  head  of  two  thou- 
sand Virginians.  It  was  known  that  the  garri- 
son of  Fort  Duquesue  was  weak,  and  the  fort 
might  easily  be  taken  ;  but  the  sick  and  dila- 
tory Forbes  crept  slowly  over  the  mountains 
until  the  autumn.  Washington  was  impa- 
tient ami  indignant.  At  length,  when  Forbes 
was,  with  the  main  body  of  his  troops,  fifty 
miles  from  Fort  Duquesue,  it  was  Nov.  B,  and 
at  a  council  of  war  it  was  determined  to  aban- 
don the  enterprise.  Just  then  three  prisoners 
gave  information  of  the  extreme  weakness  of 
the  garrison.  Washington  was  immediately 
sent  forward,  and  the  whole  army  prepared  to 
follow.  Winn  the  Virginians  were  within  a 
day's  march  of  the  fort,  they  were  discovered 
by  Indian  scouts.  Their  fears  greatly  magni- 
fied the  number  of  the  provincials.  The  French, 
terrified,  set  lire  to  the  fort  that  night  (Nov.  '24, 
17.".-).  and  lied  down  the  Ohio  in  boats  by  the 
light  of  the-  conflagration.  The  ruins  were  en- 
tered the  next  day,  and  over  the  charred  re- 
mains the  British  standard  was  unfurled.     In 

1 or  of  the  great  English  statesman,  William 

Pitt, then  conducting  government  affairs  with 
a  master's  w  isdom,  it  «  as  called  Fori  l'itt.  The 
little  village  that  soon  grew  around  it  was  called 
Pittsburgh. 

Durand,  Asm  i:  Bbowh, painter  and  engrav- 
er, was  born  at  .letters, ,ii.  V  J..  Aug.  -I.  1796. 
Hi-  paternal  ancestors  were  Huguenots.  Mis 
father  was  a  watch-maker,  aud  in  his  simp  be 
learned  engraving.  In  1  —  1  -  J  he  became  an  ap- 
prentice to  Petei  Maverick,  an  engraver  on  cop- 
per-plate, aud  became  his  partner  in  1-17  Mi 
Dnrand's  Brat  large  work  was  his  engra>  iug  on 
copper  of  Trumbull's  "  I  declaration  of  ludepeii- 
t  ..  ■  !  up, ,u  it  a  \car,  and  it 


gave  him  a  great  reputation.  His  engravings 
of "Miwidora"  and  "Ariadne"  (the  latter  from 
Vauderlyn'e  painting)  place  hitn  among  the 
first  line -engravers  of  his  time.  In  1835  be 
abandoned  that  art  for  painting,  and  became 
one  of  the  best  of  American  landscape  painters. 
His  pictures  are  always  well  selected  as  sub- 
jects, pleasing  in  tone,  and  exquisite  in  color- 
ing. Mr.  Durand  was  one  of  the  first  officer-  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Design  (see  Art.  Intro- 
duction of);  and  he  and  General  T.  8.  Cummiugs, 
its  first  treasurer,  have  been,  since  the  death  of 

Professor  Morse,  in  1-71.  the  only  survivors  of 
the  founders  and  fust  officers  of  that  institution. 
Dustin,  Hannah.  BraVEEY  of.  When,  in  the 
spring  of  lti'JT.  the  French  and  Indians  devas- 
tated the  New  England  frontier  settlements. 
Haverhill,  within  thirty  miles  of  Boston,  suf- 
fered severely,  forty  of  its  inhabitants  being 
killed  or  carried  into  captivity.  Among  the 
latter  were  a  part  of  the  family  of  Thomas  Dus- 
tin, who  was  in  the  field  when  the  Savages  liist 
appeared.  Mounting  his  horse,  he  hastened  to 
bis  house  to  bear  away  his  wife,  eight  children, 
and  nurse  to  a  place  of  safety.  lli>  youngest 
child  was  only  a  week  old.  He  ordered  his  oth- 
er children  to  fly.  While  he  was  lifting  his  wife 
and  her  babe  from  the  bed  the  Indians  attacked 
his  house.  '•  Leave  inc."  cried  the  mother,  "  and 
fly  to  the  protection  of  the  other  children."  Re- 
mounting his  horse,  he  soon  overtook  the  pre- 
cious Hock,  and  placing  himself  between  them 
and  the  pursuing  Indians.  In-  defended  them  so 
valiantly  with  his  gun  that  he  pressed  back  the 
foe  Meanwhile  the  aavagee  had  entered  the 
house,  ordered  the  feeble  mother  to  rise  and  fol- 
low them,  killed  the  infant,  and  set  tire  to  the 
dwelling.  Half  dressed,  she  was  compelled  to 
go  with  her  captors  through  melting  snow  in 
their  basty  retreat,  accompanied  by  her  nurse. 
They  walked  twelve  miles  the  first  day  without 
shoes,  and  were  Compelled  to  lie  on  the  wet 
ground  at  night,  with  no  covering  but  the  cold 
gray  sky.  This  was  repeated  day  alter  day,  un- 
til they  leached  an  island  ill  the  Merriniac  six 
miles  above  Concord.  N.  H..  the  home  of  the 
leader  of  the  savages,  who  claimed  Mis.  Dnstin 
and  her  nurse  as  his  captives.  They  were  lodged 
with  his  family,  which  consisted  of  two  men. 
three  women,  seven  children,  and  a  capth  e  Eng- 
lish boy.  who  had  been  with  them  more  than  a 
year.  They  were  told  that  they  would  soon 
stall  for  an  Indian  village  w  here  they  would  be 
compelled  to  ••run  the  gantlet:"  that  is.  be 
stripped  naked,  and  run  tor  their  lives  between 
two  tiles  of  Indian  men.  women,  and  children, 
w  ho  would  ha\  e  the  privilege  of  si  oiling  at  tin  in. 
beat  ing  them,  and  wounding  them  with  hatch- 
ets. The  two  women  resolved  not  to  endure  the 
indignity.  Mrs  Dnstin  planned  a  means  of  es- 
cape, and  leagued  the  nurse  and  the  English  box 
with  her  in  the  execution  of  it.  Believing  in 
the  faithfulness  of  the  lad  and  the  timidity  of 
the  women,  the  Indians  did  not  keep  watch  at 
night.    Through  inquiries  mads  bj  the  lad.  Mrs. 

Dnstin  learned  how  to  kill  a  man  instantly,  and 
to  take  oil  his  scalp.  Before  day  light  one  morn 
ing,  w  hen    the    whela   family   wen  asleep,  Mrs. 


DITCH   IiRANCII.  WASHINGTON  FAMILY  413    DUTCH  COLONISTS.  SOITH  CAROLINA 


Dnstin  and  net  colleagues  instantly  killed  ton 
of  the  slumberera,  she  killing  her  captor,  and 
tin-  boy  despatching  the  man  who  told  him  how 

to  do  it.  A  squaw  and  a  child  tied  to  the  woods 
and  escaped.     After  scuttling  all  the  boats  bnt 

one,  they  fled  in  it  down  the  river,  with  provi- 
sions from  the  wigwam.  Mis.  Dnstin  remember- 
ed they  had  not  scalped  the  victors,  so.  retnrn- 

ing,  they  scalped  the  slain  savages,  and  bore 

their  trophies  away  in  a  bag,  88  evidence  id'  the 
truth  of  the  story  they  might  relate  to  their 
friends.  At  Haverhill  they  were  received  as 
persons  risen  from  the  dead.  Mrs.  Dnstin  found 
her  husband  and  children  safe.  Soon  after- 
wards she  hole  to  the  governor,  at  Huston,  the 
gnu,  tomahawk,  and  ten  scalps,  anil  the  Gen- 
eral Court  gave  these  two  women  |250  each, as 
a  reward  for  their  heroism.  They  received  oth- 
er tokens  of  regard.  The  island  w  here  the  scene 
occurred  is  called  Dnstin's  Island.  .Oil  its  high- 
est point  citizens  of  Massachusetts  and  New 
Hampshire  ejected  a  commemorative  monu- 
ment in  1  —71.  "hi  it  are  inscribed  the  names 
of  Hannah  Dnstin,  Mary  NefT,  and  Samuel  Leon- 
ardaon,  the  latter  the  English  lad. 

Dutch  and  German  Branch  of  the  "Wash- 
ington Family.  The  same  political  causes 
which  impelled  the  grandfather  of  Washington 
and  his  brother  to  emigrate  to  America  in  Crom- 
well's time  induced  their  brother  .lames  to  go 
to  Holland.     He  settled  in  Rotterdam,  where,  in 

I860,  he  married  <  liars  Nan  der  I.: n,  daughter 

of  the  bnrgomaster.  From  them  have  descend- 
ed a  long  line,  some  of  them  belonging  to  noble 

families— s e  Roman  Catholics,  some  Protest- 

genealogical  register  of  this  brnuoh  of 

the  family,  from  1650  to  1861,  is  in  the  arc  hives 
of  the  New  York  Historical  Society,  part  of  it 
in  Dutch  and  pari  in  the  German  langnage.  A 
copy  of  it  was  printed  in  the  number  of  /'//<  Mag- 
[meHooa  History  for  February  .  1679.  lie 
latest  recorded  births  are  as  follows:  -•  1866  g 
Ang.  Born,  George  Baron  of  Washington.  1858 
.lime.  Horn. Stephen  Baron  Van  Washington." 
On  Aug.  15,  1865, was  recorded  the  marriage  of 
•■Maximilian  Baron  Nan  Washington  to  Frede- 
rica,  Duchess  of  Oldeubnrg." 

Dutch  and  Indian  Plot  Lucas,  the  bfohe- 
gaa  sachem,  always  hem  on  mischief,  spread  a 
report,  in  the  spring  of  1653,  that  Ninegret,  a 
Ni.intie  sachem,  uncle  of  Miantonomo,  had  vis- 
ited New  Amsterdam  during  the  preceding  win- 
ter, and  had  arranged  with  the  Dutch  governor 

fSlnyvesant  )  a  plot  I'm  a  general  insurrection  of 
the  natives  and  the  minder  of  the  N#W  England 
settlers.  The  storj  caused  BUoh  alarm  (England 
had  |  nst  dec  hi  red  war  against  Holland)  thai  the 
commissioners  of  the  New  England  Confeder- 
acy (which  see)  assembled  in  special  session 
at  Boston  in  Max.  They  sent  messengers  t<> 
Ninegret  and  Peasacns  to  inquire  into  the  mat- 
ter, and  envoys  and  a  letter  to  Governor  8tny- 
vesant.  They  also  Ordered  Ave  hundred  men  to 
he  raised,  to  he  ready  in  case  "God  called  the 
colonics  to  war."  The  sachems  totally  denied 
any  knowledge  of  mob  a  plot,  and  Stnyvcsaiit 
Indignantly  repelled  even  a  suspicion,  ami  sent 


hack  a  declaration  id'  the  grievances  of  the 
Dutch.  These  denials  were  rebutted  by  the  testi- 
mony of  English  and  Indian  malcontents  in  New 
Amsterdam.  On  the  report  of  the  envoys,  the 
commissioners  at   Boston  determined  on  war; 

hilt  the  General  Conii   of  Massachusetts  desired 

the  opinions  of  the  olergy.  The  latter  thought 
they  saw  plain  evidence  of  "an  execrable  plot 
tending  to  the  destruction  of  many  dear  saints 

of  God,"  hut  were  opposed  to  going  to  war. 
Other  ministers  urged  war.  and  BO  did  a  major- 
ity of  the  commissioners,  hut  the  General  Court 
denied  the  power  to  make  ''offensive  war"  with- 
out unanimous  consent.  Mean w  Idle  Connecti- 
cut and  New  Ha\en,  bent  on  war,  united  in  a 
solicitation  to  Cromwell  to  tit  out  an  expedition 
to  conquer  New  Netherland.  and  the  towns  of 
Stamford  and  Fail-field,  on  the  Dutch  frontier, 
attempted  to  raise  volunteers  to  make  war 
against  the  Dutch  on  their  own  account.  At 
another  meeting  (September,  1653)  the  commis- 
sioners, believing  they  weie  "called  by  (bid  to 
make  present  war  on  Ninegret,"  ordered  two 
hundred  and  fifty  men  to  be  raised  for  that  pur- 
pose. The  Massachusetts  court  again  inter- 
fired,  and  prevented  war.  Cromwell,  however, 
sent  three  ships  and  a  few  troops  to  attack  New 
Netherland,  hut  before  they  reached  America 
the  war  with  Holland  was  over,  and  the  expe- 
dition, under  John  Leverett  and  Sober)  Sccl^;- 
w  ick.  proceeded  to  capture  Acadia  from  La  Tour, 
who  laid  claim  to  it  because  of  a  graill  made  to 
his  father  by  Sir  William  Alexander.      (See  Air 

sunder;  also,  /."  Tamt't  Expedition.") 

Dutch  Authority  at  Manhattan  defied. 
While  tin'  absurd  Walter  Van  Twiller  was  gov- 
ernor  of  New   Netherland,  Jacob  Eelkins,  the 

Dutch  West  India  Company 's  former  command- 
ant at  Fori  Orange,  entered  the  month  of  the 
Hudson  in  an  English  vessel  (April  1-.  1633), 
ami  avowed  his  determination  to  ascend  the 
river  and  trade  with  the  Indians,  lie  was  in 
the  English  service',  and  claimed  that  the  coun- 
try belonged  to  the-  English, because  it  had  l n 

discovered  by  a  subject  of  England,  Hudson. 
Van  Twiller  ordered  tin-  Orange  flag  to  be 
raised  over  Fori  Amsterdam  as  the  beat  defi- 
ance <d'  the  intruder.  Eelkins  as  promptly  ran 
up  the  English  flag  above  his  vessel  (the  II  ,11- 
ittm),  weighed  anchor,  and  sailed  up  the  river. 
This  audacity  enraged  Van  Twiller.  lb-  gath- 
ered the  people,  opened  a  barrel  of  wine,  drank 
glassful  alter  glassful,  and  cried.  "  Yon  who  love 
the  Prince  of  Orange  and  me  do  this,  and  assist 
mi-  in  repelling  the  insult  committed  by  that 
Englishman."  Having  thus  unburdened  his  soul. 
the  governor  retired  within  the  fort.  Later  in 
the  day  the  energetic  DeWries  ( which  see)  dined 
with  the  governor,  and  reproved  him  for  his  show 
of  impotence.  After  a  few  days  of  hesitation, 
some  small  craft  with  some  soldiers  were  sen) 
after  Eelkins,  and  after  the  lapse-  of  about  a 
month  the  II  \  I  I'm  m  was  expelled  from  the  harbor. 

Dutch  Colonists  in  South  Carolina.      After 

the  eonepiesl  ol  New  Netherland  by  the  English, 
many  of  the  Dutch  colonists  emigrated  to  South 
Carolina,  when  they  were  not  only  offered  lands 


DUTCH  ELEMENT  IN  NEW  YORK        414  DUTCH  WEST  INDIA  COMPANY 


by  the  proprietors,  but  two  ships  were  sent  to 
transport  them  thither.  The  surveyor  of  the  col- 
ony marked  out  lands  for  them  on  t  he  south  side 
of  the  Ashley  River.  They  drew  lots  for  a  di- 
vision, and  founded  a  town,  which  they  called 
.lames  Town. 

Dutch  Element  in  New  York  Society.  The 
Dutch-Americans  formed  the  basis  of  the  popu- 

lal  ion  of  New  fork,  and  were  almost  to  a  man  in 
favor  of  liberty  in  America,  and  they  formed  the 
bulwark  of  that  liberty  in  the  colony  when  it 
was  threatened.      The  supporters  of  the  crown 

were  mostly  of  British  descent,  and  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  members  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land in  America  were  loyalists.  The  middling 
classes,  too.  were  generally  patriotic,  and   the 

mechanics  in  the  city  of  New  York  were,  almost 
to  a  man,  enthusiastic  advocates  of  decisive 
measures  agaiust  the  pretensions  of  Parliament. 

Dutch  Gap  Canal.  There  is  a  sharp  bend 
in  the  .James  River  between  the  Appomattox 
and  Richmond,  where  the  stream,  after  flowing 
several  miles, approaches  itself  within  five  hun- 
dred yards.  To  flank  Confederate  works  and 
to  shorten  the  passage  of  the  river  six  or  seven 
miles,  General  Butler  set  a  large  force  of  colored 
troops  at  work,  in  the  summer  of  1864,  in  cutting 
II  canal  for  the  passage  of  vessels  across  this 
peninsula.  This  canal  was  completed,  with  the 
exception  of  blowing  out  the  bulkhead,  at  the 
close  of  December,  1864.     It  was  five  hundred 

yards  in  length,  sixty  feet  in  width  at  top.  and 
sixty-five  below  the  surface  of  the  bluff.  It 
was  excavated  fifteen  feet  below  high- water 
mark.  On  New -year's  Day,  18C5,  a  mine  of 
twelve  tbousaml  pounds  of  gunpowder  was  ex- 
ploded under  the  bulkhead,  and  the  water 
rushed  through,  but  not  in  sufficient  depth  for 

practical  purposes,  for  the  mass  of  the  bulkhead 
(left  to  keep  out  the  water)  fell  back  into  the 
opening  after  the  explosion.  The  canal  was 
now  swept  by  Confederate  cannons,  and  could 
not  be  dredged.  As  a  military  operation,  it  was 
a  failure.  It  was  excavated  in  one  hundred  and 
forty  days,  and  has  since  been  made  navigable. 

Dutch,  The,  at  New  Plymouth.     In  the 

spring  of  l(i-J7  the  colony  at  New  Plymouth  was 
Officially  informed  that  the  Dutch  had  planted 
settlements  at  Manhattan  and  elsewhere.  Gov- 
ernor Bradford  wrote  a  friendly  letter  to  Gov- 
ernor Minuils.  but  warned  him  not  to  traffic 
with  the  Indians  north  <>f  latitude  40  .as  the 
country  belonged  to  the  English.  Minuits  ap- 
pointed a  commission  to  visit  Plymouth  to  oon- 
ftr  upon  subjects  of  mutual  interest.     Rasieres, 

Secretary  of  New  Xelherland.  was  at  the  head  of 
the  commission.     They  lauded  at  one  of  (he  out- 

pnBtsof  the  Plymouth  colony,  and,  with  the  blare 

of  trumpets,  announced  their  approach.  With 
the  same  noise,  the  Dutch  entered  the  village, 

where  they  were  hospitably  entertained  several 

days  ai  Governor  Bradford's  table.     Tbey  also 

attended  public  worship  with  the  Pilgrims  on 

i  h.    Nothing  decisive  was  done,    The 

Dutch,  «  iih  an  eye  to  self  interest,  advised  the 
Pilgrims  to  leave  their  sterile  teal  and  make 
their  home  in   the   beautiful   and   fertile  Vallev 


of  the  Connecticut,  under  the  jurisdiction  of 
.New  Netherlands  They  would  not  consent  to 
become  subjects  of  the  Dutch. 

Dutch,  The,  in*   Connecticut.     Governor 

Stuyvesant  steadily  asserted  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  Dutch  over  the  country  to  Narraganset 
Hay,  until  a  settlement  was  made  in  1650.  In 
lii47  he  heard  that  a  Dutch  ship  was  at  New 
Haven,  taking  in  a  cargo  without  a  permit  from 
the  government  at  Manhattan.  It  happened  at 
about  that  time  that  the  deputy-governor  of  the 
New  Haven  colony  bad  purchased  the  ship  Zivol 
from  the  Dutch,  to  be  delivered  at  that  settle- 
ment. Stuyvesant  took  advantage  of  this  op- 
portunity to  assert,  in  a  forcible  manner,  the 
right  of  Dutch  jurisdiction  in  Connecticut.  The 
Dutch  vessel  at  New  Haven  (the  St.  Benino)  was 
regarded  as  a  smuggler;  and  when  the  Zwol 
sailed  for  that  port  she  bore,  under  her  hatches, 
a  company  of  soldiers,  led  by  Captain  Van  der 
Geist,  to  seize  the  offending  vessel  and  take  her 
to  New  Amsterdam.  Suddenly,  on  Sunday  morn- 
ing, Van  der  Geist,  with  his  soldiers,  boarded  the 
St.  Benino,  made  prisoners  of  all  on  board,  and 
sailed  for  New  Amsterdam.  Governor  Eaton, 
ruler  of  the  New  Haven  colony,  sent  an  angry 
protest  to  the  Dutch  governor  because  of  this 
high-handed  act.  "We  have  protested, and  by 
these  presents  do  protest,  against  yon,  Peter 
Stuyvesant,  Governor  of  the  Dutch  at  Manhat- 
tan," wrote  Eaton, "for disturbing  the  peace  be- 
tween the  English  and  Dutch  ill  these  parts:" 
and  he  specified  the  particular  acts  of  which  he 
complained,  stuyvesant  paid  no  heed  to  this 
protest, but  confiscated  the  ship  and  enrgo,  and 
extended  his  claims  to  territory  in  New  Eng- 
land. Abot  correspondence  ensued, Eaton  com- 
plaining that  Stuyvesant  wrote  to  him  in  Low 
Dutch,  of  which  be  understood  but  little,  and 
could  not  get  an  interpretation  from  Siuyve- 
sant's  messenger.  At  length  Stuyvesant  re- 
fused t«>  hold  any  further  correspondence  with 
Eaton  on  that  subject,  but  did  on  another  in  an 
offensive  way.  Three  servants  of  the  Dutch 
governor  escaped  to  the  New  Haven  colony. 
Stuyvesant  demanded  of  Eaton  their  return. 
addressing  bis  letter  to  the  English  governor  at 
"New  Haven  in  the  Netherlands."  Eaton  re- 
fused, and  Stuyvesant  retaliated  by  issuing  a 
proclamation  that  any  servant  fleeing  from  New 
Haven  to  Manhattan  should  be  free  on  his  ar- 
rival. His  servants,  a-Mued  of  pardon,  return- 
ed 1)0  Manhattan  and  their  master. 

Dutch  West  India  Company.     The  Dutcb 
Past  India  < 'miipanv  was  a  great  monopoly,  the 

profits  of  the  trade  of  which  were  enormous. 
Theil  ships    whitened   the   Indian    seas,  and    in 

on.'  year  the  shareholders  received  in  dividends 

the  amount  of  three  fourths  of  their  invested 
capital.  It  was  believed  that  trade  with  the 
Western  Continent  might  be  made  equally 
profitable,  and  so  early  as  1007  William  Ussel- 
liu\  suggested  a  similar  association  to  trade  in 
the  Wesi  Indies.  The  Slates  -( Jenerul  of  Hol- 
land were  asked  to  incorporate  such  an  as- 
sociation, The  government,  then  enj 
negotiations  lot  a  truce  with  Spain,  refused ; 


DUTCH  WEST  INDIA  COMPANY  4 

bnt  when  that  time  expired,  in  1621,  a  chnrter 
was  granted  to  a  company  of  merchants,  which 
gave  the  association  almost  regal  powers  to 
"  colonize,  govern,  ;in<l  protect "  New  Netherland 
for  the  term  of  twenty  -  tour  yean,  i  See  New 
Netherland.)  It  was  ordained  thai  daring  that 
time  none  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  United  Prov- 
i  Dutch  Bepablic)  should  be  permitted 
to  sail  thence  to  the  coasts  of  Africa  between 
the  tropic  of  Cancel-  and  the  Cane  of  Good 
Hope  ;   nor  to  the  Boasts  of  America  or  the  West 

Indies  between  Newfoundland  and  the  Strait 
of  Magellan,  except  with  the  permission  of  the 
oompany.  It  was  vested  with  sovereign  pow- 
ers, to   I Zeroised   in    the   name   of  the  Statcs- 

Qeneral,  and  to  report  to  that  body,  from  time 
to  time,  all  their  transactions.  Till 
incut  of  the  company  was  vested  in  five  sepa- 
rate chambers  of  managers,  the  principal  one  at 
Amsterdam,  and  the  other  four  in  as  many  sep- 
arate cities.    General  executive  powers  were  in- 


->  DUYCKINCK 

Tesant,  were  sometimes  so  arbitrarily  exercised 
that  much  popular  discontent  was  manifested, 
and  their  dealings  with  their  neighbors  were 
not  always  satisfactory  to  the  company  and  the 
States-General  :  yet.  on  the  whole,  when  we  con- 
sider the  spirit  of  the  age.  t lie  colony,  which, 
before  it  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  1664,  was  of  a  mixed  population,  was 
managed  wisely  and  well;  and  the  Dutch  West 
India  Company  was  one  of  the  most  important 
instruments  in  planting  the  good  seed  from 
which  our  nation  has  sprung. 

Dutch  West  India  Company,  GOVERNMENT 
0>  mi:.  The  government  was  vested  in  five 
separate  chambers  of  managers  -one  at  Am- 
sterdam, managing  four  ninth  parts;  one  at 
Middelburg,  in  Zealand,  two  ninth  part-:  one 
at  Dordrecht,  on  the  Maese.  one  ninth  part  :  one 
in  North  Holland,  one  ninth  part;  ami  one  in 
Fricsland  and  Groningen,  one  ninth  part.  Ex- 
ecutive powers  for  all  purposes,  except  that  in 


usted  to  a  hoard  of  nineteen  delegates,  called   (.:lsl.  0f„  declaration  of  war  the  approbation  of 


the  ••(  lollege  of  Nineteen,"  in  which  one  delegat 
represented  the  States -General,  by  whom  the 


the  States-General   was  to  he  asked,  were  in- 
trusted to  a  hoard  of  nineteen  delegates,  called 


mpany  were  guaranteed  protection,  end^  re-    y^  "College  of  Niueteen,"  eight  of  whom  came 

from  the  chamber  at  Amsterdam,  four  from  Zea- 
land, two  from  the  Maese.  two  fr Norih  Hol- 
land, and  Iwo  from  Eiicsland  and  Grouingen ; 
while  one  delegate  was  to  represent  the  Slates- 
GeueraJ.     (See  Dutch  Went  India  Company.) 

Duty  oh  Negroes.  A  duty  of  £4  was  laid, 
in  1703,  upon  every  negro  imported  into  the  cel- 
on\  of  Muasachusel is. 


d  assistance  to  the  amount  of  one  million 
guilders    -  i  he  company  w 

ized  on  the  21st  of  June.  1623;   and  with  sncll  a 

charter,  such  powers, and  such  privileges,  thej 

began  the  settlement  and  development  of  New 
Netherland.  The  English  claimed  the  domain, 
and  the  Dutch  hastened  to  acquire  eminent  do- 
main, according  to  the  policy  of  England,  by 
planting  permanent  settlements  there ;  and  the 
same  year  (1623)  they  sent  over  thirty  families, 
chietly  Walloons,  to  Manhattan.  (8ee  Walloons.) 
The  management  of  New  Netherland  was  in. 
trusted  to  the  Amsterdam  chamber.    Their  traf- 

be    was   successful.      In    HWl    the   exports   from 

Amsterdam,  in  two  ships,  wen  worth  almost 
s;lii. nun.  and  the  returns  from  New  Netherland 
w.ie  considerably  more.  The  company  estab- 
lished a  trading-post, called  Fort  Orange, on  the 
site  of  Albany,  ami  traffic  was  extended  east- 
ward to  the  Connecticut  River,  and  even  tnNar- 
raganset  May:  northward  to  the  Mohawk  Val- 
ley, and  southward  and  westward  to  the  Del  II- 


Duyckilick,  EVARl  AUOUSTUB,  was  horn  in 
New  York  city,  Nov.  23,  1816;  -lied  thee,  Aug. 
IS,  1878      lie  graduated  at  Colombia  College  in 

IK!.-).  His  father  was  a  Successful  publisher, 
and  Erarl  early  showed  a  love  for  hooks  and  a 
taste  for  literary  pursuits.     In  December,  1840, 

he    commenced    the    publication    of  .Intiinis  ;    fl 

Journal  of  Book*  mid  Opinion,  in  connection  with 
Cornelius  .Matthews,  which  was  continued  about 

a  year  and  a  half.  He  contributed  to  the  early 
numbers  of  the   Xi  ir    Fork   Review.      In    l-IT.  iii 

connection  with  his  brother  George,  he  com- 
menced the  Literary  World,  a  periodical  which 


ware  River  and  beyond.  To  induce  private  continued  (with  an  interval  of  a  year  and  live 
capitalists  to  engage  in  the  settlement  of  the  months)  until  the  ch.se  ol  is:,:!,  in  L866  the 
country,  the  company  gave  lands  ami  special  brothers  completed  the  Cyclopttdja  of  American 
privileges  to  such  as  would  guarantee  settle-  Literature,  in  two  volumes,  a  work  of  great  re- 
man! and  cultivation.  (See  Patroont.)  These  search  and  value.  To  this  Evart  added  a  sup- 
became  troublesome   landholders,  and    in   1638  plemenl   In   1866.     Hi-  other  important  works 

the  rights  of  the  Company,  it  was  claimed,  were  are.  II  itiuiil  Wisdom  n/Siiliiii/  Smith ;  National  I'oi- 

Lnterfered  with  by  a  settlement  of  Swedes  on  trait-gallery  of  Eminent  Americana ;  Eietory  of  the 

the  Delaware.     (See  New  Sweden.)     In  1640  the  War  for  the  Union ;  History  of  the  World  from  (At 


company  established  the  doctrines  and  rituals 

of  tl Reformed  Church  in  the  United  I'mv- 

•  i  he  only  theological  formula  to  be  al- 
lowed in  public  worship  in  New  Netherland. 
The  spirit  of  popular  freedom  which  the  Dutch 
brought  with  them  from  Holland  asserted  its 
rights  under  the  tyranny  of  Kieft,  and  a  sort  of 
popular  assembly  was  organized  at  Nee  km 
srerdam.  -  e  Kh  fl  I  lis  affairs  in  New  Neth- 
erland were  necessarily  under  the  direct  man- 
agement   of  a   director  -  general   or   governor, 

w  hosi    power*,  a-  iii  tin    oaw  of  Kieft  and  Stuy- 


Barlieei  Period  to  the  Present  Time;  and  Portrait- 
gallery  nf  Eminent  Men  and  Women  »/'  Europe  and 

wo  volumes).  Mr.  Duyckinck's  latest 
important  literary  labor  was  in  tin'  preparation, 
in  connection  with  the  late  Mr.  Bryant,  of  a 
new  and  thoroughly  annotated  edition  of  Shake- 
speare's writings,  yet  (1880)  unpublished.  His 
brother,  Gkohgi  Long,  was  bom  in  New  York 
city,  Oct.  17.  1823;  died  there,  March  30,  1863. 
He  graduated  at  the  University  of  the  City  of 
New  York  in  isi:{.  Besides  his  sasistauce  in 
the  conduct  of  the  I.itniivij  World  and  the  prep- 


DWIGHT  41G 

oration  of  the  Cyclopaedia  of  American  Literature, 
he  published  biographies  of  George  Herbert 
I  1858),  Bishop  Thomas  Ken  (1859),  Jeremy  Tay- 
lor (1860),  and  Bishop  Latimer  (1801). 

Dwight,  Theodore,  was  born  at  Northamp- 
ton, Mass.,  Dec.  16,  1764;  died  in  New  York  city, 
Jan.  11,  1846.  He  was  a  grandson  Of  the  emi- 
nent theologian  Jonathan  Edwards.  He  be- 
came eminent  as  a  lawyer  and  political  writer; 
was  for  many  years  in  the  Senate  of  Connecti- 
cut ;  and  in  1806-7  was  in  Congress,  where  he 
became  a  prominent  advocate  for  the  suppres- 
sion of  the  slave-trade.  Dltriug  the  War  of 
1812-15  lie  edited  the  Mirror,  at  Hartford,  the 
leading  Federal  newspaper  in  Connecticut;  and 
was  secretary  of  the  Hartford  Convention  (whioh 
see)  in  1814.  t ne  proceedings  of  which  he  pub- 
lished in  1^.3.5.  He  published  the  Albany  Daily 
Advertiser  in  1815,  and  was  the  founder,  in  1817, 
of  the  New  York  Daily  Advertiser,  with  which  he 
was  connected  until  the  great  lire  in  1835,  w  lien 
he  retired,  w  ith  his  family,  to  Hartford.  Mr. 
Dwight  was  one,  of  the  founders  of  the  Ameri- 
can Bible  Society.  He  was  one  of  the  writers 
of  the  poetical  essays  of  the  "  Echo"  in  the 
Hartford  Mercury.  (See  Alsop.)  He  was  also 
the  author  of  a  Dictionary  of  Hoots  and  Dcrira- 
tions.  President  Dwight,  of  Yale  College,  was 
his  brother. 

Dwight,  Timothy.  D.D.,  LL.D.,  was  horn  at 
Northampton.  Mass..  .May  14,  17.VJ:  did  in  New 
Haven,  ((inn..  .Ian.  11.  1817.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  College  iii  1769,  and  was  a  tutor  there  from 
1771  to  1777.  when  he  became  an  army  chaplain, 
and  served  until  October.  177S.  During  that 
time  he  wrote  many  popular  patriotic  songs. 
He  labored  on  a  farm  for  a  few  years,  pleaching 
occasionally,  and  in  1781  and  1786  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Connecticut  Legislature.  In  L783  he 
was  a  settled  minister  at  Greenfield  and  prin- 
cipal of  an  academy  there  :  and  from  1795  until 
his  death  he  was  President  of  Yale  College.  In 
17!'ii  he  began  travelling  in  the  New  England 
States  and  in  New  York  during  his  college  va- 
cations, and  in  1821  he  published  his  Travels  in 
New  England  and  Xnr   Fork,  in  four  volnmes. 

Dr.  Dwight  wrote  some  excellent  poetry,  re- 
vised Watts's  version  of  the  Psalms,  and  pub- 
lished many  occasional  sermons. 

Dyer,  Kr.ii'iiAi.trr.  LL.D., was  bom  at  Wind- 
ham, Conn..  Sept.  28,  1721;  died  there.  May  13, 
1807.  He  graduated  at  Yah'  College  in  1740 : 
became  a  lawyer;  and  was  a  member  of  the 
Connecticut  Legislature  from  1745  to  1768.     He 


EABLE 

commanded  a  regiment  in  the  French  and  In- 
dian War:  was  made  a  member  of  the  Council 
in  1762;  and.  as  an  active  member  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna Company  (  which  see  |,  went  to  Eng- 
land as  its  agent  in  17<>:*.  Mr. Dyer  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Stamp  Act  Congress  (which  see)  in 
1765, and  was  a  member  of  the  First  Continen- 
tal Congress  in  1774.  He  remained  in  that  body 
during  the  entire  war  excepting  in  1771).  He 
was  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Connecti- 
cut in  17ij(>,  and  was  chief-justice  from  1789  to 
1793.  Colonel  Dyer  is  alluded  to  in  the  famous 
doggerel  poem  entitled  Lawyers  and  Bullfrogs, 
the    introduction    to    which    avers    that    at    Old 

Windam,  in  Connecticut, after  a  long  drought,  a 
frog -pond  became  almost  dry,  and  a  terrible, 
battle  was  fought  one  night  by  the  floes  to  de- 
cide which  should  keep  possession  of  the  remain- 
ing water.  Many  '•thousands  were  defynct  in 
I  he  morning."  There  was  an  uncommon  silence 
for  hours  before  the  battle  commenced, when, 

as  if  by  a  preconcerted  agreement,  every  frog  on 
one  side  of  the  ditch  raised  the  war-cry  Colonel 
Dyer!  Colonel  Dyer!  and  at  the  same  instant, 
from  the  opposite  side,  resounded  the  adverse 
shout  of  Eldcrkin  too!  Elderkin  too!  Owing  to 
some  peculiarity  in  the  state  of  the  atmosphere, 

the  sounds  seemed  to  be  overhead,  and  the  peo- 
ple ot Windham  were  greatly  frightened.     The 

"This  terrible  night  the  parson  did  fright 

Hi-  peoj.le  utmost  in  despair; 
For  poor  Windham  souls  among  the  bean  poles 

Mr  made  a  most  wonderful  prayer. 
Lawyer  Lucifer  called  up  his  crew  ; 

Dyer  and  Elderkin.  yon  must  come,  too: 

uiil  Colonel  Dyer  you  know  well  enough, 
tie  had  an  old  negro,  Ins  none  was  Cull  " 

Dyer,  Map.y.  one  of  the  early  Quaker  martyrs 
in  Massachusetts.  She  was  the  wife  of  a  lead- 
ing citizen  of  Rhode  Island.  Having  embraced 
the  doctrines  and  discipline  of  the  sect  called 
Friends,  or  Quakers  (which  see),  she  became  an 
enthusiast,  and  went  to  Huston,  whence  some  of 

her  sect  had  been  banished,  to  give  her  "testi- 
mony to  the  truth."  In  that  colony  the  death 
penalty  menaced  those  who  should  return  after 
banishment.  Man  was  sent  away  and  returned, 
and    was   released   while    going   to   the   gallows 

with  Marmadnke  Stevensou  with  a  rope  around 
her  neck.  She  unwillingly  returned  to  her  fam- 
ily in  Rhode  Island  :  but  her  zeal  led  her  to  Bos- 
ton again  for  the  purpose  of  offering  op  her  life 
to  the  cause  she  advocated,  and  she  was  hanged. 
Mary  had  once  been  whipped  on  her  bare  back 
through  the  streets  of  Boston,  tied  behind  a  cart. 


Barle,  Pliny,  an  American  inventor,  was  born  dnced  three  hundred  a  minute.     In   17-1  Mr. 

at  Leicester.  Mass..  Dec.  17.  17ti-':  died  lb.  re.  Nov.  Crittenden,   of   New     lla\en.   Conn.,    invented    a 

|i    1832.     lb-  became  connected  with  Edward  machine  which  produced  eighty-sis  thousand 

Snow    in    17"v>    in    the    manufacture   of  machine  card-lecth.  cut    and    bent,   in    an    hour.       These 

and    hand   cards   for   carding    wool    and    cotton,  card-teeth  were  put  np  in  bags  and  distributed 

Mr.  Kaile  hail  Orel   made  them  h\   hand.bul  at  among   families,  in  which  the   women   and  chil- 

lerwards   b\    a    machine    of   his   own   invention,  dren  stuck  them  in  t  hi'  leather.      Leicester  was 

Oliver  BrailS  (winch  we)  had  already  invented  the  chief  seat  of  this  indnstiy,  and  to  that  place 

a    machine    lor    making   caul  -  teet  h.  which   pro-  Samuel    Slater    (.which    sec.   of    Klmdc    Island, 


EARLY  FRENCH  DISCOVERIES  4 

went  for  card  clothing  for  the  machines  in  his 
cotton-mill.  Hearing  thai  Pliny  Earle  was  an 
expert  card-maker,  be  went  to  bim  and  told  him 
what  he  wanted.  Mr.  Earl  invented  a  machine 
for  pricking  the  holes  in  the  leather — a  tedious 
prooesa  by  hand — and  it  worked  admirably.  A 
tew  yean  afterwards  Eleazer  Smith  (see  IVhitte- 
more,  Amos)  made  a  great  improvement  by  in- 
venting a  machine  that  not  only  pricked  the 

holes,  hnt  set  the  teeth  inure  expertly  than  hu- 
man fingers  ooold  do.  About  1843  William  15. 
Earle,  sun  of  Pliny,  improved  Smith's  invention, 
and  the  machine  thus  produced  for  making  card 
Clothing  is  now  (1^7(>)  the  host  ever  made,  and  is 
in  exclusive  oae  bj  T,  K.  Earle  iV  Co., Worcester, 
Mass.  By  Mr.  Karh's  fust  invention  the  labor 
of  a  man  for  fifteen  hours  could  he  performed  in 
fifteen  minutes.  Mr.  Earle  possessed  extensive 
attainments  in  science  and  literature. 

Early  French  Discoveries  on  the  American 
Coast.  In  1506  John  Denya,  of  Honflenr,  ex- 
plored the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  Two  years 
later  Thomas  Aubert,  a  pilot  of  Dieppe,  visited, 
it  is  believed,  the  island  of  Cape  Breton,  and 
gave  it  its  Dame.  He  carried  some  of  the  na- 
tives with  him  to  France.  In  1518  the  Barou 
de  Leri,  preparatory  to  the  settlement  of  a  colo- 
ny on  Sable  Island,  left  some  cattle  there,  whose 

progeny,  fourscore  Mars  afterwards,  gare  food 
to  unfortunate  persons  left  on  the  island  by  the 
Marquis  de  la  Roche  (which  - 

Early  Jesuit  Missions  in  Virginia.  Menen- 
dez,  who  desolated  the  Huguenol  settlement  in 
Florida  (see  Huguenots  in  America),  believing 
Chesapeake  Bay  to  he  an  open  passage  to  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  and  wishing  to  bave  thai  gate 
guarded  by  the  faithful  of  his  church,  sent  a 
vessel  carrying  soldiers  in  1556,  with  a  nnmber 

Of  Jesuit   priests,  to  establish  a  post  somewhere 

on  its  shores,  or  on  on.'  of  its  tributarj  rivers. 
This  parly  was  guided  by  an  Indian  convert, 
brother  of  i  he  sachem  of  Axaoan,  as  a  particular 

portion   Of  Virginia   was  called,  whence   he   hail 

been  taken  some  years  before  to  Mexico.    The 

expeclil  ion  w  as  unsuccessful,  hut  Menendez  urged 
his  project,  and  in  1570,  the  Indian  convert,  lie- 
in^  in  Spain,  was  sent,  under  the  direction  of 
the  general  of  the  order  of  Jesuits,  with  a  priest 

and    two   nUi/intr,   lo    plant    a    mission    station 

■ear  the  Chesapeake.  At  Port  Royal  the;  were 
joined  by  the  head  oftheJesuil  mission  in  Flor- 
ida, another  priest,  ami  four  Indian  boys,  nov- 
ices from  the  mission-school  in  Ila\aiia.  This 
patty  landed  on  the  shores  id'  the  Potomac  in 
September,  1570,  and  were  left  there  in  the  wil- 
derness with  a  few  stoles.     The\   tra\  elled  across 

the  country  to  the  Rappahannook,  and  near  its 

hanks  they  constructed  a  log-Cabin  as  a  shelter 
and  chapel,  which  they  called  the  •'Chapel  of 
the  Mother  of  God  at  Axacan."  There  they  Suf- 
fered ill  the  snsuing  winter,  and  were  elm  ll\ 
dependent  upon  the  converted  Indian  for  a  time. 
He  soon  forgot  that  he  was  a  Christian,  and  be- 
caine  tin-  most  dangerous  enemy  of  the  mission- 
[Tie  expostulations  and  the  threats  of 
the  Jesuit  priest  Bent  to  him  wen-  of  no  avail. 
Tin  pi  H  st.  and  two  Indian  boys  who  went  with 
I.— 27 


7         EARLY  MILITARY  OPERATIONS 

him.  were  killed.  Their  companions  left  behind 
waited  anxiously  in  the  chapel  for  their  return. 
On  the  fourth  day  of  their  vigils  the  Indian  con- 
vert, dressed  in  the  cassock  of  the  murdered 
priest,  and  followed  by  painted  savages,  sur- 
rounded the  chapel  and  slaughtered  all  the  in- 
mates hut  one  of  the  Indian  hoys.  The  next 
spring  Menendez  sailed  up  the  Potomac  in  a 
small  vessel  to  punish  the  murderers.  He  capt- 
ured a  number  of  the  Indians,  and  eight  of  them 
whom  the  saved  hoy  pointed  out  as  of  the  party 
of  murderers  were  instantly  hanged  by  Menen- 
dez to  the  yard-arm. 

Early,  Jiijal  A.,  was  horn  in  Virginia  about 
1818,  and  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1-::t.  He 
served  in  tin-  Florida  War.  left  the  army  in 
1838  to  study  law,  and  became  state  attorney  in 
1843.      lh    served  as  major  in  a  Virginia  regi- 


ment in  the  war  with  Mexico,  and  from  l-l~  to 
1868  was  again  state  attorney.  He  entered  the 
Confederate  service  as  colonel  in  1861,  command- 
ed a  brigade  in  the  battle  of  Mull's  Run,  and  a 
division  at  Gettysburg.  He  was  active  iu  the 
Shenandoah  Valley  in  1864. 

Early  Martyrs  in  Virginia.  (See  Berkeley, 
Sir  William.) 

Early  Military  Operations  in  Missouri  ( 1861  |. 
General  Nathaniel  Lyon,  in  command  of  the  De- 
partment of  Missouri,  moved  against  Governor 

Jackson    so   soon    as   the    latter   had    raised    the 

standard  of  revolt  at  Jefferson  City.  He  sent 
i.lulx  12, 1861 )  a  regiment  of  Missouri  volunteers, 
under  Colonel  Frani  Sigel,  to  occupy  and  pro^ 
tect  the  Pacific  Railway  from  St.  Louis  to  the 
Gasconade  River,  preparatory  to  a  movemenl 

southward  to  oppose  an  invasion  of  lien  McCnl- 
loch,  a  Texan  ranger,  who  had  era— ed  the  Ar- 
kansas frontier  with  about  eight  hundred  men. 
and  was  marching  on  Springfield.  I. yon  left 
St.  Louis  (June  13)  with  two  thousand  men.  on 
two  steamboats,  for  Jefferson  City,  to  drive  Jack- 
son and  Price  out  of  it.  The  Missouri  troops 
were  commanded  hy  Colonels  Blair  and  lioein 
stein,    the    regulars    hy    Captain    I.athrop.    and 

the  artillery  hy  Captain  J.Totten.  The  insur- 
gents lied  westward  to  a  point  near  Iloone\  ille. 


EARLY  NEW  ENGLAND  LAWS 


413     EARTHQUAKES  IN  NORTH  AMERICA 


Leaving  Boernstein  to  hold  the  capital,  Lyon 
followed  (June  10).  He  overtook  the  fugitives 
not  fax  from  Booneville.  Lyon  lauded  his  men 
and  attacked  the  camp  of  the  insurgents,  com- 
manded by  Colonel  Marmadnke,  of  the  state 
liners.  Borne  of  his  troops  had  made  a  citadel 
of  a  brick  house.  The  camp  was  on  an  emi- 
nence. Lyon  ascended  this,  and  opened  a  hattle 
by  firing  into  the  midst  of  the  insurgents.  A 
sharp  fight  ensued.  Two  of  Lyon's  shells  en- 
tered the  In  i.k  house  and  drove  out  the  inmates. 
Finally  the  insurgents  tied.  They  lost  a  battery, 
twenty  prisoners,  several  horses,  and  a  consid- 
erable amount  of  military  stores.  Leaving  a 
Company  to  hold  the  deserted  camp  of  the  In- 
surgents, Lyon  pushed  on  to  Booneville.  The 
fugitives  scattered,  some  going  westward  and 
some  southward.  With  the  latter  went  Gov- 
ernor Jackson.  At  Warsaw,  on  the  Osage,  he 
was  joined  (June  20)  by  four  bundled  men  un- 
der Colonel  O'Kane,  who  had  just  captured  and 
dispersed  abont  the  same  number  of  the  loyal 

Missouri  Home  Guards.  The  governor  and  his 
followers  continued  their  (light  to  the  extreme 
southwestern  corner  of  Missouri,  where  he  was 
joined  by  General  Price,  when  the  whole  insur- 
gent force  amounted  to  full  three  thousand  men. 
At  the  same  t  iuie.  ( ten  era]  J.G.  Rains,  a  graduate 
of  West  Point,  was  hurrying  forward  to  join 
Jackson  with  a  considerable  force  of  insurgents, 
closely  pursued  hy  Major  Stnrgis  with  a  body  of 
Kansas  volunteers.  .Jackson  was  now  satisfied 
that  the  whole  of  northern  Missouri  was  lost   to 

the  cause  of  secession,  and  he  endeavored  to 
concentrate  all  the  armed  disloyal  citizens,  with 
McCulloch's   men,    ill    the    southwestern    part   of 

the  commonwealth,  preparatory  to  "the  speedy 
deliverance  of  the  state  from  Federal  rule  "  As- 
sured by  the  aspect  of  affairs,  and  conciliatory 
and  assuring  proclamations  from  both  General 
Lyon  and  Colonel  Boernstein,  the  people  became 

quieted,  and  the  loyal  state  convention  was 
called  to  assemble  at  Jefferson  City  on  July  '2-J, 
1861.  General  Lyon  remained  at  Booneville 
ahout  a  fortnight, preparing  for  a  vigorous  cam- 
paign against  the  insurgents  in  the  southwest. 
He  then  held  military  control  over  the  whole 
region  northward  of  the  Missouri  River,  and  on 
July  1  there  were  at  least  ten  thousand  loyal 
troops  in  Missouri,  and  ten  thousand  more  mighl 
bave  been  there  within  forty-eighl  hours  from 
camps  in  neighboring  states.  Bigel  was  push- 
ing forward  towards  the  borders  of  Kansas  and 
Arkansas  to  open  the  campaign. 

Early  New  England  Laws.  The  magis- 
trates ami  ministers,  in  the  early  days  of  the 
New    England  colonies,  undertook  to  regulate 

by  law  tin'  i als  and  manners  of  the  people, 

and  made  statutes  which  to-day  appear  absurd. 

hut  were  then  regarded  as  essential  to  the  well- 
being  of  society.  The  Puritans  were  not  onlj 
rigid  moralists,  hut  inflexible  bigots  and  ahsurd 
ee,, hsts.  Thej  must  be  judged  hy  bh< 
the  circumstances  in  which  they  lived.  See 
Pmitan*.)  Among  many  excellent  laws  win 
scattered  sonic  of  equivocal  utility,  like  the  fol- 
low in»:     1'hey   doomed    to   hau ishnieiit .  ami.  iii 

•  is.  ..I  return,  to  death.  Jesuits,  Komish  priests, 


and  Quakers.  All  persons  were  forbidden  to 
run.  or  even  to  walk,  "except  reverently  to  and 
from  church."  on  Sunday,  or  to  profane  the  day 
by  sweeping  their  houses,  cooking  their  food,  or 
shaving  their  beards.  Mothers  were  commanded 
not  to  kiss  their  children  on  that  holy  day. 
Burglars  ami  robbers  Buffered  the  extra  punish- 
ment of  having  an  ear  cut  off  if  their  crime  was 
committed  on  Sunday.  Blasphemy  and  idolatry 
were  punishable  hy  death;  so  also  were  witch- 
craft and  pei jury  directed  against  human  life. 
All  gaining  was  prohibited.  The  importation 
of  cards  and  dice  was  forbidden.  Assemblies 
for  dancing  were  proscribed.  A  Massachusetts 
law.  passed  in  1646,  made  kissing  a  woman  in 
the  street,  even  in  the  way  of  honest  salutation, 
punishahle  hy  flogging.  Xo  one  was  allowed  to 
keep  a  tavern  unless  possessed  of  a  good  char- 
acter and  competent  estate.  Persons  wearing 
apparel  which  a  grand  jury  should  account  dis- 
proportionate to  their  positions  were  to  be  first 
admonished,  and.  if  contumacious,  lined.  Every 
woman  who  should  cut  her  hair  like  a  man's,  Of 
sutler  it  to  hang  loosely  upon  her  face,  was 
tined.  Idleness,  swearing,  and  drunkenness 
were  visited  with  restraining  penalties.  In  the 
earlier  records  of  Massachusetts  it  is  revealed 
that  John  Wedgewood,  for  being  in  the  compa- 
ny of  drunkards,  was  to  he  set  in  the  stocks. 
Catharine,  wife  of  Richard  Cornish,  was  sus- 
pected of  incontinence,  and  seriously  admon- 
ished to  take  heed.     Thomas  Petit,  on  suspicion 

of  slander,  idleness,  and  Btnbboruness,  was  sen- 
tenced to  be  severely  whipped.    Captain  Lovell 

was  admonished  to  take  heed  of  light  carriage. 
Josias  Plaistowe.  for  stealing  four  baskets  of 
corn  from  the  Indians,  was  ordered  to  ••return 
them  eight  baskets,  to  be  lined  five  pounds,  and 
thereafter  to  he  called  by  the  name  of  Josias, 
and  not  Mr.,  as  formerly  he  used  to  be." 

Early  Non  -  importation  Acts.     In  1687  an 

excise  duty  on  tohacco  was  laid  in  England, 
which  alarmed  the  Virginia  planters,  and  they 
attempted  to  retaliate  by  procuring  acts  of  the 
Assembly  for  the  encouragement  of  domestic 
manufactures,  thai  they  mighl  import  less  from 
the   mother  country.      Kin-;  James  disallowed 

these  acts  as  hostile  to  English  interests.    A 

similar  attempt  failed  in  Maryland. 

Earthquakes  in  North  America.  On  the 
1st  day  of  .In i.e.  1638, between  the  hours  of  three 
and  four  P.M..  the  weather  char  and  warm,  and 
the  wind  westerly,  all  New  England  was  \i,>- 
lently  shaken  by  some  internal  convulsion  of 
the  earth.  It  came  on  with  a  noise  like  contin- 
ued thunder,  and  the  shock  lasted  about  four 
minutes.  The  earth  shook  with  such  violence 
that  ill  some  places  the  people  could   not  stand 

npright  without  difficulty,  and  many  movable 

articles  in  the  houses  were  thrown  dow  n.      The 

earth  was  nnqniet  for  twenty  days  afterwards. 
•  to  Jan.  96,  1663,  a  heavy  shock  of  earthquake 

was  fell  in  New  England  and  in  New  York,  and 
was  particularly  severe  in  Canada,  w  here  it  was 

recorded  that  "the  doors  opened  ami  shut  of 
themselves  w  1th  a  fearful  clattering.     The  hells 

rang  without   being  touched.     The  walls  wen 


EAST  AND  WEST  JERSEY 


419 


EAST  FLORIDA,  SEIZURE  OF 


split  asunder.  The  floors  separated  and  fell 
down.  The  fields  put  on  the  appearance  of 
precipices,  and  the  mountains  seemed  to  be 
moving  oul  of  their  places."  Small  rivers  were 
dried  up ;  some  mountains  appeared  to  be  much 

broken  and  moved,  and  half-way  between  Que- 

bec  and  Tadoasae  two  mountains  were  shaken 
down,  and  formed  a  point  of  land  extending 
some  distance  into  the  St.  Lawrence.  Ou  Oct. 
29. 1727,  there  was  a  severe  earthquake  in  New 
England,  lasting  about  two  minutes.  Its  course 
seemed  to  he  from  the  River  Delaware,  in  the 
■0nthwest,  to  the  Kenneliec,  in  the  northeast, 
a  distance  of  about  seven  hundred  miles.  It 
occurred  al  about  twenty  minutes  before  eleven 
o'clock  in  the  morning, and  the  sky  was  serene. 

Pewter  and  china  were  cast  from  their  shelves, 
and  stone  walls  and  chimney-tops  were  shaken 

down.     In  s e  places  doors  were  burst  open, 

and  people  could  hardly  keep  their  feet.  There 
had  been  an  interval  of  fifty-seven  years  since 
the  lasl  earthquake  in  New  England.  On  the 
same  day  the  island  of  Marliniipie,  in  the  West 
Indies,  was  threatened  with  total  destruction 
by  an  earthquake  which  lasted  eleven  hums. 
On  the  18th  of  November  a  severe  earthquake 

shock    was   fell    from  Chesapeake  Lay  alotlg  the 

coast  to  Halifax, Nova  Scotia,  about  eight  hun- 
dred miles;  and  in  the  interior  ii  seems  to  have 
extended,  from   northwesi    to   southeast,  more 

than  one  thousand  miles.  In  Boston  one  hun- 
dred chimneys  were  levelled  with  the  root's  of  I  hi' 

ind  fifteen  hundred  more  or  less  shat- 
tered. The  cuds  of  several  brick  buildings  were 
thrown  down  with  the  chimneys.  The  vane  on 
the  public  market  was  thrown  to  the  earth.  At 
New  Haven, Conn.,  the  ground  moved  like  waves 
of  the  sea;  the  bouses  shook  and  cracked,  and 
main  chimneys  were  thrown  down.  It  occurred 
at  tout  o'clock  in  the  morniug,  and  lasted  four 
and  a  half  minutes.  At  t  be  same  time  there  was 
a  great  tidal-wave  in  the  West  Indies.  In  April. 
the  same  year,  Quito,  in  South  America,  was  de- 
stroyed by  an  earthquake;  ami  eighteen  days 

before  the  earthquake  in  North  America  there 
was  an  awful  one  (Nov.  1.  I7.V>)  in  Southern  Eu- 
rope that  extended  into  Africa.      'lire  earth  was 

violently  shaken  tor-  five  thousand  miles — even 
to  Scotland  In  eight  minutes  the  citj  of  Lis- 
bon, with  fifty  thousand  inhabitants,  was  swal- 
lowed rip.  Other  cities  in  Portugal  and  Spain 
were  partially  destroyed.  One  half  of  Fez,  in 
northern  Africa,  was  destroyed,  and  mote  than 
twelve  thousand  Arabs  perished.  In  the  island 
of    Mit\  leiie.    ill    the    Grecian    Archipi  I 

thousand  houses  were  overthrown;  and  half  of 

the   island    of  Madeira,   six    hundred    and    sixtj 

miles  southwest  from  Portugal,  became  a  waste. 
East  and  West  Jersey.  Disputes  bad  arisen 
between  the  purchasers  of  a  portion  of  New  Jer- 
sey. Among  these  purchasers  were  John  Pen- 
wick  and  Edward  Billinge, both  of  the  Society 
of  Friends.  These  men  quarrelled  with  regard 
to  then  respective  rights.     The  tenets  of  their 

Seel  would  not  allow  them  to  go  to  law.  so  they 
referred  the  matter  to  William  I'eiin,  w  hose  de- 
cision satisfied  both  parties.  Fenwick  sailed 
for  America  to  found  a  colony, but  Billinge  was 


|  too  much  in  debt  to  come,  and  made  an  assign- 
ment for  the  benefit  of  bis  creditors.  The  great- 
er part  of  his  right  and  title  in  New  Jersey  fell 
into  the  bands  of  lYiin.  (Jaweii  Law  rie,  and  Nich- 
olas Lucas.  The  matter  was  now  complicated. 
Berkeley  had  disposed  of  his  undivided  half  of 
the  colony,  finally,  on  the  1st  of  July,  1676 
(O.  S.),  after  much  preliminary  negotiation,  a 
deed  was  completed  and  signed  by  Carteret  ou 
the  one  side,  and  I'enn,  Lawric  Lucas,  and  Bil- 
linge on  the  other,  which  divided  the   province 

of  New  Jersey  into  two  great  portion 
Jersey,  including  all  that  part  lying  northeast 
of  a  line  drawn  from  Little  Egg  Harbor  to  a 
point  on  the  most  noil  belly  branch  of  the  Del- 
aware River,  in  north  latitude  11  -10  ';  and  West 
Jersey,  comprehending  all  the  rest  of  the  prov- 
ince originally  granted  by  the  Duke  of  York. 
East  Jersey  was  the  property  of  Sir  George  Car- 
teret :  Wot  Jersey  passed  into  the  hands  of  the 
associates  of  the  Society  of  Friends.  West  Jer- 
sey was  now  divided  into  one  hundred  parts. 
Setting  aside  ten  for  Fenwick,  who  had  made 
the  first  sett  lenient,  at  Salem,  on  the  Delaware, 
and  arranged  to  dispose  of  t  be  other  ninety  parts 

for  the  benefit  of  Billinge'e  creditors,  i  St  e  i\i  " 
■Ii  rsi  ij,  (  hIiiiii/  of.) 

East  Florida,  Lee's  EXPEDITION  S.OAINST.  A 
citizen  of  Georgia  visited  General  Charles  Lee 
at  Charleston  and  persnad.  ii  him  that  St.  Augus- 
tine could    be    easily    taken,      'flic    man    was   a 

stranger,  but,  without  further  inquiry,  Lee  an- 
nounced to  the  Continental  troops  under  his 
command  that  he  had  planned  lor  them  a  safe, 
sure,  and  remunerative  expedition,  of  which  the 
very  large  booty  would  be  all  their  own.  Call- 
ing it  a  secret,  he  let  everybody  know  its  destina- 
tion.   Without  adequate  preparation-    wit! t 

a  field-piece  or  a  medicine-chest  he  hastily 
marched  off  the  Virginia  and  North  Carolina 
troops,  in  the  second  week  in   August   I  177(1).  to 

the  malarious  regions  of  Georgia.  By  his  order, 
Howe,  of  North  Carolina,  and  Moultrie,  of  South 

Carolina,  soon  followed.  About  four  hundred 
and  sixty  men  from  South  Carolina  were  sent  to 
Savannah  by  water,  with  two  field-pieces  ;  and 

on  the  18th,  Lee,  after  reviewing  the  collected 
troops. sent  the  Virginians  aud  a  portion  of  the 
South  Carolinians  to  Sunbury.   The  fever  made 

sad  havoc  among  them,  and  fourteen  or  fifteen 
men  were  buried  daily.  Then  Lee  sought  to 
shift  from  himself  to  Moultrie  the  further  con- 
duet  of  the  expedition,  lor  he  saw  it  must  be  dis- 
astrous. Moult  rie  warned  him  that  no  availa- 
ble resources  which  would  render  success  possi- 
ble had  been  prov ided,  and  the  wretched  expe- 
dition was  abandoned.  Fortunately  for  his  rep- 
utation, Lee  w  as  ot  deled  North  early  in  Sept  em- 
ber and  joined  Washington  on  Harlem  Heights, 
recen  ing  his  (30,000  from  Congress  as  he  passed 
through  Philadelphia.    (See  Lee,  Charles.) 

East  Florida,  SEIZURE  OF  C1812).  Florida 
was  divided  into  two  provinces,  Fast  and  West. 

The  boundary-line  was  the  Perdido  River,  east 
of  Mobile  Bay,     The  Georgians  coveted   East 

Florida,  and  in  the  spring  of  1812  Brigadier-gen- 
eral   George    Mathews,  of  the    Georgia  militia, 


EAST  INDIA  COMPANY 


420        EAST  TENNESSEE,  BUENSIDE  IN 


who  had  been  appointed  a  commissioner,  under 
an  act  of  a  seorel  seasion  of  Congress  in  1810-11, 
to  Becnre  thai  province  should  it  be  offered  to 
the  United  States,  Btirred  ni>  an  insurrection 
there,  Amelia  Island,  lying  a  little  below  the 
dividing  line  between  Georgia  and  Florida,  was 
chosen  for  a  base  of  operations.  The  fine  har- 
bor of  its  capital,  Fernandina,  was  a  place  of 
great  resort  for  smugglers  during  the  days  of 
the  embargo,  and,  as  neutral  ground,  mighl  be 
made  a  dangerous  place.  The  possession  of  the 
island  and  harbor  was  therefore  important  to 
the  Americans,  and  a  Bonght-for  pretext  Ear 
seizing  it  was  soon  found.  The  Florida  insur- 
gents planted  the  standard  of  revolt  (March, 
1813)  on  the  bluff  opposite  the  town  of  St. 
Mary,  on  the  border  Hue.      Some  Doited  States 

gunboats  under  Commodore  Campbell  were  in 
the  St.  Mary's  River,  and  Mathews  had  some 
United  States  troops  at  his  command  near.  The 
insurgents,  two  hundred  ami  twenty  in  number, 
sent  a  flag  of  truce  (March  17)  to  Fernandina, 
demanding  the  surrender  of  the  town  and  isl- 
and. About  the  same  time  the  American  gun- 
boats appeared  there.  The  authorities  bowed 
in  submission,  and  General  Mathews,  assuming 
the  character  of  a  protector,  took  possession  of 
the  place  in  the  name  of  the  United  States.  At 
the  same  t  ime  the  commodore  assured  the  Span- 
ish governor  that  the  gunboats  were  there  only 
for  aid  and  protection  to  ;i  huge  portion  of 
the  population,  who  thought  proper  to  declare 
themselves  independent.  On  the  10th  the  town 
was  formally  given  up  to  the  United  states  au- 
thorities: a  custom-house  was  established  :  the 
floating  property  in  tin-  harbor  was  considered 
under  the  protection  of  the  United  States  flag, 
and  smuggling  ceased.  The  insurgent  band, 
swelled  to  eight  hundred  by  reinforcements 
from  Georgia,  and  accompanied  by  troops  fur- 
nished by  General  Mathews, besieged  the  Span- 
ish garrison  at  Si.  Augustine,  for  it  was  feared 
the  British  might  help  the  Spaniards  in  recov- 
ering what  they  had  lost  in  the  territory.  The 
United  Slates  government  would  not  counte- 
nance this  kind   of  filibustering,  and   Mathews 

w  a-  superseded  as  commissioner  (April  10, 1812) 
b\  Governor  Mitchell,  of  Georgia  Mitchell. 
professing  to  believe  Congress  would  sanction 
Mathews's  proceedings, made  no  change  in  pol- 
icy. The  House  of  Representatives  did  actually 
pa-s  a  bill,  in  secret  session  (June  21).  authoriz- 
ing the  President  to  take  possession  of  Last 
Florida.  The  Senate  rejected  it,  for  it  would 
have  been  unwise  to  quarrel  with  Spain  at  the 
moment  when  war  was  about  to  be  declared 
againal  Great  Britain.  Not  many  years  after- 
wards Flotilla  was  ceded  to  the  United  Slates 
by  Spain. 

East  India  Company  (English).  At  the 
elose  of  the  year  1600,  Queen  Elizabeth  granted 
a  charter  to  a  company  of  London  merchants 
for  the  monopoly  of  the  trade  over  a  vast  ex- 
panse of  land  ami  sea  in  the  region  of  the  East 

Indies,  for  fifteen  years.    The  (hatter  w a>  re- 
newed from  time  to  time.     The  tirst  squadron 
of  the  company  (five  vessel*)  sailed  from  Tor- 
i .'.,  1601 1  and  began  to  make  footholds, 


speedily,  on  the  islands  and  continental  shores  of 
the  Bast,  establishing  factories  in  many  places, 
and  at  length  obtaining  a  grant  (1696)  from  a 
native  prince  of  Calcutta  and  two  adjoining  vil- 
lages, with  the  privilege  of  erecting  fortifica- 
tions. This  was  the  fust  step  towards  the  ac- 
quirement by  the  company,  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Ei  itish  government,  of  vast  territorial  pos- 
sessions, with  a  population  of  two  hundred  mill- 
ions, over  which,  in  1S77,  Queen  Victoria  was 
proclaimed  empress.  The  company  had  ruled 
supreme  in  India,  with  some  restrictions,  until 
1858,  when  the  government  of  that  Oriental 
empire  was  vested  in  the  Queen  of  England. 
Though  the  company  was  not  abolished,  it  was 
shorn  of  all  its  political  power,  as  it  had  been  of 
its  trade  monopoly.  The  East  India  Company 
first  introduced  tea  into  England,  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  II. 

East  India  Company  and  a  Compromise. 
Resolved  to  retain  a  duty  on  tea  exported  to 
America,  the  British  government  proposed  to 
allow  the  East  India  Company  to  send  tea,  in 
their  ships,  free  of  export  duty,  so  as  to  en- 
able the  colonists  to  gel  the  tea  at  a  cheaper 
rate  than  before,  while  paying  a  small  duty. 
The  cost  of  the  tea  was  not  a  question  with  the 
Americans.  It  was  the  principle  involved  in 
the  act  of  taxing  them  without  their  consent 
that  made  them  Oppose  the  measure,  which  they 
diil  most  effectually  in  all  seaports  where  the 
l'.ast  India  Company  sent  their  ships.  (See  Tea- 
ehipa,  Reception  of.) 

East  Tennessee,  lit  KNsii. i  in  (1863).  Gen- 
eral Bumside  was  assigned  to  the  command  of 
the  Army  of  the  Ohio,  and  was  ordered  to  take 
active  CO-operation  with  the  Army  of  the  Cum- 
berland in  August,  1SG3.  lie  had  gathered 
twenty  thousand  men  near  Richmond,  Ky..  well 
disciplined  and  equipped.  They  left  camp  Au- 
gust 21,  climbed  over  the  Cumberland  Moun- 
tains, and  entered  the  magnificent  Valley  of 

Bast  Tennessee,  their  baggage  and  stores  car- 
ried, in    many  places,  by   pack  -mules.      On    his 

euteriug  the  valley  twenty  thousand  Confeder- 
ates, commanded  by  General  Simon  B.Buokuei 
(see  Port  Donelwm),  fled  to  Georgia  and  joined 
Bragg.  General  Bumside  had  been  joined  by 
General  Ilartsutf  and  his  command.  Their 
numbers  were  swilled  by  junction  with  other 
troops.  At  the  mouth  of  the  Clinch  Kivi  r  they 
tirst  had  communication  with  Colonel  Minty'a 

cavalry,  on  h'oscerans's  extreme  left.  At  Lon- 
don bridge  General  Shackelford  had  a  skirmish 
with  Confederates,  and  drove  them  across  i  he 
stream,  they  burning  the  maguitieent  structure, 
two  thousand  feet  long.  Early  in  September  a 
force    of   Confederates,    under    General    Frazer. 

holding  Cumberland  (Jap,  surrendered  to  the 
Nationals,  and  the  great  valley  between  tl 
Cumberland  and  Alleghany  Mountains  (of  which 
Knowille  was  the  metropolis), extending  from 
Cleveland  to  Bristol, seemed  to  be  permanently 
lid  of  armed  Confederates.  The  loyal  inhabi- 
tants of  thai  region  received  the  National  troop 
with  open  arms.  Bumside  made  his  headqtUWi 
ten  at  Know  die. 


EAST  TENNESSEE  DELIVERANCE       421 


EASTON 


East  Tennessee  waiting  for  Deliverance. 
East  Tennessee,  where  loyalty  to  tin-  Union  was 
strongly  predominant,  was  kept  m  submission 
to  the  Confederacy  by  the  Btrong  arm  of  mili- 
tary power.  The  people  Longed  for  deliverance, 
Which  seemed  mar  at  hand  when,  in  January, 
isii2,  the  energetic  General  Mitchel  made  an  ef- 
fort tn  seize  Chattanooga.  His  force  was  tun 
small  to  effect  it, for  I'..  Kirby  Smith  was  watch- 
ing thai  region  with  a  strong  Confederate  force. 
Mitchel  asked  Bnell  for  reinforcements, bnl  was 

denied.  Finally  General  Nerjey,  after  a  suc- 
cessful  attack   ii| Confederates   near  Jasper, 

having  made  his  way  user  the  ragged  ranges 

of  the  ( 'um In  l  land  Mountains,  suddenly  appear- 
ed opposite  Chattanooga  (Jane  7).  Towards 
evening  be  had  heavy  gnns  In  position,  and  for 

two  hours  he  cannonaded  the  town  and  the  Con- 
federate works  near.  The  inhabitants  and  Con- 
federates fled  from  the  town.  With  a  lew  more 
regiments  Negley  mighl  have  captured  and  held 

tin'  place,  and  Mitchel  could  have  marched  into 

Baal  Tennessee  Bnl  Baell  would  not  allow  it. 
The  insurgents  had  already  evacuated  Cumber- 
land (Jap  voluntarily,  and  the  inhabitants  of 
Hast  Tennessee  were  jubilant  with  hope  ofde- 

liveranoe.  Hut  they  were  again  disappointed 
and    compelled    to    wait.       The    cautious   Iluell 

and  the  fiery  Mitchel  did  not  work  well  to- 
gether, and  the  latier  was  soon  assigned  to  the 
command  of  the  Department  of  the  South. 

Eastern  Boundary  of  the  United  States. 
Jay's  treaty  provided  for  a  commission  for  de- 
termining the  eastern  boundary  of  the  United 
states,  in  the  treaty  of  peace  |  i7-::i  it  had  been 
defined  as  at  the  St.  Croix  Blver.  A.  question 
arose  as  to  which  stream  was  the  true  St.  Croix. 
Massachusetts  had  claimed  the  Maqnadavie  as 
the  true  St. Croix j  the  British  claimed  the  Pas- 

sainaipinihly  as  the  tine   Si.  Croix,  and  insisted 

that  the  western  branch  of  ii     the  Sohoodio 
was  the   boundary.     The  commissioners  (ap- 
pointed Oct.  25,  1798)  decided  that  the  Pasea- 
maquoddy  and  its  eastern  branch  was  the  true 

St.  Croix,  by  which  the  disputed  territory  was 
divided  about  equally  between  the  two  nations. 

The  ownership  of  the  numerous  islands  in   Pas- 

■amaquoddy  Bay  was  not  determined. 

Eastern  Indians,  W.ut  WITH.     In  conformity 

with  the  treaty  of  Fliecht.  the  French  hail 
withdrawn  from  the  peninsula  of  No\a  Scotia, 
and  on  Cape  Breton  began  the  erection  of  the 
formidable  fortress  id'  Lonisbnrg,  which  would 
overlook  the  entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law 

rence  and  the  coasts  of  Nov  a  Scolia  and  New 
England.      The  French   still   claimed,  if  not    for 

themselves,  for  the  Independent  Indian  tribes  in 
the  Bast,  the  territory  as  far  west  as  the  Kenne- 
hec.  In  behalf  of  this  claim  the  French  mis- 
sions  on    the    PenobBCOt    and    at     Noi  ridgevv  nek 

wen-  kept  up,  and  the  natives  were  observed  to 
he  iii  had  humor.    The  people  of  Massachusetts 

suspected  the  Jesuit  missionary  at  the  latter 
pla.e  of  Stimulating  the  Indians  to  war.  and 
a    secret     expedition    was    sent     (  August,    L7S2) 

againat  ii  from  Massachusetts,     (See   Nmridg* 

\  l.st  ilil  ii-s   continued,  and   I  he    Indians 


attacked  points  all  along  the  New  England 
frontier  to  the  Connecticut  River.  To  cover 
the  tow  ns  in  that  valley  Fort  Duinnier  was  huilt 
(1724)  on  the  site  of  Brattleborough, the  oldest 
English  settlement  in  the  State  of  Vermont. 
The  Indians  had  captured  seventeen  vessels  he- 
longing  to  Massachusetts  in  the  Out  of  < 'auso  in 
1728;  now  (1724)  armed  schooners  which  they 
had  seized  prowled  along  the  New  England 
coast  and  capl  ured  sev  en  vessels.  1 1  w  as  deemed 
necessary  to  si  nke  sonic  decisive  hlovv.  The  mis- 
sion st at  ion  at  Norridgewock  waa destroyed,  and 
the  premium  on  scalps  was  raised  to  |500  each. 
Captain  John  Lovewell,  a  noted  partisan,  sur- 
prised a  party  of  sleeping  Indians  at  Salmon 
Falls  (February,  1725),  killed  them  all,  and 
marched  to  Dover  in  triumph  with  their  scalps 
elevated  on  poles.  In  a  second  expedition  he 
fell  into  an  ambush  on  the  margin  of  a  pond, 
near  the  head  of  the  Saco.  and  was  slain  at  the 
first  lire, with  eight  of  Ins  men.  The  remainder 
repulsed  the  Indians  and  retreated.  The  war 
was  somi  ended  by  treaties  or  agreements  with 
the  Indians.  As  the  war  had  been  kindled 
chiefly  through  the  rascality  of  private  traders. 
measures  were  adopted  by  the  Massachusetts 
Legislature  to  protect  the  Indians  from  the  ex- 
tortion Of  these  people. 

Eastman,  IIvi:\iv  GbtCLBT,  commercial 
teacher,    was    horn     al     Marshall,    Oneida     Co., 

N.  V..  (id.  16,  L832;  dud  a)  Denver,  ('oh,  July 
13,1878.  After  attending  the  common  schools 
of  ins  neighborhood, he  completed  his  education 

at  the  State  Normal  Scl 1  at  Albany;    and  at 

the  age  of  twenty-three  opened  a  commercial 
school  at  Oswego, N.  x*., having  been  a  teacher 
in  a  similar  school  kept  by  Ins  uncle  in  Roch- 
ester.     In    that    school    he    first    conceived    the 

plan  of  a  commercial  or  husiness  ool 

the  3d  of  November,  1859,  Mr.  Eastman  openeda 

husiness  college  in  the  city  of  Poughkeepsie,  on 

the  Hudson,  and  the  first  pupil  was  Andrew 
Houston,  who.  on  Nov.  3, 1879,  placed  his  son  in 
the  college,     The  institution  began  with  three 

pupils,  and  the  number  rapidly  increased.  In 
1865  there  wen'  more  than  seventeen  hundred 
students  in  the  college.  Il  was  the  first  insti- 
tution in  which  actual  husiness  was  taught. 
Mr.  Eastman  was  a  very  liberal  and  enterpris- 
ing citizen,  foremoal  in  every  judicious  measure 
which  promised  to  benefit  the  community  in 
which  he  lived.  He  was  twice  elected  mayor 
of  the  city,  and  held  that  office  al  the  time  of 
his  death.  On  the  day  of  his  funeral  the  city 
was  draped  in  mourning  and  nearly  all  places  of 
business  were  closed,  tor  he  was  eminently  re- 
spected as  a  citizen  and  as  a  public  officer. 

Easton,  J  wii  s,  was  horn  at  Hartford,  Conn., 
and  died  at  Pittsfleld, Mass,  Mr. Eastou  was  a 
builder, and  settled  in  Pittafleld,  Mass.,  in  L76& 
Active  in  husiness  and  strong  in  intellect,  he  be 
came  a  leader  in  public  affairs  there,  and  was 
chosen  to  a  seat  in  the  Massachusetts  Assembly 
in  177  1.  He  was  also  colonel  in  the  militia,  and 
held  the  position  of  leader  of  the  minute  -men 
of  thai    town.      When   the  expedition    to  assail 

Tioonderoga  was  organised  in  weatern  Maasa- 


EASTON,  TREATIES  AT 


422 


EATON 


chusetts,  Colonel  Easton  joiued  Allen  and  Ar- 
nold in  accomplishing  the  undertaking,  and  it 
was  lie  who  bore  the  first  tidings  of  success  to 
the  Provincial  Congress  of  Massachusetts. 

Easton,  TREATIES  at.  Easton,  on  the  Dela- 
ware, was  a  favorite  place  for  holding  councils 
with  the  Indian  chiefs  between  the  years  1754 
and  1761.  On  these  occasions  200  to  500  Indians 
were  frequently  seen.  Teedynsciing,  an  eminent 
Delaware  chief,  who  represented  several  tribes, 
was  chief  speaker  and  manager  among  the  bar- 
barians. In  L756  the  relations  between  the  Eng- 
lish and  the  Six  Nations,  the  Delawares,  Shaw- 
noese,  and  Mohegaua  were  critical,  for  the  bar- 
barians, especially  the  Delawares.  had  become 
greatly  incensed  against  the  white  people  of 
Pennsylvania.  The  Quakers  of  that  state  had 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  pagans  and  formed 
an  association  for  securing  justice  for  the  In- 
dians and  friendship  between  them  and  the 
white  people.  (See  Friendly  Association.)  They 
held  two  conferences  at  Easton  with  the  In- 
dians, and  Sir  William  Johnson  complained  that 
the  Quakers  had  intruded  upon  his  office.  Final- 
ly, in  July,  1756,  a  conference  was  held  between 
the  Delawares,  Shawnoese,  Mohegans,  the  Six 
Nations,  and  Governor  Denny  and  his  council, 
and  George  Croghan,  an  intriguing  Indian  trad- 
er. At  the  suggestion  of  the  Quakers  Teedyus- 
enng  invited  Charles  Thomson,  master  of  the 
Quaker  Academy  in  Philadelphia,  and  after- 
wards permanent  secretary  of  the  Continental 
Congress,  to  act  as  his  secretary.  Denny  and 
Croghan  opposed  it;  Teedyusenug  persisted  in 
having  Thomson  make  minutes  of  the  proceed- 
ings, mi  that  garbled  and  false  reports  of  inter- 
ested men  might  not  be  given  as  truth.  By  this 
arrangement  the  Indians  received  fair  play.  The 
conference  was  thinly  attended  ;  but  at  another, 
begun  on  the  8th  of  November,  the  same  year, 
the  Indian  tribes  were  well  represented.  In  re- 
ply to  questions  by  Governor  Denny  of  what  he 
complained,  Teedyusenug  charged  the  proprie- 
taries of  Pennsylvania  with  obtaining  large  ter- 
ritories by  fraud,  and  specified  well-known  in- 
stances like  that  known  as  the  "  Indian  Walk." 
(See  Indian  Walk.)  At  that  conference  there 
were  many  citizens  from  Philadelphia,  ehietly 
Quakers,  and  the  result  was.  after  deliberations 
kept  up  for  nine  days,  a  satisfactory  treaty  of 
peace  was  made  between  the  Indians  and  the 
English,  tin-  governor  offering  to  indemnify  the 
Delawares  for  any  lands  which  bad  been  fraud- 
ulently taken  from  them.  That  matter  was 
deferred  until  a  council   was  held  at    Easton 

in  July,  17.77,  when  Teedyuscung  was  well  plied 
with  liquor.  The  Quakers,  with  much  exer- 
tion, enabled  the  old  chief  to  resist  tin-  in- 
trigues of  Croghan  to  weaken  his  Influence 

among  the  Indians.     Another  council  was  held 

rbere  iu  the  autumn  of  1768.    The  object  was 

to  adjust  all  differences  between  the  English 
and  the  Sll  Nations,  as  well  as  Other  tribes 
farther    westward    and    southward.       The    gOY- 

ernors  of  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  Bit 

William  Johnson, Colonel  Croghan, and  a  large 

number  of  the  Friendly  Association  were  pres- 

!>  uaoung  acted  aa  chief  speaker,  which 


offended  the  Six  Nations,  who  regarded  the  Del- 
awares as  their  vassals;  but  he  conducted  him- 
self admirably,  maintained  his  position  fine- 
ly, and  resisted  the  wiles  of  Colonel  Croghan 
and  the  governor.  This  great  council  contin- 
ued eighteen  days.  The  land  question  was 
thoroughly  discussed.  All  causes  for  misunder- 
standing between  the  English  and  the  Indians 
were  removed,  and  a  treaty  for  a  general  peace 
was  concluded  Oct.  26, 1758.  There  was  anoth- 
er council  held  at  Easton  in  1761,  concerning  set- 
tlements at  Wyoming,  in  which  Teedyusenug 
took  an  active  and  eloquent  part.  A  war  party 
of  the  Six  Nations  descended  the  Susquehanna 
in  the  autumn  of  1763,  murdered  Teedyuscung 
and  burned  his  dwelling,  and  charged  the  crime 
upon  the  white  settlers  in  the  Wyoming  Valley. 
(See  Susquehanna  Company.) 

Eastport  (Me.),  CAPTURE  of  (1814).  Early  iu 
July,  1814.  Sir  Thomas  M.  Hardy  sailed  secretly 
from  Halifax  with  a  squadron,  consisting  of  the 
Eamillies  (the  flag-ship),  sloop  Martin,  brig  Borer, 
the  Bream,  the  bomb -ship  Terror,  and  several 
transports  with  troops  under  Colonel  Thomas 
Pilkington.  The  squadron  entered  Passama- 
quoddy  Bay  on  the  11th,  and  anchored  off  Port 
Sullivan,  at  Eastport  (  Moose  Island  ),  then  in 
command  of  Major  Perley  Putnam  with  a  gar- 
rison of  fifty  men,  having  six  pieces  of  artillery. 
Hardy  demanded  an  instant  surrender,  giving 
Putnam  only  live  minutes  to  consider.  The 
latter  promptly  refused,  but  at  the  vehement 
importunities  of  the  alarmed  inhabitants,  who 
were  indisposed  to  resist,  he  surrendered  the 
post  on  condition  that,  while  the  British  should 
take  possession  of  all  public  property,  private 
property  should  be  respected.  This  was  agreed 
to,  and  one  thousand  armed  men,  with  women 
and  children,  a  battalion  of  artillery,  and  fifty 
or  sixty  pieces  of  cannon  were  landed  on  the 
main,  when  formal  possession  was  taken  of  the 
fort,  the  town  of  Eastport,  and  all  the  islands 
and  villages  in  and  around  Passamaquoddy  Bay. 
Several  vessels  laden  with  goods  valued  at  three 
hundred  thousand  dollars,  ready  to  be  smuggled 
into  the  United  States,  were  seized.  Sixty  can- 
nons were  mounted,  and  civil  rule  was  estab- 
lished under  British  officials.  The  British  held 
quit  t  possession  of  that  region  until  the  close 
of  the  war. 

Eaton,  TiiK.ornii.is.  first  governorof  the  New 
Haven  colony,  was  born  at  Stoin  Stratford.  Eng- 
land, in  1501;  died  at  New  Haven,  Jail. 7,  1057. 
He  was  bred  a  merchant,  and  was  for  sonic  years 
the  English  representative  at  the  court  of  Den- 
mark. Afterwards  be  was  a  distinguished  Lon- 
don men  bant,  and  accompanied  Sir. Davenport 
to  New  England  in  L637.  With  him.  he  assisted 
in  founding  the  New  Haven  colony,  and  was 
chosen  its  first  chief  magistrate.  Mr.  Eaton 
filled  the  chair  of  that  office  continuously  until 
his  death. 

Eaton,  William,  was  born  at  Woodstock, 
Conn.,  Feb.  S3, 1764 ;  died  at  Brimneld.  Mass., 
Jan,  i.  1811.  He  graduated  at  Dartmouth  Col- 
lege in  1790.  He  entered  the  Continental  army 
at    the  age  of  sixteen,  and   was  discharged   in 


ECKFORD  4 

1783.  In  1797  be  was  appointed  American  con- 
sul at  Tunis,  and  arrived  there  in  1799.  He 
acted  with  so  much  boldness  and  tact  thai  In- 
secured  for  his  country  the  freedom  of  its  com- 
merce  from  attacks  by  Tunisian  cruisers.  He 
returned  to  the  United  States  in  1803;  was  ap- 
pointed naval  agent  of  the  United  States  for  the 
Barbary  States  (which  see);  and  accompanied 
the  American  fleet  to  the  Mediterranean  in  1804. 
He  assisted  Haunt  Caramclli,  the  rightful  ruler 
of  Tripoli,  in  an  attempt  to  recover  his  throne, 
usurped  by  his  brother.  (See  Tripoli,  War  with.) 
Soon  afterwards  Baton  returned  to  the  United 
States,  and  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life  at 
Brimlield.  For  his  services  to  American  com- 
merce the  Stale  of  Massachusetts  gave  him  ten 
thousand  acres  of  land.  The  King  of  Denmark 
gave  him  a  gold  box  in  acknowledgment  of  his 

services  to  commerce  in  general  and  for  the  re- 
lease of  Danish  captives  at  Tunis.  ISnrr  tried 
to  enlist  General  Eaton  in  his  conspiracy,  and 
the  latter  testified  against  him  on  his  trial.  (See 
Burr's  Conspiracy.) 

Eckford,  Hi:m:y,  naval  constructor,  was  born 
at  Irvine,  Scotland,  March  12,  177.">;  died  in  Con- 
stantinople, Nov.  12,  1839.  lie  learned  his  art 
with  an  uncle  at  Ojuhee.  w  hen  he  began  husi- 
ness  for  himself  in  New  York  in  1796,  and  SOOO 
took  the  lead  in  his  profession.  During  the 
War  of  1812- 15  he  constructed  ships-of-war  on 
the  Lakes  with  greal  expedition  and  skill;  and 
soon  after  the  war  he  hnilt  the  steamship  Robert 
Fulton,  in  which,  in  1892,  he  made  the  Brat  suc- 
cessful trip  in  a  craft  of  that  kind  to  New  Or- 
leans anil  Havana.      Made  naval  Constructor  at 

Brooklyn  in  1820,  six  shipe-of-the-line  were  built 
•  i fti-i  ins  models.  Interference  of  the  Hoard  of 
Naval  Commissioners  caused  him  to  leave  the 
service  of  the  government,  but  he  afterwards 
made  ships-of-w  ar  for  European  powers  and  for 
the  independent  slates  of  South  America.  Ill 
1831  he  lniilt  a  war-vessel  fur  the  Sultan  of  Tur- 
key, and  going  I,,  Constantinople,  organized  a 
navy-yard  there,  and  there  he  died. 

Econochaca,  or  Holy  Ground,  BatTU  \  i 
Marching  from  Fort  Deposit,  in  Butler  County, 
Ala.  (December,  1813),  General  Claiborne,  push- 
ing through  the  wilderness  nearly  tbirtj  miles 
with  horse  and  foot  and  frteudlj  Choctaw  In- 
dians, arrived  near  I'.couoehaea,  or  Holy  Ground, 
a  village  buill  by  Weatliersford  (see  Fort  Mim») 
upon  a  bluff  on  the  left  i.ank  of  the  Alabama, 
just  i.eiuw  Powell's  Perry, Lowndes  County, in 

i been  re  place,  as  a  "city  of  refuge"  for  the 

won  in  led  and  dispersed  in  battle,  fugitives  from 

their  homes,  and  women  and  children.  N,,  path 
or  trail  led  to  it.       It   had  been  dedicated  to  this 

humane  purpose  by  Tecnrotha  and  the  Prophet 
(which  seei  a  tew  months  before, and  the  Cher- 
okees  bad  been  assured  by  them  that,  like  Ant- 
lose,  no  white  man  could  tread  upon  the  ground 
and  live.  There  the  barbarian  priests  perform- 
ed horrid  incantations, and  in  the  sqnare  in  the 

centre  of  the   town   the   most  dreadful  cruelties 

had  already  been  perpetrated.    White  prisoners 

and  ( 'reeks  friendly  to  them  had  heen  t  here  tort- 
ured ami  roasted,     on  the  morning  of  Dec  93 


13  EDES 

Claiborne  appeared  before  the  town.  At  that 
moment  a  number  of  friendly  half-bloods  of 
both  sexes  were  in  the  square,  surrounded  lu- 
pine-wood, ready  to  be  lighted  to  consume  them, 
and  the  prophets  were  busy  in  their  mummery. 
The  troops  advanced  in  three  columns.  The 
town  was  almost  surrounded  by  swamps  and 
deep  ravines,  and  the  Indians,  regarding  the 
place  as  holy,  and  having  property  there  of 
great  value,  though  partially  surprised,  pre- 
pared to  light  desperately.  They  had  con- 
veyed their  women  and  children  to  a  place  of 
safety  deep  in  the  forest.  By  a  simultaneous 
movement,  Claiborne's  three  columns  closed 
upon  the  town  at  the  same  moment.  So  un- 
expected was  the  attack  that  the  dismayed  In- 
dians broke  and  tied  before  the  whole  of  the 
troops  could  get  into  action.  Weathersford  was 
there.  The  Indians  lied  in  droves  along  the 
hank  of  the  river,  and  by  swimming  and  the 
ii si-  of  canoes  they  escaped  to  the  other  side  and 
joined  their  families  in  the  forest.  Weathers- 
ford,  when  he  found  himself  deserted  by  his 
warriors,  tied  swiftly  on  a  line  graj  horse  to  a 
bluff  on  the  river  between  two  ravines,  hotly 
pursued,  when  his  horse  made  a  mighty  hound 
from  it,  and  horse  and  rider  disappeared  under 
the  water  for  a  moment,  wheu  both  arose, 
Weathersford  grasping  tin-  mane  of  his  charger 

w  illi  one  hand  and  his  rifle  with  the  other.  He 
escaped  in  safety.  Econochaca  was  plundered 
by  the  Choctaw  s  and  laid  in  ashes.  lull  two 
hundred  houses  were  destroyed,  and  thirty  In- 
dians killed.  The  Tcnnessecaus  lost  one  killed 
and  six  wounded. 

Eden,  Sn:  BoBEBT,the  last  royal  governor  of 
Maryland,  was  horn  at  Durham,  Ellg. ;  died  at 
Annapolis.  Md.,  Sept.  2,  1786.  Since., 
SrUOr  Sharps  in  1768,  he  was  more  moderate  in 
his  administration  than  his  predecessors.  He 
< iplied  with  the  orders  of  Congress  io  abdi- 
cate the  government.  He  went  to  England, and 
at  the  close  of  the  war  returned  to  recover  his 
estate  in  Maryland.     He  had  mat  lied  a  sister  of 

Lord  Baltimore, and  was  created  a  baronet  Oct. 
19,  1776. 

Edes,  Br.N.iAMix,  was   an  eminent   patriotic 
journalist    in    Boston   during  the   Bevolntion. 

He    was    horn    at    Chui  lestow  n.   Mass.,  Oct.   11, 

1738;  died  in  Boston,  Dec.  11, 1803.     He  was 

captain  of  the  '•Ancient  and  Honorable  Artil- 
lery Company  "(which  see)  in  1760, and  was  one 
of  the  Boston  "Sons  of  Liberty."  In  his  print- 
ing-office many  of  the  tea-party  disguised  them- 
selves, and  were  there  regaled  with  punch  after 
the  exploit  at  the  w  hail  was  performed.      (See 

Boston  Tea-party.)    He  began,  with  Mr.  Gill,  in 

17.">r>,  the  publication  of  the  Host,,,/  Oasettt  and 
Country  Journal,  which  became  a  very  popular 

newspaper,  and  did  eminent  service  in  the 
cause  of  popular  liberty.  Adams,  Hancock, 
Otis, Qnincy,  Warren,  and  other  leading  spirits 
were    constant    contributors    to    its    columns, 

while  Mr.  Miles  himself  wielded  a  caustic  pen. 
He  was  in  W'atcrtown  during  the  siege  of  Bos- 
ton,  from  which  place  he  issued  the  Qatette,  the 
"mouth -piece  of  the  Whigs."      It    was  diseon- 


EDGE-TOOL  MANUFACTURES  4 

tinned  iu  1798,  alter  a  life,  sustained  by  Edes, 
of  forty  years. 

Edge-tool  Manufactures.  Probably  tbe  first 
American  establishment  for  the  exclusive  man- 
ufacture of  edge-tools  was  founded  by  Samuel 
W.  Collins,  at  Collinsville,  Conn.,  which  is  now- 
one  of  tbe  largest  establishments  of  the  kind  in 
the  world.  It  was  begnn  about  1626,  when  the 
product  of  a  day's  labor  there  was  the  forging 
and  tempering  of  eight  broadaxes.  In  1876  there 
were  one  hundred  edge-tool  manufactories  in 
the  United  States,  employing  about  four  thou- 
sand hands.  The  capital  invested  in  the  busi- 
ness in  1870  was $6,000,000,  and  the  annual  prod- 
uct was  valued  at  $6,000,000.  Oliver  Hunt,  B 
blacksmith  in  the  south  part  of  Worcester  Coun- 
ty, Mass.,  began  tbe  bnsinesB  of  axe-making,  in 
connection  with  general  blaoksmitbiug,  about 
sixty  years  ago,  or  in  1816.  Out  of  this  small 
beginning  grew  the  present  extensive  "  Dong- 
lass  Axe  Company,"  for  the  manufacture  of  axes. 

Edict  of  Nantes,  The,  promulgated  by  Henry 
IV.  of  France,  gave  toleration  to  the  Protestants 
in  feuds,  civil  and  religious.  It  was  published 
April  13, 1598, and  was  continued  by  Louis  XIII. 
in  161D,  after  tbe  murder  of  bis  father;  also  by 
Louis  XIV.  in  1(>52;  but  it  was  revoked  by  him 
Oct. 22, 1685.  It  was  a  great  state  blunder, for 
it  deprived  France  of  five  hundred  thousand  of 
her  best  citizens,  who  tied  into  Germany,  Eng- 
land, ami  America,  and  gave  those  countries  the 
riches  that  How  from  industry,  skill,  and  sobri- 
ety. They  took  with  them  to  England  the  art 
of  silk-weaving,  and  so  gave  France  an  impor- 
tant rival  in  that  braucb  of  industry.  (See 
Huguenots  in  America.) 

Education  in  Mexico.  In  1551  a  royal  and 
pontifical  university  was  established  in  Mexico 
by  the  Emperor  Charles  V.,  with  the  same  priv- 
ileges as  that  at  Salamanca.  There  were  in 
its  cloisters  two  hundred  and  twenty-five  doe- 
tors  and  masters,  with  twenty-two  professors 
of  all  the,  sciences  then  known,  and  a  good 
library.  Other  institutions  of  learning  were 
founded  iu  Mexico  about  that  time,  called  col- 
leges; some  for  the  Spanish  children,  others 
for  the  Indian  youths.  There  were  also  free 
Schools  and  academics:  also  charitable  institu- 
tions, and  thirteen  hospitals.  In  the  city  id' 
Mexico  the  first  printing  on  the  American  con- 
tinent was  done. 

Education  in  the  United  States.  Popular 
education  has  made  rapid  progress  in  our  coun- 
try within  the  present  century,  and  especially 
since  the  first  quarter  thereof  In  177f>  there 
were  seven  colleges  in  the  English-American  col- 
onic-;   in    1876    there    were   three    hundred    and 

forty-nine  colleges  proper  and  about   fifty  so 

called.      In   17?b  the  common   scl Is   were   lew 

and  very  inferior;  in  1876  they  were  numerous 
and  efficient  The  school  population  iu  1876 
was  thirteen  million,  and  of  this  number  six 
million  were  enrolled  in  the  records  of  public 
schools.     Babbath-schoola  are  doing  muoh  for 

tbe  mora]  and  intellectual  education  of  the  peo- 
ple. The  liist  one  in  the  country  was  opened 
by   tin-  Methodists,  in  Virginia,  in   1788  ;   iu  1876 


4  EDWAKDS 

they  numbered  seventy  thousand,  with  over  sev- 
en  hundred   and  fifty-three  thousand  teachers 

and  six  million  pupils. 

Edwards,  JONATHAN,  a  remarkable  metaphy- 
sician and  theologian,  was  born  at  East  Wind- 
sor, Conn.,  ( >et.  ■">,  1703 ;  died  at  Princeton.  X.  J., 
Mai eli  22,  1788.  He  graduated  at  Yale  College 
in  1720,  having  begun  to  study  Latin  when  be 


was  six  years  of  age.  He  is  said  to  have  rea- 
soned out  for  himself  his  doctrine  of  free-will 
before  he  left  college,  at  the  age  of  seventeen. 
He  began  preaching  to  a  Presbyterian  congre- 
gation before  be  was  twenty  years  old,  and  be- 
came assistant  to  his  grandfather.  Kev.  Mr.  Stod- 
dard, minister  ;it  Northampton, Mass., whom  he 
succeeded  as  pastor.  He  w  as  dismissed  in  17f>0. 
because  he  insisted  upon  a  inner  and  higher 
standard  of  admission  to  the  communion-table. 
Then  he  began  his  missionary  work  (1751-67) 
among  the  Stockbridge  Indians,  and  prepared 
his  greatest  work,  on  The  freedom  of  the  Will. 
which  was  published  in  1754.  lie  was  inaugu- 
rated President  of  the  College  of. New  Jersey,  at 

Princeton.  Feb.  l(i.  175s.  and  died  of  small-pox 
a  little  more  than  a  month  afterwards.  He  mar- 
ried Sarah  l'ierrepont,  of  New  Haven,  in  17-J7. 
anil  they  became  the  grandparents  of  Aaron 
Burr. 

Edwards.  Niniw.  was  born  in  Montgomery 
Count  v,  Md..  in  March,  1775;  died  of  cholera  at 
Belleville,  111. ..Inly  20,  1833.  William  Wirt  di- 
rected his  early  education,  which  was  finished 
at  Dickinson  College, Pennsylvania, and  in  1819 

he  settled  in  the  Green  Kiver  district  of  Ken 
tnoky.      Before  be  was  twenty   one  he  became  a 

member  of  the  Kentucky  Legislature;  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  iu  1798  iu  Kentucky,  and  to 
that  of  Tennessee  the  next  year,  and  rOM  TOTJ 
rapidly  in  his  profession.  II.'  went  through  the 
offices  of  circuit  judge  and  of  appeals  to  the  bench 
of  oh  ief -justice  of  Kentucky  in  1808.  The  next 
year  he  was  appointed  the  first  governor  of  the 
Territory  of  Illinois,  and  retained  that  office 
until  its  organisation  as  a  Mate  in  1-1-  I  pom 
1-1-  till  1-Jt  he  was  Doited  States  Senator,  and 

from  1896  to  i-:ki  he  was  governor  of  the  state. 

He   did   much,  by  promptness   and   activity,  to 


EDWARDS  4 

restrain  Indian  hostilities  in  tlio  Illinois  region 
during  the  War  of  1812. 

Edwards,  Piebrepont,  son  of  the  metaphy- 
sician, was  born  at  Northampton,  Mass.,  April  8, 
1760;  died  at  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  April  1 1.  1836. 
He  graduated  at  the  College  of  (Few  Jew  \.  at 
Princeton,  in  1768.  His  youth  teas  spent  among 
the  Stookbridge  Indians,  where  bis  father  was 
missionary,  and  he  acquired  the  language  per- 
fectly. Mr. Edwards  became  an  eminent  law- 
yer; espoused  the  cause  of  the  patriots,  and 
fought  for  liberty  in  the  army  of  the  Revolu- 
tion. He  was  ;i  member  of  the  Congress  of  the 
Confederation  in  1787  88,  and  In  the  Connec- 
ticut   Convention   warmly  advocated   the  adop- 

tK fthe  National  Const  it  nt  ion.    He  was  Judge 

of  the  I 'rut  cd  Stales  District  Court  in  ( 'onncct  i- 
cnt  at  the  time  of  his  lather's  death.  Mr.  Ed- 
wards was  i lie  founder  of  the  "Toleration  Par- 
ty" in  Connecticut,  which  made  him  exceed- 
ingly unpopular  w  tth  the  Call  mists. 

Election  for  President  and  Vice-President. 
Under  the  Constitution  as  origiually  adopted, 
the  candidates  for  President  and  Vice-President 
wen  voted  for  In  the  electoral  college  of  each 
state,  withont  designating  which  the  elector  in- 
tended for  the  first  and  whiofa  for  the  second 
office.  Lists  of  these  were  transmitted  to  the 
seat  of  government,  and  the  candidate  having 
the  greatest  number  (if  s  majority  ofthe  whole) 
became  President .  and  the  one  having  the  next 
greatest  number  Vice-President.  If  the  two 
highest  candidates  received  an  equal  number 

Of  votes,  the  House  of  Representatives  (as  now  ) 

was  to  proceed  Immediately  t<>  choose  i>y  ballot 
one  ofthem  for  President,  voting  by  state-,  each 

slate  ha\  ing  one  \ote,  and  a  majority  of  all  the 

states  being  necessary  to  a  ohoice.  In  case  ofa 
tie  on  the  Vice-President,  the  Senate  was  to 
•boose  between  the  equal  candidates.  The 
Twelfth  Amendment  to  the  Constitution  (which 
see  i  changed  the  mode  of  voting  for  the  two  of- 
ficers, the  electors  being  required  t<>  vote  sepa- 
rately for  President  and  Vice-President.    They 

were   tO    name    III   t  lull    hallots  the   person    voted 

for  as  President,  and  in  distinot  hallots  the  per- 
son voted  for  as  Vice-President  ;  distinct  lists  id' 
all  persons  voted  for  as  President  and  Vice-Pn  s- 

ldeiit .  signed  and  cert  i  tier  I,  well-  >enl   to  the  seat 

of  government,  directed  to  •■the   President  of 

the   Senate,"  w  hose  duty  it  was,  iii  the  presence 

of  the  Senate  ami  House  of  Representatives,  to 

open   all   the    certificates,  and  count    the   votes, 

the  p.i -on  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes 
for  the  respective  offices  (if  a  majority  of  the 

whole)  to  he  declared  elected.       Sueh   continues 

to  he  i  he  mode. 

Electoral  Colleges,  'I'm:.  The  people  do  not 
vote  directly  for  President  and  Vice-President, 
hut  the\  choose,  in  each  congressional  district 
in  the  respective  states,  a  representative  in  what 
is  called  an  electoral  college,  which  consists  of 
as  many  members  as  there  are  congressional 

distill  ts  in  each  slate  in  the  I'nioii.  The  theo- 
ry of  the  trainers  of  the  Constitution  was,  thai 
bj  this  means  tin-  best  men  of  the  country  would 

!>•■  ehoeeu  in  the  several  districts,  and  they  would 


5  ELECTORAL  COMMISSION 

hotter  express  the  wishes  of  the  people  concern- 
ing a  choice  of  President  and  Vice-President 
than  a  vote  directly  by  the  people  for  these  of- 
ficers. The  several  electors  chosen  in  the  differ- 
ent states  meet  at  their  respective  state  capitals 
at  a  specified  time,  and  name  in  their  ballots  the 
persons  for  President  and  Vice-President.  Then 
each  electoral  College  makes  a  list  ofthe  names 
voted  for  these  officers,  and  the  number  of  votes 
for  each,  w  Inch  lists  the  members  of  the  college 
sign  and  certify,  and  the  list  of  each  state  elec- 
toral college  is  transmitted  to  the  President  of 
the  Senate  id' the  United  States.      (See  Flection 

for  President  and  Vioe-Pnaident.) 

Electoral  Commission,  Tiik.  The  Forty- 
fourth  Congress  met  in  its  last  session  early  in 
December.  1876.  There  was  a  Democratic  ma- 
jority in  the  House  of  Representatives.  On  the 
1 1 1 1  a  resolution  was  adopted, providing  for  the 
investigation  ofthe  action  of  returning  hoards 
in  Booth  Carolina, Florida, and  Louisiana.  (See 
Presidential  Election,  1*7(>.)  There  was  much 
excitement  in  Congress  and  anxiety  among  the 
people.  Thoughtful  men  saw  much  trouble  at 
the  final   counting  of  the  voles  of  the   electoral 

colleges  by  the  President  ofthe  Senate,  accord- 
ing to  the  prescription  ofthe  Constitution,  for 
already  his  absolute  power  in  the  matter  was 
qnestioned.  Proctor  Knott,  of  Kentucky,  offered 
a  resolution  for  the  appointment  ofa  committee 
of  seven  members  by  the  speaker,  to  act  in  con- 
junction with  a  similar  committee  that  might 

be  appointed  by  the  Senate,  to  prepare  and  re- 
port a  plan  for  I  he  creation  ofa  tribunal  to  count 
the  electoral  Mites,  w  hose  authority  no  one  could 
qUCSl  ion.  and  w  hose  decision  all  could  accept  as 
final.  The  resolution  was  adopted.  The  Sen- 
ate appointed  a  committee  ;  and  on  .Ian.  1~.  1-77. 
the  Joint  committee,  consisting  of  fourteen  mem- 
bers, reported  a  bill  that  provided  for  the  meet- 
ing of  both  Houses  ill  the  hall  of  the  House  of 

Representatives  on  Feb.  I.  1-77,  to  there  count 
the  votes  in  accordance  with  a  plan  which  the 
committee  proposed.  In  case  of  more  than  one 
return  from  a  slate,  all  such  returns, having  been 
made  by  appointed  tellers,  should  be,  upon  ob- 
jections being  made,  submitted  to  tile  judgment 
and  decision,  as  to    which   was  the   lawful   and 

true  electoral  vote  of  the  state,  of  a  commission 
of  fifteen,  to  be  composed  of  Ave  members  from 
each  House,  to  be  appointed  vim  voce,  Jan.  30, 
with  five  assoeiate-jnstioes  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States,  who  should,  on  Jan.  80, 

Select    another    of  the   justices   of  the   Supreme 

Court,  the  entire  commission  to  be  presided 
over  by  the  associate-justice  longest  in  coin- 
mission.  After  muoh  debate,  the  bill  passed 
both  Houses,    it  became  a  law,  by.  the  signature 

of  the  President,  Jan.  ,J'.>,  1877.  The  next  day 
the  two  Houses  each  selected  live  of  it  s  mem  hers 

to  lerve  on  the  Electoral  Commission.    .Judges 

Clifford,  Miller,  Field,  and  Strong,  of  Hie  Su- 
preme Court,  were  named  in  the  bill,  and  these 
(hose  as  the  fifth  member  of  assoeiate-jnstioes 
Joseph  P.  Bradley.     Tin1  Electoral  Commission 

assembled    in    the    hall    of  the    House   of  Kopre- 

sentaiives  Feb.  l.  l>77.  The  legality  of  returns 
from  severe]  states  was  questioned,  and  was 


ELECTRIC  LAMPS 


426       ELECTRO-MAGNETIC  TELEGRAPH 


passed  upon  and  decided  by  the  commission. 
The  counting  was  completed  on  March  2d,  and 
tlie  commission  made  the  final  decision  in  all 
oases.  The  President  of  the  Senate  theu  an- 
nounced that  Hayes  and  Wheeler  were  elected. 
The  Forty-fourth  Congress  finally  adjourned  on 
Saturday,  March  3.  The  4th  of  March,  pre- 
scribed as  the  day  for  the  taking  of  the  oath 
of  office  by  the  President,  falling  on  Sunday, 
Mr.  Hayes,  to  prevent  any  technical  objections 
that  might  be  raised,  privately  took  the  oath 
of  office  on  that  day,  and  on  Monday,  the  5th, 
he  was  publicly  inaugurated,  in  the  presence  of 
a  vast  multitude  of  his  fellow-citizens. 

Electric  Lamps.  In  July,  1859,  Professor 
Moses  G.  Farmer  lighted  a  parlor,  at  No.  16  Pearl 
Street,  Salem,  Mass.,  with  electric  light,  subdi- 
vided for  different  lamps.  It  was  used  through- 
out the  whole  month  of  July,  and  was  only  aban- 
doned because  the  generation  of  the  electricity 
for  use  as  an  illuminator  was  four  times  as  ex- 
pensive as  an  equivalent  amount  of  gaslight. 
The  apparatus  consisted  of  a  galvanic  battery 
of  about  three  dozen  six-gallon  jars  placed  in 
the  cellar  of  the  house,  from  which  the  electric 
current  was  conveyed  by  suitable  eouducting- 
w ires  to  the  mantle-piece  of  the  parlor,  where 
were  located  two  electric  lamps,  either  of  which 
could  be  lighted  at  pleasure,  or  both  at  once. 

Electric  Light,  Early  History  of.  (See 
Electric  Lamps.)  In  1845  John  W.  Starr,  of  Cin- 
cinnati, tiled  a  caveat  in  the  United  States  Pat- 
ent Office  for  a  divisible  electric  light.  He  went 
to  England  to  complete  and  prove  his  experi- 
ment, and  was  accompanied  by  his  agent,  Mr. 
King.  He  carried  letters  of  introduction  to 
distinguished  men  there,  and  George  Peabody, 
American  banker  in  Loudon,  agreed  to  furnish 
him  with  all  the  money  necessary, provided  his 
invention  should  be  sanctioned  by  scientific  men. 
He  completed  his  experiments  at  Manchester, 
and  there  the  invention  proved  highly  success- 
ful in  the  presence  of  many  scientific  men,  among 
them  Professor  Faraday,  who  pronounced  it  per- 
fect. The  excitement  and  overwork  of  the  brain 
by  this  triumph  caused  the  death  of  Starr  the 
same  night,  who  was  found  dead  in  his  bed  the 
next  day.  Nothing  was  ever  done  with  the  in- 
vention afterwards.  In  his  caveat.  Starr  said: 
"I  claim  the  method  of  heating  conductors  so 
as  to  apply  them  to  illumination,  the  current 
beiug  regulated  so  as  to  obtain  the  highest  de- 
jjree  of  heat  without  fusing  the  conductor.  I 
claim  the  method  of  obtaining  an  intermitting 
light  for  the  use  of  light-houses,  in  the  manner 
set  forth,  and  for  signals.  I  claim  the  modi'  of 
submarine  lighting  by  enclosing  the  apparatus 
in  a  an i table  jjass  vessel,  hermetically  sealed  ; 
anil  also  the  mode  of  lighting  places  containing 

combustible  or  explosive  compounds  or  materi- 
als, as  sit  forth." 

Electro  -  magnetic  Telegraph.  This  inven- 
tion, Conceived  more  than  a  century  ago,  was 
first  brought  to  perfection  as  an  intelligent  me- 
dium of  oommnnioation  between  points  distant 

from    each    other    b\     Professor    Samuel    l'nih\ 
:    is,-,  ,,i   New    fork,  anil   was  flist    pre- 


sented to  public  notice  in  the  year  1838.  In  the 
autumn  of  1837  he  riled  a  caveat  at  the  Patent 
Office;  and  he  gave  a  private  exhibition  of  its 
marvellous  power  in  the  New  York  University 
in  Jauuary,  1838,  when  intelligence  was  instant- 
ly transmitted  by  an  alphabet  composed  of  dots 
and  lines,  invented  by  Morse,  through  a  circuit 


MORSE    KEY. 


j^S 


ft 


mdk.se  uoistaa, 

often  miles  of  wire,  and  plainly  recorded.  Morse 
applied  to  Congress  for  pecuniary  aid  to  enable 
him  to  construct  an  experimental  line  between 
Washington  and  Baltimore.  For  four  years  he 
waited,  lor  the  action  of  the  government  was 
tardy,  in  consequence  of  doubt  and  positive  op- 
position. At  the  beginning  of  March,  1642,  Con- 
gress appropriated  |80, •  for  his  use:  and  in 

May,  1844,  he  transmitted  from  Washington  to 
Baltimore,  a  distance  of  forty  miles,  the  first 
message, furnished  him  by  a  young  lady — "What 
hath  (Jod  wrought!"    The  first  public  message 

was  the  announcement  of  the  nomination  by  the 
Democratic  National  Convention  in  Baltimore 
(May,  1844)  of  Junes  K.  Polk  for  President  of 
the  United  States.  Professor  Morse  also  origi- 
nated submarine  telegraphy.     He  publicly  Bug- 

gested  its  feasibility  in  a  letter  to  the  Sccrctary 

of  the  Treasnrx   in  1843.    So  early  as  1848  he  laid 

a  submarine  cable,  or  insulated  wire,  in  the  har- 

■    Fork,  for  which  achievement  the 

American   Institute  awarded   him  a   small  gold 

medal.     In  1868  be  participated  in  the  labors 

and  honors  of  laying  a  cable  under  the  sea  be- 
tween Europe  and  America.  (Sec  Atlantic  T<U- 
tini/ili.)  Monarch*  gave  him  medals  and  orders, 
Vale  College  conferred   upon   him  the  honorary 


ELIOT 


437 


ELIZABETH,  QUEEN 


degree  of  LL.D.,  and  in  1858,  at  the  instance  of 
the  emperor  of  the  French,  several  European 
governments  combined  in  the  act  of  giving  Pro- 
fessor Morse  the  sum  of  180,000  in  gold  as  a  to- 
ken of  their  appreciation.  Improvements  have 
bean  made  in  the  transmission  of  messages.  For 
more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century  the  messages 
were  each  sent  over  a  single  wire,  only  one  way 
at  a  time.  Early  in  1971, through  the  inventions 
of  Edison  and  others,  messages  were  sent  both 
•rays  over  the  same  wire  at  the  same  instant  of 

time.    Very  a i  four  messages  were  sent  the 

same  way.  Tins  number  may  possibly  be  in- 
creased until  multiplex  transmission  shall  be- 
come common. 

Eliot,  Jarbo,  was  bom  Nov.  7, 1686;  died  at 
Killiugwortb,  Conn.,  April  28,  17<;:s.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Vale  College  in  1706, and  from  1709  until 
his  death  he  was  minister  of  the  first  church  at 
Killingworth.  He  was  a  most  practical  and  use- 
ful man,  and  did  much  fur  the  advancement  of 
agriculture  and  manufactures  in  New  England 
lb-  strongly  urged  in  essays  the  introduction 
into  the  colonies  of  a  better  breed  of  sheep.  In 
1717  he  wrote  :  "  A  bitter  breed  of  sheep  is  what 

we  want.  The  Euglish  bleed  of  CotSWold  sheep 
cannot  lie  obtained,  or  at  least  not  without  great 
difficulty;  for  wool  and  live  sheep  are  enntra- 
band  goods, which  all  strangers  are  prohibited 
from  carrying  out  on  pain  of  having  the  righf 
hand  cut  ott."  (See  Navigation  Lam.)  In  1761 
the  London  "Society  for  the  Encouragement  of 
Arts.  Manufactures,  and  Commerce"  honored 
him  with  its  medal,  and  he  was  made  a  member 
of  the  Boyal  Societj  of  Loudon.  He  "as  the 
first  to  introduce  the  white  mulberry  into  Con- 
necticut, and  with  it  silk-worms,  and  published 
a  t  realise  on  silk-culture.  Mr.  Flint  was  also 
an  able  physician,  and  was  particularly  BUCOeSS- 
ful  in  the  treatment  of  insanity  and  chronic 
complaints. 

Eliot,  John,  commonly  known  as  the  Apostle 
to  the  Indians,  was  born  at  Nastng,  Essex,  Eug- 

land.  in  1603;  died  May  SO,  1690.  Educated  at 
Cambridge,  he  came  to  Boston  in  1631,  and  the 

next  year  was  appointed  minister  at   Knxhitry. 

Seized  w  ith  a  passionate  longing  for  the  conver- 
sion of  the  Indians  anil  for  improving  t  heir  condi- 
tion, he  commenced  his  labors  among  the  twenty 

tribes  within  the  English  domain  In  Massachu- 
setts in  October.  1648.  He  acquired  their  lan- 
guage through  an  Indian  servant  in  his  family, 
made  a  grammar  Of  it,  and  translated  the  Bible 

into  the  Indian  tongue.  It  is  claimed  that  Eliot 
was  the  tiist  Protestant  minister  who  preached 
to  the  Indians  in  their  native  tOUglie.  An  In- 
dian   town    called    Natick    was    erected    on    the 

diaries  Biverfor  the  H  praying  Indians"  in  lt>.">7. 

and  the  lii  st  Indian  chinch  w  as  established  there 

in  L660.  During  King  Philip's  War  Eliot's  ef- 
forts in  behalf  of  the  praying  Indians  saved 
them  from  destruction  by  the  w  hite  people.  He 
travelled  extensively, visited  mauj  tribes,  plant- 
ed several  ohnrches,  and  once  preached  before 

King  Philip,  who  treated  him  with  disdain.  He 
persuaded  many  to  adopt  the  customs  of  civil- 
ized life,  and  lived  to  tee   twenty-four  of  tbcui 


become  preachers  of  the  Gospel  to  their  own 
tribes.  His  influence  among  the  barbarians  was 
unbounded,  and  his  generosity  in  helping  the 
sick  and  afflicted  among  them  was  unsparing. 
Cotton  Mather  affirmed,  "We  had  a  tradition 
that  the  country  could  never  perish  as  long  as 
Eliot  was  alive."  He  published  many  small 
works  on  religions  subjects,  several  of  which 
were  in  the  Indian  language.  His  greatest  work 
was  the  translation  of  the  Bible  into  the  Indian 
language  (1661-06),  and  was  the  first  Bible  ever 
printed  in  America.  It  is  much  sought  after  by 
collectors.  A  copy  was  sold  in  New  York  in 
-Ib'.o.  'fiie  language  in  which  it  was 
written  has  perished. 

Elizabeth,  QuEXH  ok  ENGLAND,  daughter  of 
Henry  VIII.  and  Anne  lioleyn,  was  born  at 
Greenwich  Sept.  7.  1533;  died  March  24,  1603. 
Under  the  tuition  of  Roger  Asoham  she  aoqnired 
much  proficiency  in  classical  learning,  and  be- 
fore she  \va-  seventeen  years  of  age  she  was  mis- 
tress of  the  Latin,  French,  and  Italian  languages, 
and  had  read  several  works  in  Greek.  Bj  ed- 
ucation she  was  attached  to  the  Protestant 
Church,  and  was  persecuted  by  her  half-sister 
Mary,  who  was  a  Soman  Catholic.  Elizabeth 
never  married.  When  quite  young  her  father 
negotiated  for  her  nuptials  with  the  son  of  Fran- 
cis I.  of  France,  but  it  tailed.  She  flirted  awhile 
with  the  ambitious  Lord  Seymour.  In  1558  she 
declined  an  offer  of  marriage  from  Erie.  King  of 
Sweden,   and   also   from    Philip   of  Spain.      Her 

lister  Mary  died  Nov.  17.  1558,  when  Elizabeth 
was  proclaimed  queen  of  England.  With  cau- 
tion she  proceeded  to  restore  the  Protestant  re- 
ligion to  ascendency  in  her  kingdom.  Her  re- 
form began  bj  ordering  a  large  part  of  the  church 
service  to  be  nail  iii  English,  and  forbade  the 

elevation    of  the    host    ill    her    presence.       Of  the 

Soman  Catholic  bishops,  only  one  consented  to 
Officiate  at  her  coronation.  In  15ol)  Parliament 
passed  a  bill  which  vested  in  the  crown  the  su- 
premacy claimed  by  the  pope:  the  mass  was 
abolished,  and  the  liturgy  of  Edward  VI.  re- 
stored. Ill  one  session  the  whole  system  of  re- 
ligion in  England  was  altered  by  the  will  of  a  -in- 
gle yonng  woman.  When  Francis  II.  of  France 
assumed  the  arms  and  title  of  King  of  England  in 
right  of  his  wife,  Mary  Stuart,  Elisabeth  sent  an 

army  to  Scotland  which  drove  the  French  out  of 
the  kingdom.  She  supported  the  French  Hugue- 
nots   with   money   and   troops   in   their   struggle 

with  the  Soman  Catholics  in  lot;-,'.  In  1563  the 
Parliament,  in  an  address  to  the  queen, entreated 

her  to  choose  a  husband,  so  as  to  secure  a  Prot- 
estant  succession  to  the  crown.      She  returned 

an  evasive  answer,    she  gave  encouragement  to 

several  suitors,  after  she  rejected  Philip,  among 
them  Archduke  Charles  of  Austria,  the  Duke  of 
Anjou,  and  Kobert  Dudley.  Earl  <>f  Leicester. 
The  latter  remained  her  favorite  until  bis  death 
in  1688,  Fining  the  greater  part  of  Elizabeth's 
reign,  Cecil,  Lord  Burleigh, was  her  prime-min- 
I  more  than  twenty  years  from  1564 
England  was  at  peace  with  foreign  nations,  and 
enjoyed  great  prosperity.  Because  of  the  oppo- 
site interests  in  religion,  and  possibly  because 
of  matrimonial  affairs,  Elizabeth  and  Philip  of 


ELIZABETHTOWN  CLAIMANTS  4 

Spain  were  mutually  hostile,  and  in  1588  the 
latter  sent  the  "  Invincible  Armada"  for  the  in- 
vasion of  England.  It  consisted  of  Over  one  hun- 
dred and  thirty  vessels aud  thirty  thousand  men. 
It  was  defeated  and  dispersed  ;  Aug.  -  :.  and  in  a 
gale  more  tliau  fifty  of  the  Spanish  ships  were 
wrecked.  On  the  death  of  Leicester  the  queen 
showed  decided  partiality  for  the  Karl  of  Essex. 
Her  treatment,  and  linal  consent  to  the  execu- 
tion by  beheading,  of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  has 
left  a  stain  on  the  memory  of  Elizabeth.  She 
assisted  the  Protestant  Henry  IV .  of  France  in 
his  struggles  with  the  Freuch  Komau  Catholics, 


ES    ELIZABETH. 


whom  Philip  of  Spain  subsidized.  Her  reign 
was  vigorous,  aud  is  regarded  as  exceedingly 
beneficial  to  the  British  nation.  Literature  was 
fostered,  and  it  w  as  illustrated  during  her  reign 
by   such    nun    as   Spenser,   Shakespeare.  Sidney, 

Bacon,  and  Baleigb.     Elizabeth  was  possessed 

of  eminent  ability  and  courage,  but  her  personal 

character  was  deformed  b\  selfishness,  incon- 
stancy, deceit,  heartlessness,  and  other  unwom- 
anly faults.  Bus  signified  her  will  on  her  death- 
bed that  James  VI.  of  Scotland,  son  of  the  be- 
headed   Mary,   should    be   her   successor,  and   he 

w  as  accordingly  emu  tied  as  nioh. 
EUzabethtown  Claimants.      For  more  than 


3  ELLEEY 

a  century  the  dispute  between  the  first  settlers 
at  Eli/.abethtown,  X.  J.  (who  came  from  Long 
Island  and  New  England,  and.  first,  the  propri- 
etors of  New  Jersey,  and.  next,  the  crown,  arose 
and  continued  concerning  the  title  to  the  lands 
ou  which  these  settlers  were  seated.  The  dis- 
pute occurred  in  consequence  of  conflicting 
claims  to  eminent  domain,  caused  by  a  dispute 
about  the  original  title  to  the  soil.  The  Eliza- 
bethtown  settlers  obtained  their  land  from  the 
Indians,  with  the  consent  of  Governor  Nicolls; 
luil  already  the  Duke  of  York,  without  the 
knowledge  of  Nicolls  or  the  settlers,  had  sold 
the  domain  of  New  Jer- 
sey to  Berkeley  and  Car- 
teret. (Sec  Nob  Jersey.) 
The  new  proprietors  ig- 
nored the  title  of  the  set- 
tlers, and  made  demands 
as  absolute  proprietors 
of  the  soil,  which  the  lat- 
ter continually  resisted 
themselves,  and  so  did 
their  heirs.  Frequent 
unsuccessful  attempts  at 
ejectment  were  made  : 
the  settlers  resisted  by 
force.  The  Assembly, 
called  upon  to  interfere, 
usually  declined,  for  that 
body  rather  favored  the 
Elizabethan  claimants. 
Finally,  in  1757,  Governor 
Belcher  procured  an  act 
of  Assembly. by  w  Inch  all 
past  differences  should 
be  buried.  It  was  not 
acceptable :  and  in  1T">1 
the  British  government 
ordered  a  commission  of 
inquiry  to  determine  the 
law  and  equity  in  the 
case.  The  proprietors 
also  began  chancery  suits 
against  the  heirs  of  the 
Flizabethtow  n  settlers, 
and  these  were  pending 
when  the  Revolution 
broke  out  (1775)  anil  set- 
tled the  w  hole  matter. 

Ellery.YV'i  i .i,\M.asign- 
er  Of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  was  born 
at  Newport, E.I.,  D 
1T-J7:  died  there.  I'd..  15,  1890.  lie  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1717.  became  a  merchant  in  New- 
port, and  was  naval  officer  of  Rhode  Island 
in  177**.  He  afterwards  studied  aud  practised 
law  at  Newport,  ami  gained  a  high  reputation. 
An  active  patriot,  he  was  a  member  of  Congress 

from  177(>  to  ITS.".,  excepting  two  yean,  and  was 
\er>  useful  in  matters  pertaining  to  linance  and 
diplomacy.  He  was  c-pccialW  serviceable  as  | 
member  <d'  the  Marine  Committee  and  of  the 
Board  of  Admiralty.  During  the  occupancy  of 
Rhode  Island  by  the  British  he  Buffered 

hiss  of  property,  but  bore  it  with  quiet  cheerful- 
ness .is  a  s.,, mice  for  the  public  go.  d.       He  was 


ELLET  4 

chief-justice  of  tbe  Superior  Court  of  Rhode  Isl- 
and, an<l  in  17(.K>  was  collector  of  tin'  revenue  at 
Newport.  Mr.  Ellcry  was  a  strenuous  advocate? 
of  tin-  abolition  of  slavery. 

Ellet,  Charlies  L..  engineer,  was  born  in 
Pennsylvania,  Jau.  1, 1810 ;  died  in  Cairo,  111., 
June  21,  1882.  Mr.  Ellet  planned  and  built  the 
first  wire  suspension  bridge  in  the  United  states 
across  tbe  Schuylkill  at   Fairmouut.     He  also 


planned  and  constructed  the  suspension  bridge 
over  the  Niagara  River  below  the  Falls,  and 

oilier   notable    bridges.       When    the   Civil    War 

brok it  he  tamed  his  attention  to  the  con- 
struction of  steam  •■  rams"  for  the  Western  riv- 
ers.  and  a  plan  proposed  by  linn  to  tbe  Secretary 

of  War  (Mr.  Stanton)  was  adopted,  and  be  soon 
converted  ten  or  twelve  powerful  steamers  "ii 
tbe  Mississippi  into  "  rams,"  with  w  hich  be  ren- 
dered great  assistance  iu  the  capture  of  Mem- 
phis (which  see).  In  the  bailie  there  he  was 
struck  by  a   musket  ball   on  Hie  knee,  from  the 

effects  of  w  inch  be  died.  Mr.  Ellet  proposed  t<> 
General  McCiellan  a  plan  for  cutting  off  tbe 
Confederate  army  al  Manassas,  which  the  latter 

rejected,  ami  the  engineer  wrote  and  published 
severe  strictures  <>n  McClellan's  mode  of  oon- 
docting  the  war. 

Ellicott,  AJTDBBW,  civil  engineer,  was  born  iii 
Bocks  County,  Penn.,  Jan.  24,  L754;  died  at 
West  Point,  N.  Y..  Aug.  29,  1820.  Hi-  father  and 
uncle  founded  the  town  of  Ellicott's  Mills,  .mi 
tin'  PatapSOO,  Md..  iii  1790.      Andrew  was  much 

engaged  in  pnblic  surveying  for  many  years  af- 
ter settling  in  Baltimore  in  1785  In  1789  b 
made  the  Aral  accurate  measurement  of  Niagara 
Biver  from  lake  to  lake,  and  iii  1790  he  was  em- 
ployed by  tin-  United  States  government  in  lay- 
lug  nut  the  city  of  Washington.  In  1?l»-i  he  was 
made  Surveyor-general  of  the  United  States,  ami 

in  1798  In-  was  a  commissioner  to  determine  the 

southern  boundary  between  the  territory  of  the 

United  Stales  and  Spain,  in  accordance  with  a 
treaty.  Prom  Sept.  1,  1813,  until  his  death,  Mr. 
Ellicott  was  professor  of  mathematics  ami  civil 
engineering  at  West  Poiut 

Elliot,  Mrs.,  and  Colonel  Balfour.    After  tbe 


J9  ELLIOTT 

martyrdom  of  Colonel  Hayne  (which 
hatred  and  contempt  felt  for  the  British  officers 
in  Charleston  was  intense.     The  women  boldly 
showed  their  indignation.      Mrs.  Charles  Elliot, 

sister  of  Rebecca  Motte  (see  Fort  Motte),  had 
treated  Colonel  Balfour  with  much  politeness, 

and  be  was  fond  of  her  society,  for  she  was  a 
brilliant  woman.  One  day,  not  long  after  tbe 
execution  of  Hayne,  Balfoor  was  walking  iu 
the  garden  with  Mrs. Elliot,  when  he  pointed  to 
a  ebainoinile-llower  and  asked  its  name.      "Tbe 

rebel-flower," answered  Mrs.  Elliot.    ''And  why 

is  it  called  the  reliel-tlow  er  !"  Iialfour  inquired. 

" Because," replied  the  patriotic  woman, "it al- 
ways flourishes  most  when  trampled  upon.-' 

Elliott, Charles  LORiKO,portrait-pninter,was 
born  at  Boipio,  N.  Y..  in  December,  1812;  died  at 
Albany,  Aug.  25,  1-H-.  His  father  was  an  archi- 
tect, and  he  prepared  him  for  that  profession. 
He  became  a  pupil  of  Trumbull,  in  New  York, 
and  afterwards  of  Qnidor,  a  painter  of  fancy- 
pieces.  Having  acquired  the  technicalities  of 
the  art,  bis  chief  employment  for  a  time  was 
copying  engravings  in  oil.  and  afterwards  be  at- 
tempted portraits.  He  practised  portrait-paint- 
ing in  the  interior  of  New  York  for  about  ten 
years,  when  be  went  to  the  city  (1845),  where 
be  soon  rose  to  tile  bead  of  bis  profession  as  a 
portrait-painter.  It  is  said  that  he  painted  sev- 
en hundred  portraits,  many  of  them  of  distin- 
guished men.  His  likenesses  were  always  re- 
markable for  fidelity,  and  beauty  ami  vigor  of 
coloring. 

Elliott,  JESSE  Him w,  was  born  in  Mary- 
land, .Inly  II.  1782;  died  in  Philadelphia,  Dec 

I".  |-  |",        He  entered  tbe  I'nitcil  Slal. 

midshipman  in  April,  1804,  and  rose  to  master 


Julj  24,  1813.     He  was  with  Barron  in  the  Tri- 

politan  War,  and  served  on  the  Lakes  with 
Chauncey  and  Perry  in  the  War  ot  1818  15,  He 
captured  two  British  vessels  |  I'llroil  and  ('ulitlo- 
ii'ki)  at  Eon   Erie, for  which  exploit  he  was  pre- 


ELLIOTTS  EXPLOIT  AT  FORT  ERIE     430 


ELLSWORTH 


siMiieil  by  Congress  with  a  sword.  He  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  Niagara  in  Perry's  famous  combat 
on  Lake  Brie,  to  which  the  commodore  went 
from  the  Lawrence  daring  t ho  action.    (See  Lake 

/./K.  Battle  on.)  He  succeeded  Perry  in  com- 
mand on  Lake  Erie  in  October,  1813.  Elliott 
was  with  Decatur  in  the  Mediterranean  in  1815, 
and  was  promoted  to  captain  in  March.  1818.  He 
commanded  the  West  India  squadron  (1829-32); 
took  charge  of  t  lie  Davy-yard  at  Charleston  in 
1833;  and  afterwards  cruised  several  years  in 
the  Mediterranean.  On  his  return  he  was  oourt- 
martialled,  and  suspended  from  command  for 
four  years.  A  part  of  the  sentence  was  remitted. 
and  in  1844  he  was  appointed  to  the  command 
of  the  navy-yard  at  Philadelphia.  For  the  pari 
which  Elliott  took  in  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie 
Congress  awarded  him  the  thanks  of  the  nation 
and  a  gold  medal. 


boats  were  taken  to  the  mouth  of  Buffalo 
Creek,  and  iu  these  the  expedition  embarked 
at  midnight.  At  one  o'clock  in  the  morning 
(Oct.  9)  they  left  the  creek,  while  scores  of  peo- 
ple watched  anxiously  on  the  shore  for  the  re- 
sult. The  sharp  crack  of  a  pistol,  the  roll  of 
musketry,  followed  by  silence,  and  the  moving 
of  two  dark  objects  down  the  river  proclaimed 
that  the  enterprise  had  been  successful.  Joy- 
was  manifested  on  the  shores  by  shouts  and  the 
waving  of  lanterns.  The  vessels  and  their  men 
had  been  made  captives  in  less  than  ten  min- 
utes. The  gnus  at  Fort  Erie  were  brought  to 
bear  upon  the  vessels.  A  struggle  for  their  pos- 
session ensued.  The  Detroit  was  finally  burned, 
but  the  Caledonia  was  saved, and  afterwards  did 
good  service  in  Perry's  fleet  on  Lake  Erie.  In 
this  brilliant  affair  the  Americans  lost  one  killed 
and  five  wounded.     The  loss  of  the  British  is 


T11K    ELLIOTT    MEDAL. 


Elliott's  Exploit  at  Fort  Erie.  Black  Book, 
two  miles  below  Buffalo,  was  selected  as  a  place 
for  a  dock-yard  for  lifting  out  naval  vessels  for 
Lake  Erie.  Lieutenant  JeSSC  1>.  Elliott,  then 
only  twenty-seven  years  of  age,  while  on  duty 
there,  was  informed  of  the  arrival  at  Fort  Erie, 
opposite,  of  two  vessels  from  Detroit,  both  well 
manned  and  well  armed  ami  laden  with  valua- 
ble- cargoes  of  peltry.  They  were  the  Caledo- 
nia, a  \essel  belonging  to  the  Northwestern  Fur 
Company,  and  the  .lulm  AdOMU,  taken  at  the  sur- 
render of  Hull,  with  Hie  name  changed  to  De- 
troit. They  arrived  on  the  morning  of  Oot.  8 
(1812),  aud  Elliott  at  once  conceived  a  plan  lor 
their  capture.  Timely  aid  offered.  The  same 
day  a  detachment  of  unarmed  seamen  arrived 
from  New  York.  Elliott  turned  to  the  military 
foi  assistance.  Lieutenant •oolouol  Scott  was 
then  at  Black  Rock,  and  entered  warmly  into 
Elliott's  plans.  General  Smyth,  the  command- 
ing officer, favored  them.  Captain  Towson, of 
the  artillery,  was  detailed,  with  fifty  men,  for 
•  :  and  sailors  under  General  Winder, 
at  Buffalo,  were  ordered  out,  well  aimed.  Sev- 
eral citi/.iis  joined  the  expedition,  and  the 
whole  Dumber,  rank  and  tile,  was  about  one 

hundred    and    twenty -four    men.       Two    large 


not  known.  A  shot  from  Fort  Erie  crossed  the 
river  and  instantly  killed  Major  William  Howe 
Cinler,  aid  to  General  Hull,  of  Watertow  n.  N.  V. 
The  Caledonia  was  a  rich  prize;  hex  cargo  was 

valued  a i  |200, 

Ellsworth,  EPHRAIH  Li  mik.  was  bom  at 
Meehaniesville.  N.  V..  April  23,  1-:'.T  |  killed  at 
Alexandria,  Va.,  Ma)  24,1861.  He  was  first  en- 
gaged in  mercantile  business  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  and 
as  a  patent  solicitor  in  Chicago  he  acquired  a 
good  income.  While  si  inlying  law  he  joined  a 
Zouave  corps  at  Chicago,  and  in  July,  I860,  \  is- 
itcd  some  of  the  Eastern  cities  of  the  Union  with 
them,  and  attracted  great  attention.  On  his  re- 
turn he  organized  a  Zouave  regiment  in  Chicago; 
and  in  April.  1861, he  organized  another  from  the 

New  York  Fire  Department.  These  were  among 
Hie  earlier  troops  that  hastened  to  Washington. 

Leading  his  Zouaves  to  Alexandria,  Ellsworth 
was  shot   by  the   proprietor  of  the   Marshall 

House,  while  he  was  descending  the  stairs  with 
a  Secession  flag  w  Inch  he  had  pulled  dow  n.  I  Sec 
lin/iiiia.  liira>ion  of.)  His  b,„lv  wa-  taken  to 
Washington,  and  lay  in  state  in  the  Easl  Boom 
Of  the  White  Hous.'.'  It  was  then  taken  to  New 
York,  When  it  lav  in  state  in  theCitj  Hall,  and, 
.liter   being   earned    in    pioccsMon    through    the 


ELLSWORTH  4 

streets  of  the  city,  it  was  conveyed  to  his  birth- 
place for  burial.    He  was  young  and  handsome, 

and  his  death,  being  the  lirst  of  note  that  had 


KI'IIKAIM    ELMER   ELLSWORTII. 

occurred  in  the  opening  war,  produced  a  pro- 
found  sensation  throughout  the  country. 

Ellsworth,  or  i \  BR,  LI..]).,  was  liorn  at  Wind- 
Mr,  Coun.,  April  29, 1746 ;  died  Nov.  26, 1807.  He 
graduated  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey  in  1?<><>; 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1771;  practised  in 

Hartford,  Conn. ;  and  was  made  state  attorney. 
When  the  war  for  independence  was  kindling 
lie  took  the  side  of  the  patriots  in  the  Legislat- 
ure of  Connecticut,  and  was  a  delegate  in  Cou- 
gress  from  ITT?  to  1780.  He  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  Council,  and  in  1T-1  was  ap- 
pointed a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court.  Judge 
Ellsworth  «  as  one  of  the  (Tamers  of  the  Nation- 
al Constitution,  but,  being  called  away  before 
the  adjournment  of  the  convention,  his  name 
was  not  attached  to  that  instrument.     He  was 


the  Arsl  United  states  Senator  from  Connecti- 
cut (1789  96),  and  drew  tip  the  hill  for  organ- 
ising the  Judiciary  Department.      In   L796  he 

was  made  Chief- justice  id'  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States,  and  at  the  close  of  IT'.t'.l  lie 
W.'ls  one  of  the  envoys  to   FlIIIIlT  (  W  II  it'll   see  >. 

El  Molino  del  Rey  and  Casa  de  Mata 

Capture  "i  i  i-iT).  ai si  within  cannon-shot 


1  EL  MOLINO  DEL  EEY 

distance  of  the  city  of  Mexico  is  Chapitltepec,  a 
hill  composed  of  porphyritic  rock,  and  known 
in  the  Aztec  language  as  "Grasshoppers'  Hill.'" 
It  rises  from  the  ancient  shore,  of  Lake  Tezeuco, 
and  was  the  favorite  resort  of  the  Aztec  princes. 
It  was  also  the  site  of  the  palace  and  gardens 
of  Montezuma.  That  hill  was  crow  tied  with  a 
st ron j;  castle  and  Military  College, supported  by 
numerous  out  works,  which,  w  it  h  the  steepness 
of  the  ascent  to  it.  seemed  to  make  it  impreg- 
nable. Only  the  slope  towards  the  city  was 
easily  ascended,  and  that  was  covered  with  a 
thick  forest.  At  the  foot  id' the  hill  was  a  stone 
bnildillg,  with  thick  high  walls,  and  towers  at 
the  end,  known  as  LI  Molino  did  Key — "The 
King's  Mill."  About  four  hundred  yards  from 
this  was  another  massive  stone  building,  known 
as  Cass  de  Mata.  The  former  was  used  I  1847) 
as  a  cannon-fonndery  by  the  Mexicans,  and  the 
latter  was  a  depository  of  gunpowder.  Both 
were  armed  and  strongly  garrisoned.  General 
Scott, ai  Tacubaya, ascertained  that  Santa  Aha, 
while  negotiations  for  peace  were  going  on,  had 
sent  church  hells  out  of  the  city  to  he  cast  into 
cannons,  and  he  determined  to  seize  both  of 
tins,,  strong  buildings  and  deprive  the  Mexi- 
cans of  those  sources  of  Strength.  He  proposed 
to   first    at taik    LI   Molino  del   Bey,  which   was 

commanded  by  General  Leon.     The  Mexican 

force  at  these  defences  was  ahout  fourteen  thou- 
sand strong, their  left  wing  restiug  on  LI  Moli- 
no del  Bey,  their  centre  forming  a  connecting 
line  with  (a-a  de  Mata  and  supported  by  a 
field-battery,  and  their  right  wing  resting  on 
the  latter.  To  the  division  of  General  Worth 
was   intrusted   the   task   of  assailing  the   works 

before  them.  At  three  o'clock  on  the  morning 
of  Sept.  8  (1847)  the  assaulting  columns  moved 
to  the  attack.  Garland's  brigade  forming  the 
right  wing.  The  battle  began  at  dawn  by  Hn- 
ger*s24  pounder  opening  on  LI  Molino  del  Ley, 

when  Major  Wright,  of  the  Eighth  Infantry, 
fell   upon   the  centre   with  live   hundred   picked 

men.  On  the  left  was  the  second  brigade, com- 
manded by  Colonel  Mcintosh,  supported  by  Dun- 
can's battery.  The  assault  of  Major  Wright  on 
the  centre  drove  hack  infantry  and  artilhry, 
and  the  Mexican  field -battery  was  captured. 
The  Mexicans  soon  rallied  and  regained  their 
position,  and  a  terrible  straggle  ensued.  Kl 
Molino  del  li'ev  was  soon  assailed  and  carried 
by  Garland's  brigade,  and  at  the  same  time  the 
battle  around  Casa  de  Mata  was  raging  fierce- 
ly,     For   a   moment    the  Americans   reeled,  hut 

soon  recovered,  when  a  large  column  of  Mexi- 
cans was  seen  filing  around  the  right  of  their 
intrenehinents  to  fall  upon   the  Americans  who 

had  been  driven  hack,  when  Duncan's  battery 

opened  upon  them  so  destructively  that  the 
Mexican  column  was  scattered  in  confusion. 
Then  Sumner's  dragoons  charged  upon  them, 
and  their  rout   was  complete.    The  slaughter 

had  been  dreadful.  Nearly  one  fourth  of  Worth's 
corps  were  either  killed  or  wounded.  The  Mex- 
icans had  left  one,  thousand  dead  on  the  field. 
Their  hot  leaders  had  heen  slain,  and  eight 
hundred  men  had  heen  made  prisoners.  The 
strong  buildings  were  hlown   up,  and  none  of 


EMANCIPATION  OF  SLAVES 


432        EMANCIPATION  OF  THE  SLAVES 


the  defences  of  Mexico  outside  its  gates  now 
remained  to  them,  excepting  tlie  Castle  ofCha- 
pultepec  and  its  supports.     (See  Chapultepec.) 

Emancipation  of  Slaves.  By  the  Presi- 
dent's Emancipation  Proclamation  (which  see), 
tin'  n umber  of  slaves  set  free  was  as  follows: 


111,104  I  South  Carolina  ....  102,541 

Alabama 4:15.  U'J     Texas 1sii.i'»s2 

Florida 61,753  |  Virgin's  (part) 45u,«7 

<i.or-ia 4G'J.2:i'2  I  Louisiana  ipart).  . .   247,734 

436,696  

North  Carolina 275,081  |     Total 3,0G3.392 

The  institution  was  not  disturbed  by  the  procla- 
mation in  eight  slates,  which  contained  831,780 
slaves, distributed  as  follows: 

Delaware 1, 798  I  Tennessee 27.">,7S4 

Kentucky 225.490     Louisiana  (parti  .. .  B6,281 

Maryland M7.1SH     West.  Virginia.    ...  12,761 

Missouri 114,465  I  Virginia  (part) 29,018 

The  remainder  were  emancipated  by  the  Thir- 
teenth Amendment  to  the  National  Constitution, 

making  the  whole  number  Bet  free  3,895,172. 

Emancipation  of  Slaves,  PROCLAMATION  OP 
(1863).  On  July  16,  1862,  Congress  passed  an 
act  for  the  suppression  of  slavery,  one  provision 
of  which  declared  the  absolute  "freedom  of  the 
slaves  of  rebels"  under  certain  operations  of  war 
therein  defined.  This  gave  the  President  a  wide 
field  for  the  exercise  of  executive  power,  but  he 
used  it  with  great  prudence.  The  patient  Lin- 
coln hoped  the  wise  men  among  the  insurgents 
might  heed  the  threat  contained  in  the  act.  Fi- 
nally, in  September,  he  issued  a  warning  procla- 
mation, declaring  that  in  case  the  enemies  of 
the  government  did  not  lay  down  their  arms 
before  the  1st  of  January,  1*(>3,  he  would  then 
issue  a  proclamation  of  the  freedom  of  the 
slaves.  This  warning  was  unheeded,  and  on 
the  day  mentioned  the  President  issued  the  fol- 
lowing proclamation : 

'•  PROCLAMATION. 

'•  Whertat,  tin  the  Md  day  of  September,  111  the  year  of  our 

Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty  two,  a  prix  lama 
tlOD  was  issued  hy  the  President  of  the  I'nited  States,  conlaiu- 
Ig  other  things,  the  following,  to  wit: 

•■  ■  Thai  on  the  first  day  of  January,  In  the  year  of  our  Lord 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty  three,  all  persons  held 
as  slaves  within  any  Slate  or  designated  part  of  a  State,  the 
people  whereof  shall  then  he  in  rebellion  against  the  I'nited 
stales,  shall  be  then,  thenceforward,  and  forever  free;  and  the 
KxerutiveCovornnient  ofthe  I'nited  Stales,  inehe 
itarv  and  naval  authority  thereof,  will  recognize  and  maintain 
the  freedom  of  surh  persons,  and  will  do  no  act  or  arts  tore- 
press  - ii.  1 1  persons,  or  any  of  them,  in  any  ellorts  they  may 
make  for  their  aetual  freedom. 

"    Thai  the  Executive  will,  on  the  first  day  of  January  afore- 
said, by  proelamalion.  designate  the  Slates  and  p:n 
If  any,  in  which  the  people  thereof,  respectively,  shall  Hen  be 
in  rebellion  against  the  1  mini  Slates;  and  the  facl  thai  ani 
Slate.  ,,r  the  | pie  thereof,  shall  on  lhat  day  lie  m  good  laiili 

represented  in  the  Congress  ofthe  i'nited  states  by  members 

chosen  thereto  at  elections  wherein  a  niajnrit.v  of  liie  ipiahlied 
Ch  Stale  shall   have  pari  l. "paled,  shall,  in  the  ah 

sonce  of  strong  countervailing  testimony,  be  deemed  conclu 

siec  evidence  that  such  Slate,  and  the  people  tin 

the rebellion  against  the  i  nlted  - 

refore  I  Abraham  Mnoolo.  President  ofthe Unlt- 
.  \  rt in-  of  the  power  in  me  vested  as  Command 
it  hi  chlcl  ofthe  Army  and  Navy  of  the  United  states  iii  time 
est  the  authority  and  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  Btatea  and  as  a  in  and  ni 
rebellion,  do,  on  thl 
January,  In  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thons  ind  sighl  hundred 
i nee  with  mj  purp 

publicly  proclaimed  l.»r  the  lull  pen. id  ol  one  hundred  da\  s 

from  the  d  i  ;  -  -■!•-■  l  order  and  ■ 

■  herein  the  pc.pi 

lllon  i,  in.- 1  the  i  nlted  states, 

the  following,  to  wit: 


"  Arkansas.  Texas,  Louisiana  (except  the  parishes  of  St  Rcr 
nard.  Plaipieinines,  .Jefferson.  St  John,  St.  Charles,  St.  James. 
Ascension,  Assumption,  Terre  Bonne,  Lafourche,  Ste.  Marie. 
St.  Martin,  and  Orleans,  including  the  city  of  New  Orleansi, 
Mississippi.  Alabama.  Florida, Georgia,  South  Carolina,  North 
Carolina,  and  Virginia  (except  ihe  forty  eight  counties  deeig 
nated  as  West  Virginia  and  also  Hi  rkley.  Ac- 

coinac.  Northampton.  Elzabeth  City.  York.  Princess  Anne,  and 
Norfolk,  including  the  cities  of  Norfolk  and  Portsmouth),  and 
which  excepted  pads  are.  for  the  present,  left  pn 
this  proclamation  were  not  issued. 

'■  And  by  virtue  ot  the  power  and  for  the  purpose  aforesaid. 
I  do  order  and  declare  that  all  persons  held  as  slaves  within 
said  designated  States  and  parts  of  States  are.  and  hencefor- 
ward shall  be,  free;  and  that  the  Executive  Covcrnment  ofthe 
United  States,  Including  the  military  and  naval  authorities 
thereof,  will  recognize  and  maintain  the  freedom  of  said  per- 
sons. 

"  And  I  hereby  enjoin  upon  the  people  so  declared  to  he 
free  to  abstain  from  all  violence,  unless  in  necessary  self-de- 
fence; and  I  recommend  to  them  that,  in  all  cases 'when  al- 
lowed, they  labor  faithfully  for  reasonable  wages. 

"  And  I  further  declare  and  make  known  lhat  such  persons, 
of  suitable  condition,  will  be  received  into  the  armed  service 
of  ihe  United  States,  to  garrison  forts,  positions,  stations,  and 
other  places,  and  to  man  vessels  of  all  sorts  in  said  service. 

"And  upon  this  act.  sincerely  believed  to  be  an  act  of  jus- 
tice, warranted  by  the  Constitution,  upon  military  necessity,  I 
invoke  the  considerate  judgment  of  mankind,  and  the  gra- 
cious favor  of  Almight 

'■  In  testimony  whereof  1  have  hereunto  set  my  name,  and 
caused  the  seal  of  the  I'nited  States  to  he  affixed 

"  Done  at  the  City  of  Washington,  tins  first  day  of 
r,    -  -,    January,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight 
L   '     J     hundred  and  sixty  three,  and  of  Ihe  Independence  of 
the  I'nited  States  the  eighty-seventh 

"  Aiikaiiah  Lincoln. 

"  By  the  President : 

"  William  It.  SEWAitn,  Secretary  of  State. 

(See  Lac-simile  on  pages  433  to  436  inclusive.) 

Emancipation  of  the  Slaves  (1863).  The 
second  session  (if  the  Thirty-seventh  Congress 
commenced  Dec. '2,  1st;  1.  A  civil  warofunpai 
alleled  magnitude  was  then  raging.  The  peo- 
ple and  their  representatives  were  satisfied  that 
slavery  was  the  cause  of  the  fratricidal  strife, 
and  it  was  not  long  before  they  perceived  the 
necessity  for  destroying  the  system  in  order  to 
save  the  life  ofthe  Republic.  They  perceived 
that  it  nurtured, by  the  labor  of  slaves,  the  men 
w  ho  wile  making  war  on  the  Republic,  and  that 
very  few  ofthe  while  people  need  lie  kept  from 

the  Confederate  armies  to  carry  on  agricultural 
operations  at  home.  The  President  and  the  loy- 
al people  therefore  resolved  to  destroy  the  sys- 
tem bj  some  method  of  abolition.  The  former 
kindly  proposed  to  give  pecuniary  aid  to  any 

state  government  which  might  provide  for  the 
abolition  of  slavery.  The  kind  proposition  test- 
ed the  temper  Of  the  slaveholders.  They  re- 
fused to  listen,  ami  a  conference  of  Congressmen 
of  the  border  slave-labor  states,  which  Mr.  Lin- 
coln called,  and  to  whom  he  submitted  a  plan 
for  compensating  tin*  holders  of  slaves,  told  him 
plainly  that  it  was  his  "duly  to  avoid  all  inter- 
ference, direct  or  indirect,  w  ith  slavery  in  the 
Southern  Stales;"  and  their  constituents  gener- 
ally BCOUted  the  proposition  with  scorn.  Any 
further  offer  of  compromise  with  the  enemies 

of  the  Republic  was  seen  to  be  useless,  and  Con- 
gress proceeded  to  deal  vigorously  with  slavery, 
the   strong   right    arm   of  the   warriors   against 

the  national  government.  They  proceeded  to 
abolish  slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia, 
over  which  Congress  had  exclusive  control.  A 
bill  became  a  law  (Match  13,  1863),  providing 

for   Ihe   confiscation    of  the   property  of  rebels 

against  the  government,  which  included  the 
emancipation  of  their  slave*.      It  prohibited  all 


EMANCIPATION  OF  THE  SLAVES       433        EMANCIPATION  OF  THE  SLAVES 

MILE    OF    TIIK    I'KOCI.AMATION    OK    EMANCIPATION. 

i^&&~J  erf  Pi^  a^rhaa  #+*->  pntru^^L^^oo  ^iy&C  /f^u^-c^^*o  ^»%**/ 

fUi  LtuJ£L>u  <s£aZL,   C^ruXZ^Mu^jf    ouf^on^  a^X**  Ufc^yi  &£a 

"That  on  the  first  day  of  January,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty- 

(hree,  all  persons  bald  aa  alavea  within  u  the  people  whereof  shall 

then  be  in  rebellion  against  the  United  States,  shall  be  then,  thenceforward  and  the 

itlve  OoTenunenl  of  the  United  Btales,  Inclndlng  the  miliary  and  naval  authority  thereof,  win 

recognize  and  maintain  the  freedom  of  inch  persona,  and  « ill  do  no  act  or  .1 

or  any  of  them,  in  any  efforti  they  maj  make  for  tbetr  actual  fr lorn. 

■•Thai  the  Executive  will,  on  the  Ural  day  of  January  aforesaid,  by  proclamation 
and  putt  "i  Bl  Lies,  1 1  any,  In  which  the  people  thai  ball  than  be  in  reb 

United  stains;  and  tin-  iici  iii.it  any  State,  or  iin'  people  thereof,  shall  on  that  day  be  In  good  kith  repre 
embers  chosen  thereto  al  election!  wherein  a  majority 
sf  ihi-  qualified  rotors  of  such  State  shall  have  pan  ing  countervailing 

iy,  be  deemed  coi  and  the  people  thereof,  arc  not  then  In  re 

bcllion  against  tin'  United  - 

/h~2    faiA^/uri-u  fa  fcv  &l€>    A^pcs&u***-*/  Jury  £*Zo  j£lJZ&  /^e~*n*s 


EMANCIPATION  OF  THE  SLAVES       434        EMANCIPATION  OF  THE  SLAVES 

fnzfde^t^o^-^  CrtJ3>A/*+-*4*>o~^it j^jbu^irJ, <f\J«fHm*.  xi^&tkuJUi t  guTa+*~*^ 
Ak4*<+w*'/  Jlyu<^*JvC^J/  JcA^&VK*^,  *b-/ai*w*£j/  4^h^a^f  gSzhxxx^^. 

Ly<j<<LaAs-esnvi/  <o,£ay*-0L&ji  ^Le^-y^u*,  <ifcn~C&.  fLcL^u^u^y^J^  J)<TvE£  /a^r^M^ 

<*->,  /Wfi^C  flPt^yt"*^,   #-"*>*-  a-£^o  t^rCj  ctris^ZZL,  rf 7«w£^  ^fisca^ 

&  t  &*-&*s^£a    i^sICJFL^'vj   /i^i*?4/  o<-*'*\*yi*42^Z^<j  &£-*s{~i^  &s*x**s  /m-~£r 0^ 
dfcjZ&%    tl'-iJ      fr~-~v  /fi^x^c^jftrrurv^*>iJ   ^-fLi-Bcs  £*)  /ft*-**;  ^*v**'  £*&*' 
I^Kju  o~7<^>c^Zi^a    t&rv&rtosv^J^C  off  PrZo  tc*JjO>o  tffcsZZj* i>»*cJL^, 


EMANCIPATION  OF  THE  SLAVES  435  EMANCIPATION  OF  THE  SLAVES 

i  /Lsftsu)    &-u^>£  A^Utn^     of  /fco*CC**.&€j  C/n^ol^*^/  aa^-A> 

Jljta^cj^,     &  »voV  to    (^y^o^y  /l  es*4*&4    erf*  &££<   /**vG  ^-*v    /^Ujc  A*v - 
y_4^MJ    UufJ   kjLt    frc£T  /U^Ol^JZJ^    £*j2*£^<^*j  &  £-0 

\7*l  fo&uJs  frk»tej-/  ?/.tu>-e  ZeA£<c^fr  SJJ^T^y  t 


t  Kot^dA^-A  o^^d  S^yftj  ZZajj^,  o^^A 


EMANCIPATION  OF  THE  SLAVES       436       EMANCIPATION  OF  THE  SLAVES 


officers  in  the  military  or  naval  service  of  the 
Republic  retaining  alleged  fugitive  slaves  to 
their  masters.  On  Jnly  15,  lsttt,  another  law 
was  perfected,  which  declared  the  absolute  free- 
dom of  the  slaves  of  public  enemies  under  cer- 
tain operations  of  war  therein  defined.  The 
President,  hoping  the  wiser  and  cooler  men  of 
the  Confederacy  might  heed  the  warning, hesi- 
tated to  act.  The  loyal  people  became  impa- 
tient, and  he  was  haul  pressed  by  remonstrances 
and  petitions.  Finally  a  deputation  from  a  con- 
vention in  Chicago  of  Christians  of  all  denomi- 
nations waited  upon  him  (Sept.  13,  lf!62)  with  a 
memorial  requesting  him  at  once  to  issue  a  proc- 
lamation of  universal  emancipation.  The  Pres- 
ident, believing  the  time  had  not  yet  come  for 
an  act  so  radical,  anil  especially  at  that  critical 
juncture,  when  the  .National  armies  seemed  ev- 
erywhere to  be  weak,  said."  I  do  not  wish  to  is- 
sue a  document  that  the  whole  world  would  see 
must  necessarily  he  inoperative, like  the  Pope's 
hull  against  the  count."  He  said  he  was  in  s\  m- 
pathy  with  them;  and  when  the  commit  tee  left 
he   said.  ••  Whatever   shall    appear   to   he   Nod's 

will.  I  will  do."  On  the  "2-Jd  he  issued  a  prelim- 
inary proclamation  of  emancipation,  in  which 
lie  declared  it   to  he  his  propose,  al  the  next 

meeting  of  Congress,  to  again  recommend  pe- 
cuniary compensation  in  aid  of  emancipation  in 
states  in  which  insurrection  did  not  exist.  He 
then   declared  that    on   the  1st   of  January  next 

ensuing  ••the  slaves  within  every  state  or  des- 
ignated part  of  a  stale,  the  people  whereof 
should  then  he  in  ivhellion,"  should  he  declared 

"thenceforward  ami  forever  free;"  such  free- 
dom to  he  maintained  by  t  he  w  hole  force  of  t lie 
government,  «  Inch  should  not.  at  the  same  time, 

repress  anj  efforts  the  Blave*  might  make  for 
their  actual  freedom.  This  warning  was  treat- 
ed with  scorn,  and  was  used  to  "  fire  the  South- 
ern heart  "  as  evidence  that  the  war  was  waged 

for  the  liberation  of  the  slaves, and  not  for  the 
restoratii f  the   Union.     When  the  hundred 


days  fixed  for  the  determining  of  this  momen- 
tous movement  had  expired  it  was  found  that 
the  enemies  of  the  Republic  were  more  rebel- 
lious than  ever.  Accordingly,  on  the  first  daj 
of  January.  1863,  President  Lincoln  issued  hie 
famous  ••  Proclamation  of  Emancipation,"  which 
speedily  led  to  a  radical  revolution  in  the  social 
and  labor  systems  among  a  large  portion  of  the 
inhabitants  of  the  Republic.  (See  Emancipa- 
tion of  Slaves,  Proclamation  of.)  This  proclama- 
tion, considered  in  all  its  relations,  was  one  of 
the  mosl  important  public  documents  ever  is- 
sued by  the  hand  of  man.  As  the  centuries  roll 
on.  mankind,  more  and  more  completely  eman- 
cipated from  the  thraldom  of  injustice  at  the 
hands  of  the  stronger,  w  ill  regard  it  with  ever- 
deepening  reverence  as  the  consummation  of 
the  hopes  and  labors  of  the  founders  of  the  Re- 
public, who  declared  that  -nil  men  arc  created 
equal."     Unlike  the  preliminary  proclamation, 

it  was  wonderfully  potential.  The  loyal  por- 
tion of  the  nation,  educated  by  the  teachings 
of  events  to  an  habitual  and  profound  sense  of 
justice  as  well  as  expediency  involved  in  such 
an  act,  were  waiting  with  impatience  for  the 
proclamation.  While  the  friends  of  the  gov- 
incut  hailed  its  appearance  with  joy.  the  con- 
spirators against  the  lite  of  the  Republic  were 
struck  with  dismay.  The  charming  vision  of  a 
magnificent  empire  whose  fundamental  policy 

was  avowed  to  he  human  slavery  was  suddenly 
changed;  and  they  clearly   saw  that  the  whole 

fabric  of  their  hopes  ami  ambitions  schemes 

was  only  a  dissolving  view—  a  baseless  -tinct- 
ure of  a  dream.  The  (iolden  Circle  (  w  hieh  see) 
suddenly  narrowed  to  a  mere  -peek  in  the  im- 
agination of  its  inventors,  and  the  whole  gor- 
geous group  of  dignitaries  who  were  to  admin- 
ister the  public  affairs  of  the  grand  slaw  em- 
pire of  the  West,  stretching  from  Mason  and 
Dixon's  Line  (which  see)  to  the  tropic-,  became 
transformed  by  the  touch  id'  tin-  spear  of  Iihu- 
real.     The  proclamation     so  calm,  N 


EMANCIPATION  OF  IRELAND  4 

decided,  and  withal  so  evidently  franght  with 
irresistible  power — carried  joy  and  hope  to  the 
hearts  of  suffering  millions  in  the  Eastern  Hem- 
isphere It  touched  with  a  mighty  power  a 
ohord  of  sympathy  in  the  bosom  of  every  jx'-n- 
ttine  aspirant  for  freedom  in  Europe  to  whom 
it  was  revealed,  and  elicited  a  quick  response. 
From  the  hour  when  that  proclamation  was 
promulgated  the  prayers  of  true  men  in  all 
lands  ascended  to  the  throne  of  Heaven  in  sup- 
plications for  the  SUCCeSS  of  the  armies  of  the 
Republic    in    their    struggle    with    lis    enemies. 

Prom  the  men!  when  that  ac(  of. justice  was 

proclaimed  by  the  chief  magistrate  of  the  na- 
tion   the   power  of  the    foes   of  the    gO\  eminent 

began  to  grow  more  and  more  feeble.  Already 
thousands  of  freedmen  made  so  by  the  deci- 
sion that  they  were  "contrabands"  (whioh  see) 

—  had    entered    the    public    service    in    various 

ways,  and  a  large  Dumber  of  them  were  en- 
rolled as  soldiers  in  the  National  army.  From 
that  moment  until  the  close  of  the  Civil  War 
victory  followed  victory  for  the  Union  troops 
in  quick  succession.  The  proclamation  was 
signed  by  Abraham  Lincoln.  President  of  the 
United  states,  and  bj  William  B. Seward,  Sec- 
retary of  State,     'l'he  liist  tidings  b)   the  mouth 

of  man  given  of  it  to  the  freedmen  was  ut- 
tered to  a  regiment  of  them  in  arms,  beneath 
a   magnificent    live-oak    tree,  near   Beaufort, 

S.  ('..  within  bugle-SOUnd  of  the  place  w  here  the 

South  Carolina  Ordinance  of  Secession  ^ which 

see)  for  the  perpetuation  of  slaver v  was  li  allied. 
It  was  announced  by  1  >r.  Brisbane,  a  native  of 
South  Carolina.  Bj  the  adoption  afterwards 
of  the  Thirteenth  Amendment  to  the  Constitu- 
tion, slavery  was  abolished  from  the  domain  of 
the  Republic.  It  will  he  observed  that  the  sig- 
nature of  I'lesident  Lincoln  to  the  proclamation 
is  in  a  slightly  tremulous   hand.      He  sinned    it 

on  New-year's  morning,  after  shaking  hands 
w  nli  numerous  callers.' 

Emancipation  of  Ireland.     Ireland  had  suf- 
fered   even    more    than    the    United   Stale-,    from 

the  restrictive  legislation  and  colonial  monopo- 
lv  "i  i. icai  Britain.  lis  volunteer  army  (see 
Inland),  commanded  by  officers  id'  their  own 
choice,  amounted  to  about  ftftj  thousand  at  the 
olose  of  the  war  with  America  (1788).  They 
were  united  under  one  general-in-cbief.  Feel- 
ing strong  in  the  right  ami  in  its  material  and 

moral  vitality  at  t he  moment ,  and  encouraged 
by  the  success  id'  the  Americans,  Ireland  de 
Banded  reforms  for  herself.  The  viceroy  re- 
ported that  Diileaa  ll  was  determined  that  the 

knot  which  hound  tin-  two  countries  should  he 
severed  forever,  the  points  required  bj  the  Irish 
Parliament  must  be  Conceded.  It  was  a  criti- 
cal moment.  Eden,  who  was  secretary  for  Ire- 
land, proposed  the  repeal  of  t  hi'  act  of  GeOTgC  I 
which   asserted   the   righl  of  the  Parliament    of 


7  EMBARGO  ACT 

Creat  Britain  to  make  laws  to  bind  the  people 
and  the  kingdom  of  Ireland  — the  right  claimed 
for  Parliament  which  drove  the  Americans  to 
war — and  the  Rockingham  ministry  adopted 
and  carried  the  important  measure.  Appeals 
from  the  courts  of  Ireland  to  the  British  House 
of  Peers  were  abolished  ;  the  restraints  on  inde- 
pendent legislation  were  done  away  with,  and 
Ireland,  still  owing  allegiance  to  Great  Britain, 
obtained  the  independence  of  its  Parliament. 
This  was  the  fruit  of  the  war  for  independence 
ill  America.  The  people  of  Ireland  owed  the, 
vindication  of  their  rights  to  the  patriots  of  the 
United  states;  but  their  gratitude  took  the  di- 
rection of  their  complained-of  oppressor,  and 
their  legislature  voted  |500, >  for  the  levy  of 

twenty  thousand  seamen  to  Strengthen  the  royal 
navy,  whose  ships  had  not  yet  been  withdrawn 
from  American  waters,  and  which,  with  an  army, 
were  still  menacing  the  liberties  of  the  Ameri- 
cans. 

Embargo  Act,   FlIMl    (1794).      The   British 

Orders  in  Council  (Nov.  6,  1793)  and  a  repotted 
Speech   Of  Lord  Dorchester  (Guy  Carleloiil   to  a 

deputation  of  Hie  Western  Indians,  produced 
much  indignation  against  the  British  govern- 
ment. Under  the  stimulus  of  this  exoitoment 
Congress  passed  (March  'Jti.  1794)  a  joint  resolu- 
tion laying  an  embargo  on  commerce  for  thirty 

days.  Thi'  measure  seemed  to  have  chiefly  in 
view  the  obstructing  the  supply  of  provisions 
lor  the  British  licet  and  army  in  the  West  In- 
dies.     It    operated    quite   as   much   against    the 

French.  Subsequently  (April  ?i  a  resolution 
was  introduced  to  discontinue  all  commercial 
Intercourse  with  Great  Britain  ami  her  subjects, 

as  tar  as  icspectcd  all   articles  of  the  grow  til  or 

manufacture  of  (neat  Britain  or  Ireland, until 
the  surrender  of  the  Western  posis  (see  Joy's 
inula  ,.  and  ample  compensation  should  be  given 
for  all  losses  and  damages  growing  out  of  British 

aggression  on  the  neutral  rights  of  the  Ameri- 
cans. It  uasevidellt  from  t  he  coin  se  of  I  he  de- 
bate and  the  temper  of  the  House  that  the  reso- 
lution would  be  adopted.  This  measure  would 
have  led  directly  to  war.  To  avert  this  calamity 
Washington  was  inclined  to  send  a  special  min- 
ister to  Englaud.  The  appoiutment  of  .lav  fol- 
lowed.    (See  ■/'ay's  Treaty.) 

Embargo  Act  1 1807).  On  the  receipt  of  de- 
spatches from  Minister  Armstrong,  at  Paris, 
containing  information  about  the  new  interpre- 
tation of  the  Berlin  Decree  and  also  oft  he  British 
Orders  in  Council.  President  .Iclterson.  who  had 
called    Congress    together    earlier    than     usual 

Oct.  96,  1807),  sent  a  message  to  that  bodj 
eommnnicatiug  facts  in  his  possession  ami  rec- 
ommending the  passage  of  an  embargo  art  - 

"an  inhibition  of  the  departure  of  OUT  vessels 
from  the  ports  of  the  United  states."  The  Sen- 
ate, after  a  session  of  four  hours,  passed  a  hill     - 


Manjujwsfir 


I- hi   Lincoln  wrote  les  I'rorlani  ition  ol  Kmiitii'inMlion  wis  i/iven  to  Senator  SUI  II 

nted  i"  Hie  hue  (JcciiKc  Live  i  li  is  •  steel  pen,  of 

tin-  kirn]  called     i  hi  Washington,    In  ■  i  on >  cedar  bolder-  all  aa  plain  and  unostentatious  :><  was  it,,,  i-i ,-.si.i<-ut  himself. 


EMBARGO  ACT  4 

twenty-two  to  six  —  laying  an  embargo  on  all 
shipping  foreign  and  domestic,  in  the  ports  of 
the  l  in i I'd  stales,  with  specified  exceptions,  and 
ordering  all  vessels  abroad  to  return  home  forth- 
with. This  was  done  in  secret  session.  The 
House,  also  with  closed  doors,  debated  the  bill 
three  'lavs  and   nights,  and   it   was  passed  by  a 

vote  of  eighty-two  to  forty-fonr,  ami  became  a 

law  Dec.  -'•-'.  1807.  Unlimited  in  its  duration 
and  universal  in  its  application,  the  embargo 
was  an  experiment  never  before  tried  by  any 
nation  —  an  attempt  to  compel  two  belligerent 
powers  to  respect  the  rights  of  neutrals  bj  with- 
holding intercourse  with  all  the  world.  It  ac- 
complished nothing,  or  worse  than  nothing.      It 

aronsed  against    the   United   states  whatever 

spirit  of  honor  and  pride  existed  in  both  na- 
tions. Opposition  to  the  measure,  in  and  out 
of  Congress,  was  violent  and  incessant,  and  on 
March  1.  1809,  it  was  repealed.  At  the  same 
time  Congress  passed  a  law  forbidding  all  com- 
mercial intercourse  with  France  and  England 
until  the  Orders  in  Council  and  the  decrees 
should  he  repealed. 

Embargo  Act  (preliminary  to  war,  1812). 
The  continued  aggressions  of  the  British  upon 
American  commerce  created  a  powerful  war 
party  in  the  United  States  in  1811,  and  a  stirring 
report  of  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Relations, 
submitted  to  Congress  in  November,  intensified 
that  feeling.  Bills  were  speedily 
passed  for  augmenting  the  army, 
and  other  preparations  for  war 
were  made  soon  after  the.  open- 
ing of  tin'  year  1812.  The  Presi- 
dent was  averse  to  war,  but  his 
party  urged  ami  threatened  him 
so  pertinaciously  that  he  con- 
sented to  declare  war  against 
(ire-it  Britain.  As  a  preliminary 
measure  he  sent  a  confidential 

message    to    Congress   (April   1, 

1812)  recommending  the  passage 

of  an  act  laying  an  embargo  for 

sixty  days.  A  hill  was  intro- 
duced to  that  effect  by  Mr.  Cal- 
houn, of  South  Carolina,  which 

prohibited  the  sailing  "('  any 
vessel  for  any  foreign  port,  ex- 
cept foreign  ships  with  such  _ 
cargoes  as  they  might  have  on 
board  when  notified  of  the  act. 
The  bill  was  passed  (April  ti).  and  was  speedily 
followed  by  a  supplementary  act  (April  L4)  pro- 
hibiting exportation  by  land,  whether  of  goods 
in-  specie.  The  latter  measure  w  as  called  the  land 
embargo.  It  was  vehemently  denounced, for  it 
Hidden ly  suppressed   an   active  and   lucrative 

trade  between  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

ErubargoAct  1813).  It  was  ascertained  thai 
the  British  blockading  squadron  in  American 
waters  was  constantly  supplied  with  provi- 
sions from  American  ports  by  unpatriotic  men: 

also  that  British  manufactures  were  being  in- 
troduced on  professedlj  neutral  vessels.  Bncfa 
Haiti,  wa-  exteusivelj  carried  on, especially  in 
New  England  ports,  where  magistrates  wei"c 
ofteu  leuieutlj  disposed  towards  such  violators 


3  EMBARGO,  PROPOSITIONS 

of  law.    In  a  confidential  message  I  Dec.  9,  1813) 

the   President  recommended    the   passage   of  an 

embargo  act  to  suppress  the   traffic,  and  one 

passed  both  Houses  on  the  17 1  li .  to  remain  in 
force  until  .Ian.  1,  1815,  unless  the  war  should 
sooner  cease,  It  prohibited,  under  severe  penal- 
ties, the  exportation,  or  attempt  at  exportation, 

by  land  or  water,  of  any  goods,  produce,  spe- 
cie, or  live  stock;  and  to  guard  against  eva- 
sions even  the  coast  trade  was  entirely  prohib- 
ited. This  bore  heavily  on  the  business  of  some 
of  the  New  England  sea-coast  towns.  No  trans- 
portation was  allowed,  even  on  inland  waters, 
without  special  permission  from  the  President. 
While  the  act  bore  so  heavily  on  honest  trad- 
ers, it  pretty  effectually  stopped  the  illicit  busi- 
ness of  "  speculators,  knaves,  and  traders,  who 
enriched  themselves  at  the  expense  of  the  com- 
munity." This  act,  like  all  similar  ones,  was 
called  a  "  terrapin  policy  ;"  and  illustrative  of  it 
was  a  caricature  representing  a  British  vessel  iii 
the  oiling,  some  men  embarking  goods  in  a  boat 
on  the  shore,  and  a  stout  man  carrying  a  barrel  of 
flour  towards  the  boat,  impeded  by  being  seized 
by  the  seat  of  his  pantaloons  by  an  enormous 
terrapin,  ureed  on  by  a  man  who  cries  out, 
"D — n  it,  how  he  nicks  'em."  The  victim  ex- 
claims," Oh  !  this  cursed  Ograbme!" — the  letters 
of  the  last  word,  transposed,  spell  embargo.  This 
act  was  repealed  in  April,  1814. 


Embargo,  PROPOSITIONS  to  Greai  Bimiws 
concerning  mi:.  Feeling  the  pressure  of  the 
opposition  to  the  embargo  at  home.  Piucknej  \\  as 
authorized  to  propose  to  the  British  ministry  a 
repeal  of  the  Embargo  Act.  a-  to  Greai  Britain, 
on  condition  of  the  recall  ofbei  Orders  in  Council. 
Not  wishing  10  encounter  a  refusal,  Pinckney 
sounded  Canning, the  Secretary  for  Foreign  Af- 

fain,  who  gradually  led  the  American  minister 
into  making  a  formal  proposition.  T<>  this  Can- 
ning made  a  leph  (Sept.  28,  1808  in  w  riling,  ini- 
snrpassed  in  diplomatic  ounning  and  partial!] 
concealed  sarcasm.  It  also  contained  sound 
views  on  the  whole  subject  of  the  orders  and  de- 
fining insisted  thai  as  Prance  was  the 
original  aggressor,  by  the  issoiug  of  the  Berlin 


sa 

OS 

tl> 
na 

::: 

i -i 


EMBARGO,  RECEPTION  OF  THE         4 

Decree,  retaliation  (the  claimed  cause  of  the  em- 
bargo) ought,  in  the  first  instance,  to  have  been 
directed againsl  that  power  alone:  and  England 
could  not  consent  to  buy  oil'  a  hostile  procedure. 
ofwhicb  she  ought  never  to  have  been  made  the 
Object,  al  the  expense  of  a  concession  made,  not 
to  the  United  States,  upon  whom  the  operation 
of  the  British  orders  was  merely  incidental,  hut 
to  France,  against  w  hieh  country,  in  a  spirit  of 
just  retaliation,  they  had  been  originally  aimed. 
The  Berlin  Decree  had  lieen  the  beginning  of  an 
attempt  to  overthrow  the  political  power  of 
Ghreat  Britain  by  destroying  her  commerce,  and 
almost  all  Europe  had  been  compelled  to. join  in 

that  attempt;  and  the  A riean  embargo  had. 

111  fait,  come  iii  aid  of  Napoleon's  continental 
system.     This  attempt,  Cauuing  said,  was  not 

likely  to  succeed,  yet  it  was  important  to  the 
reputation  of  Groat  Britain  not  to  show  the 
least  sinn  of  yielding  while  the  slightest  donbt 
existed  of  its  nncipii  vocal  failure,  or  the  smallest 
link  in  the  confederacy  against  her  remained  un- 
dissolved. The  disconcerted  American  ambas- 
sador, e^  ideutrj  piqued  at  the  result  of  his  prop- 
ition,  advised  his  government  to  persevere  in 
the  embargo.  The  embargo  was  far  less  effect- 
ual  abroad  than  it  was  supposed  it  would  he. 
id    the    difficulty    of    maintaining    it    stiicth 

I ie  caused  its  repeal  in  March, 

-u;  i. 
Embargo,  PUBLIC  RECEPTION  0] 
tiik.  Tin'  decided  support  of  the  em- 
bargo (  w  Inch  sic  given  by  both 
Houses  of  Congri  u  was  supplemented 
by  resolutions  of  the  Legislatures  of 
Georgia,  the  Carolinaa,  Virginia,  Ohio, 
Pennsylvania,  ami  New  Hampshire. 
An  Enforcement  Act  was  passed  (Janu- 
ary, 1809),  and,  to  make  it  efficient, the 
employment  of  twelve  additional  rev- 
Mine  cutters  was  authorized  ;  also  the 
fitting  out  for  icrvice  of  all  the  ships 
of  war  and  gunboats.  This  Enforce- 
ment   Ait     was   despotic,   and    would 

not  have  been  tolerated  except  as  a 

temporary  expedient,  for  the  Orders 
in  Council  were  mild  in  their  effects 
niion   American   trade   and   commerce 

compared  with  that  of  this  Embargo  Act.  It 
prett\  effectually  suppressed  extensive  smug- 
gling, which  was  earned  on  between  the  Unit- 
ed States  and  Canada,  and  at  many  sea-ports, 
especially  in  New  England.  Mut  the  opposi- 
tion clamored  for  its  repeal.  At  the  open- 
ing <>f  the  year  l~l  I  there  were  expectations, 
speedily  realized,  of  peace  near:  also  of  a  gen- 
eral pacification  of  Europe.  These  signs  were 
pointed  to  by  the  opposition  as  cogent  reasons 

for  the  repeal.     These  cotisidei  at  ions  had  Weight, 

added  to  which  was  tin'  necessity  for  increasing 

the  revei Finally,  on  the   I'.tth  of  . January 

(1814),  the  President  recommended  the  repeal  of 

the  Embargo  Act.  and  it  was  done  hy  CongTOSS 
on  the  lllli  of  April.  There  were  great  rejoic- 
ings t  hi  one  hi  ,ii  |  the  Country,  and  the  demise  of 
tie  I  ei  i  ,i  pi  n  was  hailed  as  a  good  Omen  of  com- 
mercial prosperity.  The  "Death  of  the  Em- 
bargo'1 was  celebrated  in  verses  published  in 


9  EMERSON 

the  Federal  Republican  newspaper  of  George- 
town, in  the  District  of  Columbia.  These  were 
reproduced  in  the  .New  York  Evening  Poet,  with 
an  illustration  designed  by  John  Wesley  Jarvis, 

the  painter,  and  drawn  and  engraved  on  wood 
by  Dr.  Alexander  Anderson.  The  picture  was 
redrawn  and  engraved  by  Dr.  Anderson  (which 
see),  on  a  reduced  scale,  for  the  author  in  lNU. 
after  a  lapse  of  exactly  fifty  years.  The  lines 
which  it  illustrates  are  as  follows: 

TKIiKAI'IN's    A LESS. 

"Reflect,  my  Mend,  as  you  pass  by, 
was  l : 

As  /  :iin  hi. a-.  >.i  i/i,u  may  be— 

Laid  on  your  back  t"  die  tike  me! 
1  eras,  indeed,  true  Bailor  born; 
To  quit  my  friend  in  deatb  l  acorn 
Onoe  Jemmy  seemed  to  i>c  my  friend, 
liui  basely  brought  me  to  my  end! 
hi  bead  bereft,  and  light,  ami  bri 

I   hold   y„l.lilij  in  death: 

For  'Sailors'  Bights'  I  sun  nil)  tog; 
And  Madison  to  deatb  I'll  bog, 

perfidious  teal  displayed 
Fur  'Sailers'  Rights  and  for  free  trade  ' 

:i  atonement  1  will  have— 
I'll  lug  down  Jemmy  to  tli 
Then  trade  and  commerce  shall  be  free, 
Ami  Ballon  have  the  r  liberty. 
Of  hea. I  bereft,  ami  light  ami  breath, 

rapln.  siiii  trie  In 
Will  ponlah  Jemmy's  perfidy- 
trade  ami  brother  sallora  free  " 


IlK.lTIt    OF    TIIK    TKKII.M 


PA88ENOER  -    ft]  l'I  \ 

res,  Terrapin  bereft  of  breath, 
We  see  u faithful  rtlll 

Sink   to't— '  Free  Ira. Ie  ami  Sailei 

i.  my    press  him   -hold  him    bite 
iniii.l  thy  bead — thou'lt  live  without  it; 
Spank  will  preserve  thy  life-  don'l  doubt  it. 
Down  to  the  grave  t' atone  for  sin, 
Jemmy  must  go  with  Terrapin. 

m  but  off  and  we  shall  see 

Hog,  Terrapin,  with  all  thy  might— 

i   ■  Free  Ira.le  ami    • 
SI  ck  to  bun.  Terrapin  I  t.i  thee  the  nation 
looks  -then  die  for  her  salvation, 

"  FuuicAT  BasrunuoL 
■  i:  v\ks  oi  Qooaa  Cases,  City  oi  Wawboton 
I6M  April,  1*14 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo,  is  the  leader  of  the 

transcendental  school  of  New  England,  and  was 
born  iii  Boston,  May  35,  1803.     He  graduated  at 

Harvard  in   188]  :   taught  school  live  years,  and 
in  1826  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Middlesex 

|  Unitarian)  Association.     In  the  winter  of  1833  - 


EMIGRATION  FROM  MARYLAND         440 


EMMETT 


:>4.  after  returning  from  Europe,  lie  began  the 
career  of  a  lecturer  and  essayist.  Marrying  in 
1835,  he  fixed  his  residence  at  Concord.  Mass., 
and  was  a  contributor  to,  and  finally  editor  of. 
Tin-  Dial,  a  quarterly  magazine,  and  organ  of 
the  New  England  transcendentalists.  He  has 
lived  the  quiet  life  of  a  literary  man  and  philos- 
opher, with  the  reputation,  for  full  forty  years. 
of  a  profound  thinker  and  elegant  writer.  He 
has  published  essays,  poems,  biographies,  and 
In  tines.      (See,  Transcendentalism.) 

Emigration  from  Maryland  proposed.  In 
consequence  of  an  annoying  social  ostracism  to 
which  the  Roman  Catholics  in  Maryland  were 
subjected,  an  application  (1751)  was  made  to  the 
French  court  in  their  behalf  for  a  grant  of  land 
in  Louisiana,  to  which  they  proposed  to  emi- 
grate. This  application  was  made  by  Charles 
Carroll  (a  wealthy  landed  proprietor  and  hered- 
itary agent  of  the  Baltimore  family),  one of  whose 
family  was  afterwards  a  signer  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence,  and  another  the  first  Ro- 
man Catholic  bishop  in  the  United  States.  The 
application  was  not  successful,  probably  because 
the  French  court  did  not  think  it  prudent  to  in- 
troduce an  English  colony  into  Louisiana. 

Emigration  to  America  regulated.  In  April, 
1637,  King  Charles  I.  issued  a  proclamation  to 
restrain  what  was  called  the  "disorderly  trans- 
portation of  his  subjects  to  the  American  colo- 
nies." It  commanded  that  no  license  be  given 
them  without  a  certificate  that  they  hail  taken 
the  oaths  of  supremacy  and  allegiance,  and  con- 
formed to  the  discipline  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land. On  complaint  of  several  disorders  in  New 
England,  especially  in  ecclesiastical  matters,  the 
king,  in  July  (1637),  appointed  Sir  Ferdinando 
Gorges  governor-general  of  that  domain  ;  but 
Archbishop  Laud,  the  enemy  of  religious  liber- 
ty, and  other  lords  of  council,  having  lost  their 
authority,  this  last-named  arrangement  w  as  nev- 
er carried  out.  In  May,  1638,  the  Privy  Coun- 
cil of  England  issued  an  order  for  the  Lord  Treas- 
urer to  take  immediate  and  effective  measures 
for  procuring  the  stay  of  eight  ships  then  lying  in 
the  Thames,  prepared  to  sail  for  New  England. 
It  is  said  that  in  these  Oliver  Cromwell,  Sir  Ar- 
thur Ilazlering,  John  Hampden,  and  others  of 
republican  proclivities,  were  about  to  sail  for 
America.  These  were  the  men  who  were  large- 
ly influential  in  bringing  the  king  to  the  scaffold 

in  less  than  a  dozen  years  afterwards. 

Emigration  to  New  England  in  1630.  A 
lire!  of  fourteen  sail,  tilled  with  men,  women,  and 
children,  with  provisions,  sailed  from  England 
for  America  early  in  L630,  twelve  of  them  arriv  - 
ing  at  Charlestown  (which  see)  early  in  July. 
These  ships  contained  eight  hundred  and  forty 

passengers,  among  them  John   Winthrop,  the 

appointed  governor  of  the  colony.      There  were. 

also,  Deputy-governor  Dudley  and  several  gen- 
tlemen of  wealth  and  distinction.  The  expense 
of  the  whole  equipment  and  transportation  was 

more  than  |100,000.  Some  Of  them  went  up  the 
Charles  Biver  until  it  became  Shallow  and  nar- 
row, and  landed  at  a  well-watered  place  whiob 

was  aftei  wards  called  Watertow  n.      It  became  a 


great  hive  of  population,  out  of  which  swarmed 
many  people  to  settle  wild  districts  of  country. 
After  the  arrival  of  this  fleet,  a  day  of  thanks- 
giving was  observed  in  all  the  plantations  in 
New  England. 

Emigration  to  South  Carolina  (1764).  After 
the  conclusion  of  the  treaty  of  peace  at  Paris,  and 
when  there  seemed  to  be  a  promise  of  a  longcessa- 
tion  of  war  in  America, emigration  from  Europe 
began  to  flow  iu  copiously.  The  Assembly  of 
South  Carolina,  to  encourage  emigration,  ap- 
propriated (1764)  a  large  fund  for  bounties  to 
foreign  Protestants  and  such  industrious  poor 
people  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  as  should 
resort  to  the  proviuce  within  three  years  and 
settle  in  the  inland  regions.  Two  townships, 
each  containing  forty-eight  thousand  acres,  wen- 
laid  out — one  on  the  Savannah  River,  called 
Mecklenburg,  and  the  other  on  the  Santee, 
called  Londonderry — for  the  use  of  emigrants. 
Soon  afterwards  live  or  six  hundred  poor  Ger- 
mans, who  had  been  enticed  into  England  un- 
der deceitful  promises,  were  assisted  by  the  cit- 
izens of  London  and  by  the  government  in  mak- 
ing their  way  to  Carolina.  Ships  for  their  con- 
veyance and  provisions  for  the  voyage  were  fur- 
nished. The  king  gave  them  one  hundred  and 
fifty  stand  of  arms  out  of  the  Tower:  and  on 
their  arrival  at  Charleston  (April,  1764)  the 
assembly  of  the  province  voted  $2500  to  be  dis- 
tributed among  them,  and  one  of  the  two  town- 
ships was  allotted  to  them.  At  about  the  same 
time  two  hundred  and  twelve  French  Protes- 
tants settled  in  South  Carolina, and  were  given 
vacant  lands;  and  multitudes  of  individuals 
came  to  that  province  from  Ireland,  England, 
and  Scotland.  In  the  course  of  that  year  about 
one  thousand  families  went  to  South  Carolina 
from  the  northern  colonics. 

Emigration  to  the  United  States.  The 
number  of  emigrants  who  came  to  our  shores 
in  1873  was  greater  than  ever  before  or  since. 
It  reached  in  that  year  473,000.  These  add- 
ed vastly  to  the  material  wealth  of  the  Re- 
public; for  it  has  been  computed  that  the 
average  value  of  each  emigrant  who  comes 
here  as  a  producer  is  $800,  not  counting  the 
money  the  emigrant  brings  with  him,  which  it 
is  calculated  is  spent  by  him  in  preparing  to  be- 
come a  producer.  The  Chinese,  about  whom 
so  much  has  been  said,  have  never  formed  more 
than  four  per  cent,  of  our  total  emigration. 
The  "  panic"  or  great  revulsion  in  the  business 
of  the  country,  which  began  in  1873,  caused  a 
great  reflux  title  of  emigration.  In  1874  the 
number  of  emigrants  who  returned  to  Europe 

was  over  seventy-two   thousand,  and   the   next 

year  nearly  ninety-three  thousand. 

Emmett,  THOMAS  Aiuus.  an  Irish  adopted 
American    citizen,  was    bmn    at    Cork.   Ireland, 

April  84, 1763 ;  died  in  New  Sotk,  Nov.  14, 1887. 
lb'  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin:  tirst 
studied  medicine, and  then  law,  and  was  admit- 
ted to  the  Dublin  bar  in  1781.  He  became  a 
leader  of  the  Association  of  United  Irishmen, 
and  w  as  one  of  a  general  committee  w  hose  ulti- 
mate object  w  as  to  secure  th.'  freedom  of  Ireland 


EMOh'Y 


441 


ENDICOTT 


from  British  rule.  With  many  of  his  associates, 
he  was  arrested  in  1798,  ami  lor  more  than  two 
years  was  confined  in  Fori  George,  Scotland. 
His  brother  Robert,  afterwards  engaged  in  the 
same  cause,  was  hanged  in  Dublin  in  1803. 
Tbomas  was  liberated  and  banished  to   France 

•iter  the  treaty  of  Amiens,  the  severed  pen- 
alties   being   pronounced    against   him    if   he 

should  return  to  (ileal  Britain.  His  wife 
was  permitted  to  join  him,  on  condition  that 
she  should  never  again  set  fool  mi  British  soil. 
He  came  to  America  in  1804,  and  became  very 
eminent  in  his  profession  in  the  city  of  New 
York.  He  was  made  at  toi  m-y-jjeiicral  of  the 
state   in   1812.      A  monument      an  obelisk —  was 

■noted  to  his  memory  in  a  portion  of  st.  Paul's 
church-yard,  New  York,  near  Broadway. 

Emory,  William  Hxlmslet,  United  states 
Army,  was  l,,,in  in  Queen  Anne's  County.  Md.. 
about     1812,   and    graduated    at    West    Point    in 

1831.  He  was  appointed  lieutenant  of  the  topo- 
graphical engineers  July  7.  1833;   was  aid  to 

General  Kearney  Ul  California  in  1846  17.  and 
was  made  1  ieutenant  -colonel  Sept.  30,  1  ~  IT.  He 
was  astronomer  to  t  lie  commission  to  determine 

the  boundary  between  the  United  states  ami 
i ie  was  sen ing  as  cap- 
tain ofcavalrj  in  Mexico  when  the  Civil  War 
broke  out,  and  brought  his  command  into  Kan- 
sas in  good  order.      In  May.  1861,  he  was  made 

lieutenant-colonel  of  the  sixth  Cavalrj  ;  served 
in  the  campaign  of  1862  In  the  Axmj  of  the  Po- 
tomac, and  was  made  brigadier-general  of  vol- 
unteers  in   March   of  that    year.      He   did  good 

Service  under  Hanks  in  Louisiana,  and  under 
Sheridan    in    the   Shenandoah   Valley.      He   was 

made  colonel  of  the  Fifth  Cavalry  in  the  fall 

Of  1863,  and  in   March,   1866,  was  breveted   brig- 
adier- and  major-general  of  the  United  states 
army. 
Emott,  Jambs,  I.I.I",  was  horn  at  Poughkeep- 

de,  V  V.  March    11.  1771  ;  died   there.  April    1", 

I860,     lb-  graduated  at  Union  College  In  I-'"1. 

and  began  the  practice  of  law  at  Kallstou  Cen- 
tre, hut  soon  removed  to  Albany.  If-  repre- 
sented that  district  in  the  Legislature  in  1804. 
He  practised  law  awhile  in  New  York  city,  and 
then  returned  to  Ponghkeepsie,  He  was  in 
Congress  from  1800  to  1813,  ami  was  a  leader 
of  tie-  Federal  party  therein.  He  was  again  in 
the  Legislature  ii-ll   17).  ami  was  speaker  of 

that  body.       From  1~17  to  1823  he  w  as  first  judge 

of  1  mchess  ( 'mint  > .  and  w  as  judge  of  the  second 

circuit  from  1827  to  1831,  when,  in  compliance 
with  the  then  absurd  law  of  the  state,  that  pro- 
hibited the  holding  of  a  judicial  office  b\  a  citi- 
zen over  sixty  years  of  age,  he  retired  from  pub- 
lic life  w  nli  bis  intellect  iii  full  \  Igor. 
Empire  State,  a  popular  name  given  to  the 

Slate  of  New  York  because  it  is  tie'  most  popu- 
lous, wealthy,  and   politically  powerful  slate  in 

the  Union.     Ii  is  sometimes  called  1 1  i 

sior  Slate,"  from  the  motto  l'.x<  II  st<  u:  "high- 
er"     on  its  seal  and  coat  of  arms.      The  city  of 

New   York,  its  commercial  metropolis  and  the 
ity  in  the  Union,  is  sometimes  called 
the  "  Empire  < 


Emucfau,  Battle  OF.  On  a  bend  in  the  Tal- 
lapoosa River,  Alabama,  was  a  Creek  village 
called  Emucfau.  Jaokson,  with  a  considerable 
force,  approaching  the  place  (Jan.  21.  1*14  I,  saw 
a  well-beaten  trail  and  some  prowling  Indians, 
and  prepared  his  cam])  that  nighl  for  an  attack. 
At  six  o'clock  the  next  mornings  party  of  Creek 
warriors  fell  upon  him  with  great  fury.  At 
dawn  a  vigorous  cavalry  charge  was  made  upon 
the  foe  by  General  Coffee,  and  they  were  dis- 
persed. Coffee  pursued  the  barbarians  for  two 
miles  with  much  slaughter.  Then  a  party  was 
despatched  to  destroy  the  Indian  encampment 
at  Emucfau,  but  it  was  found  to  be  too  strongly 
fortified  to  be  taken  without  artillery.  When 
Coffee  fell  back  to  guard  approaching  cannon. 
the  Indians,  thinking  it  w  as  a  retreat,  again  fell 
upon  Jackson,  but.  after  a  severe  struggle,  w  ere 
repulsed.      Jackson  made  no  further  attempt  to 

destroy  the  encampment  at  Emucfau.  He  was 
astonished  at  the  prowess  of  the  Creek  warriors. 
In  their  retrograde  movement  i  Jan. 24  I,  the  Ten- 
aeeeeeans  wen-  again  threatened  by  the  Indians 
near  Enotoobopoo  deck.  A  severe  engagement 
soon  ensued;  but  the  Tennesseeans,  having 
planted  a  six-pound  cannon  on  an  eminence, 
poured  a  storm  of  grape-shot  on  the  Indians, 
which  sent  them  yelling  in  all  directions.     The 

slaughter  among  the  Indians  was  heavy,  while 
that  among  the  white  troops  w  as  comparatively 

light.  In  the  two  engagements  i  Emuofan  ami 
Enotoobopoo),  Jackson  lost  twenty  killed  and 

seventy-live  wounded. 

End  of  Indian  "Wars  in  the  East.  New-Eng- 
Landers  greatly  rejoiced  because  of  the  conquest 

of  Canada,  as  it  promised  a  deliverance  of  their 
northern  and  eastern  frontiers  from  the  scourge 
of  Indian  forays  with  which  they  had  been  af- 
flicted six  times  within  eighty-five  years.     Bj 

these  successive  inn  lliets,  the  Indians  theniseh  es 
had  been  almost  annihilated.  Most  of  the  hos- 
tile remnants  had  emigrated  to  Canada.  Only  a 
small  body  of  lVnohscots  remained  on  a  reser- 
vation in  Maine  which  is  still  possessed  bj  their 
descendants. 

End  of  Quaker  Political  Rule  in  Pennsyl- 
vania.    (See  Quaker  Bule  in  Pennsylvania.) 

Eud  of  the  Colonial  System.  On  April  fi, 
177b.  the  Continental  Congress,  by  resolution, 
threw    open   their  ports  to  the   commerce   of 

the  world  •■not  subject  to  the  Kim;  of  Cleat 
Britain."  This  resolution  was  the  broom  that 
swept  away  the  colonial  system  within  the  pres- 
ent bounds  of  the  Republic,  and  the  flag  of  ev- 
ery nation  save  one  was  invited  to  our  harbors. 
Absolute  free-trade  was  established,  'flic  act 
was  a  virtual  declaration  of  independence. 

EndiCOtt,  JOHN,  born  at  Dorchester.  Eng.,  in 
1689;  died  ill  Boston,  Mass.,  March  1.".,  1665.  Sent 
by  the  "  Massachuset  ts  Company"  to  Superin- 
tend the  plantation  at  Nanmkeag,  be  arrived 
there  Sept.  6  |  V  B.),  and  in  April  next  year  was 
appointed  governor  of  the  colony,  but  was  suc- 
ceeded by  John  Winthrop.  In  1636  he  was  sent 
with  Captain  Underbill,  with  about  ninety  men, 
on  an  expedition  against  Indians  on  Block  Isl- 
and ami  the  Peqnods.    (See  Peqwtd  War.)    Mr. 


ENFORCING  AMERICAN  ASSOCIATION    442    ENGLISH  AMBASSADOR  AT  MOSCOW 


Endicott  was  deputy-governor  of  Massachusetts 
several  years,  and  also  governor,  in  which  office 
he  died.  Bold,  energetic,  sincere,  and  bigoted, 
be  was  the  strongest  of  the  Pnritaus,  and  was 
severe  in  the  execution  of  laws  against  those 
who  differed  from  the  prevailing  theology  of 
the  colony.  He  was  one  of  the  most  persistent 
persecutors  of  the  Quakers,  and  stood  by  un- 
moved, as  governor,  when  they  were  hanged  in 
Boston  :  and  so  violent  were  his  feelings  against 
the  Roman  Catholics,  and  anything  that  savor- 
ed of  "popery,"  that  he  caused  the  red  cross  of 
St.  George  to  )»•  cut  out  of  the  military  stand- 
ard. He  opposed  long  hair  on  men,  and  insist- 
ed that  the  women  should  use  veils  in  public 
assemblies.  During  his  several  administrations 
many  were  punished  for  the  slightest  offences, 
and  four  Quakers  were  hanged  in  Boston. 

Enforcing  the  "American  Association." 
Immediately  after  the  adjournment  of  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  (1774),  measures  were  taken  in 
various  colonies  for  enforcing  the  observance  of 
the  American  Association,  by  the  appointment 
of  committees  of  inspection.  Philadelphia  set 
the  example  (Nov.  '-12).  New  York  followed,  by 
appointing  (Nov.  23)  a  Committee  of  Sixty,  with 
full  powers.  Other  provinces  took  measures  to 
the  same  effect,  and  there  was  a  general  observ- 
ance of  the  requirements  of  the  association  for 
a  while.      (See  American  Association.) 

England  at  the  Beginning  of  the  Seven- 
teenth Century.  At  about  the  time  when  the 
English  colonists  began  to  make  permanent  set- 
tlements in  America,  there  had  been  gnat  im- 
provements in  the  agricultural  industry  of  Eng- 
land. The  methods  of  agriculture  had  been 
improved,  and  its  boundaries  enlarged.  Imple- 
ments were  better,  and  tillage  was  more  pro- 
ductive. The  farmers  generally  had  an  abun- 
dance id'  food;  lived  in  better  houses;  pewter 
dishes  had  taken  the  place  of  wooden  ones; 
feather-beds  those  of  straw  and  coarse  wool: 
clover  had  been  introduced  from  the  Nether- 
lands, and  increased  the  food  for  sheep  and  cat- 
tle, and  gardens  began  to  be  more  generally  cul- 
tivated.     From   the   Netherlands  had   come  the 

hop;  also  the  cabbage,  lettuce,  apricot,  goose- 
berry, mnskmelon,  and  apple.  Cherries  had 
come  from  France,  currants  from  Greece,  and 
plums  from  Italy  From  Flanders  the  Flem- 
ings bad  brought  the  rose  and  other  flagrant 
plants,  natives  of  the  Fast.  Of  these  improve- 
ments in  the  rural  economy  of  the  kingdom  the 
early  English  settlers  in  America  availed  them- 
selves. 

England  seeks  Indian  Allies  to  enslave  her 
Colonies.     During  the   war  for  Independence 

the   British   were   ill   constant    alliance    with  the 

barbarians  of  the  foresl  in  the  effort  to  crush 

freedom  in  America.  Such  an  alliance  was  au- 
thorized before  the  war  broke  out.  So  niiiled 
were  the  people  in  Massachusetts  in  resistance 
to  the  Regulation  Act  (which  see),  thai  Gates 

culled   for  i c  troops.      lie  had  then  i  LugUSt, 

i::i  :n  Boston  five  regiments,  one  al  Castle 
William,  one  at  Salem,  and  hastily  summoned 
two  more  from  Quebec.   He  also  sent  transports 


to  bring  another  regiment  from  New  York,  and 
asked  for  reinforcements  from  England.  He 
also  resolved  to  raise  ''irregulars  of  one  sort  or 
another  in  America."  He  wrote  to  Carleton  at 
Quebec:  "I  ask  your  opinion  what  measures 
would  be  most  efficacious  to  raise  a  body  of  Ca- 
nadians and  Indians,  and  for  them  to  form  a 
junction  with  the  king's  forces  in  this  province." 
Carleton's  commission  authorized  him  to  employ 
Indians  in  the  military  service  if  thought  neces- 
sary, to  be  drawn  from  "the  Indian  tribes  from 
the  coast  of  Labrador  to  the  Ohio :  and  to  march 
them  against  rebels  into  any  of  the  plantations 
in  America."  This  willingness  of  the  British 
king  to  employ  barbarians  against  his  American 
Subjects  justified  the  charge  in  the  Declaration 
of  Independence — -'He  has  endeavored  to  bring 
on  the  inhabitants  of  our  frontiers  the  merciless 
Indian  savages."  Chatham  and  Burke  uttered 
indignant  protests  in  Parliament  against  such 
an  alliance,  and  it  smothered  the  last  spark  of 
loyally  in  the  bosom  of  every  patriotic  Ameri- 
can. 

English  Ambassador  at  Moscow.  Mr.  Gun- 
ning, England's  diplomatic  agent  at  the  court 
of  Catharine  II.  of  Russia,  deceived  by  the  Rus- 
sian minister,  assured  the  British  ministry  that 
the  empress  would  favorably  receive  a  proposi- 
tion to  loan  troops  for  crushing  rebellion  in 
America.  (See  Russian  Troops  for  America.) 
Then  the  king  wrote  an  autograph  letter  to 
Catharine  soliciting  her  good  offices  in  the  matt 
ter.  and  Gunning  was  ordered  to  ask  for  twenty 
thousand  men.  The  project  of  a  treaty  for  tak- 
ing a  body  of  Russian  troops  into  the  British 
pay  and  service,  to  continue  for  two  years,  was 
sent  to  Gunning,  with  the  assurance  that   the 

force  was  s cessary  that  "expense  was  not 

so  much  an  object  as  in  ordinary  cases."  Gun- 
ning was  politely  but  coolly  received  by  the 
empress.  When  second  instructions  were  re- 
ceived from  England  the  empress  was  in  relig- 
ious seclusion,  and  he  applied  to  her  chief  min- 
ister, who  graciously  promised  to  forward  Gun- 
ning's request  to  her.  On  her  return  the  Eng- 
lish agent  sought  an  audience  of  Catharine,  hut 
was  refused,  lie  asked,  through  the  minister, 
for  fifteen  thousand  troops,  and  finally  tor  ten 
thousand.  Deluded  by  the  cordial  manner  with 
which  he  was  always  treated  by  the  Russian 
minister.  Gunning  persisted.  Catharine  811- 
sw  ered  t  he  let  ter  of  t  he  king,  anil  by  her  rebuke 
of  the  nefarious  proposition  to  employ  foreign 
troops  to  enslave  his  subjects  she  offended  the 
British  monarch.  The  proposition  wis  ,,,i, 
demned   by  every   court    in    Europe   which    was 

aware  of  Gunning's  efforts  at  negotiation.  "I 
cannot  reconcile  Catharine's  elevation  of  soul 
with  the  dishonorable  idea  of  trafficking  in  the 
blood  of  her  subjects,"  w  rote  \  ergi  unea  to  the 
French  en\oy  at  MOSCOW.  Finally, the  Russian 
court  determined  to  get  rid  of  Gunning's  per- 
sistent importunities.  The  minister  declined 
any  further  discussion  of  the  subject;  and  when 

asked  by  the  Flench  en\o\  whether  such  a 
proposition  had  ever  been  serioush  entertained 
b\  Russia,  the  minister  replied.  "  People  ha\e 
said  so.  but  it  is  ph\sieall\   impossible;    besides. 


ENGLISH  AND  FRENCH  COLONISTS     443 


ENGLISH  REVOLUTION,  THE 


it  is  not  consistent  with  the  dignity  <>f  England 
to  employ  foreign  troops  Against  its  own  sub- 
jects." (See  Russian  Troops  for  America.)  Some 
of  the  opposition  in  Parliament  strongly  pro- 
tested against  tbe  employment  ofGermau  troops. 
••We  conceive,"  they  Baid,  "the  calling  in  for- 
eign forces  to  decide  domestic  qnarrela  to  he  a 
measure  both  disgraceful  anil  dangerous." 

English  and  French  American  Colonists, 
Tutsi  Hostilities  between.   Madame  de  Gner- 

cheville,  a  pious  lady  in  Prance,  zealous  for  the 
conversion  of  the  American  Indians,  persuaded 
De  Monts  (which  see  i  to  surrender  his  patent, 
and  then  obtained  a  charter  for  " all  the  lands 
of  X.w  France."  She  sent  out  missionaries  in 
1613.  They  sailed  from  Honflenr  March  12,  and 
arrived  in  Acadia,  where  the  arms  of  Madame 
(iiierche\  ille  were  set  up  iii  token  of  possession. 
Her  agent  proceeded  to  Tort  Royal  (now  An- 
napolis i,  where  he  found  only  five  persons,  two 
of  whom  were  .lesuit  missionaries  previously 
sent  over.  The  . Jesuits  went  with  other  per- 
sons t<>  Mount   Desert   [Bland,      .lust  as  they  had 

begun  to  provide  themselves  with  comforts, they 
weie  attacked  by  Samuel  Argall,  of  Virginia 

Tlir  Fn  mil  made  sonic  resistance,  but  were  com- 
pelled to  surrender  to  superior  numbers,  <  hie  of 
the  .le-uils  was  killed,  several  were  wounded, 
ami  the  remainder  made  prisoner-.  Argall  took 
fifteen  of  the  Frenchmen,  besides  the  Jesuits,  to 
Virginia;  tbe  remainder  sailed  for  France.   This 

success  i  i  id  need  the  governor  of  Virginia  to  send 

as  expedition  to  crush  the  power  of  tbe  French 
in  Acadia,  under  the  pretext  that  they  were  en- 
croaching upon  the  rights  of  tbe  English.  Ar- 
gall sailed  with  three  ships  tin  the  purpose.  On 
his  arrival  he  broke  in  p.ieoee, at  St.  Saviour,  a 

cross  which   the  Jesuits  had  set  up.  and   raised 

another,  on  which  be   inscribed  the  nan f 

King  .lames.  He  sailed  to  Si.  Croix  and  de- 
stroyed the  remains  of  I >■■  Mont's  settlement 
there;  ami  i  hen  in-  w  cut  to  Port  Royal  and  laid 
that  deserted  town  in  ashes.  The  English  gov- 
ernment did  not  approve  the  act,  nor  did  the 
French  government  resent  it. 

English  Colonial  Governments  in  North 
America.  Royal  Governments :  Nova  Scotia,  St. 
Johns,  Newfoundland,  New  Hampshire,  N< -w 
York,  New  Jersey,  Virginia,  the  Caroliuas,  Geor- 
gia, and  the  Floridas.  Charter  Governments: 
Rhode  Island.  Connecticut,  and  partly  Massa- 
chusetts and  the  Caroliuas,  Proprietary  Govern- 
ments: Pennsylvania  and  Maryland. 

English  Colonies  in  the  West  proposed. 
When,  by  the  Treat}  of  Paris  which 
British  obtained  possessi f  the  French  do- 
main in  America.  Colonel  Croghan,  a  deputy 
Indian  agent,  who  knew  the  value  <d'  lands  in 
the  Nori invest  from  personal  observation, urged 

their  immediate  Colonisation.  Several  distin- 
guished men  Sir  William  Johnson,  Governor 
Franklin,  of  New  Jersey,  and  General  Gage 
with  some  fur-traders  of  Philadelphia,  engaged 
in  a  project  for  founding  settlements  there 
which  promised  them  a  return  of  great  wealth. 
Dr.  Franklin  favored  the  enterprise,  for  it  prom- 
ised some  new  seem  it  \  for  t  he  exist  ing  colonies. 


The  domain  designed  for  this  colonization  em- 
braced the  whole  territory  bounded  by  the  Ohio 
and  the  Mississippi  rivers,  a  line  along  the  Wa- 
bash and  Maiiniee  to  Lake  Erie,  and  tbence 
across  Michigan,  the  lake.  Green  Bay,  and  Fox 
River  to  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin.  It  was 
estimated  that  the  trait  contained  about  sixty- 
three  million  acres.  Lord  Shelbnrue  favored 
the  project,  but  the  narrow  Hillsborough,  at  the 
head  of  the  Hoard  id'  Trade  and  1 'hint  at  ions,  op- 
posed the  scheme,  because  "emigrants  t"  bo  re- 
mote regions  would  establish  manufactures  for 
themselves,  and  in  the  very  heart  of  America 
might  form  a  power  w  Inch  distance  must  eman- 
cipate." The  project  was  abandoned,  and  the 
Allegbauies  continued  to  be  the  frontier  of  Brit- 
ish settlements  for  several  years  longer, 

English  Constitution,  THE,  is  not  a  perma- 
nent instrument  embodying  the  foundation  of 
all  laws,  like  that  ofthe United  states,  but  com- 
prehends the  whole  body  of  English  laws  en- 
acted by  Parliament,  and  by  which  the  British 
people  are  governed.  The  Constitution  of  the 
Uuited  States  is  superior  to  the  Congn 
tioual  Legislature;  the  Parliament  or  National 
Legislature  of  England  is  superior  to  the  Con- 
stitution. What  Parliament  declares  to  be  the 
Constitution  of  England  is  the  Constitution  of 

England  :  what  the  Parliament  enacts  the  mon- 
arch must  be  governed  by,  and  the  courts  can- 
not adjudge  to  be  unconstitutional  and  void. 
Sheridan  comprehensively  said:  ••The  king  of 
England  is  not  seated  <>n  a  solitary  eminence  of 
power;  on  the  contrary,  he  sees  his  equals  in 
the  coexisting  branches  ofthe  Legislature,  and 
he  recognizes  his  superior  in  the  law." 

English  Expedition  against  New  Nether- 
land.  Believing  a  story  that  the  Dutch  and 
Indians  were  conspiring  Bgaiust  the  New  Eng- 
land colonists,  s e  men   of  the  latter  induced 

Cromwell  to  furnish  two  ships  and  a  small  body 
of  troops  to  join  New-Englanders,  under  Robert 
Sedgwick  and  John  I.evcrctt.  in  an  expedition 
againsl  New  Netherland.      The  latter  was  then 

major-general     of    the     Massachusetts     forces. 

Through  the  influence  of  Roger  Williams,  then 
in  England,  Cromwell's  vessels  were  delayed. 
When  the  armament  arrived  in  New   England 

the  war  with  the  Dutch  was  over,  and  news  of 
peace  SOOn  leached  Boston.  Then  the  expedi- 
tion proceeded  against  Acadia.  Cromwell  alleg- 
ing that  a  sum  of  money  promised  by  France  on 
■  :i  of  that  country  had  never  been  paid. 
Acadia  was  taken  possession  <>f  by  Sedgwick 
and  I.evcrctt,  and  two  years  afterwards  Crom- 
well made  a  new  grant  of  Nova  Scotia  to  I. a 
Tour  and  others.       Bee  1m  Tour.) 

English  Revolution,  The.  When  James  II. 
attempted  to  establish  despotism  in  England  by 
destroying  the  constitution  in  Church  and  State. 
he  arrayed  against  himself  the  united  Church, 
the  aristocracy,  and  the  intelligent  people  of 
the  realm.  He  also  resolved  to  make  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  the  religious  system  ofthe  king- 
dom, anil  BOUghl  to  destroy  all  tonus  of  Protes- 
tantism. He  prorogued  Parliament,  and  ruled 
despotically  as  an  autocrat  w  ithoiit  it.      So  uin- 


ENGLISH  SETTLEMENT  IN  LOUISIANA   444       ENLARGEMENT  OF  THE  CAPITOL 


versal  were  the  alarm  anil  indignation  caused 
by  his  conduct  that  there  was  a  general  longing 
for  relief:  and  the  tires  of  revolution  Darned 

intensely  in  the  hearts  of  the  people  before  they 
luirst  into  a  llanie.  The  kind's  daughter  Mary, 
who  had  married  her  cousin  William.  Prince  of 
Orange,  was  heir  to  the  throne  of  England  in 
the  absence  of  a  male  heir.  When  the  people 
were  ripe  for  revolution  it  was  announced  that 
James's  second  wife  had  given  birth  to  a  son 
(June  10,  1688).  The  hopes  of  the  nation,  which 
were  centred  on  Mary,  were  grievously  disap- 
pointed. The  opinion  was  general  that  the  al- 
leged heir  just  bom  was  a  supposititious  one, 
and  not  the  child  of  the  qneen.  The  volcano 
was  instantly  uncapped,  and  on  the  30th  of  June 
ill!"'  leading  men  of  the  kingdom  sent  an  in- 
vitation to  William  of  Orange  to  invade  Eng- 
land and  place  his  wife  on  its  throne.  lie 
came,  landed  at  Torbay  (Nov.  5)  with  fifteen 
thousand  men.  and  penetrated  the  country.  The 
people  Hocked  to  his  standard,  King  James  fled 
to  France,  and  all  England  was  speedily  in  the 
hands  of  the  welcome  invader.  On  the  Pith  of 
February  the  Convention  Parliament  conferred 
the  crown  of  England  on  William  and  Mary  as 
joint  sovereigns.  Bancroft  says  of  the  political 
theory  of  the  revolution:  "The  old  idea  of  a 
Christian  monarchy  resting  on  the  law  of  (bid 
was  exploded,  and  political  power  sought  its  or- 
igin in  compact.  Absolute  monarchy  was  de- 
nied to  be  a  form  of  civil  government.  Nothing, 
it  was  held,  can  bind  freemen  to  obey  any  gov- 
ernment save  their  own  agreement.  Political 
power  is  a  trust,  and  a  breach  of  the  trust  dis- 
solves the  obligation  to  allegiance.  The  su- 
preme power  is  the  legislature,  to  whose  guar- 
dianship it  has  been  sacredly  and  unalterably 
delegated.  By  the  fundamental  law  of  property 
no  taxes  may  be  levied  on  the  people  but  by  its 
own  consent  or  that  of  its  authorized  agents. 
These  were  the  doctrines  of  the  revolution,  dan- 
gerous to  European  institutions  and  dear  to  the 
colonies;  menacing  the  Old  World  with  con- 
vulsive struggles  and  reforms,  and  establishing 
for  America  the  sanctity  of  its  own  legislative 
bodies.  Throughout  the  English  world  the  right 
to  representation  conld  never  again  be  separated 
from  the  power  of  taxation.  The  theory  gave 
to  vested  rights  in  England  a  bulwark  against 
the  monarch  :  it  encouraged  the  colonists  to  as- 
sert their  privileges,  as  possessing  a  sanctity 
which  tyranny  only  could  disregard,  and  which 
could  perish  only  by  destroying  allegiance  it- 
self 

English  Settlement  in  Louisiana  projected. 
In  October.  1698,  King  William  sent  three  ships 
to  take  possession  of  the  Mississippi  River, and 
prepare  for  planting  a  colony  of  French  Protes- 
tants on  its  borders.  Nothing  came  of  it.  In 
tin-  same  month  Iberville  (which  see)  and  oth- 
ers Bailed  for  the  same  river,  and  planted  the 
seeds  "f  French  dominion  there. 

English  Settlement  on  Long  Island.  Some 
of  the  inhabitants  of  Lynn,  Mass.,  finding  them- 
-elves  straitened  for  land,  went  to  Long  Island 
in   search  of  a  plantation.      They  bargained  for 


a  tract  near  the  west  end  with  Lord  Stirling's 
agent  and  with  the  natives.  The  jealous  Dutch 
sent  a  force  to  take  possession  of  the  land,  and 
set  up  the  arms  of  the  Prince  of  Orange.  Soon 
afterwards  a  dozen  of  the  English  company  be- 
gan to  erect  buildiugs  there,  and  took  down  the 
Dutch  arms  and  placed  the  effigy  of  an  ugly  In- 
dian in  its  place.  The  Dutch,  provoked,  sent 
some  soldiers,  who  brought  off  the  Englishmen 
and  imprisoned  them:  but  they  were  released 
after  a  tew  days,  having  taken  an  oath  of  alle- 
giance to  the  stadtholder.  The  adventurers 
now  moved  to  the  east  end  of  the  island,  and.  to 
the  number  of  forty  families,  settled  tin-  town 
of  Southampton.  Rev.  Mr.  Pierson,  with  sev- 
eral of  the  company  at  Lynn,  formed  a  church, 
and  all  went  to  Southampton,  where  he  be- 
came their  pastor.  There  they  formed  a  civil 
government  in  1640.  The  same  year  a  large 
tract  of  land  on  Long  Island  was  purchased 
of  the  Indians  for  the  Connecticut  colony, 
and  settlements  were  begun  then-.  The  tract 
was  on  the  north  part  of  the  island,  in  the 
vicinity  of  Oyster  Bay.  Connecticut  colonists 
began  to  settle  there,  but  were  driven  back  by 
Kieft.  the  Dutch  governor,  because  they  ap- 
peared within  sight  of  his  residence.  The  in- 
habitants of  Connecticut  immediately  seized  the 
fort  just  below  Hartford,  and  obliged  the  Dutch 
to  recede  within  ten  miles  of  the  Hudson  River. 


Turn,  in  Titf.  Mississippi,  a  Lon- 
don physician  named  Coxe  purchased  the  old 
patent  for  Carolina  granted  to  Sir  Robert  Heath 
(see  North  Carolina)  in  1630,  and  put  forward  pre- 
tensions to  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  which 
two  armed  English  vessels  were  sent  to  explore. 

Bienville  (which  see),  exploring  the  Mississippi 
at  a  reach  some  fifty  miles  from  its  mouth,  un- 
expectedly   encountered    one    of  Coxa's    vessels 

coming  up.  Assured  that  this  was  not  the  Mis- 
sissippi, but  a  dependency  of  Canada,  already 
occupied  by  the  French,  the  English  commander 
turned  about  and  left  the  river;  and  that  reach 
baa  ever  since  been  known  as  "tin'  English 
Turn." 

Enlargement  of  the  CapitoL  The  extin- 
guishment of  Indian  titles  to  vast  tracts  of 
land  in  the  northwest  during  Fillmore's  admin- 
istration had  induced  a  vast  inllux  of  popula- 
tion into  those  regions  beyond  the  Mississippi. 
Many  million  acres  were  purchased  from  the 
Upper  ami  Lower  Sioux  tribes,  who  removed  to 
other  reservations.  Emigration  in  1. 
nines  was  also  (lowing  into  the  Kepublic  from 

Europe,  and  there  w as  unwonted  activity  every- 
where. Stat.'s  and  territories  were  increasing 
rapidly  in  numbers  and  population,  and  addi- 
tional representatives  wen  crowding  the  halls 
of  legislation.  These  were  becoming  too  nar- 
row, and  Congress  made  pro\  IsloD  for  enlarging 
them.  That  enlargement  was  began  in  l-.M. 
when  (July   ti  the  corner-stone  of  the  addition 

was  laid,  with  imposing  ceremonies.  b>  Presi- 
dent Fillmore.  (See  National  Capital.)  An  oia- 
tiou  was  delivered  by  Daniel  Webster  on  that 

OOOasion,  in    the   course   of   which    In'    said.   "If, 

M  shall  hereafter  !><•  the  will  of  Qod 


ENTAILS  ABOLISHED  IN  VIRGINIA      445 


ENVOYS  TO  FRANCE 


that  this  structure  sball  fall  from  its  base, 
that  its  foundations  be  upturned  ami  the  de- 
posit beneath  this  stone  brought  to  the  ayes  of 
nun.  be  it  then  known  that  on  this  day  the 
Union  of  the  United  Slates  of  Aiiierira  stands 
(inn;  that  their  Constitution  still  exists  unim- 
paired, and  with  all  its  usefulness  and  glory 
■{rowing  every  day  stronger  in  the  affections  of 
the  jrieat  body  of  the  American  people, and  at- 
tracting more  and  more  the  admiration  of  the 
world."  All  through  the  Civil  War  (1SG1-6T.) 
the  work  on  the  extension  went  on.  with  per- 
fect faith  on  the  part  of  the  govern  men  1  that 
the  insurrection  would  he  suppressed,  the  Union 

saved,  and  that  I  lie  increase  of  States  and  terri- 
tories would  go  steadily  on.  demanding  the  use 
of  enlarged  halls  of  legislation.  The  extension 
was  completed  in  1807. 

Entails  abolished  in  Virginia.     A  commit- 
tee of  the  Virginia  Legislature,  the  active  mem- 
bersofwhich  were  Jeffer- 
son, Wythe,  and  Pendle- 
ton, were  charged  |  177H:. 

wil  h  a  M'\  isioti  of  the 
common  law,  the  Hi  it  i — 1 1 

statutes    (valid    in    that 

state  I,  and  the  oriminal 
statutes.  Mr.  Jefferson 
framed  the  new  law  of 
descent, w  hich  abolished 
primogeniture,  and  di- 
rected property  "  Intothi 
channels  which  the  head 

and  heart   of  every   sane 

maq  would  he  prone  to 

choose."  By  this  law 
the  lands  of  an  intestate 

might  be  equally  divided 
among  his  representa- 
tives. 

Enterprise  and  Box- 
er. The  EnierprUe,  1 1 
jTuns.  was  an  Ameri- 
can brig  thai  acquired 
the  reputation  of  being 
'•  lucky."  she  cruised 
fir  a  Ion-;  time  oil  the  New  England  coast,  the 
terror  of  British  provincial  privateers,  under 
Captain  Johnston  Blakeley,  until  In-  was  pro- 
moted i"  the  command  of  the  new  sloop-of-war 
Watp,  when  Lieutenant  William  Burrows  be- 
came her  commander.     On  iheinoiur 

1,1813,  she  sailed  from  Porten th,N.H.,in  quest 

of  British  cruisers.  On  the  morning  of  the  5th 
she  dieooi ered  a  British  brig  in  a  hay  mar  Pern- 
■quid  Point,  whiob,  observing  the  SnterpriM,  bore 
down  upon  her  in  menacing  attitude.  Burrows 
accepted  the  ohallenge,  cleared  Ins  ship  for  ac- 
tion, and.  after  getting  a  proper  distance  from 
land  to  have  ample  sea- mom  for  conflict,  be 
edged  towards  the  stranger,  which  proved  to  be 
the  British  brig  Boxsr,  14  guns, Captain  Samuel 
HI vt h.  At  twenty  minutes  past  three  o'clock 
in  the  afternoon  the  lui^s  closed  within  half 
pistol-shot  of  each  other,  and  both  vesasla  opened 

Are   at    the    -ami'    time.      The    wind    was    light, 

with  verj  little  sea,  ami  the  cannonading  was 
destructive,      leu  minntea  later  the  Bnterprui 


ranged  ahead  of  the  Boor,  and.  taking  advan- 
tage other  position,  she  steered  across  the  hows 
of  her  antagonist,  and  delivered  her  fire  with 
SUCh  precision  and  destructive  energy  that,  at 
four  o'clock,  the  British  officer  in  command 
shouted  through  his  trumpet  that  he  had  sur- 
rendered :  hut  his  flag  being  nailed  to  the  mast, 
it  could  not  he  lowered  until  the  Americans 
should  cease  Bring  It  was  found  that  Captain 
ISlyth  had  been  cut  nearly  in  two  by  an  18-pound 
cannon-hall.  Almost  at  the  same  moment  when 
lily  til  fell   on    the    Hum:  Burrows,  of  the   l.'iilir- 

prtae,  was  mortally  wounded.  So  also  was  Mid- 
shipman Kervin  Waters.  Blyth  was  killed  in- 
stantly; Burrows  lived  eight  hours.  The  latter 
refused  to  he  carried  hclow  until  the  sword  of 

the  commander  of  the  Bazar  was  delivered  to 

him.  when  he  grasped  it  and  said.  "  Now  I  am 
satisfied:  I  die  contented."  The  command  of 
the  Enterprut  devolved  upon  Lieutenant  E.  K. 


>  -.    IIMTII. 


I  McCall.  of  South   Carolina,  who   conducted   his 

part  of  the  engagement  to  its  close  with  skill. 
lie  took  both  vessels  into  Portland  Harbor  on 
the  morning  of  the  7th.  The  two  young  com- 
manders were  buried  side  by  side  in  a  cemetery 
at  Portland.     Congress  presented  a  gold  medal 

to  the  nearest  masculine  representative  of  Lieu- 
tenant Burrows:  and  another  was  presented  to 
Lieutenant   McCall. 

Envoys  to  France.      Monroe  was  recalled 
from  Prance  in  1796,  ami  Charles  Coteeworth 

I'inckney,  of  South  Carolina,  was  appointed  to 
till  his  place.  On  his  arrival  in  Prance,  late  in 
the  year,  with  the  letter  of  recall  and  hi>  own 

credentials,  the  Directory  refused  to  receive  him. 
Not  only  so.  inn,  after  treating  him  with  great 

discourtesy,  the  Directory  peremptorily  ordered 

him  to  leave  France.  li«'  withdrew  to  Holland 
(February,  1797),  and  there  awaited  further  or- 
ders from  home.  When  Mr.  Adams  took  the 
chair  of  State,  the  United  States  had  no  diplo- 
matic ageut  in  Prance.    The  "French  party," 


EPISCOPACY  IX  AMERICA 


446 


EPISCOPACY  IN  AMERICA 


<>r  Republicans,  having  failed  to  elect  Jefferson 
President,  the  Insolent  Directory  (which  see) 
determined  to  punish  a  people  who  dared  to 
thwart  their  plans.  In  May,  1797,  thej  issued  a 
decree  which  was  tantamount  to  a  declaration 
of  war  against  the  United  States.  At  about  the 
same  time  President  Adams,  observing  the  per- 
ilous relations  between  the  United  States  and 
France,  called  an  extraordinary  session  of  Con- 
gress to  consider  the  matter.     There  had  been 


fetters  for  the  English-American  colonists.  Tin; 
Church    of    England    was    early    made    a    Slate 

establishment   in   the  colony  of  Virginia,  but 

elsewhere    the    tree    spirit     .if    the    people    kept 

episcopacy  al  bay,  for  they  remembered  how 
much  they  had  Buffered  at  the  hands  of  the 
Church  of  England.    On  the  aecessh f George 

111.  and  the  administration  of  the  Kail  of  Bate, 

among  the  reforms  in  the  colonies  contemplated 
and  proposed  by  the  ministry  was  the  cnrtall- 


Tlli:    M'r.U.I.    MKII.V1-. 


a  reaction  among  the  people,  and  many  leading 
Democrats  favored  war  with  Prance.  A  major- 
ity of  the  cabinet  advised  further  negotiations, 
and  John  Marshall,  a  Federalist,  and  Elbridge 
Gerry,  a  Democrat,  were  appointed  envoys  ex- 
traordinary to  join  Piuckney  and  attempt  to 
settle  all  matters  in  dispute.  They  readied 
fiance  in  October  (1797),  and  sought  an  audi- 
ence with  the  Directory.  Their  request  was 
met  bj  a  haughty  refusal,  unless  tin-  envoys 
would  fust  agree  to  pay  into  the  exhausted 
French  treasury  a  targe  sum  of  money,  in  the 

form  of  a  loan,  by  the  purchase  of  Dutch  bonds 

wrung  from  that  nation  by  the  French,  and  a 
bribe  to  the  amount  of  $240,000  for  the  private 

use  of  the  live  members  of  the  Directory,      'flic 

proposition  came  senii- officially  from  Talley- 
rand, one  of  the  most  unscrupulous  political 
trimmers  of  the  age.     it  was  accompanied  by  a 

OOVeii  threat  that  if  the  proposition  was  not 
Complied  with  the  envoys  might  be  ordered  to 
leave    France    in    twenty-four    hours,   and    the 

coasts  of  the  United  states  be  ravaged  by 
French  cruisers  from  si.  Domingo.  Thej  per- 
emptorily refused,  and  Pinoknej  uttered,  in  sub- 
stance, the  noble  words, "  Millions  for  defence, 

but   not   oik'  cent   for  tribute!"     'I'lu'  envoys 

asked  for  their  passports.      They  were  given   to 

the  two  Federalists  under  circumstances  that 
ai n ted  to  i heir  virtual  expulsion,  but  Gerry, 

l  In    1  >i  moorat,  was  induced  to  remain.      I  le,  too. 

was  i treated  with  contempt  by  Talleyrand 

and  Ills  associates,  and  he  returned  home  in  dis- 
JUSt, 

Episcopacy  in  America.     The  Church  and 
State  in  England  worked  in  concert  in  forging 


ment  or  destruction  of  the  Puritan  and  Dissent- 
ing influence  in  the  provinces,  w  huh  seemed  in- 
imical to  monarchy,  and  to  make  the  ritual  of 
the  Anglican  Church  the  state  mode  of  worship. 
So  early  as  174s  Dr.  Seeker,  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, had  proposed  the  establishment  of  epis- 
copacy in  America,  and  overtures  were  made  to 
several   eminent    Puritan   divines  to  accept    the 

mitre,  but  they  all  declined  it.  A  royalist  church- 
man in  Connecticut,  in  1760,  in  a  let  lei  to  Dr. 
Seeker,  and  to  the  Karl  of  Halifax,  then  at  the 
head   of  the  Board  of  Trade  and  Plantations, 

Drged   the   necessity  of  providing   two  or   three 

bishops  for  the  colonies,  the  support  of  the 
Church,  and  a  method  for  repressing  the  ram 
pant  republicanism  of  the  people.    "  The  rights 

of  the   clergy  and   the   authority  of  the    king," 

said  I  he  I'.ishop  of  London,  "must  stand  or  fall 
together."  The  Anglican  Church  now  had  many 
adherents  in  all  the  colonies,  w  ho  naturally  de- 
sired itS  ascendency:  but  theeicat  mass  <  ,f  I  he 
people  looked  upon  that  Church  as  an  ally  of 
the  Slate  in  acts  of  oppression,  and  earnestly  op- 
posed it.  They  well  knew  that  if  Parliament 
could  create  dioceses  ami  appoint  bishops, they 

would  establish  tithes  and  crush  out  dissent  as 

heresy,  For  yean  oontroversj  in  our  country 
on  this  topic  was  warm, and  sometimes  acrimo- 
nious. Essays  for  and  against  episcopacy  ap- 
peared in  abundance.  The  Bishop  of  Llandatf, 
in   a  sermon  pleached  before  the  Societv    lor  the 

Propagation   of  the  Gospel   in    Foreign   Parti 

(wbiob    see  V   in    which    he    advocated    the    ne- 

eessiiv  of  establishing  episeopaoj  in  America, 
heaped  abuse  without  stint  upon  the  colonists. 

'•  Fpon    the    adventurers    t  hcnisel  v  n,"   lie    said, 


EPISCOPACY  IN  MASSAf  III  SETTS        447 


ERIC  THE  BED 


•  what  reproach  could  he  cast  heavier  than  they 
deserve?  who,  with  their  native  toil, abandoned 
their  native  manners  and  religion, and  ere  long 
were  found,  in  many  parts,  living  without  re- 
membrance or  knowledge  of  Cod.  without  any 
divine  worship,  in  dissolute  wickedness  and  (he 
■oat  brutal  profligacy  of  manners."  He  charged 
them  with  having  become  "infidels  and  barba- 
rians;" and  the  prelate  concluded  that  the  only 
remedy  for  the  great  evil  was  t<>  be  found  in  a 
Church  establishment.  His  recommendations 
weir  nrged  with  zeal  by  churchmen  in  the  ool- 
I  he    Dissenters    were    aroused.       They 

absolved  in  the  bishop's  sermon  the  old  perse- 
eating  spirit  of  the  Church,  and  \ iaions  of  Land 
and  the  Star-chamber  disturbed  them.  Emi- 
nent writers  in  America  entered  the  li>t>  iu  op- 
position to  him.     Among  others, William  Liv- 

BBgSton,  whose  famous  letter  to  the  bishop,  ie- 
siied  iu  pamphlet  form,  refuted  the  charges  of 
that  dignitary  so  completely  that  they  were  not 
repeated.  The  theological  controvert 
when  the  vital  question  of  resistance  to  the  op- 
pressive power  of  both  Church  and  State  was 
brought  to  a  final  [sane.  The  !ii-t  English 
bishop  within  the  domains  of  our  Republic  was 
Samuel  Siabury.  of  Connecticut,  who  was  con- 
secrated by  three  bishops  of  the  Scottish  Epis- 
copal Church,  Nov.  14.  17-1.       Sea    Veabury,  Stun- 

Episcopacy  in  Massachusetts.       -       // 

Episcopacy  in  New  England,  GaowTH  ok. 
Puritan  austerity  had  extended  to  a  Urge  olass 
of  intelligent  free-thinkers  and  doobters  in  New 
England,  and  they  felt  inclined  to  turn  towards 
the  freer,  more  orderly,  and  dignified  Church  of 
England.  The  rich  and  polite  preferred  a  mode 
of  worship  which  seemed  to  bring  them  into 
sympathy  with  the  English  aristocracy,  and 
there  were  many  who  delighted  in  the  modest 
ceremonies  of  the  church.  Nor  were  these  in- 
oonfiued  to  layman.  Then'  ware  stu- 
dious ami  aspiring  men  among  tin'  ministers 
to  whom  the  idea  of  apostolic  snecessiou  had 
■harms;  and  they  yearned  h>i  freedom  from 
the  obstinate  turbulence  of  stiff-necked  church 
members  who,  iu  theory,  wire  the  spiritual 
annals  of  the  pastors, whom, to  manage,  i<  was 
to  humor  ami  to  sun.  These  Ideas 
found  expression  in  an  unexpected  quarter. 
Timothy  Cutler,  a  minister  of  learning  and 
■  i  of  Yah-  College  in 
171!).      To  the  surprise  and  alarm  of  I  he  people 

ot  New  England,  Mr. Cutler,  with  the  tutor  of 
the  college  and  two  ministers  in  the  neighbor- 
hood, took  occasion,  ou  commencement  day, 
1718,  to  avow  their  Bonvarsiou  to  episcopacy. 
Cutler  was  at  onoe  "excaeed"  from  all  further 
servne  iu  the  college,  and  provision  was  made 
for  all  future  rectors  to  give  satisfactory  <-\  i- 

i  he  soundness  of  their  faith  In  oppo- 
sition to  Armiuiau  ami  prelatioal  corruptions.'' 
nes  engaged  in  the  result  halted,  but 
ethers   persisted.     Cutler   became   rector  of  a 

opal  church  in  Boston,  and  the  di>- 
missed  ministers  were  maiutained  a>  niissiou- 


aric  s  by  the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the 
Gospel  iu  Foreign  Parts  (which  see).  This  se- 
cession from  the  Church  resting  on  the  Say  - 
brook  Platform  (which  see),  made  the  ministers 
of  Massachusetts  keen-eyed  iii  the;  detection  of 
signs  of  defection.  John  Checkly  (afterwards 
ordained  an  Episcopal  missionary)  published 
Leslie's  Short  and  Eaty  Method  with  Deiete,  with 
an  appendix  by  himself,  in  which  Episcopal  or- 
dination was  insisted  upon  as  necessary  to  con- 
stitute a  Christian  minister.  The  authorities 
in  Boston  were  offended.  Checkly  was  tried  on 
a  charge  that  the  publication  tended  "to  bring 
into  contempt  and  infamy  the  ministers  of  the 
holy  (iospel  established  by  law  within  his  maj- 
esty's province  of  Massachusetts.''  For  this  of- 
fence Checkly  was  found  guilty  and  lined  650. 
i  See  Higginaon  and  the  Brownee.) 

Episcopal  Churches,  liusi.  in  i  iii:  COLO- 
HISS,  The  Episcopal  Church  service  was  Ural 
established  in  New  York.  Governor  Fletcher 
proposed,  in  L603,  levying  a  tax  for  building 
churches  and  supporting  Episcopal  ministers  in 
that  province.  The  Provincial  Assembly  passed 
an  act  accordingly.  It  was  nearly  four  years  af- 
ter the  passage  ol  the  aet  before  anything  was 
done  in  pursiianee  of  it.  The  Episcopalians 
built  a  church,  and  by  the  Legislature  iu  1697  a 
royal  grant  and  confirmation  was  made  of  the 
church  and  parcel  of  land  adjoiniug.  (Sec-  /W»- 
ittf  Church.)  The  firsl  Episcopal  Church  formed 
iu  New  Jersey  was  organised  in  1702, aud  at  the 

sa time  one  was  formed  in  Rhode  Island. 

The  latter  built  their  and  place  of  worship  at 
Providence  in  1732.  Iu  17.VJ  Bishop  Conipton 
sent  the  Bev.Mr.  Evans  from  England  to  Phila- 
delphia to  perform  the  services  of  the  church 
there.  A  numerous  congregation  soon  attended 
the  public  worship  in  accordance  with  the  rit- 
ual of  the  Church  of  England.  It  was  Largely 
composed  of  persons  who  had  separated  from 
the  Friends  or  Quakers,  and  who  now  became 
permanently  attached  to  the  Episcopal  Church. 
(See  Bpieoopaog  in  Anerioa  and  Epiecopacy  in  New 
England,  i 

Equal  Rights  Party.  In  the  city  of  New 
Y'ork.  iu  1835,  there  arose  in  the  ranks  ot'  the 
Democratic  party  a  c bination  of  men  op- 
posed to  all  banking  institutions  and  in po- 
lio of  every  sort.  A  " Workingmen's  party" 
had  been  formed  in  1829,  but  bad  been de- 
funct, and  the  "Equal  Bights  party"  was  its 
They  acted  with  much  caution  and 
secrecy  ill  their  opposition  to  the  powerful 
Democratic  party,  but  never  rose  above  the 
dignity  of  a  faction.  They  made  their  Aral  de- 
cided de nstiation   at   Tammany   Hall  at   the 

dose  of  October,  1835,  when  an  event  occurred 
which  caused  them  afterwards  to  be  known  as 
Looo-focos  (which  Mri.il  name  applied  by  the 
Whigs  to  the  whole  Democratic  party.  The 
faction  soon  became  formidable,  and  the  regu- 
lars  endeavored  to  reconcile  the  irregulars  by 
nominating  their  favorite  for  the  Presidency 
(  Richard  M.  Johnson  j  for  Vice-President  with 
Mr.  Van  Boxen. 

Eric  the  Red  (see  Xorthmen)  was  a  Scandi- 


EEICSSOX 


448        EESKINE,  NEGOTIATIONS  WITH 


navian  navigator,  wlio  emigrated  to  Ireland 
about  the  year  982,  after  which  be  discovered 
Greenland,  where  lie  planted  a  colony.  He 
sent  out  an  exploring  party  under  his  son  Lief, 
about  the  year  1000,  who  seems  to  have  discov- 
ered the  continent  of  America,  and  landed  some- 
where on  the  shores  of  Massachusetts  or  the 
southern  portion  of  New  England. 

Ericsson,  John.  LL.D.,  was  born  in  Vernie- 
lattd,  Sweden,  in  1803.  He  became  an  eminent 
engineer  in  his  own  country,  and  attained  the 
rank  of  captain  in  the  Swedish  army.  In  1826 
he  \  isited  England  with  a  view  to  the  introduc- 
tion of  his  invention  of  a  flame  engine.  He  en- 
gaged actively  in  mechanical  pursuits,  and  made 
numerous  inventions,  notably  that  of  artificial 
draft,  which  is  still  used  in  locomotive  eugiues. 
He  won  the  prize  offered  by  the  Manchester  ami 
Liverpool  Railway  for  the  best  locomotive,  mak- 
ing one  that  attained  the  then  astonishing  speed 
of  fifty  miles  an  hour.  He  invented  flic  screw 
propeller  for  navigation,  but  the  British  admi- 
ralty being  unwilling  to  believe  in  its  capacity 

and  success.  Ericsson  came  to  America  in  1839, 
and  has  resided  in  the  city  of  New  York  or  its 
immediate  vicinity  ever  since.  In  1>-11  he  was 
engaged  in  the  construction  of  the  United  states 
ship-of-war  Princeton,  to  which  he  applied  his 
propeller.  She  was  the  first  steamship  ever 
built  with  the  propelling  machinery  under  the 
water-line  and  out  of  reach  of  shot.  In  1840  he 
received  the  gold  medal  of  the  Mechanics'  Insti- 
tute of  New  York  for  the  best  model  of  a  steam 
fire-engine,  and  constructed  the  fust  one  seen 
in  America.  King  Oscar  of  Sweden  made  him 
Knight  of  the  Order  of  Vase  in  1863.  He  has  ac- 
complished many  things  in  mechanical  science 
since  lie  came  to  this  country.  He  invented 
and  constructed  the  Monitor,  which  fought   the 

Merrimac  (see  Monitor  and  Merrimac), su6  in  that 
brought  Theodore  K.  Timbv's  invention  of  the 
revolving  turret  into  thoroughly  practical  use. 

Erie  Canal,  Tin:.  The  greatest  work  of  in- 
ternal improvement  (which  see)  constructed  in 
the  United  states  previous  to  the  Pacific  Rail- 
way was  the  Erie  (anal,  which  connects  the  wa- 
ters of  the  great  lakes  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
by  way  of  the  Hudson  River.  It  was  contem- 
plated by  General  Schuyler  and  Elkanab  Wat- 
son, but  was  first  definitely  proposed  by  Gon- 
verneiir  Mollis,  at  about  the  beginning  of  this 
century.  Various  Writers  put  forth  essays  upon 
the  subject,  among  them  De  Witt  Clinton,  w  ho 
became  its  most  notable  champion.  The  project 
took  such  shape  that,  in  1810,  canal  commission- 
ers were  appointed,  with  Gouverneur  Morris  al 
their  bead.  In  1818  Clinton,  with  others,  was 
appointed  to  lay  the  project  before  the  national 
Congress,  and  solicit  the  aid  of  the  national 
government.  Fortunately,  the  latter  declined 
to  extend  it-  patronage  to  the  great  undertak- 
ing. The  \\  at  of  1812  16  pot  the  matter  al  teal 
for  a  while.  That  war  made  the  transportation 
sf  merchandise  along  our  lea  ooasts  perilous,  and 
the  commercial  Intercourse  between  seaboard 
cities  was  carried  on  In  ■  large  degree  bj  wheel- 
ed vehicles.     For  this  purpose  Conestoga  wag- 


ons were  used  betweeu  New  York  and  Phila- 
delphia, and  when  one,  of  these  made  the  jour- 
ney of  ninety  miles  in  three  days,  with  passen- 
gers, it  was  called  "the  thing-machine."'  It 
has  been  estimated  that  the  amount  of  increased 
expense  by  this  method  of  transportation  of 
merchandise  for  the  coast  region  alone  would 
have  paid  the  cost  of  a  system  of  internal  nav- 
igation from  Maine  to  Georgia.  The  want  of 
such  a  system  was  made  clear  to  the  public 
mind, especially  to  the  population  then  gather- 
ing in  the  Western  States.  Then  Mr.  Clinton, 
more  vigorously  than  ever,  pressed  upon  the 
public  attention  the  importance  of  constructing 
the  projected  canal.  He  devoted  his  wonderful 
energies  to  the  subject,  and  in  a  memorial  of  the 
citizens  of  New  York,  prepared  by  him.  lie  pro- 
duced such  a  powerful  argument  in  its  favor 
that  not  only  the  people  of  his  native  state,  but 
of  other  states,  approved  it.  The  national  gov- 
ernment would  do  nothing  in  tin;  matter,  anil 
the  State  of  New  York  resolved  to  construct  the 
canal.  Clinton  was  made  governor  in  1816,  and 
used  all  his  official  and  private  influence  in  favor 
of  the  Erie  Canal.  He  saw  it  begun  during  his 
first  administration.  The  first  excavation  was 
made  July  -1.  1817,  and  it  was  completed  and 
formally  opened  by  him.  as  chief  magist  rate  of 
the  slate,  in  1825,  when  a  grand  aquatic  proces- 
sion from  Albany  proceeded  to  the  sea.  and  the 
governor  ponred  a  keg  of  the  water  of  Lake  Erie 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  It  was  a  nuptial  cer- 
emony far  moil'  beneficent  and  grand  in  its  idea 
than  the  ancient  wedding  of  the  Doge  of  Venice 
with  the  Adriatic.  The  canal  was  constructed 
at  a  cost  of$7,G02,000.  Untold  wealth  has  been 
won  for  the  state  and  the  city  of  New  York  lim- 
its operations,  direct  ly  and  indirectly.  Over  its 
bosom  have  floated  the  products  of  tin-  North- 
western states  and  territories,  valued  at  billions 
of  dollars.  In  the  year  L872  the  value  of  prop- 
erty transported  on  that  canal  (notwithstanding 
a  three-track  railway  runs  parallel  with  it  |  was 

about  |168,000, ».    The  value  of  all  freight  that 

had  passed  over  it  from  1837  to  1872  a  period 
of  thirty-live  years— w  as  $4,795,215,078.  Other 
canals  were  afterwards  constructed  by  the  State 
of  New  York,  at  a  total  cost,  to  the  year  1879 
inclusive,  for  their  construction  and  mainte- 
nance, ol  a  little  more  than  188,000,000, and  the 
total  receipts  for  tolls  were  $97,626,000. 

Erskine,  Nbootiations  with.  David  Mon- 
tague Brakine  was  the  British  minister  in  the 
United  states  at  the  time  of  Madison's  accession 
to  the  presidency.     He  found  the  new  President 

so  exoeedingl]  anxious  for  peace  and  good  feeling 
between  the  two  countries  that  he  had  written 
to  Canning,  the  British  minister,  such  let  ten  on 
the  subject   that  lie  was  instructed  to  propose  to 

the  Americans  a  reciprocal  repeal  of  all  the  pro- 
hibitory laws  upon  Certain  conditions.  Those 
conditions  were  so  partial  towards  Great  Inn 
am  requiring  the  Americana  to  submit  to  the 
Rule  of  1756  (which  see)  that  thej  were  reject- 
ed.    Verj    soon,  however,  arrangements  were 

made  by  which,  upon  the  Olden  of  Council  be- 
ing repealed,  the  President  si hi  issue  a  proc- 
lamation declaring  a  restoration  of  oommercial 


ESOPUS  WAR,  THE 


449 


ESSEX,  CRUISE  OF  THE 


intercourse  with  Great  Britain,  but  leaving  all 
restrictive  laws  as  against  Prance  in  full  force. 
Mr.  Erskine  also  offered  reparation  for  the  insult 
and  injury  in  the  case  of  the  Chewpeake  (see 
Chesapeake  and  Leopard),  ami  also  assured  the 
government  of  the  United  States  that  Great 
Britain  would  immediately  scud  over  an  envoy 
extraordinary,  vested  with  power  to  conclude  a 
treaty  that  should  settle  all  points  of  dispute 
between  the  two  governments.  This  arrange- 
ment was  completed  April  18,  1809.  The  next 
day  the  Secretary  of  State  received  a  note  from 
Erskine,  saying  he  »;is  aut Imri/ed  to  declare 
that  his  majesty's  Orders  In  Council  of  January 
and  November,  1807,  would  he  withdrawn  on 
the  10th  of  June  next  ensning.  Ou  the  same 
day  (April  19)  the  President  issued  a  proclama- 
tion declaring  thai  trade  with  Great  Britain 
Illicit  he  resumed  after  .June  I'M li.  This  proc- 
lamation gave  great  joy  in  the  United  states. 
Partisan  strife  was  boshed,  and  the  President 
was  toasted  and  feasted  by  leading  Federalists, 
as  a  Washingtonian  worthy  of  all  oouAdeuoe. 
In  the  House  of  Representatives,  Johu  Ran- 
dolph, who  landed  England  for  her  magnanim- 
ity, offered  (May  11,  1809)  a  resolution  which  de- 
clared  "that    the    pi ptitnde    and    frankness 

with  which  the  President  of  the  United  states 

has  met   ti rertnree  of  the  government  of 

Great  Britain  towards  a  restoration  of  harmony 
and  freer  commercial  intercourse  between  the 
two  nations  meet  the  approval  of  this  Bouse." 
The  joy  was  of  brief  duration.  Mr.  Erskine  was 
soon  afterwards  compelled  to  communicate  to 
the  President  (Jnlj  :'.l  I  that  his  government  had 
refused  to  sanction  his  arrangement,  ostensibly 

because  the  minister  bad  exceeded  his  instruc- 
tions, and  was  not  authorized  to  make  any  such 
arrangement.  Mr.  Erskine  was  recalled.  The 
true  reason  for  the  rejection  bj  the  British  au- 
thorities of  the  arrangement  made  bj  Erskine 
probably  was.  that,  counting  upon  the  fatal  ef- 
fects of  Sectional  strife  in  the  Union,  already  so 
rampant  in  some  places,  the  British  government 
was  encouraged  to  belie  v  e  that  the  bond  of  union 
would  he  so  weakened  that  a  scheme  then  per- 
fecting by  the  British  ministry  for  destroying 
that  union  would  be  successful.   (See //run/.  John, 

Miixioii  of.)  England  having  spurned  the  olive- 
branch  so  confidingly  offered,  the  President  of 
the  United  states  issued  another  proclamation 
Aug.  9,  1809), declaring  the  rlon-interooane  An 
in  in  full  force  In  regard  to  Great  Brit- 
ain. 

Eaopus  War,  'I'm:.     Then  had  been  a  mas- 
sacre   by   the    Indians   of  Dutch    settlers   at    BsO- 

pus w  Kingston)  In  1666.     The  settlers  had 

Bed  to  Manhattan  for  security,  but  had  been  per- 
suaded by  Stuyvesant  to  return  to  their  farms, 
where  they  built  a  compact  village  for  mutual 
protection.  Unfortunately,  some  Indians,  who 
had  been  helping  the  Dutch  in  their  harvests  m 
Ihe  sum r  of  1668,  became  noisy  in  a  drunken 

root, and  were  fired  upon  by  the  villagers.  This 
outrage  caused  fearful  retaliation.    The  Indians 

desolated  the  farms,  and  murdered  the  people 
in  isolated  houses.     The  Dutch   put  forth  their 

strength  to  oppose  the  barbarians,  and  tin'  ••  Eso- 
I.— 29 


pus  War"  continued  until  1664  intennittingly. 

Some  Indians,  taken  prisoners,  were  sent  to  Cu- 
raeoa  and  sold  as  slaves.  The  anger  of  the  Eso- 
pus  Indians  was  aroused,  ami.  in  1663,  the  vil- 
lage of  YViltwyck.  as  the  Esopus  village  was 
called,  was  almost  totally  destroyed.  Stuyve- 
sant was  there  at  the  time,  holding  a  conference 
with  the  Indians  in  the  open  fields  when  the 
destructive  blow  fell.  The  houses  were  plun- 
dered and  burned,  and  men.  hurrying  from  the 
fields  to  protect  their  families  and  property, 
were  either  shot  down  or  carried  away  captive. 
The-  struggle  was  desperate,  but  the  white  peo- 
ple win-  victorious.  When  the  assailants  were 
driven  away,  they  carried  off  full  forty  women 
and  children  :  anil  in  the  heap  of  ruins  which 
they  hit  behind  them  were  found  the  charred 
remains  of  twenty-one  murdered  villagers.  It 
was  the  final  event  of  violence  of  that  war. 

Essex  and  Alert,  Tin:.  Captain  David  Por- 
ter, commanding  the  AWr. thirty-two  guns, dis- 
played a  flag  at  her  mast-head, as  he  hit  Sandy 
Hook  (Jnne  96,  1812)  on  a  cruise,  bearing  the 
significant  words,  "Fame  n:vi>i:  v\i>  Bailors' 
Kleins''  lb'  soon  captured  several  English 
merchant   vessels,  making  trophy  bonfires  of 

most  of  them  on  the  ocean,  and  their  crews  his 
prisoners.  After  cruising  southward  several 
weeks  in  disguise,  capturing  a  prize  now  and 
then,  he  turned  northward,  and  chased  a  fleet  of 

English  transports  bearing  one  thousand  troops 

to  Halifax,  convoyed  by  a  frigate  and  a  bomb- 
Vessel.  He  captured  one  of  the  transports,  and 
a  few  days  afterwards  i  Ann.  13)  fell  in  with  the 
British  armed  ship  Alert,  Captain  T.  E.  P.  Lang- 
harne,  mounting  twenty  18 -pound  oarronades 
and  six  smaller  guns.  'Ihe  fissex  was  disguised 
as  a  merchantman.  The  .lint  followed  hex 
for  some  time,  and  at  length  opened  lire  with 
three  cheers  from  her  people.     Porter  caused 

his  potts  to  be  knocked  out  ill  an  instant,  when 

his  guns  responded  with  terrible  effect.     It  was 

a  complete  surprise.  The  Alert  was  so  badlv 
injured  and  her  people  were  so  panic-stricken 
that  the  Conflict  was  short.  In  spite  of  the  ef- 
forts of  t  he  officers,  the  men  of  the  Alert  ran  be- 
low for  safety.  She  was  surrendered  in  a  sink- 
ing condition.  She  was  the  first  British  na- 
tional vessel  captured  in  the  war.     Nobody  was 

killed  on  either  vessel. 

Essex,  Cruisv  "i    mi'-     When  Commodore 

Bainbridge  was  about  to  sail  from  Boston  with 
tin"  Constitution  and  Norm t  (see  Constitution  and 
■Ana),  orders  wen-  sent  to  Captain  Porter,  of  the 
Beeex,  then  lying  in  the  Delaware,  to  cruise  in 
the  track  of  the  West  Indiamen,  and  at  a  speci- 
fied time  to  rendezvous  at  certain  ports,  when, 
if  he  should  not  fall  in  with  the  flag-Ship  of  the 
squadron,  he  would  be  at  liberty  to  follow  the 
dictates  of  his  own  judgment.  Saviug  failed 
to  find  the  Constitution  at  any  appointed  rendez- 
vous, and  having  provided  himself  with  funds 
by  taking  $56,000  from  a  British  packet,  Porter 
made  sail  for  the  Pacific  Ocean  around  Cape 
Horn.  While  in  these  waters.  Porter  seized 
twelve  armed  British  whale-ships,  with  an  Bg- 
i  three  hundred  and  twi 'ii  and  one 


ESSEX,  CRUISE  OF  THE 


450 


ESSEX,  CRUISE  OF  THE 


hundred  and  seveu  guns.  These  were  what  ho 
entered  the  Pacific  Ocean  for.     He  armed  some 

of  them,  and  at  one  time  he  had  a  lleet  of  nine 
vessels,  lie  sent  paroled  prisoners  to  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  and  cargoes  of  whale-oil  to  the  United 
States.  On  the  15th  of  September,  1813,  while 
among  the  Galapagos  Islands,  he  fell  in  with  a 
British  whaling-vessel  armed  with  twelve  guns 
and  manned  by  thirty-nine  men.  He  captured 
her,  and  found  her  laden  with  beef,  pork,  bread, 
wood,  and  water,  articles  which  Porter  stood 
greatly  in  need  of  at  that  time.  The  exploits 
of  the  Essex  in  the  Pacific  produced  great  excite- 
ment in  the  British  navy,  and  the  government 
sent  out  the  frigate  Phcebe,  with  one  or  two  con- 
sorts, to  attempt  her  capture.  Porter  heard  of 
this  from  an  officer  who  was  sent  into  the  har- 
bor of  Valparaiso,  Chili,  with  prizes.  He  also 
learned  that  the  Chilian  authorities  were  be- 
coming more  friendly  to  the  English  than  to 
the  Americans.  In  consequence  of  this  infor- 
mation, Porter  resolved  to  go  to  the  Marquesas 
Islands,  refit  his  vessel,  and  return  to  the  United 


|  down  their  cheeks."  When  the  Essex  was  thor- 
oughly fitted  for  her  long  voyage  and  for  en- 
countering enemies,  she  sailed  (Dec.  12)  with 
her  prizes  from  Nooahee  vah  Island  ( w  hich  he  had 
named  Madisou).  and  on  Feb.  3,  1814,  entered 
the  harbor  of  Valparaiso.  One  of  the  captured 
vessels,  which  he  had  armed  and  named  Essex 
Junior,  cruised  off  the  harbor  as  a  scout,  to  give 
warning  of  the  approach  of  any  man-of-war. 
Very  soon  two  English  men-of-war  were  report- 
ed iu  the  offing.  They  sailed  into  the  harbor, 
and  proved  to  be  the  Phcebe,  thirty-six  guns, 
Captain  Hillyar,  and  her  consort,  the  Cherub, 
twenty-two  guns,  Captain  Tucker.  The  former 
mounted  thirty  long  18-pouuders,  sixteen  32- 
pouud  carronades,  and  one  howitzer;  also  six 
3-pouuders  in  her  tops.  Her  crew  consisted  of 
three  hundred  and  twenty  men  and  boys.  The 
Cherub  mounted  eighteen  32-pouud  carronades 
below,  with  eight  24-pound  carronades  and  two 
long  nines  above,  making  a  total  of  twenty-eight 
gnus.  Her  crew  numbered  one  hundred  and 
eighty.     The  Essex  at  that  time  could  muster 


THK    KSSEX    AXD    HER    PRIZES    IN    MASSACIII  .-KITS    HAY.    NOOAIIKKYAII. 


States,  lie  had  captured  almost  every  English 
whale-ship  known  to  be  oil' the  coasts  of  Peru 
and  Chili,  and  had  deprived  the  enemy  of  prop- 
erty to  the  amount  of  §2,500,000  and  three  hun- 
dred and  sixty  seamen.  He  had  also  released 
the  American  whalers  from  peril,  and  inspired 
the  Peruvians  and  Chilians  with  the  most  pro- 
found respect  tor  the  American  navy.  Among 
the  Marquesas  Islands  (at  Nooahee vah)  Porter 

became  involved  in  hostilities  with  the  walling 

natives.  He  had  allowed  his  men  great  indul- 
gence iii  port,  and  some  of  them  formed  Btrong 
Attachments  to  the  native  women.     They  were 

so  dissatisfied  When  he  left,  that  they  became 
almost  mutinous.  He  had  kept  his  men  from 
going  on  shore  Cor  three  days  before  he  weighed 
anchor.  "The  girls."  says  Porter  in  his  .Journal. 
"  lined  the  beach  from  morning  until  night,  and 
every  moment  importuned  me  to  take  the  taboos 
o  It  he  men,  and  laughingly  expressed  their  grief 
by  dipping  their  lingers  into  the  sea  and  touch- 
ing their  <■><  s.  -,.  as  i,,  lei  tin-  ■alt-water  trickle 


only  two  hundred  ami  twenty-five,  and  the  fit- 
Mi:  Junior  only  sixty.  The  Eteex  had  fortj  32- 
pound  carronades  and  six  long  12-  pounders : 
and  the  Essex  Junior  had  only  ten  l--ponnd  car- 
ronades and  ten  short  sixes.  The  British  ves- 
sels blockaded  Porter's  ships.  At  length  he  de- 
termined to  escape.  The  sails  of  his  vessels 
were  spread  for  the  purpose  (March  88,  1814), 
and  both  vessels  started  lor  the  open  .sea.  when 
a  squall  partially  disabled  the  flag-ship,  and  both 
took  shelter  in  a  bay.  There  they  were  attacked 
by  the  I'liuhc  and  I'liirub.  and  one  of  the  most 
desperate  and  sanguinary  battles  of  the  war  en- 
sued. When,  at  last,  the  fi«SZ  was  a  helpless 
wreck  and  on  lire,  and  his  magazine  was  threat- 
ened— when  every  officer  but  one  was  slain  or 
disabled;  when,  of  the  two  hundred  and  twen- 

ty-flve   brave   men   who  vent  into   the    light   on 

board  of  her  only  seventy-five  effect ivi 
mained     Porter  banled  down  his  flag 

ed  the  long  and  brilliant  cruise  of  the  /»>/. 
Her  gallant  commander  wrote  to  the  8 


ESSEX  JUNTA  PLOT  4: 

of  War  from  Valparaiso,  "  We  have  been  unfort- 
unate, but  not  disgraced."  He  and  his  compan- 
ions were  sent  home  in  the  Kssix  Junior,  \\U'u-h 
was  made  a  cartel-ship,  and  Porter  was  honored 
as  the  Hero  of  the  Pacific.  Municipal  honors 
were  lavished  upon  him,  and  several  state  leg- 
islatures and  the  national  Congress  gave  him 
thanks. 

Essex  Junta  Plot.  Early  in  1809,  John  Quin- 
i'v  Adams,  being  in  Washington  attending  the 
Supreme  Court,  in  a  confidential  interview  with 
President  Jefferson,  assured  him  that  a  contin- 
uation of  the  Embargo  (which  see)  much  longer 
would  certainly  be  met  by  forcible  resistance  in 
Massachusetts,  supported  by  the   Legislature, 

and  probably  by  the  judiciary  of  the  state  :  that 
if  force  should  be  resorted  to  to  quell  thai  re- 
sistance, it   would  produce  a  civil  war,  and  in 

that  event  lie  had  no  doubt  the  leaders  of  the 
Federal  party  (referring  to  those  of  the  old  Ks- 
sex  Junta,  which  see)  would  so,  me  lie-  coop- 
eration of  Cleat  Britain.  lie  declared  that  the 
object    was,  and    had   been    for  several    wars,  a 

dissoluti f  the  1'nioii  and  the  establishment 

of  a  separate  confederacy,  lie  knew  from  une- 
quivocal evidence,  not  provable  in  a  court  of 
law,  that  in  case  of  a  civil  war  the  aid  of  Great 
Britain  to  effect  that  purpose  would  be  us  surely 
resorted  to  as  it  would  be  indispensably  neces- 
sary to  the  design.  A  rumor  id'  such  a  design 
was  alluded  to,  at  about  the  same  time,  by  I  >e 
Witt   Clinton,  in   New   York,  and   in   the   Botton 

Patriot,  a  new  administration  paper,  to  which 
the  Adamses,  father  and  son,  were  contributors. 

Such  a  plot,  if  it  ever  existed,  was  conlined  to  a 

few  Federal  members  of  Congress,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  purchase  of  Louisiana.  They  had 
proposed  to  have  a  meeting  ill  Boston,  to  which 
Hamilton  was  invited,  though  it  was  known 
thai  he  was  opposed  to  the  scheme.  The  meet- 
ing was  presented  by  Hamilton's  sudden  and  vi- 
olent death.  A  series  of  articles  sigued  "  Falk- 
land" hail  appeared  in  Xew  England  papers,  in 
which  it  was  argued  that  if  Virginia,  finding 
heivelf  DO   longer  able   to   control    the   national 

government,  should  secede  and  dissolve  it,  the 
Northern  States,  though  thus  deserted,  might 
nevertheless  be  able  to  take  care  of  themselves. 

There   seem   to  have   been   no   more  treasonable 

mong  the  members  of  the  Esse*  Jnnta 

than  in  the  Hartford  Convention  iwbieh  see), 
and  the  desi,.i,s  of  that  bodj  were  known  to 
have  been   patriotic. 

Essex  Junta,  Till'.  The  injudicious  course 
of  President  John  Adams,  who  was  anxious  for 
a  renominatiou  and  election,  caused  a  fatal 
schism  in  the  Federal  party.  He  looked  to  the 
Southern  states  as  bis  chief  hope  in  the  coming 
election  ;  and  believing  Mcllenry  and  Pickering, 
of  bis  cabinet,  to  be  unpopular  there,  he  abrupt- 
ly called  upon  them  to  resign.  Mcllenry  in- 
stantly complied,  but    Pickering  refused,  when 

Adams  dismissed  him  with  little  ceremony. 
This  event  produced  much  excitement.  Bitter 
animosities  were  engendered,  and  criminations 
and  recriminations  ensued.  The  open  war  in 
the  Federal  party  was  waged  by  a  few  leaders, 


1  ESTAING,  D' 

several  of  whom  lived  in  the  maritime  county 
of  Essex,  Mass.,  the  early  home  of  Pickering,  and 
on  that  account  the  irritated  President  called 
his  assailants  and  opposers  the  "  Essex  Junta."' 
He  denounced  them  as  slaves  to  British  influ- 
ence—  some  lured  by  monarchical  proclivities 
and  others  by  British  gold.  A  pamphlet  from 
the  pen  of  Hamilton,  whom  Adams,  in  conver- 
sation, had  denounced  as  a  "  British  sympathiz- 
er," damaged  the  President's  political  prospects 
materially.  The  Republicans  rejoiced  at  the 
charge  of  British  influence,  and  said,  in  effect, 
"  We  thank  thee.  .Itw,  for  that  word."  Adams's 
eonrse  oansed  a  great  diminution  of  the  Federal 
vote,  and  Jefferson  was  elected.  The  opposition 
chanted : 

•Tin'  FederaUtl*  are  down  it  last, 
.  trdkwfj  completely  caul ' 

Tin-  Aristocrat*  are  stripped  nl'  power— 

Btorms  o'er  the  British  faction  lower. 

Soon  we  K> i„ibli<tins  sli 

Columbia's  sons  front  bond 

Lord,  how  the  Federalists  w .  1 1  stare— 

A  Jmmattm  In  Adams'  ctaalrl"— The  Echo. 

Estaing,  I)',  Ciiaki  i  B  Hi:m:v  THBODAT,  was 
born  al   Anverglie,  France,  in    I?4*);  guillotined 

in  Paris,  April  28,  1794.  He  was  colonel  of  a 
French   regiment   in  1748,  brigadier-general  in 

1756,    and    served     in     the     French     fleet     alter 


CBABLS8   BUSHY 


1757,  joining  the  Fast  India  squadron  under 
Count  I. ally.  Made  lieutenant-general  in  17f.:i 
and  vice-admiral  in  177s.  he  was  sent  to  Amer- 
ica with  a  strong  naval  force  to  Assist  the 
patriots,  arriving  in  Delaware  Bay  in  July, 
177-.  In  a  battle  with  the  British  fleet  and  in 
a  sform  off  Rhode  Island,  in  August,  Ins  vessels 
were  so  shattered  that  he  withdrew  to  Boston 

for  their  repair.  He  made  a  cruise  in  the  West 
Indies  in   !??'.>,  and    in   the   fall   of  that   year  he 

engaged  jointly  with  the  American  arroj  in  the 

siege  of  Savannah,  but  abandoned  the  contest 
before    a    promised    victory    for   the    allies   was 

won.  He  returned  to  France  iii  1780,  and  in 
IT-:;   he   commanded  the   combined   fleets  of 

France    and    Spain,  and    was    made    a    Spanish 

grandee.  He  favored  the  French  Revolution, 
and  commanded  the  National  Guards  at   \Yr- 


ETC1IEMINS  4 

sailles,  but  falling  under  the  suspicion  of  the 
Terrorists,  he  was  beheaded. 

Etchemins,  This  Algonquin  family,  occupy- 
ing the  eastern  part  of  Maine,  lived,  at  an  early 
period,  on  the  Penobscot  River,  between  the 
Abeuakes  proper  and  the  Miomacs.  They  are 
now  represented  by  the  remnants  of  the  Penob- 
soota  and  PasBsmaqnoddies.  Their  number  is 
now  about  oue  thousand.  About  one  half  of 
them  (the  Peuobscots)  live  on  islands  in  the 
Penobscot  River,  and  the  remainder  (Passama- 
quoddies)  on  the  western  shore  of  Passamaquod- 
dy  Bay  and  on  the  s<  hoodie  lakes.  These  rem- 
nants are  mostly  Roman  Catholics,  and  have 
churches  and  schools.  Their  blood  remains  pure, 
for  the  laws  of  Maine  will  not  allow  them  to 
intermarry  with  the  white  people,  and  they  are 
declining  in  strength. 

Eustis,  William,  LL.D.,  was  born  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  June  10, 1753;  died  in  Boston, Feb. 
6,  18'25.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1772,  and 
studied  the  healing  art  under  Dr.  Joseph  War- 
ren. As  a  surgeon  he  served  throughout  the 
war  for  independence,  and  was  a  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  Legislature  from  1788  to  1794. 
He  was  in  the  governor's  council  two  years,  and 
was  hi  Congress  from  18(K)  to  1805,  and  from 
1820  to  1823.  Secretary  of  War  from  1809  until 
Hull's  Surrender  (which  see)  in  1812,  he  then  re- 
signed, for  there  was  much  fault  found  with  his 
administration.  In  1815  he  was  sent  as  minis- 
ter to  Holland,  and  was  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts in  1824,  dying  while  in  office. 

Eutaw  Spring,  Battle  NEAR.  This  spring, 
near  Nelson's  Perry,  on  tin'  Sail  tee,  is  a  tirst 
and  second  apparition  of  a  subterranean  stream. 
It  first  bubbles  up  from  a  bed  of  Kick  mail, 
at  the  foot  of  a  hill  twenty  or  thirty  feet  in 
height,  and,  after  flowing  less  than  sixty  yards, 


Kl  TAW    SPBVQ. 


descends,  rushing  and  foaming,  into  a  cavern 
beneath  ■  bigb  ridge  of  marl,  covered  with 
alluvium  ami  fores)  trees.  After  traversing 
tta  subterranean  waj  some  thirty   rod-,  it  re- 


2        EUTAW  SPRING,  BATTLE  NEAR 

appears  on  the  other  side,  where  it  is  a  broader 
stream,  of  sufficient  volume  to  turn  a  mill-wheel. 
It  flows  over  a  smooth,  rocky  bed,  shaded  by  cv- 
press-trees,  about  two  miles,  when  it  enters  the 
Santee.  It  was  near  this  spring  that  a  severe 
battle  was  fought,  Sept.  8,  1781.  Early  in  Au- 
gust, General  Greene,  ou  the  High  Hills  of  San- 
tee (which  see),  was  reinforced  by  North  Caro- 
lina troops  under  General  Sumner:  and  at  the 
close  of  that  month  he  crossed  the  Wateree  and 
Congaree  and  marched  against  the  British  camp 
at  Orangeburg,  commanded  by  Lieutenant- 
colonel  Stuart.  Bawdon  had  left  these  troops 
iu  Stuart's  charge  and  returned  to  England. 
Stuart,  who  had  been  joined  by  the  garrison 
of  Fort  Ninety-six,  immediately  retreated  on 
the  approach  of  Greene  to  Eutaw  Spring, forty 
miles  eastward,  and  there  encamped.  Greene 
pursued  so  stealthily  that  Stuart  was  not  fully- 
aware  that  the  republicans  were  after  him  until 
they  were  close  upon  him,  at  dawn  on  the  morn- 
ing of  Sept.  8,  1781.  Greene  moved  in  two  col- 
umns, the  centre  of  the  first  composed  of  North 
Carolina  militia,  with  a  battalion  of  South  Car- 
olina militia  on  each  flank, commanded  respec- 
tively by  Marion  and  Pickens,  'flic  second  con- 
sisted of  North  Carolina  regulars,  led  by  Gen- 
eral Sumner,  on  the  right;  an  equal  number  of 
Virginians,  under  Lieutenant-colonel  Campbell, 
iu  the  centre:  and  Marylanders,  commanded  by 
Colonel  O.  H.  Williams,  on  the  left.  Lee's 
Legion  covered  the  right  Hank,  and  Lieutenant- 
colonel  Henderson's  troops  covered  the  left. 
Washington's  cavalry  and  Kirkwood's  Delaware 
troops  formed  a  reserve,  and  each  line  had  artil- 
lery in  front.  Skirmishing  commenced  at  eight 
o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  very  soon  the  conflict 
became  general  and  severe.  The  British  were 
defeated  and  driven  from  the  field  with  much 
loss.  The  victory  was  complete,  and  the  win- 
ners spread  over  the  British  camp, eating, drink- 
ing, and  plundering.  Suddenly  and  unexpect- 
edly the  fugitives  rallied  and  renewed  the  bat- 
tle, and  after  a  terrible  conflict  of  about  live 
hours  the  Americans,  w  ho  had  lost  hea\  il\  .  w  ere 
compelled  to  give  way.  Hut  Stuart,  knowing 
that  partisan  legions  were  not  far  away,  felt  in- 
secure, and  that  night,  after  breaking  up  one 
thousand  muskets  and  destroying  stoics,  he  re- 
treated towards  Charleston,  pursued  early  the 
next  morning  (Sept.  9)  by  parties  who  chased 

them  far  towards  the  sea.  Although  the  battle- 
field remained  w  it li  the  Americans,  neither  party 
could  fairly  claim  a  victory.  Dlffillg  the  day 
ami  the  pursuit  the  Americans  lost  iu  killed  and 
wounded  about  live  hundred  and  fifty  men  ;  the 

British  loss, including  prisoners,  was  full  eight 

hundred.  Lieutenant-colonel  Washington  WAS 
severely  wounded  in  th.' second  battle, and  was 

made  prisoner.  For  his  good  conduct  on  that  oc- 
casion Congress  presented  to  Greene  t  heir  t  hanks, 
a  gold  medal,  and  a  British  standard  taken  in  the 
ili-ht.  a  few  days  after  the  battle,  with  a  large 
number  of  sick  soldiers,  he  rel  ired  with  bis  1  roopa 

to  the  Santee  hills  and  encamped.  Then  his 
militia  left  him.     He  remained  until  the  middle 

of  November,  when  he  marched  his  srmj  Into 

the    low    country,   where    lie    might    obtain    an 


EVACUATION  OF  BOSTON  4 

abundance  of  food.  The  necessities  of  Greene's 
army  had  compelled  him  to  go  to  the  Hills.  The 
troops  were  too  much  exhausted  to  continue  ac- 
tive  operations.      They   were  barefooted  and 

half  naked.  He  had  no  army  hospital  stores, 
very  little  salt,  and  his  ammunition  was  very 
low. 


3  EVACUATION  OF  BOSTON 

the  provincials.  That  was  on  March  2,  and  was 
repeated  two  other  succeeding  days.  At  seven 
o'clock  on  the  evening  of  March  4,  General  Thom- 
as, with  two  thousand  men,  provided  with  in- 
trenching tools,  proceeded  to  take  possession  of 
Dorchester  Heights.  A  train  of  three  hundred 
carts  and  wagons,  filled  with  fascines  and  bun- 


OOLD   MEDAL   AWARDED   TO 


^  Evacuation  of  Boston  (1776).  When  General 
Howe  comprehended  the  real  peril  of  his  gitna- 
tion  in  Boston,  after  the  fortification  of  Dor- 
chester Heights  by  Washington,  ha  began  to 
devise  means  for  seonring  the  safety  <>t  Ins  ar- 
nf  Boston.)  l,Ss  than  three 
thousand  New  England  (armors  meanly  clad, 
poorly  fed,  and  inadequately  disciplined  had 
created  the  peril  1>.\  their  vasl  labors  in  a  sin- 
gle nigbt.     When  the  fortifying  of  Dorchester 


dies  of  pressed  hay.  followed,  all  moving  in  per- 
fect silence.  Within  an  hour  they  were  all  on 
the  heights,  undiscovered  by  the  enemy  in  ihe 
city,  where  every  ear  was  filled  with  the  noise 
of  the  cannonade  and  bombardment, whioh  the 
Americans  kept  np  from  seven  o'clock  in  the 
evening  until  dawn,  a  relief  party  appeared 
on  the  heights  at  three  o'clock,  and  at  daylight 
on  March  5— the  anniversary  of  the  Boston 
massacre — the  astonished  Britons  saw    two  re- 


Heights  was  undertaken,  a   severe  cannonade  doubts  on  Dorchester  Heights,  armed  with  oan- 

and   bombardment    from    batteries    along  the  uons  that  commanded  the  town  of  Boston,  and 

American   line,  from  Roxbnry  to  the  extreme  manned  by  resolute  men.     On  the  summit  of 

left,  were  opened  on  the  tow  n  to  divert  the  at-  the  steep  hills  were  barrels  filled  with  stones  to 

tention  of  the  British  from  the  secret  labors  of  i  he  rolled  down  upon  ascending  assailants,  and  a 


EVACUATION  OF  HARPER'S  FERRY  454 


EVACUATION  OF  NEW  YORK 


strong  abatis,  formed  of  the  tries  of  adjacent  or- 
chards, protected  the  foot  of  the  heights.  Howe 
was  overwhelmed  with  astonishment,  and  ex- 
claimed, "I  know  not  what  I  shall  do!  The 
rebels  have  done  more  in  one  night  that]  my 
whole  army  would  have  done  in  a  1 ith."  Ad- 
miral Shnldham  said  :  "  [f  they  retain  pooOOOoiou 
Of  the  heights.  I  cannot  keep  a  ship  in  the  har- 
bor." It  was  determined  to  drive  t  he  Americans 
away  by  a  direct  assault,  and  two  thousand  four 
hundred  picked  soldiers — the  Bower  of  the  army 
— were  placed  under  the  Command  of  Lord  Per- 
cy, with  orders  to  drive  the  Americans  fr the 

heights.  Percy  embarked  his  men  and  awaited 
the  darkness  of  night.  A  storm  suddenly  arose  ; 
at  midnight  it  was  a  gale  that  drove  several 
British  ships  ashore,  and  on  the  morning  of  the 
6th  the  rain  fell  so  copiously  that  the  troops 
could  not  move.  Howe,  in  dismay,  called  a 
council  of  war.  The  terrified  loyalists  demand- 
ed of  the  general  the  sure  protection  which  he 
had  promised  them.  Washington  was  preparing 
to  bombard  and  attack  Boston  at  two  points, 
when  the  council  determined  to  evacuate  it. 
The  resolution  spread  dismay  among  the  loyal- 
ists, or  Tories.  They,  too,  determined  to  leave, 
and  endure  the  perils  and  discomforts  of  a  sea 
voyage,  and  privations  in  a  strange  land,  rather 
than  brave  the  resentment  of  the  "Whigs  whom 
they  had  helped  to  oppress.  Howe  offered  to 
leave  Boston  in  the  Beet  if  Washington  would 
let  him  do  so  unmolested.  A  tacit  consent  was 
given,  l>ut  the  American  commander  did  not  re- 
lax hie  vigilance,  lb'  planted  a  new  battery, 
and  was  ready  to  attack  the  British  at  any  mo- 
ment. The  embarkation  was  delayed  until  Sun- 
day morning,  March  IT,  How.-  hoping  for  the 
arrival  of  reinforcements.  At  four  o'clock  in 
the  morning  the  troops  and  loyalists  began  their 
embarkation.  The  latter  could  not  carry  much 
of  their  goods  with  them,  the  war-ships  and 
transports  were  so  few.  What  they  could  not 
take  with  them  they  destroyed.  The  soldiers 
broke  open  and  pillaged  many  of  the  Stores,  and 
a  sycophantic  New  York  Tory  was  authorized 
by  Howe  to  seize  dry-goods  and  clothing  he- 
longing  to  Whig  merchants  ami  place  them  in 
i  he  vessels.  'flic  soldiers  wantonly  defaced 
handsome  furniture,  and  valuable  goods  were 
east  into  tin'  sea.  At  sunset  on  that  beautiful 
Sabbath  day  the  great  lleet  had  hit  Boston  lor 
Halifax, bearing  away  eleven  hundred  loyalists 
with  the  army  to  Nova  Scotia.  The  nation, 
through  Congress,  thanked  Washington  tor  the 
great  deliverance,  and  gave  him  a  beautiful 
gold  medal.  (8ee  '-'<</</  Midnt  awarded  t<>  Waak- 
fmgton.  • 

Evacuation  of  Harper's  Ferry!  l-i  ;n    Joseph 
E.  Johnston,  of  the  United  States  Topographical 
Engineers,  had  abandoned  his  flag  and  been  com- 
missioned a  brigadier-general  l>>  the  Confeder- 
iiimeiit.  and  vv  as  charged  with  the  duly 

of  holding  Harper's  Ferry,  tin-  key  to  the  Shen- 
andoah Valley  in  n-  relation  t<>  the  free-labor 
-tales.  General  McClellan  was  throw iug  Ohio 
troops  into  Western  Virginia,  and  Genera]  Bob- 
in  Patterson,  in  command  of  the  Department 
of  Pennsylvania,  was  rapidly  gathering  a  force 


at  Chambersburg,  Penn.,  under  General  W.  II. 
Keiiu.  A  part  of  the  insurgents  at  the  ferry 
were  on  Maryland  Heights,  on  the  left  hank 
of  the  Potomac,  and  against  these  Patterson 
marched  from  Chambersburg  with  about  fifteen 
thousand  men.  Just  at  this  moment  commenced 
Wallace's  dash  on  Romney  (see  Romney),  which 
frightened  Johnston,  and  he  abandoned  Harper's 
Ferry,  and  moved  up  the  valley  to  Winchester. 
Before  leaving  he  destroyed  the  great  bridge  of 
the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railway  at  the  ferry 
with  fire  and  gunpowder.  It  was  one  thousand 
feet  long.  Then  be  spiked  the  heavy  guns  that 
could  not  be  taken  away,  and  encamped  a  few 
miles  np  the  valley.  Patterson,  who  was  at 
Hagerstown,  Md.,  pushed  on.  and  on  June  10 
and  IT  about  nine  thousand  of  his  troops 
the  Potomac  by  fording  it  at  Williamsport. 
These  were  led  by  Brigadier-general  George  Cad- 
walader,  at  the  head  of  live  companies  of  cav- 
alry. At  that  moment  Patterson  received  or- 
ders by  telegraph  from  General  Scott,  at  Wash- 
ington, to  send  to  him  all  the  regulars,  horse 
and  foot,  under  his  (Patterson's)  command,  and 
a  Rhode  Island  regiment.  Patterson  was  em- 
barrassed, and  requested  the  general  to  leave 
the  regulars  with  him,  for  he  expected  to  hold 
the  position  and  to  keep  open  a  free  communi- 
cation with  the  great  West  by  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  Railway.  Scott  refused,  saving.  "  We 
are  pressed  here;  send  the  troops  without  de- 
lay." The  order  was  obeyed,  and  Patterson  was 
left  without  a  single  piece  of  available  artillery, 
with  only  one  troop  of  raw  cavalry,  ami  a  total 
force  of  not  more  than  ten  thousand  men.  most- 
ly undisciplined,  to  confront  Johnson  with  full 
fifteen  thousand  drilled  troops.  Patterson  pru- 
dently recroesed  the  Potomac,  and  remained 
"ii  i  he  Maryland  side  until  the  beginning  of 
.July. 

Evacuation  of  Manassas  (K>-2).  On  receiving 
information  of  this  evacuation  by  the  Confeder- 
ates, General  McClellan  ordered  (March  '.',  1862) 
the  immediate  advance  of  his  whole  army  in 
that  direction  simply  to  give  his  troops  some 
experience  on  the  inarch  and  bivouac,  prepara- 
tory to  undertaking  the  spring  campaign.  Gen- 
eral Stoneman  pursued  the  retiring  Confederates: 

beyoud  the  Rappahannock,  hut  did  not  molest 
them,  and  the  whole  army  returned  to  Alexan- 
dria on  the  14th.     In  its  retrograde  vennnt, 

Stoneman's  cavalry  was  followed  by  that  of 
Stuart  and  Ewe]],  and  even  bj  artillery,  lor  some 
distance.      This   movement    one   of  tl, 

aids  of  McClellan  called  a  "promenade  of  the 
Army  of  t lie  Potomac."  It  greatly  disappointed 
the  loyal  people,  for  they  supposed  it  was  going 
••on  to  Richmond." 

Evacuation  of  New  York  ilT^l).  Washing- 
ton, Governor  Clinton,  and  Sir  Guy  Carletou  held 
a  conference  at  I  kibbs'a  Ferrj .  and  made  arrange- 
ments for  the  British  Hoops  to  evacuate  the  eilv 
i  ik  on  Nov. 25,  \'-'.\.  On  that  morning 
the  American  troops,  nndei  General  Knox. who 

had  come  down  fioin  West  Point  and  encamped 
at  Harlem,  marched  to  the  "  Ifovveiv  Lain."  and 
halted  at  the  present  junction  of  the  Third  Av- 


EVACUATION  OF  PHILADELPHIA       455 


EVACUATION  OF  SUMTER 


enue  aud  the  Bowery.  There  they  remained 
until  about  one  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  the 
British  claiming  the  right  of  possession  until 
meridian.  At  that  hour  the  British  hail  em- 
barked at  Whitehall,  ami  before,  three  o'clock 
General  Knox  took  formal  possession  of  the  city 
and  of  Fort  George,  amid  the  acclamations  of 
thousands  of  citizens  and  the  roar  of  artillery 
at  the  Battery.  Washington  repaired  to  his 
quarters  at  Frannce's  Tavern,  and  there,  dur- 
ing  the   afternoon,  Governor  Clinton   gave  a 

public  dinner  to  the  officers  of  the  army.  In 
the  eveuillg  the  town  was  brilliantly  illuminat- 
ed, rockets  shot  up  from  many  private  dwell- 
ings, and  bonfires  blazed  at  everj  corner.  The 
British,  on  leaving,  had  nailed  their  Bag  to  the 
stall' in  fort  George  and  Blushed  the  pole;  but 
a  boy  soon  took  it  down,  and  put  the  stripes 
and  stars  in  its  place.      At   sunset  on  that  clear, 

frosty  day  the  last  vessel  of  the  retiring  British 
transports  disappeared  beyond  the  Narrows. 

Evacuation  of  Philadelphia  (  177-  .  The 
danger  of  being  blockaded  by  a  Freuob  fleet  in 
the  Delaware  caused  the  British  fleet  to  leave 
those  waters,  ami  the  British  arms  to  evacuate 
Philadelphia  and  flee  towards  Nev.  York.  That 
movement  was  begun  on  Jnne  I-,  1778.  The 
baggage  and  stores,  and  a  considerable  number 
of  loyalists,  were  sent  around  to  New  fork  in 
the  Meet.  The  British  army ,  seventeen  thonsand 
strong,  baring  orossed  the  Delaware,  took  up 
its  march  across  New  Jersey,  and  was  pnrsned 
by  Washington,  who  broke  up  his  encampment 
at  Vallej  Forge  so  s, :ts  be  beard  id'  the  evac- 
uation of  Philadelphia.     (Bee   /."»>//<■  ,//'  Mm- 

Evacuation  of  Sumter  ( 1861).  After  defend- 
ing Fori  Sumter  until  his  supplies  wen-  ex- 
hausted, and  the  fori  less  w  as  almost  a  ruin,  Ma- 
jor Anderson  consented  to  evacuate  it  on  hon- 
orable terms.      B  ?ort  Sumta        ["he 


eriug  oft"  the  bar  to  make  arrangements  for  the 
departure  of  the  inmates  of  Sumter.  The  mili- 
tary authorities  at  Charleston  furnished  a  steam- 
er to  take  the  garrison  to  the  Baltic, where  Mr. 
Fox  (see  Relief  of  Fori  Sumter)  was  waiting  to 
receive  them.  After  the  flag  of  Sumter  was  sa- 
luted by  the  garrison,  it  was  lowered,  and  the, 
soldiers,  in  full  dress,  left  the  battered  fortress, 
Major  Anderson  carrying  with  him  the  Hag,  and 
the  band  playing  "  Yankee  Doodle."  When  Ma- 
jor Anderson  and  his  staff  left  the  sally-port, 
it  struck  nj)  "Hail  to  the  Chief."'  Soon  after 
they  left,  Governor  Pickens  and  suite,  his  exec- 
utive council,  General  Beauregard,  and  others, 


OOLD  BOX  PRESENTED  TO   IK 

went  to  the  fort   in  a  steamer,  took  formal  pos- 

sessi and  raised  over  it  the  Confederate  and 

South  Carolina  Hags.  The  fort  had  been  BVOOH- 
(itrrf,  not  nurendered.   The  flag  had  been  lowered, 

but  not  given  up  dishonored,  but  not  capt- 
ured. The  sovereign!  \  of  the  Republic,  sym- 
bol,/,il    in    the   flag,  had  not    been    \  ieltled  to  the 


rmtr  Minn: 


net  was  performed  on  Sunday,  April  ll.  1861. 
Lieutenant  Snyder,  of  the  garrison,  ami  Lieu- 
tenant llarlslcnc  who  had  joined  the  insur- 
gents, had  been  sent  out  to  the  relief-ship  hov- 


insurgeiits.  So  soon  as  the  garrison  were  on 
board  the  Baltio,  the  flag  of  Slimier  was  raised 
to  the  mast-head  and  saluted  with  cheers  and 
tiring  of  great  guns  from  the  other  vessels.    The 


EVANS  41 

vessel  (the  Isabel)  that  conveyed  the  garrison  to 
the  Baltic  did  not  leave  Fori  Sumter,  on  account 
of  the  tide,  until  Monday  morning,  April  15. 
The  Baltic  sailed  for  New  York.  The  praises  of 
Major  Anderson  and  his  little  band  were  upon 
every  lip,  while  the  people  of  the  country  were 
deeply  moved  by  the  outrage  in  Charleston  har- 
bor.    Honors  were  showered  upon  the  defender 

Of  Port  Slimier.  Before  the  evacuation,  the 
citizens  of  Taunton.  Mass..  impressed  with  his 
prowess  and  patriotism,  bad  voted  him  an  ele- 
gant sword;  the  authorities  of  New  York  gave 
him  the  freedom  of  the  city  in  an  elegant  gold 
box.  The  citizens  also  presented  him  with  a 
Hold  medal,  suitably  inscribed.  The  citizens 
of  Philadelphia  gave  him  an  elegant  sword, 
and  societies  and  legislative  bodies  preseuted 
him  with  tokens  of  the  good-will  of  his  country- 
men. Finally,  tin-  Chamber  of  Commerce  of 
New  York  ordered  (June  b',  1861)  the  execution 
of  a  series  of  medals  to  be  presented  to  Major 
Anderson  and  to  each  man  of  the  garrison. 

Evans,  OLIVER,  inventor,  was  born  at  New- 
port. Del.,  in  177.J:  died  in  New  York,  April  '21, 
1819.  He  was  of  Welsh  descent,  and  was  grand- 
son of  Evas  Evans.  D.D.,  the  first  Episcopal 
minister  in  Philadelphia.  Apprenticed  to  a 
wheelwright,  he  early  displayed  his  inventive 

genius.  At  the  age  of  twenty-two  years  he  had 
invented  a  most  useful  machine  for  making 
card-teeth.  In  1786—87  he  obtained  from  the 
Legislatures  of  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania  the 
exclusive  right  to  use  his  improvements  in  tlour- 
mills.  He  constructed  a  steam-carriage  in  1799, 
which  led  to  the  invention  of  the  locomotive 
engine.  His  steam  -  engine  was  the  first  con- 
structed on  the  high  -  pressure  principle.  In 
1803-4  he  made  the  first  steam  dredging  -  ma- 
Chine  used  in  America,  to  which  he  gave  the 
name  of  "Oracter  Amphibolis,"  arranged  for 
propulsion  either  on  land  or  water.  This  is  be- 
lieved to  have  been  the  first  instance  in  America 
Of  the  application  id' steam  power  to  the  propel- 
ling of  a  land  carriage.  Evans  foresaw  and 
prophesied  the  near  era  of  railway  communica- 
tion and  travel.     He  proposed  the  construction 

of  a  railway  between  Philadelphia  and  New 
York,  but  his  limited  means  would  not  allow 
him  to  convince  the  sceptics  by  a  successful  ex- 
periment. 

Evans,  Sit:   db    Lacy,  was   a   distinguished 
British    general.      He    was    born    in   Ireland    in 
I?-?:  died  iii  London,  Jan.  2, 1870.    Heentere 
the  British  army  at  the  age  of  twentj  years, 

served  in  the  East  Indies,  and  earl]  in  1*1  I 
came  to  America  with  the  rank  of  brevet-Oulo- 

nel.  He  was  engaged  in  the  Battle  of  Bladens- 
burg  (which  see)  in  August,  and  led  the  troops 
that  cntiicd  Washington  city  and  destioxei 
the  public  buildings  there.  He  was  with  Gcn- 
ei;!]  Boss  in  the  expedition  against  Baltimore  m 

September,  and   was  near  that  general   w  lien  he 

fell.  Evans  was  also  with  Pakeuham  in  the  at- 
tempt to  capture  New  Orleans,  lb-  was  wound- 
ed  in   the  battle  that   OCCUired   below   that    eil\. 

Returning  to  Europe,  he  served  under  Welling- 
ton!   afterwards  he  was  elected  to  Parliament, 


G  EVERETT 

and  -was  subsequently  promoted  to  lieutenant- 
general.  In  the  latter  capacity  he  served  in  the 
war  in  the  Crimea  in  1854. 


SIR    DE    LACY    EVANS. 

Everett,  Alexander  Hill,  1.I..D..  was  born 
in  Boston.  Match  19,  1790;  died  in  Canton,  Chi- 
na. June  99,  1847.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1806,  studied  law  with  .1.  (}  Adams,  and  in  1809 
accompanied  him  to  St.  Petersburg  as  attacks' to 
his  legation,  to   which   he   became   secretary   in 

1815.  lb-  became  vhanjr  (Taffaira  at  Brussels  in 
1818,  in  1825-99  was  minister  to  Spain,  and  from 
1S4.">  until  his  death  was  American  commissioner 
in  China. 

Everett,  EDWARD,  LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  was  horn  at 
Dorchester,  Mass..  April  11.  IT'.M  :  died  in  Boston. 
.Ian.  15,1865.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1811, 
and  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Brattle  street 
I  Boston  Unitarian 
Church  in  Febru- 
ary .   1*11.      He   w  as 

chosen  professoi  of 
Greek  in  Harvard 
University  in  1815, 

and  took  the  (hair 

on  his  return  from 
Europe  in  1819.  Mi. 
Everetl  was  in  Con- 

\—  A   I         gross  from  1896  i" 
^  ^^ j  i         i -:'.:. :  governor  of 

Massaohusettsfrom 
1836  to  1840;  minis- 
ter to  England  from 
1-11  to  1845;  Piesi- 
■■^S-J^^^J^^    dent 

from  1846  to  1849; 

and  succeeded  Dan- 
iel Webster  a-  necretarj  nfBtar*  in  November, 
1859.    Mr.  Everett  was  in  the  United  si 
ate  from  March,  1853,uutil  May,  1854, when  he  re- 


EWELL 


457    EXCISE  LAW,  VIOLENT  OPPOSITION  TO 


tired  to  private  life  on  account  of  feeble  health. 
He  took  great  interest  in  the  efforts  of  the  women 
of  the  United  States  to  raise  money  to  purchase 
Mount  Vernon.  He  wrote  and  spoke  mnch,  and 
by  his  efforts  procured  a  large  amount  of  money, 
anil  the  estate  was  purchased.  He  was  nomi- 
nated for  the  Presidency  of  the  United  states  in 
1860  by  the  "Constitutional  Union  Party."  Mr. 
Everett  was  a  rate  scholar  and  finished  orator. 
He  was  one  of  the  early  editors  of  the  North 
American  Review. 

Ewell  Richard  Stoddard,  was  born  in  the 
District  of  Colombia  in  1820;  died  at  Spring 
Bill,  Tenn.,  Jan. 25, 1872.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1840,  served  in  the  Mexican  War,  and 
received  the  brevet  of  captain.     He  joined  the 


KM  II.UU)    ST1II)I)ABI)    KW 


Confederates  in  their  war  against  the  Union  in 
ist;i  ;  was  promoted  to  major-genera]  in  1862, 

and  was  conspicuous  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley, 
in    the   battle*   near    Richmond,   Malvern    Hills, 

Cedar   Mountain.  Gettysburg,  the  Wilderness, 

Spottsyh  a nia  ( 'on rt  house,  and  during  the  siege 
of  Petersburg.  In  the  Mat  tie  ofGrovetou  (which 
see)  lie  lost  a  leg, and  was  made  lieutenant-gen- 
eral in  May,  1863.  He  was  engaged  in  stock 
raising  in  Tennessee  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

Exchange  of  Prisoners  in  the  Revolution. 
For  some  time  after  the  war  for  independence 
was  begun  the  British  authorities  refused  to  ax- 
afaange  prisoners,  because  they  would  not  ••  treat 

with  rebels;"  but  alter  Howe's  arrival  in  New- 
York,  when  the  British  had  five  thousand  pris- 
oners ami  the  Americana  three  thousand,  nego- 
tiations for  exchange  wen-  opened.  Obstruc- 
tions arose,  a(  fust,  on  account  of  the  refusal  of 
Congress  to  ratify  the  agreement  made  by  Ar- 
nold concerning  the  prisoners  taken  at  the  Ce- 
dars. Si\  Hessian  ollicers  were  offered  in  ex- 
change lor  General  Lee.      Howe  refused,  for  he 

held  Lee  as  a  deserter  from  the  British  army. 
(Sec  /.,..  Treason  a/.)    Congress  put  the  six  offl- 

cers  anil   Lieutenant-colonel  Campbell,  a  British 

officer,  iii  close  confinement,  to  .sutler  whatever 

extremities  might  he  inflicted  on  Lee.    The  lat- 

tohanged  in  1778.     There  waa  another 

difficulty.     The  Americana  captured  on  Long 


Island  and  at  Fort  Washington,  and  confined  iu 
New  York  prisons  and  prison-ships,  had  suffered 
extremely ;  and  those  sent  out  for  exchange  in 
the  spring  of  1777  were  generally  very  fcehle  and 
emaciated.  On  this  account  Washington  refused 
to  make  an  even  exchange  of  healthy  British 
and  German  soldiers  for  the  mere  wrecks  of 
American  soldiers.  Besides,  the  term  of  enlist- 
ment of  all  the  American  prisoners  had  expired, 
and  they  were  no  longer  soldiers,  while  every 
British  prisoner  sent  in  was  a  recruit  to  the 
army  of  the  enemy.  These  disputes  delayed  ex- 
changes. Humanity  alone  caused  Congress  to 
consent  to  any  exchange.  At  length  all  things 
were  adjusted,  and  Elias  lioudinot.  of  New  Jer- 
sey, a  Hugnenot  by  descent,  waa  appointed  Amer- 
ican commissar]  of  prisoners. 

Excise  Law,  Tin:  FIRST.  The  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  Hamilton)  recommended  a  tax  on 
liquors.  A  hill  to  that  effect  was  introduced 
into  Congress  at  the  begiuuing  of  1791.  As 
finally  passed,  it  imposed  upon  all  imported 
spirits  a  duty  varying  from  twenty-five  to  forty 
cents  per  gallon,  according  t<>  strength.     The 

excise  to  he  collected  on  domestic  spirits  varied 
with  their  strength  from  nine  to  twenty- five 
cents  per  gallou  on  those  distilled  from  grain, 
and  from  eleven  to  thirty  cents  when  the  mate- 
rial was  molasses  or  other  import ed  product; 
thus  allowing,  especially  when  the  duty  on  mo- 
lasses  was   taken    into   account,  a   eoiisiderahle 

discrimination  in  favor  of  the  exclusively  home 
product.  There  was  much  opposition  to  this 
law  in  ami  out  of  Congress.  The  details  of  the 
working  of  the  law  for  .securing  a  revenue  from 
this  source  were  very  stringent,  yet  very  just. 
It  was  opposition  to  this  law  in  western  Penn- 
sylvania which  produced  the  "Whiskey  Insur- 
rection "  (w  hii  li 

Excise  Law,  VlOLKNT  OPPOSITION  to  the, 
appeared  in  western   Pennsylvania  soon  after 

its  enactment,  and  when  steps  were  taken  un- 
its enforcement.  The  law  was  disregarded,  in- 
dictments were  found  against  a  Dumber  of  dis- 
tillers, and  thirty  warrants  were  issued,  which 
the  marshal  of  the  district  undertook  to  serve. 
He  had  served  twenty  -  nine  of  them,  when  he 
and  the  Inspector  of  the  district  were  tired  upon 
by  some  armed  men  and  compelled  to  llv  lor 
their  lives.  They  assailed  the  inspectoi's  Ne- 
ville's) house,  and  an  appeal  to  the  militia  was 
in   vain.      A   small   detachment   of  soldiers   was 

obtained  from  the  neighboring  garrison  of  Fort 

Pitt  (Pittsburgh).     The  next  morning  (. I  ul.v    17, 

1784)  live  hundred  assailants  appeared.     One 

man  was  killed,  the  buildings  were  luuncd,  and 
the  ollicers  of  the  law  were  driven  out  of  Pitts- 
burgh anil  compelled  to  flee  for  their  lives  ilmvn 
the  Ohio  River.  The  moh  were  led  by  John 
Holoroft,  who  assumed  the  name  of  Tom  the 
Tinker.  Leading  politicians  took  part  in  a 
public  meeting  at  Mingo  Creek  Meeting-house 
I. Inly  23),  Who  were  disposed  to  make  common 
cause  with  the  rioters.  They  finally  agreed  to 
call  a  convention  of  delegates  from  all  t  he  town- 
ships west  of  the  mountains,  and  from  the  ad- 
joining counties  of  Maryland  and  Virginia,  to 


EXECUTION  OF  QUAKERS  A 

meet  in  three  weeks  at  Parkinson's  Ferry,  on 
tin-  Monongabela.  A  few  days  afterwards  the 
mail  from  Pittsburgh  to  Philadelphia  was  inter 
oepted  and  robbed.     Two  leading  politicians— 

Bradford  and  Marshall — concerned  in  this  rob 
bery  forthwith  addressed  a  circular  letter  to 
the  Officers  of  the  militia  of  the  western  conn 
tics,  stating  that  letters  in  the  rifled  mail  re 
vealed  important  scents,  which  made  it  neces- 
sary for  the  military  to  act.  and  called  upon  the 
militia  to  muster,  on  Aug.  1.  at  Braddock's  Field 
with  arms  and  accoutrements  and  provisions  for 
four  days.  Full  seven  thousand  men  appeared 
at  the  appointed  rendezvous.  The  leaders  iii 
the  insurrection  were  elated.  The  meeting  at 
Parkinson's  Ferry  was  an  armed  convention. 
Colonel  Cook,  one  of  the  judges  of  Fayette 
County,  presided,  and  Albert  Gallatin  (after- 
ward- Secretary  of  the  Navy)  acted  as  secre- 
tary. Bradford  assumed  the  office  of  major- 
general  and  reviewed  the  troops.  It  was  his 
desigu  to  get  possession  of  Fort  Pitt  and  the 
arms  and  ammunition  therein,  but  finding  most 
of  the  militia  officers  unwilling  to  co-operate, 
he  abandoned  the  project.  The  excise-officers 
were  expelled  from  the  district,  and  many  out- 
rages were  'committed.  The  insurrectionary 
spirit  spread  into  the  neighboring  counties  of 
Virginia.  The  reign  of  terror  was  extended 
and  complete,  when  President  Washington,  act- 
ill';  with  energy,  sent  an  armed  force  and  quell- 
ed the  insurrection.  (See  Whiskey  Insurrection 
and  Quelling  of  tin:  Whiskey  Inswrection.) 

Execution  of  Quakers  in  Philadelphia. 
While  the  British  army  was  in  Philadelphia 
in  1T7-.  Joseph  Galloway,  an  active  Tory,  and 
others  employed  John  Roberts  and  Abraham 
Carlisle,  members  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  as 
secret  agents  in  detecting  foes  to  the  British 
government.  Carlisle  was  a  sort  of  inquisitor- 
general,  watching  at  the  entrances  to  the  city. 
pointing  out  and  oaOBillg  the  arrest  of  Whigs, 
who  were  fust  cast  into  prison  and  then  granted 
permissions  to  pass  the  lines.  Both  Roberts  and 
Carlisle  acted  as  guides  to  British  expeditions 
when  they  went  out  of  Philadelphia  to  fall  upon 
and  massacre  their  countrymen.  These  facts 
being  laid  before  Congress,  that  body  caused  the 
arrest  of  Roberts  and  Carlisle.    They  were  tried, 

fonud  guilty,  and  hanged. 

Executive  Departments.  When  tin  Con- 
gress under  the  National  Constitution  was  first 

organized  i  April,  1799)  the  executive  depart- 
ments of  the  old  Congress  were  still  ill  opera- 
tion. Having  made  provision  for  a  revenue, 
the  Congress  directed  their  attention  to  the  re- 
organization of  these  departments,  as  follows: 
The  State  Department  is  managed  by  the  Secre- 
tary of  State  and  two  assistant  secretaries.  It 
was  created  in  1781,  as  the  Department  of  For- 
eign Affairs.  It  has  a  diplomatic  branch,  a  con- 
sular branch,  a  disbursing  agent,  a  translator,  a 
oleri  of  appointments  and  commissions,  a  clerk 
of  t  he  rolls  and  archives,  of  territorial  business, 
and  of  pardons  and  passports,  and  a  superinten- 
dent of  statistics.  The  Treasury  DaptHtmtni  is 
in  ebarge  of  the  Set  retarj  of  the  Treaaurj  and 


8  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENTS 

two  assistant  secretaries,  and  is  composed  of  the 
following  bureaus:  Of  the  Secretary,  first,  sec- 
ond, and  third  comptroller;  of  Commissioner  of 


Tilt   STATE    DEPARTMENT. 


Customs,  first,  second,  third,  fourth,  fifth,  and 
sixth  auditors;  of  the  Treasurer,  of  the  Regia- 
ter,  of  the  Solicitor,  of  the  Light-house  Hoard, 
of  the  United  States  Coast  Survey,  of  Internal 

Revenue,  of  the  Comptroller  of  the  Currency, 


Till:    TKf  (.SI  K\     mi'AKTMENT. 


and  of  the  Bureau  of  Construction.  It  also  h.i 
the  control  of  the  United  States  Mint :  and  also 
of  a  Special  Commission  of  Internal  Revenue,  a 
Director  of  Statistics,  and  a  Supervising  Archi- 
tect. The  War  Depot  Hunt  is  in  obarge  of  the 
Secretary  of  War  ami  one  regular  assistant. 
The  following  bureaus  are  attached  to  this  de- 
partment: of  the  CommandiDg- general,  Adju- 
tant-general, Quartermaster-general,  Pa\  master- 
general,  Commissary-general,  Surgeon  -general, 
of  Engineers, Topographical  and  Ordnance,  and. 

at   one  lime,  of  Refugees  and   Ficedmcn.      |  I'm 

seal  of  this  department,  see  Board  of  War.)    The 
Wiri/  Department  is  in  obarge  of  the  Secretary  of 

l  In    Navy,  and   its   functions  an'  discharged  by 

iry    and   one  assistant   secretary    and 

eight  bureaus,  as  follows:   Of  Tarda  and  Pocks. 

Navigation,  Ordnance,  Construction    and    K'e- 
pairs,  Bquipmeul    ami    Recruiting,  Proviatooa 


EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENTS  4 

and  Clothing,  Steam  Engineering,  and  of  Medi- 
cine and  Surgery.  A  Marine  Corps  is  attached 
to  the  navy,  and  the  entire  supervision  of  it  is 


SEAL  OF  THE   NA\ 


DEPARTMENT. 


d  EXETER,  N.  H.,  FOUNDED 

nary  duties  of  the  office  are,  1.  To  give  legal 
opinions  when  called  for  by  the  President  or 
heads  of  departments;  2.  To  examine  the  titles 


ysJN/W 


SEAL  OF   THE   WSlurfll  E   DEPARTMENT. 

vested   in   a  colonel  commandant,  whose  orders  of  all  lands  pnrch&aed   by  the  government;   3. 

An  dutj   are  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  the  To  receive  all  applications  for  pardons;  4.  To 

Navy.     The  Interior  Department  is  in  charge  of  receive   all   applications  for  .judicial  appoiut- 

the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  and  one  assistant  ments:  •">.  To  conduct  tin'  suits  of  the  United 

secretary,  who  nave  the  supervision  and  man-  states  government  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 


skw.  up  i iik  nrmioa  difabtxbnt, 

agement  of  the  following  branches  of  the  pub- 
lic sen  ice  :   The  public  lands,  pensions,  Indians. 

Patent -office,  Department  of  Agriculture,  and 
Bateau  of  Education,  Tin'  latter  is  an  inde- 
pendent   bureau,  with  a   commissioner.     The 

Deportment  i-  under  the  direction  and 
management    of  the   Postmaster  -  genera]   and 

-taut  postmaster-generals.  Its  man- 
agement is  distributed  amoug  several  bureaus, 
as  follows:  Of  Appointments,  in  charge  of  the 
First  Assistant  Postmaster-general;  Contracts, 
in  obarge  of  the  Second  Assistant ;  Finance, in 
aharge  of  the  I  bird  Assistant :  Money  Order,  in 
charge  of  s  Superintendent ;  Inspection  and  Di- 
vision, Topographical  Division, and  an  Auditor's 
Department.     The  Attorney-general'i  Department, 

or  Department  of  Justice,  is  ler  the  control  of 

the  United  States  Attorney-general.     The  ordi- 


SEAL  OF  attorm:v  liEM.RAI.  s  department. 

States;  6.  To  have  supervision  of  all 

suits  arising  in  any  of  the  departments,  when 
referred  by  the  head  thereof  to  the  Attorney- 
general.     The  head  of  this  depart  inent  was  first 

made  a  cabinet  officer  in  L849,  when  the  De- 
partment of  the  Interior  was  created  and  its 
Secretary   made  a  cabinet  minister. 

Exeter,  N.  H.,  Founded.  When  Rev.  John 
Wheelwright,  a  kinsman  of  Anne  Hutchinson, 
was  driven  from  Boston  in  1638,  he  founded  a 
church  at  Squaniscot  Falls,  and,  at  the  same 
time,  a  body  politic  upon  a  purely  democratic 
model,  and  called  the  settlement  Exeter,  l.v  BTJ 
man,  without  regard  to  his  theological  views, 
had  a  voice  in  choosing  rulers  annually,  and 
two  assistants  to  eaeli  ruler.  When,  in  1641, 
New  Hampshire  came  under  the  jurisdiction  of 
Massachusetts,  Wheelwright's   political    policy 


EXMOUTH 


460  EXPEDITION  DOWN  THE  ST.  LAWRENCE 


was  respected;  and  he  had  the  satisfaction  of 
seeing  the  rights  of  his  freemen  allowed,  with- 
out regard  to  their  religion,  hy  the  colony  which 
h;nl  banished  him. 

Exmouth  (Edward  Pellew),  Viscount.  Eng- 
lish admiral,  was  born  at  Dover,  England.  April 
19, 1757 ;  died  at  Teignmonth,  Jan.  23, 1833.  He 
entered  the  navy  at  the  age  of  thirteen  years, 
tirst  distinguished  himself  in  the  battle  on 
Lake  Champlain  in  1776,  and  rendered  great 
assistance  to  Burgoyne  in  bis  invasion  of  New 
York.  He  became  a  post-captain  in  1782.  For 
the  first  capture  of  a  vessel  of  the  French  navy 
(  1792 )  in  the  war  with  France,  Pellew  was 
knighted  and  employed  in  blockading  tbe 
French  coast.  For  bravery  in  saving  the  peo- 
ple of  a  wrecked  ship  at  Plymouth  in  1796  be 
was  made  a  baronet.  Pellew  was  in  Parlia- 
ment in  1802,  but  in  1804  was  again  in  the  na- 
val service;  was  promoted  to  rear-admiral,  and 
made  commander-in -chief  in  the  East  Indies, 
when  be  annihilated  the  Dutch  naval  force 
there.  He  was  created  Baron  Exmouth  in  1814, 
made  a  full  Admiral  of  the  Blue,  and  allowed  a 
pension  of  $10,000  a  year.  With  a  fleet  of  nine- 
teen ships,  he  brought  the  Dey  of  Algiers  to 
terms  in  1816,  and  liberated  about  twelve  hun- 
dred prisoners. 

Expedition  against  Acadia  ( 1755  ).  Gov- 
ernor Shirley,  of  Massachusetts,  and  Governor 
Laurence,  of  Nova  Scotia,  had  arranged  an  ex- 
pedition, in  the  campaign  of  1755  (see  French 
and  Indian  War),  to  drive  the  French  out  of  the 
latter  province.  There  was  much  enthusiasm 
excited  in  New  England  in  favor  of  this  expe- 
dition, for  there  was  still  a  dread  of  forays  on 
the  frontiers  by  the  French  and  Indians  in  the 
East.  Three  thousand  men,  under  General  John 
Winslow,  sailed  from  Boston  (May  20),  and  land- 
ed at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  There 
they  were  joined  by  Colonel  Monckton  with 
three  hundred  British  regulars  from  a  neigh- 
boring garrison,  and  that  officer,  having  official 
precedence  of  Winslow,  took  command.  They 
captured  the  forts  there  in  possession  of  the 
French  fin  June),  and  placed  the  whole  country 
under  martial  rule.  Then  the  English  proceed- 
ed to  commit  a  most  flagrant  crime  in  driving 
iln  French  inhabitants  out  of  their  country, 
dispersing  them,  without  resources,  among  the 
English  colonies,  and  confiscating  all  their  prop- 
erty, which  they  did  not  allow  them  to  take 
away.      (See  Avadianx,  Expulsion  of  the.) 

Expedition  against  Florida  (1778).  Tory 
refugees  from  Georgia  acquired  considerable  in- 
fluence Over  the  Creek  Indians,  and  from  east 
Florida,   especially    from    St.    Augustine,    made 

predator]  excursions  among  their  former  neigh 
bom  General  Robert  Howe,  than  command- 
ing the  Southern  Department,' was  ordered  from 
Charleston  to  Savannah  to  prated  the  Geor 

ghjUIS  and  attack   St.  Augustine.      A   considera- 
ble body  of  troops  led  bj  Bowe,  and  accompa- 
nied bj  General  Houstonn,  of  Georgia,  penetrat- 
i  u  tin-  si.  M:u\'s  i;i\er.  where  sink- 
of  draught-horses,  and  disputes  about 

Command  (becked  the  expedition   and  cau-ed  it 


to  ho  abandoned.  The  refugees  in  Florida  re- 
taliated by  an  invasion  in  their  turn. 

Expedition  down  the  St.  Lawrence  (1813). 
General  Armstrong,  Secretary  of  War,  planned 
another  invasion  of  Canada  in  the  autumn  of 
1813.  There  had  been  a  change  in  the  military 
command  on  the  northern  frontier.  For  some 
time  the  infirmities  of  General  Dearborn,  the 
commander-in-chief,  had  disqualified  him  for 
active  service,  and  in  June  (1813)  he  was  super- 
seded by  General  James  Wilkinson,  who,  like 
Dearborn,  had  been  an  active  young  officer  in 
the  Revolution.  Leaving  Flournoy  in  command 
at  New  Orleans,  Wilkinson  hastened  to  Wash- 
ington city,  when  Armstrong  assured  him  he 
would  find  fifteen  thousand  troops  at  his  com- 
mand on  the  borders  of  Lake  Ontario.  On 
reaching  Sackett's  Harbor  (Aug.  20),  he  found 
one  third  of  the  troops  sick,  no  means  for  trans- 
portation, officers  few  in  number,  and  both  of- 
ficers and  men  raw  and  undisciplined.  After 
some  movements  on  the  lake,  Wilkinson  found 
himself  at  Sackett's  Harbor  iu  October,  sick 
with  lake-fever.  Armstrong  was  there  to  take 
personal  charge  of  preparations  for  an  attack 
upon  Kingston  or  Montreal.  Knowing  the  per- 
sonal enmity  between  Wilkinson  and  Wade 
Hampton,  Armstrong,  accompauied  hy  the  ad- 
jutant-general, bad  established  the  headquar- 
ters of  the  War  Department  at  Sackett's  Har- 
bor to  promote  harmony  between  these  two  old 
officers,  and  to  add  efficiency  to  the  projected 
movements.  Wilkinson,  not  liking  this  inter- 
ference of  Armstrong,  wished  to  resign  ;  but  the 
latter  would  not  consent,  for  he  had  no  oilier 
officer  of  experience  to  take  his  place.  After 
much  discussion,  it  was  determined  to  pass 
Kingston    and  make  a   descent    upon  Montreal. 

For  weeks  the  bustle  of  preparation  was  great, 

and  many  armed  boats  and  transports  had  been 
built  at  the  Harbor.  On  Oct.  17  orders  were 
given  for  the  embarkation  of  the  troops  at 
Sackett's  Harbor,  and  General  Hampton,  then 
halting  on  the  banks  of  the  Chateaugay  River, 
was  ordered  to  move  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  at  the 
mouth  of  that  stream.  The  troops  at  the  Har- 
bor were  packed  in  scows,  bateaux,  Durham 
boats,  and  common  lake  sail-boats,  at  the  begin- 
ning of  a  dark  night,  with  an  impending  storm 
hovering  over  the  lake.  Before  morning  there 
was  a  furious  gale,  with  tain  and  sleet,  and  the 
boats  were  scattered  in  every  direction.  The 
shores  of  the  little  islands  in  that  region  Mere 
strew  n  with  wrecks,  and  fifteen  large  boats  w  ere 
totally  lost.  On  the  20th  a  large  number  of  the 
troops  and  saved  boats  arrived  at  Grenadier 
Island,  near  the  entrance  to  the  St.  Law  lencc. 
There  they  were  finally  all  gathered.  The  dam- 
age and  loss  of  stores,  etc,  was  immense.  The 
troops  remained  encamped  until  Nov.  l.    The 

snow  had  fallen  to  the  depth  of  ten  inches. 
Delay  would  be  dangerous,  and  on  Oct.  '.»  Gen 
era!  Brown  and  his  division  pushed  forward,  In 

the    face   of  a    tempest,  to    French  Creek,  at    the 

village  of  Clayton,  on  tin-  Bt.  Law- 

l  bauncey  at  tin-  same  time  made  an 

ineffectual  attempt  to  blockade  the  British  rea- 

sels  in  the  harbor  of  Kingston.      British  marine 


EXPEDITION  OF  CAPTAIN  WILLING     461 


EXPRESS  BUSINESS,  THE 


scouts  were  out  among  the  Thousand  Islands. 
They  discovered  the  Americans  at  French  Creek, 
where,  on  the  afternoon  of  Nov.  1,  there  was  a 
sharp  fight  between  the  troops  and  British 
schooners  and  gunboats  filled  with  infantry. 
Tin-  remainder  of  the  troops,  with  Wilkinson, 
came  down  from  Grenadier  Island,  and  on  the 
clear  and  cold  morning  of  the  5th  the  whole 
flotilla,  comprising  three  hundred  bateaux,  pre- 
ceded by  gunboats,  rilled  with  seven  thousand 
troops,  went  down  the  St.  Law  fence,  pursued  by 

British  troops  in  a  galley  and  gunboats,  through 

the.  sinuous  ohannehl  of  the  Thousand   Islands 

The  same  evening  the  belligerents  bad  a  tight 

by  moonlight  in  Alexandria  Bay,  and  land  troops 
from  Kingston  reached  Present t,  opposite  Og- 
densburg,  at  the  same  time.  Wilkinson  disem- 
barked his  army  just  above  Ogdensbarg,  ami 
marched  to  some  distance  below  to  avoid  the 
batteries  at  Prescott.  Brown,  meanwhile,  suc- 
cessfully took  the  flotilla  past  Prescott  on  the 
night  of  the  6th,  and  the  forces  were  renuited 

four  miles  below  Ogdcnsburg.  Then  Wilkin- 
son was  informed  thai  the  Canada  shores  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  were  lined  with  posts  of  musketry 
and  artillery  to  dispute  the  passngn  of  the  flotil- 
la.    To  meet  this  emergency, Colonel  Alexander 

McComb  was  detached  with  twelve  hundred  of 
the  bc-t  troops  of  the  army,  and  on  the  Tib  land- 
ed on  the  Canada   shore.      He   was   followed  by 

Lieutenant -colonel  Forsyth  with  his  riflemen. 
On  the  -lb  a  council  of  war  was  bcbl.  ami.  after 
receiving  a  report  from  Colonel  .J.  G.  s«  iti,  the 
active  chief-engineer,  concerning  the  strength 
of  the  army, the  question  "Shall  the  army  pro- 

eeed  with  all  possible  rapidity  to  the  attack  of 
Montreal  .'"   was  considered,  and    was   answered 

in  the  affirmative.  General  Brown  at  once 
crossed  the  river  with  bis  brigade.     Meanwhile 

a   large   reinforoemenl    bad   o lown   from 

Kingston  to  Prescott,  and  were  marching  rap- 
idly forward  to  meet  the  American  Invaders.  A 
severe  engagement  ensued  at  Chrysler's  Field,  a 
few  miles  below  Williamsburg  i  Nov.  11,  1813), 

The  flotilla  was  then  at  the  bead  of  the  I g 

Rapids,  twenty  miles  below  Ogdensbnrg.  The 
Americana  were  beaten  in  the  fight  and  driven 
from  the  field  see  Ckrytla't  Field,  l'»n 
that  night  they  withdrew  t>>  the  boats.  The 
following  morning  the  flotilla  passed  the  Long 
Rapids  safely.     General  Wilkinson  was  ill.  and 

word   came   from    Hampton    that    he   would   not 

form  a  junction  with  Wilkinson's  troops  at  si. 
1  l  be  officers  were  unwilling  to  serve 

longer  nnder  the  incompetent  Wilkinson,  ami  it 
was  determined,  at  a  council  of  war,  to  abandon 
dition  against  Montreal.  The  troops 
went  into  w  inter  quarters  at  French  Mills  (  now 
Covington), on  the  Salmon  River. 

Expedition  of  Captain  Willing.  Pittsburgh 
was  made  the  headquarters  of  a  western  mili- 
tary department,  and  with  it  communication 
had  been  opened  with  New  Orleans.  From  thai 
city,  with  the  countenance,  if  not  the  aid,  of  the 

Spanish  governor,  Captain  Willing,  command- 
ing the  post  at  Pittsburgh, had  obtained  a  sop- 
pis   of  arms  and  ammunition.     While  In  the 

Southwest,  he    had  Invited   the    English   settlers 


in  west  Florida  to  join  the  American  Union,  but 
without  success  ;  and  when,  early  in  177d,  he  de- 
scended the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  for  another 
supply  of  arms  and  munitions,  obtaining  crews 
to  row  his  boats  back  to  Pittsburgh,  he  remained 
behind  with  his  followers,  seized  an  English  ves- 
sel on  the  river,  and.  proceeding  to  Baton  Rouge 
and  Matches,  burned  the  bouses  and  abducted  the 
slaves  of  English  planters.    He  was  captured  by 

a  British  force  sent  from  IVnsacola.  who  built 
forts  at  Maiishac,  Baton  Rouge,  and  Natchez. 

Expedition  of  George  Rogers  Clarke  1 177>i. 
It  was  ascertained  in  the  spring  of  1778  that  the 
English  governor  of  Detroit  (Hamilton)  was  in- 
citing the  Western  Indians  to  make  war  on  the 

A rican  frontiers.     Under  the  authority  of  the 

State  of  Virginia,  and  with  some  aid  from  it  in 
money  and  supplies,  George  Rogers  Clarke,  a 
pioneer,  enlisted    two    hundred    men    for    three 

months, with  whom  he  embarked  at  Pittsburgh 

and   descended   to   the   site   of  Louisville,  where 

thirteen   families,  follow  ing  in   his  train,  seated 

themselves  on  an  island  in  the  Ohio  I. In ne.  177>). 

ike  was  joined  by  some  Eentnokians, 

and.di  scending  the  river  some  distance  farther, 
hid  bis  boats  and  marched  to  attack  Kaskaskia 
(now  in  Illinois),  one  of  the  old  French  settle- 
ments mar  the  Mississippi.  The  expedition- 
ists  were  nearly  starved  when  they  reached  the 
town.  Taken  entirely  by  surprise,  the  inhabi- 
tants submitted  I. Inly  4,  17?-*  )  without  resi.M- 
iokia  and  two  other  posts  near  also 
submitted.  In  the  possession  of  the  comman- 
dant of  Kaskaskia  were  found  letters  directing 
him  to  stimulate  the  Indians  to  hostilities. 
Clarke  established  friendly  relations  with  the 
Spanish  commander  at  St.  Louis,  aCTOSS  the  Mis- 
sissippi. The  French  inhabitants  in  that  re- 
gion, being  told  of  the  alliance  between  France 
ami  the  United  States,  became  friendly  to  the 

Americans.  The  KaskaskiailS,  and  also  those 
of  Vincenues,  on  the  Wabash,  took  an  oath  of 
allegiance  to  Virginia,  and  Clarke  built  a  fort 
at  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio,  the  germ  of  Louisville. 
The  Virginia  Assembly  erected  the  conquered 
country,  embracing  all  the  territory  north  of 
the  Ohio  claimed  as  within  their  limits,  into 
the  country  of  Illinois,  ami  ordered  live  hundred 
linn  to  be  raised  for  its  defence. 

Expenditures  of  the  United  States  for  the 
War  for  Independence.  The  annual  expendi- 
tures of  the   (nited  States,  in  the  aggregate, 

for  the  war  had  been  at   tin-  rate  of  $20,000,000 

in  specie.  The  estimates  tor  1782  were  for 
18,000,000.    Yei  so  tardj  were  the  several  states 

in  raising  sums  tor  the  current  expenditures  of 
the  general  government,  that  in  the  firsl  live 
months    the    aggregate   amount    received    from 

them  was  0, "i   less  than  the 

estimated  expense  lor  a  single  day.  Of  this 
amount  not  a  dollar  had  been  received  from  the 
Eastern  or  the  Southern  Slates. 

Express  Business,  THB,  originated  in  the 
United  Slates  about  the  year  I-:'.?.  .lames  W. 
Hab'.  yet  (1880)  living,  conducted  a  news-room 
in  the  old  Tontine  Coffee-house,  at  the  corner 
of   Wall    and    Water    Streets,  New     York    city. 


EXPRESS  BUSINESS,  THE 


462  FAIRFAX  COURT-HOUSE,  SKIRMISH  AT 


One  day  a  young  man  (William  P.  Harnden) 
called  on  Hale  and  asked  his  advice  concerning 
business.  It  was  a  season  of  great  business  de- 
pression. Hale  had  daily  inquiries  about  per- 
sons travelling  between  New  York  and  Boston 
who  might  cany  small  packages.  He  found  that 
means  for  sending  small  packages  between  cities 
was  a  growing  want,  and  he  said  to  the  young 
man,  "I  think  that  if  you  will  travel  between 
New  York  and  Boston  on  the  steamboat  (there 
was  then  no  railway),  aud  do  errands  for  busi- 


ness men  in  both  places,  charging  a  fair  remu- 
neration for  your  services,  it  will  pay  you  well." 
Young  Harnden  tried  it  successfully,  and  such 
was  the  origin  of  "Harnden"s  Express  Compa- 
ny," the  hist  of  the  great  companies  which  have 
amassed  large  fortunes  by  the  business,  and  been 
of  incalculable  benefit  to  the  public.  But  Mr. 
Harnden,  the  founder  of  the  express  system,  by 
engaging  in  a  gigantic  emigration  scheme,  im- 
poverished himself  and  died  a  poor  man  in  1>4.">. 
tat  the  age  of  thirty-three  years. 


F. 


Fair  Messenger,  The.  While  General  Greene 
was  pursuing  Lord  Rawdon  to  wards  Orangeburg, 
he  wished  to  send  a  message  to  Genera]  Sumter, 
then  on  the  Sautee,  to  take  a  position  in  front 
of  the  enemy  and  impede  his  flight.  The  er- 
rand was  a  most  perilous  one,  and  no  man  in 
the  army  was  bold  enough  to  undertake  it,  for 
the  Tories  were  every  where  on  the  alert.  Em- 
ily Geiger,  a  brave  maiden  eighteen  years  of 
age,  volunteered  to  carry  the  letter  to  Sumter. 
Greene  told  Iter  its  contents,  so  that  in  case  she 
found  it  necessary  to  destroy  it  the  message 
might  be  delivered  orally.  The  girl  mount- 
ed a  fleet  horse,  crossed  the  Wateree  at  the 
Camden  Ferry,  and  while  passing  through  a 
dry  swamp  was  arrested  by  some  Tory  scouts. 


on  to  Sumter's  camp,  and  very  soon  he  and 
Marion  were  co-operating  with  Greene.  Emily 
Geiger  afterwards  married  a  rich  planter  on  the 
Congaree. 

Fairfax  Court-house,  Skikmisii  at  ( 1861 ). 
Rumors  prevailed  that  the  insurgents  were  at 
Fairfax  Court-house.  Lieuteuaut  C.H.Tompkins, 
with  seventy-live  cavalry,  was  sent  from  Arling- 
ton Heights  on  a  scout  in  that  direction.  He  left 
late  in  the  evening  of  May  31,  and  reached  the 
village  of  Fairfax  Conrt-house  at  three  o'clock 
the  next  morning,  where  Colonel  Ewcll.  late 
of  the  United  States  Army,  was  stationed  with 
several  hundred  insurgents.  Tompkins  capt- 
ured the  pickets  and  dashed  into  the  town, 
driving  the  insurgents  before  him.     There  they 


uun  ot  km 


As    she    came    from    the    direction    "i 
arms   her  errand  was  suspected.      She  was   tak- 
en   in  a    honM  at    tin'  edge   Of  a  swamp,  and  a 
woman    employed    to    search    her.       When    left 

al she  ale   up  Greeiie't    letter  piece   by    piece, 

and    U"   evidence   being    found    BgaiUBl    her  -he 

•  man)  apologies,     she  passed 


were  reinforced,  and  a  severe  skirmish  occurred 

in  the  Streets.  Shots  were  tired  II  poll  the 
1'nion  troops  from  windows.  Finding  him- 
self greatly  outnumbered  by  the  Confederates, 
Tompkins  retreated, taking  with  him  live  folly 

armed  prisoners  and  two  horses.  He  lost  one 
man  killed,  four  wounded,  and  one  missing,     lie 


also  lost  twelve  horses  and  their  equipments. 
About  twenty  of  the  insurgents  were  killed  or 
wounded. 

Fairfax,  Thomas,  sixth  Lord  and  Baron  of 
Cameron,  was  a  friend  and  patron  of  Washing- 
ton in  hiw  youth.  H<-  was  born  in  England  in 
1691, and  died  al  bis  lodge,  Greenway  Court,  in 
Frederick  County,  Va.,  Dec  12,  1781.  He  was 
edneated  at  Oxford;  was  a  contributor  to  Ad- 
dison's Spectator,  and  finally,  soured  by  disap- 
pointments, quitted  England  forever,  and  set- 
tled on  the  vast  landed  estate  in  Virginia  which 
be  had  inherited  from  his  mother,  daughter  of 
Lord  Cnlpepper.     (See  Culpepper.)     He  built  a 

lodge  in  the  midst  of  ten  thousand  BOTeS  of 
land,  some  of  it  arable  and  excellent  for  graz- 
ing, where  he  resolved  to  build  a  line  mansion 
and  live  a  sort  of  hermit  lord  of  a  vast  do- 
main.     He    w;is  at   middle   age   when    he    e;tinr 

to  America.  He  never  built  the  great  man- 
sion, but  lived  a  solitary  life  in  the  lodge  he 
had    built,   which    he    called    Giveaway    Court. 


3  FALL  OF  BRITISH  POSTS 

sure,"  he  said,  "  it  is  time  for  me  to  die."    A  bal- 
lad gives  the  sequel  as  follows : 

"  Then  up  rose  Joe,  all  at  the  word. 

And  took  li is  master's  arm, 
Anil  to  his  bed  lie  Boftly  led 

The  lord  of  fireenvvay  farm. 
Then  thrice  he  called  on  Britain's  name, 

And  thrice  he  wept  full  gore, 
Then  sighed.    O  Lord,  thy  will  he  done!' 

And  word  spoke  never  more.'' 

Falkland  Islands,  Aitaii:  at  the  (1831). 
The  policy  of  President  Jackson  towards  for- 
eign nations  was  intimated  in  his  instructions 
to  Louis  McLane,  his  first  minister  to  Euglaild, 
in  which  he  s;iid,  •'  Ask  nothing  but  what  is 
right;  submit  to  nothing  that  is  wrong."  In 
this  spirit  he  dealt  with  the  lessee  of  the  Falk- 
land Islands,  lying  east  of  Patagonia,  South 
America.  These  islands  were  under  the  pro- 
tection of  Buenos  Ayree,  and  had  been  based  to 
Don  Louis  Vernet,  who  undertook  to  compel 
sailing  vessels  to  take  out  license  to  catch  seals 
under  his  authority.  Having  captured  three 
American  vessels,  when  the   news  of  this  and 


.     col  KT. 


There  young  Washington  first  met  him  and  be- 
came a  frequent  visitor,  for  Fairfai  found  him 

a  bright  young  man,  a  a 1  hunter,  in   which 

spm  t  he  himself  loved  to  engage,  and  useful 
to  him  as  ;i  surveyor  of  his  lands.  He  beoame 
\cty  fond  of  the  yonng  surveyor,  who  was  a 
loved  companion  of  George  William  Fairfax,  a 
kinsman  of  I. mil  Fairfax.  Many  visitors  went 
to  Greenwaj  Court,  and  tin-  hospitable  owner 

■Iwaya  treated  everybody  kindly.      There  Lord 

Fairfax  lived  during  the  storms  of  the  French 
and  Indian  War,  ami  of  the  Revolution,  taking 
no  part  in  public  affairs,  but  always  a  stanch 

loyalist.      When   the  news  came  that   his  VOOng 

friend   Washington   had  captured   Cornwallis, 

he  was  ninety  scars  of  age.  lie  was  over- 
come with   emoti and    he  called  to   his  body- 

servant.  Joe,  in  oarrj   him  to  his  bed,  "  lor  I  am 


other  outrages  reached  the  United  States,  the 
President,  always  prompt  in  the  vindication  of 

the  rights  of  his  countrymen  against  foreign 
aggressors,  sent  Captain  Duncan,  in  the  ship- 
of-war  Lexington, to  protect  American  Bealere  in 

that  region.  In  December,  1831,  he  broke  up 
Yerncl's  establishment,  restored  the  captured 
property   to  the   owners,  and   sent    seven   of  the 

most    prominent    actors  to   Buenos  Ayres   for 

trial      The    authorities    of   that    republic    were 

indignant  at    this  treatment  of  Vernet,  as   he 

was  under  the  protection  of  their  flag,  but   they 

did  not  think  it  proper  to  pursue  the  affair  be- 
yond a  vigorous  protest. 

Fall  of  British  Posts.     In  the  course  of  .me 
week  tin  1781)  four  British  posts  mi  the  verge 

of  the  upper  country  of  Smith  Carolina  fell  into 
i  he  hands  of  the  Americans.     These  posts  formed 


FALL  OF  FORT  SUMTER 


4C4 


FALL  OF  FORT  SUMTER 


part  of  a  line  of  military  connection  between 
Charleston  and  Camden,  and  so  on  to  Ninety- 
six.  Greene  sent  out  Marion  and  Lee  to  at- 
tempt their  capture,  and  they  were  successful. 
Oratlgebnrg  was  taken  May  11  ;  Fort  Motte,  May 
12;  t  lie  post  at  Nelson's  Ferry,  May  14;  and  Fort 
Gran  by,  Ma;  lb.  Nelson's  Ferry  is  on  the  San- 
tee,  at  the  month  of  Futaw  Creek,  about  fifty 
miles  from  Charleston.  Port  Nelson,  situated  a 
few  miles  above,  was  oaptnred  on  April  16.   Fort 

Motte  was  near  the  junction  oft  lie  Wateree  and 
Congaree  rivers,  and  was  the  most  important 
of  all  these  minor  posts. 

Fall  of  Fort  Sumter.  For  three  months  af- 
ter the  expulsion  of  the  Star  of  the  West  from 
Charleston  harbor,  Major  Anderson  and  his  lit- 
tle garrison  in  Fort  Sumter  Buttered  and  toiled 
until  their  provisions  were  exhausted,  and  a 
formidable  army  and  forts  and  batteries,  all  pre- 
pared for  the  reduction  of  that  fort,  had  grown 
up  around  them.  The  Charleston  newspapers 
and  politicians  at  public  gatherings  had  been 
constantly  inflaming  the  public  mind  with  po- 
litical excitement,  calling  the  fort  the  "Bastile 
of  the  Federal  Union, "  and  declared  that  "the 

fate  of  the  Southern  Confederacy  hung  by  the 
ensign  halyards  of  Fort  Sumter."  The  Legis- 
lature of  Smith  Carolina  authorized  the  organ- 
ization often  thousand  men,  and  M.  L.  Honham, 
late  member  of  Congress,  was  appointed  major- 
general  of  the  state  forces.  Volunteers  from  ev- 
ery pari  id' the  Confederacy  Hocked  into  Charles- 
ton, and  at.  the  close  of  March  not  less  than  sev- 
en thousand  armed  men  and  one  hundred  and 
twenty  pieces  of  cannon,  mounted  on  logs  and 
earthworks,  were  menacing  Major  Anderson  and 
his  little  garrison.  These  were  under  the  gen- 
eral command  ofP.G.T.  Beauregard,  a  Louisi- 
ana Creole,  who  had  deserted  his  Hag,  and  been 
commissioned  a  brigadier-general  by  Jefferson 
Davis.  He  had  arrived  at  Charleston  on  March 
1.        Fori    Sumter    had    been    built    for    defence 

against  external, not  internal  foes.  Its  strong- 
est sides  were  towards  the  sea  ;  its  weakest 
side  was  towards  Morris  Island,  three  fourths 
of  a  mile  distant.  On  that  side  were  its  sally- 
port and  docks.  On  that  island  the  insurgents 
creeled  a  formidable  battery,  shielded  by  rail- 
road iron,  making  it  bomb-proof.  Two  other 
batteries  were  erected  OH  the  same  island,  and 
tinned  with  ( 'oluinbiads  and  mortars.  Tiny 
were  all  fully  manned.  At  Fort  Moultrie  and 
Other  points  were  batteries  bearing  on  Sum- 
ter. The  insurgents  had  also  created  a  em  ions 
monster  for  the  water,  in  the  form  of  ■  huge  float- 
ing-battery, made  of  pine  and  palmetto  logs,  and 
plated    with    railway-iron.       Major   Anderson's 

bearing  bad  won  for  him  the  most  cordial  cs- 

tee ftbe civil  authorities  in  Charleston.     The 

faithful  Peter  Hart  was  hi-  judicious  messenger 

OH  till  occasions  (see  /•'/>*/  1,'t  iii/nir/  mi  nt  of  Siim- 
/ir),  and  his  trusted  caterer  for  the  garrison  m 
fle-h  provisions  in  the  Charleston  inaiket.  A 
BOUroe  Ofgreal  anxiety  had  been  removed  when. 
on  Feb.  3,  the  women  and  children   t  I  \\  <  ■  1 1 1  \    in 

number)  were  re red  from  the  fori  and  taken 

fork.     During  March  rumors  were  ev- 
erywhere afloat  that  the  government  was  about 


to  give  up  Fort  Sumter  to  the  Carolinians.  An- 
derson was  perplexed  by  these  rumors,  but  held 
firmly  to  his  determination  to  defend  it.  Beau- 
regard made  (Match  25)  a  proposition  for  its 
surrender  on  degrading  terms,  to  which  the  ma- 
jor replied  with  warmth,  "If  1  can  only  be  per- 
mitted to  leave  on  the  pledge  you  mention,  I 
shall  never,  so  help  me  God.  leave  this  fort  alive." 
Beauregard  apologized.  The  message  of  the 
President  to  Governor  Pickens  (see  Relief  of  Fort 
Sumter)  produced  a  crisis.  It  caused  intense  ex- 
citemeut  throughout  the  Confederacy,  and  espe- 
cially at  Charleston.  Beauregard  received  a 
despatch  from  the  government  at  Montgomery 
(April  1(1),  conditionally  authorizing  him  to  de- 
mand the  surrender  of  Fort  Sumter.  He  deter- 
mined to  make  the  demand  at  twelve  o'clock 
the  next  day.  All  the  military  and  the  batte- 
ries around  Charleston  harbor  were  made  ready 
for  action.  Politicians  had  been  urging  this  blow 
for  some  time.  Roger  A.  Pryor,  lately  a  member 
of  Cougress  from  Virginia,  and  a  venerable  man 
from  the  same  state  named  Edmund  Kttffin  were 
among  the  foremost  in  urging  an  attack  upon 
Fort  Sumter.  They  wished  it  for  its  effect  on 
the  politics  of  the  state.  The  Virginia  Conven- 
tion was  yet  full  of  Unionists.  (See  Virginia 
Sicission  Ordinance.)  On  the  night  of  the  10th, 
while  Charleston  was  rocked  with  excitement, 
Pryor  harangued  the  multitude  on  the  occasion 
of  his  being  serenaded.  Se  thanked  the  Carolin- 
ians for  having  "annihilated  this  cursed  Union, 
reeking  with  corruption,  and  insolent  with  ex- 
cess of  tyranny.     Thank  God,"  he  said, " it  is  at 

last  blasted  and  riven    by   the   lightning  wrath 

of  an  outraged  and  indignant  people."  Refer- 
ring to  the  doubtful  position  of  Virginia,  he  said: 
"Do  not  distrust  Virginia.  As  sure  as  to-mor- 
row's sun  will  rise  upon  us,  just  so  sure  will  Vir- 
ginia be  a  member  of  the  Southern  Confederacy. 
And   I  will  tell   you,  gentlemen,  what   will  put 

her  in  the  Southern  Confederacy  in  less  than 
an  hour  by  Shrewsbury  dock—  Strike  a  blow/ 
The  \  ei  \  moment  that  blood  is  shed,  Old  Virginia 
will  make  common  cause  with  her  sisters  of  the 

South."  This  cry  for  blood,  sent  to  Montgom- 
ery by  telegraph, Was  repealed  at   the  capital  of 

the  Confederacy.  Mr.  Gilchrist,  a  member  of  the 
Alabama  Legislature,  said  to  l»a\  is  and  his  com- 
peers, "  Gentlemen,  unless  yon  Bpriukle  blood  in 

t  he  (aces  of  the  people  of  Alabama,  they  w  ill  be 
back   in   the  old   Union   in   less   than   ten   days." 

The  order  went  to  Beauregard  to  strike  the 
blow.    At  noon,  on  April  11.  he  sent  messengers 

to  demand  the  surrender  of  the  fort.      And.  imiii 

promptl]  refused,  but  told  tin-  messengers  that. 

Unless  his  government  sent  hitn  relief  before  t  he 

15th,  he  wonld  be  compelled  to  evacuate  the  fort 
for  want  of  supplies.  Towards  midnight,  after 
communicating  with  Montgomery,  Beauregard 

sent    the   same    measeUgl  rS    to    Anderson,  telling 

him  if  he  would  agree  to  evacuate  the  ton  on 

I  he  loth  it  should  not  be  attacked.  He  prom- 
ised to  do  so,  unless  he  should  be  relieved  'fins 
answer  was  gives  at  two  o'clock  on  the  morning 
of  the   l-.'ih.      Anderson   did  not   know   what   his 

government  was  doing  for  him.  for  a  messenger 

lioin  Washington  had  been  detained  ill  Charles- 


FALL  OK  FORT  SUMTER 


411;, 


FALL  OF  FORT  SUMTER 


ton.  The  insurgents  ili<l  know.  On  tlic  previ- 
ous evening,  scouts  had  discovered  the  Pawnee 
and  Harriet  Lane  outside  Charleston  bar,  bat- 
tling with  th«"  storm.  Their  report  startled  the 
Charleston  authorities.  No  time  was  to  be  lost, 
for  relief  for  Anderson  was  nigh.  At  midnight 
tlic  discharge  of  seven  heavy  guns  had  given 
a  signal  for  all  the  reserves  to  congregate.  The 
people  rushed  to  the  streets,  and  were  scarcely 
in  repose  again,  when  they  were  awakened  by 
another  alarm.  Word  had  been  sent  to  Ander- 
son that  a  bombardment  of  the  fort  was  about 
to  commence.  Suddenly  the  dull  booming  of  a 
mortar  at  Port  Johnson  was  heard,  and  a  fiery 
shell  went  flying  through  the  black  night.    Then 


and  shell  beat   hardest,  Surgeon  Crawford  as- 
scended   to  the  parapet,  and  beheld  the   relief- 
vessels  through  the  misty  air.    They  could  not 
get  over  the  bar,  for  its  sinuous  channel  was  un- 
certain.   The  workmen  at  the  guns  in  the  furl 
received  food  and  drink  while  at  their  posts,  and 
the]  toiled  on  wearily  until  dark,  n  hen  the  port- 
holes w  ere  closed.    The  ensuing  night  was  dark 
and  stormy,  with  high  wind  ami  tide.      A  slow 
bombardment  of  the  fort  was  kept  up  all  night. 
The  storm  ceased  before  t  he  dawn.     The  sun  rose 
in  splendor.     The  cannonade  and  bombardment 
was  fiercely  renewed.      K'ed-hot  shot  were  hurl 
ed  into  the   fort.     The  barracks  and  officers' 
quarters  wan  consumed.     The  powder-maga- 
zine   was   shielded    as   well    as 
possible.     On   the  morning  of 
the    13th    no   food   was  left    for 
the   garrison   to   eat   but    salted 

g,  pork.  Tin'  flames  spread,  and 
the  sally-port  was  consumed. 
To  prevent   explosion,  ninety 

barrels  id'  gunpowder  were 
lolled  into  the  water.  The  heat 
and    vapor   became   stilling   in 

the  foil.  \et   the  exhausted  gSJ- 

rison  kept  the  old  flag  flying. 

Eight  times  its  stall'  had  been 
hit  without  serious  injury  ;  but 
at  near  two  o'clock  thai  day 
the  stall'  was  shot  oil'  near  the 
peak,  and,  with  the  flag,  fell 
among  the  gleaming  cinders. 
Lieutenant  Mall  rescued  the 
precious  bunting  before  it  took 
tile.      Peter   Hall   (see    Fust   /.*,- 

iiifonriiii  hi  of  Sumter)  carried  it. 
with  the  piece  of  the  stall,  ami 
fastened    it,  w  here    the    soiled 
;    jjuna   on    Mollis   [aland  opened   upon     banner  was  kept   flying  defiantly.      Not   far  oil. 

Fort  Sumter,  and  a  furious  attack  began.  At  eighty-five  yean  before,  a  flag  had  been  plant. 
his  own  request,  the  venerable  Virgiuian  Kd-  ed  by  Sergeant  Jasper,  battling  for  the  estab- 
m 1  kuitiii  fired  the  first  shot  at  Sumter.  Lishnient  of  American  nationality ;  now  defend- 
Other  batteries  opened.    Fort  8nmter  remained  en  of  the  flag  were  battling  for  its  mainte- 

silenl.  The  men  were  in  the  bom  b-pi  oofs,  for  nance.  At  about  this  hour  Senator  Wigfall 
there   were   not    enough   to   man  the  gnns  prop-     appeared   at    the   fort,  to    persuade   Anderson   to 

erly.    The  officers  ami  men  were  arrauged  in    surrender,  but    failed.      (See    Wigfall  at    Fori 

three  reliefs.     The  til  st  w  us  commanded  by  ( 'ap-     Sumter.)        Soon     afterwards     aids     came     IV 


WTKRKAI.  APPKARAJICE  OP   FORT   S1MTBR 


TI1K    llilMIUMDMI  NT, 


tain  Doubleday,  the  second  bj  Snrgeon  Craw- 
ford, and  the  i  bird  by  1  Jen  tenant  Snyder.  Thus 
prepared,  Anderson  ordered,  at  seven  o'clock  in 

the  morning,  a  reply  to  the  attack.  The  fust 
shot  was  sent  by  Captain  Doubleday,  ai  the 
Strong  battery  on   Morris   Island,  when   all  the 


Beauregard    for    the    same    purpose:    and    then 

other  deputations  appeared ;  but  Anderson  re- 
fused to  Mil-render  the  fori  Finally,  when 
shot    and  shell  and  flame  and   lack   of  food    had 

rendered   i he   garrison   helpless,  be  agreed   to 

evacuate  the   fort,  the  garrison  departing  with 


her  batteries  were  assailed  by  shots  frem  Fort  company   aims  and   property   ami  all   private 

Sumter.     The  liisl  shot  sent  against  Fort   Moul-  property,   and     the    privilege    of   saluting    and 

trie    was   tired    by    Surgeon    (afterwards   Major-  retaining    the    old    flag.       Not    one   id'  the   ^;ir- 

general)  Crawford,     It  waa  caught  in  the  sand-  rison    had    been    killed    or   seriously    injured. 

bags,  and  afterwards  sent  as  a  present  to  George  That   night   they  enjoyed  undisturbed   repose. 

P.  Kane,  chief  of  Police  of  Baltimore,  one  of  the  The  bombardment  had  lasted  thirty-six  hours, 

DBOSf   active  disuniouists  there.     For  four  hours  and    over    three    thousand    shot    and    shell    had 

this   combat    lasted,  when    the    Bring   from    the  been  hurled  at   the   foil.       The  evacuation   took 

batteries   became    mole    concent  rated,  and  told  place   the   following   day    -the   Sabbath    (April 

tearfully   upon   the    walls   ami    parapets.     Some  II.    |Hd)         and    the    garrison    was    . -allied     in 

of  the  barbette  gnna  were  dismounted  and  oth-  a   small  steamboat   out   to  the   Baltic,  and  all 

ei  wise  disabled,  and   the   barracks   were  set    on  sailed     for     New      York.        The     fort     had     been 

lire.       The    garrison    had    heard    rumors   of   ap-  evacuated,    not     surrendered.        Anderson    bore 

proaohiUg   relief,  and    when   the   storm  of  shot  away    the    Hag    of    Sumter,    which    was    used 
I.— 30 


FALL  OF  MACKINAW  4< 

as   bis   winding  -  sheet,  and    was   buried    with 
him. 

Fall  of  Mackinaw  (1*1  2).  Fort  Holmes,  on 
the  Island  of  Mackinaw  (which  Bee),  was  garri- 
soned, in  1*1-2.  by  fifty-seven  American  sol- 
diers, nnder  the  command  <>1'  Lieuteuaut  Porter 
Haucks,  of  the  United  States  Artillery.     It  was 


FORT    MACK1N  II  K.    OR    M  o   KIN 


important  as  a  defence  of  tbe  fur-traders  and 
a  cbeck  npon  the  neighboring  Indians.  Tbe 
tent  was  on  a  bluff  overlooking  the  fine  harbor, 
and  with  an  nninterrnpted  view  of  Lake  Hu- 
ron on  the  northwest  and  Lake  Michigan  on  the 
west.  Ir  was  commanded  by  the  higher gronnd 
in  tbe  rear,  on  which  was  a  stockade,  defended 
by    two    block -bouses,  eaeb    mounting   a    brass 

6-ponnder.  It  was  isolated  from 
the  bannts  of  men  more  than 
half  the  year  by  barriers  of  ice 

and  snow,  and  exposed  to  at- 
tacks by  the  British  and  Indians 
a1  Fori  St.  Joseph,  Oil  an  island 
forty  miles  noil  beast  from  Mack- 
inaw, tben  commanded  by  Cap- 
tain Charles  Boberts.  When  Sir 
Isaac  Brock,  governor  of  Upper 

Canada.  recei\  ed  at  Fort  George, 

on  t In-  Niagara  River,  from  Brit- 
isb  spies,  notice  of  the  declara- 
tion of  war,  be  despatched  an 
express  to  Roberts,  ordering  him 
to  attack  Mackinaw  immediate- 
ly. He  was  directed  tosnmmon 
to  bis  assistance  tbe  neighbor- 
ing Indian-,  and  to  BBK  the  aid 
of  the  employes  of  the  North- 
western Pnr  Company.  On  the 
morning  of  July  Hi.  Roberta  em- 
barked with  a  strong  motley 
•  iviliaed  and  barbarian,  in 

boats,  bateaux,  and  canoes,  with 

two  6-p let  ■-.  and  convoyed  b\    tbe  In  iu'  <  nh 

doata,  belonging  to  tbe  Northwestern  FnrCom- 
pan]  ,loaded  witupro\  isions  and  stores.  Hancfca, 


3    FALLEN  TIMBERS,  BATTLE  OF 

suspicious  of  mischief,  sent  Captain  Daurman  to 
St.  Joseph, to  observe  tbe  temper  and  disposition 
of  the  British  there.  On  his  way  he  met  the  bos- 
tile  flotilla,  and  was  made  a  prisoner.  News  of' 
the  declaration  of  war  bad  not  reached  the  far- 
off  post  of  Mackinaw.  Tbe  overwhelming  force 
under  Roberts  landed,  and  took  possession  of 
the  fort  and  island.  Tbe  sum- 
mons to  surrender  was  tbe  first 
intimation  that  Haucks  bad  of 
the  declaration  of  war.  The  In- 
dians were  ready  to  massacre 
tbe  whole  garrison  if  any  re- 
sistance were  made.  Fortu- 
nately, it  was  surrendered  with- 
out tiring  a  gun. 

Fallen  Timbers,  BATTLE  OF. 
On  the  morning  of  Aug.  20, 1794, 
Genera]  Wayne, on  bisoampaign 
in  tbe  Indian  wilderness  see 
Wayntft  Indian  Campaign  |,  ad- 
vanced with  bis  whole  army 
from  bis  camp  at  Roche  de  Bout, 
at  the  head  of  the  Manmee 
Rapids,  according  to  a  plan  of 
march  prepared  by  bis  young 
aide-de-camp,  Lieutenant  Will- 
iam Henry  Harrison.  He  bad 
proceeded  about  five  miles,  w  hen 
they  were  smitten  with  a  ter- 
rible volley  of  bullets  from  a 
concealed  foe,  and  compelled  to 
fall  back.  They  were  on  the  borders  of  a  \  ast 
prairie,  at  a  dense  wood,  in  which  a  tornado  bad 
prostrated  many  trees,  making  the  movements 
of  mounted  men  very  difficult,  and  forming  an 
excellent  cover  for  tbe-  toe.  w  bo  were  composed 
of  Canadians  and  Indians,  two  thousand  ill  num- 
ber, posted  on  their  lines  within  supporting  dis- 
tance of  each  other.     But  Wayne's  troops  fell 


.^^^r 


Tl'KKKY  FOOT  8    K<H  K. 

upon  t  bem  with  fearful  energy,  and  made  tbein 

flee  towards  the  British  Fori  Miami,  below,  like  a 
herd  of  frightened  deer  for  am  at.  In  one  bom  the 


FALLING  WATERS,  SKJJKMISH  NEAR     467 


FANNING 


victory  was  complete.  The  fugitives  left  forty  of 

their  uumber  dead  in  the  pathway  of  their  llight. 
By  the  side  of  each  dead  body  lay  a  musket  and 
bayonet  from  British  armories.  Wayne  lost  in 
killed  and  wounded  one  hundred  and  thirty- 
three  men;  the  loss  of  his  foes  was  not  ascer- 
tained. On  the  battle-ground,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Maninee  Rapids,  is  a  limestone  rock,  on  which 
are  numerous  carvings  of  birds'  (Vet.  It  is  a 
stone  upon  which  Me-sa-sa.  or  Turkey  -  foot,  a 
renowned  chief,  leaped   when  he  saw  his  line  of 

dusky  warriors  giving  way,  and  by  voioe  and 
gesture  endeavored  to  make  them  stand  linn. 

He  fell,  pierced   by  a    iiiu-ket-ball,  and  died  by 

the  side  of  the  rock-.   Members  of  his  tribe  carved 

turkeys'  feet  upon  the  stone  in  commemoration 
of  him.  and  for  many  years  men.  women,  and 
children,  passing  there,  would  Linger  at  the 
stone,  place  dried  heel',  parched  corn,  and  pease, 
or  some  cheap  trinket  upon  it,  and,  calling  upon 
the  name  of  Me-sa-sa.  w  eep  piteously.  The  carv- 
ings perpetuate  the  English  name  of  the  chief. 

Falling  Waters,  Skirmish   \i  \n.      Embar- 
rassing telegraphic  despatches  were  received  by 
General  Patterson  near  Harper's  Ferrv 
nation  <>/  Harper's  Firry)  late  in  June.     He  was 
■agar  to  advance,  though  Johnston  had  a  greatly 

superior  force.      He  made  a  re< loissanceoii  the 

1st  of  .Inly,  and  on  the  -Jd,  with  the  permission 
Of  Scott,  he  put  the  whole  army  across  the  river 
at  vVilliamsport,  and  pushed  on  in  the  direction 
of  the  camp  of  tin-  insurgents.  Near  Palling  Wa- 
ters, flve  miles  from  the  ford  they  had  crossed, 
the  advanced  guard,  under  Colonel  John  J.  a.b- 
ercrombie,  which  had  arrived  at.  four  o'clock 
A.M.,  fell  in  with  .Johnston's  advance,  consisting 
of  three-  thousand  five  hundred  Infantry,  with 
Pendleton's  battery  of  field-artillery,  and  a  large 
force  of  cavalry,  under  Colonel  J.  E.  B.  Stuart, 
the.  whole  commanded bj  the  leader  afterwards 
known  as  "Stonewall"  Jackson.  Aherorombie, 
with  a  section  of  Perkins's  hat tery,  under  Lieu- 
tenant Hudson,  supported  by  the  first  troop  of 
Philadelphia    cavalry,  advanced    to  attack    the 

foe  with  a  warm  fire  of  musketry.  A  severe 
<• lie!  ensued,  in  which  McMulleu's  Philadel- 
phia Independent  Bangers  participated.     In  less 

than  half  an  hour,  when  Hudson's  cannons  had 
silenced  those  of  the  nisiii  gents,  and  Colonel 
George  H.  Thomas  was  coming  up  to  the  sup- 
port   of  Alicrcrombie,  Jacks perceiving  his 

peril,  fled,  and  was  hotlj  pursued  for  about  live 
miles,  w  hen.  the  iusurgents  beiug  reinforced,  the 

pursuit   ceased. 

Falmouth  (now  Portland)  Burned.     British 
cruisers  hovered  along  the  New  England  coast 

in  1775,  and  landed  men  occasionally  in  quest  of 

supplies.      They  were  someti S  rudely  handled 

by  the  people.  One  of  their  cruisers,  command- 
ed by  Lieutenant  Mowatt,  was  sent  to  Palmontb, 

where  the  loading  of  a  royal  mast  ship  had  been 
obstructed,  and  Mowatt  himself  had  been  arrest- 
ed and  treated  somewhat  rudely  a  short  time 
before.      On    the  refusal    of  the    inhabitants    to 

give  np  their  arms,  and  after  allowing  two  hours 

for  the  removal  of  the  women  and  children,  he 
bombarded   the   town,  and  live   hundred   houses 


were  presently  in  flames.  The  courageous  towns- 
people defeated  Mowatt's  attempt  to  land. 

Falmouth,  TREATY  at.  The  Penobscot  and 
Norridgewock  Indians  sent  delegates  to  a  con- 
ieience  at  Boston  (June  23,  1749),  and  there  pro- 
posed to  treat  for  peace  and  friendship  with  the 
New-Englauders.  A  treaty  was  soon  afterwards 
made  at  Palmontb,  N.  II.,  between  them  and  the 
St.  Francis  Indians,  by  which  peace  was  estab- 
lished. At  a  conference  held  at  St .  (ieorge's,  in 
York  County, Me.  (Sept.  •>(),  175:!),  the  treat]  at 
Falmouth  was  ratified  by  more  than  thirty  of 
the  PenobSOOt  Chiefs;  but  the  next  year,  when 
hostilities  between  Prance  and  England  began 
anew,. these  eastern  Indians  showed  signs  of  en- 
mity to  the-   Euglish.      With  live   hundred  men. 

t  he  ( toveroor  of  Massachnset  ts,  accompanied  by 
Colonel  Mascarene,  a  commissioner  from  Nova 
Scotia,  Major-general  Wiuslow,  commander  of 

the  forces,  and  other  persons  of  rank,  embarked 
at  Boston  to  hold  another  conference  with  these 
Indians  at   Falmouth.     There,  at  t  he  last  of  .June 

I  1754  i,  former  treaties  were  ratified. 

Family  Compact.  On  Aug.  15,  1761,  Choi- 
Seul,  the  able  French  minister,  brought  about, 
by  treaty,  a  firm  alliance  between  Prance  and 
Spain  a  family  compact  that  eventually  proved 
beneficial  to  the  English-American  colonies.  It 
was  designed  to  unite  all  the  branches  of  the 

House  of  Bourbon  as  a  counterpoise  to  the  mari- 
time ascendency  of  England.  It  was  agreed 
that  at  the  conclusion  of  the  then  existing  war 
France  and  Spain,  in  the  whole  extent  of  then 
dominions,  Were  to  stand  as  one  State  towards 
foreign  powers.  This  treaty  secured  to  the 
American  colonies,  in  advance,  the  aid  of  Charles 
III.  of  Spain.  A  special  convention  was  con- 
cluded the  same  dav  between  France  and  Spain, 
by  which  tin'  latter  agreed  to  declare  war  against 
England  unless  peace  between  France  and  Kng- 
land  should  be  concluded  before  May,  17li-J. 
Choiseul   covenanted  with  Spain   that   Portugal 

should  be  compelled,  and  Savoy.  Holland,  and 
Denmark  should  be  invited,  to. join  in  a  federa- 
tive union  "for  the  common  advantage  of  all 
maritime  pow  era."  Pit  t  proposed  to  declare  war 
against  Spain,  but  was  outvoted,  and  resigned 
(Oct.  5,  1761). 

Fanning,  David,  one  of  the  most  desperate 
of  the  North  Carolina  Tories  during  the  war  for 
independence,  w  as  born  in  Wake  County.  X.  C. 

about   1756;  died  in  Nov  a  Scotia  in  1825.     He 

was  a  carpenter  by  trade,  and  led  a  vagabond 
life,  sometimes  trading  with  Indians.  Late  in 
the  Bevolntion  he. joined  the  Tories  forthe  pur- 
pose of  revenge  for  injuries  inflicted  upon  him. 
He  gathered  a  small  band  of  desperadoes  like 
himself,  and  hud  waste  whole  settlements  and 

committed  fearful  atrocities.  For  these  serv  ices 
he  received  the  commission   of  lieutenant   from 

the  British  commander  at  Wilmington  (Craig, 

Which  seel.  So  encouraged,  he  captured  many 
leading  Whigs,  and  hanged  those  against  whom 
he  held  personal  resentment.  At  one  time  he 
captured   a  whole  court   in   session,  and   carried 

oil  judges,  lawyers, clients,  officers,  and  some  of 
the  citizens.     Three  weeks  later  he  captured 


FANNING  41 

Colonel  Alston  :m<l  thirty  men  in  his  own 
house,  and  soon  afterwards,  dashing  into  Hills- 
boroagh,  he  captured  Governor  Bnrke  and  his 
suite,  and  some  of  the  principal  inhabitants. 
The  name  of  Fanning  became  a  terror  to  the 
Country,  and  he  was  outlawed.  At  the  close  of 
the  war  he  tied  to  New  Brunswick,  where  he  lie- 
came  a  member  of  the  Legislature.  About  1800 
lie  was  sentenced  to  be  hanged  for  rape,  but  es- 
caped. 

Fanning,  Edmund,  LL.D.,  was  born  on  Long 
Island,  N.  V..  in  1737  :  died  in  London.  Feb.  28, 
1-1-.  He  graduated  at  Vale  College  in  17.~>7, 
and  settled  as  a  lawyer  in  Hillsborough.  X.  ('.. 
where  In   became  popular,  and  was  made  colonel 


KDMl'.Vl)    IMXMNi; 


of  Orange  County  (1763)  and  clerk  of  the  Su- 
preme ("int  |  lTii.V'.  lb-  was  also  a  member  of 
the  Legislature,  and  married  the  daughter  of 
Governor  Tryou.  Ee  became  rapacious,  and  by 
his  exorbitant  legal  fees  made  himself  very  ob- 
noxious bo  the  people.  Their  hatred  was  increased 
by  his  energetic  exertions  in  suppressing  the 
Regulator  movement.    (See  Regulator*.)     He  lied 

to  New  York  with  Governor  Tryou  to  avoid  the 
Consequences  of  popular  indignation.  He  was 
appointed  surveyor-general  of  North  Carolina  in 

1771.  In  1771)  he  raised  and  led  a  force  called 
•'the  King's  American  Regiment  of  Foot."  Alter 
the    Revolution   he   went    to  No\a  Scotia,  where 

h«-  became  a  councillor  and  lieutenant-governor 
in  September,  1783,  and  from  1786  to  L805  be 
was  Governor  of  Prince  Edward's  Island.  He 
rose  to  the  rank  of  general  in  the  Ibitisli  army 
in  1808.  Fanning  was  an  able  jurist,  and  al- 
ways regretted  bis  later  career  in  North  Caro- 
lina. He  was  greatly  influenced  by  his  father- 
in-law. 

Farewell  Address  of  Washington.     It  was 
the  wish  of  a   majority  of  the  American   people 

that  Washington  should  hold  the  ofin f  chief 

magistrate  fors  third  time,    lie  yearned  for  the 

happiness  of  private  life,  and  he  would  not  eon- 
sent:  anil    in    the   fall   of  1796  John  Adams  was 

elected  President  of  the  United  states.     Before 

the    election    took    place.    Washington    las 1 

(Sept  17 >  a  Farewell  address  to  the  people.  It 
w  :i~  an  earnest  appeal  to  them  to  preserve  the 
I'n  ion  of  the  States  us  the  onlj  sure  hope  tor  the 
continuance  of  their  liberties,  and  of  the  na- 
tional life  and  prosperity,    When  the  President 


3  FARRAGUT 

had  written  out  his  address,  he  submitted  it  to 
Hamilton,  Jay.  and  Madison  for  their  criticism 
and  suggestions.  This  was  done.  Several  sug- 
gestions were  made  and  a  few  verbal  alterations. 
Unwilling  to  mar  the  draught  which  Washing- 
ton had  submitted  to  them,  Hamilton  made  a 
copy,  introducing  a  few  grafts  and  making  few- 
er primings,  anil  returned  it  to  the  President. 
The  latter  adopted  most  of  the  suggestions,  and. 
making  a  fair  copy  in  his  own  handwriting,  sent 
it  to  the  printer  (C.  Claypoole,  of  Philadelphia), 
w  ho  published  a  daily  paper,  and  in  that  it  was 
lirst  printed.  The  original  MS.  of  this  address 
was  in  the  possession  of  the  late  Robert  Len- 
nox, of  New  York.  It  was  also  published  on  a 
handsomely  printed  broadside,  with  a  portrait 
of  Washington  at  the  head,  drawn  by  Joseph 
Wright,  and  engraved  by  David  Edwin. 

Farmington  (Hiss.),  skii:misii  at.  While 
the  National  troops  were  pressing  on  Corinth 
(see  Corinth,  Evacuation  of),  General  Pope  sent 
Generals  Paiue  and  Palmer  towards  the  hamlet 
of  Farmington,  five  miles  from  Corinth,  then  oc- 
cupied by  Missouri  troops,  under  Marmaduke, 
about  4")(HI  in  number.  They  were  in  tin-  woods 
around  a  little  log  meeting-house.  The  Na- 
tionals attacked  Marmaduke  (  Ma\  23,  IE 
alter  a  sharp  skirmish,  Marmaduke  lied  to  the 
lilies  at  Corinth, leaving  of  his  command  about 
thirty  men  slain  and  one  hundred  wounded,  also 
his  camp  with  all  his  supplies,  and  two  hundred 
prisoners.  The  National  loss  was  two  killed  and 
eleven  wounded. 

Farms.  The  number  of  acres  included  in  ac- 
tually surveyed  farms  in  the  United  States  in 
1-7H  was  nearly  408,000,000.  Of  this  amount 
about  189,000,000  acres  were  unimproved.  The 
average  Bize  of  the  farms  was  153  a< 
total  vain.'  of  these  lands  was  $9,263,000,086, 
The  total  value  of  the  products,  including  the 
betterments    and    additions    to    live    stock,  was 

$2,500, ,000;   and  animals  slaughtered,  home 

manufactures,  forest,  market -garden,  and  or- 
chard products,  increased  the  value  of  the  entire 
agricultural  products  to  $3,028,500,000,  or  equal 
to  the  entire  amount  of  the  national  debt  at 
the  close  of  the  Civil  War.  The  total  amount  of 
wages  paid  in  one  year  in  this  production  was  a 
little  more  than  $310, ,000. 

Farragut,  DAVID  GlaBCOB,  was  born  near 
Knoxville.  Tenn..  July  5,  1801  ;  died  at  Ports- 
mouth. N.  II..  Aug.  II.  1870.  His  fail,. 
Farragut,  was  a  native  of  Minorca;  came  to 
America  in  177ti:  entered  the  Continental  Army  : 
was  a  bugler,  it  is  supposed,  at  the  ;i 

eiileen  yean,  ill  the  battle  of  the  Cow  pens 
(whieh  BSe),  where  he  saved  the  life  of  Colonel 
W.  A. Washington  :  attained  the  tank  of  major ; 
settled  in  Teuuessee;  and  was  master  in  the 
I ' n  i te.l  siate-  Navy,  serving  nuder  Patterson  in 
t  be  defence  of  New  <  Means,  i  See  Borgm .  LaM ) 
David  entered  the  navy  as  midshipman  when 
between  nine  ami  teli  years  of  age,  first  serving 
under  Porter,  and  was  with  him  in  the  terrible 
fight  at  Valparaiso,  lie  was  raised  to  command- 
ei  iii  1841,  having  served  faithfully  up  to  that 
tune.     Sull  persevering  in  duty,  he  Wl 


FAST  AND  FESTIVAL  IX  YII;<;IMA 
In  very  responsible  positions  afloat  and  ashore 

and  when  the  Civil  War  broke  out  be  was  ii 
command  of  the  Brooklyn,  steam  sloop -of- war 
Ee  commanded  the  naval  expedition  against 
New  ()ilcan>  in  the  spring  of  1862,  having  the 
Hartford  as  bis  flag-ship.      He  organized  the 


FAKim.l  T 

Western  Gulf  Blockadiug  Squadron  on  his  ar- 
rival in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  aud  by  boldness  and 
skill,  with  admirable  assistants,  be  went  np  to 
New  Oilcans  triumphantly.      (See  Xnr  OrUani, 

Capture  of.)  He  operated  with  great  vigor  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  afterwards,  between  New 
Orleans  and  Vicksburg;  and  on  .Inly  16,  L862, 
he  was  placed  first  oil  llie  list  of  pioposed  ad- 
mirals. In  L863  he  co-operated  in  the  capture 
of  Porl  Hudson,  and  in  Angust,  1~<>1,  defeated 
the  Confederate  forces  in  Mobile  Bay.  His  ex- 
ploits in  the  Golf  region  gave  him  greal  lame, 
ami  in  December,  1864,  hi'  received  the  thanks 

af  Congress,  ami  the  rank  of  vice-admiral  was 
created  expressl]  on  his  account.  [||  July,  1866, 
he  was  made  admiral.  He  visited  Europe,  Asia, 
ami  Africa  in  the  steamship  Franklin,  in  l>f>7- 

flB,  and  was  received  with  the  highest   honors. 

Fast  and  Festival  in  Virginia.  Acts  were 
passed  bj  the  Virginia  Assembly  in  1662  mak- 
ing tin'  30th  of  Januarj  the  day  of  the  behead- 
ing of  Charles  I.  a  yearly  fast;  and  the  89th 
of  Mas  the  birthday  and  anniversary  id'  the 
restoration  to  the  throne  of  England  of  Charles 

II.      a  holiday. 

Fast  day  in  the  Southern  Confederacy 
I-  .1  On  May  81,  1861,  (he  Confederate  Con- 
gress ant  Inn  i/ed  President  Davis  to  proclaim  a 
fast  day,  which  he  did  on  the  25th,  appointing 
.lime  i:t.  Iii  that  proclamation  he  said.  •■  Know- 
ing that  nolo-  but  a  just  and  righteous  cause 
can  gain  the  divine  favor,  we  would  implore 
the  Lord  of  Hosts  to  guide  and  direct  our  policy 
in  the  path-  of  i  i-lit .  duty,  justice,  and  mercy  ; 
to  unite  our  hearts  and  onr  efforts  for  the  de- 
fence of  our  dealest  lights  ;  to  strengthen  our 
weakness,  crown  our  cause  with  success,  and 
SOable  us  to  secure  a  speedy,  just,  ami  honora- 
ble peace." 

Fast-day  in  Virginia  (1771).      The    inhabi- 


39  FAY 

Lints  of  the  Old  Dominion  were  profouiully 
moved  by  the  Boston  Port  Bill  (which  sec),  and 
its  House  of  Burgesses,  on  May  '2-4.  1771,  on  mo- 
tion of  Bobert  Carter  .Nicholas,  adopted  a  reso- 
lution recommending  to  the  people  of  the  colony 
that  the  day  on  which  the  Port  Bill  was  t,,  u,, 
into  operation  should  lie  a  "day  of  fasting  and 
prayer,  devoutly  to  implore  the  divine  interpo- 
sition for  averting  the  dreadful  calamity  which 
threatened  destruction  to  their  civil  rights  and 
tin-  evils  of  civil  war  :  and  to  give  to  the  Amer- 
ican people  one  heart  and  one  mind  firmly  to 
oppose,  by  all  just  and  proper  means,  every  in- 
jury to  American  rights."  George  Mason  (which 
see  i  sent  word  for  his  whole  household  to  keep 
the  day  strictly,  and   to  attend  church  clad  in 

nruing. 

Father  of  his  Country.  An  endearing  name 
given  to  Washington  by  his  countrymen  early 
in  the  history  of  the  Republic,  and  still  used 
affectionately    by    them.      This   name    was    first 

given  to  Cicero  by  the  Roman  Senate  because 
of  his  zeal  and  courage  in  exposiug  the  conspir- 
acy of  Catiline.  It  was  afterwards  given  to 
several  of  the  Roman  Casars.  The  authorities 
of  Florence  conferred  the  same  title  upon  the 
powerful  and  influential  Cosmo  de'  Medici,  and 

it  is  inscribed  upon  his  tomb. 

Father  of  "Waters.  A  popular  title  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  an  Indian  name  which  Bigni- 
i  water."  This  significant  title  was 
eiven  because  of  the  great  length  (three  thou- 
sand one  hundred  ami  sixt  v  miles)  and  volnme  of 
the  river,  it  receiviug  as  tributaries  eight  large 
streams,  besides  hundreds  of  smaller  ones,  that 
drain  an  immense  basin, oomprisiug  more  than 
one  million  two  hundred  thousand  sqnare  miles. 

Fay,  Jonas,  was  horn  at  Hard  wick,  Mass.. 
Jan.  17.  17:!7  :  died  at  Bennington,  N't..  March  »i. 
1818.  Hi'  received  a  good  English  education, 
anil  was  with  a  Massachusetts  regiment  at  Fort 
Edward  in  17,'iti.  lie  settled  at  Beuningtou  in 
1766,  and  became  prominent  in  the  disputes  be- 
t  ween  New  York  and  the  New  Hampshire  Grants 
(which  see).  He  was  the  agent  of  the  "  Grants  " 
sent  to  New  York  in  1772  to  inform  Governor 
Tryon  of  the  grounds  of  their  complaint.  Mr. 
Fay  was  clerk  to  the  convention  (1774)  that  re- 
solved to  defend  Ethan  Allen  and  other  leaders 
who  were  outlawed  by  the  New  York  Assembly, 

bj    force  it  ueoessary.     Being  a  physician,  he 

was  made  BlirgeOU  of  flic  expedition  against  Ti- 

conderoga  in  May,  L775,  ami  was  afterwards  in 

Colonel  Warner's  regiment.  He  w  as  also  a  lncni- 
licrof  the  convention  in  1777  that  declared  the 
independence  of  Vermont,  and  was  the  author 
of  the  declaration  then  adopted,  and  of  the  com- 
munication an incing  the    fact   to  Congress 

Dr.  Fay  was  secretary  of  the  convention  that 
formed  the   new  stale  constitution  in  1777,  and 

one  of  the  Council  of  Safety  that  fust  adminis- 
tered the  government.    In  L782  he  wasjndge  of 

the  Supreme  Court  of  the  state:  audit  of  the 
state  to  Congress  at  different  times;  and,  in 
conjunction  with  Ethan  Allen,  he  published  an 
account  of  the  New  York  and  New  Hampshire 
controversy  ■ 


FEBIGER 


470 


FEDERAL  CONVENTION 


Febiger,  CHRISTIAN,  a  Dane,  and  a  soldier 
in  the  war  for  independence.  He  was  boni  in 
Denmark  in  1747;  died  in  Philadelphia,  Sept. 

•20,  179o\  He  had  seen  military  service  before 
entering  the  army  in  April,  1775.    He  was  in  the 

battle  of  Bunker's  Hill,  where  lie  led  a  portion 
of  a  regiment  of  which  he  was  adjatant;  accom- 
panied Arnold  to  Quebec  a  few  months  after- 
wards, w  here  he  was  made  a  prisoner,  anil  served 
with  great  fidelity  throughout  the  war.  He  was 
conspicuous  in  the  assault  on  Stony  l'oiut  (July, 
1779),  leading  one  of  the  attacking  columns; 
also  at  Yoiktown.  where  he  commanded  the  Sec- 
ond Virginia  Regiment,  with  the  rank  of  lieu- 
tenant-colonel. From  1789  till  his  death  Colo- 
nel Febiger  was  treasurer  of  the  State  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Federal  Celebrations.  The  rati  heat  ion  of 
the  National  Constitution  was  celebrated  at 
Philadelphia  (July  4,  1788)  with  imposing  cere- 
monies. The  ten  ratifying  states  were  repre- 
sented by  as  many  ships  moored  at  intervals  in 
the  Delaware,  along  the  front  of  the  city,  each 
displaying  at  her  mast-head  a  white  Hag  bearing 
the  name  of  the  state  represented  in  golden  let- 
ters. All  the  river  craft  were  embellished  with 
flags  and  streamers.  A  large  procession  paraded 
the  streets,  in  which  several  of  the  principal  cit- 
izens personated,  in  appropriate'  dresses,  some 
event,  such  as  "Independence,"  the  "French 
Alliance,"  the  "  Definitive  Treaty  of  Peace.'' 
"Washington,"  the  -New  Era."  the  "Federal 
Constitution,"  the  "Ten  Ratifying  States."  In 
a  car  in  the  form  of  an  eagle,  lofty  and  orna- 
mental, sat  Chief-justice  McKeail  and  two  of  his 
bench  associates,  bearing  a  framed  copy  of  the 
Constitution  on  a  staff.  The  car  and  its  con- 
tents personified  the  new  Constitution.  On  the 
staff  was  a  cap  of  Liberty,  bearing  in  golden 
letters  the  legend  "The  People."  A  citizen  and 
an  Indian  chief  rode  together,  smoking  a  pipe 
of  peace,  personifying  peace  on  the  frontiers. 
Various  trades  were  represented  :  also  the  ship- 
ping interest,  and  different  associations  in  Phil- 
adelphia.     Altogether  there   were  al t    five 

thousand  in  the  procession,  which  ended  at 
Uuiou  Square,  where  Be  Yen  teen  thousand  per- 
sons were  addressed  by  .lames  Wilson,  who  took 
B  conspicuous  part  in  framing  the  Constitution. 
The  oration  was  followed  by  a  collation.  About 
tbree  weeks  afterwards  a  similar  celebration  oc- 
curred in  the  city  of  New  Fork, where  a  large 

majority  of  the  inhabitants  were  in  favor  of  the 

Constitution.     Ghreenleafa   Political  RegUter 
anti-Federal  in  its  politics    contained  a  dispart 
aging  account  of  the  celebration;   and  when,  a 
night  or  t  w  0  aflerw  aids,  news  can f  the  rat  i- 

ticatiou  of  the  Constitution  h\  the  convention 
in  session  at  Poughkeepsie,  a  mob  attacked  the 
printing-office,  broke  in  the  doors,  ami  destroyed 

the  type.       Til.'  people   of  Pro\  idence,  R.  I.,  were 

m  favoi  of  the  Constitution,  and  were  preparing 
to  celebrate  its  ratification  on  the  4th  of  .luly. 
with  other  ceremonies  appropriate  to  the  day, 

when    one  thousand   men,  some   of  them    armed, 

headed  bj  ■  jndge  of  the  Supreme  Court,  eame 

in  from  the  ooniltry,  and  compelled  the  citizens 

to  omit  iii  the  celebration  anything  favorable  t<> 


the  Constitution.  A  more  violent  collision  took 
place  in  Albany.  The  friends  of  the  Constitu- 
tion celebrated  its  ratification  on  the  3d  of  July, 
the  opponents  at  the  same  time  burning  it. 
Both  parties  united  in  celebrating  the  4th,  but 
dined  at  different  places.  After  dinner  the  Fed- 
eralists formed  a  new  procession,  and  when  they 
were  passing  the  headquarters  of  the  anti-Fed- 
eral party  a  quarrel  occurred,  followed  by  a 
tight,  in  which  (dubs  and  stones,  swords  and 
bayonets,  were  freely  used,  to  the  injury  of  sev- 
eral persons.  There  was  much  asperity  of  feel- 
ing everywhere  exhibited.  A  new  convention 
to  amend  the  Const  it  lit  ion  was  proposed,  but 
was  never  held. 

Federal  Cities.  The  Congress  having  deter- 
mined to  have  tWO  federal  cities,  on.-  on  the 
Delaware  and  01 n  the  Potomac,  it  was  re- 
solved at  the  annual  session  opened  at  Trenton, 
Nov.  1,  1784,  to  appoint  commissioners  to  lay 

out  one  of  these  projected  cities  near  the  falls 
of  the  Delaware,  and  erect  public  buildings 
there.  The  .sum  of  $100,000  was  appropriated 
for  the  purpose.  It  was  also  voted  that  it  was 
then    inexpedient   to  erect   public,  buildings   in 

re   than   one   place.     In  January  following 

Congress  was  adjourned  to  New  York,  and  there 
it  continued  to  meet  for  several  years,  the  want 

of  funds  and  differences  of  opinion  preventing 
anything  being  done  towards  the  establishment 
of  a  permanent  seat  of  government. 

Federal  Convention,  J.t  mum.  Mi.n  in  THE, 
The  representatives  of  twelve  states  were  as- 
sembled in  convention  at  Philadelphia  in  the 
Slimmer  of  1787  to  prepare  a  constitution  of  gov- 
ernment for  tlu>  United  States  of  a  national 
character.  George  Washington,  a  delegate  from 
Virginia,  was  chosen  President,  and  William 
Jackson,  Secretary.  The  convention  was  com- 
posed of  some  of  tin-  most  illustrious  citizens  of 
the  new  Republic  There  was  the  aged  Frank- 
lin, past  eighty-one  \  ears  of  age.  w  ho  had  sat  in 
a  similar  convention  at  Albany  in  1754.  See 
Albany,  Fourth  Colonial  Convention  at.)  John 
Dickinson,  of  Pennsylvania,  W.  s.  Johnson,  of 
Connecticut,  and  John  Kutledge.  of  South  Caro- 
lina, had  been  members  of  the  Stain))  Act  Con 
gross  al  New  York  in  17(i.">  (which  see).  Wash- 
ington, Dickinson,  and  Rutledge  had  been  mem- 
bers of  the  Continental  Congress  of  1774.  From 
that  body  also  were  Roger  Sherman,  of  Connec- 
ticut, William  Livingston,  Governor  of  New  Jer- 
sey,George  Read,  of  Delaware,  and  George  Wythe, 
of  Virginia.  From  among  the  signers  of  the 
Deed  a  rat  ion  of  Independence,  besides  Franklin, 
Read,  Wythe,  and  Sherman,  had  come  Elbridge 
Gerry,  of  Massachusetts,  and  Robert  Morris, 
George  Clymer,  and  James  Wilson,  of  Pennsyl- 

\  .una.  Eighteen  members  had,  at  the  same  time, 
been  delegates  to  the  Continental  Congress  ;  and 

amon-  the  w  hole  number  there  were  only  twelve 

who  had  not  at  some  lime  sat  in  that  body.     The 

officers  of  the  Revolution  wen'  represented  by 

Washington,  Mifflin,  Hamilton,  and  C.  C.  Finek- 
nev.  Of  the  members  who  had  taken  COOSpie- 
nous  positions  since  tin-  Declaration  of  Inde 
peiidenee.  the   most    prominent    wen-    Hamilton. 


FEDERAL  CONVENTION  < 

Madison,  and  Edmund  Randolph,  then  the  suc- 
osssor  of  Patrick  Henry  as  governor  of  Virginia. 
Tin-  memben  who  took  the  leading  part  in  the 
debates  were  Gerry,  Gorham,  and  King,  of  Mas- 
sachusetts; Johnson,  Sherman,  and  Ellsworth, 
of  Connecticut ;  Hamilton  and  Lansing,  of  New 
York;  Paterson,  of  New  Jersey;  Wilson,  Gou- 
rerueur  Men  is,  and  Franklin,  of  Pennsylvania  ; 
Dickinson,  of  Delaware;  Martin,  of  Maryland: 
Williamson,  of  North  Carolina  :  and  diaries 
Cotesworth  Pinckney  and  Charles  Pinckuey,  of 
South  Carolina  Rhode  Island  had  refused  to 
eleet  delegates  to  the  convention. 

Federal  Convention,  MxMBKBSOFTHX  (1787). 
The  following  are  the  names  of  the  memhers 
that  formed  the  National  Convention.  From 
Xiic  Hampshire    John  Langdon,  John  Pickering, 

Nicholas  (iilmau,  and   Benjamin  West.       tfisMO- 

i  Imsi  it*  Francis  I  'ana.  Elbridge  Gerry,  Nathan- 
iel Gorbam,  Rnfus  Kiug>  and  Caleb  Strong.    <  <>n- 

iiicliciil  William  Samuel  Johnson,  Roger  Sher- 
man, and  <  )li  \  ei   I'.llsw  oil  h.     Stir   York      Robert 

Yates..lohn  I.ansi  n^..l  r.,aml  Alexander  Hamilton. 
Hem  Jersey  David  Brearley,  William  church- 
ill  Houston,  William  Paterson,  John  Neilson, 
William  l.i\  ingston,  Abraham  ('lark,  and  Jona- 
than Dayton.  Pennsylwmia  Thomas  Mifflin, 
Robert  Morris,  George  Clymer,  Jared  [nger- 
soll,  Thomas  Fitzsimons,  James  Wilson,  Gouver- 
neur  Morris,  and  Benjamin  Franklin.  Delaware 
George  Bead,  Gunning  Bedford,  Jr.,  John 
Dickinson.  Richard  Baseett,  and  Jacob  Broom. 
Maryland  James  McHenrj  .  Daniel  of8t.Thoin- 
■■Jenifer,  Daniel  Carroll, John  Francis  Mercer, 
and  Luther  Mai  tin.  Virginia  George  Wash- 
ington, 1 'a trick  l icnrv. Edmund  Randolph, Johu 
Blair,  James  Madison,  Jr.,  George  Mason,  and 
George  Wythe.  Patrick  Henry  having  declined 
the  appointment,  George  MeClnre  was  nomi- 
nated to  supply  his  place.  North  Carolina  - 
Richard  (aswcil,  Alexander  Martin,  William 
Richardson  Davie,  Richard  Dobbs  Spaight,  and 
Willi*-  Jones.  Richard  Caswell  having  re- 
signed, William  Blount  was  appointed  ■  depot* 
in  his  place.  Willie  Jones  baviug  also  de- 
clined his  appointment,  bis  place  was  supplied 
by  Hugh  Williamson.  8outh  Carolina  John 
Rntledge,  Charles  Pinckney,  Cbarlea  Cotesworth 
Pinckney, and  Pierce  Butler.  Georgia  William 
Few,  Abraham  Baldwin, William  Pierce, George 

Walton,  William    Houston,  and   Nathaniel   l'eii- 

dlcton.     Fac- similes  of  the  signatures  of  the 

signers    of   the    Constitution,    copied    from    the 

original  in  the  arohives  of  the  national  govern 
mem,  are  given  on  pages  I7~!  171.  William 
Jackson  was  secretary. 

Federal  Convention,  RULES  n.i:  TOT.  A 
committee  was  appointed  to  report  rules  of  pro- 
ceeding by  the  convention.  They  copied  them 
chieth  from  those  of  Congress,  and  their  report 
was  adopted.   Each  state  was  to  have  one  vote  ; 

seven   states   were   to  constitute  a   cpioiiim;   all 

committees  were  to  be  appointed  by  ballot  ;  the 

doors  were  to  be  closed,  ami  an  injunction  of 
secrecy  was  placed  on  the  debates,  The  nicm- 
heis  were  not  even  allowed  to  take  copies  olt  In- 
cut lies  on  the  journal.  '  s,c  National Conitttution.) 


1  FEDERALISTS 

Federal  HalL  The  Continental  Congress, 
when  sitting  in  New  York,  had  been  accommo- 
dated in  the  old  City  Hall,  northeast  comer  of 
Wall  and  Nassau  streets.  This  building  had 
fallen  into  decay  when  the  first  national  Con- 
gress was  about  to  meet  there.  Desirous  of 
permanently  retaining  the  seat  of  the  national 
government  at  New-  York,  and  to  provide  the 
national  Legislature  with  suitable  accommoda- 
tions, several  Wealthy  citizens  advanced  to  the 
city  treasury  (then  empty)  .§3-2, 5(K),  with  which 
the  old  building  was  remodelled  and  extensively 
repaired.     The    name    of  '■  Federal    Hall"    was 


given  to  it.  and  the  city  councils  placed  it  at 
the  disposal  of  the  Congress.  New  York  re- 
tained the  national  Capitol  only  a  short  time,  as 
it  was  removed  to  Philadelphia  in  1790,  and  re- 
mained  there   until  it  occupied   its   present  seat 

in  the  District  of  Colombia  (which  see)  in  1801. 
Federalists.  While  the  National  Constitution 

was  under  discussion  throughout  the  Union,  in 
1788,  and  it  was  passing  the  ordeal  of  State  con- 
ventions, its  advocates  were  called   Federalists, 

because  the  effect  of  the  Constitution  would 
be  to  bind  the  several  states  more  closely  as 
a  so-called  confederation.  They  formed  a  dis- 
tinct patty  that  year,  and  held  supreme  polit- 
ical power  in  the  Republic  until  t  he  close  of  t  he 

century.  The  leading  members  of  Che  party 
were   Washington,  Hamilton,  Adams.  Jay,  and 

many  of  the  less  distinguished  patriots  of  the 
Revolntion.  Their  opponents  were  called  Anti- 
Federalists.  (.See  Republicans.)  In  the  contests 
of  the  French  Revolntion,  which  had  influence 

upon   public  opinion    in   the  United   Slates,  the 

Federalists  leaned  towards  England,  and  the 

Anti-Federalists  or  Republicans  towards  France. 

In  the  presidential  election  in  1800,  the  Feder- 
alists were  defeated  and  Jefferson  was  elected. 
The  party  became  unpopular  because  of  its  op- 
position to  the  War  of  1813;  and  it  fell  into 
fatal  disrepute  because  of  the  Hartford  Conven- 
tion, whose  pmoeedingB,  done  in  secret,  were 
supposed  to  be  treasonable  The  party  had 
become  so  weak  in  1816  that  Monro.',  the  Re- 
publican candidate  for  President,  received  the 
electoral  votes  of  all  the  states  but  two.  At  his 
re  -  election,  in  1890,  the  vote  of  the  .slates  was 
unanimous  for  him.  Then  the  party  was  dis- 
banded. 


&^  -  .-■  ,  c 


FEDEBAL  CONVENTION  472  FEDERAL  CONVENTION 

signatures  to  TiiK  OOHBTITOTICH.     (See  Federal  Convention. ) 


s^f^^ 


FfiNELON  IN  CANADA 


671) 


si  4*77^-04   ^fUj^eC>^}  ff^o    hs. 


Fellows,  John,  "  mm  born  at  Pomfret,Conn.,  in 
17:s:i;  died  at  Sheffield,  Mass..  Ang.  1.  LHOft  He 
was  in  t  In-  I  ici  1  eh  ami  [ndian  War  (which  tee)  \ 
was  ■  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Provincial 
Congress  hi  l?7."> ;  led  a  company  of  minate-men 
to  Cambridge  after  tin-  ikirroUh  ai  Lexington, 

anil  w  as  mail,   brigadier  "1'  militia  in  .June,  17711. 


Id-  commanded  a  brigade  in  tho  battles  of  Long 
[aland,  White  Plains,  and  Bemis's  Heights,  and 
was  very  active  in  tin-  capture  of  Bnrgoyne, Oc- 
tober, 1777.  General  Fellows  was  high  sheriff 
of  Berkshire  Comity  after  the  war. 

Fe'nelou  iii  Canada.    Francois  Salignac  Fen- 
elon,  tin-  famous  Archbishop  of  Cambray,  ami  an- 


FENIANS"  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES     474 


rt£&iasr?i~4-ir?-v 


%m' 


I 


'iM^a^yri.  <zfi& 


nOXATUBH  to  TIIK  ro.NsTiit  ITJ.  47;t.) 


thor  of  The  Adventures  of  Telemaehux.  while  yet 
an  Inferior  in  orders,  was  Benl  te  Canada  as  a 
missionary.  There,  as  afterwards  in  France,  be 
boldly  admonished  tbe  public  authorities  for 
their  shortcomings.  Prontenac  (which  Bee)  Im- 
prisoned Fenolou,  then  attached  to  tbe  Semi- 
nary of  st.  Solpice,  on  a  oharge  of  having 
preached  against  him.  After  baring  been  a 
missionary  in  Canads  two  years,  be  retnrned 
to  Prance.  He  probahlj  received  In  thai  re- 
gion ■ s  hints  for  IWema&tas. 

"FeniaiiB"  iii  the  United  States.  Note  1th- 
standing  tbe  unfriendliness  and  positive  en- 
nuts  ui  the  government  ofGreal  Britain  to  the 


United  states  daring  the  Civil  War,  the  lat- 
ter was  ever  faithful  to  its  treaty  stipulations. 
When,  in  the  spring  of  1806,  ■  military  organi- 
sation of  Irish  residents  in  the  United  States, 
known  as  "The  Fenian  Brotherhood,"  associated 
for  I  In'  avowed  purpose  Of  freeing  Ireland  from 

British  domination,  made  a  movement  M>\  and 
Jane)  for  a  formidable  invasion  of  the  neigh- 
boring Hritisli  province  of  Canada,  the  United 
States  government,  instead  of  Investing  than 
wiih  "belligerent  rights,"  trae  to  its  pledges 
eonoei  ning  neutrality  law  s,  Interfered,  and  sup- 
pressed i  lie  warlike  movement. 
Feuwick,  Qbobob,  proprietor  of  ■  pari  of 


FEN  WICK 


475 


FIELD 


Connecticut, died  in  England  in  1887.  Se  came 
to  America  in  lli::(i  to  take  charge  of  tin-  infant 
colony  of  Say  brook  (which  see.  He  returned 
to  England,  and  came  back  in  l«»:?i»,  and  from 
that  time  governed  Say  brook  till  December, 
11)44,  when  its  jurisdiction  and  territory  were 
■old  to  the  Connecticut  colony  at  Hartford. 
Fenwick  was  appointed  one  of  the  judges  who 
tried  and  condemned  Charles  I. 

Fen-wrick,  John,  a  Friend  or  Quaker,  was  a 
founder  of  the  colony  of  West  Jersey.  He  was 
born  in  England  in   101*;  died  in   1683,  after 

be    had   conveyed    his   claim    to   Wot    JerSOJ    to 

William  Penn.  (Sec  New  Jersey  Colony.)  Fen- 
wick emigrated  to  West  Jeraej  in  I675,and  Bet- 
tied  at  Salem.  His  claim  was  resisted  i>.\  Gov- 
Knox  Andros  of  New  York,  and  lie  was  arrest- 
ed and  oast  into  jail,  where  he  remained  about 
two  years        lie  lost  bis  estate  and  died  poor. 

Ferguson,  Euzabbth  Qblmmk,  daughter  of 
Dr.  Grame,  of  Gneme  Park,  near  Philadelphia, 

became  famous  during  the  Revolution  by  a  fu- 
tile mission  which  she  good-naturedly  under- 
took. She  was  a  cultivated  woman,  and  en- 
joyed the  persona]  friendship  of  many  eminent 
persons.     Her  husband  was  in  tbe  British  army, 

yet  sbi>  possessed  tbe  esteem  and  confidence  of 

both  Wbigs  and  Tories.  Johnstone,  one  of  the 
Peace  ( 'muiuissinncrs  sent  over  beie  in  I 

ing  they  could  do  nothing  with  the  Congress, 
employed  Mrs.  Ferguson  to  sound  General  Joseph 

Rood  as  to  his  disposition  to  aid  the  imperial 
government  in  bringing  about  a  reconciliation 
between  it  and  the  revolted  colonies.  She  was 
patriotic  ami  judicious.  Johnstone  instructed 
her  as  to  what-  she  should   lay  to  Reed,  and   she 

performed  the  errand  w  [thoul  losing  the  esteem 

of  any  one.  (See  I'iuci  <  umiiiixxiaiti  is.)  Her  hus- 
liaml  never  joined  her  after  the  war.  His  es- 
tate was  eoliliscateil.  but  the  St  ate  of  Peuiis\  I- 
vania  returned  a  part  of  it  to  her  m  17-1.  She 
died  on  her  farm  in  Montgomery  County.  lYnu., 
Fob.  83,  1801,  aged  sixty-one  years. 

Ferguson.  Patrn  K,  entered  the  British  army 
at,  the  age  of  eighteen,  and  came  to  America  in 
the  spring  of  1777,  serving  under  Cornwallia, 
lirst  in  the  North  anil  then  in  the  South.  Alter 
the  sie^c  of  Charleston  in  1780,  he  was  promoted 
to  major,  and  was  detached  by  Cornwallis  to 
embody  the  Tories  in  Western  Carolina.  He 
was  killed  in  the  battle  of  King's  Mountain 
which  - 

Ferrera,  EDWARD,  was  born  of  Italian  par- 
ents m  Granada,  Spain,  Jan.  1".  1838,  and   was 

brought    to  the  United   States  while  an    infant. 

His  parents  taught  dancing,  and  that  became  his 
profession,  and  be  tanghl  that  accomplishment 

at  the  West  Point  M i 1 i t a r\  Academy.  When 
the  Civil  War  broke  Ont,  he  raised  a  refluent 
iShepard  Rifles),  and  as  itseolonel  accompanied 
lb  i  in  si  de  in  his  expedition  to  the  coast  of  North 

Carolina  early  in  1808.  He  commanded  a  bri- 
gade under  General  Reno,  anil  served  in  the 
Army  of  Virginia,  under  Genera]  Pope,  in  the 

Summer  of  1863.  He  was  made  brigadier-gen- 
eral in  September,  and  was  in  the  battles  of 
South  Mountain,  Antielam,  and  Fredericksburg. 


ixmi  i  imsh. 


He  served  iu  the  siege  of  Vicksburg  (1863),  and 
commanded  a  division  at  the  siege  of  Knoxville 
(which  see),  in  defence  of  Fort  Sanders.  In  the 
operations  against  Petersburg,  he  led  a  division 
of  colored  troops,  ami  in  December,  1864,  was 
breveted  major-general  of  volunteers. 
FerBen,  Axel,  count,  was  born  in  Stockholm 

in  1765;  died  there  June  20,  1^10.  He  came  to 
America  on  the  stall'  of  lvochambeau.  fought 
under  Lafayette,  and  received  from  Washing- 
ton the  Order  of  the 
Society  of  the  Cincin- 
nati (which  see).  Re-, 
turning  to  Fiance,  bo' 
became  a  favorite  at 
court,  and  w  as  the  dis- 
guised coachman  in 
the  flight  of  the  royal 
family  from  Versailles 
during  the  Revolu- 
tion. He  returned  to 
Sweden,  and   was    iu- 

\ested  with  dignities 

and  honors,  and  in 
1801  was  made  grand 
marshal  of  S«  eilen. 
On  suspicion  of  com- 
plicity in  the  death 
of  Prince  Christian 
of  Sweden,  he  was 
seized  by  a  mob,  while  marshalling  the  funeral 
procession,  and  tortured  to  death. 

Fessenden,  William  Pin.  was  born  at  Hos- 
oawen,  N.  II.. <>ct. (1.  1806;  died  at  Portland. Me., 
Sept.  8, 1869.  lie  graduated  at  lSowdoin  Col- 
lege in  1883;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  l*-->7; 
was  member  of  the  Maine  Legislature  two 
terms;  and  was  elected  to  Congress  in  1-41. 
From  Feb. 84,  1854,  till  bis  death  be  was  United 
Stales  Senator,  excepting  when  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  from  July.  1864,  to  March.  1865.  Mr. 
Fessenden  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Re- 
publican party  in  1856, and  throughout  the  Civil 
War  did  eminent  service  as  chairman  of  the 
Finance  Committee  of  tin-  Senate. 

Few,  WILLIAM,  was  born  in  Halt imore  Coun- 
ty. Md..  June  8,  1748;   died  at   Fishkill,  N.  v., 

July  Hi,  1888.  His  ancestors  came  to  America 
with  William  Penn.  His  family  went  to  North 
Carolina  in  1758,  and  in  ITTb  William  settled  in 
Georgia,  where  he  became  a  councillor,  and  as- 
sisted in  framing  the  state  constitution.  He 
was  in  the  military  service,  and  in  ITT-  was 
made  state  surveyor-general.  In  1780  S3  and 
1786  be  was  in  Congress,  anil  in  1787  assisted 
ill  framing  the  National  Constitution.  He  was 
United  States  Senator  ( 1789-93),  and  was  a 
judge  on  the  bench  of  Georgia   time  \eais.       In 

tin'  summer  of  IT'.f.t  he  removed  to  New  York, 

and  became  a  member  of  the  Legislature  and  a 

commissioner  of  loans. 

Field,  Cyrus  West,  was  born  at  Stockbridge, 

Mass.  Nov.  13,  1819;   went,  to  New  York  in  1835; 

and  became  an  enterprising  and  prosperous  mer- 
chant. Mr.  Field  is  universally  know  n  ami  hon- 
ored as  the  chief  founder  of  the  practical  system 
of  submarine  telegraphy.  (Sue  Atlantic  Telegraph.) 


FIFTEENTH  AMENDM ENT 


47(> 


FILLMORE 


Fifteenth  Amendment  On  Feb.  26,  18G9, 
Congress  adopted  a  joint-resolution  recommend- 
ing the  following  as  a  fifteenth  amendment  to 

the  National  Constitution:  "Abticlb  XV..  Sr- 
lion  1.  The  righl  of  citizens  of  the  United  states 
to  vote  shall  not  he  denied  or  abridged  by  the 
United  States,  or  by  any  slate,  on  account  of 
race,  color,  or  previous  condition  of  servitude. 
Section  2.  The  Congress,  by  appropriate  legisla- 
tion, may  enforce  the  provisions  of  this  article.'' 
This  amendment  was  soon  ratified  by  the  req- 
uisite number  of  states. 

Figure-head  of  the  Constitution.  In  1833 
Captain  Jesse  D. Elliott, commandiiig  Hie  frig- 
ate <  iiiislitittioii,  who  had  been  stationed  at 
Charleston,  S.  C.  to  suppress  insurrection  (see 
Nitllifiers),  was  ordered  to  the  navy-yard  at 
Charlestown,  Mass.,  with  his  ship.  He  found 
public  feeling  there  almost  unanimous  in  favor 
of  President  Jackson, because  of  his  course  tow- 
ards the  Nnllifiers.  The  ship  was  hauled  lip 
for  repairs.  A  new  figure-head  was  needed,  and. 
in  accordance  with  ample  precedents  (and  at. 
the  request  of  citizens  of  Boston,  it  was  said), 
Elliott,  ordered  an  image  of  President  Jackson 
to  he  carved  for  the  purpose.  Because  of  Jack- 
son's course  towards  the  United  States  Hank  (see 
National  Bank),  there  soon  afterwards  occurred 
a  un-at  revulsion  of  feeling  in  Massachusetts 
towards  him.  The  placing  of  his  image  on 
the  how  of  the  favorite  ship  of  the  liostonians 
was  regarded  as  an  insult;  and  when  it.  was 
finally  put  upon  the  vessel  by  Elliott,  lie  was 
denounced  and  abused  in  the  opposition  news- 
papers, by  handbills,  and  by  anonymous  letters. 
A  great  clamor  was  raised  all  over  the  country. 
Indignation  meetings  were  held:  and,  finally, 
on  a  dark  and  stormy  nighi  (summer  of  1834), 
sonic  then  unknown  person  sawed  off  the  fig- 
ure-head undiscovered  and  carried  it  away. 
The  acl  produced  intense  excitement  among  the 
friends  of  the  administration.  The  perpetrator 
of  the  deed  was  diligently  sought,  but  not  dis- 
covered. He  is  now  (1880)  an  old  man.  Then 
he  was  young,  enthusiastic,  and  fond  of  advent- 
Hii  lie  was  at  a  "Whig"  meeting, and  heard 
the  w  ish  expressed,  at  the  beginning  of  the  ses- 
sion, that  the  "detestable  figure-head  "  might  he 
destroyed.  He  immediately  left  the  meeting, 
in  a  storm,  proceeded  to  the  Constitution  in  a 
boat,  climbed  up  the  rigging  of  the  bowsprit, 

and.  while  the  wind  and  thunder  roared,  sawed 

off  the  figure-head  at  the  neck, unheard  by  the 

Sentinels  on  deck'.  Lowering  it  into  his  hoat 
with  a  rope,  he  hole  it  awa\  to  a  place  of  con- 
cealment. After  a  while  suspicion  pointed  to 
him  as  the  perpetrator,  lie  wenl  to  Washing- 
ton, called  on  President  Jackson,  and  told  him 
the  whole  stor\  of  his  prank  :  when  Jackson, 
delighted  with  the  heroism  of  the  frank  young 
man,  promised  to  keep  his  secret  and  to  pardon 
him  if  he  should  be  arrested  and  found  gnilty 

of  the    act.      lull   twenty   years   afterwards   his 

visiting-card  contained  the  device  of  a  hand 

saw.  with  (asai's  despatch  as  a  motto  "I 
came,  I  miir,  I  conquered."  This  narrative  the 
wnici  had  from  his  lips  ahout  the  \car  L840. 
The  young  man  who  performed  that  mad  prank 


was  Samuel  W.  Dewey,  for  a  long  time  connect- 
ed with  the  shipping  interest  in  the  cit  v  of  New- 
York. 

Fillmore,  MlLLARD,  thirteenth   President   of 
the  United  States,  was  horn  at  Locke  .  now  Suin- 

mer  Hill),  Cayuga  Co., N.Y.,  June  7,1800;  died  at 
Buffalo,  March  8, 1874.  At  the  time  of  his  birth 
Cayuga  County  was  a  wilderness,  with  few  w»t- 


MILLAKO   FILLMORE. 

tlements,  the  nearest  house  to  that  of  the  Fill- 
mores  being  four  miles  distant.  Mr.  Fillmore's 
early  education  was  limited,  and  at  the  age  of 
fourteen   years  he   was  apprenticed  to  a   fuller. 

He  became  fond  of  reading,  and  at  the  age  of 
nineteen  years  he  conceived  the  design  of  study- 
ing law.  He  made  an  arrangement  with  his 
master  to  pay  him  thirty  dollars  for  the  two 
years  of  the  unexpired  term  of  hie  apprentice- 
ship, aud  Studied  law  with  Waller  "Wood,  who 
gave  him  his  hoard  for  his  services  in  his  office. 
In  1821  he  went  on  foot  to  Buffalo,  where  he  ar- 
rived, an  entire  Stranger,  with  four  dollars  in  his 
pooket.  There  he  continued  to  study  law,  pay- 
ing his  expenses  by  teaching  school  aud  assist- 
ing in  the  post-office.  In  1823,  although  he  had 
not  completed  the  requisite  period  of  study  to 

he  admitted  to  the  bar,  he  was  admitted,  and 
commenced  practice  at  Aurora, Cayuga  County. 

where  his  father  then  resided.  In  a  few  \  ears 
he  stood  in  the  rank  of  the  foremost  lawyers  in 
the  slate.  He  was  admitted  to  practice  in  the 
highest  courts  of  the  state  in  1  >■-".»:  and  the  next 
year  he  moved  to  Buffalo,  where  he  practised 
his  profession  until  1847,  when  he  was  chosen 
Controller  of  the  state.      Then   he  retired   front 

the  profession.    His  political  life  began  in  1888* 

when  he  was  elected  to  the  Legislature  of  New 
York   by  the   Anti  -  Masonic   part}    (which  see). 

lie  served  three  successive  terras,  retiriug  in 
the  spring  of  183L  Mr.  Fillmore  was  particu- 
larly active   in   procuring  the   passage  oi'  a   law 

abolishing  imprisonment  for  debt    It  was  mnst- 

ly  drafted   by  himself,  and   passed   in   1831.       In 

1838  he  was  elected  to  Congress  as  an  opponent 
of  Jackson's  administration.    He  was  re-elected 

BS  a  Whig  in  1836,  and  retained  his  seat,  bj   sue 

sessive  re-elections,  until  1849,  when  he  declined 

a    renoniination.      His    career    in    Congress    was 

marked  i>\  ability,  integrity,  and  industry.     He 

a.  led   iii  Con-less  with   Mr.  Adams   in   l.i\oi    of 


FILLMORE'S  CABINET 


477 


FINANCIAL  EMBARRASSMENT 


receiving  petitions  for  the  abolition  of  slavery. 
Hi;  was  opposed  t"  tlic  annexation  of  Texas, 
ami  ill  favor  of  the  abolition  of  the  interstate 

slave-trade.     In  September,  1844,  Mr.  Fill re 

was  nominated  by  the  Wbigs  tor  governor  of 
the  state  of  New  York,  lint  was  defeated  by 
Silas  Wright,  the  Democratic  candidate.  Elect- 
ed controller  of  his  state  in  1-17.  Mr.  Fillmore 
filled  thai  responsible  office  with  rare  ability 
and  fidelity.  In  Jane,  1848, he  was  nominated 
by  the  Whig  National  Convention  for  the  office 
of  Vice-Presideut  of  the  United  stales,  ami  was 
elected,  with  General  Taylor  for  President.  He 
resigned  the  office  of  controller  in  February  fol- 
lowing; and  <>n  the  death  of  the  President  (July, 
1860),  Mr.  Fillmore  was  inducted  into  thai  high 
offiee.  During  bis  administration  the  slavery 
question  was  vehemently  disoussed,  and  was 
finally  set  at  rest,  it  was  hoped,  bj  the  passage 
of  various  aets  w  hieh  were  parts  of  compromises 
proposed  in  the  Omnibus  Bill  (which    ■ 

Clay  in  the  summer  of  I860.      It   "as  dining  his 

administration  that  difficulties  with  Cuba  oc- 
curred, diplomatic  communications  with  Japan 
were  opened,  measures  were  adopted  looking 
towards  the  construction  of  a  railway  from 
the  Mississippi  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  oili- 
er matters  of  great  public  interest  occurred. 
Mr.  Fillmore  retired  from  office  March  l.  L853, 
leaving  the  country  in  a  state  of  peace  within 
and  without,  ami  every  department  of  indus- 
try   nourishing.       in    1858   be    w a>   a    candidate 

in  the  Whig  convention  for  Presidenl  of  the 

United  States,  hut  did  not  gel  the  nomina- 
tion.    During  the  spring  and  summer  of  i-;>i 

he  made  an  extensive  t '  through  ihe  South- 
ern ami  Western  States;  ami  in  the  spring  of 
1855,  after  an   excursion   in  New   England,  he 

sailed  for  Europe,  where  he  remained  until 
June,    1856.        While    al     I.' e    he    reeei\ed    the 

news  of  his  nomination  for  the  Presidency  by 
the  "Native  American  Part]  "(which 

aeeepted  it,  hut  Manlaud  alone  gave  him  its 
electoral  vote.  The  remainder  of  his  life  was 
spent  in  Buffalo,  where  be  indulged  his  taste 
for  historical  studies. 

Fillmore's  Cabinet  <>n  the  death  of  Pres- 
idenl Taylor  (July  '.'.  I860  .  \  ice-Preaidenl  Fill- 

ime,  bj    a    |>io\  isiou    of   the  Constitu- 
tion, Presidenl  of  the  United  States,     lie  took 

the   oath    of  office   on    the    10th,  when    President 

Taylor's  cabinel  resigned.  Fillmore  declined 
to  consider  then-  resignations  until  after  the 
funeral  of  the  late  President,  when  he  appoint- 
ed   the    following    named    gentlemen  :     Daniel 

Webster,  of  Massachusetts,  Secretarj  of  state; 

'lie  i  in. i-  I'orw  in.  of  Ohio.  Seeietai  \  of  War;  Al- 
exander II.  II.  Stuart,  of  Virginia,  Secretarj  of 
the  Interior;  William  A.  (I  rah  am,  ol'  North  Car- 
olina. Secretary  of  the  Navy;  Nathan  K.  Hall, 
of  New  fork,  Postmaster -general;  and  John 
J.  Crittendeu,  of  Kentucky,  Attorney -general. 

These    name,    impressed    the    people    Willi    eonli- 

dence  in  Fillmore's  administration. 

Financial  Condition  of  the  United  States 
i  1861  .  When  Howell  Cohh  became  Secretarj 
of  the  Treasury  in  1857  the  coffers  of  the  gov- 


ernment were  so  overflowing  that  the  Treasury 
indes  next  due  were  bought  in;  but  in  prepara- 
tions for  disunion  he  had  so  adroitly  managed 
his  department  to  weaken  it,  and  so  paralyze 
one  strong  arm  of  the  government,  thai  the 
Treasury  was  empty  in  I860.  In  the  fall  of 
that  year  the  secretary  was  in  the  market  as  a 
borrower  to  carry  on  the  ordinary  operations  of 
the  government  and  to  pay  interest  on  its  loans. 
His  management  had  created  distrust  in  finan- 
cial circles,  and  he  w  as  compelled  to  pay  ruinous 
premiums,  when  money  was  never  more  abun- 
dant. When  he  left  tin  December)  the  Treas- 
urj  was  greatly  embarrassed.     But  the  country 

was  never  richer.  The  cereal  crop  and.  indeed, 
all  others  were  enormous,  but  capital  had  hid- 
den in  fear  of  threatened  danger.     Fortunately 

for  the  Bepublic,  never  were  the  people  gener- 
ally in  such  easy  circunislanees.  The  exports 
had  greatly  exceeded  the  imports,  and  the  tide 
of  trade  and  exchange  was  running  so  heavily 
in  favor  of  the  Americans  at  the  close  of  Novem- 
ber thai  coin  came  Bowing  into  the  country 
from  Europe  in  immense  volumes.  The  banks 
iii  the  North  were  in  a  healthy  comlit ion.  When 
John   A.  I»ix  entered   Buchanan's  cabinel    (Jan. 

1 1.  1861  .^  Secretarj  of  the  Treasury,  and  that 
cabinet  was  purged  bf  Floyd  and  Thompson,  and 
strengthened  by  loyal  men,  confidence  in  the 
government  qnicklj  grew,  and  there  was  soon 
an  equipoise  in  the  public  mind  in  the  tree- 
labor  ■-laics,  in  view  of  their  financial  condi- 
tion, that  made  them  strong  and  hopeful,  and 
there  was  a  disposition  to  lend  to  tin-  govern- 
ment.   They  wen'  sensible  of  the  existence  of 

Sufficient  Virtue  to  save  the  Republic.  Tin-  ut- 
terances id'  the  supposed  orgau  of  the  President- 
elect i  Springfield  Jour  nal,Oh\o)  also  inspired  con- 
fidence.    ••  if  South  Carolina,''  it  said,  ••  violates 

Ihe  law,  then  comes  Ihe  In-;  of  war.  The  Pres- 
ident of  the  United  Stales,  in  such  an  emer- 
gency, has  a  plain  duty  to  perform.  Mr.  Bu- 
chanan may  shirk  it.  or  the  emergency  may  not 
exist   during   his   administration.      If  not,  then 

the  Union  will  lasl  through  his  ter f  office. 

If  the  overt  act  on  the  part  of  South  Carolina 
takes  place  on  or  after  the  lib  of  March,  1881, 

then  the  duly  of  executing  the  laws  will  de- 
\  oh  e  upon  Mr.  Lincoln." 

Financial  Embarrassment  i 1-1  5).  In  Jan- 
nary,  1815,  Alexander  J.  I 'alia-.  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  in  a  report  to  Congress, laid  bare  the 
poverty  of  the  national  Treasury.  The  year 
had  (lo.rd   with  119,000,000  unpaid  debts,  to 

meet    which    there    was    a    nominal    balance    in 

ihe  Treasury  of  less  than  $2,000,000  ami  about 

|4,500,000   id'  uncollected    taxes.       Cor    the    next 

\ ear's  services  $50,000,000  would  be  required. 
'I'he  tola  I  revenue,  including  the  produce  of  i  he 
new  taxes,  was  estimated  al  about $11,000,000  - 

$10,000,000  from  taxes,  and  only  $1, 1,000  from 

duties  on  imports,  to  such  a  low  ebb  had  the 
Commerce    of  the    United    Slates    been    reduced. 

Various  schemes  for  raising  money  were  de- 
vised, but  the  p  inspect  was  particularly  gloomy. 
The  government  was  without  money  or  credit  ; 
the  regular  military  force  was  decreasing;  the 

war  party  were  at  variance,  Croat  Britain  re- 


FINANCIAL  rOLICY,  AN  HONEST        478       FIREMEN'S  AMBULANCE  SYSTEM 


fusing  to  treat  on  admissible  terms;  a  victori- 
ous British  army  threatening  the  Northern  fron- 
tier; Cockbnru  in  possession  of  Cumberland 
Island,  oft'  the  coast  of  Georgia;  the  Southern 
States  threatened  with  servile  insurrection;  a 
formidable  British  armament  preparing  to  in- 
vade the  Gulf  region  ;  and  die  treasonable  peace 
taction  doing  ail  in  their  power  to  embarrass 
the  government.  It  was  at  this  .juncture  that 
the  complaints  of  the  Hartford  Convention 
(which  see)  and  a  commission  from  the  Legis- 
lature of  Massachusetts  appeared  before  the 
government.  Fortunately,  the  news  of  the 
treaty  of  peace  and  the  victory  at  New  Orleans 
went  over  the  country  in  February  and  saved 
the  people  from  utter  discouragement.  The 
government  took  heart  and  authorized  a  loan 
of  $18,400,000,  the  amount  of  Treasury  notes 
then  outstanding;  and  as  an  immediate  means 
to  go  on  with,  a  new  issue  of  Treasury  notes  to 
the  amount  of  $25,000,000 (part  of  them  in  sums 
nuclei'  $100,  payable  to  bearer,  and  without  in- 
terest) was  authorized.  The  small  notes  were 
intended  for  currency;  those  over  $100  bore  an 
interest  of  live  and  two-fifths  per  cent.,  or  a 
cent  and  a  half  a  day  for  every  $100.  All  acts 
imposing  discriminating  duties  on  foreign  ves- 
sels of  reciprocity  nations,  and  embargo,  non- 
importation, and  non  -  intercourse  laws,  were 
repealed  :  and  so  commerce  was  immediately 
revived  and  the  revenue  increased. 

Financial  Policy,  An  Honest.     Before  the 

close  of  the  session  of  Congress  jn  March.  1869, 
a  bill  was  passed  defining  the  financial  policy 
of  the  country.  Its  chief  provision  was  as  fol- 
lows: "The  faith  of  the  United  States  is  sol- 
emnly pledged  to  the  payment,  in  coin  or  its 
equivalent,  of  all  the  interest- bearing  obliga- 
tions of  the  United  Slates,  except  in  cases  w  here 
the  law  authorizing  the  issue  of  any  such  obli- 
gations has  expressly  provided  that  the  same 
may  be  paid  in  lawful  money  or  other  currency 
1  han  gold  and  silver."  This  law  gave  great 
financial  credit  and  Strength  to  the  nation. 

Fine  Arts,  FIRST  SCHOOL  of.  PROJECTED  in 
America.     (8ee  Softool  of  Ftm 

Fined  for  Refusing  Honors.  In  1633  the 
Geueral  Court  of  the  Plymouth  Colony  passed 

an  act  that  whoever  should  refuse  the  oflice  of 
governor  should  pay  a  tine  of  one  hundred  dol- 
lars, unless  he  was  chosen  two  Mars  successive- 
ly; and  thai  whoever  refused  the  office  of  con n- 
cilloror  magistrate  should  pay  a  line  offlftj  dol- 
lars. Tbese  offices  required  so  much  labor  and 
expense  of  time  and  money  in  the  early  colonial 
days  that  they  had  no  allurements  siiftieient  to 
make  men  aspire  to  them.  There  were  no  dein- 
■gognea  then.  Governor  Bradford,  who  had 
served  tin  years, "now  by  importunity  got  oil." 
Fbe,  Great,  in  Niw  Fori  (1776>  The  Brit- 
ish anticipated  snug  winter  quarter*  in  the  city 
of  New  York,  when,  at  a  little  past  midnight, 
Sept.  '21,  1 77* i.  a  Ore  broke  out  in  a  low  drinking- 
place  and  brothel— a  w km  building  on  the 

w  Ion  f.  near  Whitehall  Slip.  The  w  i  ml  w  a-  brisk 
from  the  southwest,  and  the  flames  spread  rap- 
Idly,  unchecked,  for  thcie  were  lew   inhabitants 


in  the  city.  Every  building  between  Whitehall 
and  Broad  Streets  up  to  Beaver  Street  was  con- 
sumed, when  the  wind  veered  to  the  southeast 
and  drove  the  flames  towards  Broadway.  The 
buildings  on  each  side  of  Beaver  Street  to  the 
Bowling  Green  were  burned.  The  lire  crossed 
Broadway  and  swept  all  the  buildings  on  each 
side  as  far  as  Exchange  Street,  and  on  the 
west  side  t<>  Partition  (Fnl ton)  Street, destroy- 
ing Trinity  Church.  Every  building  westward 
towards  the  Hudson  River  perished.  The  To- 
ries and  British  writers  of  the  day  charged  the 
destruction  of  the  city  to  Whig  incendiaries. 
Some  of  these  citizens  who  came  out  id'  the 
gloom  to  save  their  property  were  murdered  by 
British  bayonets  or  east  into  the  flames.  Even 
General  Howe  in  his  report  made  the  charge, 
without  a  shadow  of  truth,  that  the  accident 
was  the  work  of  Whig  conspirators.  About 
five  hundred  buildings  almost  a  third  part  of 
the  city)  were  laid  in  ashes. 

Fire  in  Boston  (1760).  Nearly  a  tenth  part 
of  Boston  was  consumed  by  tire  on  March  20, 
L760,  in  about  four  hours.  It  began,  by  acci- 
dent, at  Cornhill.  There  were  consumed  one 
hundred  and  seventy-four  dwelling-houses,  one 
hundred  and  seventy-five  warehouses  and  other 
buildings,  with  merchandise,  furniture,  and  va- 
rious articles,  to  the  value  of  $355,000;  and  two 
hundred  and  twenty  families  were  compelled  to 
look  to  their  neighbors  for  shelter.  The  dona- 
tions from  every  quarter  for  the  relief  of  the  suf- 
ferers amounted  to  about  S-7,000. 

Fire  Lands.  After  flic  close  of  the  old  war 
for  independence  a  committee  was  appointed 
by  the  Connecticut  Legislature  to  ascertain  the 
value  of  the  property  destroyed  in  that  state  by 
the-  torches  of  British  anil  Hessian  marauders. 
In  171)3  the  Assembly  granted  to  the  sufferers 
five  hundred  t  housand  acres  of  land  lying  within 
the  limits  of  the  Western  Reserves  i  which  seel 
in  Ohio,  and  now  included  in  the  counties  of 
Huron  and  Erie  and  a  small  part  of  Ottawa. 
This  tract  is  still  known  as  the  "  Fire  Lands." 

Firemen's  Ambulance  System  (1861—66). 
The  benevolent  work  of  the  Volunteer  Refresh- 
ment Salooiisofl,hiladelphia(w  hiehsee  |  w  BSSUp- 
pleinented  bj  a  good  work  carried  on  wholly  by 
the  firemen  of  I  hat  city.   When  sick  and  wounded 


i-iiM.AiiKi.i'iiiA  nun  n 
soldiers  began  to  be  brought  to  the  hospitals 

ill  Philadelphia,  the  medical  department   found 

it  difflcnll  to  procure  proper  vehicles  to  oonvej 

them    from    flic    \\har\es    to   their    destination. 

The  distress  oanaed  bj  delays  ami  inconvenient 
couvexanccs  the  sympathetic  nremou  attempted 


FIRES,  RECENT  GEEAT 


479    FIRST  AMERICAN  VESSEL  IN  RUSSIA 


to  alleviate.  An  arrangement  was  made  fortbe 
chief  of  the  department  to  aunonuee  the  arrival 
of  a  transport  by  a  given  signal,  when  the  fire- 
men would  hasten  to  the  landing- plaee  wiih 
spring-wagons.  Finally,  the  "Northern  Liber- 
ties Engine  Company"  had  a  fine  ambulance 
constructed.    .More  than  thirty  oilier  engine  and 

hose  companies  followed  their  example,  and  the 
Buffering    soldiers    were   conveyed   from    ship   to 

hospital  with  the  greatest  tenderness.  These 
ambulances  cost  in  the  aggregate  over  $30,000, 
all  of  which  was  contributed  by  the  firemen. 

The  UUUlber  of  disabled  soldiers  who  were  eon- 
vexed  on  these  ambulances  daring  the  war  was 

estimated  at  more  than  one  hundred  and  twenty 
thousand. 

Fires,  Recbnt Gri  vr  [n  October,  1871, one 
of  the  most  destructive  tires  on  record  occurred 
in  Chicago,  w  hen  a  large  portion  of  the  business 

part  of  the  city  was  destroyed.  It  raged  about 
fcweuty-eight  hours,  spread  over  two  thousand 
acres  ofgronnd,  laid  two  thousand  five  hundred 
buildings  in  ruins,  and  consumed  property,  real 
and  personal,  to  the  amount  ofaboul  $200,000,000. 
Of  this    amount,  $90,000,000    was    insured.       In 

November,  the  following  year,  a  tire  in  t  he  heart 
of  Boston  swept  over  sixty  acres  ofgronnd,  de- 
stroying property  to  the  amount  of $75,000,000, 

on  which  was  an  insurance  of $50,000,000. 

Firmness  of  Franklin.  Alter  the  attack  by 
Wedderbume  when  before  the  Privy  Council, 
ami  his  dismissal  from  the  office  of  postmaster- 
general  for  t he  colonies,  he  was  subjected  to  the 
danger  of  arrest,  and  possibly  a  trial,  for  trea- 
son ;   for  the  ministry,  angrj    because  he  had 

exposed  1 1  iitchinson's  Letters  (  w  hich  see),  made 
serious  threats.  Conscious  of  rectitude,  he  nei- 
ther hit   England  then  nor  swerved  a  line  from 

his  course  of  duty.     When,  iii  February,  1776, 

Lord  North  endeavored  to  find  out  from  him 
what  the  Americans  wanted,  "  We  desire  noth- 
ing," said  Franklin,  "hut  what  is  necessary  to 
our  seem  ity  and  Well-being."    After  staline;  that 

some  of  the  obnoxious  acts  would  probably  he 

repealed,  Lord  North  said  the  Massachusetts  acts 

must  We  continued,  both  "as  real  amendments" 

of  I  lie   const  it  ut  ion  of  I  hat    province,  and   "as  a 

standing  example  of  the  power  of  Parliament." 
Franklin   briefly   replied:   "While   Parliament 

claims  the  righl  of  altering  American  constitu- 
tions at  pleasure  there  can  he  no  agreement,  for 
we    are     rendered    unsafe    in    every    privilege." 

North  answered:  "An  agreement   is  necessary 

for  America  ;  it  is  so  easy  for  Britain  to  burn  all 
your  seaport  towns."   Franklin  coolly  answered  : 

"My  little  property  consists  in  houses  in  those 
towns;  yoil  may  make  bonfires  of  them  when- 
ever   son    please;    the    fear   of   losing    them    will 

never  alter  mj  resolution  to  resist  to  the  last 

the  claim  of  Parliament ." 

First  "Abolition"  Newspaper  in  the  United 
States.  In  1815  Mr.  Lundy,  of  8t.  Clairsville, 
Ohio,  called  a  meeting  of  his  neighbors  to  or- 
ganize an  anti  slaver]  society.  Six  persons  at- 
tended and  formed  the  "  Union  Humane  Society." 
In  a  few  weeks  Lundv's  house  was  loo  small  to 
hold  the  members,  and  iii  six  months  they  nuin 


bored  over  four  hundred.  Mr.  Lundy  wrote  ar- 
ticles against  slavery,  and  in  January,  1816,  be 
issued  a  newspaper  called  The  Appeal,  devoted 
to  the  cause  of  abolition. 

First  American  Diplomat  in  France.      In 

l??li  Silas  Deane,  of  Connecticut,  was  sent  by 
the  Secret  Committee  of  Correspondence  of  the 

Continental  Congress  as  minister,  or  secret  dip- 
lomatic agent,  to  the  court  of  France,  intima- 
tions having  been  given  that  such  an  agent 
would  be  kindly  received  there.  Mr.  Deane 
went  in  the  character  of  a  Bermuda  merchant: 
and,  the  better  to  cover  his  designs,  he  did  not 
take  any  considerable  sum  of  money  or  bills  of 
exchange  with  him  for  his  support.  The  Scent 
C niiltee  was  to  send  them  after  him  by  way 

of  London,  to  arrive  in  Paris  nearly  as  soon  as 
himself,  lest  a  capture  should  betray  his  secret. 
On  his  arrival  in  Paris  he  sougbl  an  interview 

with  the  Count  de  VergenneB,  the  minister  for 
foreign  affairs,  but  no  notice  was  taken  of  him. 

lie  repeated  his  application  in  vain.  His  remit- 
tances weri'  all  captured  or  lost.  He  soon  ex- 
pended the  cash  he  look  with  him,  and  was  in 
great  distress.  His  landlady  became  importu- 
nate, and  he  was  threatened  with  ejectment  into 

the  street,     lie  again  repeated  his  application 

lot  aji  interview  with  Ycr-ennes,  but  was  de- 
nied. Which  way  to  turn  he  knew  not.  He 
walked  in  the  fields  in  the  suburbs  in  despair. 
There  he  met  a  Citizen  who  resided  in  the  sub- 
urbs, to  whom  he  revealed  his  distressed  con- 
dition. The  citizen  invited  him  to  make  his 
house  his  home  until  remittances  should  arrive. 
Losing  hope  of  either  funds  or  an  interview  with 
the  minister,  he  resolved  to  return  to  America, 
and  was  actually  packing  his  wardrobe  when 
two  letters  reached  him.  announcing  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence  by  CongTOBS  and  the  ac- 
tion of  Arnold  with  the  British  licet  on  Lake 
Chatnplain.     Two  hours  later  he  received  a  card 

from  Vergennes,  requesting  his  company  imme- 
diately.    Deane,  indignant  at  the  treatment  he 

had  received,  refused  to  go.  The  next  morning, 
as  he  was  rising  from  his  bed,  an  under  secretary 
called,  inviting  him  to  breakfast  with  the  count. 
He  again  refused;  but,  on  the  secretary's  press- 
ing him  to  go,  he  consented,  and  was  received 
very  cordially  by  Vergennes.  A  long  conversa- 
tion on  American  affairs  took  place,  when  Deane 

acquainted  the  minister  with  the  nature  of  his 
mission.  So  began  the  diplomatic  relations  be- 
tween France  and  the  Lnited  States  which  re- 
sulted iii  the  negotiation  of  a  treaty  of  amity 
and  alliance  between  the  two  nations.  (See 
Treaty  o/Allianoe  with  I'm  net.) 

First  American  Vessel  in  a  Russian  Port. 
Francis  Dana  was  appointed  envoy  oft  he  United 
stales  to  the  Russian  conn.  Dec.  in.  1780,  bnt 
was  not  received  in  his  public  character,  as  the 

empress  (Catharine  II.)  had  ben  chosen  to  me- 
diate, with  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  between 
France,  Spain,  ami  England  ILs  presence, 
however,  was  agreeable  to  the  empress,  and  she 
gave  him  assurance  of  the  friendly  disposition 
of  Russia  towards  the  United  States,  she  prom- 
ised that  they  should,  in  the  prosecution  of  com- 


FIRST  AND  LAST  EXECUTION  4 

merce,  have  all  the  advantages  in  Russian  ports 
(it  the  most  favored  nations.  This  was  late  in 
the  spring  of  1783.  On  Jnne  1  a  Massachusetts 
vessel  of  live  hundred  tons'  burden,  commanded 
be  Captaiu  McNeal,  arrived  at  Riga,  and  dis- 
played the  flag  of  the  United  States.  Mr.  Dana 
n  rote  :  "  This  is  the  first  and  only  arrival  of  an 
American  vessel  in  any  Russian  port.  The  im- 
pression it  has  made  here  is  favorable." 

First  and  Last  Execution  for  Treason  in  the 
United  States.  When  Admiral  Farragut  ar- 
rived before  New  Orleans  ( April  28,  1862  .  he 
sent  Captain  Bailey  ashore  with  a  flag  to  de- 
mand the  surrender  of  the  city.  The  military 
commander  (Lovell)  turned  over  the  whole  mat- 
ter to  the  civil  authorities.  The  demand  was 
refused.  Meanwhile  a  force  had  landed  from 
one  of  the  vessels  ami  hoisted  the  national  Hag 
over  the  Mint.  As  soon  as  t  hey  retired  a  gam- 
bler, named  William  B.  Mumford,  with  some 
young  men,  tore  down  tin-  flag  and  dragged  it 
through  the  streets  in  derision.  This  act  was 
hailed  with  acclamations  of  approval  by  the  se- 
cessionists of  the  city,  and  paragraphs  of  praise 
and  exultation  appeared  in  The  New  Orleans 
journals.  General  Butler  arrived  with  two  thou- 
sand troops  (May  1),  and  took  possession  of  the 
city.  His  headquarters  were  at  the  St.  Charles 
Hotel,  before  which  a  threatening  croud  gath- 
ered. Among  them  was  Mumford,  who  openly 
boasted  of  his  exploit  in  humbling  the  ••  old  rag 
of  the  United  States."  !!.■  became  bo  dangerous 
to  good  order  as  the  leader  of  the  turbulent  spir- 
its in  New  Orleans  that  Butler  had  him  arrested 
and  tried  for  treason.  He  was  found  guilty  and 
executed— the  only  man  who.  up  to  this  time 
1 1880  .  has  been  tried,  found  guilty,  and  suffered 
death  for  that  crime  since  the  foundations  of  the 
national  government  were  laid. 

First  Attempt  to  Favor  the  Loyalists.  Ne  w 
York  took  the  first  step.  The  treaty  of  peace 
between  tin-  l'nitcd  States  and  Great  Britain, 
in  IT-:;,  made  no  provision  for  the  American 
Loyalists  which  see  .w  ho  were-  quite  numerous. 
Some  of  them,  who  had  become  refugees  in  Can- 
ada or  Nova  Scotia,  had  been  sustained  by  pen- 
sions from  the  British  crown  during  the  war. 
They,  with  multitudes  who  remained  in  the 
Stales,  bad  been  impoverished  by  confiscations 
or  by  the  ravages  of  war.  and  now  saw  absolute 
povertj  before  them.  Those  who  remained  were 
not  only  impoverished,  but  were  tortured  with 
an  undetiuable  dread  of  harsher  treatment  at 
the  hands  id'  their  indignant  fellow  -  citizens, 
whom,  in  many  instances,  these  Tories  had  fear- 
fully oppressed.  It  was  this  dread  that  caused 
mote  than  a  thousand  Loyalists  u  New  York  to 
follow  the  example  of  their  Tory  brethren  in 
Boston  in  1776,  and  become  refugees  in  NoVS 
Scotia  by  leaving  their  native  land  when  the 
British  forces  departed.      Il   was  a  sad  sight   to 

sae  persona  "i  refinement  and  wealth  before  the 
war  flying  for  refuge     thej  scarcely   knew   to 

what  protection     f the  just  wrath  of  their 

countrymen  and  former  friends  and  neighbors. 
Triumph  and  success,  and  the  right  of  misery) 
softened  tin    asperities  of  foaling  among  the 


80  FIRST  BLOOD  SHED 

Americans  towards  the  great  body  of  the  Loyal- 
ists, and  sentiments  of  compassion  took  the 
place  of  resentment  soon  alter  the  Revolution. 
Many  refugees  were  allowed  to  return  to  Amer- 
ica. Their  property  was  restored.  New  York 
[  was  the  first  state  that  repealed  its  confiscation 
acts.  Other  states  followed  its  example,  and  in 
time  society,  disrupted  by  the  Revolution,  was 
readjusted. 

First  Bible  printed  in  America.  Christo- 
pher Saner,  at  Gennantown.  I'enn..  printed  a  lii- 
ble  there  in  the  German  language  in  174:!.  At 
the  same  time  a  German  newspaper  was  printed 
weekly  at  Philadelphia. 

First  Bishop  for  New  France,  Tin:,  was 
Francis  de  Laval,  abbot  of  Montigny,  a  prelate 
who  came  over  in  1659,  bringing  with  him  for  the 

hist  time  monks  of  other  orders  besides  .Jesuits. 

First  Blood  shed  in  the  Civil  -War  (1861 
<;.">).  When  the  Washington  Artillery — one  of  the 
Pennsylvania  companies  which  hastened  to  the 
relief  of  Washington  city  —  were  passing  through 
Baltimore  (April  18,  1-til)  they  were  followed 
by  an  excited  mob.  who  assailed  them  with  in- 
sulting words  and  a  few  missiles.  A  colored 
man,  sixty  years  of  age.  supposed  to  have  been 
a  runaway  slave,  was  attached  to  the  company, 
and  was  in  military  dress.  His  appearance 
greatly  excited  the  ire  of  the  mob.  who  raised 
the  cry  of  '•  Nigger  in  uniform!"  Stones  and 
bricks  were  hurled  at  him,  and  he  received  ■ 
severe  wound  in  the  face  from  which  the  blood 
flowed  freely.  His  excursion  through  Baltimore 
was  never  a  pleasant  memory  for  him;  and  be 
was  heard  to  say  that  he  would  go  through  the 
infernal  regions  with  the  Washington  Artillery, 
but  never  again  through  Baltimore. 

First  Blood  shed  in  the  Second  "War  for 
Independence.  While  the  army  of  General 
Hull  was  lying  in  camp  below  Sandwich,  in 
Canada,  be  was  absent  at  Detroit  two  or  three 
days.  There  had  been  some  skirmishing  with 
detachments  of  his  army,  under  Colonels  Cass 
ami  McArthur,  near  the  Tarontee  vsee  Skirmixli 
tit  tin    Tarontee);  and  the  apparent  Bupiueness 

of  the  general  made  the  younger  otlieers  and  tin- 
men suspect  him  of  incapacity,  if  not  of  treach- 
ery. While  Hull  was  absent  at  Detroit  the  com- 
mand of  the  American  troops  in  Canada  de- 
volved on  Colonel  McArtliui.  and  he  resolved  to 

attack  Fort  Maiden.  He  detached  some  rangers 
lo  seek  a  convenient  passage  of  the  Tarontee  or 
the  Canardt  above  tin-  bridge,  so  as  to  avoid 
the  guns  of  the  British  armed  vessel  Queen  Char- 
lotte, lying  in  the  river.  This  was  impractica- 
ble, \  -touting  party  was  sent  under  Major 
Dennj  to  reconnoitre,  who  fouud  an  Indian  am- 
buscade   between    Turkey    Cn-ek    and    the    la 

lolitee,  in  the  Petit  Cote  set  I  lenient .  I'll,  re 
Denny  had  a  sharp  skirmish  with  the-  barba- 
rians, when  a  part  of  his  line  gave  way,  and  he 
was  compelled  to  retreat  in  confusion,  pursued 
nearly  three  miles  by  the  victorious  Indians. 
He  tried  to  rally  his  men.  but  in  vain.  In  the 
skirmish  be  lost  six  men  killed  and  two  wound- 
ed. This  was  the  first  blood  shed  in  n 
war  for  independence,  oi  the  War  oi  IBIS  16. 


FIRST  BLOOD  SHED 


4-1   .  FIRST  ENGLISH  COLONY  PLANTED 


First  Blood  shed  in  the  "War  with  Mexico. 
General  Taylor,  informed  tbat  the  Mexicans  had 
crossed  the  Bi<>  Graude,  and  were  between  Fori 
Brown  and  Point  Isabel,  endeavoring  to  out  off 
all  communication  with  his  stores  at  the  latter 

place,  and  that  Other  armed  parties  were  en- 
deavoring to  cross,  seiil  a  party  under  Captain 
Thornton  to  reconnoitre.  Nearly  his  whole  com- 
mand were  surprised  and  captured.  Lieutenant 
Mason  was  killed.  Thornton  escaped  only  by 
an  extraordinary  leap  of  his  horse  over  a  thick 

hedge,  followed  by  harmless  bullets.  The  blood 
of  Mason  was  the  fust  shed  in  the  war  with 
Mexico,  April  24,  1846.     (See  Mtxioo,  War  with.) 

First  Christian  Marriage  in  Virginia.  Cap- 
tain Newport  arrived  at  Jamestown. Ya.. in  1606, 
with  a  second  supply  for  the  colony,  bringing 
seventy  passengers,  many  of  whom  were  per- 
sons of  some  distinction  at  home.  Among  them 
was  John  Langdon,  who  soon  afterwards  mar- 
lied  Ann  Hurras,  who  had  come  to  the  colony  as 
the  maid  of  Mi-.  Forrest.  These  were  the  fust 
while    women    seen    in    the    Colony   of  Virginia 

proper.     The  daughter  of  John  White   (Mrs. 

Dare),  and  eighteen  other  women  with  her,  wore 
in  the  colony  on  the  coast  of  North  Carolina  in 

1687,  when  that  region  was  called  Virginia. 
This  was  the  fust  christian  marriage  in  Virginia 

First  Church  in  Boston.     In  Angnst,  1633, 

the  inhabitants  of  Chailestown  and  Boston  be- 
gan the  erection  "fa  church  edifice  at  the  latter 
place.  Then  were  then  one  hundred  and  fifty- 
oiie   church    members    at    the    two    settlements. 

They  amicably  divided,  the  church  in  Boston 
retaining  Mr.  Wilson  as  its  pastor,  and  that  ill 
Charlestown  invited  Rev.  Thomas  James  to  its 
pulpit.  The  Boston  church  edifice  had  mud 
walls  and  a  thatched  roof,  and  stood  on  the 
south   side   .if  State   Street,  near   when    the   old 

stale-house  afterwards  st 1.      Mr.  Wilson,  who 

had  been  a  teacher  only,  was  ordained  pastor  of 

the  tiisi  church  in  Bos Nov. 22,  L632. 

First  Code  of  Laws  in  Massachusetts.  At 
the  request  of  the  General  Court,  the  Be  v.  John 
Cotton  drew  up  the  first  code  of  laws  of  Mas- 
sachusetts. They  were  taken  entirely  from 
the  Old  -  Testament   Scripture.     It   was   found 

that   thej   were  not  adapted  to  a  state  of  society 

so  differeul  from  that  of  the  Hebrews  in  the 
time  of  Moses,  and  Rev.  Nathaniel  Ward,  who 
was    familiar    with    the    Roman    as    well    as   the 

Jewish  laws,  drew  up  a  code  which  was  Bubsti- 
tuted  for  Cotton's  m  Kill.  The  first  article  of 
this  code  pro\  ided  that  the  rights  of  person  and 
property  vested  in  the  citizen  should  be  Invio- 

cepl  by  express  law,  or,  in  default  id' 
thai,  by  the  "Word  of  God."  Governor  Win- 
t  In  op  did  not  approve  of  Mr.  Ward's  adaptation 
of  Greek  and  Roman  laws.  He  though!  it  bel- 
ter that  the  laws  should  be  taken  from  the 
Scriptures  rather  than  "on  the  authority  of  the 
wisdom  and  justice  of  those  heathen  common- 
wealths." The  "  Body  of  Liberties"  compiled 
by  Mr. Ward  was  reallj  the  first  constitution  of 
i  iiusetts  Bay. 


First  Colonial  Copyright  Law. 
I.-31 


The  Gen- 


eral Court  of  Massachusetts  in  1672  gave  leave 
to  John  I'sher,  an  opulent  Boston  bookseller, 
the  exclusive  right  of  printing,  on  his  own  ac- 
count, a  revised  edition  of  the  laws  of  that  Colo- 
ny, which  had  been  first  printed  at  Cambridge 

in  li;:i4. 

First  Copyright  and  Patent  Law  in  the 
United  States.  South  Carolina's  Legislature 
passed  a  law  in  L784  for  the  encouragement  of 
the  arts  and  sciences.  It  provided  for  the  se- 
curity of  the  copyright  of  books  to  the  authors, 
and  a  like  privilege  to  the  inventors  of  useful 
uiaclii nes.     (See  Copyright  Law). 

First  Court  of  Chancery  in  New  York,  Tin:. 
was  established  in  the  year  L701,  agreeably  to 
the  special  directions  of  the  Lords  of  Trade 
(which  see).  This  court  was  directed  to  sit  on 
the  first  Tuesday  in  every  month. 

First  Democratic  Government  in  America. 
When  the  Mayflower  entered  Cape  Cod  Bay,  off 
the  shores  <.f  i  present  i  Massachusetts, and  east 
anchor,  it  was  perceived  that  they  won'  out  of 
the  northern  limits  of  the  South  Virginia  or 
London  Company,  and  their  then  charter  re- 
ceived from  that  company  was  useless,  Already 
symptoms  of  faction  had  appeared  among  the 
emigrants  on  board,  who  imagined  that  when 
on  shore  they  would  be  under  no  government; 
it  was  therefor.-  judged  expedient  by  the  wise 
ones  of  the  company  that,  before  disembarka- 
tion, they  should  combine  t  hemselv  es  into  a 
body   politic,  to   be   gover 1    by   the    majority. 

A  written  instrument  was  drawn  up, and, after 

solemn  prayer  and  thanksgiving,  it  was  sub- 
scribed (Nov.  11,0.  s.  i  by  every  man  on  board, 
forty-one  in  number.  It  was  on  the  lid  of  Elder 
Brewster's  chest  that  this  constitution  of  govern- 
ment was  signed.  They  then  proceeded  to  elect 
John  ( larver  for  governor.  Thus  w  as  erected  the 
first  republic  —a  pure  democracy  -in  America. 
First  Duel  between  Congressmen.  Parent 
Cardinicr  was  an  able  opponent  of  the  adminis- 
tration in  ('.ingress  in  1806.  In  a  speech  on  a 
hill  supple ntary  to  the  Embargo  Ad,  he  as- 
sailed the  administration  with  great  violence 
of  language,  accusing  it  of  being   under  the  iu- 

iliienee  of  Franoe,  has  ing  secret  motives  of  mis- 
chief hidden  under  a  cover  of  pat  riot  ism,  and 
declaring    that     he    believed    there    was   a    dark 

conspiracy  in  operation.     The  administration 

members  were  greatly  excited.  lie  was  fre- 
quently called  to  order,  and  even  threats  were 
made  to  expel  Oardinier  from  the  House  He 
was  assailed  with  a  torrent  of  personal  abuse, 
especially  by  Campbell,  of  Maryland.  Cardi- 
nicr challenged  him  to  mortal  combat.  They 
fought,  and  Campbell  shot  Cardinier  through 
the  body.  He  barely  escaped  with  his  life; 
and  w  hen  he  returned  to  his  seat  he  assailed  his 
opponents  with  more  violence  than  ever. 

First  English  Colony  planted  in  America. 
In  1585  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  sent  out  from  Eng- 
land Sir  Billiard  (iren  v  ille,  with  seven  ships 
and  many  people,  to  form  a  colony  in  Virginia, 
with  Ralph  Lane  as  their  governor.  At  Roanoke 
Island   Greuville   left   one   hundred    and    seven 


FIRST  EPISCOPAL  SOCIETY  .   41 

men  under  Lane  to  plant  a  colony,  the  first  ever 
founded  by  Englishmen  in  America.  (See  Qrm- 
ritlr  and  Lane.)  This  colon y  became  much  strait- 
ened for  want  of  provisions  next  year,  and,  fort- 
unately for  them.  Sir  Francis  1  Iraki',  Bailing  lip 
the  American  coast  with  a  sqnadron,  visited  the 
colony  and  found  them  in  great  distress.  Be 
generously  proposed  to  furnish  them  with  sup- 
plies, a  ship,  a  pinnace,  and  small  boats,  with 
sufficient  .seamen  to  stay  and  make  a  further  dis- 
covery of  the  country;  or  sufficient  provisions 
to  carry  them  to  England,  or  to  give  them  a  pas- 
sage home  in  his  fleet.  The  first  proposal  was 
accepted;  but  a  storm  having  shattered  his  ves- 
sels, the  discouraged  colonists  concluded  to  take 
passage  for  home  with  Drake,  which  they  did. 
The  whole  colony  (one  hundred  and  three  per- 
sons! sailed  from  Virginia  June  Is.  1586,  and  ar- 
rived at  Portsmouth,  England,  July  28. 

First  Episcopal  Society  in  New  England. 
This  society  was  formed  in  Bostou  in  1686,  when 
the  service  of  the  Prayer-book  was  first  intro- 
duced into  New  England.  When  Governor  An- 
dros  arrived  he  applied  to  one  of  the  Boston 
churches  for  the  celebration  of  the  Episcopal 
ritual  in  worship.  The  ministers  refused  his 
request.  In  the  following  spring  he  took  pos- 
session of  the  Old  South  Church  and  used  it  for 
prayers  and  other  divine  services.  In  1688  an 
Episcopal  church  was  erected  in  Tremont  Street, 
Boston,  and  called  King's  Chapel. 

First  Execution  in  the  Plymouth  Colony. 
John  Billington,  a  profane  man  from  London, 
was  found  guilty  of  murder,  and  was  executed 
at  Plymouth  in  11530.  His  conduct  had  been 
bad  from  the  beginning.  Governor  Bradford, 
writing  to  Rev.  Mr.  Cushman  in  1635, said:  'jHe 
is  a  knave,  and  so  w  ill  live  and  die." 

First  Exports  from  the  Mississippi  River. 
Two  French  ships  sailed  for  Fiance  from  the 
Mississippi,  richly   laden,  in    1716.      These    were 

the  first  to  carry  merchandise  over  the  sea  from 
Louisiana. 

First  French  Minister  to  the  United  States, 
Reception  ok.    Ou  the  ratification  of  the  treaty 

hetween  France  and  the  United  Slates  of  Feh.  (i, 
1778, diplomatic  relations  were  fully  established 
hetween  the  two  governments  liy  the  Flench 
sending  M.Gerard  (who  had  been  an  active  par- 
ticipator in  the  ne- 
gotiations i  as  min- 
ister plenipotenti- 
ary totheyoungre- 
public  He  sailed 
for   America    in 

HT'.staing's    flag. 

ship,  in  company 
with  silas  Deane, 
and  arri\  ed  at 
Philadelphia  early 
in  July.  There  be- 
ingiiotraditionary 
rules  of  etiquette  suitable  for  the  occasion,  the 
ceremonials  w  inch  took  place  at  his  reception  by 
Congress,  on  August  »i.  were  entirely  new.  Rich- 
ard Henrj  Lee  and  Samuel  Adams, delegates  in 
Cougress,  In  a  ooat  h  drawn  bj  six  horaea,  pro- 


I  FIRST  FRENCH  MISSIONARIES 

vided  by  that  body,  waited  upon  the  minister 
at  his  lodgings.  A  few  minutes  afterwards  the 
tw  o  delegates  and  M.  Gerard  entered  the  coach  ; 
the  minister's  chariot  being  behind,  received  his 
secretary.  The  carriages  arrived  at  the  state- 
house  a  little  before  one  o'clock,  when  the  min- 
ister was  conducted  by  Messrs.  Lee  and  Adams 
to  a  chair  in  the  Congress  chamber,  the  mem- 
bers of  that  body  and  the  President  sitting;  M. 
Gerard,  being  seated,  presented  his  credentials 
into  the  hands  of  his  secretary,  who  advanced 
and  delivered  them  to  the  President  of  Con- 
gress. The  secretary  of  Congress  then  read  and 
translated  them,  which  being  done.  Mr.  Lee  in- 
troduced the  minister  to  Congress,  at  the  same 
moment  the  minister  and   Congress  rising.      M. 

Gerard  bowed  to  tin'  President  (Henry  Laurens) 
and  Congress,  and  they  bowed  to  him.  where- 
upon the  whole  seated  themselves.  In  a  mo- 
ment the  minister  arose,  made  a  speech  to  Con- 
gress (they  sitting  I.  and  then,  seating  himself, 
he  gave  a  copy  of  his  speech  to  his  secretary, 
who  presented  it  to  the  President.  The  Presi- 
dent and  Congress  then  rose,  when  the  former 
made  a  reply  to  the  speech  of  the  minister,  the 
latter  standing.  Then  all  were  again  seated. 
when  the  President  gave  a  copy  id'  his  answer 
to  the  secretary  of  Congress,  who  presented  it  to 
the  minister.  The  President,  the  Congress,  and 
the  minister  then  arose  again  together.  The 
minister  bowed  to  the  President,  who  returned 
the  salute,  and  then  to  the  Congress,  who 
bowed  in  return:  and  the  minister,  having 
bowed  to  the  President  and  received  his  how 
in  return,  withdrew,  and  was  attended  home  iu 
the  same  manner  in  which  he  had  been  con- 
ducted to  the  audience.  Within  the  bar  -if  the 
House,  the  Congress  formed  a  semicircle  on 
each  side  of  the  President  and  the  minister,  the 
President  sitting  at  one  extremity  of  the  semi- 
circle, at  a  table  upon  a  platform  elevated  two 
steps,  the  minister  sitting  at  the  opposite  ex- 
tremity of  the  semicircle,  in  an  arm-chair,  upon 
the  same  level  with  the  Congress.  The  door 
of  the  Congress  chamber  being  thrown  open  he- 
low  the  bar,  about  two  hundred  gentlemen  were 
admitted  to  the  audience,  among  whom  were 
the    vice-president    of  the    Supreme    Executi\e 

Council  of  Pennsylvania,  the  Supreme  Execu- 
tive Council,  the  speaker  and  members  of  the 
Assembly,  several  foreigners  of  distinction,  and 
officers  of  the  army.  The  audience  being  over, 
the  Congress  and  the  minister  at  a  proper  hour 
repaired  to  an  entertainment  given  by  the  Con- 
gress to  the  minister,  at  which  were  present,  by 

invitation,  several  foreigners  of  distinction  and 
gentlemen  of  puldic  character.  Such  was  the 
unostentatious  manner  in  which  the  t  i  l  - 1  for- 
eign minister  of  the  (Jutted  8tates was  received, 
and  he  from  the  gayest  court  iii  Europe. 

First  French  Missionaries  in  America. 
Zealous  for  the  extension  of  the  dominion  of 
France  in  America.  Champlain  (which 
equally  zealous  in  the  promotion  and  spread  of 
the  Christian  faith.  To  aid  him  in  the  latter 
task  he  brought  from  Frame  <  1616),  with  a  com- 
pany of  colonists,  four  Recollct    Inais.  the   Brat 

of  a  hand  of  heroic  miaaionariaa  who  strov<  to 


FIRST  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY 


483  FIRST  MASS  CELEBRATED  IN  BOSTON 


convert  the  dusky  pagans  of  our  continent  to  the 
Christian  faith.  Clad  in  coarse  garments,  beld 
by  a  knotted  cord,  with  wooden  sandals  on  their 
feet,  they  held  their  first  mass  in  the  open  air  at 
Quebec,  while  cannons  on  I  lie  fort  and  ship  were 
thundering.  At  that  moment  a  large  council  of 
Algonquin  and  Huron  Indians  was  assembled  at 
Hoohelaga  (Montreal),  and  with  the  latter  one 
of  the  priests  (Father  Le  Caron)  and  twelve 
Frenelnnrii  w  cut  to  the  Huron  country,  on  the 
holder  of  the  lake  bearing  that  name.  Chain- 
plain  had  followed  with  an  exploring  party, 
and,  near  the  site  of  the  (present)  village  of 
Orilla,  he  and  Fal  her  Le  ( '.iron  met.  There  were 
present  two  thousand  warriors,  painted  and 
plumed,  and  in  their  presence,  in  the  soli i nde  of 
the  primeval  forest,  this  devoted  Recollel  friar 
chanted  the  Te  Deiun  and  offered  tin1  "  sacri- 
fice, of  the  mass" — the  administration  of  the 
holy  communion.  80  began  the  wonderful  se- 
ries of  missions  by  the  French,  prosecuted  chief- 
ly h>  the  .lesinis.  iii  America. 

First  General  Assembly  in  Plymouth  Col- 
ony.    In  1639  the  towns  in  Plymouth  Colony 

sent  deputies  for  legislation  for  the  fust  time, 
and  the  fust  General  Assembly  was  held  on 
June  I.  Hitherto  the  governor  and  his  assist- 
ants were  virtually  the  representatives  of  the 
people.  They  had  only  a  few  laws,  which  I  hex 
called  "fundamental;"  they  were  governed,-iu 
general,  by  the  common  law  and  statutes  of 
England. 

First  Governor -General  of  the  Carolinas 
The  people  of  the  Carolinas  suffered  long,  if  not 
patiently,  the  oppression  inflicted  by  governors 
appointed  by  the  proprietors,  until,  al    length, 

the  eyes  of   the   latter   were   opened    to  see    their 

true  interests,  by  the  outrageous  conduct  of 
Scth  Sothel.  He  was  suspended  from  all  au- 
thority in  Carolina  in  November,  1691,  and  be 
was  made  to  comply  Olllj  by  the  fear  of  a  threat- 
ened mandamut  to  appear  before  the  king.  Then 
they  appointed  Philip  Ludwell  governor  of  the 
northern  and  southern  colonics  of  the  Carolinas, 
and  he  became  first  governor-general,  lb'  was 
an  honest  but  iuefflcienl  man  Hi'  could  not 
(■arty  out  a  single  measure  opposed  to  the  popu- 
lar will,  and  in  1692 he  was  removed  and  Thomas 
Smith  made  governor  iu  his  place. 

First  Grand  Jury  In  New  England.  In 
1637  the  first  grand  jury  was  empanelled  (Sep- 
tember), from  w  huh  time  the  courts,  in  criminal 
oases,  proceeded  by  the  inquest  of  a  grand  jury, 
and  by  [Mill  jurors  as  I<>  matters  of  fact. 

First  Impost  Duties  in  English-American 
Colonies.  In  1672  the  British  Parliament,  re- 
garding colonial  commerce  as  a  proper  source 
of  public  revenue  and  taxation,  passed  a  law  im- 
posing a  dutj  on  sugar,  tobacco,  ginger,  cocoa- 
nut,  indigo,  logwood,  fustic,  wool,  and  cotton, 
under  certain  conditions.  It  was  enacted  that 
the  whole  business  should  be  managed  and  the 
Imposts  levied  by  officers  appointed  by  the  com- 
missioners of  customs  in  England,  under  the  au- 
thority of  the   lords  of  the  treasury.      This  was 

tin  first  attempt  at  taxation  of  the  colonies  with- 
out their  consent. 


First  Impost  Duty  in  the  United  States. 
In  the  spring  of  1783  the  Congress  discussed 
the  question  of  laying  an  impost  duty  for  the 
restoration  of  the  public  credit.  Finally,  011 
April  18,  1782,  it  was  voted,  'that  it  be  recom- 
mended to  the  several  states  as  indispensably 
necessary  to  the  restoration  of  public  credit, 
and  to  the  punctual  and  honorable  discharge 
of  the  public  debts,  to  invest  the  United  States, 
in  Congress  assembled,  with  power  to  levy  lot 
the  use  of  the  United  States"'  certain  duties 
named  upon  certain  goods  imported  from  any 
foreign  port.  Under  the  provisions  of  the  Arti- 
cles of  Confederation  (which  see),  the  unani- 
mous consent  of  the  states  was  necessary  to  con- 
fer this  power  upon  the  Congress.     This  was  the 

first  attempt  to  lay  such  duties  for  revenue.  The 
iieccssin  was  obvious, and  all  the  stab 
Rhode  Island  and  Georgia  agreed  to  an  ad  va- 
lorem duty  of  live  per  cent.  11(1011  all  goods  ex- 
cepting spirituous  liquors,  wines,  teas,  pepper, 
sugars,  molasses,  cocoa,  and  coffee,  on  w  tiicb  spe- 
cific duties  were  laid.  The  Assembly  gave,  as 
a  reason  for  its  refusal,  the  inequality  of  such  a 
tax.  bearing  harder  ou  the  commercial  states, 
and  the  inexpediency  and  danger  of  intrusting 
its  collection  to  Federal  officers,  unknown  and 
not  accountable  to  the  state  governments.  A 
committee   of  the    Congress,   with   Alexander 

Hamilton,  a  delegate  from  New  York,  as  chair- 
man, was  appointed  to  lay  the  proposition  be- 
fore the  several  states  and  to  urge  their  acqui- 
escence. They  sent  it  forth  with  an  eloquent 
address,  w  bioh  appealed  to  the  patriotism  of  the 
people.  The  measure  was  approved  by  the  lead- 
ing men  of  the  country,  and  all  the  states  but 
two  were  willing  to  give  Congress  the  desired 
power.  "It  is  moiic;/,  not  power,  that  ought  to 
be  the  object,"  they  said.  ••The  former  will  pay 
our  tttbtt,  the  latter  may  destroy  our  UberUeB." 

First  Indian  Government  established  in 
New  England.  In  Ki47  the  General  Court  of 
Massachusetts  organized  the  Natick  Indians  at 
Nonautum  (see  Mission  to  the  Indian*)  into  a  po- 
litical community,  where  a  court  of  jurisdiction 
was  established.  An  order  was  passed  that  one 
or  more  of  the  magistrates  at  Boston  should, 
once  a  quarter,  keep  a  court  at  Nonautum,  and 
determine  all  cases,  civil  and  criminal,  that 
might    arise   among    the    Indians.       Bower    was 

given  to  the  BBchems  to  bring  any  of  their  peo- 
ple to  this  court, and  to  hold  a  court  themselves 
once  a  month  if  they  saw   lit       All  tines  imposed 

upon  any  Indians  were  bestowed  upon  some  meet- 
ing-honses  for  the  education  of  their  poorer  chil- 
dren iu  learning,  by  the  advice  of  the  magis- 
trates. A  similar  court  was  set  up  on  the  site 
of  Concord.  Iu  1651  the  Indians  built  a  town 
at  Natick.  and  applied  for  a  form  of  civil  gov- 
ernment. Mr.  Eliot  advised  them  to  adopt  that 
which  Jethro  proposed  to  Moses.     Accordingly, 

about  one  hundred  of  them  met  in  council  (Au- 
gust 6)  and  chose  one  ruler  of  one  hundred,  two 
mien  of  titties,  and  ten  rulers  id'  tens.  After 
the  elect  ion  they  entered  into  a  solemn  covenant. 

First  Mass  celebrated  in  Boston,  THE,  was 

performed  by  a  Roman  Catholic  priest  in   1788J 


FIRST  MAYOR  OF  NEW  YORK 


484        FIRST  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTION 


and  the  following  year  the  first  Roman  Catholic 
Church  was  founded  iu  Boston. 

First  Mayor  of  New  York.  After  the  capt- 
ure of  New  Netherland  by  the  English,  and  the 
name  of  the  province  as  well  as  the  capital  (New 
Amsterdam)  was  changed  to  New  York,  and  all 
i  he  arrangements  bad  been  made  for  a  munici- 
pal government  under  English  laws,  Thomas 
Willett  was  appointed  the  first  mayor  (June, 
1665),  while  the  sheritf  (Sellout)  and  a  major- 
ity of  the  new  board  of  aldermen  (burgomas- 
ters) were  Dutch.  Willett  was  much  esteemed 
by  all  the  people  of  both  nationalities. 

First  Military  Organization  in  Pennsylva- 
nia.    (See  Franklin's  Volunteer  Alilitui.) 

First  Mint  established  in  the  English- 
American  Colonies.  The  earliest  colonial  coin- 
age was  in  Massachusetts,  in  pursuance  of  an 
order  of  the  General  Court,  passed  May  27,  1652, 
which  established  a  "mint-house"  at  Boston. 
The  order  required  the  coinage  of  "  12-pence, 
6-peoce,  and  si-pence  peecee,  which  shall  be  for 
forme  flatt,  and  stamped  on  one  side  with  N.  E., 
and  on  the  other  side  with  Xlld,  VId,  and  Hid," 
according  to  the  value  of  each  piece.  These 
coins  were  to  be  of  the  fineness  of  "new  ster- 
ling English  money,'*  and  every  shilling  was  to 
"  weigh  three  penny  Troy  weight,  and  leaser 
peeces  proportiouably."  It  was  found,  as  soon 
as  they  were  iu  circulation,  that,  owing  to  the 
excessive  plainness  of  their  finish,  they  were 
exposed  to  "  washing  and  clipping."  To  rem- 
edy this  evil,  the  General  Court,  on  Oil.  9  of 
the  same  year,  ordered  a  new  die.  and  required 
that  "  henceforth  both  shillings  and  smaller 
peeees  Bhall  have  a  doable  ring  on  either  side. 
with  this  inscription:  "Massachusetts,  and  a 
tree  in  the  centre,  on  the  one  side,  and  New 
England  and  the  date  of  the  year  on  the  other 


THE     "IMXE-TRKK    SHII.UM;.  " 

side."  In  1668  a  two-penny  piece  was  added  to 
the  series.  This  mint  existed  about  thii  ty-t'onr 
years,  but  all  the  coins  issued  have  only  the 
dates  1659  and  1668,  the  original  dies  baring 
done  service,  probably,  throughout  the  whole 

period.  These  coins  are  now  known  as  "  pine- 
trec  shillings." 

First  National  Congress,  Oi-imm.  OW  mr. 
On  the  8th  of  .January.  1790,  Washington  left  bis 
house  on  Franklin  Sqnare,  New  York,  in  his 
roach,  drawn  by  four  bay  bones,  preceded  by 
Colonel  Humphreys  and  Major  .Jackson,  in  mil- 
itary uniform,  riding  two  of  his  white  horses, 
and  followed  i.\    his  private  secretaries,  Lear 

and  Nelson,  in  his  chariot.      His  own  coach  was 

followed  by  carriages  bearing  the  chief-justice 
ind  Secretaries  of  the  Treasury  and  of  \\  ar,  the 


Secretary  of  State  not  having  yet  arrived.  The 
Presideut  was  met  at  the  outer  door  of  the  hall 
by  the  door-keepers  of  the  Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives,  and  conducted  by  them  to  the 
door  of  the  Senate-chamber,  from  which  he  was 
led  through  the  assembled  members  of  Congress 
(the  Senators  on  one  side  and  Representatives 
on  the  other)  to  the  chair  of  state,  where  he  was 
seated.  In  a  few  minutes  the  President  arose, 
and  with  him  the  members  of  both  Houses,  and 
read  his  speech,  or  message.      Handing  a  copy 

to  the  President  of  the  Senate  and  Speaker  of 
the  House,  he  retired,  bowing  to  the  members 
as  he  passed  out.  Then  he  returned  to  his  house 
in  the  same  manner  as  he  came.  On  that  occa- 
sion Washington  was  dressed  in  a  suit  of  clothes 
made  iu  a  woollen  factory  at  Hartford,  Conn. 
(See  Waekmgton  m  New  England.)  These  cere- 
monies at  the  opening  of  each  Congress  were 
done  away  with  by  Jefferson,  when  he  became 
President,  he  sending  his  written  messages  to 
Congress  by  his  private  .secretary,  instead  of  de- 
livering them  in  person. 

First  Naturalization  Act  in  the  Colonies. 
In  1715  the  Assembly  of  New  York  passed  an  act 
for  naturalizing  all  Protestants  of  foreign  birth 
then  inhabiting  that  colony. 

First  Navigation  Act  By  an  ordinance  of 
the  British  Parliament  (164b),  all  goods,  mer- 
chandise, and  necessaries  for  the  English-Amer- 
ican plantations  were  exempted  from  duty  for 
three  years,  on  condition  that  no  colonial  vessel 
be  Buffered  to  lade  any  goods  of  the  growth  of 
the  plantations  and  carry  them  to  a  foreign  port, 
excepting  iu  English  bottoms.  The  preamble 
to  the  ordinance  mentioned  "Virginia,  Bermu- 
das, Barbadoes,  and  other  places  of  America." 

First  Organ  in  a  Congregational  Church 
in  New  England.  Late  in  November.  1785,  an 
organ  was  introduced  into  the  First  Congrega- 
tional Church  in  Boston.  Never  before  had  in- 
strumental music  been  heard  in  a  Congrega- 
tional church  in  New  England. 

First  Paper-money  in  America.  To  defray 
the  expenses  of  the  Expedition  ofDe  Nonville 
(which  set-),  a  paper  currency,  similar  to  the 
Continental  Bills  of  Credit  (which  Bee), was  is- 
sued by  the  government  of  Canada  in  1684,  which 
was  called  "card  money.*'  It  was  redeemable 
in  bills  on  France. 

First  Paper-money  in  Virginia.  Levies 
for  the  French  and  Indian  War  ( which  see  |  w  ere 
raised  in  Virginia,  and  in  1755  the  Virgiuia  As- 
sembly, ha  vim;  voted  £90,000  tow  aids  their  sup- 
port.  authorised  the  issue  of  treasury  notes— 
the  first  paper-money  of  that  province. 

First  Political  Newspapers  in  America 
( 1738).  The  quarrel  bet  ween  Governor  Cosbj  ami 
Rip  van  Ham  resulted  iii  the  employment  of  the 
newspaper  press  tor  the  fust  time  in  America 
as  a  political  engine.     The  New   Fork  Qauttt, 

printed   by    Bradford,  became   the  organ   of  the 

governor  and  the  royalist  part]  :  the  New  York 

Weekly  Journal,  printed  b)  John  P.Zeuger.waa 

the  organ  of  the  Republicans.  (SeeZmfer'i  "TWol.) 

First  Presidential  and  Congressional  Elec 


FIRST  PRISONER  OF  MAR 


485      FIRST  REPUBLICAN  GOVERNMENT 


tion.  All  of  tlie  ratifying  states  excepting  New- 
York  chose  presidential  electors,  in  accordance 
with  the  provisions  of  the  Constitution  (which 
see).  The  electors  chosen  met  in  their  respec- 
tive slates  on  the  (lay  in  February,  1789, appoint- 
ed by  the  expiriug  Continental  Cong 
cast  their  votes  unanimously  lor  George  Wash- 
ington.     Meanwhile    the    election    of    senators 

and  representatives  had  occurred  in  the  several 

state-  the  former  by  the  state  Legislatures  and 
tli.'  latter  by  the  people.  The  election  of  rep- 
resentatives was  attended  with  much  party 
warmth  of  feeling,  as  the  people  were  divided, 
by  a  pretty  sharply  defined  line,  into  "Federal" 
and  "Anti-Federal"  parties. 

First  Prisoner  ofWar  (1812).  Captain  Wil- 
kinson, of  I  he  Royal  Marines,  excited  suspicions 
in  Not  toll;,  Va.,  when  war  was  declared,  that  he 
was  aliont  to  give  information  of  the  faet  to  a 
British  man-of-war  thin  hoveling  on  the  coast. 
He  was  seen  rapidly  making  his  way  from  the 
house  of  the  British  consul  through  hack  streets 
to  a  mail-boat  about  to  atari  for  Hampton.  He 
darted  on  board  the  boat,  and  tried  to  conceal 

himself.  A  hoat  from  the  navy-yard  and  anoth- 
er from  Fori  Norfolk  gave  chase.  Wilkinson 
wa>  brought  hack. and  eoiiveved  to  the  navy- 
yard  as  a  prisoner  of  war,  tin-  first  taken  after 
war  was  declared. 

First  Public  "Worship  at  Jamestown.  Rev. 
Mr.  Hunt  accompanied  the  Brsl  emigrants  t«> 
Virginia.     The   weather   was  very  warm,  and 

under  an  awning  made  of  an  old  sail,  fastened 
to  two  or  three  trees,  to  shade  them  from  the 
sun.  the  first  public  worship  was  held.  They 
made  walls  of  split  rails;  their  Beats  were  mi- 
lieu.-.I  fogs,  until  thej  cut  planks;  the  pulpit 
was  a  liar  of  wood  nailed  to  two  tries;  and  in 
stormy  weather  they   repaired   t<>  an   old  and 


fined  vessel  without  permission.  A  similar  or- 
der was  sent  to  Salem  and  other  ports.  Was 
this  disease  yellow   fever? 

First  Remittance  from  New  Plymouth. 
In  November,  1621,  Rev.  Robert  Cnshman  came 
to  New  Plymouth  in  the  Fortune, and  embarked 

lot  England  in  the  same  vessel  the  following 
month,  taking  with  him  a  cargo  of  furs,  sassa- 
fras, clapboards,  and  wainscot,  valued  ar  aliout 
$2450,  the  first  remittance  from  the  Pilgrim 
colony. 

First  Republican  Government  in  Ameri 
ca.      When  the  six  thousand  white  inhabitants 

of  Louisiana  heard  of  the  cession  of  their  do- 
main h\   France  to  Spain,  by  the  treaty  of  1763, 

they  formed  an  Assembly  of  representatives  of 

each  parish  in  the  colony,  w  hich  resolved  to  ask 
the  King  of  Fiance  to  observe  their  loyalty,  and 
not  sever  them  from  his  dominions.  Thej  sent 
John  Milhet,  a  wealthy  merchant  of  New  Or- 
leans, as  their  envoy  to  Paris,  to  present  then 
petition  to  Choiseul  (which  see);  but  that  min- 
ister said.  "It  may  lie  France  cannot  hear  the 
charge  of  supporting  the  colony's  precarious  <x- 
istiiue."  On  .Inly  10,  17<>.">.  Antonio  de  Clloa 
wrote  a  letter  at  Havana  to  New  Orleans,  and 
announced  to  the  authorities  there  that  he  had 
received  orders  to  take  possession  of  Louisiana 
in  the  name  of  the  Spanish  monarch.  He  land- 
ed there  on  March  5,  17(>t>,  with  civil  officers, 
t  hree  ( 'apiichin  monks,  and  eighty  soldiers.  The 
colonists  received  him  coldly.  The  French  gar- 
rison of  three  hundred  soldiers  refused  to  enter 
the  Spanish  service,  nor  would  the  inhabitants 
consent  to  give  np  their  nationality.  (Jlloa 
could  only  direct  a  Spanish  commissary  to  de- 
fray the  expenses  of  government  at  the  0O8<  of 
Spain,  and  to  administer  it  under  the  French 
Hag,   by   old    French    officers.       Very    soon    the 


greatly  worn  tent.     1  Ins  was  the  chapel  until  Q 

Ji         •     .  ...  .  Spanish  restrictive  commercial  system  was  ai 

they  built  a  baru-like  structure,  set  upon  "rude  .  ,'     ,.     ,  .,.,  ..  x.       . .' 

crotehets,"  covered  with  rafts,  sedge,  and  earth. 

as    were    the     walls.        Their    hest    houses    wen- 


like  the  church,  though  of  inferior  workman- 
ship :  and  out  of  the  chapel  they  could  not  well 
keep  the  wind  and  rain,  yet  in  it  they  had 
daily  common  prayer  morning  and  evening,  ev- 
ery Sunday  two  services,  and  "every  three 
months  the  holy  communion,  until  the  minis- 
ter died.'' 

First  Quaker  Meeting-house  in  Boston, 
Tilt:,  was  built  in  17111. 

First  Quarantine  Law.  A  profitable  trade 
had  been  opened  between  Massachusetts  and 
Barbadoes  and  other  Wist   in. Ha  islands.     In 

the  summer  of  1647  there  was  a  wasting  epi- 
demic in  thus.-  islands,  carrying  otVsix  thousand 
people  in  Barbadoes, and  nearly  as  many  in  the 
other  islands,  proportionality  to  their  popula- 
tion. The  General  Court  of  Massachusetts,  on 
hearing  of  the  disease,  published  an  order  that 
Is  which  should  come  from  the  West 
Indies  should  Staj  at  the  Castle  at  the  entrance 
to  the  harbor,  and  not  land  any  passengers  Or 
goods  without  license  fi  mn  t  line  of  t  he  Coun- 
eil.  under  a  peiiallv  of $500,      A  like  penally  was 

imposed  upon  anj  person  visiting  such  qnaran- 


plied  to  Louisiana.  The  merchants  of  New  Or- 
leans remonstrated.  "The  extension  and  free- 
dom of  trade."  they  said,  "tar  from  injuring 
states  and  colonics,  are  their  strength  and  sup- 
port."' The  ordinance  was  suspended,  and  very 
little  Spanish  jurisdiction  was  exercised  in  Lou- 
isiana. The  oondnct  ofUlloa,  the  derangement 
of  business,  and  a  sense  of  vassalage  aroused  t  he 

whole  colony  at  the  end  of  two  years,  and  it  was 

proposed  to  make  New  Orleans  a  republic  like 
Holland  or  Venice,  with  a  legislative  body  of 
forty  men,  and  a  single  executive.  The  peo- 
ple of  the  country  parishes  tilled  the  city,  and, 
joining  those  of  New  Orleans,  formed  a'niinier- 
ons  assembly  .  in  which  John  Milhet.  his  brother. 
Lafrcnierc,  and  one  or  two  others  were  conspic- 
uous. Thej  adopted  an  address  to  the  Superior 
Council  (Oct.  -'.">,  1768),  rehearsing  their  griev- 
ances, and  in  their  I'et  it  ion  of  Rights  tiny  claim- 
ed freedom  of  commerce  with  the  ports  of  France 
and  America,  and  demanded  the  expulsion  of 
ClloS  from  the  colony.  The  address  was  signed 
by  neatly  six  hundred  names.  It  was  adopted 
by  the  Council  (Oct.  96);  and  when  the  French 
Hag  was  displayed  on  the  public  square,  women 
and  children  kissed  its  folds,  and  nine  hundred 
men    raised   it    amid   shouts  of  "  Long   live   the 


FIRST  SALT-WORKS  IX  AMERICA       486 


FIRST  TARIFF  BILL  PASSED 


King  of  France  :  we  will  have  no  kiogbot  him." 
Ulloa  fled  to  Havana,  while  the  people  of  Lou- 
isiana made  themselves  a  republic  as  an  alter- 
native totheir  renewed  political  connection  with 
France.  They  elected  their  own  treasurer,  and 
syndics  to  represent  the  mass  of  the  colony. 
They  sent  envoys  to  Paris  hearing  a  memorial 
to  the  French  monarch  (Louis  XV.),  asking  him 
to  intercede  between  them  and  the  King  of 
Spain.  Du  Chatelet,  the  French  ambassador  in 
Loudon,  wrote  to Choisenl (Feb. "24, 1769):  "The 
success  of  the  people  of  New  Orleans  in  driving 
away  the  Spaniards  is  at  least  B  good  example 
tor  the  English  colonies:  may  they  set  about 
following  it."     (See  Clioiseul.) 

First  Salt-works  established  in  America. 
In  ld:ji  i  Governor  Harvey,  of  Virginia,  commenced 
an  establishment  for  the  manufacture  of  salt  by 
solar  evaporation  of  sea-water,  to  be  erected  at 
Accomac,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Chesapeake 
Hay. 

First  Sermon  preached  in  New  England. 
Rev.  Robert  Cnshinan  (which  see),  one  of  the 
agents  sent  by  the  '-Pilgrims"  at  Leyden  to 
London,  to  prepare  the  way  for  their  emigration 
to  America,  became  one  of  the  founders  of  New 
Plj  mouth  colony,  ill  New  England.  He  reached 
New  Plymouth  Nov.  9,  1621,  and  oil  Dec  12  he 
preached  a  sermon  "On  the  Sin  and  Danger  of 
Sell-love."  This  was  the  first  sermon  preached 
in  New  England  by  a  regularly  ordained  minis- 
ter. It  was  printed  in  London,  and  is  believed 
to  be  the  oldest  sermon  extant  preached  in  Amer- 
ica. In  the  "Epistle  Dedicatory,"  the  preacher 
declared  it  to  he  the  general  belief!  hat  .New  Eng- 
land was  an  island. 

First  Settlement  in  Ohio.  (See  Ohio  Com- 
pany.) 

First  Settler  in  North  Carolina.  George 
Dnraut,  a  Quaker,  appears  in  have  been  the 
first  while  settler  in  North  Carolina — about 
1660.     Other  settlers  appeared  in  the  region  of 

the  Chowan.  Duraiit's  Neck  perpel  nates  the 
name  of  that  first  settler. 

First  Ship  and  first  Water-mills  built  in 
Massachusetts.  In  K*>:i:i  a  ship  was  built  at 
Medford,  of  sixty  tons  burden  the  beginning 
of  shipbuilding  in  New  England.  The  same 
year  a  water-mill  was  built  at  Dorchester  by 
Mr.  Stoughton,  by  permission  of  the  authori- 
ties; and  another  was  erected  at  Koxbury  by 
Mr.  Diiminer.  The  same  year  rye  was  first  raised 
in  New  England,  at  which  the  p •  people  -i  eat 

l.\  rejoiced  to  find  the  land  would  bear  it. 

First  Ship  built  in  Boston,  Tin:,  was  called 
The  Trial,  she  made  a  trip  to  Balboa  in  1638, 
laden  with  cod  and  mackerel,  and  returned  with 

i  oat  go  ol  fruit,  w  ine,  oil,  ir and  wool  for  the 

colonies. 

First  Ship  built  in  New  England.  On  the 
arrival  of  the  Popham  Colony  (which  see), 
Tbomni  Digby,  the  master  shipwright,  caused 
timber   to   be   OUl    down,  hewn    into   shape,  and 

lefl  to  season  until  late  In  the  fall,  when  be 
built  a  vessel,  of  thirty  ions  burden,  which  was 

named   I  iiijiniii.      This  was  I  In-  liiM   \e-sel  buill 


by  Englishmen  in  New  England.  Its  first  use 
was  to  convey  the  disappointed  colonists  back 

to  Old  England,     That  was  in  1607. 

First    Ship    built    on    Manhattan    Island. 

Adrian  Block  was  a  bold  Dutch  navigator.  He 
came  from  Holland  to  Manhattan  in  1613,  in  the 
'/'/>/ rr.vx,  a  small  vessel  ;  and  when  she  was  about 
to  sail  for  Amsterdam,  with  a  cargo  of  furs  and 
skins,  late  in  the  year,  she  took  tire  and  was  de- 
stroyed. The  hardy  seamen  built  rude  log  huts 
to  shelter  themselves  from  the  snows  and  winds, 
and  went  cheerily  to  work  to  construct  a  new 
vessel.  It  was  completed  before  the  ice  in  the 
bay  had  broken  up  in  the  spring.  Block  named 
it  Ormsi  -the  "restless" — a  title  that  seemed 
prophetic  of  the  unresting  commercial  activity 
of  the  great  city  and  forests  of  vessels  that  now 
appear  where  that  rude  hamlet  and  little  vessel 
were  built  early  in  the  seventeenth  century. 

First  Street-lamps  in  Boston  Tin:,  were 
put  up  in  1774. 

First  supplying  of  Indians  with  Fire-arms. 
In  1656  the  Legislature  of  Massachusetts  grant- 
ed a  license  to  certain  persons  to  supply  the 
Eastern  Indians  with  arms  and  ammunition  for 
hunting,  on  paying  an  acknowledgment  into  the 
public  treasury.  They  soon  learned  to  use  them 
for  a  different  purpose. 

First  Tariff  Bill  passed  by  the  National 
Congress.  On  May  15,  1789,  the  first  tariff  bill 
adopted   by  the  Congress  of  the  United   States 

was  carried  in  the  House  of  Representatives  by 
the  very  decided  majority  of  forty-one  to  eight. 
It  was  modified  by  the  Senate  before  its  final 
passage.  It  imposed  Bpecific  duties  on  distilled 
spirits,  molasses,  wines,  beer.  ale.  porter,  cider, 
malt,  Bllgar,  coffee,  COCOa,  tea.  candles,  cheese, 
SOap,  boots  and  shoes,  silks,  cables  and  tarred 
and  untarred  cordage,  fine  and  pack  thread, 
wrought  steel,  nails  and  spikes,  salt,  manufact- 
ured tobacco,  indigo,  wool  and  cotton  cards, 
coal,  pickled  and  dried  fish,  playing-cards,  cot- 
ton, and  hemp.  .Id  valorem  duties  of  ten  per 
cent,  were  laid  on  glass  of  all  kinds  (black  quart- 
bottles  excepted),  china,  stone  and  earthen  ware, 

gunpowder,  paillta,  shoe  and  knee  buckles,  gold 
and  silver  lace  and  leaf,  blank -books,  paper, 
cabinet  wans,  hat  her.  ready-made  clothing. 
hats,  gloves,  millinery,  cams,  brushes,  gold  and 
Silver  and  plated  ware  and  jewelry,  buttons, 
saddles,  sheet  and  rolled  iron,  iron  eastings,  an- 
chors, till  and  wooden  ware.  A  duty  of  five  per 
cent,  was  laid  upon  all  other  articles,  including 
manufactures  of  wool,  cotton,  and  linen,  except- 
ing saltpetre,  tin.  hail,  old  pewter,  brass,  iron 
and    brass    wire,   copper    in    sheets,   wood,   dye- 

stiiifs,  hides  and  furs,  w  Inch  were  to  be  admitted 
free  of  doty,  in  a  subsequent  act  it  waa  pro- 
vided that  in  all  rases  of  ad  valorem  duties  the 

\alue  should  lie  ascertained  by  adding  ten  per 

cent  ,  or,  if  the  goods  came  from  i he  Cape  ol 
Good  Hope  or  beyond,  twenty  per  cent.,  to  tin' 

cost     at     the    place    of    exportation.        Upon     all 

goods   re-exported    within   twelve    months   a 

drawback  was  to  be  allowed  of  the  whole 
amount  of  duties,  one  per  cent,  being  deducted. 

lor  the  encouragement  of  American  shipping, 


FIRST  TEMPERANCE  SOCIETY 


4>7      FIRST  TROOPS  FOR  WASHINGTON 


when  the  goods  were  imported  in  American  ves- 
sels 8  tenth  part  of  the  duties  was  l<>  l>e  remit- 
ted. This  first  tariff  act  was  limited  to  the  1st 
of  June.  1796, 

First  Temperance  Society  in  America. 
French  traders  engaged  extensively  in  the  sale 
of  intoxicating  liquors  to  the  Indians  in  Can- 
ada. Thi-  Jesuit  missionaries  opposed  the  traf- 
fic with  all  their  might.  That  traffic  was  not 
only  injurious  to  the  Indians,  hut  interfered  se- 
riously with  the  labors  ofthe  missionaries.  The 
wealthy  traders  managed  to  interest  the  gov- 
ernor-general in  their  behalf,  also  the  king's 
eonnsel,  on  the  pretext  that  the  traffic  was  nec- 
essary to  Becnre  the  good-will  of  the  Indians. 
It  was  a— cried  that  the  evils  of  ii  were  imagi- 
nary or  much  exaggerated.  For  once,  however, 
philanthropy  triumphed  over  sordid  interest. 
The  Bishop  of  Quebec  went  to  France  in  1678, 
and  obtained  a  royal  decree  prohibiting  this 
outrageous  traffic  under  heavy  penalties. 

First  Traitor  in  the  United  States,  Tut:. 
On  the  establishment  id'  a  general  hospital 
(Jnly27,  1T.">.">!.  Dr. Benjamin  Church  was  unani- 
mously chosen  chief  director.  Hi-  was  a  grand- 
son ..i  i  olonel  Benjamin  Church,  distinguished 
in  the  Indian  wars  in  New  Bnglaud.  He  was- 
horn  ai  Newport.  R.  I..  Ang.  24, 1734 ;  lost  at  m;i 
in  May,  1 TT'"..  1 1<-  was  a  graduate  of  Harvard 
University, studied  medicine  in  London, and  he- 
came  eminent  as  a  surgeon.  He  lived  a  bach- 
elor, extravagantly  and  licentiously,  in  a  line 
mansion  which  he  lmilt  at  Raynbam, Mass , in 
several  years  preceding  the  Revolu- 
tion   he    was   conspicuous    ai n    the    leading 

Whigs.  <»fthe  Massachusetts  Provincial  Con- 
gress he  was  an   active   member.      At   the  same 

time, while  lie  was  trusted  as  an  ardent  patriot, 

Church   was  evidently  the  secret   enemy  ofthe 

Republicans.  So  early  as  ITT  l  he  wrote  paro- 
dies of  his  own  popular  mih^  in  favor  of  lih- 
ertj  lor  the  Tory  newspapers;  and  in  Septem- 
ber, 1776,  an  intercepted  letter,  written  by  him 
in  cipher  to  Major  Cain,  in  Boston,  which  had 
passed  through  the  bands  of  the  mistress  <<\ 
Church,  was  deciphered;  and  the  woman  con- 
fessed that  be  was  the  author.  The  ease  was 
laid  before  the  Continental  Congress,  and  he 
was  dismissed  from  the  general  directorship  of 
tin-  hospital.  He  was  arrested  and  tried  by  a 
court -martial  at  Cambridge  on  a  charge  "of 
holdings  criminal  correspondence  with  the  en- 
emy.'' He  was  convicted  (Oct. 8),  and  impris- 
oned at  Cambridge.  On  the  7th  of  November 
the  Congress  ordered  him  to  he  ••  close  confined. 
without  l  he  use  of  pen,  ink .  or  paper :  and  that 
no  person  lie  allowed  lo  converse  with  him,  ex- 
cept in  the  presence  and  hearing  of  a  magistrate 

ofthe  ton  n  or  Ihe  sherill  of  t  he  OOUlltj  where 
he  shall  he  conlined,  and  in  Ihe  English  lan- 
guage, until  further  orders  from  ihis  or  a  future 
He  w  as  so  conlined  in  the  jail  at 
Norwich.  Conn.  In  Max.  ITTli.  lie  was  released 
on  account  of  failiug  health,  and  sailed  for  the 
West   Indies  in  a  merchant  vessel.      lie  and  lln 

ere  never  heard  of  afterwards.     Benja- 
min Church  was  the  first  traitor  to  the  Repub- 


lican cause  in  America.  He  was  well  educated) 
and  a  writer  in  prose  and  verse  of  considerable 
ability. 

First  Troops  for  the  Defence  of  'Washing- 
ton (1861).  Pennsylvania  sent  the  first  troops  to 
the  capital  for  its  defence,  t See  Pennsylvania 
Troop*  in  Baltimore.)  Massachusetts  was  equally 
ready  anil  determined,  and  some  of  her  troops 
reached  the  capital  on  the  day  after  the  arrival  of 

the  PciinsN  haiiians.  Some  troops  u  ere  sent  hy 
Massachusetts  (April  IT.  1861  to  fortress  Mon- 
roe, in  Virginia,  then  in  imminent  danger  of 
seizure  hy  the  insurgents:  and  thirteen  com- 
panies, under  Central  Butler,  Started  for  Wash- 
ington city.  Rhode  Island, through  which  these 
troops  passed,  was  in  a  blaze  of  excitement. 
Governor  Spraglie  had  promptly  tendered  to 
the  government  the  services  of  one  thousand 
infantry  and  a  battalion  of  artillery:  and  the 
Legislature,  assembling  on  April  IT,  promptly 
provided  for  the  state's  quota  and  appropriated 
|500,000  for  war  purposes.  The  hanks  offered 
adequate  loans  to  the  slate:  and  within  a  few 
days  Rhode  Island  troops  were  on  their  way  tow- 
ards Washington  —  Colonel  Tompkins's  Rhode 
Island  Marine  Artillery,  with  eight  guns,  and 
the  First  Regimeut  of  Infantry,  twelve  hun- 
dred strong,  uuder  Colonel  Boruaide.  Govern- 
or Sprague  accompanied  these  troops  as  com- 
mander-in-chief. Connecticut  was  equally  ex- 
cited. The  patriotic  Governor  Buckingham  is- 
sued a  proclamation,  on  the  very  day  of  the 
President's  call,  urging  Ihe  citizens  of  his  state 
to   volunteer   their   services    in    support    of  Ihe 

government.     Bo  warm  was  ihe  response  ofthe 

banks  and  ihe  people  that,  in  a  message  to  the 
Legislature  on  May  l.the  governor  averred  that 
forty-one  volunteer  regiments  had  already  been 
accepted,  ami  thai  a  part  of  these  were  already 
in  the  national  capital.  New  York  was  equally 
prompt  ami  patriotic,  and  its  troops  soon  pressed 
forward  to  Washington.  New  Jersey  was  equal- 
ly aroused.  Governor  Olden,  inspired  by  tin' 
enthusiastic  loyally  of  his   people,  issued  a   call 

for  his  state's  quota  two  days  after  the  Presi- 
dent's proclamation.  The  Trenton  hanks  ten- 
dered a  loan  to  the  state,  and  the  authorities  of 
Newark  appropriated  $100,000  for  ihe  mainte- 
nance of  families  of  volunteers,  and  $15,000  for 
the  equipment  ofthe  soldiers.  On  the  30th  the 
Legislature  met,  and  appointed  Theodore  Run- 
yon   commander  of  the  New   Jenej   forces;   and 

then  ihe  movement  towards  Washington  began. 
Pennsylvania,  under  the  guidance  of  her  ener- 
getic governor  (Cnrtiu  .  had  appropriated  Apt  il 
12,  1861    $500,000  for  arming  and  equipping  the 

militia  ofthe  slate;  and  when  news  of  Ihe  at- 
tack on  Fort  Sumter  reached  Philadelphia  the 
excitement  of  the  people  was  intense.  The 
President's  call  for  troops  increased  the  enthu- 
siasm, and  before  the  Legislature  met  in  extra 
session.  Apt  M  30,  thousands  of  Pennsylvanians 

were  enrolled  in  the  Union  army,  and  hundreds 

of  them  were  in  Washington  city.  The  Legis- 
lature authorized  a  loan  of  $3,000,000  for  war 

purposes.  The  states  ofthe  West  and  North- 
west   well'   equally  enthusiastic,  and    within   Bj 

fen  daysaftei  the  President's  call  thousands  of 


F1EST  TYPE-FOUNDERY  IN  AMERICA    4**       FISHERIES.  DISPUTE  ABOUT  THE 


volunteers  were  on  the  way  towards  Washing- 
ton. Notwithstanding  these  demonstrations  at 
the  North,  tin-  leaders  in  the  insurrection  ex- 
cited the  people  of  the   South  with  false  hopes 

by  boastfal  ami  impassioned  harangues. 

First  Type-foundery  in  America.  In  1769 
Abel  Bnell, of  Killingwortb, Conn., established  a 

type-foundery  there,  in  which  he  tua<le  good 
long-primer  type.  That  year  he  had  asked  as- 
sistance of  the  Connecticut  Legislature  in  es- 
tablishing a  type-foundery. 

First  United  States  Ambassador  to  Great 
Britain.  On  the  1st  of  June.  17S.J.  John  Adams 
was  introduced  by  the  Marquis  of  Carmarthen 
to  the  King  of  Great  Britain  as  ambassador  ex- 
traordinary from  the  United  States  of  America 
to  the  Court  of  London.  The  inexecution  of 
the  treaty  of  peace  ou  the  part  of  Great  Britain 
had  threatened  an  open  rupture  between  the 
two  nations.  Adams  was  sent  with  full  powers 
to  arrange  all  matters  in  dispute.  His  mission 
was  almost  fruitless.  He  found  the  temper 
of  the  British  people,  from  the  peasant  np  to 
the  monarch,  very  unfriendly  to  the  United 
States.  He  was  never  insulted,  but  the  chil- 
liness of  the  social  atmosphere  and  the  studied 
neglect  of  his  official  representations  often  ex- 
cited hot  indignation  in  his  bosom.  But  his 
government,  under  the  old  confederation,  was  so 
weak  and  powerless  that  he  was  compelled  to 
endure  the  hauteur  of  British  officials  in  silence. 
They  gave  him  to  understand  that  they  would 
make  no  arrangements  about  commercial  rela- 
tions between  the  two  governments:  and  when 
he  proposed  to  his  own  government  to  pass 
countervailing  navigation  laws  for  the  benefit 
of  American  commerce,  he  was  met  by  the  stern 
fact  that  it  possessed  no  power  to  do  so.  At 
length,  believing  his  mission  to  Vie  useless,  and 
the  British  government  sturdily  refusing  to 
send  a  minister  to  the  United  States.  Mr.  Adams 
asked  and  obtained  permission  to  return  home. 

First  United  States  Minister  Plenipoten- 
tiary to  France.  On  the  14th  of  September. 
177-.  the  Continental  Congress  appointed  Dr. 
Benjamin  Franklin  the  first  minister  plenipo- 
tentiary to  the  Court  of  France,  ami  a  com- 
mittee of  five  was  chosen  to  draft  instructions 
to  him.  The  committee  was  composed  ofGon- 
veriieur  Morris.  Samuel  (base.  \Y.  H.  Drayton, 
Samuel  Adams,  and  Richard  Henry  Lee. 

First  Vessel  of  "War  taken  ( 1618 
war  was  declared  Commodore  Bodgers  was  in 
the  port  of  New  York  with  a  small  squadron. 
He  at  once  put  to  sea  in  purMiit  of  a  British 
squadron  convoying  the  West  Indian  licet  of 
merchantmen  to  England.     Bodgers's  flag-ship, 

■I' ill,   fell    in    with    the    Jli  lrnl<  in.    and 
chased   her  several   hours.      News  of  this  affair 

reaching  Rear-admiral  Bawyer,  at  Halifax.be 
sent  out  a  squadron  of  war  \e-sel>  under  Cap-i 
tain  Broke  to  search  for  Bodgen  and  his  frig- 
ate. Brake's  flag-ship  was  tin-  Saaamea,  :i-  guns. 
This  Squadron  appeared  near  New  York  earh  in 
July,  and  made  several  captures,  among  them 
the  United  state-  brig  AT—Wrat,  11  guns,  Uso- 

tcnalit  comm.ii  •.  -    I     bad   annul  at 


New  York  just  after  Rodgers  left,  and  went  out 
immediately  to  cruise  in  the  track  of  the  West 
Indian  fleet.  The  next  day  she  w  as  captured  by 
the  Shannon,  and  her  one  hundred  and  six  men 
were  made  prisoners.  This  was  the  Jt 
of  war  takeu  on  either  side  in  that  contest.  A 
prize-Crew  was  placed  in  her.  and  she  was  made 
one  of  Broke's  squadron.  The  NautUiu 
taken  by  Captain  Warrington.  June  30,  1816, 
between  Java  and  the  islands  of  the  East  India 
Archipelago.  She  was  also  the  lost  vessel  capt- 
ured on  either  side  during  the  war.  Informed 
of  the  proclamation  of  peace,  Wan  ington  gave 
up  the  .Yaufiiu*  to  the  English  and  returned 
home. 

First  Yearly  Meeting  of  Friends  in  Phila- 
delphia, Tiik.  was  held  there  in  July.  1683. 
William  Penn  was  there  and  preached  a  most 
encouraging  sermon.  He  was  full  of  hope  for 
the  future  of  his  people  and  his  province.  A 
Yearly  Meeting  of  Friends  had  already  been 
held  the  same  year,  in  Boston,  where,  twenty- 
three  years  before.  Maty  Dyer  was  hanged  bo- 
wse a  Quaker.  In  Boston  they  were 
yet  (1683)  but  a  handful,  while  in  Philadelphia 
their  spacious  log  meeting-honse  was,  on  this  oc- 
casion, crowded.  William  Penn  was  then  in  the 
full  vigor  of  manhood,  being  thirty-nine  years 
of  age. 

Fish,  Hamilton,  son  of  Colonel  Nicholas  Fish, 
was  born  in  New  York  city.  Aug.  3.  1- 
graduated  at  Columbia  College  in  1827, and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1830.  lb-  became  a  mem- 
ber of  Congress  in  1842-  In  1848  he  was  chosen 
governor  of  the  State  of  New  York,  and  in  l-.'il 
became  a  member  of  the  United  States  Senate, 
acting  with  the  Republican  party  after  its  for- 
mation in  l-."><>.  He  was  a  firm  supporter  of  the 
government  during  the  Civil  War.  and  in  March, 
I860, Mr.  Fish  was  called  to  the  cabinet  of  Pres- 
ident Grant  as  Secretary  of  State,  and  remained 
in  that  position  eight  years,  dining  which  time 
he  assisted  materially  in  settling,  peacefully, 
disputes  with  Great  Britain,  of  which  the  "Ala- 
bama Claims"  was  a  principal  topic. 
fauMl  of  Jrbitiation.)  He  is  President  of  the 
Genera]  Society  of  the  Cincinnati. 

Fish,  Nicholas,  was  born  in  New  Y'ork  city, 
Aug.  98,  1758;  died  there.  June  90,  i- 
studied  law  in  the  office  of  John  Mot  in  Scott, 
and  was  on  his  staff  as  aid  in  the  spring  of 
1776.  In  June  he  was  made  brigade-major, 
and  in  November  major  of  the  Second  New 
York  regiment.  Major  Fish  was  in  the  battles 
ga  iii  1777:  was  division  inspector  in 
177-.  and  commanded  a  corps  of  light  infantry 
ill  the  battle  of  Monmouth.  He  served  ill  Sulli- 
van'- Expedition  (which  see)  in  177'J;  under  La- 
fayette, in  Yirginia,  in  17-1.  anil  m  at  the  -nr- 
render  of  Cornwallis,  behaving  gallantly  during 

For  many  years  after  1786,  Pish,  who 

had  become  lieutenant  colonel  duriug  the  war, 
was  adjutant-general  of  the  State  of  New  Yoik. 

and  was  appointed  supervisor  of  the  United 
Stab  -  revenue  in  1794    In  17'.>!>  he  beoatne  Pres- 
ident oi  the  New  York  State  Cincinnati  Society. 
Fisheries,  Di-im  n  ABO!  i  nn.    In  the  hub- 


FISHERIES,  THE  4 

mer  of  1815  some  ill-feeling  was  engendered  be- 
tween the  Uuited  Stales  and  Great  Britain  con- 
cerning the  fisheries  on  the  roasts  of  British 
Ann  lira  in  t lie-  Fast.  American  fishermen  were 
charged  with  a  violation  of  the  treat;  of  I81ti 
with  Great  Britain,  which  stipulated  that  they 
■hoald  not  east  their  lines  or  nets  in  the  hays 
of  the  British  provinces,  except  at  the  distance 
Of  three    miles   or   more   from   shore.      Now   the 

British  government  claimed  the  right  to  draw  a 

line  from  headland  to  headland  of  these  bays, 
and  to  exclude  the  Americans  from  the  waters 
within  that  line.  It  hail  been  the  common  prac- 
tice, without  interference,  before,  lor  American 
fishermen  to  catch  cod  within  large  bays,  where 
they  eonlil  easily  cany  on  their  vocation  at  a 
greater  distance  than  three  miles  from  the 
shore;  now  this  new  interpretation  would  ex- 
clude them  from  all  bays.  The  British  govern- 
meiit  sent  an  armed  naval  force  to  sustain  this 
claim,  and  American  vessels  were  threatened 
with  seizure  if  they  did  not  comply.  The  gov- 
ernment of  t  he  United  States, regarding  the  as- 
sumption as  illegal,  sent  two  war  steamers 
[Princeton  and   Fulton i   to   the  coast   of  Nova 

.Scotia  to  pioteet  the  rights  of  American  fisher- 
men. For  a  lime  war  between  the  two  govern- 
ments  seemed    inevitable,  but    the   dispute    was 

amicably  settled  by  mutual  ooncesaioiM  in  Octo- 
ber, 1853. 

Fisheries,    Tilt:.       The    interruption    of    the 
fisheries  formed   one  of  the  elements  of  the  war 

for  independence,  177.".  -:'..  ami  promised  to  be 
■  marked  consideration  in  any  treaty  of  peace 
with  (iieat  Britain.     Public  law  on  theanbject 

had  not  been  settled.  By  the  Treaty  of  Utrecht 
( which  see)  France  had  agreed  not  to  fish  wit  bin 
thirty  leagues  of  the  coast  of  Nova  Scotia;  and 
by  that  of  Paris  not  to  fish  within  fifteen  leagues 
of  Cape  Breton.  Vergeunes,  in  a  letter  to  Lu- 
zerne, the  French  minister  at  Philadelphia,  had 
said:  "The  Ashing  on  the  high  seas  Ib  as  free  as 

the  sea  itself,  but  the  coast  fisheries  belong,  of 
right,  to  the  proprietors  of  the  coast;  therefore, 
the  fisheries  on  the  coasts  of  Newfoundland,  of 
Nova  Scotia,  ami  of  Canada  belong  exclusively 
to  the  English,  and  the  Americans  have  no  pre- 
tension whatever  to  share  in  them."     But  the 

Americans  had  almost  alone  enjoyed  these  fish- 
eries, and  deemed  that  they  had  gained  a  right 
to  them  by  exclusive  and  immemorial  asage. 
New  England, al  the  beginning  of  the  war,  had, 
by  act  of  Parliament,  been  debarred  from  tisb- 

ing   on    the    banks  of  Newfoundland,  and   thev 

claimed  that,  in  any  treaty  of  peace,  there  fish- 
eries onghl  to  be  considered  as  a  perpetual 
joint    property.      Indeed,  New    England    had 

planned,  ami  furnished  the  forces  for,  the  first 
reduction  of  Cape  Breton,  and  had  rendered 
conspicuous  assistance  in  the  acquisition  of 
na  and  Canada  by  the  English.  The 
Congress,  mi  March  23,  I77!>,  in  Committee  of 

the  Whole,  agreed   that   the  right  to  fish  on   the 

Nova  Scotia,  the  banks  of  Newfound- 
land, in  the  Gulf  of  St.  I, aw  reiice,anil  the  straits 
of  Labrador  and  Belle  Isle,  should  in  no  ease  be 

given  np.   In  t hi'  final  treaty  of  peace  (1783)  the 

fishery  question  was  satisfactorily  settled. 


!9  FISHING  BOUNTIES 

Fisher's  Hill,  Battle  of.  When  driven 
from  Winchester  (see  IViiicluxhr.  Battle  of)  Early 
did  not  halt  until  he  reached  Fishers  Hill,  be- 
yond Strasburg.  and  twenty  miles  from  the  bat- 
tle-field. It  was  Btrongly  fortified,  and  was  con- 
sidered the  most  impregnable  position  in  the 
valley.  In  his  despatch  to  the  Secretary  of 
War  (Sept.  lit.  l-ti4,  Sheridan  wrote:  "We 
have  just  sent  the  enemy  whirling  through 
Winchester,  and  are  after  them  to-morrow."' 
He  kept  his  word,  and  appeared  in  front  of 
Fisher's  Hill  on  the  ifeM.  There  Early  was 
strongly  intrenched.  Sheridan  sent  Crook's 
corps  to  gain  the  left  and  rear  of  the  position, 
and  advanced  to  the  attach  of  the  left  and 
front,  with  Wright's  and  Emory's  corps.  The 
assault  began  at  four  o'clock.  The  Confederate 
line  was  soon  broken,  and  the  entire  force  re- 
treated in  disorder  up  the  valley,  leaving  behind 
them  sixteen  guns  and  over  one  thousand  men 
as  prisoners.  Early's  army  was  saved  from 
total  destruction  by  the  holding  in  check  of 
Torbert's  cavalry  in  the  I.uray  Valley,  and  the 
detention  of  Wilson's  cavalry,  who  fonght  at 
Front  Royal  the  day  before  (Sept.  "ill.     Sheridan 

chased  Early  to  Port  Republic  (which  see). 
where  he  destroyed  the  Confederate  tram  of 
Beventy-flve  wagons.  Thence  his  cavalry  pur- 
sued as  far  as  Staunton,  when  the  remnant  of 
Early's  army  sought  and  found  shelter  in  the 
passes  of  the  Blue  Ridge.  The  National  cav- 
alry destroyed  a  vast  amount  of  supplies  at 
Staunton,   passed    on    to    Way  neshorouiih.   and 

laid  waste  the  Virginia  Central  Railway.  Then 
Sheridan's  whole  army  went  down  the  Shenan- 
doah Valley,  making  his  march  a  track  of  deso- 
lation. He  had  been  instructed  to  leave  noth- 
ing "  to  invite  the  enemy  to  return."  He  placed 
his  forces  behind  ( 'edar  Creek,  half-way  between 
Strasbnrg  and  Middletown.  Early's  cavalry 
had  rallied,  under  Kosser,  and  hnug  upon  Sheri- 
dan's rear  as  he  moved  down  the  valley.  Tor- 
bert  and  his  cavalry  turned  upon  them 
and  charged  the  Confederates,  w  ho  tied,  leaving 
behind  them  three  hundred  prisoners,  a  dozen 
guns,  ami  marly  fifty  wagons.  They  were  chased 

twenty-six  miles.  Three  days  later  Early  at- 
tempted to  surprise  Sheridan,  while  resting  at 
Fisher's  Hill,  when  the  Confederates  weie  se- 
verely chastised.  Supposing  Fatly  would  not 
attempt  any  aggressive  movement  soon,  Sheri- 
dan left  Wright  in  command  of  the  arm]  and 
went  to  Washington  on  official  business. 

Fishing  Bounties.  In  ITihi  an  act  of  Con- 
gress re  established  the  old  system  of  bounties 
to  which  the  American  fishermen  had  been  ac- 
customed under  the  British  government.  All 
vessels  employed  for  the  term  of  four  months. 

at  least,  in  each  year,  on  the  Newfoundland 
banks  and  other  codlishei  ies.  were  entitled  to  a 
bounty  v  arv  Lng  from  (1  SO  >•-'  60  per  ton.  accord- 
in  £  to  their  size,  three  eighths  to  go  to  the  OWO- 
crs  and  live  eighths  to  the  fishermen.  The  na- 
tional benefit  of  the  fisheries  as  a  nursery  lot 
seamen  in  case  of  war  was  urged  as  the  chief 
argument  in  favor  of  the  bounties.  That  bene- 
fit was  very  eonspienoiis  when  the  war  with 
Great  Britain  occurred  in  1819-16. 


FISHING  CREEK,  SUMTER'S  DEFEAT  AT   490     FIVE  NATIONS,  TREATY  WITH  THE 


Fishing  Creek,  Sumter's  Defeat  at.  When 
General  Gates  was  approaching  Camden  lie  sent 
Genera]  Sumter  with  a  detachment  to  intercept 

a  convoy  of  stoics  passing  from  Ninety-six  to 
Raw  don's  camp  at  Camden.  Sumter  was  suc- 
cessful. He  captured  forty-four  wagons  load- 
ed witli  clothing  and  made  a  number  of  prison- 
ers. On  bearing  of  the  defeat  of  Gates,  Sumter 
continued  his  march  up  the  Catawba  River  and 
encamped  (Aug.  Is1,  1780)  near  the  month  of 
Fishing  Creek.  There  he  was  surprised  by 
Tat 'leton.  and  his  troops  were  routed  with  great 
slaughter.  More  than  fifty  were  killed  and  three 
hundred  were  made  prisoners.  Tarletou  recapt- 
ured the  British  prisoners  and  all  the  wagons 
and  their  contents.  Sumter  escaped,  and  in  such 
haste  that  he  rode  into  Charlotte  (N.C.)  with- 
out hilt  or  saddle. 

Fitch  .John,  inventor,  was  bom  at  East  Wind- 
sor, Conn..  Jan. 21, 1743;  died  at  Bardstown,  Ky., 
July  2, 1798.  He  was  an  armorer  in  the  military 
service  (luring  the  Revolution,  and  at  Trenton. 
N.. I. .manufactured  sleeve-buttons.  For  a  while, 
near  the  close  of  the  war,  he  was  a  surveyor  in 
Virginia,  during  which  time  he  prepared,  en- 
graved on  copper,  and  printed,  on  a  press  of  his 
own  manufacture,  a  map  of  the  Northwest  coun- 
try, afterwards  formed  into  a  territory.  He  con- 
structed a  steamboat  in  1786  that  could  be  pro- 
pelled eight  miles  an  hour.  A  company  was 
formed  (1788)  in  Philadelphia,  which  caused  a 
steam-packet  to  ply  on  the  Delaware  River,  and 
it  ran  for  about  two  years,  when  the  company 
failed.  In  1799  he  unsuccessfully  tried  his  Bteam- 
navigation  projects  in  France.  Discouraged,  he 
went  to  the  Western  country  agaiu,  where  he 
died,  leaving  behind  him  a  history  of  his  advent- 
ures in  the  steamboat  enterprise,  in  a  scaled  en- 
velope, directed  to  "  My  children  and  fui  are  gen- 
erations," from  which  Thompson  Weseott,  of 
Philadelphia,  prepared  an  interesting  biogra- 
phy of  Fitch,  which  was  published  in  1867. 

Five  Forks,  Battle  ok  the.  (Sec  Peters- 
burg, Final  Struggle  for.)  Sheridan  had  crossed 
the  Appomattox  from  Bermuda  Hundred,  and, 
passing  in  the  rear  of  the  army  before  Petera- 
bnrg.  on  the  morning  of  March  29,  bad  halted  at 
Dinwiddie  Court-house.  A  grand  forward  move- 
ment of  the  National  army  had  just  begun.  War- 
ren and  Humphreys,  with  their  corps,  had  moved 
at  an  early  hour  that  morning  against  the  Hanks 

of  the  Confederates,  and  they  bivouacked  in  front 
of  the  works  of  their  antagonists,  only  rii  miles 
from  Dinwiddle  Court-house.  Warren  had  lost 
three  hundred  men  in  a  tight  on  the  way.     On 

the  next  da\  |  March  30)  Sheridan  sent  a  part  of 

his  cavalry  to  the  Five  Forks,  but  the  Confed- 
erate works  there  were  too  strongly  armed  and 
manned  to  be  ridden  over,  and  the  Nationals 

were  driven  back  tr.  the  Court-house.  There 
was  some  severe  fighting  that  day,  without  a 
decisive   result.      Sheridan  was  engaged   in   the 

struggle, but  at  midnight  he  was  satisfied  that 
Lee  was  withdrawing  Ins  troops  and  felt  quite 

It  was  km. w  n  at  headipiat  t.  i  s  lli.il 
his  troops  had  been  driven  back  from  Five 
Fork!    and    that    it    was    iineeltain    whether    he 


could  hold  his  position.  Warren  was  sent  to 
his  aid  with  a  portion  of  his  corps.  Rank- 
ing Warren.  Sheridan  became  commander  of 
the  whole  force.  Leaving  Warren  half-way  be- 
tween Dinwiddie  Court-house  and  Five  Folks, 
Sheridan  pressed  boldly  on  towards  the  latter 
place,  with  cavalry  alone,  and  drove  the  Confed- 
erates into  their  works  and  enveloped  them 
with  his  overwhelming  number  of  horsemen. 
He  now  ordered  Warren  forward  to  a  position 
on  his  right  so  as  to  be  fully  on  the  Confeder- 
ate left.  He  drove  some  Confederates  towards 
Petersburg  and  returned  before  Warren  was 
prepared  to  charge  upon  the  works.  At  four 
o'clock  P.M.  Warren  moved  to  the  attack.  Ayres 
charged  upon  the  Confederate  right,  carried  a 
portion  of  the  line,  and  captured  more  than  1000 
men  and  several  battle-flags.  Merritt  charged 
the  front  and  Griffin  fell  upon  the  left  with  such 
force  that  he  carried  the  intreiichinentsaiid  seized 
1500  men.  Crawford,  meanwhile,  had  come  for- 
ward,  cut  off  their  retreat  in  the  direction  of 
Lee's  lines,  struck  them  in  the  rear,  and  capt- 
ured four  guns.  Hard  pressed,  the  Confederates 
fought  gallantly  and  with  great  fortitude.  At 
length  the  cavalry  charged  over  the  works  si- 
multaneously with  the  turning  of  their  flanks 
by  Ayres  and  Griffin,  and,  bearing  down  upon 
tin' Confederates  with  great  fury,  caused  a  large 
portion  of  them  to  throw  down  their  arms, 
while  the  remainder  made  a  disorderly  flight 
westward,  pursued  many  miles  by  Merritt  and 
McKeuzie.  The  Confederates  lost  a  huge  num- 
ber of  men,  killed  and  wounded,  and  over  5000 
were  made  prisoners.  The  Nationals  lost  about 
1000,  of  whom  634  were  killed  and  wounded. 

Five  Nations,  Last  EXPEDITION  AGAINST 
THE,  BY  THE  FRENCH.  In  1697  Frontenac  led 
an  expedition  agaiusl  the  Iroquois  Confederacy. 
He  crossed  Lake  Ontario  with  a  powerful  force, 
and  marching  southward  to  Lake  Onondaga, 
he  found  their  principal  village  deserted  and 
burned.  He  sent  seven  hundred  men  to  destroy 
the  Oneida  castle.  They  took  a  few  prisoners. 
It  would  doubtless  have  fared  hard  with  the 
French  if  the  Senecas  had  not  been  kept  back 
by  a  false  report  that  the  Ottauas  wire  to  at- 
tack them  at  the  same  time.  As  it  was,  the 
count  thought  it  prudent  to  retire.  He  had 
taken  prisoner  an  aged  Onondaga  chief,  about 
one  hundred  years  old.  whom  he  gave  up  to  his 

Bavage  followers  for  torture. 

Five  Nations,  Tim.,  wore  the  live  Algonquin 
nations, namely:  Mohaw  ks,Oueidas,Onondagaa, 
Caj  ngas,  and  Senecas,  who  originally  formed  the 
Iroquois  Confederacy.  The  Five  Nations  were 
joined  by  the Tuaoaroras, from  North  Carolina, 
in  1713,  and  then  the  confederacy  was  called  the 

si\  Nations. 

Five  Nations,  Thea  rv  wiin  mi  (1084  A 
grand  convention  was  held  at  Albany  between 
the  English  and  the  [roqnois  Coufederacj  in  the 

summer  of  It'.- I.  at  which  a  treat]  WIS  eonclud- 
-.',   between   Lord    Loin-bam.  Governor 

of  Virginia,  and  Governor  Dongan  and  chiefs  of 
a  portion  of  that  confederacy,  (See  frofaoii 
Confederacy.)   It  was* treat]  ofpeeoeon  behalf 


FLAG  FOR  THE  CONFEDERACY    491  FLAG  OF  THE  '•  SOVEREIGN  STATE" 


CUM  F  IIKRATK    PI.  AC 


present.! Dg  these  modi 


df  all  the  English  settlements.     By  it  the  Five 

Nations  put  the  lauds  and  castles  of  the  Mo- 
liawks  and  Oneidas  trader  the  protection  of  the 
English  government,  and  t  he  English  undertook 

to  guarantee  them  to  the  Indians.  As  an  exter- 
nal mark  by  which  I  his  act  should  he  announced, 
the  Indians  desired  that  t  he  arms  of  t  he  Duke 
of  York-  might  be  affixed  to  their  castles. 

Flag  for  the  Confederacy  (18(51).   The  "Con- 
gress" at  Montgomery  discussed  the  subject  of 

a  national  Hag  with  much  feeling.  Several  mod- 
els bad  been  offered.   Mr.  Memminger  presented 

two.     One,  from  some  women  of  Charleston,  was 

composed  of  a  blue 

cross  on  a  red  field, 
with  seven  stars 
—similar  to  the 
South  Carolina 
flag  (which 
the  other  was  from 
a  gentleman  of  the 
same  eity.  It  was 
across. w  ith fifteen 
stars.  Memminger 
made  a  speech  on 
Then  a  committee  of 
our  delegate  from  each  state  was  appointed  to 
report  upon  a  de>  ice  lor  a  national  flag  and  seal. 
Brooke,  of  Mississippi,  offered  a  resolution  to  in- 
struct the  committee  to  report  a  design  as  similar 
as  possible  to  that  of  the  United  states,  niakiug 
only  such  changes  as  should  give  them  distinc- 
tion. He  eulogized  the  old  flag,  and  was  severe- 
ly rebuked  for  ntteiiug  sentiments  which  were 
regarded  as  almost  treasonable.  W.  Poroher 
Miles,  of  South  Carolina,  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee, protested  against  the  resolution  and  the 
ntterauoea  of  the  member.     He  "gloried,"  he 

said,  •■more,  a  thousand  times,  in  the  palmetto 

flag  of  his  -late."  ||, ■  had  regarded  "from  bis 
youth  the  stare  and  stripes  as  the  emblem  of 
oppression  ami  tyranny."    Brooke  withdrew  his 

motion.  Mis.  C.  I. add.  of  South  Carolina,  pre- 
sented a  model,  through  W.W.  Boyoe, " tri-ool- 
ored,  with  a  red  union,  seven  stare,  and  the  cres- 
cent  i ."'     in  her  tetter  accompanying  the 

flag,  she  offered  her  three  boy  g  to  her  "  country  " 
and  suggested  "Washington  Republic"  as  the 

title  of  the  Confederacy.       lioyce  made  a  speerh 

iu  presenting  the hi.    Chilton, Toombs, Ste- 
phens, ami  others  also  presented   designs  for 
I  hey  were  sent  in  almost  daily,  some  of 

Iheui  showing  a  stroii-  attachment  to  the  old 
national  flag.  Seven  designs  were  sent  by  two 
young  women  in  the  art  department  ef'Tua- 
male  College,"  the  principal  features  of 
all  being  an  eagle, stars, and  a  cotton-hale.     In 

their   letter  they  said:   "With   cotton    as    king, 

there  are  seven  states  bound  by  a  obain  of  sis- 
terly love,  that  will  strengthen  with  time,  as 
onward,  right  onward,  t  hey  move  up  the  ^loti- 
ons path  of  Southern  independence."  The  com- 
mittee made  an  elaborate  report,  in  which  they 
said  they  did  not  shaic  in  the  sentiment  of  at- 
tachment to  the  "stare  and  stripes,"  too  often 

repeated  in  eommiinieal  ions :  yet  they  recom- 
mended a  flag  thai  bad  a  certain  resemblance 
to  the  on<- they  were  deserting.     It  was  to  Con- 


sist of  a  red  field,  with  a  white  space  extending 
horizontally  through  the  centre  and  equal  in 
width  to  one  third  the  width  of  the  Hag;  the 
tield  of  the  union  was  bine, extending  from  the 
top  to  the  bottom  of  the  white  stripe,  and  stop- 
ping at  the  lower  red  stripe.  In  the  centre  of 
the  union  was  a  .circle  of  white  stars,  con  espond- 
ing  in  number  to  that  of  the  states  of  the  Con- 
federacy. It  was  really  the  old  flag — red,  white, 
and  blue — with  three  "  alternate  stripes,  red  and 
white,"  instead  of  thirteen  such  Stripes.  This 
flag  was  first  displayed  in  public  over  the  .state- 
house  at  Montgomery, March  l.  1861. 

Flag  of  Sumter.  When  news  reached  Wash- 
ington of  the  evacuation  of  Charleston  (Febru- 
ary, 1865),  the  President  appointed  the  anniver- 
sary (April  14)  of  the  evacuation  of  the  fort 
when  the  old  flag  which  Anderson  took  with 
him  should  he  again  raised  over  the  fortress  by 

his  hand.  A  large  number  of  citizens  left  New 
,  York  in  (he  steamer  Ooeanut  to  assist  in  the  cer- 
emonies.    When  the  multitude  were  assembled 

around  the  flag-Staff,  the  songs  of  Victory  til  l.asl 
and   Rally  round  tin-  Flag  were  BUllg.      Rev.  Mr. 
Harris,  who  mode  the  prayer  at  the  raising  of 
the   flag   over   Fort    Sumter,   Dec    •>' . 
Fort  Sumter),  now  offered  an  introductory  prayer 

and  pr< iiueed  a  blessing  on  I  he  old  flag.     Kev. 

Dr. Storre read. selections  from  the  Psalms.  Gen- 
era) Towusend  read  Major  Anderson's  despatch 
announcing  the  fall  of8umter.  Then  tin-  faith- 
it  Hart  set  A'  in/om  mi  nls  for  Sumter) 
appeared  with  a  carpet-hat;  containing  the  flag. 
It  was  attached  to  the  halyards,  when  General 
Anderson,  after  a  brief  and  touching  address, 
hoisted  it  to  the  peak  of  the  tl:i".  stall  amid  loud 
hn/.zas,  followed  by  singing  The  Star-spangled 
Banner,  six  guns  on  the  fori  were  then  tired, 
ami  were  responded  to  by  all  the  batteries  that 

took  part  in  the  lioinhardmeiit  in  1861.  Rev. 
Henry  Ward  Bcecher,  the  orator  of  the  day,  pro- 
nounced an  address.  So,  four  years  from  the 
time  of  the  evacuation  of  I'm  I  Sumter  it  was 
••  repossessed  "  bj  the  government. 

Flag  of  the  Continental  Navy.  When  the 
Provincial  Congress  of  South  Carolina,  in  IVh- 
rnary,  1776,  presented  tin'  thanks  of  that  body- 
to  their  representatives  in  the  Continental  Con- 
gress for  their  service's  there  ill  bringing  about 
the  establishment  of  a  navy,  and  other  measures 

of  importance,  Christopher  Gadsden  presented 

the  standard  which  was  to  he  used  by  the  Amer- 
ican navy,  representing  OH  a  yellow  field  a  rat- 
tlesnake, w  ith  thirteen  full-grown  rattles,  coiled 
to  strike,  with  the  words  "Don't  tread  on  me." 
The  Massachusetts  navy  had  a  flag  with  a  pine- 
tree  on  it.     (See  Flag,  '/'/»■  National.) 

Flag  of  the  "  Sovereign  State "  of  South 
Carolina.  The  secession  oonvention  adopted  a 
banner  for  the  new  empire  on  the  day  w  hen  the 
ordinance  of  secession  was  passed.  It  was  com- 
posed of  red  ami  blue  silk.  The  first  was  the 
ground  of  the  standard,  and  the  last,  in  the  form 
of  a  cross,  was  displayed  over  its  whole  field. 
On  the  blue  cross  were  fifteen  stars,  the  number 
of  the  slave-labor  states.  The  largest  star,  in 
the  centre,  was  for  South  Carolina.     On  the  red 


FLAG,  THE  NATIONAL  4 

field  was  a  palmetto-tree,  and  a  crescent  moon 
of  silver. 
Flag,  The  National.    Every  colony  bad  its 

peculiar  ensign,  and  the  army  and  navy  of  the 
united  colonies,  at  first,  displayed  various  flags, 
some  colonial,  others  regimental,  and  others. 
like  the  flag  on  Fort  Sullivan,  Charleston  har- 
bor—  a  blue  field  with  a  silver  eresceut  —  for 
special  occasions.  The  American  Bag  used  at 
the  battle  on  Bunker's  (Breed's)  Hill,  was  called 
the  "New  England  flag."    It  was  a  blue  ground. 


THE   .NEW   ENGLAND    FLAG. 


with  the  red  cross  of  St.  George  in  a  corner, 
quartering  a  white  field,  and  in  the  upper  dex- 
ter quartering  was  the  figure  of  a  pine-tree. 

The  New-Englanders  had  also  a  "  pine-tree  Hag" 


as  well  as  ;i  "  pine-tree  ■hilling."  The  above  en- 
graving is  a  reduced  copy  of  a  vignel  ti a  map 

cit'  Boston, published  in  Paris  in  177f>.  The  London 
Chronicle,  an  anti-ministerial  paper,  in  Its  Issue 
for  Jannary,  l77o.  gives  (he  following  descrip- 
tion of  tin-  Bag  of  an  American  erniaer  thai  bad 
Imiii  captured :  "In  the  admiralty  Office  la  the 
flag  of  a  provincial  privateer.   The  field  ia  white 

bnnting  ;   <>n  the  middle  is  a  green  pine-tree,  and 


THE   ClLI'EI'l'EK    FLAG 


I  FLAG,  THE  NATIONAL 

upon  the  opposite  side  is  the  motto  'Appeal  to 
Heaven.'"  The  Culpepper  nun.  who  marched 
with  Patrick  Henry  towards  Williamsburg  to 

demand  instant  restoration  of  powder  to  the  old 
magazine,  or  payment  for  it  by  Governor  Dun- 
more,  bore  a  flag  with  a  rattlesnake  upon  it, 
coiled  ready  to  strike,  with 
Patrick  Henry's  words  (see 
Virginia  Convention,  1775),  and 

the   words  "  Don't    tread  on 

me."  It  is  believed  that  the 
first  American  flag  bearing 
thirteen  red  and  white  st  ripes 

was  a  Union  flag  presented  to 

the  Philadelphia  Light  Horse  by  Captain  Abra- 
ham Morkoe, a  Dane, probably  early  in  1??.">.  A 
"Union  flag"  is  mentioned  as  having  been  dis- 
played at  a  gathering  of  Whigs  at  Savannah  in 
June,  1775 — probably  thirteen  stripes.  The  ear- 
liest naval  (lags  exhibited  thirteen  alternate  red 
and  white  stripes,  some  with  a  pine-tree  upon 
them,  and  others  with  a  rattlesnake  stretched 
across  the  field  of  stripes,  and  beneath  it  the 
winds,  either  imploringly  or  as  a  warning, 
"Don't  tread  on  me."  The  new  Union  flag 
raised  at  Cambridge,  Jan.  1.  177t>,  was  composed 
of  thirteen  alternate  red  and  white  stripes,  with 
the  English  union  in  a  corner.  (See  Union  Flag 
and  Royal  Savage.)  Finally,  the  necessity  of  a 
national  flag  was  felt,  especially  for  the  marine 
Service,  and  the  Continental  Congress  adopted 
the  following  resolution,  June  14,  1777:  "/.'/- 
solved,  That  the  flag  of  the  United  states  be  thir- 
teen stripes,  alternate  red  and  white:  that  the 
union  be  thirteen  stars,  white,  on  a  blue  field, 
representing  a  new  constellation."  There  was 
a  dilatoriness  in  displax  ing  this  flag.  The  reso- 
lution  was  not   officially  promulgated  over  the 

signature  of  the  secretary  of  the  Congress  until 

Sept.  3,  though  it  was  previously  printed  in  the 
newspapers.  This  was  more  than  a  year  after 
the  colonics  had  been  declared  free  and  inde- 
pendent. Probably  the  fust  display  of  the  na- 
tional flag  at  a  military  post  was  at  Fort  Schuy- 
ler, on  the  site  of  the  village  of  Rome,  Oneida 
Co.,  N.  V.  The  fort  was  besieged  early  in  Au- 
gust. 1777.     The  garrison  were  without   a   flag, 

so  they  made  one  according  to  the  prescription 
of  Congress  by  cutting  up  sheets  to  form  the 

white  stripes,  lots  of  scarlet  cloth  for  the  red 
Stripes,  ami  the  blue  ground  for  the  stars  was 
composed  of  portions  of  a  doth  cloak  belonging 
to  Captain   Abraham   Swartwont,  of  Dnohess 

County.  N.  Y.  This  flag  was  unfurled  over  the 
fort  on  the  3d  of  August,  1777.  Paul  Joins  w;is 
appointed  to  the  Banger  on  June  11.  1777.  ami  be 
claimed  that  he  was  i  he  first  to  diaplaj  the  stars 
ami  stripes  on  a  naval  vessel.  The  Roastr sailed 
from  Portsmouth.  N.  II..  on  Nov.  1.  1777.  It  is 
probable  that  the  national  Hag  was  first  unfurled 
in  battle  on  the  hanks  of  the  Brand]  w  inc.  Sept. 
11.  1777  the  first  1. attic  after  its  adoption.  It 
first    appeared  over  a    foreign   Stronghold,  June 

38,  L77R,  when  Captain  Rathbone,  of  the  Ameri- 
can sloop-of-war  Providence, 'with  his  orevi  ami 
some  escaped  prisoners,  captured  Fori  Nassau, 
New  Providence,  Bahama  Islands.    Tbeoapton 

were  menaced  by  the  people,  w  hen  tin 


FLAGS,  EXCHANGE  OF  4 

stripes  were  nailed  to  the  flag-staff  in  defiance. 
John  Singleton  Copley,  the  American-horn  paint- 
er, in  London,  claused  to  be  the  first  to  display 
the  stars  and  stripes  in  Great  Britain.  On  the 
day  when  George  III.  acknowledged  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  United  States  (Dec  6,  1.782),  be 
painted  the  flag  of  the  United  states  in  the  back- 
ground of  a  portrait  of  Elkauah  Watson.     To 

Captain    Mooers,   of  tlie    Whulillg-sbip    Jtid/oid, 

of  Nantucket,  is  donhtless  due  the  honor  of  first 
displaying  the  national  ila^  in  a  port  of  Great 
Britain.  He  arrived  in  the  Downs, with  it  fly- 
ing at  the  hue.  Feb.  '■'<.  1783.  That  flag  was  first 
carried  to  the  East  Indian  seas  in  the  Enterprise 
ian  Al han v-im ilt  vessel), Captain  Stewart  Dean, 
in  L786.     When  Vermont  and  Kentucky   were 

added  to  the  union  of  states  I  he  Aug  was  altered. 

By  an  act  of  Congress  (Jau.  13,  1794)  the  num- 
ber of  the  stripes  and  stars  in  the  llaj;  was  in- 

oreased  from  thirteen  to  fifteen.  The  act  went 
Into  effect  May  1.  1795.  From  that  time  until 
1818,  when  then-  were  twenty  states,  the  number 

Of  the  stars  and  Stripes  remained  the  same.      A 

committee  appointed  to  revise  the  standard  in- 
vited Captain  Samuel  C.  Keid.  the  brave  de- 
fender of  tin'  privateer  Armstrong  (see  Priva- 
leers)  to  devise  a  new  flag,  lie  retained  the 
Original    thirteen   stripes,   1  ■  1 1 1    added    ,i    Stat    Ibt 

every  Mate.     That  has  been  the  device  of  the 

lag    of    the    United    Slates    ever    sinee.       It    now 

-  thirteen  stripes  and  tbirty-eighl  stars. 
Flags,  Ex<  ll.wiii:  of.  Monroe  had  far  ex- 
ceeded his  instructions  in  the  warmth  of  his 
expressions  of  sympathy  with  the  French  revo- 
lutionists at  his  public  reception  (which  see), 
and  his  conduct  so  displeased  his  government 
that   the  Secretary  of  state  (Mr.  Randolph), 

(Oggested  thai  a  private  reception  and  an  oral 
speech  weii>  what  the  Cabinet  expected.  Hi- 
was  reminded  that  the  United  states  were  neu- 
tral, and  thai  offence  might  he  given  to  Eng- 
land "i  Spate, with  both  of  which  negotiations 

were  then  pending;  and  it  might  become  neces- 
sary  al  IOBM  lime  "  to  explain  away  or  disaVOVi 

an  excess  of  fervor,  so  as  to  redoes  it  down  to 
the  eool  system  of  neutrality."  Before  (his  re- 
bake  reai  hid  him.  Monroe  had  gene  much  fur- 
ther in  his  demonstrations  of  sympathy  in  the 
name  of  his  government.  The  French  Conven- 
tion ha\  Ing  decreed  the  suspension  in  their  hall 
of  the  French  and  American  flags,  intertwined, 
in  testimony  of  eternal  union  ami  friendship, 
Monroe  took  it  upon  himself  to  send  an  Ameri- 
ean  Bag  for  the  purpose  in  the  name  of  the 
American  people.     It   h;i-  conveyed  h.v  the  hand 

of  Captain  Barney,  oi  t  he  navy  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, who,  in  addition  t<>  a  letter  by  Monroe,  de- 
livered a  speech  of  his  own.  Barney  received 
the  fraternal  embrace  of  the  President  of  the 

Convention,  and  soon  afterwards  a  04 ission 

m  the  French  navy,     the  Convention  ordered 

the  French  Odors  to  he  sent  to  the  American 
GongreSB.      They   were  presented  by  the   French 

embassador  -  fl.de!  I,  Jan.  I.  1796,  with  an  ad- 
dress,  lo   which    the    President    responded,  and 

the  colors  were  ordered  In  he  deposited  ill  the 
archives  of  the  nation.     (See  Monroe's  Mission  to 

francs.) 


3  FLETCHER 

Fletcher,  BENJAMIN,  governor  of  New  York. 
succeeded  Governor  sionghter,  whose  life  and 
administration  were  suddenly  terminated  by  d<- 
liriiim  tremens.  (See  Leister's  Insurrection.)  Fletch- 
er was  also  authorized  to  govern  Pennsylvania, 
which  had  recently  been  taken  from  him  and 
made  a  royal  province;  also,  to  facilitate  the 
defence  of  New  York  against  the  French  in  Can- 
ada, he  was  invested  with  the  command  of  the 
militia  of  Connection (  and  New  .Jersey,  as  well 
as  that  of  the  province  to  he  defended.  Fletcher 
was  a  colonel  in  the  British  army.  Possessed 
of  violent  passions,  he  was  weak  in  judgment, 
greedy,  dishonest,  and  cowardly.  He  fell  natu- 
rally into  the  bands  of  the  aristocratic  party, 
and  his  eonncil  was  composed  of  the  enemies  of 

Lender.     The  recklessness  ofhia  administration, 

his  avarice,  his  evident  prostitntit f  his  of- 
fice to  the  securing  of  personal  gain,  disgusted 
all  parties.  He  continually  quarrelled  with  the 
popular  Assembly,  and  his  whole  administration 
was  unsatisfactory.     The  Quaker-governed  As- 

semhly  Of  Pennsylvania  thwarted  his  schemes 
for  obtaining  money  for  making  war  on  the 
French;  and  he  was  fortunately  led  bj  Colonel 
Peter  Sohuyler  in  all  his  military  undertakings. 
The  Assembly  of  Connecticut  denied  his  right 

to  control  their  militia  :  and  late  in  the  antnmn 
of  1603  he  went  to  Hartford  with  Colonel  Bay- 
ard and  others  from  New  York,  and  in  the  pres- 
ence of  the  train-hands  of  that  city,  commanded 
by  Captain  Wadswortb  (see  toiniictient  Charter), 
he  directed  (so  says  tradition)  his  commission  to 
he  read.  Bayard  began  to  read,  when  Wads- 
worth  ordered  the  drums  to  lie  beaten.  "81- 
lenee!"  said  Fletcher,  angrily.  When  the  read- 
iii";  was  again  begun,  "Droml  drum!"  cried 
Wads  worth.  ••Silence!"  again  shouted  Fletcher, 
and  threatened  the  captain  with  punishment. 
Wadsworth  stepped  iii  front  of  the  governor, 
and,  with  his  hand  on  the  hilt  of  his  sword,  he 
said:   -If  my  drummers  are  again  interrupted, 

I'll  make  sunlight  shine  through  yon.  We  deny 
and  defy  your  authority."    The  cowed  governor 

sullenly  folded  the  paper,  and  with  his  retinue 
returned  to  New  York.  With  a  pretended  zeal 
for  the  cause  of  religion,  Fletcher  procured  the 

passage  of  an  act  by  the  Assembly  for  building 

churches  in  various  places,  and  under  it  the 
English  church  ami  preaching  in  English  were 
introduced  into  New  York.  Trinity  Church  was 
organised  under  the  act.  and  its  present  church 

edifice   stands   upon  the   ground    where  the  first 

structure  was  erected.  Dnrteg  Fletcher's  ad- 
ministration, pirates  infested  American  waters; 
and  he  was  accused  not  only  of  winking  at  vio- 
lations of  the  navigation  laws,  hut  of  favoring 
the  pirates,  for  private  gain.  They  sometimes 
found  welcome  in  the  harbor  of  New  York  (see 
Buccaneers),  instead  of  being  seized  and  pun- 
ished. When  Bclloinont,  after  the  Treaty  of 
Byswiek,  came  over  as  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts, he  was  commissioned  to  Investigate  the 
conduct  of  Fletcher  and  to  succeed  him  as  gov- 
ernor, and  he  sent  him  to  England  under  arrest. 

The  colony  felt  u  relief  when  he  was  gone,  for 
his  career  had  been  marked  by  misrule  anil  prof- 
ligacy. 


FLEURY  4! 

Fleury,  Louis  (Chevalier  and  Viscount  tie). 
was  a  lientenant-cnlouel  in  the  Continental  Ar- 
my, and  died  a  tield-inai.shal  of  Fiance.  He  was 
educated  an  engineer,  and,  coining  to  Ane-iic  a. 
lie  received  a  captain's  commission  from  Wash- 
ington. For  his  good  conduct  in  the  campaign 
of  1777,  Congress  gave  liiiu  a  horse  and  commis- 
sion of  lieutenant-colonel  (Nov.  2(1,  1777) ;  and 
in  the  winter  of  177H  he  was  inspector  under 
Steuben.  He  was  adjutant-general  of  Lee's  divis- 
ion in  June.  1779,  and  was  so  distinguished  ill  the 
assaulton  Stony  Point  (.Inly.  1779) that  Congress 
gave  him  thanks  and  a  silver  medal.    De  Floury 


1  FLOATING  BATTERIES 

pack-horse,  and  upon  this  animal,  which  with 

difficult?  he  spurred  into  a  trot,  he  escaped.  The 
fugitive  army  was  well  covered  iii  its  retreat  by 
Major  Clarke's  hattalion.  The  Indians,  idler 
following  about  four  miles,  turned  back  ;  but 
the  army  did  not  halt  until  it  was  safely  within 
the  palisades  of  Fort  Jefferson.  They  had  run 
from  the  scene  of  conflict  to  Fort  Jefferson,  a 
distance  of  twenty -nine  miles,  between  nine 
o'clock  in  the  morning  and  seven  o'clock  in  the 
evening — ten  hours. 

Floating  Batteries.    The  first  American  float- 
ing battery   was  seen  in  the  Charles   River,  ill 


MKDAI.   AWARDED  TO    LIECTKXAXT  C01.OMI.    IT 


returned  to  France  soon  after  the  affair  at  Stony 
Point,  before  the  medal  was  struck;  and  it  was 
probably  never  in  his  possession,  for  it  seems  to 
have  been  lost,  probably  while  Congress  was  in 
session  at  Princeton.  In  April,  1869,  a  boy  found 
it  while  digging  in  a  garden  at  Princeton.     De 

Fleury,  on  his  return  to  France,  joined  the 
French  troops  under  Roohambeau  sent  to  Amer- 
ica in  1780. 

Flight  of  St.  Clair's  Army  (1791).  After  a 
desperate  fight  (see  St.  Clair's  Campaign")  the 
ranks  of  the  soldiers  were  broken  by  the  Indians, 
and  the  former,  gathering  in  groups,  were  shot 
down  without  resistance.  Then  a  most  disorder- 
ly flight  began,  the  militia  leading.  Among  the 
fugitives  were  a  number  of  women,  chiefly  wives 

of  the  soldiers.  In  the  army  of  St.  Clair  then 
were  about  two  hundred.  Of  these,  liflv-six 
were  killed  in  the  fight  ;  the  remainder  joined 
in  the  flight.  One  of  them,  Mrs.  Catharine 

Miller  (  who  died  in  Cincinnati  about  the 

year  1838),  was  so  fleet  of  fool  thai  she 
ran  ahead  of  the  army,  she  had  a  great. 
quantity  of  red  hair  tluii  streamed  be- 
hind   her    as    she    rail,  and    formed    the 

oritliiiniiii     which    the    soldiers    followed. 

si. Clair  behaved  with  the  greatest  bra- 
very in  lb.'  battle.  He  was  so  tortured 
with  gout  that  he  could  not  mount  his 
horse    without    assistance.       He    was    not 

in  uniform      his  chief  covering  was  a   warm 

cappo  coat  and  a  tin  ec-cnriicrcd  hat,  from  under 
which  his  while  hair  WM  seen  streaming  as  he 
and  General  Butler  rode  up  and  down  the  lines 
during  the  battle,  lb'  bad  three  bones  killed 
under  him, mid  eight  bullets  passed  through  his 

clothes.      When  the  retreat   began  lie  mounted  a 


Boston,  in  October,  1775.  Washington  had  or- 
dered  the  construction  of  two.  to  assist    in   the 

siege  of  the  New  England  capital.  They  were 
armed  and  manned,  and  on  the  26th  of  October 
opened  tire  on  the  town,  producing  much  con- 
sternation. They  appeal  to  nave  been  made  of 
strong  planks,  pierced  near  the  water-line  for 
oars,  and  further  up  wen  port-holes  for  musket- 
ry and  the  admission  of  light.  A  heavy  gun  was 
placed  in  each  end,  and  upon  the  top  were  four 
swivels.  The  ensign  was  the  pine-tree  flag. 
Colonel  Reed,  writing  to  Colonel  Movlan,  on 
Oct.  2(1,  177"),  said:  "Please  to  lix  some  partic- 
ular color  for  a  flag  and  a  signal,  bj  which  OUT 
vessels  may  know  each  other.  What  do  you 
think  of  ii  flag  with  a  white  ground,  a  tree  in 
the  middle,  and  the  motto  •  An  Appeal  to  Heav- 
en ?'  This  is  the  flag  of  our  floating  batteries." 
Wheu  tin-  \\';ii  ot  1-12  15  broke  out,  the  subject 


of  harbor  defences  occupied  much  of  the  :it  ten- 
lion  of  eili/eiis  of  the  American  coast   tow  IIS,  BS- 

peoiallj  in  the  eitj  of  New  Fork.  Among  the 
scientific  men  of  the  day,  John  Stevens  and 
Robert  Fulton  appear  conspicuous  in  proposing 
plans  for  that  purpose.  Earlier  than  ibis  nn 
1803  i,  Abraham  Bloodgood,  of  Albany,  suggest- 


FLOATING  BATTERIES 


495 


FLOATING  BATTERIES 


ert  the  construction  of  a  floating  revolving  bat- 
tery not  unlike,  in  its  essential  character,  tin- 
revolving  turret,  built  by  Captain  Ericsson  in 
the  winter  of  1861-62.  (See  Monitor.)  In  March, 
1814,  Thomas  Gregg,  of  Pennsylvania,  obtained 
n  patent  tor  a  proposed  iron-elail  steam 

«  ar,  resembling  in  Bgnre  guuboats  aud  "  rams " 


dnring  the  late  Civil  war  in  the  Umt< 
At  abonl  the  same  time  a  plan  of  a  floating  bat- 
tery submitted  by  h'oliert  I'ii) t.m  was  approved 
by  naval  officers.  It  was  in  the  form  oi  a  steam- 
ship of  peculiar  construction,  thai  might  move 
at  the  rate  of  four  miles  an  hour,  and  furnished, 
in  addition  to  its  regular  armament,  with  snb- 
ntariue  nuns.  Her  ooustrnction  was  ordered  by 
Congress,  and  -lie  was  bnill  ai  the  ship-yard  of 

Adai d  Noah  I'.rown.  al  (orle.ii's  Hook.  New 

York,  under  the  supervision  oi  Pulton,  she  was 
launched  Oct. 29, 1814,  Her  machinery  was  test- 
ad  in  May  following,  and  on  July  4    1815    sbi 

made  a  trial-trip  of  11  ft  J  -three  miles  l<>  the  ocean 
and  back,  e;oinr;  at  the  rate  of  si\  miles  an  hour. 
This    Vessel    "as    called    Fulton    tin     /'//>/.        She 


]  measured  one  hundred  and  forty-five  feet  on 
deck  and  fifty-five  feet  breadth  of  beam ;  drew 

only  eight  feet  of  water;  mounted  thirty  32- 
pounil  carroiiades,  and  two  columbiads  of  one 
hundred  pounds  each.  She  was  to  he  command- 
ed by  Captain  Porter.  If  was  a  structure  rest- 
ing upon  two  boats  on  keels,  separated  Fr -ml 

to  end  by  a  channel  fifteen  feet  wide 
and  sixty  feet  long.     One  boat  con- 
tained the  boiler 
for  generating 
st  ea  in,   w  h  ich 

was    made   of 

copper.       The 

machinery  oc- 
onpied  the  other 
boat.  The  wa 
ter- wheel  (A  ) 
revolved  in  tin' 

Space     between 

them.  The  main 

or  "nil  deck 
supported    the 

armament,  and  was  protected  by  a  parapet  four 

feet  ten  inches  thick,  ot  solid  timber,  pierced  by 

embrasures.  Through  twenty-five  port-holes 
were  as  many  32-pouaders,  intended  to  lire  red- 
hol  shot,  which  could  be  heated  with  great  sale- 
ty  and  convenience.  Her  upper,  or  spar,  deck, 
upon  which  many  hundred  men  mighl  parade, 
was  encompassed   with  a  bulwark  for  safety. 

She  was  rigged  with  two  stout  masts,  each  ol 
which  supported  a  large  lateen  yard  anil  sails. 
She  had  two  bowsprits  and  jibs,  and  four  rud- 
ders, one  at  each  extremity  of  each  boat,  so  that 
she  might  be  steered  with  either  end  foremost. 
llei  machinery  was  calculated  for  an  addition- 
al engine,  which  might  discharge  an  immense 
column  ot  water  w  huh  it  was  intended  to  throw 

upon     the    decks     and 

through  the  port-holes  ot 

an    enemy,    and    thereby 

deluge  her  armament  and 
ammunition.  The  most 
extravagant  stories  con- 
cerning this  monster  of 
the  deep  went  forth  at 
about  the  time  of  her  be- 
ing launched.  In  a  trea- 
tise on  steam  vessels. pub- 
lished in  Scotland  soon 
afterwards,  the  author 
said:  "  Her  length  is  three 
hundred  feel  ;  breadth, 
two  hundred  feet :  thick- 
ness of  her  sides,  thirteen 

feel,      of     alternate      oak 

plank aud corkwood  :  car- 
ries fortj  -four  guns,  foul- 
ed' whieh  are  100-ponud- 
ers ;  can  discharge  one 
hundred  gallons  of  boil- 
ing water  in  a  few  min- 
utes, and  by  mechanics 
brandishes  three  hundred 
cut  lasses  with  the  utmost 

regularity  over  her  gun- 
wales :    works,    also,    an 


FLOATING  BATTERIES  4 

equal  number  of  pikes  of  great  length,  darting 

ilirm  from  her  Bides  with  prodigious  force,  and 
withdrawing  them  every  quarter  of  a  minute." 
The  iusurgeuts  of  South  Carolina  constructed  a 
floating  battery  in  Charleston  harbor  in  the  win- 
ter of  1861.  It  was  a  curious  monster,  made  of 
heavy  pine  timber,  tilled  in  with  palmetto-logs, 
and  covered  with  a  double  layer  of  railroad  iron. 
It  appeared  like  an  immense  shed,  twenty-live 


FLOATING   BATTERY   AT  CHARLESTON. 

feet  in  width,  and,  with  its  appendage,  about 
one  hundred  feet  iu  length.  It  mounted  in  its 
front  (which  sloped  inwards  from  its  iron-clad 
roof)  four  enormous  siege-guns.  The  powder- 
magazine  was  in  the  rear,  below  the  water-line, 
and  at  its  extremity  was  a  platform  covered 
wilb  sand-bai;s,  to  protect  its  men  and  balance 
the  heavy  guns.  Attached  to  it  was  a  floating 
hospital.  It,  was  intended  to  tow  this  monster 
to  a  position  so  as  to  bring  its  guns  to  bear  ou 
Fort  Sumter.  Stevens's  doating  battery  was  a 
moil'  formidable  structure.  This  battery  had 
been  in  process  of  construction  by  Messrs.  Ste- 
\ens,  (d  Boboken, N.  J., for  several  years  before 
the  Civil  War.  It  was  intended  solely  for  a 
harbor  defence.  Already  there  had  been  about 
$1,000,000  spent  upon  it.  chiefly  by  the  United 
States  government,  and  >et  it  was  not  com- 
pleted. Until  .just  before  the  war  it  had  been 
shut  in  from  the  public  eye.  It  was  to  be  seven 
hundred  feet  in  length, covered  with  iron  plates, 
so  as  to  I"-  proof  againsl  shol  and  shell  of  every 
kind.  It  was  to  be  moved  by  Bteam-enginea  of 
Bufflcienl  strength  to  give  it  a  momentum  that 
would  cause  it,  as  a  "rain."  to  cut  in  two  any 
ship-of-war  then  known  when  it  should  strike 
her  at  the  waist.  It  was  intended  for  a  battery 
of  sixteen  heavy  rifled  cannons  in  bomb-proof 
casemates,  and  two  heavy  oolnmbiads  for  throw- 
ing shells.      The  latler  were  to  I n  deck,  fore 

and  alt.  The  smoke-stack  was  to  be  construct- 
ed in  sliding  Bed  ions,  Like  a  telescope,  for  obi  l- 
ous  purpose-, ;  and  the  vessel  was  BO  constructed 
that  it  mighl  be  sunk  to  the  level  of  the  water. 
lis  burden  was  rated  al  Bis  thousand  tons.  It 
was  not  completed  when  the  Civil  War  ended. 
The  following  is  a  portion  of  the  specification: 
"The  boat  is  framed  on  an  augle  ofaboul  eigh- 
teen degrees  all  round  the  vessel,  where  the  top 
i  levate  the  balls,  ami  the  lower  ones 
direct   lie  in  under  her.    The  top  deck,  which 

glances  the  ball,  may  be  hung  oil  a  DUMB  of 
bingei   near  the  porta.      Bald  deck  La  supported 


S  FLORIDA 

by  knees  and  cross-timbers  on  the  lower  sides, 
so  that  it  may  be  sprung  with  powder,  if  re- 
quired (wheu  boarded  by  the  enemy),  to  a  per- 
pendicular, when  the  said  deck  will  be  checked 
by  Stays,  while  the  power  of  powder  will  be  ex- 
hausted in  the  open  air,  and  then  fall  or  spring 
to  tin-  centre  of  the  deck  again.  The  aforesaid 
deck  will  run  up  and  down  with  the  angle, 
which  may  be  coppered  or  laid  with  iron.  The 
gun-deck  may  be  bored  at  pleas- 
ure, to  give  room,  if  required,  as 
the  men  and  guns  are  under  said 
deck.  The  power  is  applied  be- 
tween her  keels,  where  there  is  a 
concave  formed  to  receive  them 
from  the  bow  to  the  stern,  except 
a  small  distance  iu  each  end, 
forming  an  eddy.  The  power  may 
be  reversed  to  propel  her  either 
way.  Said  power  is  connected  lo 
uprighl  levers,  to  make  horizontal 
strokes  alternately.  The  eleva- 
tion of  her  timbers  and  gearing 
will  be  proportioned  by  her  keel 
and  tonnage.'' 
Florida.  This  twenty-seventh  state  admit- 
ted iuto  the  Union  received  its  name  from  its 
discoverer  in  1512.  (See  Ponoe  4$  /.<»».)  It  was 
visited  by  Vasqnez,  another  Spaniard,  in  1520. 
It  is  believed  by  some  that  Verrazani  saw  its 
coasts  in  1524  (see  l'iri(t:iini):  and  the  same  year 
a  Spaniard  named  De  Geray  visited  it.  lis  con- 
quest was  undertaken  by  Narvaez,  in  1528  (see 
Narvaai),  and  by  De  Soto  in  15:?!).  Huguenots  — 
Protestants  of  Frama — sought  refuge  there  at 
about  the  middle  of  the  Kith  century  (see  Bu- 
^tumote), when  they  were  attacked  by  the  Span- 
iards. The  latter,  landing  on  the  site  of  St. 
Augustine,  fouuded  a  city  there  in  1566,  which 
w  as  captured  by  Sir 
Francis  Drake  iu 
1586.  The  domain 
of  Florida,  in  those 
early  times.  .  Mend- 
ed indefinitely  west- 
ward, and  included 
Louisiana.  I. a  Salle 
visited  the  western 
portion  in  1682,  and 
in  1696  Pensaoola 
was  nettled  by  Span- 
iards. At  i be  be- 
ginning of  the  I8tb 
century  the  English  in  the  Carolinaa  attacked 
the  Spaniards  al  St.  augnstiue;  and  subsequent- 
ly the  Georgians,  under  Oglethorpe,  made  war 
upon  them.  (See  Oglethorpe.)  Bj  the  treaty  of 
Paris,  in  17('>:(.  Florida  was  exchanged  bj  the 
Spaniards,  with  Grenl  Britain,  for  Cuba,  whiofa 

had  then  recently  been  conquered  by  England. 

Soon  afterwards  they  divided  the  territory  into 
Fast  and  Wist  Florida, the  Appalaobioola  River 

being  the  boundary -line.      Native-,  of  l.'i.-e.  e.  1 1 

sly,  and  Minorca  were  induosd  to  settle  there, 

at  a  place  called  New  Smj  rna.  about  Bixtj    mile* 

south  of  si.  fkngnatiae,  to  the  number  of  fifteen 
hundred,  when  the]  engaged  in  the  cultivation 

of  indigo  and  the  sugar-cane  ;   but  becoming  dis- 


STATK.    SKAL   OF    FLORIDA. 


FLORIDA,  CESSION  OF  HY  SPAIN        497    FLORIDA,  DE  LUNA'S  EXPEDITION  TO 


satisfied  with  their  employers,  they  removed  to 
St.  Augustine.  Daring  the  old  war  fi>r  inde- 
pendence, the  trade  of  the  Southern  colonies  was 
seriously  interfered  with  by  pirates  fitted  out  in 
Florida,  and  the  British  incited  the  Indians  in 
thai  region  to  make  war  on  the  Americans. 
The  Spaniards  invaded  West  Florida, and  capt- 
ured the  garrison  at  Baton  Bonge  in  1??'.»;  and 
in  May,  1781,  they  seized  Pensaoola.  By  the 
treaty  of  1783,  Florida  was  retrooeded  to  Spain, 
and  the  western  boundary  was  defined, when  a 
greater  pari  of  the  inhabitants  emigrated  to  the 

United  States.  When,  in  1803,  Louisiana  was 
ceded    to   the    United    Slates    by    France,  it    was 

declared  to  be  ceded  with  the  same  extent  that 
it.  had  in  the  hands  of  Spain,  and  as  it  had  been 
Ceded  by  Spain  to  France.  This  gave  the  United 
Stales  a  e  la  i  in  lo  I  he  country  West  of  I  he  Perdido 
Bitot,  and  t  he  government  took  possession  of  it 

in    l~ll.     So irritation   ensued.     In   the   war 

With  (neat  Britain  (1812),  the  Spanish  authori- 
ties ai  Pensaoola  favored  tin-  English.  An  ex- 
pedition against  the  Americana  having  been  tit- 
led out  there,  General  Jackson  captured  that 
town.  Again,  in  1818,  it  was  oaptnred  by  Jack- 
son, hut  was  subsequently  returned  to  Spain. 
Florida  was  purchased  from  Spain  by  the  United 
States  in  1819,  and  was  surrendered  to  the  lat- 
ter in  July,  L821.  Emigration  then  began  to 
tlow  into  the  territory,  iu  spite  of  many  obsta- 
cles. In  l-:>.~>  a  distressing  warfare  broke  out 
between  the  fierce  Seminole  Indians  t 
nobs),  who  inhabited  some  of  the  better  por- 
tions of  Florida,  and  the  government  of  the 
United  states,  and  continued  until  1842,  when 
the  Indians  were  suhdued,  though  not  thor- 
oughly conquered.  (See  Seminole  War.)  In  May, 

I-.")-,  the  w  hale  body  of  the  Seiuinoles  remaining 

in  Florida  were  removed  to  reservations  west  of 
tie-  Mississippi.  Florida  was  admitted  into  the 
Union  as  a  state  on  the  8th  of  March,  1846.  In- 
habitants of  the  state  joined  in  the  war  against 
the  government,  a  secession  ordinance  having 
been  passed  Jau.  I".  1861,  by  a  convention  as- 
sembled on  the  3d.  i See  Secession  Ordinances.) 
Forts  and  arsenals  and  t  he  na\  \   yard  at  Pensa- 

cola  were  seized  by  the  insurgents.  The  state 
aut  hori  ties  cont  inued  hostilities  until  the  close  of 
the  war.  On  the  i:ii  li  of  .Inly.  1866,  William  Mar- 
vin was  appointed  provisional  governor  of  the 

state,  and  on  the  28th  ofOctoboi  a  slate  conven- 
tion, held  at  Tallahassee,  repealed  the  ordinance 
■u.  The  civil  authority  was  transfer- 
red by  the  National  government  to  the  provi- 
sn.nal  state  officers  in  January,  1866,  and,  nnder 
i  he  reorganization  measures  of  Congress,  Flori- 
da was  made  a  part  of  the  third  military  distrid 

in  1887.  A  new  constitution  was  ratified  by  tin- 
people  iu  May,  1868,  and   after  the  adoption   of 

the  Fourteenth  Amendment  to  the  National  Con- 
stitution, on  the  14th  of  Jnue,  Florida  woa  recog- 
nised as  a  reorganized  state  of  the  Union.  The 
government  was  transferred  to  the  state  officers 

on  the   1th  of  .Inly. 

Florida,  Cosmo*  o»  hv  Spain.    Jackson's  in- 
vasion of  Florida  and  his  capture  of  Pensaoola 
(see Seminole  Tor) caused  much  political  debate 
in  and  out  of  Congress.    By  some  he  was  much 
I.— 3* 


censured,  by  others  praised.  The  United  State. 
government  upheld  him,  and  the  Secretary  of 
State  (J.  Q.  Adams)  made  an  aide  plea  of  justi- 
fication, on  the  ground  of  tile  well-known  inter- 
ference of  the  Spanish  authorities  in  Florida  in 
American  affairs,  and  the  giving  of  shelter  to 
British  subjects  inciting  the  Indians  to  make 
war.  It  was  thought  the  British  government 
would  take  notice  of  the  summary  execution 
of  Arlmlhnot  and  Anihrister  (see  Seminole  liar); 

hut  it  took  the  ground  that  British  subjects, 
meddling  in  tbeaffairs  of  a  foreigu  nation,  must 
take  the  consequences.     Secretary  Adams  and 

the  Spanish  minister,  Don  Onis.  had  heen  in 
correspondence  for  some  time  concerning  the 
settlement  of  the  Florida  question  and  the  west- 
ern boundary  of  the  United  states  next  to  the 
Spanish  possessions.  Finally,  pending  diseus- 
sion  in  Congress  on  Jacksou's  \  igorona  proceed- 
ings in  Florida,  the  Spanish  minister,  under  new- 
instructions  from  home,  signed  a  treats  (Feb. 
•J--'.  1819)  for  the  cession  of  Florida,  on  the  ex- 
tinction of  the  various  American  i  hums  lor  spo- 
liation, for  the  satisfaction  of  which  the  United 

States  agreed  to  pay  to  the  claimants  $5,000,000. 
The  Louisiana  boundary,  as  fixed  by  the  treaty, 

was  a  compromise  between  the  respective  offers 
heretofore  made,  though  leaning  a  good  deal 
towards  the  American  side.  It  was  agreed  that 
the  Sabine  to  the  thirty-second  degree  of  north 
latitude,  thence  a  north  meridian  line  to  the 
Bed    Fixer,  the   course   of  thai    ri\cr   to  the  one 

hundred th  degree  of  longit  nde  west  from  Green- 
wich, thence  north  hy  that  meridian  to  tin-  Ar- 
kansas Kiver  to  its  head  and  to  the  forty-second 
degree  of  north  latitude,  and  along  that  degree 
to  tin-    Pacific   Ocean,  should  he    the   boundary 

between  the  possessions  of  tin-  United  states 
and  Spain.  The  Florida  treaty  was  immedi- 
ately ratified  hy  the  United  Slates  Senate,  and, 
in  expeetat  ion  of  a  speedy  ratification  hy  Spain, 
an  act  was  passed  to  authorize  the  President  to 
take    possession    of  the    newly  ceded    territory. 

Hut  there  was  great  delay  iu  the  Spanish  ratifi- 
cation. It  did  not  take  place  until  early  in  1821. 
The  ratified  treaty  was  received  by  the  Presi- 
dent in  February. 

Florida,  Conquests  on  thk  Coasts  of.  Com- 
modore Dupont  and  General  Wright  made  easy 

conquests  on  tin-coast  of  Florida.  In  February, 
1862,  they  captured  Fort  Clinch,  on  Amelia  Isl- 
and, which  the  Confederates  had  seized,  and 
drove  the  insurgents  from  Fernandina.  Other 
(posts  were  speedily  abandoned,  and  a  flotilla  of 
gunboats,  under  Lieutenant    I'.  II.  Stevens,  went 

up  the  St., John's  River,  and  captured  Jackson- 
ville, March  11.  St.  AngUStiue  was  taken  pos 
session   ofabonl   the  same  time  hy  Commander 

('.  K.  I'.  Rogers,  and  the  alarmed  Confederates 
abandoned  Pensacola  ami  all  the  fortifications 
opposite  Fort  Pickens.      Before  the  middle  of 

Apiil  the  whole  Atlantic  coast   from  Cape  Ilat- 

terae  to  Perdido  Pay,  west  of  Fort  Pickens  (ex- 
cepting Charleston  and  its  vicinity),  had  been 
abandoned  by  the  Confederates. 

Florida,   Da    LUNA'S   EXPEDITION    TO.       Don 

Tristan  de  Luna  sailed  from  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico, 


FLORIDA,  INCURSIONS  FROM 


498    FLORIDA  ORDINANCE  OF  SECESSION 


Aug.  14,  1559,  with  fifteen  hundred  soldiers, 
many  zealous  friars  who  wished  to  convert  the 
heathen,  .iiid  many  women  and  children,  faini- 
lie8  of  the  soldiers.  He  landed  near  the  site  of 
l'ensacola,  Fla.,  and  a  week  at'Tei  wards  a  terrific 
storm  destroyed  all  his  vessels  and  strewed  the 
shores  with  their  fragments.  He  sent  an  ex- 
ploring party  into  the  interior.  They  travelled 
forty  days  through  a  barren  and  almost  unin- 
habited country,  and  found  a  deserted  Indian 
village,  but  not  a  trace  of  t lie  wealth  with  which 
it  was  supposed  Florida  abounded.  Construct- 
ing a  vessel  sufficient  to  bear  messengers  to  the 
Viceroy  of  Mexico,  De  Luna  seut  them  to  ask 
for  aid  to  return.  Two  vessels  were  sent  by 
tin-  viceroy,  and,  two  years  after  his  departure, 
De  Luua  returned  to  Mexico. 

Florida,  INCURSIONS  FROM.  Iu  the  summer 
of  1778  two  bodies  of  armed  men,  composed  of 
regulars  and  refugees,  made  a  rapid  incursion 
into  Georgia  from  East  Florida — one  iu  boats 
through  the  inland  navigation,  the  other  over- 
laud  by  the  way  of  the  river  Altamalia.  The 
first  party  advanced  to  Snnbury  and  summoned 
the  fort  to  surrender.  Colonel  Mcintosh,  its 
commander, replied, " Come  and  take  it."  The 
enterprise  was  abandoned.  The  other  corps 
pushed  on  towards  Savannah,  but  was  met  by 
about  one  hundred  militia,  with  whom  they 
skirmished.  In  one  of  these  General  Scriven, 
who  commanded  the  Americans,  was  mortally 
wounded.  At  near  Ogecchee  Ferry  the  invaders 
were  repulsed  by  General  Elbert  with  two  hun- 
dred Continental  soldiers.  Hearing  of  the  re- 
pulse at  Suubury,  they,  also,  retreated. 

Florida,  Invasion  of,  by  Oglbthorpr.  When 
Oglethorpe  returned  to  Georgia  from  England 
(1736)  lie  discovered  a  hostile  feeling  among  the 

Spaniards  at  St.  Augustine.  They  had  tried  to 
incite  the  Indians  against  the  new  settlements, 
and  also  to  procure  the  assassination  of  Ogle- 
thorpe. The  latter,  not  fairly  prepared  to  re- 
sist an  invasion,  sent  a  messenger  to  st.Augus- 
tine  to  invite  the  Spanish  commandant  to  a 
friendly  conference.  He  explored  some  of  the 
coast     islands    and     prepared     for    fort  ilicat  ion. 

(See  Oglethorpe.}  His  messenger  did  nol  return, 
and  he,  proceeded  to  secure  possession  of  the 
country  so  far  as  its  defined  boundary  permit- 
ted him.  His  hostile,  preparations  made  the 
Spaniards  vigilant,  and  even  threaten  war:  and 
when,  in  1739, there  was  war  between  England 
and  Spain,  he  determined  to  strike  the  Span- 
iards at  St.  Angustine  a  heavy  blow  before  they 
were  fullj  prepared  to  resist  it.  lie  penetrated 
I'loiida  with  a  small  force  and  captured  some 
outposts  early  in  1740;  and  in  May  he  marched 
towards  St.  Augustine  with  six  hundred  regu- 
lar troops,  four  hundred  Carolina  militia,  and  a 
large  bodj  of  friendly  Indians.  With  these  he 
stood  before  St. Augustine  in  .lime,  after  oaptnr- 
Ing  two  foils. ami  demanded  the  instant  surren- 
dei  of  the  post.  It  was  refused,  and  Oglethorpe 
determined  to  starve  the  garrisou  by  a  close  In- 

vestment.       The   town    was   .surrendered,  and   a 

small  sqnadrou  blockaded  the  harbor.  Swift- 
sailing  galleys  rail  the  weak  blockade  and  well 


supplied  the  fort.  Oglethorpe  had  no  cannon 
and  could  not  breach  the  walls.  In  the  heats 
of  summer  malaria  invaded  his  camp,  the  siege 
was  raised,  and  he  returned  to  Savannah.  Hos- 
tilities were  now  suspended  for  about  two  years. 
i  see  Georgia,  Invasion  of  by  Spaniards.) 

Florida  Ordinance  of  Secession.  Florida. 
purchased  of  Spain,  and  the  most  unimportant 
state  in  tin;  Union,  was  early  made  the  theatre 
of  seditions  speech  and  action  by  her  politicians. 
Her  representatives  in  Congress  were  auxious 
for  secession,  and  forward  in  assumptions  of 
sovereignty  for  their  little  state.  Anxious  to 
establish  an  independent  empire  on  the  borders 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  politicians  met  in 
convention  early  in  January,  1861,  at  Tallahas- 
see, the  state  capital,  a  city  of  less  than  two 
thousand  inhabitants.  Colonel  Petit  was  cho- 
sen chairman  of  the  convention,  and  Bishop 
Bntledge  invoked  the  blessing  of  the  Almighty 
upon  the  acts  they  were  about  to  perforin.  The 
members  numbered  sixty-nine,  and  about  oue 
third  of  them  were  "  Co -operation  ists."  (See 
Mississippi  Ordinanoe  of  Secession.)  The  Legis- 
lature of  Florida,  fully  prepared  to  co-operate 
with  the  convention,  had  convened  at  the  same 
place  on  the  5th.  On  the  10th  the  convention 
adopted  an  ordinance  of  secession  by  a  vote  of 
sixty -two  against  seven.  In  its  preamble  it 
was  declared  that  "all  hopes  of  preserving  the 
Union  upon  terms  consistent  with  the  safety 
and  honor  of  the  slave-holding  States  "had  been 
"fully  dissipated."  And  it  was  further  declared 
that  by  the  ordinance  Florida  had  withdrawn 
from  the  Union  and  become  "  a  sovereign  and 
independent  nation."  On  the  following  day  the 
ordinance  was  signed,  while  bells  rang  and  can- 
nons thundered  to  signify  the  popular  joy.  The 
news  was  received  by  the  Florida  representa- 
tives in  Congress  at  Washington  :  bat, notwith- 
standing the  state  had  "  withdrawn  from  the 
Union."  they  remained  in  their  seats  for  reasons 

given   in   a   letter  to  Joseph    l'ii gan,  written 

by  Senator  David  L.Tulee  from  his  desk  in  the 
Senate  chamber.  "It  seemed  to  be  the  opin- 
ion," he  said,  "that  if  we  left  here,  force,  loan, 
and  volunteer  bills  might  be  passed,  which 
would  put  Mr.  Lincoln  in  immediate  condition 
for  hostilities;  whereas,  by  remaining  in  our 
places  until  the  4th  of  March,  it  is  thought  we 
can  keep  the  hands  of  Mr.  Buchanan  tied  and 
disable  the  Republicans  from  effecting  anj  leg- 
islation which  will  Strengthen  the  hands  of  the 
incoming  administration."    Senators  from  other 

slates  wrote  similar  letters  under  their  official 
flanks.  The  Convention  was  addressed  by  L. 
W.  Spratt.  id'  South  Carolina,  an  eminent  advo- 
cate for  reopening  the  African  slave-trade.  Del- 
egates were  appointed  to  a  general  convention 
to  assemble  at  Montgomery,  Ala.,  and  other 
measures  were  taken  to  secure  the  "sovereign- 

t\  "  ot  Florida.  'I'hc  Legislature  authorized 
the  emission  of  treasarj  notes  to  the  amount 
of  |600,000,  and  defined  the  crime  of  treason 
Bgainsl  the  slate  to  be.  in  one  form  the  hold- 
ing of  office  under  the  National  government  in 

case   of  actual   collision    between    the   stale   and 

goverumenl   troops— -punishable   with  death. 


FLORIDA  4 

The  governor  of  the  state  (Perry)  had  made  ar- 
rangements before  the  passage  of  the  ordinance 
of  secession  to  seize  the  United  States  forts, 
navy-yard,  and  other  government  property  in 
Florida. 

Florida,    Revolutionary    Movements    in 

(  L810),    The  Success  of  Napoleon's  anus  in  Spain 

and  the  impending  peril  to  the  Spanish  monarchy 
gave  occasion  for  revolutionary  movements  in 
the  Spanish  province  of  West  Florida  border- 
ing on  the  Mississippi.  That  region  undoubtedly 
belonged  to  the  United  States  as  a  part  of  Lou- 
isiana bougbl  from  the  French,  but  Spain  had 
refused  to  relinquish  it.  The  inhabitants  were 
mostly  of  British  or  American  birth.  KaiU  In 
the  autumn  of  1810  they  Beized  the  fort  at  Baton 

Bonge,  met  in  convention,  and  proclaimed  them- 
selves independent,  adopting  a  single  star  for 
their  flag,  as  the  Texaus  did  in  is:s(>.  There 
were  some  conflicts  between  the  revolutionists 
ami  adherents  of  the  Spanish  connection,  and 
an  attack  upon  the  insurgents  seemed  immi- 
nent   from    the    Spanish    garrison   at    Mobile. 

Through  1 1  * » I b,  Governor  of  the  Mississippi 

Territory,  the  revolutionists  applied  to  the 
Foiled  States  for  recognition  and  aid.     They 

claimed  all  the   unlocatcd  lauds  in  the  domain, 

pardon  for  all  deserters  from  the  United  States 

Ann]  (of  whom  there  were  many  among  them  I. 
and   an    immediate    loan    of  1100,000,        I"   i<   lid 

of  comph  ing  with  these  requirements,  the  Pres- 
ident issued  a  proclamation  for  taking  posses- 
sion of  the  easl  hank  of  the  Mississippi.au  act 
which  had  been  delayed  because  of  conciliatory 
views  towards  Spain.  Claiborne,  Governor  of 
the  Orhans  Territory,  then  in  Washington,  was 
sent  in  haste  to  lake  possession,  authorized,  in 
case  of  resistance,  to  call  upon  the  regular 
troops  stationed  on  the  Mississippi,  and  it  poll 
the  militia  of  the  two  adjoining  territories.      It 

was  not  necessary.     8 after  this  movement 

at  Baton  Bonge  a  man  named  Kemper,  w  ho  pur- 
ported to  ad  lei  the  Florida  insurgents,  ap- 
proached Mobile,  with  BOme  followers,  to  at- 
tempt the  capture  of  the  garrison,      lie   was 

repulsed;    but    the    alarmed    Spanish    governor 

wrote  in  the  American  authorities'  that  if  he 
were  nut  speedily  reinforced  he  should  he  dis- 
posed to  trial  for  the  transfer  of  the  entile 
province.  Congress  passed  an  act  authorizing 
the  President  to  take  possession  of  both  Fast 
and  West  Florida  to  prevent  its  falling  into  the 
hands  of  another  foreign  power.    Tims  it  might 

lie   held   subject    to  future    peaceful    negol  la  I  urns 
With  Spain. 
Floridians.     (See  Mobiliatu.) 

Floyd,  .iniiN  Bl  '  n  is  uf,  was  born  in  Mont- 
gomery County,  Va.,  in  l-o.">;  died  at  Abingdon, 
Va..  April  M,  1863.  Admitted  to  the  bar  In 
1838,  he  practised  law-  in  Helena,  Ark. ;  but  in 

l-:i'.»  he  settled  in  Washington  County,  in  his 

native  stale.  lb-  served  ill  the  Virginia  Legis- 
lature  several    terms,  and    was   ".over '  of  the 

stale    in    I860     .".:'..       His    fa t  her,  John,  had    been 

governor  of  Virginia.  In  K>7  Presldeul  Bu- 
chanan appointed  him  Secretary  of  War.  iii 
which  office   he  proved  disloyal,  and   eoii-pind 


9  FLOYD'S  DISLOYAL  ACTS 

to  overthrow  the  government  hy  furnishing  the 
slave-labor  states  with  arms  and  dispersing  the 
army.  (See  FloytPs  Disloyal  Acts.)  Indicted  by 
the  grand  jury  of  the  District  of  Columbia  as 
being  privy  to  the  abstracting  of  $870,000  in 
bonds  from  the  Department  of  the  Interior,  at 
the  close  of  I860  he  lied  to  Virginia,  when  he 
was  commissioned  a  geueral  in  the  Confederate 
army.  In  that  capacity  he  was  driven  from 
West  Virginia  by  General  Bosecrans.  The  night 
before  the  surrender  of  Fori  Douelson  (which 
see)  be  stole  away  in  the  darkness,  ami,  being 
censured  by  the  Confederate  government,  he 
never  served  in  the  army  afterwards. 

Floyd,  Wii.i.iam,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  was  born  in  Suffolk  County, 
L.  I.,  Dec.  17,1764;  died  in  Oneida  County,  N.Y., 
Ang.  1.  1821.  He  took  an  early  and  vigorous 
part  iii  the  Bevolution;  was  a  member  of  tin- 
New  York  Committee  of  Correspondence  ;  and  a 
member  of  the  First  Continental  Congress  in 
1774,  and  until  1777.  lie  was  again  a  member 
alter  October,  1 77 -.  lie  was  a  state  senator  in 
1777.  During  the  occupancy  of  Long  Island  by 
the  British,  for  nearly  seven  years,  his  family 
were  in  exile.  Mr.  Floyd  held  the  commission 
of  brigadier,  and  commanded  the  Suffolk  Coun- 
ty militia  in  repelling  an  invasion  of  Long  Isl- 
and by  the  British.  'General  Floyd  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  First  National  Congress, and  as  Pres- 
idential elector  gave    his   \ole    for  Jelieisoii   in 

1801. 

Floyd's  Disloyal  Acts.  John  H.  Floyd,  Sec- 
retory of  War.  was  deeply  concerned  in  the 
conspiracy  for  the  overthrow  of  the  Republic. 
While,  in  office  in  the  cabinet  of  President  Bu- 
chanan, he  was  detected,  by  a  commit  tec  of  t  he 
House  of  Representatives,  in  the  act  of  strip- 
ping the  Northern  arsenals  of  arms  ami  ammu- 
nition and  filling  those  of  the  South  with  those 
munitions  of  war.  So  early  as  Deo. 29,  L859 
a   year  before      according   to   the    report   of  the 

committee,  he  had  ordered  the  transfer  of  65,000 
percussion  mnskete,  10,000  muskets  altered  to 
percussion, and  10,000  percussion  ritles  from  the 
armory  at  Springfield,  Mass..  and  t  he  arsenals  at 
Watervliet,  N.  Y„  and  Watertown,  Mass.,  to  the 

arsenals  at  1'ayet  (cvillo,  N.  C,  Charleston.  8.  I '.. 
Augusta,  C.I.,  Mount  Vernon.  Ala.,  and  Baton 
Bonge,  La.;  and  these  were  distributed  iii  the 
spring  of  I860,  before  the  meeting  of  the  Dem- 
ocratic Convention  at  Charleston  (which  see). 
Eleven  days  after  the  issuing  of  the  above  order 
by  Floyd  Jefferson  Davis  introduced  (Jan.9,  L860) 

into  the  National  Senate  a  bill  "to  authorize 
the  sale  of  public  arms  to  the  several  states  and 

territories,  ami  to  regulate  the  appointment  of 

superintendents  of  the  National  armories."  Da- 
\  is  reported  the  bill  from  the  Military  Commit- 
tee of  the  Senate,  and,  in  calling  it  up  on  Feb. 
21,  said,  ••  I  should  like  the  Senate  to  take  up  a 
little  bill  which  I  hope  will  excite  no  discus- 
sion. It  is  th«'  bill  to  authorize  the  states  to 
purchase  anus  from  the  National  armories. 
There  are  a  number  of  volunteer  companies 
wanting  to  purchase  arms,  but  the  states  have 

not    a    sufficient    Supply."      Senator    l'esseiidcti, 


FLYING  CAMP 


500 


FONTAINEBLEAU,  TREATY  OF 


of  Maine,  asked  (Feb.  23)  for  an  explanation  of 
reasons  for  such  action.  Davis  replied  that  the 
Secretary  of  War  had  recommended  an  increase 
of  appropriations  for  arming  the  militia,  and.  as 
the  militia  of  the  states  were  not  militia  of  the  United 
Slat,*,  lie  thought  it  best  for  the  volunteer  com- 
panies of  stales  to  have  arms  that  were  uniform 
in  case  of  war.  Feesenden  offered  an  amend- 
ment (March  -2o)  that  would  deprive  it  of  mis- 
chief, but  it  was  lost,  and  the  bill  was  passed 
by  a  strict  party  vote — 29  Democrats  against  18 
Republicans.  It  was  smothered  in  the  House 
of  Representatives.  (See  "Wise's  Proposition 
to  Davis  when  Secretary  of  War."  article  RebeU- 
ion  planned  in  1S5G.)  By  a  stretch  of  authority 
under  an  old  act  of  Congress  (1S-J5),  Floyd  sold 
to  stalls  and  individuals  in  the  South  over 
31,000  muskets  altered  from  flint  to  percussion 
for  J2.50  each.  On  Nov.  -24,  I860,  he  sold  10,000 
muskets  to  G.  B.  Lamar,  of  Georgia  ;  and  on  the 
Kith  lie  had  sold  5000  to  Virginia.  The  Mobile 
Advertiser,  one  of  the  principal  organs  of  the 
conspirators  in  Alabama,  who  knew  the  secret 
of  Floyd's  movements,  said.  "  During  the  past 
year  135,430  muskets  have  been  quietly  trans- 
ferred from  the  Northern  arsenal  at  Springfield 
alone  to  those  of  the  Southern  States.  We  ari' 
much  obliged  to  Secretary  Floyd  for  the  fore- 
night  he  has  thus  displayed  in  disarming  the 
North  and  equipping  the  South  for  tliis  emer- 
gency. There  is  no  telling  the  quantity  of 
arms  and  munitions  which  were  sent  South 
from  other  arsenals.  There  is  no  doubt  but 
that  every  man  in  the  South  who  can  carry  a 
gun  can  now  be  supplied  from  private  or  public 
sources."  A  Virginia  historian  of  the  war  (Pol- 
lard) said,  "It  was  safely  estimated  that  the 
South  entered  11)1011  the  war  with  150,000  suiall- 
arms  of  the  most  approved  modern  pattern  and 
the  best  in  the  world."  Only  a  few  days  before 
Floyd  left  his  office  of  Secretary  of  War  and  lied 
to  Virginia  he  attempted  to  supply  the  South- 
erners witli  heavy  ordnance  also.  On  Dec.  20, 
l-i)ii.  In-  ordered  forty  colnmbiads  and  four  32- 

ponnden  to  be  scut  from  the  arsenal  at  Pitts- 
burgh to  an  unfinished  fort  on  Ship  Island,  in 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico;  and  seventy-one  colnmbiads 

and  seven  32-pounderS  to  be  sent  from  the  same 
arsenal  to  an  embryo  fort  at  (inhesion.  Tex., 
which  would  not  be  ready  for  armament  in  live 
years.  When  Qnartermaster  Taliaferro  (a  Vir- 
ginian) was  about  to  send  oil' these  heavy  <;uns, 
.in  immense  public  meeting  of  citizens,  called 
by  1  he  mayor,  was  held,  and  the  guns  were  re- 
tained. When  Floyd  fled  from  Washington  bis 
-in,,— or.  Joseph  Holt,  of  Kentucky,  counter- 
manded the  order. 

Plying  Camp.  In  June,  1778,  Congress,  at 
the  suggestion  of  Washington,  called  for  ten 
thousand   men    from    Pennsylvania,  Delaware, 

and   Maryland   to  form  a  "flying  camp"  for  the 

protecti »f  New  Jersey.  Colonel  Hugh  Mercer, 

of  Virginia,  was  promoted  to  brigadier-general 

and  put  in  command  of  this  corps,  which  never 
reached  the  number  called  for.  On  the  death  of 
(be  commander,  at  Princeton,  it  was  broken  up. 

Focus  of  Sedition.     It   is  agreed  by  all  ob- 


servers that  the  National  capital  was  the  focal 
point  of  active  conspiracy  against  the  Uniou 
during  1S60;  for  there,  in  Congress,  were  gath- 
ered the  chief  political  actors  in  the  movement. 
There  was  the  voltaic  pile  that  energized  the 
secession  movement  in  all  the  slave -labor 
states.  A  leading  Georgia  .journal  (Tin  South- 
ern Confederacy),  published  at  Atlanta,  said.  "The 
towns  and  cities  have  been  Hooded  with  sen- 
sational despatches  ami  inflammatory  rumors, 
manufactured  in  Washington  city  for  the  es- 
pecial occasion.  To  be  candid,  there  has  never 
been  as  much  lying  and  bullying  practised,  in 
the  same  length  of  time,  since  the  destruction 
of  Sodom  and  Ooinorrah  as  in  the  recent  cam- 
paign. The  fault  Las  been  at  Washington 
city.  From  that  cesspool  have  emanated  all 
the  abominations  that  ever  cursed  a  tree  peo- 
ple." So  early  as  Dec.  13,  1860,  about  all  of 
the  leading  disunionists  at  Washington  assem- 
bled at  night  at  the  room  of  Reuben  Davis, 
a  representative  in  Congress  from  Mississippi, 
and  there  signed  the  following  letter  to  their 
constituents:  "The  argunieut  is  exhausted. 
All  hope  of  relief  in  the  Union  through  the 
agencies  of  committees  [these  had  just  been 
appointed  ;  see  Thiitij-sisth  Congress ].  Congres- 
sional legislation,  or  Constitutional  amendments 
is  extinguished,  and  we  trust  the  South  will  not 
be  deceived  by  appearances  or  the  pretence  of 
new  guarantees.  The  Republicans  are  resolute 
in  their  purpose  to  grant  nothing  that  will  or 
OUght    to    Batisfy    the   South.      We    are    satisfied 

the    honor,  safety,   and    independence    of  the 

Southern  people  are  to  be  found  only  ill  a 
Southern  confederacy — a  result  to  be  obtained 
only  by  separate  stale  sece  — ion  -  and  that  the 
sole  and  primary  aim  of  each  slave-holding  state 
OUght  to  be  its  speedy  and  absolute  separation 
from  an  unnatural  and  hostile  Union."  This 
declaration  was  signed  by  a  large  number  of 
Senators  and  Representatives  and  sent  broad- 
cast over  the  slave-labor  states,  first  by  tele- 
graph, and  then  in  print.  Mr. Toombs  returned 
to  Washington  from  Georgia  a  few  days  after: 
and  on  Dec. 22  he  telegraphed  an  address  10  the 
people  of  that  state,  in  which  lie  said.  "  I  now 
tell  yon,  upon  the  faith  of  a  true  man.  that  all 
further  looking  to  the  North  for  security  for 
your  constitutional  rights  in  the  Union  ought 

to  In-  in-tanll.v  abandoned.  It  is  fraugfal  with 
nothing  but  ruin  to  yourselves  and  your  poster- 
asion  by  the  -lib  of  March  next  should 
be  thundered  from  the  ballot-box  by  the  unani- 
mous voice  of  Georgia  on  the  2d  day  of  January 

next  [the  lime  for  electing  members  Of  the  Se- 
cession Convention].     Such  a  voice  will  be  your 

in  si  guarantee  for  liberty, security,  tranquillity, 
and  glory."  This  despatch  unsettled  conserva- 
tives and  dazed  the  mass  of  the  people.    Several 

of  similar  character  from  Toombs  and  others 
were  sent  from  Washington,  and  decided  the 
wavering  rota  of  Georgia  for  secession.  (See 
Georgia  Ordinam  •  ■ 

Fontainebleau.  I  1:1  v  1  ■*  OF.  At  l'ont.iine- 
bleau,  Nov.  3, 1768,  a  treat]  of  peace  wee  nego- 
tiated, which  was  signed  al  Pai 

Of  1'arii.) 


FOOD  AT  NEW  PLYMOUTH  5 

Food  at  New  Plymouth.  The  food  of  the 
••Pilgrims"  at  Plymouth  was  very  simple  and 
of  small  variety  for  several  years.  When,  in 
Angnst,  1623,  the  third  supply  of  oolouists  — 
about  sixty  in  Dumber  —  came,  the  best  dish 
that  could  be  set  before  them  was  a  tobeter,  a 
piece  of  tish.  and  a  cup  of  "fair  spring-water.'' 
As  to  bread,  there  was  none  in  the  colony. 

Foote,  Andrew  Hull,  Rear-admiral  United 

States  Navy,  was  born  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
Sept.  12,  1806;  died  in  New  York  city.  .Mine  26, 
1883.  He  entered  the  navy  aa  midshipman  in 
1882;   was  flag-lieutenant  of  the  Mediterranean 


a  in  i  l  roon 

squadron  in  1-:'.:!:  and  in  1838,  aa  first  lieuten- 
ant of  the  ship  .IdIui  Adam*,  Commodore  Bead, 
he  circumnavigated  the  globe,  and  took  part  in 
an  attack  on  the  pirates  of  Sumatra.  He  was 
one  of  the  flrat  to  introduce  1841)  the  principle 
of  total  abstinence  from  intoxicating  drinks 
into  the  United  Slate-.  Navy:  and  on  the  (iim- 
ttrlamd  |  1843  15)  he  delivered,  mi  Sundays,  ex- 
temporary sermons  to  his  crew.  He  success- 
fully eugaged  in  the  suppression  <d'  the  slave- 
trade  on  the  eoast  of  Africa  1849  58).  in  com- 
mand of  the  China  station  in  1856,  when  the 
Chinese  ami  English  were  at  war.  Foote  exerted 
himself  to  protect  American  property,  and  was 
tired  upon  bj  the " Celestials."  Hia demand  for 
an  apology  was  refused,  and  he  stunned  and 
captured  four  Chinese  forts,  composed  of  gran- 
ite walls  seven  feet  thick  and  mounting  one 
hundred  and  seventy-six  guns,  with  a  loss  of 

only  forty   men.      The  Chinese  garrison   of  live 

thousand  men  lost  four  hundred  of  their  num- 
ber killed  and  wounded.  In  the  summer  of 
Hid  Foote  was  made  captain,  and  in  September 
was  appointed  flag-offloer  of  a  flotilla  of  gun- 
boats fitted  out  chiefly  at  Cairo,  and  command- 
ed the  naval  expedition  against  Forts  Henrj 
and  Donelson  (which  see), on  the  Tennessee  and 
Cumberland  rivers,  early  in  1868,  in  co-opera- 
tion with  General  Grant.  In  the  attack  on  the 
latter  he  was  severely  wounded  ill  the  ankle  by 

a  fragment   of  a  shell.     Though  sntfering,  he 

commanded  the  na\al  attack  on  Island  Number 
Ten    (which   see;.      After    its   reduction    he   re- 


1  FOREIGN  GOVERNMENTS 

turned  to  his  home  at  New  Haven.  He  was 
appointed  rear-admiral  in  July,  1862;  aud  in 
May,  1863,  was  ordered  to  take  command  of  the 
South  Atlantic  squadron,  but  died  while  pre- 
paring in  New  York  to  leave  for  Charleston. 

Foragers,  PROPERTY  DESTROYED  BY.  With 
the  opening  of  the  Bpring  of  1778  stroug  forag- 
ing parties  were  sent  out  by  the  British  holding 
Philadelphia;  and  these  often  met  small  parties 
of  American  soldiers,  when  sharp  skirmishes  en- 
sued. One  of  these  part  ics  joined  an  expedition 
up  the  1  lelaw  are  Ma\  7).  who  captured  or  burn- 
ed a  number  of  vessels,  among  them  an  unfin- 
ished Continental  frigate  at  the  falls  neat  Tren- 
ton, whither  it  had  been  conveyed  for  safety. 

Forbes,  John,  was  born  in  Fifeshire, Scotland, 
in  lTln;  died  in  Philadelphia,  March  11.  1789. 
He  was  a  physician,  but,  preferring  military  life. 

he  entered  the  British  army,  and  w  as  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  Scotch  Greys  in  174.Y  He  was 
acting  quartermaster- general  under  the  Duke 
of  Cumberland ;  and  late  in  17.">7  he  came  to 
America,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier  -  general. 
He  commanded  the  troops  eight  thousand  in 
Dumber  against  Fort  Duqnesne  (which  see). 
and  he  named  the  place  Pittsburgh,  in  honor 
of  William  Pitt. 

Force,  Petbr,  was  born  at  Passaic  falls. 
V.I..  Nov.  26,  1790;  died  in  Washington.  D.  C, 
Jail. 23,  1868.  He  learned  the  printer's  trade  in 
New  Ymk  city,  and  was  president  of  the  New 
York  Typographical  Society  in  1818.  In  No- 
vember. 1815,  he  settled  in  Washington  city,  be- 
came a  newspaper  editor  and  publisher,  and 
was  mayor  of  the  city  in  1836-40.  He  was  ma- 
jor-general of  th.'  militia  of  the  district  in  I860, 
anil  was  president  of  the  National  Institute. 
Mi  Force  made  a  contract  with  the  United 
States  government  in  1833  for  the  preparation 
and  publication  of  a  documentary  history  of  the 
American  colonies  covering  the  entire  period  of 
the  Revolution,  He  prepared  and  published 
nine  volumes,  folio,  and  had  the  tenth  prepared, 

when  Congress  refused  to  make  further  appro- 
priations for  the  work,  and  it  has  never  been 
published.  He  had  gathered  an  immense  col- 
lection of  books,  manuscripts,  maps,  and  plans; 
and  in  1867  his  entire  collection  was  purchased 

by   the    government    for   $100, and    it    was 

transferred  to  the  library  of  Congress.  His 
great  work  is  entitled  American  Archives.  Mr. 
Force's  fust  publication  in  Washington  was  the 
National  Calendar,  &U  annual  volume  of  national 
statistics,  which  was  continued  from  1880  to  1836. 

Forces  at  Yorktown.      For  the  Biege  of 

Yorktown  the  French  provided  thirty -seven 
ships  of  the  line,  and  the  Americans  nine.      The 

Americans  furnished  9000  land-troops  (of  whom 

5500  were  regulars),  and  the  French  7000. 
Anion};  the  prisoners  were  two  battalions  of 
Anspacbers,  amounting  to  1087  men,  and  two 
regiments  of  Hessians,  numbering  875.  The 
Hag  of  tin'  Anspachera  was  given  to  Washing- 
ton by  the  Congress.  (See  Offwingt  of  a  Grate- 
ful ( ong\ 
Foreign    Governments    and    the    United 


FOREIGN  GOVERNMENTS 


502 


FOREIGN  INTERCOURSE 


States  (1861).  From  the  time  when  the  South 
Carolina  Ordinance  of  Secession  was  passed 
there  was  observed  in  most  of  the  European 
courts  an  unfriendliness  of  spirit  towards  the 
National  government  and  a  willingness  to  give 
its  enemies  encouragement  in  their  revolution- 
ary measures.  The  pnblio  journals  in  their  in- 
terest were  equally  unfriendly  in  their  utter- 
ances. When,  early  in  February,  the  Confeder- 
ate States  government  (which  see)  was  organ- 
ized, Europe  seemed  prepared  to  accept  the 
hopeless  dismemberment  of  the  Republic  as  an 
accomplished  fact.  This  belief  was  strength- 
ened by  the  despatches  of  most  of  the  foreign 
ministers  at  Washington  to  their  respective 
governments,  who  announced,  early  in  Febru- 
ary, the  practical  dissolution  of  the  Union  :  and 
some  affected  to  be  amazed  at  the  folly  of  Con- 
gress in  legislating  concerning  the  tariff  and 
other  National  measures  when  the  nation  was 
hopelessly  expiriug.  The  Queeu  of  England,  in 
her  speech  from  the  throne,  expressed  a  "  heart- 
felt wish''  that  the  differences  that  distracted 
our  country  "might  be  susceptible  of  a  satisfac- 
tory adjustment."'  For  these  humane  expres- 
sions she  was  reproved;  and.  finally,  yielding 
to  the  importunities  of  her  ministers,  some  of 
whom  earnestly  desired  the  downfall  of  our  Re- 
public, she  issued  (May  13, 1861),  a  proclamation 
of  neutrality,  by  which  a  Confederate  govern- 
ment, as  existing,  was  acknowledged,  and  bel- 
ligerent rights  were  accorded  to  the  insurgents. 
Already  an  understanding  existed  between  the 
governments  of  England  and  France  that  they 
were  to  act  together  in  regard  to  American  af- 
fairs. They  had  even  gone  so  far  as  to  apprise 
other  European  governments  of  this  understand- 
ing, with  the  expectation  that  they  would  con- 
cur with  them  and  follow  their  example,  what- 
ever it  might  be.  Thus,  at  the  very  outset  of 
our  difficulties,  these  two  powerful  governments 
had  entered  into  a  combination  for  arraying 
Europe  on  the  side  of  the  insurgents,  and  giv- 
ing them  moral  if  not  material  aid  in  their  ef- 
forts to  destroy  the  Republic.  The  proclama- 
tion of  the  British  queen,  made  with  unseemly 
haste  before  the  minister  of  the  new  adminis- 
tration (C.  F.  Adams)  could  reach  England,  was 
followed  by  corresponding  unfriendly  action  in 
the  British  Parliament.  And  in  addition  to  af- 
fected indifference  to  the  fate  of  our  nation. 
British  legislators,  orators,  publicists,  and  Jour- 
nalists were  lavish  of  causeless  abuse,  not  only 
of  the  government,  but  of  the  people  of  the  fire- 
labor  states  who  were  loyal  to  lie  government. 

This  abuse  was  often  expressed  in  phrases  so 
unmanly  and  ungenerous,  anil  even  coarse  and 
vulgar  at  times,  that  high-minded  Englishmen 

blushed  I'm  shame.  The  emperor  of  the  French 
was  more  cautions  and  astute;   but  he  followed 

tin-  Hi  itisfa  queen  in  according  belligerent  rights 
to  the  Insurgents  bj  a  decree  (Jnne  II.  i-';i  I, 

and.  at    the    same    time,  entered    into    political 

combinations  for  the  propagation  of  imperial- 
ism in  North  America,  with  a  belief  that  the 
days  of  the  great  Republic  were  numbered  and 
il.s  power  to  enforce  I  he  Monroe  I  loctt  ine  (  w  Inch 
sec     had    vanished.      The   QuaCD    of  Spain    aNo 


hastened  to  proclaim  the  neutrality  of  her  gov- 
ernment, and  to  combine  with  France  in  re- 
planting the  seeds  of  monarchical  institutions 
in  the  Western  Hemisphere,  now  that  the  Re- 
public was  expiring.  The  King  of  Portugal 
also  recognized  the  insurgents  as  belligerents. 
But  the  more  enlightened  anil  wise  monarch  of 
Russia,  who  was  about  to  strike  oft' the  shackles 
of  almost  forty  million  slaves  in  his  own  domin- 
ions, instructed  his  minister  (July  29,  1861)  to 
say  to  the  imperial  representative  at  Washing- 
ton :  ••In  every  event  the  American  nation  may 
count  upon  the  most  cordial  sympathy  on  tin- 
part  of  our  august  master  during  the  im- 
portant crisis  which  it  is  passing  through  at 
present."  The  Russian  emperor  kept  his  word; 
and  the  powers  of  Western  Europe,  regarding 
him  as  a  pronounced  ally  of  the  American  Re- 
public, acted  with  more  circumspection.  The 
attitude  of  foreign  governments  encouraged  the 
insurgents  to  believe  that  recognition  and  aid 
would  surely  be  furnished;  and  the  govern- 
ment of  England,  by  a  negative  policy,  did  give 
them  all  the  aid  and  encouragement  it  prudent- 
ly could  until  it  was  seen  that  the  Confederate 
cause  was  hopeless,  when  Lord  John  Russell  ad- 
dressed the  head  of  the  Confederacy  in  insulting 
terms.  That  astute  publicist.  Count  Sasparin, 
of  France,  writing  in  1862.  when  considering  the 
unprecedented  precipitancy  with  which  leading 
European  powers  recognized  the  insurgents  as 
belligerents,  said,  "  Instead  of  asking  on  which 
side  were  justice  and  liberty,  we  have  hastened 
to  ask  on  which  side  were  our  interests;  then, 
too,  on  which  side  were  the  best  chances  of  suc- 
cess." He  said  England  had  a  legal  right  to  be 
neutral,  but  had  no  moral  right  to  withhold  her 
sympathies  from  a  nation  "struggling  for  its 
existence  and  universal  justice  against  rebels 
intent  on  crimes  against  humanity." 

Foreign  Intercourse  was  Oral  established  by 
law  iii  1790,  President  Washington,  in  his  mes- 
sage (Jan.  8,  1790),  suggested  to  Congress  the 
propriety  of  providing  for  the  employment  and 
compensation  of  persons  for  carrying  on  inter- 
course with  foreign  nations.  The  House  ap- 
pointed a  commit  tee  (.Ian.  l.">)  to  prepare  a  bill 
lo  that  elicit,  which  was  presented  on  the  21st. 
It  passed  the  House  on  March  30.  The  two 
Houses  could  not  agree  upon  the  provisions  of 

the  bill,  and  a  committee  of  conference  was  ap- 
pointed; and  finally  the  original  bill,  greatly 

moilitied,  was  passed     .lime  25,  1790),      The  act 

fixed  the  salary  of  ministers  at  foreign  courts  at 
10000 a  year,  and  charges  d'affaires  at  |4 
the  first   ministers  sent   to  Europe  the  Conti- 
nental Congress  guarant 1  the  payment   of 

then  expenses,  With  an  additional  compensa- 
tion lot  their  time  and  trouble.  These  allow- 
ances had  been  lixed  at  first  at  $11,111  annual- 
ly,     \tter  the  pesos  the  Continental  Congress 

had  reduced  the  salary  to  S'.HHMI,  in  conscipienee 
of  which  Franklin  insisted   upon   his  recall,  the 

sum  being  insufficient.    When  the  bill  of  1790 

went  before  the  Senate  thai  body  was  only  w  ill- 
Ing  to  vote  a  general  sum   for  the  expenses  of 

foreign  inten ree,and  to  leave  the  compensa- 
tion of  ihe  respective  miatotut  to  the  discretion 


FOREIGN  OFFICERS 


503    FORREST'S  INVASION  OF  TENNESSEE 


of  the  President,  urging  that  the  difference  in 
expenses  at  the  various  courts  called  for  dis- 
crimination in  the  sums  allowed.  To  this  the 
House  would  not  agree,  and  for  a  while  both 
Houses  insisted  upon  compliance  with  their  re- 
spect ive  views.  Hence  the  delay  in  the  passage 
of  the  bill.  The  act  also  made  allowance  for 
"outfits,"  which  had  been  insisted  upon  by 
Jefferson  when  he  was  appointed  to  succeed 
Franklin. 

Foreign  Officers  in  the  Continental  Army. 
There  being  a  great  deficiency  of  native  skill  in 
the  departments  of  artillery  and  engineering  at 
the  beginning  of  the  war.  it  was  thoughl  desir- 
able to  procure  foreign  officers;  and  it  was  a 
pari  of  Silas  Deane's  bnsiness  abroad  to  engage 
a  few  of  this  description.  He  found  a  huge 
Dumber  of  officers  were  then  out  of  employ- 
ment, and  Deane  was  beset  with  almost  endless 
solicitations.  He  exceeded  his  instructions  and 
sent  out  about  fifty  officers  of  all  ranks,  to 
whom  he  made  extravagant  promises  of  promo- 
tion. These  officers  became  a  source  of  discon- 
tent to  the  native  officers  and  considerable  em- 
barraasmenl  to  Congress.  There  was,  indeed, 
greal  jealousy  and  heart-bnrnings  among/  the 
officers;  and  on  account  of  these  foreigners 
being  put  in  places  of  high  rank,  there  was  a 
disposition  on  the  pari  of  some  Americans  to 
qnli  the  army.  Because  a  French  officer  named 
Du  Condray,  it  was  rumored,  was  to  be  made  a 
major-general,  Greene,  Knox,  and  Sullivan,  in  a 
joint  letter  to  Congress,  threatened  to  resign  if 

the   appointment    should  be   made        Deane  had 

signed  a  contract  with  Dn  Coudray  for  a  major- 
generalship  in  consideration  of  some  supplies 
which  he  had  furnished.     Congress,  offended, 

voted  the  letter  an  "attempt  to  inllucnce  their 
decision,  an  invasion  of  t  he  libcrt  ies  of  the  peo- 
ple, and  indicating  a  want  of  confidence  in  the 
justice  of  Congress,"  for  whiob  the  writers  were 
required  to  make  an  apology.  Duportail,  Ra- 
diere,and  J.B.Govion  were  engaged  as  engineers, 

and  were  officers  of  merit,  recommended  by  the 
French  court.  Kosoinsako  and  Count  Pnlaski 
were  officers  from  Poland, where  they  had  won 
distinction  ;  and  the  Baron  de  Steuben.  ■  Prus- 
sian officer,  was  of  greal  service  in  disciplining 
the  army,  which  he  joined  a(  Valley  Forge.  La- 
fayette served  as  ■  volunteer, without  pay, and 
aarred  the  American  cause  with  the  seal  and 
fidelity  of  a  disinterested  patriot.  Be  broughl 
with  him  eleven  other  officers,  among  them  the 
Baron  de  Kalb.     I  Bee  Choiseul.  | 

Forest  Foundling,  A.  After  the  battle  at 
Tallahatchie  (November,  1813)  an  Indian  moth- 
er was  found  among  the  slain.  1'pon  her  bos- 
om la\   her  infant  boy,  vainly  endeavoring  to 

draw    sustenance    from    the    cold    breast.       The 

babe  was  carried  to  General  Jackson,  who  vain- 

|j  tried  to  induce  some  of  the  oaptive  mothers 
tot  give  it  nourishment.  "  No,"  they  said,  "  bis 
relations  ate  all  dead  :  kill  him  too."  Tin'  babe 
was  nourished  with  SUgai  and  water  in  Jack- 
sou's  tent  until  a  DUXSC  could  be  procured  at 
Hutitsv  ille,  when   it    was   sent    to   Mrs.  .Jackson. 

The  gem  ral  was  a  childless  man,  ami  he  adopt- 


ed this  forest  foundling  as  his  son.  Mrs.  Jack- 
son watched  over  him  with  a  mother's  care,  and 
he  grew  to  be  a  beautiful  youth,  full  of  prom-~ 
ise;  but  he  died  of  consumption  at  the  Hermit- 
age before  he  reached  manhood,  and  was  sin- 
cerely mourned  by  his  foster  parents.  The  in- 
stincts of  the  Indian  were  strong  in  this  boy. 
Ho  delighted  to  roam  in  the  forests,  and  deco- 
rate his  head  with  feathers,  and  start  out  of  au 
ambush  with  loud  yells  and  horrible  grimaces 
to  frighten  children.  He  was  apprenticed  to  a 
harness-maker  in  Nashville. 

Forrest  in  Tennessee  and  Kentucky.  Gen- 
eral X.  11.  Forrest  had  become  a  famous  guerilla 
chief  in  1863,  and  early  in  1864  the  sphere  of  his 
duties  was  enlarged,  and  their  importance  in- 
creased. He  was  acknowledged  to  Ik;  the  most 
skilful  and  daring  Confederate  leader  in  the 
West,  lie  made  an  extensive  raid  in  Tennessee 
and  Kentucky  with  about  five  thousand  mounted 
men  in  March  and  April,  1864.  He  had  been  skir- 
mishing with  General  W.  S.  Smith  in  northern 
Mississippi,  and,  sweeping  rapidly  across  the 
Tennessee  River  into  western  Tennessee,  rested 
a  while  at  Jackson,  and  then  (March 23)  pushed 
on  towards  Kentucky.  A  part  of  his  force  capt- 
ured I'n ion  City  thi'  next  (lav,  with  the  Nation- 
al garrison  Offonr  hundred  and  fifty  I For- 
rest then  pushed  on  to  l'aducah.  on  the  Ohio  Riv- 
er, with  three  thousand  men,  and  demanded  the 
surrender  of  Fort  Anderson  there,  into  which  the 

little  garrison  of  seven  hundred  men,  under  Colo- 
Del  Hicks,  had  taken  refuge.  It  was  refused  ; 
and  after  assailiug  the  works  furiously,  and 
plundering  and  burning  the  town,  until  mid- 
night, he  ceased  the  assault.  Hearing  of  rein- 
forcements for  Hicks  approaching,  he  decamped 

(March  37)  with  a  loss  of  three  hundred  men 
killed  and  wounded.  The  National  loss  was 
sixty  killed  and  wounded.  Forrest  was  cha- 
grined by  this  failure,  and  proceeded  to  attack 
Fort  Pillow,  on  the  Mississippi,  which  he  capt- 
ured in  April.  (See  Fori  Pillow.)  Hearing  of 
the  march  of  Genera]  Sturgis  from  Memphis  to 

intercept  him.  Forrest  escaped  from  Tennessee 
into  Mississippi.  A  few  weeks  later,  troops  sent 
out  from  Memphis  to  hunt  up  and  capture  him 
were   defeated   b\    1 1 i ill   in    a   Severe   encasement, 

at  Gun  Town  (June  KM,  on  the  Mobile  and  Ohio 

Railway,  and  were  driven  back  with  great  loss, 
i  >n  I  In'  I  ll  h  he  w  as  defeated  near  Tupelo,  Miss. 
Not  Ions  afterwards,  when  Smith  was  in  Mis- 
sissippi with  ten  thousand  men,  the  bold  raider 
Hanked  him,  and  dashed  into  Memphis  in  broad 
daylight,  at  the  head  of  three  thousand  cavalry, 
in  search  of  National  ollicers,  and  escaped  again 
into  Mississippi. 

Forrest's   Invasion   of  Tennessee    ( 1864 ). 

For  several  weeks  Forrest,  the  guerilla  Leader, 
had  been  in  northern  Alabama,  to  prevent  troops 
from  the  Mississippi  joining  Sherman.  He  cross 
ed  the  Tennessee  River,  near  Waterloo  (Sept. 
26,  L864),  with  a  force  of  light  cavalry  about 
seven  thousand  strong,  and  invested  Alliens. 
The  post  was  surrendered  about  half  an  hour 
before  sufficient  reinforoements  arrived  to  hold 
i  it.     These,  with  the  garrison,  after  a  sharp  con- 


flict,  became  prisoners.  Forrest  then  pushed  on 
northward  to  Pulaski,  in  Tennessee,  destroying 
the  railway;  bnt  General  Rousseau,  at  Pnlaski, 
repnlsed  Forrest  after  brisk  skirmishing  sev- 
eral hours,  when  the  raider  made  eastward,  and 
struck  the  railway  between  Tullahoma  and  De- 
oherd.  lie  was  confronted  and  menaced  by  Na- 
tional forces  under  Kousseau.  Steedman,  and 
Morgan,  and  withdrew  before  he  had  done  much 
damage.  At  Fayetteville  he  divided  his  forces, 
giving  tour  thousand  to  Buford,  his  second  in 
command.  Bnford  attacked  Athens  (Oct. 2-3), 
which  Genera]  Granger  had  regarrisoned  with 
the  Seventy- third  Indiana,  and  was  repnlsed. 
Forrest  had  pushed  on  to  Colombia,  on  the 
Duck  RiYer,  with  three  thousand  men,  hut  did 
not  attack,  for  lie  met  Kousseau.  with  four  thou- 
sand men,  coming  down  from  Nashville.  At 
the  same  time,  (uncial  C.  C.  Washhurne  was 
moving  up  the  Tennessee  on  steamers,  with  four 
thousand  troops  (three  thousand  of  them  cav- 
alry), to  assist  in  capturing  the  invadi 
era]  other  leaders  of  the  National  troops,  under 
the  command  of  General  Thomas,  who  had  now- 
arrived  at  Nashville,  joined  in  the  hunt  for  For- 
rest. He  saw  his  peril,  and,  parolling  his  one 
thousand  prisoners,  he  destroyed  live  miles  of 
the  railway  south  from  the  Dnck  River,  and  es- 
caped over  the  Tennessee  (Oct. 6),  at  Baiubridge, 
with  very  little  loss. 

Forsyth,  John,  was  horn  at  Fredericksburg, 
Va.,  Oct.  22,  L780;  died  in  Washington,  ]).  C, 
Oct.  -21,  1841.  He  graduated  at  the  College  of 
New  Jersey  in  L799.  His  parents  removed  to 
Georgia  when  he  was  quite  young:  he  studied 
law.  and  was  admitted  to  its  practice  about  the 
year  1801.  He  was  attorney-general  of  the  state 
in  1808;  member  of  Congress  from  1813  to  1818, 
and  from  1623  to  18^7.  He  was  also  United 
States  Senator,  ami  from  1827  t<>  1829  was  gov- 
ernor of  Georgia.  Mr.  Forsyth  was  United  states 
minister  to  Spain  (1819-22),  and  negotiated  the 
treaty  that  gave  Florida  to  our  Republic.  He 
opposed  "nullification"  (which  see)  in  South 
Carolina,  favored  (lav's  Compromise  Act  of  1833 
(which  seei.  and  was  United  States  Secretary 
of  State  from  !-:!■">  to  l-il. 

Fort  Anne,  Kvknts  m  LB  1777  .  When  the 
British  took  possession  of  Tieonderoga  (July  6, 
1777  i.  Bnrgoyne  ordered  gunboats  to  pursue 
the    bateaux    laden    with    stores,  etc.,  from    the 

fort.  (See  Bwrgoynft  Campaign.)  The  boom- 
bridge  barrier  across  the  lake  there  was  soon 
broken,  and  the  pursuing  vessels  overtook  the 
fugiliv  e  boats  near  Skciiesborough.  and  destroy- 
ed them  and  their  contents.  Colonel  Long,  in 
command  of  the  men  in  them,  escaped  with  his 
people  and   the   invalids,  and   after  setting   fire 

to  everything  combustible  at  Bkenesborongh 
now  Whitehall),  they  hastened  to  Fori  Anne. 
a  few  miles  in  the  interior,  followed  by  a  Brit- 
ish regiment.    When  near  the  fori.  Long  turned 

on  his  pursuers,  and  routed  them;  but  the  lat- 
hi being  reinforced,  Long  was  driven  back,  lb- 
burned  foil   Anne,  and  Bed  to  loir   Fdwaid.oii 

the  Hudson. 

Fort  Brown,  ms  mi    BioGBAKDI     1-1' 


1  FORT  DETROIT 

his  arrival  on  the  Rio  Grande,  opposite  Matamo- 
ras  (March  29,  1846),  with  a  part  of  the  Arniv  of 
Occupation,  General  Taylor  began  building  a  fort 

that  would  accommodate  two  thousand  men.  It 
was  placed  in  command  of  Major  Jacob  Brown, 
and  was  afterwards  named  Fort  Brown,  in  com- 
pliment to  him.  Taylor  was  ordered  by  General 
Ampudia.  commander  of  the  Mexican  forces  at 
Matamoras,  to  withdraw  within  twenty  -  four 
hours,  as  he  claimed  the  territory  around  Fort 
Browu  belonged  to  the  Department  of  Tamauli- 
pas.  a  part  of  Mexico.  Taylor  refused  to  do  so: 
and  when  he  had  gone  back  to  Point  Isabel  with 
a  part  of  his  forces,  leaving  Major  Brown  hi  com- 
mand. Arista  crossed  the  river  vviih  some  troops 
to  attack  the  fort  His  army  was  hourly  in- 
creasing in  strength.  On  the  night  of  May  4 
the  Mexicans  elected  a  battery  behind  the  fort, 
and  early  the  next  morning  opened  a  heavy  fire 
from  it  upon  the  fortification.  At  I  he  same  time 
batteries  at  Matamoras.  which  had  tired  upon 
the  fort  on  the  3d,  hurled  shot  and  shell,  but 
With  little  effect,  for  Brown  had  erected  bomb- 
proof shelter.  Almost  at  the  beginning  of  the 
bombardment,  the  gallant  commander  was  kill- 
ed. The  bombardment  continued  thirty -six 
hours,  when  Arista  demanded  a  surrender  of 
the  fort.  It  was  refused,  and  towards  evening 
(April  6)  a  heavy  tempest  of  shot  and  shell  fell 
upon  the  fort.  The  fort  withstood  the  attack 
until  relieved  by  approaching  troops  under  Gen- 
eral Taylor.     (See  Mexico,  War  with.) 

Fort  Cumberland  attacked.  At  the  head 
of  i  he  Bav  of Fundy  the  British  had  maintained 
Fort  Cumberland  from  the  year  17.V).  In  1776 
only  a  small  garrison  was  there  to  take  care  of 
the  public  property.  Captain  Jonathan  Eddy, 
a  native  of  Massachusetts,  who  had  lived  many 
years  in  the  vicinity  of  the  fort,  believing  it 
might  he  easily  captured,  applied  to  the  Provin- 
cial Congress  of  Massachusetts  for  men  and  sup- 
plies for  i  hat  purpose.  These  were  not  furnish- 
ed, and  Eddy  returned  to  Nov  a  Scotia,  w  here  ho 
raised  a  few    men,  and  on  the   night  of  Nov.  '2d. 

177H.  attacked  the  fort.  Apprised  of  the  move- 
ment, the  little  garrison, prepared, repulsed  the 

assailants.  A  British  reinforcement  soon  ar- 
rived, and  the  assailants  lied  in  haste.  The  In- 
habitants, who  had  joined  the  standard  of  Eddy, 
soon  saw  their  houses  in  ll.iines,  and  then, fearing 
British  vengeance,  made  their  way  to  New  Fng- 
land  in  a  Garnishing  condition. 

Fort  Detroit  The  old  French  village  of  De- 
troit contained  one  hundred  and  sixty  houses  in 

1812,  and  about  eight  hundred  souls.  Ii  stretch- 
ed along  the  river  at  a  convenient  distance  from 

I  he  water,  and  I  he  present  Jelfelson  Avenue  was 

the  principal  street.     On  the  high  ground  in  the 

rear,  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  yards  from 
the  river,  stood  Fort  Detroit,  built  by  the  Foo- 
lish after  the  conquest  of  Canada,  in  1780.  Il 
was  quadrangular  in  form,  with  bastions  ami 
barracks,  aud  ooi  ered  abont  two  acres  of  ground. 
The  embankments  w  ere  nearly  t  vv  inly  feel  high, 
with  a  deep  ditch,  and  were  surrounded  vviih  a 
double  row  of  pickets.  The  fort  did  not  com- 
mand the  liver.      The  tow  n,  also,  was  surround- 


FORT  DETROIT,  GARRISON  OF 

ed  by  pickets  fourteen  feet  in  height,  with  loop- 
In.  Irs  id  shoot  through. 

Fort  Detroit,  Garrison  of,  saved  from 
Starvation  i  1763).  While  Detroit  was  closely 
besieged  by  Poutiac,  a  schooner  was  despatched 
from  the  Niagara  River  with  provisions  for  the 

relief  of  the  garrison.  She  was  maimed  by 
twelve  white  men  and  six  Mohawk  Indians, 
and  arrived  in  the  Detroit  RiverSept.3d.  While 
at  anchor.  I  he  vessel  w  as  attacked  by  about  three, 
hundred  and  fifty  Indians  in  canoes,  but  they 
were  dispersed  by  the  crew.      The  master  of  the 

vessel  and  ■  of  his  crew  were  killed,  and  four 

were  w ided.      The  vessel  arrived  in  safety  at 

Detroit,  and  with  its  contents  the  garrison  was 
saved  from  starvation. 

Fort  Donelson,  CaptORB  OF.  After  the  capt- 
ure of  Fori  I  leiir.\  (  which  see  i  t  here  was  no  h in- 
dent I  ice  to  the  river  navy  going  up  the  Tennessee 

to  the  fertile  cotton   regions  of  the   heart    of  the 

Confederacy.    Foote  sent  Lieutenant-command- 

er  S.  L.  Phelps,  with  three  vessels,  to  reconnoi- 
tre the  borders  of  that    river.      'liny  pellet  rated 

to  Florence,  Alabama,  seizing  Confederate  ves- 
scls  and  destroying  Confederate  property,  and 
discovered  the  weakness  of  the  league  in  all 
that  region, for  Unionism  was  everywhere  prev- 
alent, bnl  suppressed  by  the  mailed  baud  of  the 
Confederate  leaders.  Phelps's  report  caused  an 
Immediate  expedition  agaiust  Fori  Donelson, 
situated  on  the  high  left  hank  of  the  Cumber- 
land River,  at  Dover,  the  capita]  of  Stewart 
County,  Teun.  It  was  formed  chiefly  of  outly- 
ing iiitrenchinents.  covering  about  one  hundred 
acres,  upon  hills  furrowed  by  ravines.  At  Fort 
Henry  General  Grant  reorganized  his  army  in 
three  divisions,  under  Generals  MoClernand, 
Smith,  and  Lew.  Wallace.  See  Belmont)  Com- 
modore I  'note  returned  to  Cairo  to  take  his  mor- 
tar-boats up  the  Cumberland  River  to  assist  in 
the  attack.  On  the  morning  of  lei,.  I-.-.  L862, 
the  div  isions  of  Met  'hinanil  and  Smith  marched 
for  Fort  Donelson,  leaving  Wallace  with  a  bri- 
gade to  hold  the  vanquished  forts  <>n  the  fen 
nessee.     On  the  same  evening  Fort    Donelson 

was   invested.      Grant    resolved   to  wail   for  the 

arrival  of  the  flotilla  bearing  troops  thai  would 
complete  Wallace's  division  before  making  the 

attack.     General  Pillow  was  in  coin  ma  nd  of  the 

fort;  hut,  on  the  morning  of  the  13th,  General 

Floyd  arrived  from  Virginia  with  some  troops 
and  superseded  him.  They  were  assisted  by 
General  8.  B.  Buckner(see  Kentucky  8tate  Guard), 
a  better  sol, lie,-  than  cither.  All, lav  |  Feb.  13 
there  was  skirmishing, and  at  night  the  weath- 
er became  extremely  cold,  while  a  violent  rain- 
storm was  falling.  The  National  troops,  hiv- 
monking  w  it li.m t  tents, suffered  intensely.  They 
dared  not  light  camp-fires,  for  they  would  ex- 
pose I  hem  to  t  lie  j^iuis  of  their  foes.  They  were 
with, nit  sufficient  food  ami  olothing.  Perceiv- 
ing the  perils  of  his  situation,  Grant  had  sent 
for  Wallace  to  bring  over  his  troops.  He  ar- 
rived  about   noon  on  the  llth.      The  transports 

had  arrived,  and  Wallace's  division  was  com- 
pleted and  posted  between  those  of  MoClernand 
ami  Smith,  bj  which  the  thorough  investment 


',n;. 


FORT  DOXELSON,  CAPTURE  OF 


of  the  fort  was  completed.  At  three  o'clock 
that  afternoon  the  bombardment  of  the  fort 
was  begnn  by  the  Carondelet,  Captain  Walke, 
and  she  was  soon  joined  by  three  other  armored 
gunboats  in  the  front  line.  A  second  line  was 
formed  of  nnarmored  boats.  The  former  were 
expose, l  to  a  tremendous  pounding  by  missiles 
from  the  shore-batteries;  and  they  were  com- 
pelled to  retire,  after  receiving  one  hundred  ami 
forty  wounds  ami  having  fifty-four  men  killed 
and  wounded.  Foote  returned  to  Cairo  to 
repair  damages  and  to  bring  up  a  sufficient 
naval  force  to  assist  in  carrying  on  the  siege. 
Grant  resolved  to  wait  for  the  return  of  Foote 
and  the  arrival  of  reinforcements.  linr  he  was 
not  allowed  to  wait.  On  the  night  of  the  14th 
the  Confederate  leaders  held  a  council  of  war, 
and  it  was  concluded  to  make  a  sortie  earlv  the 
next  morning, to  rout  or  destroy  the  invodiug 

forces,  or  to  cut  through  them  and  escape  to  the 
Open  country  in  the  direction  of  Xashv  ille.    This 

was  attempted  at  live  o'clock  i  Feb.  15).     The 

troops  engaged   in   it   were  about    ten  thousand 

in  number, commanded  by  Generals  Pillow  and 
ISiishroil  K.  Johnston.  They  advanoed from  Do- 
ver Missiseippions,  Teunesseeans,  and  Virgin- 
ions  accompanied  by  Forrest's  cavalry.  The 
main  body  was  directed  to  attack  McClernand's 
division,  who  occupied  the  heights  that  reached 
to  the  liver.  Huckticr  was  directed  to  strike 
Wallace's  division,  in  the  centre,  at  the  same 
time,  so  that  it  migbt  not  be  in  a  condition  to 
help  MoClernand.     These  movements  were  not 

suspected    by  the   Nationals,  and  so   quick   ami 

vigorous  was  Pillow's  attack  that  Grant's  right 

w  lug  w  as  seriously  menaced  within  twenty  min- 
utes after  the  sortie  of  the  Confederates  was 
known.      The    attack    was    quick,   furious,   and 

heavy.  Oglesby's  brigade  received  the  first 
shock,  but  stood  firm  until  their  ammunition 
began  to  fail,  when  it.  gave  way  under  the  tre- 
mendous pressure,  excepting  the  extreme  left, 

held    by  Colonel  ,J.  A.  Logon,  with   his  Illinois 

regimeut.      Imitating  their  commander,   they 

stood  as  firmly  as  a  wall,  and  prevented  a  panic 
and  a  rout.  Tin;  light  batteries  of  Tav  lor, 
McAllister,  and  Dresser,  shifting  positions  and 
Sending  volleys  of  grape  and  canister,  made  the 

Confederate   line  recoil  again  and  again.     At 

eight  o'clock  McClernand's  div  ision  was  so  bard 
pressed  that  he  sent  to  Wallace  for  help.  Wal- 
lace, being  assigned  to  a  special  duty,  could  not 
comply  without  orders,  for  which  he  sent. 
Gronl  was  away,  in  consultation  with  Com- 
modore Foote,  who  had  arrived.  Again  Mel  hi 
nand  sent  for  help, Saying  his  Hank  was  tinned 
Wallace  took  the  responsibility.     Then  Buckner 

appeared,  'the  battle  raged  fiercely.  McCler- 
nand's line  was  falling  back,  in  good  order,  ami 
colling  for  ammunition.  Wallace  took  the  re- 
sponsibility of  ordering  some  up.  Then  he 
thrust  his  brigade  (Colonel  Thayer  command- 
ing) between  t he  retiring  troops  and  the  advanc- 
ing Confederates,  Bushed  with  hope,  and  formed 
a  new  line  of  battle  across  the  road.  Hack  of 
this  was  a  reserve.  In  this  position  they  await- 
ed an  attack,  while  McClernand's  troops  sup- 
plied themselves  with  ammunition  from  wagons 


FORT  DUMMER 


506 


FORT  FISHER.  CAPTURE  OF 


which  Wallace  had  ordered  up.  Just  then  the 
oombined  forces  of  Pillow  and  Boeknei  fell  upon 
them  and  were  repulsed  by  a  battery  and  the 
First  Nebraska.  The  Confederates,  after  a  se- 
vere struggle,  retired  to  their  works  in  confu- 
sion. This  was  the  last  sally  from  the  fort. 
"God  bless  you!"  wrote  Grant's  aid  the  next 
day  to  Wallace,  "  you  did  save  the  day  on  the 
right."  It  was  now  noon.  Grant  was  in  the 
tield,  and,  after  consultation  with  McClernand 
and  Wallace,  he  ordered  the  former  to  retake 
the  hill  he  had  lost.  This  was  soon  bravely 
done,  and  the  troops  bivouacked  on  the  held  of 
victory  that  cold  winter  night.  Mean  while,  Gen- 
eral Smith  had  been  smiting  the  Confederates  so 
vigorously  on  their  right  that,  wheti  night  came 
on.  they  were  imprisoned  within  their  trenches. 
unable  to  escape.  Finding  themselves  closely 
held  by  Grant,  the  question,  How  shall  we  es- 
cape .'  was  a  paramount  one  in  the  minds  of  Floyd 
and  Pillow.  They  were  both  terror-stricken  by 
the  impending  danger  id"  falling  into  the  hands 
of  their  outraged  government.  At  midnight  the 
three  Confederate  commanders  held  a  private 
council,  when  it  was  concluded  that  the  garri- 
son must  surrender.  "  /cannot  surrender."  said 
Floyd;  ''you  know  my  position  with  the  Fed- 


chnsetts  was  advised,  with  justice,  to  make 
peace  by  restoring  to  the  Indians  their  land-. 
The  attacks  of  the  barbarians  extended  all 
along  the  northern  frontier  as  far  wot  a-  tin 
Connecticut  River.  To  cover  the  towns  in  that 
valley,  Fort  Dummer  was  erected  on  the  site  of 
what  is  now  Brattleborough.  in  Vermont,  the 
oldest  English  settlement  in  that  state.  (Set 
Narri&gewock,  Expedition  against.) 

Fort  Fisher,  CAPTURE  ok.  It  was  late  in 
1864  when  an  attempt  was  made  to  close  the 
port  of  Wilmington  against  English  blockade- 
runners  by  capturing  Fort  Fisher  and  its  de- 
pendencies at  the  mouth  of  the  Cape  Fear  River. 
The  expedition  sent  against  that  fort  consisted 
of  a  powerful  fleet  of  war-vessels  under  Admi- 
ral D.  D.  Porter  and  a  land  force  under  the  im- 
mediate command  of  General  Godfrey  YVcitzel. 
of  the  Army  of  the  James,  accompanied  by  (ien- 
eral  P..  F.  Butler  as  commander  of  that  army. 
The  whole  force  (the  troops  on  transports) 
was  gathered  in  Hampton  Roads  early  in  De- 
cember. The  troops  consisted  of  General  Ames's 
division  of  the  Twenty-fourth  Corps  and  General 
Paine's  division  of  the  Twenty-fifth  (colored) 
Corps.  The  war-fSSSels  wire  wooden  ships, 
irou-clads,  monitors,  gunboats,  and  a  powder- 


the  powder-ship.     (See  foot-note  on  page  507.) 


erals  ;  it  won't  do.  it  won't  do."  Pillow  said. 
'•I  will  not  surrender  myself  nor  my  command; 
I  will  die  first."  "  Then,"  said  Bnokner,  coolly, 
the  surrender  will  devolve  on  me."  Then  1  lo\  d 
said  :  "General,  if  you  are  pat  in  command,  will 
yon  allow  me  to  take  out.  by  the  river,  my  bri- 
gade T  "  "  If  you  will  move  before  I  surrender." 
Bnokner  replied.  Floyd  offered  to  surrender 
the  command,  first,  to  Pillow,  who  replied.  "  I 
will  not  accept  it  —  I  will  never  surrender." 
Bnokner  said,  like  a  true  soldier,  '•  I  will  ac- 
cept it,  and  share  the  fate  of  my  command." 
Within  an  hour  after  the  conference  Floyd  tied 
up  the  river  with  a  part  of  his  command,  and 
Pillow  sneaked  away  in  the  darkness  anil  final- 
ly reached  his  home  in  Tennessee.  The  Confed- 
erates never  gave  him  employment  again.  The 
next  morning  the  fort  and  Ki.olM)  men  were  sni- 
rendered,  and   the  spoils  of  victory  were  9800 

hemes,   i-   field-pieees,  IT  heavy  guns,  90, » 

muskets,  ami  a  lar^e  quantity  of  military  stores. 

Doting  the  -i.-^.-  the  Confederates  lost  837  killed 
and  1<MK»  wounded  ;  (lie  National  loss  was  esti- 
mated at  148  killed,  i7.">.">  wounded,  ami  168  made 

Fort  Dummer.  In  the  war  against  the  Nor- 
rtdgewoci  [ndiani  (1789)  repeated  attempts 
wen  made  to  engage  tin-  saatetanee  of  the  Mo- 
hawks, bat  the]  wile   unsuccessful,  and  M.iss-i- 


ship.  destined  to  be  blown  up  abreast  of  the  fort 
with  a  hope  of  destructive  effect.  Fort  Fisher 
was  an  extensive  earthwork  on  a  point  of  sandy 
land  between  the  (ape  Fear  River  at  its  mouth 
and  the  ocean,  and  was  commanded  by  General 
W.  11.  ('.Whiting.  The  land-face  of  flic  fort  oc- 
cupied the  whole  width  of  the  cape  known  as 
Federal  Point,  and  was  armed  with  twenty 
heavy  guns.  All  along  the  land-front  was  a 
stockade,  and  on  the  sea-front  were  the  wn.ks 
of  several  blockade-runners.  At  noon  on  the 
11th  the  transports,  with  the  troops,  went  to 
sea:  the  naval  Vessels  had  departed  tin? 
hours  before.  The  appointed  rendezvous  ol  the 
expedition  was  twenty-live  miles  oil' the  COSSt, 
at  Fori  Fisher,  so  as  not  to  be  discovered  by  the 
Confederates  until  ready  for  action.  Th< 
a  delay  in  the  arrival  of  the  war-\cssels.  and 
the  transports,  coaled  and  watered  for  only  ten 

days,  were  compelled  to  run  op  to  Beanfbrl  her- 
i  both,  the  war-fleet  remaining  off 
Fort  Fisher.  A  capital  part  of  the  movement 
was  the  explosion  on  hoard  of  a  vessel  anchored 
near  the  fort,  in  the  night, of  two  hundred  and 
fifteen  tons  of  gunpowder,  With  the  hope  that  it 
would  dismount  the  gOUS  or  otherwise  disable 
the  fort  and  garrison,  SO  as  to  allow  the  Hoops 
to  land  and  make  an  aSS]  OOnqosst.  Daring  the 
absence  of  the  troops  up  the  coast   the  powder- 


FORT  FISHER,  CAPTURE  OF 


r,i)7 


FORT  GEORGE,  CAPTURE  OF 


ship  performed  her  functions,  but  with  no  serious 
effect. ~  ami  the  war-vessels  bombarded  the  fort, 
doing  very  Little  damage.  The  transports  re- 
turned on  Christmas  evening,  the  next  rnorn- 
isg  the  war- Teasels  opened  a  bombardment, 
and  at  :{  o'clock  J'.M.  the  troops  began  their 
debarkation  two  miles  above  the  tort.     Only 

a  part  of  the  troops  had  been  landed  when 
the,  surf  ran  too  high  to  permit  more  to  go 
ashore.  These  marched  down  to  attach  the  fort 
Not  a  gun  hail  been  dismounted,  ami,  as  they 
were  ready  to  rake  the  narrow  peninsula  on 

which    the    troops    stood    the    moment    the   licet 

should  withhold  its  tire,  prudence  seemed  to  re- 
quire the  troops  to  withdraw.    They  <  1  i •  I  so.  and 

wcic  ordered  to  the  .lames  River  to  assist   in  the 

liege  ofPetersbnrg  i  which  see),  and  the  expedi- 
tion of  the  laud  tone  against  Fori  Fisher  was 
temporarily  abandoned.  It  was  resumed  ten 
days  afterwards.  The  war-vessels  had  remained 
off  Fort  Fisher.     The  same  troops,  led  bj  Weit- 

zel,  were  placed  under  the  command  of  General 

A.  K.  Terry,  with  the  addition  of  a  thin  brigade 
of  1400.     Lientenant-oolonel  Comstdok,  of  Gen- 

eral  (irant's  stall',  who  accompanied  the  lust  ex- 
pedition, was  made  the  chief-engineer  of  this. 
The  expedition  left  Hampton  K'oads  Jan.  li.  L866, 

and  rendezvoused  off  Beaufort  (N.  ('.),  where 

Porter  was  taking  in  supplies  of  coal  and  am- 
munition. They  were  all  detained  by  tOUgh 
weather,  and  did  not  appear  oil  fort  Fisher  uulil 

tin'  evening  of  the  L2tb.  The  oavy,  taught  by 
experience,  took  a  position  where  it  could  bet- 

ter  affect  the  land-trout  of  the  tort  than  before 
I'mler  cover  of  the  lire  of  the  Heel.  8000  troop-, 
were  landed  (Jan.  13).       'ferry  wisely  provided 

against  an  attack  in  the  nar  by  casting  up  In- 
taenchraents  across  the  peninsula  and  securing 
the  free  use  of  Masonborough  Inlet,  where,  if 
■seossnry,  troops  ami  supplies  might  he  Landed 
in  still  water.  On  the  evening  of  the  ltth  the 
light  guns  were   landed,  and   before   morning 

win-    in    battery.      'Wisely  planned   by  Terry,  a 


*  Tin-  powder  ship  mi  Um  Louisiana,  n  propeller  "f  '.K.r> 
hi  Iron  hull,  sin-  was  ■] i-iru is,-.[  a-  ,i  iiini'kiiiii' 
bare  ibe  powder  above  the  wator  line,  a  llgbl 

I  III  fur  lie-   pur| in   lb 

row  iii  barred  of  powder,  Blending  mi  end,  the  upper  one 

remainder  "i  the  powder  was  ,,, 

a  sixty  pounds  eaob  (be  whole  bt 

represented  In  the  above  sketch,  in  whloh  the  lonn  "i  the 

i;i     The  whole  weight  of  Ilia  powder 

nnloate  lire  to  the 

eaie  threads  ni   (he 
srere  woven  through  It,  pasalag  throngheaob  sep 

ansa  barrel  ami  bag     at  the  Mara  ami  ler  the  aabln  was 

a  ina).  ..I  |.  ne  wood  iiti  ami  other  combustibles,  which  wen; 

i\  die  crew  when  they  -l hi  lea'  i 

N.  the  Fuses, 
i  k  work  by  which 

ndles,  which  burned  down  and  Ignited  the 

me;  ami  a  Blow  match  that  worked  in  time 

i  the  clock-work      The  powder-vessel 

di  bored  within  three 

ordlng  in  (he  rap 

mander  Rhtnd    Whan  the  combnstlblea  were  Bred  and  the  ap 

were  pal  In  i in,  the  crew 

aeeaped  In  a  swift  little  steamer  employed  for  the  parpoae 

»  took  place  ■  boor  and  ttfty  two  minutes 

after  the  crew  left      Notwithstanding  the  concusalon  of  the 

tani,  ami  the  whole   0  It,  anil  it  was 

eighty  miles  dis hers  was  no  perceptible  effect  upon  the 

fori  andgan  ,|  the  parapets  wi 

turned. 


grand  assault  was  made  on  the  morning  of  the 
loth.  The  batteries  of  the  war-ships  opened 
the  battle  on  the  14th.  They  kept  ap  a  bom- 
bardment all  day.  severely  damaging  the  guns 
of  the  fort  and  silencing  most  of  them.  The 
iron-clads  tired  slowly  throughout  the  night, 
worrying  and  fatiguing  the  garrison,  and  at 
eight  o'clock  in  the  morning  (Jan.  15)  the  entire 
naval  force  moved  up  to  t  he  at  taek.  Meanwhile, 
1  HKI  marines  and  600  sailors,  armed  with  revolv- 
ers, cutlasses,  and  carbines,  were  sent  from  the 
ships  to  aid  the  troops  in  the  assault.  Ames's 
division  led  in  the  assault,  which  began  at  half 
past  three  o'clock  P.M.  The  advance  carried 
shovels  ami  (lug  rifle-pits  for  shelter.  A  heavy 
storm  of  musketry  and  cannons  opened  upon 
the  assailants.  The  licet  had  effectually  de- 
stroyed the  palisades  on  the  land-front.  Sailors 
and  marines  assailed  the  northeast  bastion, and 
with  this  assault  began  the  fierce  struggle.  The 
garrison  used  the  huge  trai  ersee  that  had  shield- 
ed their  cannons  as  breastworks,  and  over  these 
the  Combatant!  fired  in  each  others'  faces.     The 

struggle  w  as  desperate  and  continued  until  nine 
o'clock,  when  the  Nationals,  fighting  their  way 
into  the  fort,  had  full  possession  of  it.  All  the 
other  works  near  it  were  rendered  untenable; 
and  during  the  uight  (Jan.  Hi  17  i  the  Confed- 
erates blew  up  Fori  Caswell,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Cape  Fear  River.  They  abandoned  the 
ol  her  w  oiks  and  lied  tow  aids  Wilmington.  The 
National  loss  in  this  last  attack  was  681  men, 
of  whom  88  were  killed.  On  the  morning  suc- 
ceeding the  victory,  When  the  Nationals  were 
pom  iii";  into  the  fort,  its  principal  magazine  ex- 
ploded, killine;  °.!MI  men  and  wounding  LOO.  The 
Meet  lost  about  900  men  during  the  action  and 
by  the  explosion.      The  loss  of  the  Confederates 

was  reported  bj  General  Terry  as  over  2000  pris- 
oners, 169  pieces  of  artillery,  over  2000  small- 
arms,  and  a  considerable  quantity  of  ammuni- 
tion and  commissary  stores.  The  pott  of  Wil- 
mington was  closed  to  blockade-runnels. 

Fort  George,  Cap n 'in:  OF  (1813).  The  vic- 
tors left  York  (see  Capture  qf  Fort)  early  in  May, 
L813,  and  proceeded  to  attack  Fori  Qeorge,neai 

the  month  Of  the  Niagara  River.  Stormy  weath- 
er had  detained  them  at  York  for  a  week.  Losses 
and  sickness  had  reduced  the  number  of  the 
troops  to  one  thousand.  These  were  again  con- 
veyed by  the  fleet  ofChanncey,  who,  with  Dear- 
born and  other  naval  commanders,  went  before 
in  the  pilot -schooner  l.ndij  of  the  Lake  iuu\  select- 
ed a  landing-place  four  miles  east  of  fort  Niag- 
ara.    The  British  force  a i   Fori  George  and  \i- 

Oiuity,  under  General  Vincent,  then  numbered 
about  one  thousand  eight  hundred.  Besides 
that  fori  they  had  several  works  along  the  Ni- 
agara River.  The  American  troops  were  de- 
barked May  8,  and  Chaiincey  sailed  lot  Socket  t's 
Harbor  for  supplies  and  reinforcements  for  the 
array.     II<-  returned  to  Dearborn's  camp, in  the 

Maitisoii.etw  the  22d  of  May,  and  the  same  even- 
ing Commodore  retry  arrived  there,  arrange- 
ments were  immediately  made  for  an  attach  on 
fort  George.  The  commodore  and  Perrj  recon- 
noitred the  enemy's  batteries  in  the  Lady  of 
Iht   I. nit.      Dearborn  was  ill,  but  on  the  morning 


FORT  GEORGE.  L.I..  SURPRISE  OF   508   FORT  HARRISON.  ATTACK  UPON 


of  the  '27th  t lie  troops  wore  conveyed  by  the 
squadron  to  B  point  a  little  westward  of  the 
month  of  the  Niagara,  and  landed  under  cover 
of  the  guns  of  The  fleet.  The  advance  was  led 
by  Colonel  Wiufield  Scott,  accompanied  by  Com- 
modore Perry,  who  had  charge  of  the  boats.  He 
and  Scott  both  leaped  into  the  water  at  the 
head  of  the  Hist  division  of  the  men,  and.  in  the 
face  of  a  galling  tire  and  gleaming  bayonets, 
they  ascended  the  bank.  The  other  troops  fol- 
low ed.  and.  after  a  severe  conflict  on  the  plain, 
the  British  fell  back  discomfited.  General  Vin- 
cent, satislied  that  he  must  retreat,  and  know- 
ing Fort  George  to  be  untenable,  ordered  the 
garrison  to  spike  the  gnus,  destroy  the  ammuni- 
tion, and  abandon  it.  This  was  done,  and  the 
whole  British  force  retreated  westward  to  a 
strong  posit  ion  among  the  hills,  at  a  place  called 
"The  Beaver  Dams,"  about  eighteen  miles  from 
the  Niagara  River.  There  Vincent  had  a  de- 
posit of  Stores  and  provisions.  The  garrisons  of 
Forts  Erie  and  Chippewa  becoming  alarmed, 
abandoned  them,  and  the  whole  Niagara  frontier 
of  Canada  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Ameri- 
cans. 

Fort  George,  L.  I.,  Surprise  of.  In  the 
.  autumn  of  17S0  some  Rhode  Island  Tory  ref- 
ugees took  possession  of  the  manor-house  of 
General  John  Smith,  at  Smith's  Point,  L.  I.,  for- 
tified if  and  the  grounds  around  it.  and  named 
the  works  Fort  George,  which  they  designed  as 
a  depository  of  stores  for  the  British  in  New 
York.  They  began  cutting  wood  for  the  British 
army  in  the  city.  At  the  solicitation  of  General 
Smith,  and  the  approval  of  Washington,  Major 
Benjamin  Tallmadge  crossed  the  Sound  from 
Fail  field,  with  eighty  dismounted  dragoons,  and 
landed,  on  the  evening  of  Nov.  21,  at  Woodville. 
There  he  remained  until  the  next  night  on  ac- 
count of  a  storm.  At  the  mills,  two  miles  from 
Fort  George,  he  found  a  faithful  guide,  and  at 
dawn  he  and  his  followers  burst  through  the 
stockade,  rushed  across  the  parade,  shouting 
"  Washington  and  glory  !'*  and  so  furiously  as- 
sailed the  redoubt  on  three  sides  that  the  garri- 
son surrendered  without  resistance.  Tallmadge 
demolished  the  fort,  burned  vessels  lying  at  the 
wharf,  and  with  three  hundred  prisoners  start- 
ed for  Fairfield.  At  Coram  he  destroyed  three 
hundred  tons  of  hay.  collected  for  the  British  in 
New  York,  and  reached  Fairfield  with  his  pris- 
oner without  losing  a  man.  For  this  exploit 
Tallmadge  received  the  thanks  of  Congress. 

FortGranby,  on  the  routines  of  Pennsylvania, 
was  Bnrprised  by  French  and  Indians  in  August. 
1756,  who  made  the  garrison  prisoners,  loaded 
them  with  Hour,  and  drove  them  into  Captivity. 

Fort  Griswold.  MASSACRE  at.  iScc  Arnold 
at  Mho  London. 

Fort  Harrison  and  Spring  Hill  ( 1 91 
anla  Ord  and  Biruey,  with  a  considerable  force 

of  National  troop'-,  crossed  the  .lames  River  on 

muffled  pontoon  bridges  on  the  night  of  Sept  SB, 
to  attack  the  Confederate  works  below  Cbapin's 
in  nil.  the  heaviest  of  which  was  Batter]  Harrt- 
wiB,  on  a  hill  overlooking  a  great  extent  of 
country.     It  was  the  strongest  of  the  defences 


of  Richmond.  Ord  stormed  and  carried  it  be- 
fore reinforcements  could  reach  its  thinned  gar- 
rison. With  the  fort  were  captured  a  long  line 
of  intrenchtnents.  with  twenty -two  pieces  of 
heavy  ordnance  and  about  three  hundred  men. 
In  the  assault.  General  Buruham  was  killed  and 
Old  severely  wounded.  The  Nationals  lost  about 
seven  hundred  men  killed  and  wounded.  The 
strong  work  was  named  Fort  Burnham,  in  honor 
of  the  slain  general.  Then  Fort  Gilmer,  a  little 
farther  on.  was  assailed  by  the  Nationals,  with 
a  loss  of  three  hundred  men.  Meanwhile  Bir- 
ney.  with  three  thousand  colored  troops  in  ad- 
vance, attacked  the  Confederate  works  at  Spring 
Hill,  on  New-  Market  Heights.  These  were  com- 
manded by  General  Charles  Paine.  The  Spring 
Mill  redoubt  was  very  strong.  On  its  front  was 
a  marsh,  traversed  by  a  brook  fringed  w  ith  trees, 
and  it  was  further  defended  by  an  ahaiix.  The 
eager  troops  swept  across  the  marsh,  scaled  the 
heights  (Sept. 29,  1864),  carried  the  works  at  the 
point  of  the  bayonet,  and  secured  the  key-point 
to  the  Confederate  defences  in  that  quarter. 
The  struggle  was  desperate,  and  the  victory 
was  won  by  the  black  warriors  at  a  fearful  cost 
of  life  and  vigor.  Before  the  storming  party 
reached  the  works,  two  hundred  of  them  fell 
dead,  and  not  less  than  one  thousand  w  ere  killed, 
wounded,  or  captured.  For  their  gallantry  on 
that  occasion.  General  Butler,  at  the  close  of 
the  war.  presented  a  silver  medal  to  the  most 
meritorious  actors.  The  Confederates  attempt- 
ed to  retake  Fort  Harrison  (Oct.  1.  1864).  The 
troops  were  under  the  immediate  direction  of 
General  Lee.  They  were  driven  back,  with  a 
loss  of  seven  battle-Hags  and  almost  the  anni- 
hilation of  Clingman's  North  Carolina  Brigade. 
Meanwhile  General  Rants  had  pushed  up  and 
entered  the  Confederate  outer  line,  w  ithin  three 
or  four  miles  of  Richmond,  when  he  was  attacked 
and  driven  back,  with  a  loss  of  nine  guns  and 
four  hundred  of  his  men  made  captives.  These 
were  in  turn  assailed  by  the  Tenth  National 
Corps,  ami.  after  a  severe  battle,  were  driven 
back,  with  a  loss  of  seven  hundred  men  and 
three  brigade  commanders. 

Fort  Harrison,  At  i  v.  k  UPON  I  L812).  At  the 
very  hour  when  the  Pigeon  Roost  massacre  took 
place  (see  i'ort  Wayne),  two  young  haymakers 
wire  killed  and  scalped  near  Foil  Harrison,  on 
the  Wabash,  two  miles  above  Terre  Haute.  The 
Prophet  see  Driimiliii  and  the  Prophet)  at  Tippe- 
canoe was  still  bnsj  stilting  up  the  Indians 
against  the  white  people.  The  garrison  of  Fort 
Harrison  was  commanded  by  Captain  Zachary 
Taylor  (afterwards  President  t<(  the  United 
States), who  was  just  recovering  from  a  seven 

attack  of  bilious  lever.  He  had  been  warned 
by  friendly  Indians  to  be  on  his  guard.  His 
garrison  was  weak,  for  of  the  fifty  men  who 
composed  it,  not  more  than  a  do/en  w  ere  exempt 
from  the  prevailing  fever.      Onlv   two  non-coni- 

missioned  officers  and  six  privates  could  mount 

guard  al  the  same  time.  In  the  presence  of  im- 
pending danger  some  of  the  conv  alesosnta  went 
upon  duty  freely.  At  midnight  Sept  1.  1812 
l lie   barbarians   stealthily    approached    the    fort 

and  set    lire   to  one  of  the   block  houses,  which 


FORT  HENBY,  CAPTURE  OF  & 

contained  the  stores  of  tbe  garriaou.  At  the 
same  time  they  furiously  attacked  the  fort  with 

muskets.  s.>  feeble  iu  body  were  the  garrison 
that  it  was  difficult  to  keep  the  Haines  of  the 
block-bouse  under,  and  the  horrid  veils  of  the 
Indians  made  them  feel  lliat  all  was  lost,  and 
that  liny  nnisi  give  op  in  despair.  Two  of  the 
stoutest  soldiers  deserted  the  post  and  tried  to 
■Mape.  One  was  cut  in  pieces  and  the  other  re- 
turned. Nothing  hut  the  prudence,  valor,  and 
presence  of  mind  of  the  commander  saved  the 

post.     The  lire  was  subdued  bj   greal  exertions. 

At  .six  o'clock  in  the  morniug  (Sept. 5)  the  garri- 


lt)BT  iiaiociso.v 

son  returned  the  lire  of  the  assailants  SO  briskly 
that  the  latter  retired  out  of  reaeli  of  the  e,mis, 

after  a  contest  of  almost  eight  hours.  The]  de- 
stroyed or  drove  Off  the  live-stock  found  in  the 

neighborhood,  and  for  a  w  Idle  after  the  Indians 
abandoned  the  siege  tin1  garrison  subsisted  on 
green  com  from  the  fields  arouud,  w  bioh  the  bar- 
barians had  spared,     s afterwards  General 

Hopkins,  with  Kentucky  volunteers,  gave  ample 

relief  to  the  sick  and  weary  soldiers  at  Foil 
Harrison.  Their  entire  loss  m  the  siege  was 
only  three  men  killed  and  three  wounded. 

Fort  Henry,  ('  mi  i  hi  of.  At  a  bend  of  the 
Tennessee  River,  where  it  approaches  the  Cum- 
berland River  within  about  twelve  miles,  the 
Confederates  built  Fort  Henry,  on  tbe  right 
hank,  and  on  a  high  hill  opposite  Fort  llieman. 
At  the  beginning  of  February,  1862,  a  land  force 
under  General  Ulysses  8.  Grant,  ami  a  flotilla 

of  gunboats  under  Commodore  A.  II.  Foote.  were 

sent  to  capture  these  two  forts.  They  appeared 
about  two  miles  below  Fort  Henry  on  Feb.  3. 
That  fort  was  armed  w  it h  seventeen  greal  guns, 

twelve  of  Which  swept  the  river,  anil  the  gar- 
rison and  troops  encamped  outside  of  the  loi  t 
numbered     less    than    three    thousand.       These, 

weii-  commanded  by  General  Tilgbman,  of  Ma- 
ryland, a  graduate  of  West  point  Academy. 
Foots    placed    four  of  his   iron-clad  gunboats  in 

position  to  bombard  the  fort,  while  two  of  his  un- 


J  FORT  JOHNSON,  SEIZURE  OF 

armored  vessels  fished  up  torpedoes  with  which 
the  Confederates  had  strewn  the  river  bottom. 

Soi f  the  troops  went  up  the  left  side  of  the 

river  to  silence  the  guns  of  Fort  llieman,  when 
the  garrison  lied.  Meanwhile  FoOte  opened 
|  Feb.  6)  a  heavy  lire  on  Fort  Henry.  It  was  so 
severe  that  in  an  1 r  the  garrison  were  panic- 
stricken.  The  troops  outside  of  the  fort  had 
lied  to  Fort  Douelsoil,  twelve  miles  distant,  oil 
the  Cumberland  River  ;  and  only  the  commander 
and  less  than  one  hundred  men  remained  in  the 
fort  to  surrender  to  Foote.  Grant  and  the  land 
troops  did  not  arrive  until  after  the  surrender, 
w  hen  the  fort  was  turned  over 
to  him..  The  Nationals  lost  two 
killed  and  thirty-eight  wounded. 
Of  the  latter,  twenty-nine  were 
wounded  and  scalded  on  the 
gunboat  Essex  by  steam  lei  out 
of  the  boilers  by  the  pieroiugof 

a  thiily-two-pound  shell.     As  ii 
passed  it  took  off  a  portion  of  the 

head  of  Lieutenant  8.  B.  Britt 

the  aid  of  Captain  Porter, of  the 
ly  seventeen  years  of 
age.  This  victory  was  a  very 
important  one.  The  Nationals 
w  ere  now  fairly  planted  in  t  be 
rear  id'  the  ( 'onfedei  a  h  s  at  Co- 
lumbus (which  see  ; ;  and  if  they 
should  capture  Fort  Donelsou, 
on  the  Cumberland,  the  Confed- 
erates believed  their  cause  would 
be  ruined  in  Kentuckv .  Ten- 
nessee, and  Missouri.  The  first 
great  step  towards  the  capture 

ol  Fort  DonelsOll  had  ben  taken. 

Halleck  telegraphed  to  McClel- 
liii.  "Fort  Henry  is  ours!  The  flag  of  the 
Union  is  re-established  on  the  soil  of  Tennessee. 

It  will  never  be  removed."  The  Secretary  of 
I  he  Nav  v  w  role  to  Foote  :  "  The  country  appre- 
ciates yon r  gallant  deeds,  and  this  department 

desires  to  convey  to  you  and  your  brave  associ- 
ates its  profound  thanks  for  the  service  you 

have  rendered." 

Fort  Johnson,   Sit/i  RE  OF.      Alter   the   dis- 
covery of  intrigues  by  Governor  Campbell,  of 

South  Carolina,  the  Council  id'  Safely  of  that 
province   ordered  Colonel   William   Moultrie   to 

take  possession  of  Fort  Johnson,  on  .lames  Isl- 
and, near  Charleston.  Aware  of  this  contem- 
plated movement,  Lord  Campbell  sent  a  party 
to  the  fort  to  throw  the  guns  and  carriages 
from  the  platform:  and  on  Sept  i:»,  i?r.">.  hav- 
ing suddenly  dissolved  the  last  royal  Assembly 
in   South  Carolina,  he   lied   for  safely   00    board 

the   British  ship   Tamar.     Meanwhile  the  fort 

had  been  taken  possession  of  by  three  compa- 
nies, commanded  respectively  by  ('A'.  Pinckney, 
Bernard    Billot,   and    Francis  Marion.       The   fn- 

git  iv  e  goi  er ■  sent  his  secretary  in  a  boat   from 

the   Tamar  to  demand  by  ''what  authority  they 

had  taken  possession  of  his  majesty's  fort  .'" 

"We  hold  the  foil  by  express  command  of  the 
Council  of  Safety,"  replied  Lieutenant-colonel 
Motte,  who  was  in  command.  A  schooner  was 
stationed  between  Fort  Johnson  and  the  town 


FOET  LEE,  CAPTURE  OF 


510  FOET  McHENRY,  BOMBARDMENT  OF 


to  intercept  the  Tamar'a  boats;  and  very  soon 
tents  holding  five  hundred  men  dotted  James 
Island,  near  the  fort. 

Fort  Lee,  C.\i'n  be  of.  Early  on  the  morn- 
ing of  Nov.  20,  177(1.  Coniwallis  crossed  I  lie 
Hudson  River  from  Dobbs'B  Ferry  to  Cluster's 
Landing,  five  miles  above  Fort  Lee,  and  with  a 
force  about  six  thousand  strong,  including  artil- 
lery, climbed  a  steep,  rocky  pathway  up  a  gorge 
in  the  Palisades,  unobserved  by  tireene.  A 
farmer  awoke  that  offloet  from  slumber  in  the 
morning  twilight,  in  time  for  him  to  escape 
from  imminent  peril.  He  tied  in  haste  from 
Fort  Lee.  with  the  garrison  of  two  thousand 
men,  leaving  cannons,  tents,  stores,  and  camp 
equipage  behind.  He  barely  escaped  capture. 
Washington,  apprised  of  the  danger,  so  well 
covered  his  retreat  that  less  than  one  hundred 
stragglers  were  made  prisoners. 

Fort  McHenry,  Bombakdmknt  of.  Fort 
McHenry  was  a  regular  work  on  Fell's  Point, 
Baltimore,  about  one  half  its  present  dimen- 
sions. In  anticipation  of  a  visit  from  the  Brit- 
ish marauding  squadrons,  the  Baltimorians  had 
sunk  some  vessels  in  the  narrow  channel  bet  w  een 
the  fort  and  Lazzaretto  Point, which  prevented 
the  passage  of  an  enemy's  ships.  Fori  McHen- 
ry was  garrisoned  by  about  one  thousand  men. 
volunteers  and  regulars,  commanded  by  Major 
George  Armistead.  To  the  right  of  it,  guard- 
shores  of  the  Patapsco,  and  to  prevent 
troops  landing  in  the  rear,  were  two  redoubts 
(Fort  Covington  and  Babcoek's  Battery).  In 
the  rear  of  these,  upon  high  ground,  was  an  un- 
finished circular  redoubt  for  seven  guns,  and 
on  Lazzaretto  Point,  opposite  Fort  McHenry, 
was  a  small  hatterv  .  This  and 
Fort  Covington  were  in  charge 
of  officers  of  Barney's  flotilla. 
Such  wire  Fort  McHenry  and  its 
supporters  on  the  morning  of 
Sept.  12, 1814, when  the  British 

fleet,  under  Admiral  Cochrane, 
consisting  of  sixteen  heavy  ves- 

sels,  five  of  them  bomb-ships, 

hail  made  full  preparations  for 
the  bombardment  of  the  fort.  At 
sunrise  (Sept.  13, 1814)  the  bouih- 

\ .  saels  opened  a  heavy  fire  on 
the  fort  and  its  dependencies  at 

a    distance    of    two    miles,    anil 

kept  up  a  well-directed  bom- 
bardment until  three  o'clock  in 

the  afternoon.  Armistead  im- 
mediately opened  tli.'  battel  iee 
of  Fort  McHenry  upon  tip 
sailailts :  but  after  a  while  be 
found  that  his  missiles  fell  short 
of  his  antagonist  and  w  ere  harin- 

less,  Tin-  little  garrison  was  com- 
posed of  t  w  ii  companies  ol    9 

Fenci  Ides,  u  I  liter  (a  plains  I  tun  bury  and  Addison: 
two  companies  of  volunteers  from  tbecitj  of  Bal- 
timore,  ler  the  command  of  Captains  Bi  rrj  sad 

Bennington;  a  company  of  United  Bl 

leiv, under  Captain  F.\  ant;  a  Anecompanj  ofvol> 

unii  1 1  artillerists, led  bj  Judge  Joseph  H  v.  uol 


son :  a  detachment  of  Barney 's  (lot  ilia,  under  Lieu- 
tenant Redman,  and  detachments  <>f  regulars. 

six  hundred  strong,  furnished  by  General  Win- 
der, and  under  the  command  of  Lieutenant- 
colonel  Stewart  and  Major  Lane.  The  garrison 
was   exposed  to   a   tremendous   shower  of  shells 

lor  several  hours,  without  the  power  to  inflict 
injury  in  turn,  or  even  to  check  the  fury  of  the 
assault;  yet  they  endured  the  trial  with  cool 
courage  and  great  fortitude.  At  length  a  bomb- 
shell dismounted  a  twenty-four-poundcr  in  the 
fort,  killing  a  lieutenant  and  wounding  several 
of  the  men.  Admiral  Cochrane,  observing  the 
confusion  in  the  fort  caused  by  this  event,  and 
hoping  to  profit  by  it,  ordered  three  of  his  homh- 
vessels  to  move  up  nearer  the  fort,  in  order  to 
increase  the  effectiveness  of  their  guns.  Ar- 
mistead  was  delighted,  and  immediately  ordered 
a  general  cannonade  and  bombardment  from 
every  part  of  the  loir:  and  so  severe  was  Ids 
punishment  of  the  venturesome  intruders  that 
within  half  an  hour  they  fell  back  to  their  old 
anchorage.  A  rocket  vessel  iAYW»i<*>  was  so 
badly  damaged  that  the  British  were  compelled 
to  mihI  a  division  of  small  boats  to  tow  her  out 
of  reach  of  Armistead's  guns.  The  garrison  gave 
three  cheers,  and  the  firing  ceased.  After  the 
British  vessels  had  resumed  their  former  sta- 
tions, they  opened  a  more  furious  bombardment 
than  before,  and  kept  it  up  until  after  midnight, 
when  it  was  discovered  thai  a  considerable  force 
(twelve  hundred  picked  nun  in  barges)  had  been 
sent  up  the  PatapSCO  in  the  gloom  to  attack 
Fort  McHenry  in  the  rear.  Tiny  were  repulsed, 
and  the  bombardment  from  the  vess  Ifi 
At  seven  o'clock  in  the  morning  of  the  14th  the 
hostile  shipping  and  the  land  forces  menacing 


the   city   withdrew,   and    Baltimore   was   tared. 

In  this"  attack  on  the  fort  the  British  did  not 
lose  a  man;  and  the  Ann  i  ieans  had  only  four 
men  killed  and  t  w  cut, \ -lour  wounded,  chietlv  by 

the  exploding  of  the  shell  that  dismounted  the 

twentv-four-pound.  r.    During  the  bombardment 


FORT  MACON,  CAPTURE  OF 


511        FORT  MEIGS  AND  ITS  DEFENCE 


Francis  S.  Key  was  held  in  custody  in  a  vessel 
of  i  lie  fleet,  and  was  inspired  by  the  event  to 
compose  the  yet  popular  sunt;  of  The  Star-*pon- 
ijhd  Banuteri  which  so-  .  Armistead  ami  his  brave 
little  band  received  the  grateful  benedictions  of 
the  people  of  Baltimore  and  of  the  whole  coun- 
try. The  citizens  of  Baltimore  presented  Ar- 
mistead with  a  costly  service  of  silver,  the  prin- 
cipal piece— a  vast — in  the  form  of  a  bomb- 
shell (see  p.  510).    Governor-general  Provost,  of 

Canada,  was  BO  certain  of  an  easy  \ictory  at 
Baltimore  thai  he  ordered  rejoicings  at  Montreal 
on  account  of  the  capture  of  Washington  to  be 
postponed  until  after  the  capture  of  Baltimore 
should  be  heard  of! 

Fort  Macon,  Cwn  1:1:  of.  This  fort,  com- 
manding the  important  harbor  of  Beaufort, N.C., 
ami  Bogne  Sound,  was  seized  by  Governor  Ellis 
early  in  1861.  It-  possession  b\  the  government 
would  secure  the  use  of  another  One  harbor  on 
the  Atlantic  coast  for  the  National  vessels  en- 
gaged  in  the  blockading  service.  It  stands  upon 
a  long  ridge  of  sand  cast  up  by  the  ocean  waves 

called  Bogne  Island.      After  the  capture  of  New 

Berue  (which  see),  Bnrnside  senl  General  Parke 

to  lake  the  fort.     A  detachment  took  possession 


time.  The  troops  fell  back  to  the  rapids  of  the 
Manmee,  and  there  formed  a  fortified  camp. 
There  they  built  a  fortification  which  was  called 
Port  Meigs,  in  honor  of  the  Governor  of  Ohio. 
Harrison's  troops  there  were  about  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  in  number,  and  were  employed 
under  the  skilful  direction  of  Captain  Wood, 
chief-engineer  of  his  army.  The  work  was  about 
two  thousand  live  hundred  yards  in  circumfer- 
ence, the  whole  of  which,  with  the  exception  of  ' 
Several  small  intervals  left  for  block  -  houses, 
was  to  be  picketed  with  timber  fifteen  feel  long 
and  from  ten  lo  twelve  inches  in  diameter,  set 

three  Gael  in  the  ground.  When  the  fort  was 
partly  finished  (Match.  1813),  the  genera]  and 
engineer  hit  the  camp  iu  the  care  of  Captain 
Left  w  ich,  who  ceased  work  upon  it,  Utterly  neg- 
lected the  Buffering  garrison,  and  actually  burned 
the  pickets  for  tire- wood.  On  the  return  of 
Wood,  work  on  the  tort  was  resumed,  and  pushed 
tow  aids  completion.  Harrison  had  forwarded 
Kentucky  troops  from  Cincinnati,  and  on  April 
18  he  himself  arrived  at  Fort  Meigs.  He  had 
been  informed  on  the  way  of  the  freuuent  ap- 
pearance of  Indian  scouts  near  the.  rapids,  and 
little  skirmishes  with  what  lie  supposed  to  be 


of  Beaufort,  and  a  flag  was  senl  to  the  fort  de- 
manding its  surrender.  The  commander  of  the 
garrison,  a  nephew  of  Jefferson  l>a\is.  declared 

he  would  not  yield  until  he  hail  "eaten  his  last 
biscuit  ami  slam  his  last  hone."  On  April  11 
General  I'arke  began  a  siege  of  the  fort.  Bat- 
teries were-  erected  on  Bogne  Island,  and  ■run- 
boats,  under  Commodore  8,  Loekwood,  co-oper- 
ated with  the  troops.  The  garrison  waseul  off 
from  all  communication  with  the  outside  world 

by  land  or  water.      A  bombardment  was  begun 

on  the rnlng  of  April  96.    Tin-  fort  responded 

with  great  spirit  and  vigor,  and  a  tremendous 
artillery  duel  was  kept  up  for  several  hours, 
when  the  ton  displayed  a  white  flag.     lief.. re 

ten    o'clock    the   ne\t    momillg   the    fort    was    in 

possession  of  tin-  Nationals,  w  ii).  about  live  hun- 
dred pi  isoners. 

Fort  Meigs  and  its  Defence.     When  Harri- 
son heard  of  the  advance  of  Winchester  to  the 

Manmee  and  the  Raisin,  1 rdered  all  of  his 

available  force  to  push  torn  aid  to  reinforce  that 

I  lie  advancing  column  was  soon  met 

by  fugitives  from  Fiem  blow  n,  and  thoughts  of 

marching  on  Maiden  were  abandoned  for  the 


the  advance  of  a  more  powerful  force. 
big  to  find  Fort  MoigS  invested  by  the  British 
and  Indians,  he  took  with  him  all  the  troops  on 
the    Auglaize    and    St.  Mary's    rivers.      He    was 

agreeably  disappointed  to  find  on  his  arrival 

that    no  enemy    was   near   in    force.      They   soon 

appeared,  however.  Proctor,  at  Port  Maiden, 
had  formed  plans  for  an  early  invasion  of  the 
Manmee    Valley.      Ever    since    the    massacre    at 

Frenehtown  he  had  been  active  in  concentrating 
a  large  Indian  force  for  the  purpose  at  Ainheist- 
bUTg.  lb'  so  tired  the  zeal  of  Tccumthu  and  the 
Prophet  by  promises  of  future  success  in  the 
Schemes  for  an  Indian  confederation  that  at  the 

beginning  of  April  the  great  Sbawnoeee  warrior 

w  as  at  Fori  Maiden  with  one  thousand  five  hun- 
dred Indians.  Full  six  hundred  of  them  were 
draw  ii  from  the  country  between  Lake  Michigan 
and  the  Wabash.  On  the  93d  of  April,  Proctor, 
with  while  and  dusky  soldiers,  more  than  two 
thousand  in  number,  left  Auihentburg  on  a  brig 
and  Smaller  vessels,  and.  accompanied  by  two 
gunboats    and    some    artillery,    arrived    at    the 

mouth  of  the  Manmee,  twelve  miles  from  Fort 
Meigs,  on  the  90th,  w  here  the)  landed.     One  of 


FORT  MEIGS  AND  ITS  DEFENCE        512 


FORT  MERCER 


the  royal  engineers  (Captain  Dixon)  was  seal 
no  with  a  party  to  construct  works  on  tbe  left 

liank  of  the  Maumee.  opposite  Fort  MeigS.  <»n 
the  28th  of  Ajuil  Harrison  was  informed  of  1 1 1 < - 
movement  of  Proctor  and  his  forces.  He  knew 
that  General  Green  Clay  was  on  the  march  with 

Kentuckians,  and  he  despatched  Captain  Will- 
iam Oliver  with  an  oral  message  urging  him  to 
press  forward  by  forced  marches.  Meanwhile 
Proctor  and  his  forces  bad  arrived,  and  on  the 
morning  of  May  1.  1813,  he  opened  a  cannonade 
and  bombardment  from  the  site  of  Manmee  City 
upon  Fort  Meigs,  and  continued,  with  slight  in- 
termission, for  five  days,  but  without  much  in- 
jury to  tin;  fort  and  garrison.  The  lire  was  re- 
turned occasionally  by  eighteeu-pouuders.  The 
Americans  had  built  a:  .strong  traverse  athwart 
tin-  fort,  behind  which  they  were  sheltered. 
Their  ammunition  was  scarce,  and  it  was  used 
sparingly  ;  but  they  had  an  abundant  supply  of 
food  and  water  for  a  long  siege.  Still  Harrison 
felt  anxious.  He  looked  hourly  up  the  Mauniee 
for  the  appearance  of  Clay  with  reinforcements. 
The  latter  had  heard  the  cannonading  at  the 
fort,  and  had  pressed  forward  as  rapidly  as  pos- 
sible. Proctor  had  thrown  a  force  of  British 
and  Indians  across  the  river  to  gain  the  rear  of 
the  foit.  and  these  the  vanguard  of  Clay  encoun- 
tered. When  the  latter  officer  drew  near  he  re- 
ceived explicit  orders  from  Harrison  to  detach 
eight  hundred  men  from  his  brigade,  to  be  laud- 
ed on  the  left  bank  of  the  river,  a  mile  and  a 
half  above  Fort  Meigs,  to  attack-  the  British  bat- 
teries, spike  their  guns,  destroy  their  carriages, 
and  then  cross  the  river  to  the  fort;  the  re- 
mainder of  Clay's  troops  to  fighl  their  way  to 
the  fort.  These  orders  met  (lay  as  he  was 
descending  the  Maumee  in  boats  (May  5,  1813). 
Colonel  Dudley  was  appointed  to  lead  the  ex- 
pedition against  the  British  batteries.  The  work 
was  successfully  performed;  but  a  baud  of  rifle- 
men, under  Captain  Leslie  Combs,  being  attack- 
ed by  some  Indians  iu  ambush,  Dudley  led  re- 
inforcements to  them.  The  Indians  were  soon 
put  to  flight,  but  Dudley,  unmindful  of  his  in- 
structions, pushed  on  in  pursuit,  lea/i  ing  Colonel 
Isaac  Shelby  iu  charge  of  the  batteries.  Both 
the  British  and  Indians  were  reinforced;  the 

batteries  were  retaken  :   and  after  a  sharp  light, 

in  which  Shelby's  troops  participated,  Dudley's 

whole  command  was  put  to  flight,  and  dispersed 
iu  great  contusion.  A  ureal  part  of  them  were 
killed  or  captured.  Dudley  was  slain  and 
scalped,  and  Combs  and  many  companions  were 

marched  t<>  Fori  Miami  below  as  prisoners.   (See 

f.'iiinititi/  the  Gauntlet.)     of  the  eighl  bundled 

who   landed    from   the   boats  onlj    one  hundred 

and  seventy  escaped  to  I'm  i  Meigs.    While  these 

scenes  were  occurring  on  the  lilt  bank  of  the 
Mauniee,  there  was  a  desperate  struggle  on  I  he 

fort  side.  A  pan  of  the  remainder  of  Clay's 
command,  under  Colonel  W.  E.  Boswell,  having 

landed  a  short  distance  above  the  fori,  wer •- 

deicd  in  fight  their  waj  in.    They  were  t 

attacked  by  a  bodv  of  British  ami  Indians,  but 
weie  Joined  bj  a  sallying  party  from  the  fori: 

and  while  a  sharp  struggle  was  going  on  there, 

Harrison  ordered  a  helpful  sortie  from  the  fori 


to  attack  some  works  cast  up  by  the  enemy 
near  a  deep  ravine.  This  was  done  by  three 
hundred  and  fifty  men.  under  ColonelJohu  Mil- 
ler, of  the,  regulars.  They  found  a  motley  force 
there,  eight  hundred  and  fifty  strong,  but  they 
were  soon  driven  away  and  their  cannons  spiked. 
The  figbt  was  desperate,  the  Americans  being 
surrounded  at  one  point  by  four  times  their  own 
number.  The  victors  returned  to  the  fori  with 
forty-three  captives.  Boswell  in  the  meantime 
had  utterly  routed  the  force  before  him  at  the 
point  of  the  bayonet.  Fort  Meigs  was  saved. 
The  result  of  that  day's  fighting,  and  the  ill- 
siiceess  of  all  efforts  to  reduce  the  fort,  caused 
Proctor's  Indian  allies  to  desert  him,  and  the  Ca- 
nadian militia  to  turn  their  faces  homeward. 
The  Prophet  had  been  promised  by  Proctor  the 
whole  territory  of  Michigan  as  his  trophy,  and 
Tecunitha  was  to  have  the  person  of  General 
Harrison,  whom  he  had  intensely  hated  since 
the  battle  at  the  Tippecanoe  (which  see  i,  as  his. 
These  promises  were  unfulfilled,  and  the  Indians 
left  in  disgust.  Only  Tecumtha's  commission 
and  pay  of  a  brigadier  in  the  British  army  se- 
cured his  further  services. 

Fort  Mercer.  On  the  New  Jersey  shore  of 
the  Delaware,  not  far  below  Philadelphia,  was 
a  strong  work  called  Fort  Mercer, with  a  garri- 
son under  the  command  of  Colonel  Christopher 
Greene,  Of  Rhode  Island.     After  Howe  had  taken 

possession  of  Philadelphia  (September,  1777). 
he  felt  the  necessity  of  strengthening  his  posi- 
tion; so,  in  the  middle  of  October,  lie  ordered 

General  Sir  Henry  Clinton  to  abandon  the  forts 
he  had  captured  iu  the  Hudson  Highlands  (see 

Forts  ('Union  tnid  Montgomery  I,  and  send  six 
thousand  troops  to  Philadelphia.  He  had  just 
issued  this  order,  when  news  of  the  surrender 
of  Burgoyne  and  his  army  reached  him.  He 
then  perceived  that  he  must  Speedily  open  the 
way  for   his   brother's   fleet   to  ascend  the  Del:; 

ware  to  Philadelphia, or  all  would  be  lost.  lb- 
ordered  Count  Doiiop  to  take  twelve  hundred 
picked  Hessian  soldiers,  croBS  the  Delaware  at 
Philadelphia,  march  down  tin'  New  Jersey  shore, 
and  take  Fort  Mercer  by  storm.  He  obeyed, 
and  at  the  same  time  the  British  vesscls-of-w  al- 
io the  river  Opened  a  furious  cannonade  mi  Port 
Mifflin,  opposite.  Already  tin'  works  .it  I'.il- 
lingsport,  below,  had  been  captured,  and  a  nar- 
row channel  bad  been  opened  through  obstruc- 
tions above.  This  admitted  British  vessels  to 
approach  near  enough  to  cannonade  the  two 

foils.    On  the  approach  of  Donop  (Oct. 89,  1777i. 

Greene  abandoned  tin'  outworks  of  Fori  Mercer, 

and  retired   into  tbe  principal  redoubt.      At   the 

edge  of  a  wood,  within  cannon-shot  of  the  fort, 
Donop  planted  a  batter]  often  heavy  guns,  and 

late  in   the  afternoon  hi'  demanded  the  instant 

surrender  of  the  fort,  threatening  that,  in  case 

of  refusal    and    resistance,  no   quartet   would   be 

given,     colonel  Greene  had  onlj  four  hundred 

men   back   of  him.  but    he  gave  an   instant   and 

defiant  refusal,  tej  lug, "  We  ask  no  quarter,  nor 
will  we  give  any."  Then  tbe  besiegers  opened 
their  heavj  guns, and,  under  then  tire,  pressed 
up  to  storm  the  ton.  Tbej  "'"'  received  by 
terrible  volleys  ofmusketrj  and  grape-sho1  from 


FORT  MIFFLIN 


513 


FORT  MIMS,  MASSACRE  AT 


cannons,  while  two  concealed  American  galleys 
smote  them  with  a  Bevere  enfilading  lire.     The 

Slaughter  of  the  assailants  was  fearful.  Count 
Donop  instantly  fell,  and  many  of  his  officers 
were  slain  or  mortally  wounded.  At  twilight 
the  invaders  withdrew,  alter  a  loss  of  two  hun- 
dred   men.      The   Amerieans   lost    thirty  -  seven, 

killed  and  wounded.     Donop  died  three  days 
alter  the  battle.    He  said,  "I  die  a  victim  to 
my  ambition  and  the  avarice  of  my  sovereign." 
i  ,ui,in  Mercenaries.) 


Fort  Mifflin.  The  firing  of  the  first  gun  upon 
Fort  Mercer  (which  see)  was  the  signal  for  Brit- 
ish vessels  to  approach  and  attack  Fort  Mifflin, 
Opposite.      They   had    made   their   way   through 

the  obstructions  near  Billingsport.  The  Augtuta, 

ship-of-war,  and  other  armed  vessels,  came  Op 
the  river,  bnt  were  kept  at  bay  by  American 
galleys  and  floating-batteries.  The  attack  was 
deferred  until  the  morning  after  Oct.  2:?)  the 
assault  on  Fort  Mercer.  A  heavy  cannonade 
was  brought  to  hear  on  the  British  licet  by  the 

A  iiki  ican  Hot  ilia,  and  at  the  same  time  an  equal- 
ly heavy  fire  was  kept  up  by  the  royal  vessels 
on  Fori  Mifflin, the  little  garrison  of  which  was 
commanded  by  Lieuteoailt-oolouel  Smith, of  Ma- 
ryland. Smith  made  a  gallant  defence.  A  hot 
shot  from  the  fort  set  lire  to  the  .  I  »<///*/</,  and  she 
blew  u]).  After  an  engagement  ofseveral  hours, 
the  British  licet  retired,  and  the  Americans  re- 
mained masters  of  the  Delaware  a  short  time 
longer.  Finally  the  British  erected  batteries  on 
Province  Fiand,  that  commanded  Fort  Mifflin, 
and  brought  up  a  large  floating-battery  and  four 

111  gun  ships  and  two  lO-gun  ships  to  attac 


were  joined  by  wealthy  half-blood  families,  and 
the  house  of  Samuel  Minis,  an  old  and  wealthy 
inhabitant,  was  strongly  stockaded  with  heavy 
pickets.  Several  other  buildings  were  enclosed 
within  the  acre  of  ground  stockaded,  and  the 
whole  was  known  as  Fort  Minis.  Major  Beas- 
ley  was  placed  in  command,  and  authorized 
to  receive  any  citizens  who  would  assist  in 
defence  of  the  station,  and  issue  soldiers'  ra- 
tions to  tbem.  Its  dimensions  were  soon  too 
small  for  the  people  who  flocked  to  it  for  pro- 
tection against  the  impending  storm,  and  a  new 
enclosure  was  built.  At  the  close  of  August  In- 
dians were  seen  prowling  around  Fort  Minis; 
but  Major  Beasley  was  confident  that  he  could 
"  maintain  the  post  against  any  number  of  In- 
dians." The  30th  of  Angnst  was  a  beautiful  day, 
and  no  sense  of  danger  was  fell  at  the  fort.  It 
contained  Ave  hundred  and  fifty  —  men.  women, 
and  children.  The  midday  drum  was  beaten  for 
dinner.  The  soldiers  were  loitering  listlessly 
around,  or  were  play  inn  cards  ;  almost  one  hun- 
dred children  wire  playing  around,  and  young 
men  and  maidens  were  dancing.  At  that  mo- 
ment a  thousand  almost  naked  Creek  warriors 
lay  in  a  ravine  not  more  than  four  hundred 
yards  from  the  fort,  ready,  like  famished  tigers, 
to  spring  upon  their  prey.  They  were  led  by 
Wcathersl'ord.  a  famous  Creek  chief.  The  lirst 
lap  of  the  dinner-drum  was  the  signal  lor  the 
barbarians  to  rise  from  their  cover  and  rush  to 
the  fort  ;  and  the  first  Intimation  of  their  pres- 
ence was  a  horrid  yell,  that  Oiled  the  air  as  they 
came  streaming  over  a  field  towards  an  open 
l-'t'l"'    "i"°  "'''"'  '""•     Beasley  flew  to  close*  it,  and 


fort.  On  the  loth  of  November  (1777)  the  Brit- 
ish opened  their  batteries  on  land  and  water. 

Lieutenant-colonel  Smith,  with  his  garrison  of 
three  hundred  men.  sustained  the  siege  six  con- 
secutive da\  s.  Whenever)  gun  was  dismount- 
ed, and  the  fort  was  almost  a  ruin,  the  garrison 
left   in   the   nigh;  :■.  r  firing  the   re- 

mains of  the  barracks,  and  escaped  to  Fort  Mer- 
cer, which  Colonel  Oreeiie.  despairing  id*  relief, 
evacuated  Nov.  80,  1777.  During  the  siege  of 
Fort  MiHIin,  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  men 
of  the  garrison  were  killed  and  wounded.  The 
British  loss  is  not  known. 


Fort  Minis,  MASSACUS   AT.     In  the  autumn 

of  1812,  I'ccninlha  and  the  l'rophel  (which  see) 
went  among  the  Creeks  to  stir  them  up  to  make 
war  upon  the  while  people.  They  w  ere  di\  idol 
in  sentiment,  for  many  of  them  preferred  peace 

anil  friendship  with  tin'  Americans,  and  civil 
war  was  engendered.      The  w  bile  sell  lers  among 

them  were  in  great  peril,  and  in  the  spring  of 

1813  they  were  led  to  expect  all  ex  terminal  ing 
blow.  They  knew  that  a  British  sipiadron  was 
in  iheOull'.and  on  friendly  terms  w  itl]  the  Span- 
iards at   Pensacola.    The]    prepared  to  defend 

themselves  as  well  as  they  might.  They  learn- 
ed that  British  agents  at  Pensacola  Were  dlstrib- 
llting  Supplies  among  the  Creeks.  Vei  v  soon 
hostilities  began  here  and  there,  and  the  white 

people  fled  to  secret  place-,  for  refuge     some  in 

the  thick  swamps  not   far  above  I  he  junction  id' 

the  Alabama  and  Tomblgbl  <    riven      There  thev 

I.— 33 


the  soldiers  rushed  with  their  anus  to  the  port- 
hides.  The  unarmed  men  and  the  women  and 
children,  pale  with  terror,  huddled  within  the 
houses  and  cabinsof  the  enclosure.  Reasley  was 
too  late.  He  was  filed  by  clubs  and  tomahawks, 
and  over  his  dead  body  t  be  terrible  torrent  rush- 
ed into  the  new  enclosure.  The  soldiers  made  a 
gallant  lighl  for  three  hours.  They  were  nearly 
all  slain.  The  unarmed  people  Were  in  the  old 
enclosure,  with  a  picket  between  them  and  the 
slaughter.  The  Indians  became  wear.v  .and  slack- 
ened (heir  lire.  The  people  in  the  main  fort 
hoped  the  savages  were  about  to  depart.  They 
were  disappointed.  Weatheraford  was  not  a  man 
to  accept  half  a  victory  when  a  whole  one  vv.:s 
attainable.  His  people,  who  had  begun  to  carry 
away  plunder,  were  rebuked  by  him.  and  ex- 
bolted  to  complete  the  work.  The  horrid  task 
was  resinned.  The  few  soldiers  left  made  stout 
resistance,  when  the  barbarians  sent  fire  on 
the  wings  of  arrows  to  the  roof  of  Minis'*  house, 
and  it  burst  into  a  flame.  Very  soon  the  whole 
"  fort  "  was  in  flames.  The  Indians  pressed  into 
the  main  fort.  With  (he  most  horrid  cruel- 
ties they  murdered  the  defenceless.  Weathers- 
ford  begged  his  warriors  to  spare  the  women 
and  children,  but  they  refused.  He  had  raised 
the  storm,  but  was  not  able  to  control  it.  At 
sunset  four  hundred  of  the  inmates  of  Fort 
Minis  lay  dead.  Nol  a  while  woman  or  child 
escaped.  Twelve  of  the  soldiers  cut  their  way 
through  the  cordon  of  barbarians  and  escaped. 
Most  of  the  negroes  were  spared,  and  were  made 


FORT  MOTTE,  CAPTURE  OF  5 

slaves  of  the  Indians.  A  negro  woman,  who  Lad 
received  a  ball  in  her  breast,  escaped  to  the  riv- 
er, seized  a  canoe,  and  paddling  down  to  Fort 
Stoddart,  gave  to  General  Claiborne  there  the 
lirst  tidings  of  the  horrible  tragedy.  The  con- 
test lasted  from  twelve  o'clock  until  live.     The 

barbarians  had  raftered  severely,  for  not  less 
than  four  hundred  Creek  warriors  were  killed 
or  wounded,  as  the  victims  had  sold  their  lives 
BS  dearly  as  possible. 

Fort  Motte,  CaPTCRK  of  (1781).  This  fort  was 
simply  the  tine  residence  of  Rebecca  Motte,  which 
the  British  had  fortified.  Mrs.  Motte  was  the 
widowed  mother  of  six  children.  She  was  an 
ardent  Whig,  and  had  been  turned  out  of  her 
house,  and  taken  refuge  at  her  farm-house  on  a 
hill  near  by.  Marion  and  Lee  approached  with 
a  considerable  force,  but  having  no  artillery, 
could  not  dislodge  the  garrison  of  Fort  Motte. 


FORT   MOTTE. 


What  was  to  be  done  had  to  be  done  quickly, 
for  other  posts  required  their  attention.  Only 
by  set  tin;;'  the  house  on  fire  could  the  British  be 
driven  out.  To  this  method  Mis.  Motte  gave 
her  cheerful  assent.  She  brought  an  Indian 
bow  and  arrows.  To  the  latter  lighted  com- 
bustibles were  affixed,  and  an  expert  hied  the 
arrows  into  the  roof  of  the  dwelling.  It  was 
soon  in  a  blaze,  when  the  garrison  were  com- 
pelled to  sally  out  and  surrender.  The  patri- 
otic owner  then  regaled  both  American  and 
British  officers  at  her  table.  Lee  then  pushed 
towards  the  Savannah  Biver,  t<>  assist  Pickens 
and  Clarke  in  holding  the  country  between  Fort 
Ninety-six  ami  Augusta,  to  prevent  the  garrison 
of  either  place  joining  the  other. 

Fort  Moultrie,  Ski/ike  or  (1860).     Major 
Anderson  abandoned  weaker  Fori  Moultrie,  and 

went    to  stronger  Port    Sumter,  on   the  evening 

of  Dee.  26,  I860.  (See  Anderson  in  Fort  fhmitr.) 
lie  left  officers  and  men  to  spike  the  gnus,  burn 
the  carriages,  and  cut  down  the  flag-staff,  that 
no  secession  banner  mighl  occupy  the  place  of 
the  national  flag.  The  bewildered  citizens  of 
Charleston  saw  the  smoke  of  (he  burning  car- 
riages at  dawn,  and  when  they  knew  its  origin, 
the  disuuionists  were  greatly  exasperated.  The 
Secession  Convention  requested  Governor  Pick- 
ens i"  i.iIm-  possession  of  the  government  prop- 
arty    in   and    mound   Charleston.      The   .n-ii.il. 

into  which  Floyd  bad  crowded  arms,  was  seized 
in  tin-  name  of  the  State  of  South  Carolina,  and 
thus  seventy  thousand  stand  of  arms  and  a  vast 

.•minimi  of  stores,  valued  at  |C ,000,  were  placed 

in  the  hands  of  the  enemies  ■>!  tin'  government. 


1  FORT  NIAGARA 

Men  of  Charleston,  equipped  with  these  weap- 
ons, went  in  two  armed  steam-vessels  and  seized 
Castle  Pinckney  (which  was  surrendered  by  its 
faithless  commander, N. L. Coste), and  took  pos- 
session of  dismantled  Fort  Moultrie  in  the  name 
of"  the  sovereign  State  of  South  Carolina."     The 

fort  was  strengthened,  new  breastworks  were 

constructed,  and  heavy  guns  were  mounted. 

Fort  Necessity.  During  his  march  towards 
Fort  Duqnesne,  Washington,  at  a  point  on  the 
Monongabela  River  less  than  forty  miles  from 
his  destination,  heard  of  the  approach  of  a  party 
of  French  and  Indians  to  intercept  him.  He  fell 
back  to  a  rich,  fertile  bottom  called  The  Great 
Meadows,  about  fifty  miles  from  Cumberland, 
where  he  hastily  erected  a  stockade,  which  he 
appropriately  called  Port  Necessity.  While  en- 
gaged in  this  work,  scouts  had  observed  the 
stealthy  approach  of  French  soldiers.  Word  to 
this  effect  was  sent  to  Washington  by  a  friend- 
ly sachem  known  as  Half-king,  who  stated  that 
the  detachmeut  was  very  near  his  camp.  Put- 
tin",  himself  at  the.  head  of  forty  men,  he  set  off, 
in  the  intense  darkness,  at  nine  o'clock  at  night, 
for  the  encampment  of  Half-king.  The  rain  fell 
in  torrents,  and  they  did  not  reach  the  friendly 
Indians  until  just  before  sunrise  (May  28,  1754). 
Half-king  and  his  warriors  joined  Washington's 
detachment,  and  when  they  found  the  enemy, 
in  a  secluded  spot  among  the  rocks,  they  imme- 
diately attacked  them.  A  sharp  skirmish  en- 
sued. Jnmonville,  who  led  the  French,  and  ten 
of  his  men,  were  killed,  and  twenty-two  were 
made  prisoners.  This  was  the  first  blood  shed 
in  the  French  and  Indian  War.  Washington  had 
one  man  killed,  and  two  or  three  were  wounded. 
It  was  afterwards  ascertained  thai  .Tmnonville 
was  i he  bearer  of  a  summons  for  the  surrender 
of  Port  Necessity.  Two  days  later  Colonel  Fry 
died  at  Cumberland.  Troops  hastened  forward 
to  join  Washington  at  Fori  Necessity.  On  him 
the  chief  command  now  devolved.  Reinforced, 
lie  proceeded  towards  Port  Dnqnesue  with  four 
hundred  nun.  At  the  same  time  M.  de  Yilliers, 
brother  of  Jnmonville,  was  marching,  at  the 
head  of  one  thousand  Indians  and  a  few  French- 
men, to  avenge  his  kinsman's  death.  Hearing 
of  this,  Washington  fell  hack  to  Port  Necessity, 
where,  on  the  3d  of  .inly,  he  was  attacked  by 

about  fifteen  hundred  id' the  foe.  After  a  con- 
flict Of  about  ten  hours,  I)e  Yilliers  proposed  an 

honorable  capitulation.    Washington  signed  it 

on  Hi.'  morning  of  the  4th  of  July.  Then  the 
troops  marched  out  with  the  honors  of  war,  and 
departed  for  their  homes. 

Fort  Niagara  is  on  the  east  side  of  Niagara 
Biver,  near  its  month.     Its  building  was  begun 

as  early  as  1673,  when  I. a  Salle  iwhieh  seel  en- 
closed a  small  spol  there  with  palisades.  In 
1687  De  Nduville  iwhieh  see)  constructed  a 
quadrangular  foil  there, with  lour  bastions.  It 
was  enlarged  to  qnlta  a  strong  fortification  by 
the  French  in  l?-.'.'..  Ii  was  taken  from  them,  in 
1760,  h.\  sir  William  Johnson.  It  then  covered 
eight  aens.  During  tin-  Bevolntion  it  was  the 
rendezvous  of  British  troops,  Tories,  and  In- 
dians, w  ho  desolated  central  New  Vol  k,  and  sent 


FORT  NIAGARA.  BOMBARDMENT  OF    515 


FORT  ORANGE 


pftdatory  bands  into  Pennsylvania.     "Then," 

siivs  ]>c  Vcaux, " civilized  Europe  revelled  with 
lavage  Americans,  and  ladies  of  education  and 
refinement  mingled  in  the  society  of  those  whose 
only  distinction  was  to  wield  the  bloody  toma- 
hawk and  the  scalping-knife.  Then  the  squaws 
of  the  forests  were  raised  to  eminence,  and  the 
most  unholy  unions  between  them  and  officers 
of  highest  rank  were  smiled  upon  and  counte- 
nanced." Fort  Niagara  remained  in  pooooSBJOU 
of  the  British  until  the  frontier  posts  were  given 
up  to  the  Americans,  in  lT'.MI.  It  was  captured 
by  tin-  British  in  the  War  of  1812-15. 

Fort  Niagara,  BoXBARDMJUn  OF  1812). 
Fori  Niagara,  on  the  right  hank  of  the  Niagara 
River,  al  its  month, was  garrisoned  by  the  Amer- 
icans, commanded  by  Lientenant-oolonel  George 

Mcl'eely.      The   British    had   raised   hreaM  works 

in  front  of  the  village  of  Newark,  opposite  the 

fort,  at  intervals,  all  the  way  up  to  Tort  George, 
and  placed  behind  them  several  mortars  and  a 
long  train  of  battering  cannons.     These  mortars 


exasperated  British  determined  on  retaliation. 
Tbej  crossed  the  Niagara  River  on  t  lie  black,  cold 
night  of  Dec.  18,  about  one  thousand  strong, 
regulars  and  Indians,  under  Colonel  Murray. 
Gross  negligence  or  positive  treachery  hail  ex- 
posed the  fort  to  easy  capture.  It  was  in  com- 
mand of  Captain  Leonard.  When, at  three  o'clock 
in  the  morning,  a  British  force  approached  to 
assail  the  main  gate.it  was  standing  wide  open. 
Leonard  had  left  the  fort  on  the  evening  before, 
and  spent  the  night  with  his  family,  three  miles 
distant.  With  a  competent  and  faithful  com- 
mander at  his  post,  the  fort,  with  its  garrison 
of  nearly  four  hundred  effective  nun.  might 
have  been  saved.  The  fort  was  entered  with- 
out resistance,  when  the  ooonpantsofa  block- 
house w  it  hilt  and  invalids  in  the  barracks  made 
a  stout  tight  for  a  while.     This  conflict  was  over 

before  the  remainder  of  the  garrison  were  fairly 

awake,  and  the  fort  in  possession  of  the  British. 

The  victory  might  have  been  almost  blood- 
less, had   not   a  spirit   of  revenge,  Instigated  by 


rOBT  M.iiiaka.  HliU    KMT  9BORQB, 


began  a  bombardment  of  Port  Niagara  on  the 

morning  of  No\  .21,  1812,  and  at  the  same  time  a 
cannonade   was  opened   at    Fort   George   anil    its 

vicinity,  Prom  dawn  until  twilight  there  was 
a  continuous  roar  of  artillen  from  the  line  of 
batteries  on  the  Canada  shore:   and  during  the 

day  two  thousand  red-hot  ■'hot  ware  ponred  upon 
the  American  works.  The  mortars  sent  showers 
of  destructive  bonib-sbelbk     Buildings  in  the 

fort  were  set  on  tile  -e\eial  times,  and  WOTS  ex- 
tinguished by  gnat  exertions.     Meanwhile  the 

garrison  returned  the  assault  gallantly.  New- 
ark  was  set  on  lire  bj   shells  several  times:  so. 

also,  were  buildings  in  Fort  George, and  one  of 
its  batteries  was  silenced,  siioi*  from  an  out- 
work of  Fort  Niagara  (the  Salt  BatteT)  I  sunk  a 
British  sloop  in  the  river.  Night  elided  this  fu- 
rious artillery  duel. 

Fort  Niagara  captured  (1813).     When  Mc- 
Ginn abandoned  Fort  George  and  laid  Newark 

in  Babes  l  see  Newark),  in  December,  1813,  the 


the  black  ruins  of  Newark,  prevailed.  A  large 
number  of  the  garrison,  part  of  them  invalids, 
wire  bayoneted  after  resistance  had  ceased. 
This  horrid  work  was  performed  on  Sunday 
morning.  Dee.  l'.'.  1813.  The  loss  of  the  Amer- 
icana was  eighty  killed— many  of  them  hospital 
patients  fourteen  wounded. and  time  hundred 
and  forty-four  made  prisoners.  The  British  loss 
was  six  men  killed,  and  Colonel  Murray,  three 
men.  and  a  surgeon  wounded.  The  British  tired 
a  signal-cannon,  annonncingtheir  success,  w  hioh 
pnt  in  motion  a  detachment  of  regulars  and  In- 
diana al  Qneenston  for  further  work  of  destruc- 
tion. They  crossed  the  river  to  Lewiston,  and 
plundered  and  laid  waste  the  whole  New  York 
frontier  to  Bullalo. 

Fort   Orange    (Albany).      In    1011   Captain 
( 'hrisl  iansen,  w  ho,  in  the  interest  of  trade,  w  oifl 

mi  the  Hudson  River  bo  the  head  of  navigation, 

built  a  fortified  trading-house  on  an  island  just 
below  the  site  of  Albany,  which  he  called  Castle 


FORT  PICKENS  51 

Island.  The  spring  floods  made  the  place  un- 
tenable, and  in  1617  a  new  fort  was  built  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Tawaeeutha  ("place  of  many 
dead"),  or  Norman's  Kill,  on  the  west  .side  of 
the  river.  There  a  treaty  of  friendship  and  al- 
liance was  made  with  the  Five  Nations,  the  first 

ever  made  between  the  Indians  and  Hollanders. 

The  situation  of  the  new  fort  proving  to  be  in- 
convenient, a  more  permanent  fortification  was 
built  a  few-  miles  farther  north,  and  called  Fort 
Orauge,  in  compliment  to  the  Stadt  holder,  or 
chief  magistrate,  of  Holland.  Some  of  tin-  Wal- 
loons settled  there,  and  held  the  most  friendly 
relations  with  the  Indians.  Near  the  fort  Kil- 
lian  van  Rensselaer,  a  wealthy  pearl  merchant 
of  Amsterdam,  purchased  from  the  Indians  a 
large  tract  of  land  in  16:50.  sent  over  a  colony  to 
settle  upon  it,  and  formed  the  "  Colonie  of  Rens- 
selaeisw  yck."  (  See  1'atroons.  )  A  settlement 
soon  grew  around  Fort  Orange,  and  so  the  foun- 
dations of  Albany  were  laid. 

Fort  Pickens,  on  Santa  Rosa  Island,  com- 
manded the  entrance  to  the  harbor  of  IVnsacola 
Bay.  Nearly  opposite,  but  a  little  farther  sea- 
ward, on  a  low  sand -spit,  was  Fort  McRee. 
Across   from   Fort  Pickens,  on   the   main,  was 


}  FORT  PICKENS 

mors  that  the  fort  was  to  be  attached,  and  he 
took  immediate  measures  to  save  it  and  the 
other  forts  near.  He  called  on  Commodore 
Armstrong  (Jan.  7)  and  asked  his  co-operation, 
but,  having  no  special  order  to  do  so,  he  de- 
clined. On  the  9th  Slemmer  received  instruc- 
tions from  his  government  to  use  all  diligence 
for  the  protection  of  the  forts,  and  Armstrong 
was  ordered  to  co-operate  with  Slemmer.  It 
was  feared  that  the  small  garrison  could  not 
hold  more  than  one  fort,  and  it  was  resolved 
that  it  should  be  Pickens.  It  was  arranged  for 
Armstrong  to  send  the  little  garrison  at  the 
Barrancas  on  a  vessel  to  Fort  Pickens.  Arm- 
strong failed  to  do  his  part,  for  he  was  sur- 
rounded by  disunion  officers  who  were  plotting 
with  Secessionists.  lint  Slemmer.  with  great 
exertions,  had  the  troops  of  Barrancas  carried 
over  to  Pickens,  with  their  families  and  much 
of  the  ammunition.  The  gnus  bearing  upon 
Pensacola  Bay  at  the  Barrancas  were  spiked; 
but  the  arrangement  for  the  vessels  of  war 
Wyandot  and  Supply  to  anchor  near  Fori  l'ick- 
ens was  not  carried  out.  To  Slcmmcr's  aston- 
ishment, these  vessels  were  ordered  away  to 
carry  coal  and  stores  to  the  home  Bqnadrou  on 


M.N 


Fort    Barrancas,  built    by    the    Spaniards,  and 

taken  from  them  by  General  Jackson.     Nearlj 

a  mile  eastward  of  the  Barrancas  was  the  navy- 
yard,  then  in  command  of  Commodore  Aim 
strong.  Before  the  Florida  Ordinance  of  s;,.. 
cession  was  passed  (Jan.  10,  1861)  the  governor 
of  the  si.it,.  (Perry)  made  secret  preparations 
with  tbe  governor  of  Alabama  to  nice  all  the 
national  property  within  tbe  domain  of  Florida 
namely,  Fori  Jefferson,  al  the  Garden  Key, 
Tortugas;  Fori  Taylor,  al  Kej  West:  Forts 
l'ickens.  McBce,  ami  Barrancas,  and  the  navy- 
yard  near  Pensacola.  Early  in  Januarj  the 
commander  of  Fori  Pickens  (Lieutenant  Adam 
J.  Slemmer),  o  brav,    Penusylvaniau,  heard  ra- 


the Mexican  coast.  On  the  LOth  the  navy-yard 
near  Pensacola  was  surrendered  to  Florida  and 
Alabama  troops,  ami  these  prepared  to  bring 
guns  to  bear  upon  l'ickens  from  Fort  Barrancas. 
(See  Xtny- yard  at  Pen$aeola  Seised.)  Slemmer 
was  now  bit  to  his  own  resources.  His  was 
the  strongest  fort  in  the  (lull,  but  his  garrison 
consisted  of  only  eighty-one  souls,  officers  and 
nun.  These  labored  unceasingly  lo  pm  every- 
thing in  working  order.  Among  the  workers 
were  the  heroic  wives  of  Lieuteuauta  81emmer 
and  Qilmore  refined  and  cultivated  women— 
whose  labors  at  this  orisia  form  a  pari  of  the 
bistorv  of  Fort  l'ickens.  On  tbe  18th  Captain 
Kandolph,  Major  Marks,  and  Lieutenant  h'ut- 


FORT  PICKENS,  SIEGE  OF 


517 


FORT  PILLOW,  CAPTURE  OF 


ledge  appeared,  and,  in  the  name  of  the  gov- 
ernor of  Florida,  demanded  a  peaceable  surren- 
der of  the  fort.  It  was  refused.  "I  recognize 
no  right  id"  any  governor  to  demand  tlie  surren- 
der of  United   Slates   property,"  said  Slein r. 

On  the  loth  Colonel  William  H.  Chase,  a  native 
of  Massachusetts,  in  command  of  all  the  insur- 
gent troops  in  Florida, accompanied  by  Farrand, 
of  the  navy-yard  near  Pcnsacnla.  appeared,  and, 
in  friendly  terms, begged  Blemmer  to  surrender, 
and  not  he  "guilty  of  allowing  fraternal  blood 

to  llow."      The    tempter   did    not    succeed.      On 

the  1 — tIi  Chase  demanded  the  surrender  of  the 
fort,  and  it  was  refused.  Then  began  the  siege 
of  Fort  Pickens  i  «  liich  Bee). 

Fort  Pickens,  BlJtGB  0#.  Lieutenant  Slem- 
mer  had  held  Fori  Pickens  firmly  against  all 
hostile  forces  and  specious  persuasions,  ^up- 
ported  by  a  loyal  little  garrison.  Insurgent 
forces  threatening  it  continually  increased,    iin 

Jan.  18,  1861,  Col 1  Chase,  commander  of  the 

insurgents  near  Pensacola,  had  demanded  the 
surrender  of  Fort  I'ickens.  and  it  had  been  re- 
hawd.  lis  commandant,  Lieutenant  Blemmer, 
had  not  been  able  to  get  reinforcements  from 
the  government.  When  the  new  administra- 
tion came  into  power  I  Man  h  1,  L861  a  new  line 
of  policy  was  adopted.  The  mom ■rninent  re- 
solved to  reinforce  with  men  and  supplies  both 

Bnmter  and  I'ickens.     (gee  Eelitf  of  Fori  8mm 
tween  the  6th  and  9tfa  of  April  the 

chartered  steamers  Atlantic  and  Illiiioix  and  the 
United  States  steam  frigate  I'oiilmliui  left  New 
York  for  Fort  I'ickens  «  ith  troops  and  supplies. 
Lieutenant  John  L.  Worden  i  see  Monitor  sad 
M>  ilium:  was  sent  by  land  with  an  order  to 
Captain  Adams,  of  the  Sabine,  then  in  command 
of  a  little  squadron  off  Fori  I'ickens,  to  throw 
reinforcements  into  that  work  at  on 
tain  Braxton  Bragg,  late  of  the  United  States 
Army,  was  now  in  command  of  all  the  insur- 
gent forces  in  the  vicinity,  with  the  commission 
of  brigadier -general;  and  Captain  Ingreham, 

late  of  the  United  States  Navy,  was  in  command 
of  the  navy-yard  near  Pensacola.  Bragg  had 
arranged  with  a  treasonable  sergeant  of  the 
garrison  to  betray  the  fort  on  the  nighl  of  the 
ilth  <d'  April,  for  which  sen  Ice  lie  was  to  1..-  re- 
warded with  a  large  sum  of  money  and  a  com- 
mission in  the  Confederate  army.  He  had  se- 
duced a  few  of  his  companions  into  complicity 
in  his  scheme.  A  company  of  one  thousand  in- 
■sngents  wen'  to  (toss  over  in  a  steamboat  and 

escalade  the  fort  when  the  Sergeant  anil  his 
confederates  would  lie  on  guard.      The  plot   was 

revealed  to  Blemmer  by  a  loyal  man  in  the  in- 
surgent camp  named  Richard  Wilcox,  and  the 
catastrophe  was  averted  by  the  timely  rein- 
forcement of  the  fort  by  marines  and  artillery- 
men under  Captain  Vogdes.  A  few  days  after- 
wards the  Atlantic  and  Illinois  arrived  with  sev- 
eral hundred  troops  under  the  command  of  Colo- 
nel Henry  Brown,  with  amide  supplies  of  food 
and  munition!  of  war:  and  Lieutenant  Slem- 
nier   and    his    almost    exhausted    little    garrison 

wen-  -•  ut  t..  Fort  Hamilton,  New  fork,  to  rest. 
B]  May  1  then  was  a  formidable  force  of  insur- 
gents menacing  Fort  I'ickens,  numbering  near- 


ly seven  thousand,  arranged  in  three  divisions. 
The  first,  on  the  right,  was  composed  of  Missis- 
sippians,  under  Colonel  J.R.Chalmers;  the  sec- 
ond was  composed  of  Alabamiana  and  a  Georgia 
regiment,  under  Colonel  Clayton  ;  anil  the  third 
was  made  up  of  Louisianians,  Georgians,  and  a 
Florida  regiment  —  the  whole  commanded  by 
Colonel  Gladdin.  There  were  also  five  hundred 
troops  at  Pensacola.  and  General  Bragg  was 
cominamler-in- chief.  Reinforcements  contin- 
ued to  be  sent  to  Fort  Pickens,  and  in  June  Wil- 
SOn's  Zouaves,  from  New  York,  were  encamped 
on  Santa  Bosa  Island,  on  which  Fort  Pickens 
stands.  During  the  ensuing  summer  nothing 
of  great  importance  occurred  in  connection  with 
Fort  Pickens,  and  other  (dibits  afterwards  made 
by  the  insurgents  to  capture  it  failed. 

Fort  Pillow,  CAPTURE  of  (1864).  This  fort 
was  garrisoned  by  about  live  hundred  and  fifty 
men,  iucluding  two  hundred  and  sixty  colored 
soldiers,  under  the  command  of  Major  L.  F.  Booth. 
Forrest  approached  Fort  Pillow  on  the  morning 
of  April  13, 1864,  drove  in  the  pickets,  and  began 
an  assault.  A  sharp  battle  ensued.  About  nine 
o'clock  Major  Booth  was  killed,  and  the  com- 
mand devolved  on  Major  Bradford.  The  whole 
tone  was  now  called  within  the  fort,  and  the 
light  was  maintained  until  past  noon.  Mean- 
while the  gunboat  Xnr  Era,  of  the  Mississippi 
squadron, lying  near,  had  taken  part  in  the  de- 
fence of  the  fort,  but  the  height  of  the  bank 
prevented  her  doing  much  execution.  Forrest 
sent  a  flag  to  demand  an  instant  surrender. 
While  negotiations  were  going  on  Forrest  sent 
large  numbers  of  his  troops  to  favorable  posi- 
tions for  attack,  which  could  not  have  been 
gained  while  the  garrison  was  free  to  tight.  By 
this  trick  he  gained  a  great  advantage.  Brad- 
ford refused  to  surrender,  and  Forrest  gave  a 
signal,  when  his  men  sprang  from  their  hiding- 
places,  which  they  had  gained  by  treachery,  and, 
with  a  cry  of  "No  quarter  I"  pounced  upon  the 
fort  at  different  points,  and  in  a  few  momenta 
were  in  possession  of  it.  Generals  Forrest  and 
Chalmers  entered  the  fort  siiiiultaneoiisU    from 

opposite  sides.  The  surprised  and  overwhelmed 
garrison  threw  down  their  arms.  Some  of  them 
attempted  to  escape  down  the  steep  hank  of  the 

river  or  to  find  concealment  in  the  hushes.  The 
conquerors  followed  and  butchered  the  defence- 
less nun,  who  begged  for  quarter.     Within  the 

fort    like   scenes   were    exhibited.      Soldiers   and 

civilians—  men,  women,  and  children,  w  bite  and 

hla.k      were  indiscriminately  slaughtered.     The 

continued  until  night, and  was  renew- 
ed in  the  morning.  Full  three  hundred  were 
murdered  in  cold  blood.  Major  Bradford,  who 
was  a  native  of  a  slave-labor  state,  was  a  spe- 
cial object  of  Forrest's  hatred.  lie  regarded 
him  as  "a  traitor  to  the  South.''  While  on  his 
way  towards  Jackson,  Tenn.,  as  a  prisoner  of 
war,  the  day  after  the  Confederates  left  Fort 
Pillow,  the  majoi  was  taken  from  the  line  of 
march  and  deliberately  murdered.  So  test  died 
one  of  Forrest's   cavalry  before   a  Congressional 

committee.  Forrest  had  determined  to  strike 
terror  in  the  minds  of  colored  troops  and  their 
I.  adsxa.      This  seemed  to  be  his  chosen  method. 


FORT  PITT  THREATENED  5 

Major  Charles W. Gibson,  of  Forrest's  command, 
said  to  tin;  writer, " Forrest's  motto  was,  War 
mean*  fight,  and  fight  means  kill — we  want  but 
few  prisoners." 

Fort  Pitt  Threatened.  This  was  the  most 
important  military  post  of  the  English  west  of 
the  Alleghanies.  They  had  launch -boats  to 
bear  the  Englishmen  to  the  country  of  the  Illi- 
nois. For  some  time  the  bitter  Iocs  of  the  Eng- 
lish—  the  Miugoes  and  Delawares  —  had  been 
seen  hovering  around  the  post.  On  May  '27, 
1763,  they  exchanged  a  large  quantity  of  skins 
with  the  English  traders  for  powder  and  lead, 
and  then  suddenly  disappeared.  Towards  mid- 
night Delaware  chiefs  warned  the  garrison  that 
danger  hovered  around  them,  and  warned  them 
to  fly,  offering  to  keep  the  property  safe,  lint 
the  garrison  preferred  to  remain  in  their  strong 
fort  ;  and  the  Indians,  after  murdering  a  whole 
family  near  the  fort  and  leaving  a  tomahawk  as 
a  declaration  of  war,  withdrew  and  threatened 
Fort  Ligonier.      (See  PonUads  War.) 

Fort  Pownall,  ERECTION  ok.  Governor  Pow- 
nall,  of  Massachusetts,  took  possession  of  the 
country  around  the  Penobscot  River  in  1759, 
and  secured  it  by  the  erection  of  a  fort  there. 
It  was  done  by  four  hundred  men  granted  by 
Massachusetts  for  the  purpose,  at  a  cost  of  about 
$15,000,  and  named  Fort  Pownall. 

Fort  Pulaski,  CAPTURE  of.  At  the  close  of 
1861  the  National  authority  was  supreme  along 
the  coasts  from  Wassaw  Sound,  below  the  Sa- 
vannah River,  to  the  North  EdistO,  well  up  tow- 
ards Charleston.  General  T.  W.  Sherman  di- 
rected bis  chief-engineer., General  Q.A.  Gillmore, 
to  reconnoitre  Fort  Pulaski  and  report  upon  the 


feasibility  of  a  bombardment  of  it.  It  had  been 
seised  by  ths  Secessionists  early  in  the  year. 

< ; ill i •   reported  that    it   might    be  done  by 

planting  bait  erics  of  rifled  guns  and  mortars  m 
Big  Tybee  Ulead,  A  New  Tors  regiment  was 
scut   to  ooonpj   that    Island,  and  explorations 


3  FORT  SCHUYLER,  SIEGE  OF 

were  made  to  find  a  channel  by  which  gun- 
boats might  get  in  the  rear  of  the  fort.  It  was 
found,  and  land  -  troops  under  General  Viele 
went  through  it  to  reconnoitre.  Another  expe- 
dition went  up  to  the  Savannah  River  by  way 
of  Wassaw  Sound,  and  the  gunboats  had  a  skir- 
mish with  Tatnall's  "Mosquito  Fleet."  (See 
Port  Royal.)  Soon  afterwards  the  Nationals 
erected  batteries  that  effectually  closed  the  Sa- 
vannah River  in  the  rear  of  Pulaski,  and  at  the 
close  of  February,  1862,  it  was  absolutely  block- 
aded. General  Gillmore  planted  siege-guns  on 
Big  Tybee  that  commanded  the  fort;  and  on 
April  10,  1862,  after  General  Hunter  (who  had 
succeeded  General  Sherman)  had  demanded  its 
surrender,  and  it  had  been  refused,  thirty-six 
heavy  titled  cannons  and  mortars  were  opened 
upon  it,  under  the  direct  ion  of  Generals  (iill- 
more  and  Viele.  It  was  gallantly  defended  un- 
til the  12th,  when,  so  battered  as  to  lie  unten- 
able, it  was  surrendered.  This  victory  enabled 
the  Nationals  to  close  the  port  of  Savannah 
against  blockade-runners. 

Fort  Schuyler,  Sieoe  of  (1777).  On  the  site 
of  the  village  of  Rome,  Oneida  Co.,  N.  C,  General 
Stanwix  built  a  fort  which  received  his  name. 
After  the  war  for  independence  began  it  was 
named  Fort  Schuyler.  In  the  Revolution  it 
was  on  the  western  borders  of  civilization. 
There  was  a  small  garrison  there  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1777.  commanded  by  Colonel  Peter  Gan- 
sevoort.  It  stood  as  a  sort  of  barrier  against 
hostile  tribes  of  the  Six  Nations.  The  little 
garrison  had  been  reinforced  by  the  regiment 
of  Colonel  Marinus  "Willed,  and  was  well  pro- 
visioned. Bnrgoyue  had  sent  Colonel  St.  Leger 
with  Canadians,  Tories,  and  Indians,  by  way  of 
Lake  Ontario,  to  penetrate  the 
Mohawk  Valley  and  make'  his  way 
to  Albany,  there  to  meet  the  gen- 
eral. St.  Leger  appeared  before 
Fort  Schuyler  on  Aug.:;. 1777.  The 
Tories  in  his  train  were  command- 
ed by  Colonels  Johnson,  Clans, 
and   Butler,   and   the    Indians   liy 

Brant.  On  receiving  news  that 
General  Herkimer  was  coining  to 
the  aid  of  the  garrison  with  the 
Tryon  County  militia  (see  lititthof 
<>i itkany),  a  larger  portion  within 
the  fort  made  a  sortie.  They 
fell  upon  the  camp  of  Johnson's 
"Greens"  (see  Sir  John  Johnton) 
so  suddenly  and  furiously  that 
the]  were  dispersed  in  great  eon- 
fusion,  sir  John  uol  having  time 
to  put  on  his  eoat.  Papers,  cloth- 
ing, stores,  and  other  spoils  of 
his  camp  sulheieiit  to  till  twenty 
wagons  fell  into  the-  hands  of  the 

Americana  A.  part  of  the  "Greene" 

had  gone  to  oppose  the  ad\  nine  of 

Herkimer,  approaching  at  that  moment   S 
continued  the  siege.    Colonel  Will.it  stealthily 

left  the  fort  at  night  with  a  message  to  Seliuv  ler. 
then  near  the  mouth  of  the  Mohaw  k,  asking  for 

relief.  Soliuj  ler  called  for  a  rulantear  leader  to 
go  to  the  relief  of  Fort  Schuyler.  General  Arnold 


FORT  SCHUYLER,  TREATY  AT    519   FORT  STEPHENSON,  DEFENCE  OF 


responded,  and  beat  up  for  recruits.  The  next 
day  iAiij;.  15)  eight  hundred  Btrong  men  wore 
following  Arnold  np  tin-  Mohawk  Valley.  At 
Fort  Dayton  Le  pardoned  a  young  Tory  prisoner 
condemned  to  death,  on  condition  that  be  should 
^o  into  the  camp  of  St.  Leber's  savages  with  a 

friendly  Oneida  Indian,  represent  the  approach- 
ing Americans  as  exceedingly  numerous,  and  so 
frighten  away  the  Indians.  It  was  done.  The 
Tory  had  several  shots  tired  throngb  his  cloth- 
ing. Almost  breathless,  he  and  the  Oneida  en- 
tered the  camp,  and  told  of  a  terrible  6ghl  they 
bad  just  had  with  the  Americans,  who  were  as 

numerous  as  the  leaves  on  the  trees.  The 
alarmed  Indians  immediately  Hid  as  last  as 
their  legs  could  carry  them  towards  the  west- 
ern wilds,  followed  by  the  Canadians  and  To- 
ries pell-moll  in  a  race  towards  Oswego.  So 
ended  the  siege, and  so  did  Burgoyue  receive  a 
paralyziug  blow . 

Fort  Schuyler,  Tisk.vty  at  (1784).  While  the 
British  retained  possession  >>i  the  western  fron- 
tier posts  it  was  difficult  to  tix  by  treaty  the  Ind- 
ian boundaries  and  open  i  he  western  lands  to  set- 
tlers. Km  a  treaty  made  at  Fori  Schnyler  (for- 
merly Fori  Stanwix)  by  commissioners  of  the. 
I'll  it  eel  Slates  and  the  chiefs  and  w  arr'iors  of  the 
Six  Nations  gave  some  facilities  in  that  direc- 
tion. By  this  treaty  the  Mohawks,  Ouondagas, 
Cayugas,  and  Seneoaa  who  had  adhered  to  the 

British    during    the    war    consented    to    a    peace 

and  a  release  of  pria >re.     At  the  same  time 

the\  ceded  all  their  territory  west  of  Pennsyl- 

Fort  Stanwix  Built.  In  1758,  when  return- 
log  with  a  detachment  of  provincial  troops  from 
Oswego,  Brigadier-general  Stanwix  constructed 
a  fori  on  i  he  Mohawk,  at  i  he  camping-place  be- 
tween thai  river  and  Wood  Creek,  thai  empties 
into  Oneida  Lake,  for  the  security  of  the  In- 
dians in  the  neighborhood  who  adhered  to  the 
Euglish.  It  occupied  a  portion  of  I  he  site  of 
Rome,  in  Oneida  County.  In  honor  of  the  com- 
mander, it  was  named  Tort  Stanwix.      After  Us 

relief  from  capture  in  Angnst,  1777,  throngb  the 
axertionsof  General  Schuyler,  it  was  named  Fori 

Schuyler. 

FortStanwtx,  Tickviv  IT(1768).  FortStan- 
w  ix  w  as  built  by  General  sianw  ix,  with  the  as- 
sistance of  Col I  I'ladsireei  on  bis  return  from 

the  capture  of  Fort  Prontenaoin  I7.>-. 

\ller  the  French  and  Indian  War  there 

were  various  projects   for  settlements  bey 1 

the  mountains.  <>n  the  5th  of  November,  1768, 
treaty  was  held  at  Fort  Stanwix,  at  which  the 
ix  Nations,  in  consideration  of  the  payment  of 
a  little  over  |50,000, ceded  to  the  crown  all  then 
eonutry  south  of  the  Ohio  as  far  as  the  Cherokee 
or  'feline--  -  .  much  of  this  region  as 

lay  soul  h  id'  I  he  ( ileal  Kanaw  ha  w  as  claimed  by 

the  Cherokee*  as  their  hunting  ground. 
Fort  Steadman.  ( See  Petertlwrg,  I'iiml  Strug- 
Lee  assigned  to  the  duty  of  assaulting 
Fort  steadman  i he  two  divisions  of  Gordon's 
command,  with  the  larger  portion  of  Bushrod  R. 
Johnston's  command  in  support.  Behind  these 
he  massed  about  twenty  thousand  men  to  break 


through  the  National  line  if  the  attack  should 
prove  successful.  They  were  supplied  with 
provisions  and  ammunition  for  a  long  struggle. 
The  assault  began  at  four  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing (March  25,  1865).  Its  garrison,  composed  of 
tin'  Fourteenth  New  York  Artillery,  had  no  sus- 
picion of  danger  near.  The  fort  was  in  front 
of  the  Ninth  Corps,  forming  a  salient,  not  more 
than  one  hundred  yards  from  the  Confederate 
intrem  lnuents.  The  surprise  was  so  complete 
that,  the  assailants  met  with  no  resistance.  A 
part  of  the  garrison  tied;  the  remainder  were 
made  prisoners.  A  brigade  of  the  Ninth  Corps 
met  the  same  fate,  and  abandoned  their  gllUS. 
Now    was  the   moment  when   Lee's  army  might 

have  passed  through  the  National  Hue.  It  did 
not,  and  the  golden  moment  was  lost  forever. 
The  Confederates  attacked  Fort  Haskell,  near. 
but  were  repulsed.  Confederate columus press- 
ing through  the  gap  wire  assailed  by  a  murder- 
ous tire  of  artillerj  ;  and  an  assault  by  General 
Ilartraufl's  division  of  the  Ninth  Corps,  with  an 
enfilading  tire  of  artillery,  caused  the  surrender 
of  nineteen  hundred  men.  Fort  Steadman  was 
recovered,  and  at  the  same  time  a  Btrongly  in- 
trenched picket-line  of  the  Confederates  was 
seised  and  permanently  held.  Lee  was  dis- 
heartened by  the  failure  and  losses. 

Fort  Stephenson,  I  Mi  i  w  i    o».     At   Lower 
Sandusky  (now  Fremont),  Ohio,  was  a  regular 

earthwork,  with  a  ditch,  circumvallating  pick- 
ets, bastions,  and   block-houses,  called   Fort   S|e- 

phensou.     It  was  garrisoned  by  one  hundred 

and  sixty  men,  under  the  command  of  Major 
George  Crogban,  of  the  regular  army,  then  only 


twenty-one  years  of  age.    Tecnmtha  had  urged 

PrOCtOT  to  renew  the  sieee  of  Fori  MeigS,  but 
thai  timid  officer  hesitated  a  long  while.  Final- 
ly,  late    ill    .July,    he    appeared    before    the    fort 

(in  command  of  General  Clay)  with  his  own 


FORT  STEPHENSON,  DEFENCE  OF   520   FORT  STEPHENSON,  DEFENCE  OF 


and  Tecuintha's  followers,  about  four  thousand 
strong.  Satisfied  that  lie  could  not  take  the 
fort,  Proctor  and  his  white  troops  embarked, 
witli  their  stores  (July  28,1813)  for  Sandusky 
Bay,  with  the  intention  of  attacking  Fort  Ste- 
phenson. The  Indians  marched  across  the  heav- 
ily wooded  country  to  assist  in  the  siege.     Cro- 


panied  by  the  usual  threat  of  massacre  by  the 
Indians  in  case  of  a  refusal.  Croghan  defied 
him,  and  immediately  a  cannonade  and  bom- 
bardment were  commenced  from  the  gunboats 
and  from  howitzers  which  the  British  had  land- 
ed. It  was  then  four  o'clock  in  the  afternoon. 
All  night  long  the  great  guns  assailed  the  fort 


SITF.  OK   K.1KT  STKIMIKNSON. 


ghan  was  vigilant.  Ho  had  been  advised  by 
his  superiors  to  evacuate  the  fort  when  it  was 
known  that  an  overwhelming  force  of  the  enemy 
was  approaching.  He  preferred  to  remain,  and 
ilid  so,  in  half  disobedience  of  orders.  The  Brit- 
ish arrived  in  their  boats  on  the  31st,  when 
Croghan  perceived  that  the  woods  were  swarm- 
ing   with    Indians.      Tecumlha   had   concealed 


with  very  little  effect,  and  were  answered  occa- 
sionally by  a  solitary  six-pounder  cannon, which 
was  all  the  ordnance  possessed  by  the  little  gar- 
rison. It  was  shifted  from  one  block-house  to 
another  to  make  the  enemy  believe  the  fort  was 
well  armed  with  several  great  guns.  During 
the  night  the  British  dragged  three  six-ponnder 
cannons  to  a  point  higher  than  the  fori,  and 


about    two  thousand  of  them    in   the    forest    to  early  in  the  morning  (Aug.  1)  there  opened  lire 

watch  the  roads  along  which  reinforcements  for  on  the  works,     This  ooutinned  several  boon, 

tin  fori  might  approach.    Praetor  at  once  made  the  garrison  remaining  silent,     Prootor  became 

a  demand  for  the  surrender  of  the  fort,  aooonv  impatient,  and  his  barbarian  allies  wa 


FORT  SUMTER,  FIRST  GUN  FIRED  AT    521    FORT  SUMTER,  REINFORCEMENT  OF 


ing  uneasy,  for  there  were  rumors  of  reinforce- 
ment* on  the  way  to  relieve  the  fort.  Proctor 
determined  to  storm  it.  and  at  five  o'clock  in 
the  afternoon,  while  a  thunder-storm  was  ap- 
proaching, the  British  marebed  in  two  columns 
to  assail  the  fort  j  at  the  same  time  British  gren- 
adiers made  a  wide  Circuit  through  the  woods  to 
make  a  feigned  attack  at  another  point.  As  the 
two  columns  advanced  thi'  artillery  played  in- 
cessantly upon  the  fort,  and  under  cover  of 
this  tire  they  reached  a  point  within  fifteen  or 
twenty  pares  of  the  pickets  before  they  were 
discovered.  The  garrison  consisted  mostly  of 
Kentucky  sharpshooters.  These  now  opened  a 
deadly  lire  with  their  lilies.  The  British  lines 
wavered,  hut  soon  rallied;  and  the  first,  led  by 
Lieutenant-colonel  Short,  pushed  over  the  gla- 
cis, leaped  into  the  ditch,  and  were  about  to 
obey  their  commander,  who  shouted,  '•  Cut  away 
the  pickets,  my  brave  boys,  and  show  the 
damned  Yankees  no  quarter!"  when  the  six- 
ponnder  cannon,  mounted  and  masked  in  a 
hlock-house  that  commanded  the  inoat,  opened 

a  terrible  storm  of  sings  and  grape-shot,  which 
swept  along  the  living  wall  with  aw  lid  effect. 

The  second  column,  led  by  Lieutenant  Cordon. 
leaped  into  the  ditch,  and  met  with  a.  similar 
reception.  Both  leaders  and  many  of  their  fol- 
lowers were  slain,  and  a  precipitate  and  con- 
fused retreat  followed.  The  cowardly  Indians, 
who   were   always   afraid    of  cannons,   had    not 

joined  in  the  assault.     The  loss  of  the  British 

in    killed   and    wounded    was   one   hundred   and 

twenty-one    men;    the    garrison    lost    man 

killed  ami  several  wounded.  For  this  gallant 
defence  Croghan  received  many  honor-.  The 
ladies  of  Chillicotbe,  Ohio,  presented  him  with 
an  elegant  sword.  Congress  gave  him  the  thanks 
of  the  nation  then,  and  twenty-two  > ears  after- 
wards awarded  him  a  gold  medal.  This  gallant 
defence  had  a  powerful  effect  on  the  enemy. 

Fort  Sumter,  Fran  <.i  N  111:1  i>  vi.    Edmund 
Rntlin.  a  Virginian,  seventy-five  years  of  age, 

with  Ion-,  white.  Bowing  locks,  was  at  the  bat- 
tery on  Monis  Island  when  the  attack  on  Port 


Sumter  began.  (See  Fall  <>f  Sumter.)  \i  his 
own  request  he  was  permitted  to  lire  the  first 
■hot.     Of  this  feat  he  boosted  much,  hut   did 


not  appear  prominently  anywhere  else  during 
the  war.  He  survived  the  conflict,  iu  which  he 
lost  all  his  property.  On  Saturday.  June  17, 
1665,  he  committed  suicide  hy  blowing  on"  the 
top  of  his  head  with  a  gun  at  the  residence  of 
his  son,  near  Danville,  Va.  He  left  a  note  in 
which  he  said:  "I  cannot  survive  the  liberty  of 
my  country."  The  wretched  man  was  theu  al- 
most eighty  years  of  age. 

Fort  Sumter,  First  Rf-ixforcemi-.n-t  <>f. 
When  the  wife  of  Major  Anderson  a  daughter 
of  General  I).  L.  Clinch)  heard  of  the  perilous 
position  of  her  husband  in  Fort  Sumter,  sur- 
rounded by  foes,  and  uncertain  of  the  fidelity 
of  many  of  his  garrison,  she  was  very  anxious 
that  he  should  have  a  tried  and  faithful  servant 
with  him.  She  was  then  in  New  Yolk  city  and 
an  invalid;  hut  she  resolved  to  take  an  old 
and  tried  sergeant,  who  had  served  her  hnsband 
in  the  war  with  Mexico,  into  Fort  Sumter.  His 
name  was  Peter  Hart,  and  she  heard  that  he 
w  as  somen  here  in  New  York  city.  After  search- 
ing for  him  among  all  the  Halts  whose  names 
were  in  the  city  directory,  she  found  him  con- 
nected with  the  police.  At  her  request  he  called 
upon  her,  accompanied  by  his  wile.  Alter  tell- 
ing him  of  Major  Anderson's  peril,  she  said.  "  I 
want  you  to  go  with  me  to  Fort  Sumter. "  Hart 
looked  towards  his  young  wife,  a  warm-hearted 
Irishwoman,  for  a  moment,  and  theu  said.  "  I 
w  ill  go,  madam."  "  lint  I  want  you  to  Stay  with 
the  major."  I  [art  looked  inquiringly  towards 
his  Margaret,  and  replied."  I  will  go,  madam.*1 
••  lint.  Margaret,"  said  Mis.  Anderson,  ••  w  hat  do 
you  say  .'"  "  Indade.  iua*ani,  it's  Margaret's  sor- 
ry she  can't  do  as  much  for  you  as  Pater  can." 
Was  the  good  woman's  reply.  "When  will  you 
go,  Hail'"  asked  Mis.  Anderson.  "To-night, 
madam,  if  you  wish."    "To-morrow  nigbt  at  six 

o'clock  I  will  he  ready."  said  Mis.  Anderson.      At 

that  hour,  in  spite  of  the  remonstrances  of  her 

physician,  the  devoted  wile  left  New  York,  nil 
Thursday  evening,  .1  line  :!.  1861,  for  Charleston, 
accompanied  bj  Peter  Hart  in  the  character  of 

a  servant,  ready  at  all  times  to  do  her  bidding. 
None  hut  her  physician  knew  her  destination. 
They  travelled  without  intermission,  and  ar- 
rived at  Charleston  late  on  Saturday  nigbt.  She 
had  neither  eaten,  drunk,  nor  slept  during  the 
journey,  for  she  was  absorbed  with  the  subject 
of  her  errand.  From  Wilmington  to  Charleston 
she  was  the  only  woman  on  the  train.  Therein, 
and  at  the  hotel  in  Charleston,  she  continually 
heard  her  husband  cursed  and  threatened.  She 
knew  Governor  Pickens  personally,  and  the  next 
morning  she  sought  from  him  a  permit  for  her- 
self and  Hart  to  go  to  Fort  Sumter.  He  could 
not  allow  a  man  to  be  added  to  the  garrison. 
Regarding  with  scorn  the  suggestion  that  the 
addition  of  one  man  to  a  garrison  of  seventy  or 
eighty,  when  thousands  of  armed  men  wen-   in 

Charleston,  could  imperil  the  "sovereign  State 

of  South  Carolina."  Mis.  Anderson  sent  a  mes- 
sage to  the  governor,  saying,  "I  shall  take  Hart 
with  me.  with  or  without  a  pass."  Her  words 
of  scorn  and  her  message  were  repeated  to  the 
governor,  and  hi',  seeing  the  absurdity  of  his 
objection,  gave  a  pass  f,ir  Halt.      At  ten  o'clock 


lOKT  TI(  (»M)i:i;o(;A,  CAPTURE  OF     522     FORT  tpcoxdeeoga,  capture  of 


on  Sunday  morning,  Jan.  6,  accompanied  by  a 
few  personal  friends,  Mrs.  Anderson  and  Peter 
Hail  went  in  a  boat  to  Fort  Sumter.  As  she 
saw  the  banner  over  the  fort  she  exclaimed. 
"The  dear  old  flag!"  and  burst  into  tears.  It 
was  1  In'  tirst  time  emotion  had  conquered  her  will 
since  she  left  New  York.  As  her  friends  carried 
her  from  the  boat  to  the  sally-port,  her  hnsband 
ran  out,  canght  her  in  his  arms,  and  exclaimed, 
in  a  vehement  whisper,  "My  glorious  wife!" 
and  carried  her  into  the  fort.  "  I  have  brought 
yon  Peter  Hart,"  she  said.  "The  children  are 
well.  I  return  to-night."  In  her  husband's 
quarters  she  took  some  refreshment.  The  tide 
served  in  the  course  of  two  hours,  and  she  re- 
turned to  Charleston.      She  had  reinforced  Fort 


plain,  and  their  possession,  became  subjects  of 
earnest  consultation  among  patriots.  The  sub- 
ject was  talked  of  in  the  Connecticut  Legislat- 
ure after  the  affair  at  Lexingtou,  and  several 
gentlemen  formed  the  hold  design  of  attempt- 
ing their  capture  by  surprise.  With  this  view, 
about  forty  volunteers  set  out  for  Bennington 
to  engage  the  co-operation  of  Ethan  Allen,  a 
native  of  Connecticut,  and  the  brave  leader  of 

tl Green  Mountain  Boys"  (which  get        Hi 

readily  seconded  their  views.     They  had  been 

joined  at  Pittsfleld,  ill  western  Massachusetts. 
by  Colonels  Easton  and  Brown,  with  about  forty 

followers.      Allen    was    chosen    the    leader    after 

the  whole  party  reached  Castle  ton,  at  twilight, 

on  the  7th  of  May  (177.")).     Colouel  Easton  was 


Sumter  with 
Peter  Hart,  a 
more  efficient 

power  at  the  right  hand  of 
Major  Anderson  at  that  criti- 
cal moment  than  a  hundred 
soldiers  would  have  been, for 

he  vv  as  ever  v  igilaut,  keen, 
faithful,  judicious,  and  brave,  and  was  the  ma- 
jor's trusted  friend  on  all  occasions.  On  a  lied 
placed    in    the  cars,  and   accompanied  by  Major 

Anderson's  brother,  the  devoted  w  ife  started  tor 
New  York  on  Sunday  evening.  She  was  Insen- 
sible whin  she  reached  Washington.  A  dear 
(Hand  carried  her  into  Willard's  Hotel.  Forty- 
eight  hours  afterwards  she  started  for  New  fork, 
and  there  she  was  for  a  long  time  threatened 
'with  brain  fever.  This  narrative,  in  more  mi 
mile  detail,  i-  from  the  lips  of  Mis.  Anderson. 

FortTiconderoga,  Cach  1:1  01  177.'. >.  Winn 
it  became  apparent  that  rh  was  inevitable, 
the  Importance  of  the  strong  fortresses  of  l'i 
oouderoga  and  Crown  Point,  on  Lake  Cham- 


chosen  to  be  Allen's  lieutenant,  and  Setfa  War- 
ner, of  the  "Greet!  Mountain  Hoys,"  was  made 
third  in  command.  At  Castleton  Colonel  Ar- 
nold joined  the  party.  He  had  heard  the  proj- 
ect   spoken    of  in    Connecticut   just    as    he    was 

about  to  start  for  Cambridge.  He  proposed  the 
enterprise  to  the  Massachusetts  Committee  of 
Safety,  and  was  commissioned  a  colouel  bj  the 
Provincial  Congress,  and  furnished  with  means 
and  aulhoiiiv  to  raise  noi  more  than  four  hun- 
dred   men    in    western    Massachusetts   and    lead 

them  againsl  the  forts.  On  reaohii  _ 
bridge,  he  was  disappointed  in  learning  that 
another  expedition  was  ou  the  way.  He  hast- 
ened to  join  it.  and  claimed  the  right  to  the 
chief  command  by  virtue  of  his  commission,  li 
was  emphatically  refused.  He  acqniesoed,  but 
wiih  a  had  grace.  »>u  the  evening  of  the  9th 
tluv  were  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Champlain,  op- 
posite Tioonderoga,  and  at  daw  n  the  next  morn- 
ing the  officers  and  eight]  men  were  on  the 
beach  a  few  rods  from  the  fortress, sheltered  by 
a  bluff.      A  lad  familiar  with  the  fort  was  their 


FOKT  WASHINGTON,  CAPTURE  OF      523 


FORT  WAYNE,  ATTACK  UPON 


guide.  Following  him,  they  ascended  stealthily 
to  the  Bally-port,  where  a  sentinel  snapped  his 
musket  ami  retreated  into  the  fort,  closely  fol- 
lowed by  the  invaders,  who  quickly  penetrated 

to  the  parade.  With  a  tremendous  shout  the 
Hew-Ellglailders  awakened  the  Bleeping  garri- 
son, while    Allen    ascended   the   outer   staircase 

of  the  barracks  to  the  chamber  of  the  command- 
er (Captain  I Vlaplace),  anil  heating  the  door 
with  the  handle  of  his  sword,  cried  out  with  his 
loud  voice.  ••  I  demand  an  instant  surrender!" 
The  captain  rnsbed  to  the  door,  followed  by  his 
trembling  wife,  lie  knew  Allen,  and  recognized 
him.  •'  Your  errand  .'"  demanded  tin'  command- 
er. Pointing  to  bis  men.  Allen  said,  "I  order 
you  to  surrender."  "By  w  hat  authority  do  you 
demand  it  ?"'  inquired  Delaplaoe.  "  By  the 
authority  id'  the  Great  Jehovah  and  the  Conti- 
nental Congress!"  answered  Allen,  with  empha- 
sis, at  the  same  time  flourishing  his  broadsword 

Over  the  head  of  the  terrified  commander.       De- 

laplaee  surrendered  the  tort  and  its  dependen- 
cies, ami  a  large  qnautity  of  precisely  such  mu- 
nitions of  war  as  the  colonists  needed  —  one 
hundred  and  twenty  iron  cannons,  fifty  swivels. 
t  n  o  mortars,  a  how  itzer,  a  oohorn,  a  huge  quan- 
tity of  a  i n  i ii it ti it  ion  and  other  stores,  aud  a  ware- 
house full  of  naval  munitions,  with  forty-eight 

men,   women,   and   children,   who    were   sent    to 

Hartford.  Two  days  afterwards  (Maj  12)  Colo- 
nel   Beth  Warner  made  an  easy  conquest  of 

Crown   Point.      So.  at    the  outset,  the  colonists 

obtained  the  control  of  Lake  Champlaiu,  the 

open  door  tin  on- I]  which  to  enter  Canada. 

Fort  Washington,  CaPTCRS  of  i  i: 
the  day  of  the  Battle  of  White  Plains  i  which  see), 
General  Kuyphausen,  with  bIs  German  regiments, 
crossed  the  Harlem  River  and  encamped  on  the 
tlat  below  Fort  Washington  and  Kind's  Bridge. 
Thai  toil  was  a  -.11011-  work,  supported  bj  out- 
lying redoubts.  It  was  on  the  highest  point  of 
land  011  Manhattan  Island.  When  Washington 
heard  of  the   peril  that   menaced  it,  he  advised 

General  Greene,  in  whose  charge  both  it  and 
Fori   Lee,  on   the  top  of  the  palisades  on  the 

west  snlr  of  lb,-  river,  Opposite,  had  been  left, 
to  withdraw  the  garrison  and  stores,  but  left 
the    mailer  to  thai    officer's   discretion.      When 

be  arrived  there  N"\.  l">.  l "7 T * v  1  he  was  disap- 
pointed in  not  Qnding  bis  wishes  gratified. 
Greene  desired  to  hold  the  fort  as  a  protection 
to  the  river;  the  Congress  bad  ordered  it  to  be 

held  till  the  last  extremity,  and  Colonel  Robert 

•fagaw,  us  commander,  said  he  could  hold  out 
■gainst  the  whole  British  army  until  December. 
Washington  was  not  satisfied  of  its  safety,  but 

yielded  his  Judgment,  and  returned  to  Hacken- 
saek.  There,  at  SUnset,  he  received  a  copy  of  a 
bold  reply  which  liagaw  had  made  to  a  niu- 
1 s  to  surrender  scut  by  Howe,  accompanied 

by  a  threat  to  put  the  garrison  to  the  sword  in 
case  of  a  refusal.     Ifagaw  had  protested  against 

tin-  savage  menace,  and  refused  compliance, 
Washington  went  immediately  to  Fori  Lee. 
Greene  bad  crossed  over  to  the  island.  Starting 
•jctom  the  river  in  a  small  boat,  Washington 
met  Greene  and  Putnam  returning;  and  being 
informed  thai   the  garrison  were  in  line  .spirits, 


and  could  defend  themselves,  he  went  back  to 
Fort  Lee.  Early  on  the  morning  of  the  Kith 
(November)  Howe  opened  a  severe  cannonade 
from  the  heights  on  the  Westchester  shore.  Un- 
der its  cover  the  attack  was  made  in  four  col- 
umns. Knyphanseu,  with  his  Germans,  moved 
up  from  the  flats  along  the  rough  hills  nearest 
the  Hudson.  At  the  .same  time  Lord  Percy  led 
a  division  of  English  and  German  troops  to  at- 
tack the  lines  011  the  south.  General  Mathews, 
supported  by  Lord  Cornwallis,  crossed  the  Har- 
lem mar  King's  Bridge,  with  guards,  light  in- 
fantry, and  grenadiers:  while  Colonel  Sterling, 
with  Highlanders,  crossed  at  a  point  a  little 
above  the  present  High  Bridge.  The  outworks 
of  tin;  fort  were  defended  on  the  north  by  Colo- 
nel RawlingS, with  Maryland  rifleineu  and  mili- 
tia from  Mercer's  Flyiug  Camp,  under  Colonel 
Baxter.  The  lines  towards  New  York  were  de- 
fended by  Pennsylvaniaus,  ooiiimauded  by  Col- 
onel Lambert  Cadwalader.   Magaw  commanded 

in  the  fort.  RawliugS  and  Baxter  occupied  re- 
doubts on  heavily  wooded  hills.  By  a  simulta- 
neous attack  at  all  points,  the  battle  was  very 
severe  outside  of  the  fort.  The  British  and  Ger- 
man assailants  pressed  bard  upon  the  fort,  and 
both  Howe  and  Knv  phaiiscn  made  a  peremptory 
demand  for  its  surrender.  Resistance  to  pike, 
ball,  and  bayonet,  wielded  by  live  thousand  vet- 
erans, was  in  vain,  and  Mogaw  yielded.  At 
half-past  one  o'clock  1  Nov .  17.  177(1)  the  British 
flag  waved  in  triumph  over  fori  Washington. 
The  Americana  lost  in  killed  and  wounded  not 

more  than  one  hundred  men,  while  the  British 
lost  almost  one  thousand.  The  garrison  that 
surrendered,  with  militia,  numbered  about  two 
thousand  live  hundred,  of  whom  more  than  1  wo 
thousand  were  disciplined  regulars.  Washing- 
ton, standing  on  the  brow  of  the  palisades  at 
Fori  Lee.  with  Thomas  Paine,  author  of  Common 
Stn*c.  saw  the  sui  render.  The  name  of  the  for- 
tification was  changed  to  Port  Knyphausen. 
Its  garrison  soon  Idled  the  prisons  on  land  and 
water  at  New  York.  (See  Primus  iiikI  I'risoii- 
Hhipn.)  Recent  discoveries  show  that  the  fall 
of  Fori  Washington  was  accomplished  through 
the  agency  of  treason.  See  Edward  F.  Delan- 
cev  's  paper  011  Port  Washington,  read  before  the 
New   York  Historical  Society  in  1878. 

Fort  Wayne,  Ai  1  vi  k  i  PON  i  L812  ).  Ports 
Wayne  and  Harrison,  the  former  at  the  junction 
of  the  St. Joseph's  and  Si.  Mary's  rivers,  where 
they  form  the  Mauniee,  and  the  latter  on  the 
Wabash,  were  Strongholds  of  the  Americans  in 
the  northwest.  General  Proctor,  in  command  at 
Fort  Maiden,  resolved  to  reduce  them,  with  the 
assistance  of  Teciiuitha,  vv  horn  Brock  had  Com- 
missioned a  brigadier-geueral  Major Muir, with 
British  regulars  and  Indians,  were  to  proceed  up 
the  Mauniee  Valley  to  co-operate  with  other  In- 
dians, and  the  1st  of  September  was  appointed 
as  the  day  when  they  should  invest  l'orl  Wayne. 

The  garrison  consisted  ofonlj  seventy  men,  un- 
der Captain  James  Rhea.  The  Indians  prose- 
cuted raids  in  other  directions  to  divert  atten- 
tion from  Forts  Way  ne  and  Harrison,  and  prevent 
theirbeiug  reinforced.  A  scalping-party  fell  upon 
the  "Pigeon -roost  Settlement"  in  Scott  L'otui- 


FORT  WILLIAM  HENRY,  SIEGE  OF      524 


FORTIFICATIONS,  FIRST 


ty,  Ind.  (Sept,  3, 1812),  ami  during  the  twilight 
they  killed  three  men,  five  women,  and  sixteen 
children.  Similar  atrocities  were  committed  by 
these  savage  allies  <>t' the  British  preparatory  to 

the  investment  of  Fort  Wayne.  For  several 
days  the  Indians  had  been  seen  hovering  in  the 
woods  around  the  fort,  and  ou  the  night  of 
Sept.  5  they  attacked  the  sentinels.  The  treach- 
erous Miamis,  who,  since  the  massacre  at  Chi- 
cago (which  see),  had  resolved  to  join  the  Brit- 
ish, kept  np  a  zealous  pretence  of  friendship  for 
the  Americans,  hoping  by  this  to  get  possession 
of  the  fort  by  surprise.  They  joined  the  other 
Indians  in  an  attack  on  the  fort  on  the  night  of 
the  Cth,  supposed  to  have   been   six  hundred 


daily  expresses  were  sent  to  Webb  asking  aid, 
hut  Done  was  furnished.  One  day  General  John- 
son, with  a  corps  of  provincials  and  Putnam's 
Bangers,  had  marched  a  few  miles  in  that  di- 
rection, when  they  were  recalled,  and  Webb 
sent  a  letter  to  Munro  advising  him  to  surren- 
der. This  letter  was  intercepted,  and  Mont- 
calm sent  it  to  Munro,  with  a  peremptory  de- 
mand for  his  instant  surrender.  Perceiving 
further  resistance  to  he  useless,  for  his  ammu- 
nition was  exhausted,  he  yielded.  Montcalm 
agreeing  to  an  honorable  surrender,  and  a  sale 
escort  of  the  troops  to  Fort  Edward.  The  Iu- 
dians  were  disappointed,  for  they  expected 
blood  and  booty.     When  the  English  had  en- 


strong.  They  attempted  to  scale  the  palisades, 
hut  were  driven  hack.  Then,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  a  half-breed,  they  formed  two  logs  into 
the  Shape  of  cannons,  and  demanded  the  iustant 

surrender  of  the  fort,  which  would  he  battered 
down  in  case  of  a  refusal.  The  troops  were  not 
frightened.  They  knew  friends  were  on  their 
way  to  relieve  them.  The  besiegers  kept  up 
assaults  until  the  12th,  when  they  tied  precipi- 
tately on  the  approach  of  a  delivering  force  thai 
night  which  saved  the  fort.     The  Indians  had 

destroyed  the  live-stock,  crops,  and  dwellings 
outside  of  the  fort.  The  city  of  Fort  Wayne 
Btands  near  the  spot. 

Fort  William  Henry,  Sii  <n.  and  Cai'iiim: 
or  (17.">7).  Montcalm  left  Tioonderogs  towards 
the  close  of  July,  1757,  with  nearly  nine  thou- 
sand men,  of  whom  about  two  thousand  were 
Indians,  and  moved  against  Fort  William  Hen- 
ry, built  by  sir  William  Johnson,  at  the  head 
of  Lake  George.  It  was  garrisoned  by  about 
three  thousand  troops,  under  Colonel  Munro,  a 
brave  English  officer, who  felt  stroug  in  his  po- 
sition because  of  the  close  proximity  of  four 
thousand  English  troops,  under  General  Webb, 
at  Fori  Edward,  only  fifteen  miles  distant. 
Webb  was  Munro's  commanding  general.  When 
Montcalm  demanded  (Ang.  1,1767)  tin1  surren- 
der of  the  post  and  garrison,  the  col I  refused, 

and  wnt  an  express  to  General  Webb  fur  aid. 
For  six  days  Montcalm  continued  the  - 


tered  the  woods  a  mile  from  Fort  William  Hen- 
ry, the  savages  fell  upon  them,  ami  slew  a  large 
number  of  men.  women,  and  children,  before 
Montcalm  could  stay  the  slaughter.  The  In- 
dians pursued  the  terrified  garrison  I  plundering 
them  in  their  lli.u'ht)  to  within  about  cannon- 
shot  of  Fort  Edward.  Then  Fort  William  Hen- 
ry and  all  its  appendages  were  destroyed,  and 
it  was  never  rebuilt.  Now  |  1880  |  the  Fort 
William  Henry  Hotel  stands  upon  its  site.  The 
fall  of  that  fort  caused  greater  alarm  in  the 
colonies  than  the  loss  of  OswegO  the  year  be- 
fore.     Montcalm  retired  to  Canada. 

Fortifications,  FlR8T,OBI>KBBDBT0ONORBS8. 
When  the  question  of  taking  measures  for  the 

defence  of  the  colonies  was  proposed  in  Con- 
gress, a  discussion  arose  that  was  long  and  ear- 
nest, tor  many  members  yet  hoped  for  reconcilia- 
tion. On  the  very  da\  that  a  British  reinforce- 
ment at  Boston,  with  Howe.  Clinton,  and  liui- 
goyne,  entered  that  harbor.  Duane,  of  New  \  01  k. 
moved,  in  the  Committee  of  the  Whole,  the  open- 
ing a  negotiation,  in  older  to  accommodate  the 
nu  happy  disputes  existing  between  Great  Brit" 

am  and  the  colonies,  and  that  this  be  made  a 
part  of  lhi>  petition  to  tin'  king.  Hut  more  de- 
termined spirits  prevailed,  and  a  compromise 
was  reached  late  in  May  (96th),  when  directions 

were  given  to  the  Provincial  Congress  at  Sew 

York  to  preserve  the  ooi inioations  between 

that  Oitj  and  the  iounli\  b\   fortifying  posts  at 


FORTIFICATIONS  FOR  HARBORS        525    FORTS  CLINTON  AND  MONTGOMERY 


the  npper  end  of  New  York  Island,  near  King's 
Bridge,  and  on  each  side  of  the  Hudson  River, 
on  tin-  Highlands.  They  were  also  directed  to 
establish  a  fori  at  Lake  George  and  sustain  tin; 
position  at  Ticonderoga,  on  Lake  Champlain, 
which  the  "Green  Mouutain  Boys"  (which  see) 
and  others  had  seized  a  fortnight  before.     (See 

Tirtntilrnxja.) 

Fortifications  for  Harbors,  FlBST  AlTTHOB- 
izi;i>.  A  bill  for  this  purpose  was  reported 
(March  4,  1794)  by  a  committee  of  one  from  each 
state,  while  the  l>ill  lor  the  construction  of  a 
navy  was  under  consideration.  The  act  author- 
ised t  in-  President  to  commence  fort  ideations  at 
Portland,  Portsmouth,  Gloucester,  Salem,  Bos- 
ton, Newport,  New  London,  New  York,  Philadel- 
phia, Wilmington,  Baltimore,  Alexandria,  Nor- 
folk, Ocracoke  Inlet,  Cape  Fear  River,  George- 


completed  at  a  cost  of  $2,500,000.  It  was 
named  in  honor  of  President  Monroe.  Its 
walls,  faced  with  heavy  blocks  of  granite,  were 
thirty-live  feet  in  thickness  and  easemated  be- 
low, and  were  entirely  surrounded  by  a  deep 
moat  tilled  with  water.  It  stands  upon  a  pe- 
ninsula known  as  Old  Point  Comfort,  which  is 
connected  with  the  main  by  a  narrow  isthmus 
of  sand  and  by  a  bridge  in  the  direction  of  the 
village  of  Hampton.  There  were  sixty-live  acres 
of  land  within  its  walls,  and  it  was  armed  with 
almost  four  hundred  great  guns  when  the  war 
broke  out.  It  had  at  that  time  a  garrison  of 
only  three  hundred  men,  under  Colonel  Justin 
Dimick,  of  the  regular  army.  Its  possession 
was  coveted  by  the  insurgents,  but  Dimick  had 

tinned  some  of  its  cannons  landward.  These 
taught  the  Confederates,  civil  and  military,  pru- 


i     IN    1SC1. 


town.  Charleston, Savannah, and  st. Marx's.  An- 
napolis   was    added    li\     ;i    sll  hsci  |  Hell  t    act.       For 

this  pnrpoae  onlj  $136,000  were  appropriated. 
The  President  was  authorized  to  purchase  200 

cannons  for  the  armament  of  the  new  fortifica- 
tions, and  to  provide  loll  extra  gun-carriages, 
with  250  tons  of  cannon-balls,  for  which  purpose 
|B6,000were  appropriated.  Another  act  appro- 
priated ftil, I  for  the  establishment  of  arse- 
nals and  armories  in  addition  to  those  at  Spring- 
field and  Carlisle,  and  1340,000  for  the  purchase 
of  anus  and  stoics.  The  exportation  of  arms 
was  prohibited  for  one  year,  and  all  arms  Im- 
ported dnrillg   the  next    two  \eais  were   to  come 

in  fir,-  ofdnty. 

Fortress  Monroe,  in  1861,  was  the  most 
extensive  military  work  in  the  United  States. 
Its   construction    was    begun    in    1-1'J,  and   was 


deuce,  wisdom,  and  discretion.  General  B.  F. 
Butler,  having   been    appointed    commander  of 

the  Department  ofVirgiuia  (see  Baltimore  in  Pot- 
scxsioii  of  National  Troops),  with  bis  headquarters 

at    Portress   Monroe,  arrived    there   on    May  22, 

1861,  and  took  the  chief  command,  with  troops 
sufficient  to  insure  its  safety  against  an\  attacks 
of  the  insurgents.  Butler's  fust  care  was  to  as- 
certain the  practicability  of  a  march  upon  anil 
Seizure  of  Richmond,  then  the  seat  of  the  Confed- 
erate government.  Its  capture  was  desired  by 
the   National   government,  but   no  troops  could 

then  be  spared  from  Washington.  Fortress  Mon- 
roe was  (irmly  held  by  the  Nationals  during  the 
war.  It  was  an  important  post,  for  it  was  the 
key  to  the  principal  waters  of  Virginia. 

Forts  Clinton  and  Montgomery,  CaPTOBH 
OF   (1777).     While   Burgoyne   was  contending 


FORTS  CLINTON  AND  MONTGOMERY     526    FORTS  MORGAN  AND  GAINES  SEIZED 


with  Gates  on  the  upper  Hudson,  Sir  Henry  Clin- 
ton was  attempting  to  make  his  way  Dp  the 
river,  to  join  him  or  to  make  a  diversion  in  his 
favor.  Among  the  Hudson  Highlands  were 
three  forts  of  considerable  strength,  but  with 
feeble  garrisons — Fort  Constitution,  opposite 
West  Point,  and  Forts  Clinton  and  Montgom- 
ery, ou  tbe  west  side  of  the  river  at  the  lower 
entrance  to  the  Highlands,  standing  on  opposite 
Bides  of  a  creek,  with  high,  rocky  shores.  From 
Fort  Montgomery,  on  the  northern  side  of  the 
stream,  to  Anthony's  Nose,  opposite, the  Ameri- 
cans had  stretched  a  boom  and  chain  across  the 
river  to  prevent  the  passage  of  hostile  vessels 
up  that  stream.  Forts  Clinton  and  Montgom- 
ery were  under  the  immediate  command  of  Gov- 
ernor George  Clinton  and  his  brother,  (uncial 
James  Clinton.  Tories  had  informed  Sir  Hen- 
ry Clinton  of  the  weakness  of  the  garrisons,  and 
as  soon  as  expected  reinforcements  from  Europe 
had  arrived,  he  prepared  transports  to  ascend 
the  river.  He  sailed  (Oct.  4,  1777)  with  more 
than  three  thousand  troops,  in  many  armed  and 
unarmed  vessels,  commanded  by  Commodore 
Hotham,  and  landed  them  at  Verplanck's  Point, 
a  few  miles  below  Peekskill,  then  the  headquar- 
ters of  General  Putnam,  the  supreme  commander 
of  the  Highland  posts.  He  deceived  Putnam  by 
a  feigned  attack  on  Peekskill,  but  the  more  saga- 
cious Governor  Clinton  believed  he  designed  to 
attack  the  Highland  forts.  Under  cover  of  a 
dense  fog,  ou  the  morning  of  the  6th,  Sir  Henry 
re-embarked  two  thousand  troops,  crossed  the 
river,  and  landed  them  on  Stony  Point,  making 
a  circuitous  march  around  the  Dnnderberg  to 
tall  upon  the  Highland  forts.  At  the  same  time, 
bis  armed  vessels  were  ordered  to  anchor  within 
point-blank-shot  distance  of  these  forts,  to  beat 
off  any  American  vessels  that  might  appear 
above  the  boom  and  chain.  Sir  Henry  divided 
his  forces.  One  party,  led  by  General  Vanghan, 
and  accompanied  by  the  baronet  (about  two 
hundred  strong),  went  through  a  defile  west  of 
the  Dnnderberg,  to  Strike  Fort  Clinton,  while  an- 
other party  (nine  hundred  strong), led  by  Colonel 
Campbell,  made  a  longer  march,  back  of  Hear 
Mountain,tofallon  Fort  Montgomery  at  the  same 
time.  Vanghan  had  a  severe  skirmish  with  troops 
sent  out  from  Fort  Clinton,  on  the  borders  of 
Lake  Sinnipink,  near  it  ;  at  the  same  time  the 
governor  sent  a  messenger  to  Putnam  for  aid. 
The  messenger,  instead,  deserted  to  the  British. 

Campbell  and  his  men  appeared  before  Port 

Montgomery  at  five  o'clock  P.M.  and  demanded 
t In-  surrender  of  both  forts.  It  wa-  refused, 
when  a  simultaneous  attack  by  both  division! 
and  by  the  vessels  in  the  river  was  made.  The 
garrison  (chiefly  militia)  made  a  gallant  defence 
until  dark,  when  they  were  overpowered  and 
sought  safely  in  a  scattered  retreat  to  the  adja- 
cent mountains.  The  governor  tied  across  the 
river, and  at  midnight  was  in  the  camp  of  Put- 
nam, planning  future  operations.  His  brother, 
badly  wounded,  made   bis    ua\    o\  d    the    inoiin- 

tains  to  his  home  at  New  Windsor.   Borne  amori- 

■  -in  \  easels  i.\  ing  above  the  boom,  enable  to  es- 
cape, were  burned  i>.\  their  crews.    Bj  the  light 

u|  thkl I  iinllagralion  the  fugitive  gai  ris.uis  found 


their  way  through  the  mountains  to  settlements 
beyond. 

Forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip,  SURRENDEB 
OF.  Although  Parragut  had  passed  these  forts, 
and  the  Confederate  flotilla  had  been  destroyed, 
the  fortifications  were  still  firmly  held  by  the 
insurgents.  The  mortar-tleet  under  Porter  was 
yet  below  them.  General  Bntler,  who  had  ac- 
companied the  gunboats  on  their  perilous  pas- 
sage (see  Naval  Buttle  on  the  Mississippi)  on  the 
Saxon,  had  returned  to  his  transports,  and  in 
small  boats  his  troops,  under  the  general  pilot- 
age  of  General  Godfrey  Weitzel.  passed  through 
bayous  to  the  rear  of  Fort  St.  Philip.  When  he 
was  prepared  to  assail  it,  the  garrison  was  sur- 
rendered without  resistance  (April  28),  for  they 
had  heard  of  the  destruction  of  the  Confederate 
flotilla.  The  commander  of  Fort  Jackson,  tear- 
ing that  all  was  lost, accepted  generous  terms  of 
surrender  from  Commodore  Porter.  The  prison- 
era  taken  in  the  forts  and  at  the  quarantine  num- 
bered about  1000.  The  entire  loss  of  the  Nationals 
from  the  beginning  of  the  contest  until  New  Or- 
leans was  taken  was  40  killed  and  177  wounded. 

Forts  Jefferson  and  Taylor.  At  the  Gar- 
den Key,  one  of  the  Tortugas  Islands,  oil'  tin- 
extremity  of  the  Florida  Peninsula,  was  Fort 
Jefferson;  and  at  Key  West  was  Fort  Taylor. 
Neither  of  these  forts  was  quite  tinislied  at  the 
beginning  of  1861.  The  Secessionists  early  con- 
templated their  seizure,  but  the  laborers  em- 
ployed on  them  by  the  United  states  govern- 
ment were  chiefly  slaves,  and  their  masters 
wished  to  reap  the  fruit  of  their  labor  as  long  as 
possible.  It  was  believed  these  forts  might  be 
seized  at  any  time  by  the  Floridians.  Captain 
Prannan.  with  a  company  of  artillery,  occupied 
barracks  about  half  a  mile  from  Fort  Taylor. 
Some  of  the  military  and  civil  officers  there  were 
Secessionists,  and  they  determined  to  oppose 
Captain  lirannan  if  he  should  attempt  to  take 
possession  of  that  fort.  Finally  Captain  Bran- 
nan  succeeded  by  a  stratagem  in  gaining  posses- 
sion. The  steamer  Wyandot  lay  near  the  fort,  and 
her  guns  commanded  the  bridge  that  connected 
it  with  the  island.  One  Sundas  morning,  w  bile 
the  inhabitants  were  at  church,  Captain  liran- 
nan marched  bis  men  by  a  back  road,  crossed  the 

bridge,  and  entered  the  fort.  Supplies  had  al- 
ready been  forwarded  by  water.  Both  forts  were 
Strengthened  and  were  lost  to  the  Confederates. 

Forts  Morgan  and  Gaines  Seized.     On  the 

night  of  Jan.  :!.  1861,  Colonel  J.  P.  Todd,  under 
orders  of  Oovernor  Moore,  embarked  on  a  fit  nam 
boat,  with  lour  companies  of  insurgent  volun- 
teers, for  Fort  Morgan,  at  the  entrance  to  Mo- 
bile harbor,  about  thirty  miles  below  the  city. 
They   reached   the   fori    at    ahoul    three   o'clock 

in  the  morning.     The  garrison  seems  to  have 

been  disloyal,  lor  they  made  no  resistance,  and 
cheered  the  Hag  of  Alabama  when  it  wa-  put 
in  the  place  of  the  banner  of  the  United  States. 
At  live  I'Vlock  the  fort  was  in  the  hands  of  the 

insurgents.     One  of  the  captors  wrote:   "We 

(band  here  abenf  fIVfl  thousand  shot  and  shell; 
and  we  arc  reads  to  receive  any  distinguished- 
stiangi  is  the  government  ma\  see  tit  to  send  on 


FOSTER 


587 


FOURTEENTH  AMENDMENT 


a  visit  to  us."  Fovt  Gaines,  on  Dauphin  Island. 
opposite  Fort  Morgan,  shared  the  fate  of  the  lat- 
ter. That  morning  (Jan.  4.  1861)  the  United 
states  revenue  cutter  Lewia  Com  was  surren- 
dered to  the  collector  of  the  port  of  Mobile. 

Foster,  JOHN  G.,  was  liorn  in  New  Hampshire 
in  1823;  died  at  Nashua, N.  H., Sept. 2,  1874    He 

graduated  at  West  Point  in  1~4»>.  entering  the 
engineer  corps.  He  served  in  tlie  war  with 
Mexico  and  was  breveted  captain  for  meritorious 
services.  For  two  year-  |  1856  57)  he  was  profess- 
or of  engineering  at  West  Point  ;  made  captain  in 
the  United  States  Army  in  July,  1860;  major  in 
March.  1863,  and  lieutenant  -colonel  in  1867. 
Captain  Foster  was  one  of  the  garrison  of  Fort 
Sumter  during  the  siege,  and  was  made  hriga- 
dicr-gencral  of  volunteers  in  October,  1-i'd.  lie 
took  a  leading  part  in  the  capture  of  Roanoke 
Island,  early  in  1862,  and  of  New  Berne,  N.  C,  of 
which  he  was  made  governor  in  .Inly.  He  was 
promoted  to  major-general  of  volunteers,  and  be- 
came commander  of  the  Department  of  North 
Carolina,  and  defended  thai  region  with  skill. 
In  duly.  \<iV.i.  lie  was  made  commander  of  the 
Department  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina, 
with  his  headquarters  at  Fortress  Monroe.  He 
was  afterwards  in  command  of  the  Department 
of  Ohio,  of  which  he  was  relieved  on  account  of 
wounds  in  January,  1864.  He  afterwards  com- 
manded the  departments  of  South  Carolina  and 
Fhuiila.  He  was  breveted  major-genera]  of  the 
United  Stales  Army  for  sen  ices  during  the  Civil 
War. 

Fouchet,  .It  an  Ammivi:  JOSKPH,  P.aron.  was 
horn  at  St.Quentin,  Fiance,  in  l?t>;>.  He  was  a 
law  student  at  Paris  w  hen  the  Re  vol  ut  ion  broke 
out,  and  published  a  pamphlet  in  defence  of  its 
principle's.  Soon  afterwards  he  was  appoint- 
ed  a   member   of  the  executive   council   of  the 

revolutionary  government, and  was  French  am- 
bassador to  the  United  states  in  1794  96.  Here 
his  behavior  was  leas  offensive  than  that  of 
•■citizen"  Genet,  but  it  was  not  satisfactory, 
ami  he  was  succeeded  by  Adet,  a  more  prudent 

man.       After    he    left     the     Cnited    Stales,    the 

French  Directory  appointed  bin  a  commission- 
er to  st.  Domingo,  which  he  declined.  Coder 
Bonaparte  he  was  prefect  ofVar,and  in  1806  be 

was  the  same  of  Ain.  Afterwards  be  was  cre- 
ated a  baron  and  made  commander  of  the  Le- 
gion of  Honor.  He  remained  in  Italy  tint  il  the 
French  evacuated  il  in  1-1  I.  On  Napoleon's  re- 
turn from  Elba  Fouchet  was  made  prefect  of  the 
Qironde.  The  date  of  his  death  is  not  known. 
Four  New  Provinces  in  North  America. 
After  the  Treaty  ef  Paris,  the  King  of  England, 

With  the  advice  and  ( sent  of  the  Privy  Coun- 
cil   (which    s .granted    letters    patent,  under 

the  gleat  seal,  to  erect  four  distinct  and  sepa- 
rate governments, styled  Quebec,  East  Florida. 
Wesl   l  lorida,  and  Grenada.     The  government 

•f  Quebec  was  bounded  on  the  Labrador  coast 
by  the  Rivet  St.. John;  thence  by  a  line  drawn 
from  the  head  of  that  river  to  the  south  end 
of  Lake  tfopissing,  where  the  line,  crossing 
the  Biver  St. Lawrence  and  Lake  Champlain, 
in   45     north   latitude,  passes  along  the   high- 


lands which  divide  the  streams  that  empty,  re- 
spectively, into  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  sea; 
along  the  coast  of  the  Bay  de  Chaleurs  and  the 
coast  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  Cape 
Rosiers.  and  thence  crossing  the  mouth  of  the 
St.  Lawrence,  at  the  west  end  of  Auticosti  Isl- 
and, to  the  place  of  beginning  at  the  River  St. 
John.  Fast  Florida  was  bounded  on  the  west 
by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Appalachicola 
River:  on  the  north  by  a  line  drawn  from  thai 
part  of  the  Appalachicola  where  the  Chattahoo- 
chee and  Flint  rivers  meet,  to  the  south  of  the 
St.  Mary's  River,  and  by  the  course  of  that 
stream  to  tin'  Atlantic  Ocean:  and  eastward 
and  southward  by  the  Gulf  of  Florida,  including 
all  islands  within  six  leagues  of  the  - 
West  Florida  was  bounded  on  the  south  by  the 
Golf  of  Mexico,  including  all  islands  w  itbin  six 
leagues  of  the  coast,  from  the  Appalachicola  to 
Lake  Pnnti  hartrain  :  westward,  by  that  lake, 
the  Lake  Maurepas.  and  the  Mississippi  River: 
northward,  by  a  line  drawn  due  east  of  that 
part  of  the  Mississippi  which  lies  in  3]  north 
latitude,  to  the  Appalachicola,  and  to  the  east- 
ward by  that  river.  The  government  of  Cre- 
naila  was  declared  to  '•comprehend  the  island 
of  that  name,  together  with  the  Grenadines,  and 
the  islands  of  Dominica,  St. Vincent,  and  Toba- 
go." At  the  same  tune  the  whole  coast  from 
the  River  St. John  to  Hudson's  Strait,  together 
with  the  islands  of  Auticosti  and  Madclaine,  and 
all  Other  Smaller  islands  upon  that  coast,  were 
put  under  the  care  of  the  governor  of  New- 
foundland. The  islands  of  St.  John  and  Capo 
Breton,  with  lesser  islands  adjacent,  were  an- 
nexed to  Nova  Scotia;  and  all  the  lands  be- 
tween the   rivers  Altamaha  and   St.  Mary  were 

annexed  to  Georgia.     Power  was  given  to  all 

these  new  colonies  to  call  assemblies,  anil  exer- 
cise political  functions,  similar  to  those  of  Other 
English- American  colonies. 

Fourteenth  Amendment  of  the  Constitu- 
tion. On  dune  IS,  1866,  the  following  Amend- 
ment to  the  National  Constitution  was  adopted 
by  Congress,  by  joint  resolution:  "ARTICLE 
•  a  1.  All  persons  bom  or  naturalized 
in  the  United  States,  and  subject  to  the  juris- 
diction thereof,  are  citizens  of  the  Cnited  States 
and  of  the  state  wherein  they  reside.  No  state 
shall  make  or  enforce  any  law  which  shall 
abridge  the  privileges  or  immunities  of  citi- 
zens of  the  United  States,  nor  shall  any  state 
deprive  any  person  id'  life,  liberty,  or  property, 
without  dui'  process  of  law:  nor  deny  to  any 
person  within  its  jurisdiction  the  equal  protec- 
tion of  the  laws.  Stttion  •.>.  Representatives 
shall  be  apportioned  among  the  several  states 
according  to  their  respective  numbers,  counting 
the  Whole  number  of  persons  in  each  state,  ex- 
cluding Indians  not  taxed;  but  when  the  right 
to  vote  at  any  election  for  the  choice  of  Elect- 
ors for  President  anil  Vice-President  of  the 
Cnited  States.  Repiesentat i ves  in  Cong 
executive  and  judicial  otlicers  of  a  state,  or  the 
members  of  the  Legislature  thereof,  is  denied  to 
any  of  the  male  inhabitants  of  such  state  (being 
twenty -one  years  of  age  and  citizens  of  the 
Cnited  States'),  or  in  any  way  abridged  except 


FOURTH  OF  JULY,  ANNIVERSARY  OF    528 


FOX 


Cor  participation  in  rebellion  or  otlier  crime,  the 
basis  of  representation  therein  shall  lie  reduced 
in  the  proportion  which  the  number  of  such 
male  eitizens  sliall  bear  to  the  whole  number 
of  male  eitizens  twenty-one  years  of  age  in  sneli 
state.  Section  3.  No  person  sliall  be  a  Senator  or 
Representative  in  Congress,  or  Elector,  or  Pres- 
ident, or  Vice-President,  or  hold  any  office,  civil 
or  military,  under  the  United  Slates,  or  under  any 
state,  who,  having  previously  taken  an  oath  as 
a  member  of  Congress,  or  as  an  officer  of  the 
United  States,  or  as  a  member  of  any  State  Legis- 
lature, or  asan  executive  or  judicial  officer  of  any 
state,  to  support  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  shall  have  engaged  in  insurrection  or 
rebellion  against  the  same,  or  given  aid  and 
comfort  to  the  enemies  thereof;  but  Congress 
may,  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  each  House,  re- 
move such  disability.  Section  4.  The  validity  of 
the  public  debt  of  the  United  States,  authorized 
by  law,  including  debts  incurred  for  payment 
of  pensions  and  bounties,  for  services  in  sup- 
pressing insurrection  or  rebellion,  shall  not  be 
questioned;  but  neither  the  United  States  nor 
any  state  shall  assume  or  pay  any  debt  or  obli- 
gation incurred  in  aid  of  insurrection  or  rebel- 
lion against  the  United  States,  or  any  claim  for 
the  loss  or  emancipation  of  any  slave.  But  all 
such  debts, obligations,  and  claims  shall  be  held 
illegal  aud  void.  Section  5.  Congress  shall  have 
power  to  enforce,  by  appropriate  legislation,  the 
provisions  of  this  article."  On  July  20, 1868,  the 
Secretary  of  State  proclaimed  that  the  requisite 
number  of  states  had  ratified  this  Amendment. 

Fourth  of  July,  First  Anniversary  of  In- 
dependence on  THE.  The  first  anniversary  of 
the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  celebrated 
in  Philadelphia,  by  the  members  of  Congress  and 

patriotic  citizens,  in  1777.  The  bells  of  the  city 
rang  out  joyfully  nearly  all  day  and  all  the  even- 
ing. On  the  Delaware  vessels  displayed  the 
just-adopted  flag  of  the  inchoate  nation  ;  and  at 
three  o'clock  there  was  a  dinner  at  the  city  tav- 
ern, at  which  were  the  mem  bets  of  Congress 
and  officers  of  the  civil  government  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. Patriotic  toasts  were  uttered,  and  the 
band  of  the  Hessians  captured  al  Trenton  gave 
stirring  music  for  the  occasion.  There  were 
military  parades  during  the  day,  and  at  night 
the  city  was  made  glorious  by  fireworks  and  a 
general  illumination.  The  day  was  celebrated 
in  Boston,  Annapolis,  Charleston,  and  smaller 
towns.     Three  months  afterwards  Philadelphia 

was  in  possession  of  the  British  troops. 
Fowle,  Daniel,  was  horn   at  Charlestown, 

Mass..  in  171f>;  died  at  Portsmouth.  N.  11.,  in 
June,  17-7.  He  learned  the  art  of  printing,  and 
began  business  in    BoStOU   in    1740,  where,  from 

171-  m  1750,  he  was  joint  partner  with  Gamaliel 
Rogers  iu  publishing  the  Indtpentkni  Adcertieer. 
They  had  published  the  Ammiem  Mugorime  from 

17  1:;  to  1746,  and  wen  the  first  in  America  to 
print  the  New  Testament.  (Bee  i'iixt  I'.ihh  prinlul 
in  America.)  Mr.  Fowle  settled  In  Portamontb, 
N.  II.;  and  there,  in  October.  1766,  began  the 

publication  of  the  .Vcir  lltim}>!>hire  (iuzitte. 
Fox,   QEOBQE,    founder    of    the    > 


Friends,  or  Quakers,  was  born  at  Drayton,  Leices- 
tei  shire,  England,  in  July,  1684  :  died  in  London, 
Jan.  13,  1691.  His  father,  a  Presbyterian,  was 
too  poor  to  give  his  son  au  education  beyond 
reading  aud  writing.    The  son,  who  was  grave 


UKOKUK   FOX. 


and  contemplative  iu  temperament,  was  appren- 
ticed to  a  shoemaker,  and  made  the  Scriptures 
his  constant  study.  The  doctrines  he  afterwards 
taught  were  gradually  fashioned  in  his  mind  (see 
Quaker*),  and  believing  himself  to  be  called  to 
disseminate  them,  he  abandoned  his  trade  at  the 
age  of  nineteen,  and  began  his  spiritual  work, 
leading  a  wandering  life  for  some  years,  living 
in  the  woods,  and  practising  rigid  self-denial. 
He  first  appeared  as  a  preacher  at  Manchester, 
ill  1648,  and  he  was  imprisoned  as  a  disturber 
of  the  peace.  Then  he  travelled  over  England, 
meeting  the  same  fate  every  where,  but  gaining 
many  followers.  He  warmly  advocated  all  the 
Christian  virtues,  simplicity  in  worship,  and  iu 
manner  of  living.  Bronghl  before  a  justice  at 
Derby,  in  1650,  he  told  the  magistrate  to  "quake 

before  the  I. old."  and  thereafter  he  and  his  sect 

were  called  Quakers.  Taken  before  Cromwell, 
in  London,  that  ruler  not  only  released  him,  but 
declared  his  doctrines  w<ri'  salutary,  and  he  af- 
terwards protected  him  from  persecution;  but 
after  the  Restoration  he  and  his  followers  were 
dreadfully  persecuted  by  the  Stuarts.  He  mar- 
ried the  widow  of  a  Welsh  judge  in  1669,  and 
in    I67S   he   came   to  America,  and  preached    in 

Maryland,  Long  Island,  and  New  Jersey,  visit- 
ing Friends  wherever  they  were  seated.  Fox 
afterwards  visited  Holland  ami  parts  of  Germa- 
ny. His  writings  upon  the  subject  of  his  pecul- 
iar doctrine  that  the  "  light  of  Christ  within  is 
given  bj   God  as  a  gift  of  salvation"      occupied, 

when  Bret  published,  three  folio  volumes. 

Fox,tJr«>ia;i  .  in  \i  w  ENGLAND.  The  found- 
er of  the  sect  called  Friends,  or  Quakers,  \  isited 
New  England  in  1672,  bnt  being  more  discreel 

than  others  of  his  sect,  he  went  only  to  Khode 
[eland,  avoiding  Connect  [cut  and  Massachusetts. 
Roger  W  illiams,  who  denied  the   pretensions  to 


FRANCE  5: 

spiritual  enlightenment,  cballenged  Fox  to  a  dis- 
putation. Before  the  challenge  was  received, 
Fox  had  departed,  bnt  finer  of  his  disciples  at 
Newport  accepted  it.  Williams  went  tliere  in 
an  open  boat,  thirty  miles  from  Providence,  and, 
though  over  seventy  years  of  age,  rowed  the 
vessel  himself.  There  was  a  three  days'  dispu- 
tation, which  at  times  was  a  tumultuous  quar- 
rel. Williams  published  an  account  of  it,  with 
the  title  of  George  Fox  digged  out  of  Ms  Bwrrouet : 
to  which  Fox  replied  in  a  pamphlet  entitled,.! 
Sea  England  Firebrand  Quenched.  Neither  was 
sparing  in  sharp  epithets. 

France,  GOOD  NEWS  FROM.  In  the  winter  of 
1780  Lafayette  was  in  Prance,  urging  the  gov- 
ernment  to  send  ample   and  speedy  aid  to  the 

struggling  Americans,     lie  bad  been  received 

in  1'aris,  on  his  return  from  the  United  States, 
with  intense  enthusiasm,  tor  his  fame  as  a  sol- 
dier was  universally  known.  His  persona]  mag- 
netism was  wonderful,  and  his  inflnence  at  court 
marvellous.  By  persevering  efforts,  he  obtain- 
ed a  promise  of  not  Onlj  a  supply  of  arms  and 
clothing,  hut  also  that  a  Trench  land  and  naval 
force   should  lie   sent    speedily   to  the   assistance 

of  the  Americans.    <>ld  Count   afanrepas,  who 

was  at  the  head  of  the  French  ministry,  said, 
"It  is  fortunate  for  the  king  that  l.afavette  did 
not  take  it  into  his  head  to  strip  Versailles  of  its 

furniture  to  send  to  his  dear  America,  as  his 
majesty  would  have  been  unable  to  refuse  it." 
The  g 1  tidings  of  French  aid  was  brought  to 

Amel  ica  on  his  return  (April,  1780).  Supplies  for 
the  army  were  then  urgently  needed,  for  there 
was  almost  a  famine  in  the  American  camp. 

France,  Relations  WITH.  The  French  gov- 
ernment Was  pleased  when  the  breach  between 
Great  Britain  and  her  colonies  began,  anil  songht 
to  widen  it.  England  had  snipped  France  of 
her  possessions  in  America,  ami  France  sought  to 
dismember  the  British  empire,  ami  cans,,  it  a 
greater  loss,  by  the  achievement  of  the  Inde- 
pendence of  the  e(donies.  Arthur  Lee,  of  Vir- 
ginia, being  in  London  soon  after  the  breakin^- 
out  of  hostilities,  made  such  representations  to 

the  French  ambassador  there  that  the  Count  de 
Vergennes,  the  French  Minister  for  Foreign  Af- 
fairs,sent  Caioii  de  Iicaiimai'chais.  a  well-known 
political    intriguer   and    courtier   (see    I'niiiunai- 

thait),  to  concert  measures  with  I.ee  for  sending 

to  the  Americans  anus  and  military  stores  to  the 
ai nit    of  -vim  i. An  open  breach  with  the 

English  was  not  then  desirable, and  the  French 

minister,  to  cover  up  tin-  transaction,  gave  it 

a   mercantile   feature,  by    having    Beauinachais 

transmit   the  supplies  under  the  fictitious  lirm- 

name  ofRodriqne  Hortales  &  Co,     Before  the 

matter  was  completed, Silas  Diane,  sent  by  the 
Committee   of  Secret   Correspondence  (which 

i    id    in    1'aris   (May,  1776),  in    the   dis- 
guise of  a  private  merchant.       He  was  received 

kindly  by  Vergennes,  and  introduced  to  Beau* 
inarehais.     it  was  agreed  that  Hortalee  A  <". 

should  send  the  supplies  by  way  of  the  West  In- 
dies,and  that  Congress  should  pay  for  them  in  to- 
bacco and  other  American  products.  When  the 
arrangement  was  completed,  Beaumarobais  de- 
I.— 34 


9  FRANCIS 

spatched  vessels  from  time  to  time,  with  valua- 
ble cargoes,  including  two  hundred  cannons  and 
mortars,  and  a  supply  of  small-arms  from  the 
Trench  arsenals;  also  four  thousand  tents,  and 
clothing  for  thirty  thousand  men.  Deaue  was  sus- 
pected of  some  secret  connection  with  the  French 
government,  and  was  closely  watched  by  British 
agents;  and  the  French  court  would  trust  none 
of  its  secrets  to  the  Congress,  for  its  most  pri- 
vate deliberations  (the  sessions  were  always  pri- 
vate) leaked  out,  and  became  known  to  the  Brit- 
ish ministry.  The  business  was  done  by  the  Se- 
cret Committee,  Soon  after  the  declaration  of 
independence,  a  plan  of  treaties  with  foreign 
nations  had  been  reported  by  a  committee  and 

accepted  by  Congress,  and  Franklin,  Deane,  and 

Jefferson  were  appointed  (Sept.  "i"4.  1776)  com- 
missioners to  the  court  of  France,  Jefferson  de- 
clined the  appointment,  and  Arthur  Leo  was 
substituted.  They  were  directed  to  live  in  a 
style  ••  to  support  the  dignity  of  their  public 
character"  (see  Diplomacy  of  the  Revolution),  and 
provision  was  made  for  their  maintenance. 
Franklin  arrived  at  Paris,  and  was  joined  by 
Deane  and  Lee  in  December.  The  commission- 
ers were  courteously  received  by  Vergennes,  pri- 
vately, but  without  any  recognition  of  their  dip- 
lomat ic  character.  Trance  was  secret  1\  st  rengf  h- 
ening  her  navy,  and  preparing  for  the  inevitable 
war  which  her  aid  to  the  revolted  colonies  would 

produce.    The  commissioners  received  from  the 

Trench   government    a    quarterly   allowance   of 

spin. iiini,  to  be  re). aid  by  the  Congress,  with 
which  they  purchased  arms  and  supplies  fox 
troops,  and  fitted  out  armed  vessels  a  business 
chiefly  performed  by  Deane,  who  had  been  a 
merchant,  and  managed  the  transactions  with 
Beaumarchais.      Out  of  these  transactions  grew 

much  embarrassment,  ohiefly  on  account  of  the 
misrepresentations  of  Arthur   Lee,  which   led 

Congress  to  believe  that  the  supplies  forwarded 
by  Beaumarchais  were  gratuities  of  the  French 

monarch.  This  belief  prevailed  until  the  close 
of  1778,  when  Franklin,  on  inquiry  of  Vergennes 

about  the  matter,  was  informed  that  the  king 
had  furnished  nothing;  he  simply  permitted 
Beaumarchais  to  be  provided  with  articles  from 
the  arsenals  upon  condition  of  replacing  them. 
The  matter  becoming  a  public  question,  the 
startled  Congress,  unwilling  to  compromise  the 
Trench  court, declared  (January,  1779)  that  they 

"had  never  received  any  species  of  military 
stoics  as  a  present  from  the  court  of  Trance." 
Then  Beaumarchais  claimed  payment  from  the 
Congress  for  every  article  he  had  forwarded. 

This  claim  caused   B   lawsuit   Ihal   lasted  about 

fifty  years.  It  was  settled  in  1836,  by  the  pay- 
ment by  the  United  States  government  to  the 

heirs  of  Beaumarchais  of  over  $800,000. 

Francis,  John  \\  amimi.i  i>,  M.D..  I.I..D..  a 
phv  sician  and  biographer,  w  as  born  in  New  York 
city, Nov.  17, 1789;  died  there.  Feb.8,  L861.    He 

graduated  at  Columbia  College  in  1-11.  He  be- 
gan business  lite  as  a  printer,  but  commenced  the 
study  of  medicine,  in  1808,  under  Dr.  Hosack, 
and  was  his  partner  until  1690.  From  1810  un- 
til 1814  they  published  the  American  Medical  mid 

Philosophical  Register.     He  occupied  the  chair  of 


FRANKING  PRIVILEGE 


530    FRANKLIN  AND  THE  CHESS-PLAYER 


Materia  Medica  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  and,  visiting  Europe,  was  a  pupil  of 
the  celebrated  Abernethy.     After  filling  various 

professorships  until  1826,  lie  devoted  himself  to 
the  practice  of  Ids  profession  and  to  literary  pur- 
suits. Dr.  F ran e is  was  probably  the  author  of 
more  biographies  and  memoirs  than  any  Ameri- 
can of  his  time,  and  was  active,  as  one  of  the 
founders,  in  the  promotion  of  the  objects  of  the 
New  York  Historical  Society  ami  of  other  insti- 
tutions. He  was  the  first  president  of  the  New 
York  Academy  of  Medicine,  and  was  a  member 
of  numerous  scientific  aud  literary  societies. 

Franking  Privilege,  The,  was  a  privilege  of 
sending  and  receiving  letters  post  free  given  to 
members  of  the  British  Parliament  and  of  the 
Congress  of  the  United  States,  and  to  certain 
public  functionaries.  This  privilege  was  abused, 
and  it  was  abolished  in  Great  Britain  in  1840. 
It  was  abolished  in  the  United  States  in  1873. 
The  mails  were  thus  greatly  relieved  of  a  dead 
weight,  and  money  was  saved  to  the  government 
amounting  to  at  least  §-2,250,000  annually. 

Frankland.  In  1784,  North  Carolina  ceded 
her  western  lands  to  tho  Uuited  States.  The 
people  of  East  Tennessee,  piqued  at  being  thus 
disposed  of,  and  feeling  the  burdens  of  state 
taxation,  alleging  that  no  provision  was  made 
for  their  defence  or  the  administration  of  jus- 
tice, assembled  in  convention  at  Jouesborough, 
to  take  measures  for  organizing  a  new  and  inde- 
pendent state.  The  North  Carolina  Assembly, 
willing  to  compromise,  repealed  the  act  of  ces- 
sion the  same  year,  made  the  Tennessee  coun- 
ties a  separate  military  district,  with  John  Se- 
vier brigadier-general,  and  also  a  separate  judi- 
cial district,  with  proper  officers.  But  ambi- 
tious men  urged  tho  people  forward,  and  at  a 
second  convention,  at  the  same  place  (Dec.  14, 
1784),  they  resolved  to  form  an  independent 
state,  under  the  name  of  Frankland.  A  pro- 
visional government  was  formed:  Sevier  was 
chosen  governor  (March,  1785);  the  machinery 
of  an  independent  state  was  put  in  motion,  and 
the  governor  of  North  Carolina  (Martin)  was  in- 
formed that  the  counties  of  Sullivan,  Washing- 
ton, and  Greene  were  no  longer  a  part  of  the 
State  of  North  Carolina.  Martin  issued  a  proc- 
lamation, exhorting  all  engaged  in  the  move- 
ment to  return  to  their  duty;  and  the  Assem- 
bly passed  an  act  of  oblivion  as  to  all  who  should 
submit.  But  the  provisional  constitution  of 
Frankland,  based  upon  that  of  North  Carolina, 
was  adopted  (November,  1785)  as  a  permanent 
one,  and  the  new  state  entiled  upon  an  inde- 
pendent career.  Very  soon  rivalries  aud  jeal- 
ousies appeared.  Partial  arose,  and  dh  ided  the 
people,  and  at  length  a  third  party,  favoring  ad- 
herence to  Nortfa  Carolina,  led  by  Colonel  Tip- 
ton, showed  much  ami  increasing  strength.    The 

new   stale   sent   William  Cooke  as  a  delegate   to 

t  he  ( longress,  but  be  was  not  recen  ed,  while  the 
North  Carolina  part]  sent  a  delegate  to  the  Leg 

islatnre    of  thai    state.      Parly   spirit    ran   bigh. 

Frankland  had  two  sets  of  officers,  and  civil 

war    was    t  hrealeiied.       Collisions    became    fie- 

<inint.     The  inhabitants  of  southwestern  Vir- 


ginia sympathized  with  the  revolutionists,  and 
were  inclined  to  secede  from  their  own  state. 
Finally  an  armed  collision  between  men  under 
Tipton  and  Sevier  took  place.  The  latter  w  ere 
defeated,  and  finally  arrested,  and  taken  to  pris- 
on in  irons.  Frankland  had  received  its  death- 
blow. The  Assembly  of  North  Carolina  passed 
an  act  of  oblivion,  and  offered  pardon  for  all  of- 
fenders in  Frankland  in  1788,  and  the  trouble 
ceased.  Virginia,  alarmed  by  the  movement, 
hastened  to  pass  a  law  subjecting  to  the  penal- 
ties of  treason  any  person  who  should  attempt 
to  erect  a  new  state,  in  any  part  of  her  territory 
without  previous  permission  obtained  of  her 
Assembly. 

Franklin  and  Governor  Shirley.  At  tho 
beginning  of  the  French  and  Indian  War  (1754) 
the  colonists,  as  well  as  the  royal  governors, 
saw  the  necessity  of  a  colonial  union  in  order 
to  present  a  solid  front  of  British  subjects  to 
the  French.  Dr.  Franklin  labored  earnestly  to 
this  end,  and  in  1755  he  went  to  Boston  to  con- 
fer with  Governor  Shirley  on  the  subject.  At 
the  governor's  house  they  discussed  the  subject 
long  and  earnestly.  Shirley  was  favorable  to 
union,  but  he  desired  it  to  be  effected  by  the 
fiat  of  the  British  government  and  by  the  spou- 
taueous  act  of  the  colonists.  Franklin,  on  the 
contrary,  animated  by  a  love  of  popular  liberty, 
would  not  consent  to  that  method  of  forming  a 
colonial  union.  He  knew  the  true  sonne  of 
power  was  lodged  with  the  people,  and  that  a 
good  government  should  be  formed  by  the  peo- 
ple for  the  people;  aud  he  left  Shirley  in 
disappointment.  Shirley  not  only  condemned 
the  idea  of  a  popular  colonial  government,  but 
assured  Franklin  that  he  should  immediately 
propose  a  plan  of  union  to  the  ministry  and 
Parliament,  and  also  a  tax  on  the  colonies. 

Franklin  and  the  Chess-player.  Franklin, 
in  England  in  1774.  was  a  perfect  enigma  to  the 
British  ministry.  They  were  perplexed  with 
doubts  of  the  intentions  of  the  defiant  colo- 
nists. They  believed  Franklin  possessed  the 
coveted  aeoret,  ami  tried  in  vain  to  draw  it 
from  him.  He  was  an  expert  chess-player,  and 
well  known  as  such.  Lord  Howe  (afterwards 
admiral  on  our  coast  )  was  intimate  with  lead- 
ing ministers.  His  sister- in  -  law.  Mrs.  Howe. 
was  also  an  expert  chess-player  and  an  adroit 
diplomatist.  She  sent  Franklin  an  invitation 
to  her  house  to  play  chess,  with  the  hope  that 
in  the  freedom  of  social  conversation  she  might 
obtain  the  see  ret.  lie  went  ;  w  as  c  banned  with 
the  lady's  miiiil  and  manners:  played  a  few 
games;  ami  accepted  an  invitation  to  repeat 
the  \i-it  and  the  amusement.  On  his  second 
visit,  after  playing  a  short  time,  they  entered 
into  conversation,  when  Mis.  Howe  put  i|iies- 
tions  adroitly  to  tin-  sage,  calculated  to  elicit 
the  Information  she  desired.  He  answered  w  it  li- 
on t  reserve  ami  with  apparent  frankness.  He 
was  introduced  to  her  brother.  Lord  Howe,  and 
talked    freely   with    hint   on    the   subject    of  the 

great  dispute;  but.  having  early  perceived  the 

designs  ,,|'  the  diplomatists,  bis  usual  caution 
had  never  allowed  him  to  betray  a  single  BeCTel 


l'KANKLIN,  BATTLE  OF 

■worth  preserving.  At  the  end  of  several  inter- 
views, enlivened  by  chess-playing,  his  question- 
ers were  no  wiser  than  at  the  beginning. 

Franklin,  Battle  op  (1864).  General  Thomas 
had  s<nt  General  Schofield  southward  to  con- 
front Hood's  invasion  of  Tennessee  (which  see), 
and  he  took  post  south  of  Duck  River,  hoping 
to  lighl  the  invaders  there.  But  two  divisions 
under  A.  J.  Smith,  coming  from  Missouri,  had 
not  arrived,  and  Schofield  fell  back,  first  to  Co- 
lumbia, and  then  to  Franklin,  not  far  below 
Nashville, General  Stanley  saving  Ins  train  from 
seizure  by  Forrest  after  a  sharp  fight  with  the 
guerilla  chief.  At  Franklin,  Schofield  disposed 
his  troops  in  a  curved  line  south  and  west  of 
the  town,  his  Hanks  resting  on  the  Harpeth 
River.  lie  cast  up  a  line  of  light  iutrench- 
inenls  along  his  entire  tront.  His  cavalry, 
with  Wood's  division,  were  posted  on  the  no'rtll 
hank  of  the  river,  and  Port  Granger,  on  a  bluff, 
OOlDmanded  the  gently  rolling  plain  over  which 
Hood  must  advance  in  a  direct  attack.  Scho- 
field had  about   18,000  men.      Al  four  o'clock  on 

the  afternoon  of  Nov.  30,  1864,  Hood  advanced  to 
the  attack  with  all  bis  force.  A  greater  pari 
of  his  cavalry,  under  Forrest,  \\:is  on  bis  right, 
and  the  remainder  were  on  his  bit.  The  Con- 
federates fell  fiercely  upon  Schofield's  centre, 
Composed  Of  the  divisions  of  linger  and  Cox, 
about  10,000  Strong.  Their  sudden  appearance 
was  almost  a  surprise.  Scholield  was  at  Foil 
Granger,  and  the  battle,  on  tin'  pari  of  the  Na- 
tionals, was  conducted  by  General  Stanley.  By 
a  furious  charge  Hood  burled  back  the  Union 
advance  in  utter  confusion  upon  the  main  line, 
when  that,  too,  began  to  crumble.  A  strong  po- 
sition on  a  lull  was  earned  i>\  the  Confederates, 
where  they  .seized  eight   gnus.     They  forced 

their  way  within   the  second   line  and  planted 

•  Confederate  Hag  upon  tin'  intrenchmeuts.    All 

now  seemed  lost  to  tile  Na  t  lona  Is.  w  bo.  as  their 
antagonists  were  preparing  to  follow  up  their 
victory,  seemed  about  to  break  and  fly,  when 
Stanley   rode    forward    and    ordered   Opdvke   to 

ad\  a  me  with  his  brigade.  Sw  iftly  thej  charged 
the  Confederate  columns  ami  drove  them  back. 
Conrad,  (lose  by,  gave  assistance.  The  works 
and  the  guns  were  recovered  :  300  prisoners  and 
ten  battle-flags  wen'  captured;  and  the  Union 
line  was  restored,  and  not  .main  broken,  though 
Hood   burled  strong  bodies  of  men    against    it. 

The  straggle  continued  until  long  after  dark; 

it  was  almost  midnight  when  the  last  shot  was 
tired.  The  advantage  lay  with  the  Nationals. 
The  result  was  disastrous  to  Hood.  His  men 
were  dispirited,  and  he  lost  0253  soldiers,  of 
whom  1750  were  killed  am!  702  made  prisoners. 
Schofield's  loss  was  2328,  of  whom  160  were 
killed  and  1104  missing.  The  Nationals  with- 
drew from  Franklin  a  little  after  midnight,  and 

fell  back  to  Nashville. 

Franklin  before  the  House  of  Commons. 
In  February,  1786,  Dr.  Franklin  was  examined 
before  the  House  ofc mons  relative  to  the 

Stamp  Act  (which  see).  At  that  examination 
be  fairly  illustrated  the  spirit  which  animated 
the  colonies.      When  asked,  ••  Do  you  think  the 


531     FEANKLIN  BEFORE  PRIVY  COUNCIL 

people  of  America  would  submit  to  the  stamp 
duty  if  it  was  moderated?"  he  answered.  "  No, 
never,  unless  compelled  by  force  of  arms."  To 
the  question,  "What  was  the  temper  of  Amer- 
ica towards  Great  Britain  before  the  year  1763?" 
he  replied,  "The  best  in  the  world.  They  sub- 
mitted willingly  to  the  government  of  the  crown, 
and  paid,  in  their  courts,  obedience  to  the  acts 
of  Parliament.  Numerous  as  the  people  are  in 
the  old  provinces,  they  cost  you  nothing,  in  forts, 
citadels,  garrisons,  or  armies,  to  keep  them  In 
subjection.  They  were  governed  by  this  coun- 
try at  the  expense  only  of  a  little  pen,  ink,  and 
paper;  they  were  led  by  a  thread.  The\  bad 
not  only  a  respect  but  an  affection  for  Great 
Britain — for  its  laws,  its  customs,  and  manners, 
and  even  a  fondness  for  its  fashions  that  great- 
ly increased  the  commerce.     Natives  of  Britain 

were  always  treated  with  peculiar  regard.  To 
be  an  -Old  England  man'  was  of  itself  a  char- 
acter of  sonic  respect,  and  gave  a  kind  of  rank 
among  us."  it  was  asked, "  What  is  their  tem- 
per now  .'"  and  Franklin  replied,  "i  Hi,  vers  much 
altered."  lie  declared  that  all  laws  of  Parlia- 
ment bad  been  held  valid  by  the  Americans,  ex- 
cepting such  as  laid  internal  taxes;  and  that 
its  authority  was  never  disputed  in  levying  du- 
ties to  regulate  commerce.  When  asked,  •■('an 
you  name  any  act  of  assembly  or  public  act  of 
your  governments  that  made  such  distinction  T" 
Franklin  replied,  "  I  do  not  know  thai  there  was 
any;  I  think  there  never  was  occasion  to  make 
such  an  act  till  now  that  you  have  at  tempted  to 
lax  us;  tlinl  has  occasioned  aits  of  assembly  de- 
claring the  distinction,  on  which,  I  think,  every 
assembly  on  the  continent,  and  every  member 
of  ever]  assembly,  have  been  unanimous."  This 
examination  was  one  of  the  causes  w  Inch  led  to 
a  speedy  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act. 

Franklin  before  the  Privy  Council.  The 
exposure  of  the  letters  of  Hutchinson  and  his 
political  friends  (see  lhitrhiiixoii's  Letters  created 
great  excitement  in  England.  Franklin,  to  pro- 
tect   innocent    parties  from   being  suspected  of 

revealing  them,  frankly  took  upon  himself  the 

whole  responsibility  of  the  act  of  sending  them 
to  America.  A  petition  for  the  recall  of  Hutch- 
inson followed.  It  was  sent  to  Franklin  to  pre- 
sent to  the  king.  His  request  to  do  so  was  not 
granted,  but  it  reached  the  monarch  through 
I. onl  Dartmouth.  The  king  laid  it  before  the 
Privy  Council.  There  was  then  hot  indigna- 
tion against  Franklin  in  court  circles.  He  was 
summoned  before  the  council  ( Jan.  8,  1774 )  to 
consider  the  petition.  He  appeared  with  coun- 
sel. A  crowd  was  present  tint  less  than  thirty- 
live  peers.     Wedderburn,  the  Solicitor-general 

(of  wl i  the   king  said,  at  his  death.  "  lie  lias 

not  left  a  greater  knave  behind  him  in  my  king- 
dom "),  abused  Franklin  most  shamefully  with 
unjust  and  coarse  invectives,  while  not  an  emo- 
tion was  manifested  in  the  face  of  the  abused 
statesman.  The  ill-bred  lords  of  thai  dav  sec- 
onded Wedderbnrn's  abuse  bj  derisive  laughter, 
instead  of  treating  Franklin  with  decency.  At 
the  end  of  the  solicitor's  ribald  speech  the  pe- 
tition was  dismissed  as  "  groundless,  scandal- 
ous, and    vexatious."      "I    have   never   been   SO 


FRANKLIN 


532 


FRANKLIN 


sensible  of  the  power  of  a  good  conscience," 
Franklin  said  to  Dr.  Priestley,  with  whom  he 
breakfasted  the  next  morning.  When  he  went 
home  from  the  council  he  laid  aside  the  suit  of 
clothes  he  wore,  making  a  vow  that  he  would 
never  put  them  on  again  until  he  should  sign 
the  degradation  of  England  by  a  dismember- 
ment of  the  British  empire  and  the  indepen- 
dence of  America.  He  kept  his  word,  and,  as 
commissioner  for  negotiating  peace  almost  ten 
years  afterwards,  ho  performed  the  act  that  per- 
mitted him  to  wear  the  garments  again. 

Franklin,  Bkxjamix.  LL.D.,  was  born  in  Bos- 
ton. Jan.  17, 1706 ;  died  in  Philadelphia,  April  17, 
1790.  His  father  was  from  England  ;  his  mother 
was  a  daughter  of  Peter  Folger,  the  Quaker  poet 
of  Nantucket.     He  learned  the  art  of  printing 


BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN. 

with  his  brother;  but  they  disagreeing,  Benja- 
min left  Boston  when  seventeen  years  of  age, 
sought  employment  in  New  York,  but,  not  suc- 
ceeding, went  to  Philadelphia  and  there  found 
it.  He  soon  attracted  the  attention  of  Govern- 
or Keith  as  a  very  bright  lad,  who,  making  him 
a  promise  of  the  government  printing,  induced 
voting  Franklin,  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  to  go  to 
England  to  purchase  printing  material.  He  was 
deceived,  and  remained  there  eighteen  months, 
working  as  a  journeyman  printer  in  London. 
He  returned  to  Philadelphia  late  in  17'JC,  and  in 

17-.".)  established  himself  there  as  a  printer.  He 
started  the  I'muxi/Iran'iK  (lazcttr.  and  married 
Deborah  Bead,  a  young  woman  whose  husband 

bad  absconded.  For  many  years  Ik;  published 
an  Almanac  under  the  assumed  name  of  Biohard 
Bannders.     It  became  widely  known  as  ••  Poor 

Biohard's  Almanac,"  as  it  contained  many  wise 
and  useful  maxims,  mostly  from  the  ancients. 
Franklin  was  soon  marked  as  a  wise,  prudent, 
ami  sagacious  man,  lull  of  well-directed  public 
spirit,  lie  was  the  chief  founder  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Library  in  1731.  He  became  clerk  of 
the  Provincial  Assembly  in  L736,  and  postmaster 
of  Philadelphia  the  next  year.  lb'  was  the 
founder  of  Hie  University  of  Pennsylvania 
(which  see)  ami  the  Philosophical  Society  of 

Philadelphia  in  17  1 1,  and  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  Provincial  assembly  in  1760.  In  17.">:t 
Franklin  was  appointed  deputy  postmaster  for 


the  English-American  colonies ;  and  in  1754  he 
was  a  delegate  to  the  Colonial  Congress  of 
Albany  (which  see),  in  which  he  prepared  a 
plan  of  union  for  the  colonies,  which  was  tie 
basis  of  the  Articles  of  Confederation  (which 
see)  adopted  by  Congress  more  than  twenty 
years  afterwards.  Franklin  had  begun  his  in- 
vestigations and  experiments  in  electricity,  by 
which  he  demonstrated  its  identity  with  light- 
ning, so  early  as  1746.  The  publication  of  his 
account  of  these  experiments  procured  for  him 
membership  in  the  Royal  Society,  the  Copley 
gold  medal,  and  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Ox- 
ford and  Edinburgh  in  1762.  Harvard  and  Yale 
colleges  had  previously  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  Master  of  Arts.  Franklin  was  for 
many  years  a  member  of  the  Assembly  and  ad- 
vocate of  the  rights  of  the  people  in  opposition 
to  Jhe  claims  of  the  proprietaries;  and  in  1764 
he  was  sent  to  England  as  agent  of  the  popular 
legislature,  in  which  capacity  ho  afterwards 
acted  for  several  other  colonies.  His  represen- 
tation to  the  British  ministry,  in  1765-66,  of  tho 
temper  of  the  Americans  on  the  subject  of  taxa- 
tion by  Parliament  did  much  in  effecting  the 
repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act.  He  tried  to  avert  the 
calamity  of  a  rupture  between  Great  Britain 
and  her  colonies;  but,  failing  in  this,  he  return- 
ed to  America  in  1775,  after  which  lie  was  con- 
stantly employed  at  home  and  abroad  in  the 
service  of  his  countrymen  struggling  for  politi- 
cal independence.  In  Congress,  he  advocated, 
helped  to  prepare,  and  signed  the  Declaration 
of  Independence ;  and  in  the  fall  of  1776  he 
was  sent  as  ambassador  to  France,  as  tho  col- 
league of  Silas  Deane  and  Arthur  Lee.  To  him 
was  chiefly  due  the  successful  negotiation  of 
the  treaty  of  alliance  with  Frauce  (which  see)  ; 
and  he  continued  to  represent  his  country  in 
that  kingdom  until  17K">,  when  he  returned 
home.  While  Dr.  Franklin  was  in  France,  and 
residing  at  Passy  in  1777,  a  medallion  likeness 
of  him  was  made  in  the  red  clay  of  that  region. 


T1IK    FKANKI  IN    MKhll  I  KM. 


raving  Of  it  here  given  is  about  half 
the  si/e  of  the  original.  He  took  an  important 
pari   in  the   negotiation  of  the  treaties  of  peace 


FRANKLIN  SENT  TO  FRENCH  COURT    533 


FRANKLIN 


In  1786  he  was  elected  governor  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  served  one  term  ;  and  be  was  a  leading 
member  in  the  convention,  in  17S7,  that  framed 
tin-  National  Constitution.  His  last  public  act 
was  the  signing  of  a  memorial  to  Congress  on 
tin-  subject  of  slavery  by  the  Abolition  Society 
nt  Pennsylvania,  of  which  he  was  the  founder 
ami  president.  Dr.  Franklin  performed  extraor- 
dinary labors  of  usefulness  for  bis  f'ellow-nieu. 
In  addition  to  scientific  and  literary  institu- 
tions, he  was  the  founder  of  the  first  fire-com- 
pany in  Philadelphia  in  173H;  organized  a  vol- 
unteer military  association  for  the  defence  of 
the  |)iu\  inee  in  1744  ;  and  was  colonel  of  a  regi- 
ment, and  built  forts  for  the  defence  of  the 
frontiers  in  17.">.'>.  He  was  the  inventor  of  the 
Franklin  fireplace,  which,  in  modified  forms,  is 
still  in  use.  He  was  also  the  inventor  of  the 
lightning-rod.  Franklin  left  two  childreu — a 
son  and  a  daughter. 

Franklin  sent  to  the  French  Court.  Late 
in  the  autumn  of  177b  lb.  franklin  mi  sent  as 

a  diplomatic  agent  to  Prance  in  the  ship  Repri- 
sal.   The  passage  occupied  thirty  days,  during 

Which   that    vessel   bad    been   chased    by    British 

ernisers  and  bad  taken  two  British  brigantiiies 

as  prizes.  He  landed  at  Nantes  on  Dee.  7.  Eu- 
rope was  surprised,  for  no  notice  had  been  given 
of  bis  coming.  Bis  fame  was  world-wide.  The 
courts  were  filled  with  eonjeet u res.    The  story 

was  spread  in  England  that   be   was  a  fugitive 

for  safety,     lbuke  said."l  never  will  believe 

that  be  is  going  to  conclude  a  long  life,  which 
has  brightened  every  hour  it  has  continued, 
with  so  loul  and  dishonorable  a  flight."  On 
the  Continent  it  was  rightly  concluded  that  he 
was  on  an  important  mission.  To  the  French 
people  he  spoke  frankly,  saying  thai  twenty 
successful    campaigns   could    not    subdue   the 

Americans;  thai  their  decision  for  indepen- 
dence was  irrevocable;  and  thai  they  would  bo 
braver  independent  states.  On  the  morning 
of  Dec.  38  Franklin,  with  the  other  oommis- 
Silai  Deaue   and   Arthur  Lee),  waited 

upon  Vergennea,  the  Frenob  Minister  Gu  For- 
eign A  tl'airs.  when  he  presented  the  plan  of  Con- 
gress for  a  treaty.  Bee  ZVeoru  niih  France  pro- 
posed.) Vergennea  spoke  of  the  attachment  of 
the  French  nation  to  the  American  cause;  re- 
oneeted  a  paper  from  Franklin  on  the  condi- 
tion of  America  :  and  that,  in  future,  intercourse 
with  the  sage  might  be  in  secret,  without  the 
intervention  of  a  third  person.  Personal  friend- 
ship between  these  two  distinguished  men  be- 
came strong  and  abiding.     He  told  Franklin 

that  as  Spain  and  Frame  were  in  perl'eel  ac- 
cord, he  might  communicate  freely  with  the 
Spanish  minister,  the  Count  de  Aranda.  With 
him  the  commissioners  held  secret  but  barren 

interviews,  for  Spain   was   indifferent.      Aranda 

would  only  promise  the  freedom  of  Spanish 
porta  to  American  vessels.  (8ee  France,  Bela- 
tiniis  with.) 

Franklin  Stove,  Tin:.  The  manufacture  of 
apparatus  for  heating  and  cooking  la  an  impor- 
tant item  in  our  industrial  operations.  The 
first  iron  fireplace  for  heating  rooms  was  iu- 


I  vented  by  Dr.  Benjamin  Franklin  about  the  year 
1740,  and  is  known  as  the  " Franklin  Stove"  to 
this  day.  It  is  an  open  fireplace  constructed 
of  iron,  and  portable,  so  that  it  may  be  used  in 
any  room  w  ith  a  chimney.  It 
waa  made  for  the  purpose  of 
better  warming  and  for  saving 
fuel.  He  refused  the  offer  of 
a  patent  for  it  by  the  governor 
of  Pennsylvania,  as  he  held 
that,  as  we  profit  by  the  inven- 
tions of  others,  so  we  should 
.*!...,  s.u.r..  freeiy  gjyc  wnaj  wc  may  for 

the  comfort  of  our  fellow-men.  He  gave  his 
models  to  Robert  Grace, One  of  bis  early  friends 
in  London,  who  bad  an  iron-foundery,  and  he 
made  much  money  by  easting  these  stoves.  They 
were  in  general  use  in  all  the  rural  districts 
of  the  country  until  about  fifty  yearn  ago,  when 
anthracite  coal  began  to  take  the  place  of  wood 
as  fuel  and  required  a  different  kind  of  stove, 

Franklin,  Wii.i.iam.  only  son  of  Dr.  Benjamin 

Franklin,  was  the  last  royal  governor  of  New 
Jersey.  He  was  born  in  Philadelphia  in  17'20, 
an  illegitimate  son;  died  in  England,  Nov.  17, 
1813.  It  is  not  known  who  his  mother  was. 
About  a  year  alter  his  birth  Franklin  was  mar- 
ried, took   this   child   into  his  own   house,  and 

brought  him  np  aa  his  son.    He  held  a  captain's 

commission  in  the  French  War  i  17  1 1  18),  From 
17.">4  to  17.">li  he   was  controller  of  the  Colonial 

Post-offloe,  and  clerk  to  the  Provincial  Assem- 
bly. He  went  to  London  with  his  father  in 
17.">7,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  17.'.-.  In 
1768  be  was  appointed  governor  of  the  Province 
of  New  Jersey,  remaiuing  loyal  to  the  crown 
when  the  Revolution  broke  out,  ami  in  Janu- 
ary, 177C,  a  guard  was  put  over  him  at  his  resi- 
dence at  Perth  Amboy.  He  gave  his  parole 
that  he  would  not  leave  the  province.  In  Juno 
I  1776)  be  called  a  meeting  of  the  Legislature  of 

New  Jersey,  for  w  hich  offence  defiance  of  pub- 
lic opinion  —  he  was  arrested  and  sent  to  Con- 
necticut, where  for  more  than  two  years  he  was 
strictly  guarded,  when,  in  November,  177-.  be 
waa  exchanged.     He  remained  in  New  fork, 

and  was  active  as  President  of  the  Hoard  of  As- 
sociated Loyalists  (which  see)  until  17-'-'.  when 
lie  sailed  for  England,  where  be  was  allowed  by 
the  government  $9000 and  a  pension  of  $4000  a 
\e.u.  His  father  willed  li i m  lands  in  Nova  Sco- 
tia and  forgave  him  all  his  debts,  nothing  more. 

in  his  will,  Dr.  Franklin  observed  concerning 
this  son,  from  whom  he  waa  estranged:  "The 

part  he  acted  against  me  in  the  late  war,  which 
is  of  public  notoriety,  will  account  for  my  leav- 
ing bun  no  more  of  an  estate  he  endeavored  to 
deprive  me  of." 

Franklin,  "Wit  1 1 am  BrJBL,  was  born  at  York, 
Penn.,   Feb.  27,    1883,  and    graduated    at    West 

Point  in  1843.     In  the  engineer  service,  he  was 

actively  engaged  when  the  war  with  Mexico 
broke  out.      He  served   on   the  st a tf  of  General 

Taj  lor  at  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista  (whiob  see), 

and  was  breveted  first    lieutenant.      Serving  as 

professor  of  natural  and  experimental  philoso- 
phy at  West  Point  for  four  years,  he  occupied 


FRANKLIN'S  COURAGE 


534     FRANKLIN'S  MOTION  FOR  PRAYERS 


the  same  chair,  aud  that  of  civil  engineering,  in 
the  New  York  City  Free  Academy  in  1852.  In 
May,  1861,  he  was  appointed  colonel  of  a  new 
regiment,  and  in  July  was  assigned  the  com- 
mand of  a  brigade  iu  Heintzelnian's  division. 


WILLIAM    BUEL  FKA.NKLJS. 

He  was  in  the  hottest  of  the  fight  at  Bull's  Run  ; 
made  a  brigadier  of  volunteers  iu  September, 
and  appointed  to  the  command  of  a  division  of 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  Franklin  did  excel- 
lent service  in  the  campaign  of  I  he  Virginia  Pen- 
insula, and  on  July  4,  1862,  was  promoted  to 
major-general.  He  served  under  McClellau  in 
Maryland,  and  uuder  Burnside  at  Frederioks- 
burg,  and  in  1863  was  assigned  to  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  Gulf,  under  Banks.  In  March.  l^(i.">. 
In-  was  breveted  major-general  of  the  United 
States  Army,  and  resigning  in  March,  1866,  en- 
gaged iu  the  vocations  of  civil  life. 

Franklin's  Courage  and  Magnanimity.  A 
DUEL.  Late  in  1773  Dr.  Franklin  presented  to 
Lord  Dartmouth,  to  he  laid  before  the  king,  a 
petition  from  Massachusetts  for  the  removal  of 
Governor  Hutchinson  and  Chief-justice  Oliver 
from  office.  The;  wen-  charged  with  conspir- 
acy against  the  colony,  as  appeared  by  certain 

letters  which  had  been  published.  (See  Hnfrh- 
inson's  Letters.)  A  rumor  found  utterance  in 
tlie   newspapers   that   the  letters  had  been   dis- 

1 tstly  obtained   through  John  Temple,  who 

had  been  permitted  to  examine  the  papers  of 
the  deceased  Mr.  Whatelv,  to  whom  the  letters 
were  addressed.  That  permission  had  been 
given  by  William  Whatelv,  brother  and  exeou- 

tor  of  the  deceased.  Whatelv  never  made  a  sug- 
gestion that  Temple  had  taken  the  letters  away. 

but  In-  published  sneh  an  evasive  card  that  it 
seemed  not  to  relieve  Temple  from  the  implica- 
tion. The  latter  challenged  Whatelv  to  mortal 
combat.  They  fought,  but  were  unhurt.  An- 
other duel  w  as  likely  to  ensue,  w  hen  Dr.  Frank- 
lin, to  prevent  bloodshed,  pnblioly  -aid:  "1 
alone  am  the  person  who  obtained  and  trans- 
mitted to  Boston  the  letters  in  question."  This 
frank  and  courageous  avowal  drew  upon  him 
the  wrath   of  the   ministry.       (See  I'lanUin  unit 

the  PHry  OtrnueU.) 

Franklin's  First  Mission  to  England.    The 


Pennsylvania  Assembly,  yielding  to  the  urgency 
of  public  affairs  in  the  midst  of  war.  voted  a 
levy  of  |500,000  without  insisting  upon  their 
claim  to  tax  the  proprietary  estates.  They  pro- 
tested that  they  did  it  through  compulsion  ;  and 
they  sent  Franklin  to  England  (175S)  as  their 
agent  to  urge  their  complaint  against  the  pro- 
prietaries. 

Franklin's  Frankness.  Mr.  Btrahan,  of  Lon- 
don, had  been  a  sort  of  go-between  through 
whom  Dr.  Franklin  had  communicated  with 
Lord  North.  On  July  ;'».  177(5,  Franklin  wrote  to 
him:  "Ton  an-  a  member  of  Parliament,  and 
one  of  that  majority  which  has  doomed  my 
country  to  destruction.  You  have  begun  to 
burn  our  towns  and  murder  our  people.  Look 
upon  your  hands;  they  are  stained  with  the 
blood  of  your  relations!  You  and  1  were  long 
friends  ;  you  are  now  my  enemy,  and  I  am 
yours. — B.  FRANKLIN." 

Franklin's  Hints.  While  the  Continental 
Congress  was  in  session  in  the  fall  of  1774,  much 
anxiety  was  felt  iu  political  circles  in  England 
concerning  the  result,  and  the  real  intention  of 
the  Americans.  The  ministry,  in  particular,  were 

anxious  to  know.  (See  Franklin  and  the  (lies.s- 
player.)  It  was  believed  that  Franklin  was  a  de- 
positary of  the  important  secret,  and  he  was  so- 
licited by  persons  high  in  authority  to  promul- 
gate the  extent  of  the  demands  of  his  country- 
men. So  urgent  were  these  requests,  that, 
without  waiting  to  receive  a  record  of  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  Congress,  he  prepared  a  paper 

entitled    Hints  far  (onrersation    upon   the  Subject 

<>/  Terms  Hint  may  probably  produce  a  durable  Union 

In  tin  i  a  Britain  and  tin  <  'oloniee,  in  seventeen  prop- 
ositions. The  substance  of  the  whole  was,  that 
the  colonies  should  lie  reinstated  in  the  posi- 
tion w  hieh  they  held  in  relation  to  the  imperial 
government  before  the  obnoxious  aits  then  com- 
plained of  became  laws,  by  a  repeal,  and  by  a 
destruction  of  the  whole  brood  of  enactments  in 
reference  to  America  batched  since  the  acces- 
sion of  George  III.  In  a  word,  he  proposed  that 
English  subjects  in  America  should  enjoy  all  the 

essential  rights  and  privileges  claimed  BS  the 
birthright  of  subjects  iu  England.  Nothing 
came  of  tin-  •■  Hints." 

Franklin's  Motion  for  Prayers.  In  the  con- 
vention that  framed  the  National  Constitution 

very  slow  progress  towards  anything  definite 

was  made  for  some  time.  Then-  wi  u-  such  di- 
versities of  opinion  that  it  seemed,  after  being 

several  days  in  session,  the  convention  must. of 

necessity, dissolve  without  accomplishing  any- 
thing. Some  proposed  a  final  adjournment,  and 
a  part  of  the  New  Ymk  delegation,  disgusted, 

withdrew  and  went  home.  At  this  momentous 
crisis  Dr.  Franklin  arose  and  said  to  the  Presi- 
dent :  '-How  has  it  happened,  sir,  that  while 
groping  so  long  in  the  dark,  divided  in  our 
opinions,  and  now  ready  to  separate  without 
accomplishing  the  great  objects  of  our  meeting, 

we  have   hitherto  not  onee   tbonght   of  humbly 

applying  to  the  lather  of  Lights  to  Illuminate 
our  understandings  I     In  the  beginning  of  the 

contest  with  Great   Britain,  when  we  wcie  sen- 


FRANKLIN'S  VOLUNTEER  MILITIA      535  FREDERICKSBURG,  BATTLE  AT 


sible  of  danger,  we  had  daily  prayers  in  this 
room  for  divine  protection.  Our  prayers,  sir, 
were  heard,  and  graciously  answered."  After  a 
few  more  remarks,  he  moved  that  "henceforth, 
prayers,  imploring  the  assistance  of  Heaven  and 
its  blessings  on  our  deliberations,  be  held  in  this 
assembly  every  morning  before  we  proceed  to 
business."  The  convention,  excepting  three  or 
four  members,  thought  prayers  were  unneces- 
sary, because  in  this  case  they  would  be  mere- 
ly formal.  Objections  were  also  made  beoaOM 
there  were  no  funds  to  defray  the  expenses  of 
such  clerical  services.  The  motion  was  not 
adopted. 

Franklin's  Volunteer  Militia.  Franklin 
proposed  a  plan,  which  was  adopted,  to  raise  a 

military  force  to  protect  the  provinces  when 
threatened  by  the  Indians  in  1717.  He  was  the 
sole   author   of  two    lotteries    that    raised    inure 

than  £6000  in  money  to  paj  the  oosi  of  erecting 
batteries  on  the  river;  and  by  a  volunteer  system 
he  caused  the  raising  of  one  hundred  anil  twen- 
ty companies  of  militia,  of  which  Philadelphia 

raised  ten, of  one  hundred  men  each.  The  wom- 
en were  BO  zealous  tlnit  they  furnished  ten  pain 

<>f  silk  colors,  wrought  with  various  mottoes. 
Many  of  the  Quakers  admitted  the  propriety  of 
self-defence,  and  approved  Franklin's  measures. 
This  was  the  fust  military  organization  ever 
formed  in  Pennsylvania. 

Fraser,  Simon,  a  British  brigadier  •general, 
was  horn  in  Scotland  and  killed  in  the  first  battle 
on  licmis's  Beights  in  September,  1777.    He  had 

■arved    with    distinction    in   Germany,  and    was 

appointed  brigadier  by  Governor  Carleton  Sept. 

(i,  L776.  lie  gained  a  victory  over  the  Ameri- 
cans at  llnbbaidtou  {which  see)  in  July,  1777. 
He  was  shut  by  one  of  Morgan's  riflemen. 

Fredericksburg,  Battlk  at.  Lee's  evacua- 
tion of  Maryland  after  the  battle  on  Antietam 
Creek  occurred  on  the  I9tli  and  80th  of  Septem- 
ber, 1868.  Lee  rested  a  few  days  mi  the  Vir- 
ginia sub-  of  the  Potomac,  and  then  marched 
leisurely  up  the  Shenandoah  Valley.    MoClellan 

did  not  pursue,  but,  after  twice  calling  for  rein- 
forcements, he  declared  his  intention  to  stand 
where  he  was.  on  the  defensive,  and  '•attack 
the  enemy  should  he  attempt  to  raoross  into  Ma- 
ryland." The  government  and  the  loyal  people, 
Impatient  of  delay,  demanded  an  immediate 
advance.  On  < ><■  i .  * >  the  President  instructed 
MoClellan  to  "cross  the  Potomac  and  give  bat- 
tle to  the  enemy,  or  drive  him  South.  Your 
army  must  now  move,"  he  said,  "while  the 
roads  are  good."  Twenty-four  days  were  spent 
in  corresp Icnee  before  the  order  was  obeyed, 

the  general  complaining  of  a  lack  of  men  and 

•applies  to   make    it    pmdent   to   move  forward. 

At  length, when  beautiful  October  had  nearly 

passed  by  and  Lee's  arms  was  thoroughly  rest- 
ed and  reorganized,  and  communications  with 

Bioh ud  wire  re-established,  the  Army  of  the 

Potomac  began  to  cross  the  river  (Oct.  26), 
100,000  strong.  The  Nationals  were  led  on  the 
•asl  side  of  the  Blue  Bldge,  but  failed  to 
strike  the  retreating  Confederates  over  the 
mountain   in    flail*   or  to  get   ahead  of  them ; 


and  Leo  pushed  Longstreet's  troops  over  the 
Blue  Ridge  to  Culpepper  Court-house,  between 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac  and  Richmond,  ready 
to  dispute  the  advance  of  the  Nationals.  Quick 
and  energetic  movements  were  now  necessary 
to  sever  and  defeat,  in  detail,  Lee's  army.  On 
Nov.")  McClellan  was  relieved  of  command,  and 
General  Bnrnside  was  put  in  his  place.  A  sense 
of  responsibility  made  t  he  latter  commander  ex- 
ceedingly cautious.  Before  he  moved  he  en- 
deavored to  get  his  120,000  men  well  in  hand. 
Aqnia  Creek  was  made  his  base  of  supplies,  and 

he  moved  the  army  towards  Fredericksburg 
on  Nov.  111.  .Sumner  led  the  movement  down 
the  left  bank  of  the  Rappahannock  By  the 
20th  a  greater  portion  of  IStirnside's  forces  were 
opposite  Fredericksburg,  and  their  cannons  com- 
manded the  town.  Sumner  demanded  the  surren- 
der of  the  city  (Nov.  21).  It  was  refused.  The 
in  idges  had  been  destroyed.  A  greater  portion 
of  the  inhabitants  now  tied,  and  the  town  was 
occupied  by  Confederate  troops.  Lee's  army, 
80,000  strong,  was  upon  and  near  the  Heights  of 

Fredericksburg  by  the  (dose  of  November,  and 

had  planted  Btrong  batteries  there.      The  army 

lay  in  a  semicircle  around  Fredericksburg, each 

winv;  resting  upon  the  Rappahannock,  its  right 

at  Port  Royal  and  its  left  six  miles  above  the 
city.  Pontoons  for  the  construction  of  bridges 
across  the  Rappahannock  wire  not   received  by 

Bnrnside  until  the  fust  week  in  December. 
Then  60,000  National  troops  under  Sumner  and 
Hooker  lay  in  front  of  Fredericksburg,  with  ISO 
cannons,  commanded  by  General  Hunt.  The 
corps  of  Franklin,  about  40,000  Btrong,  was  en- 
camped about  two  miles  below.  On  the  morn- 
ing of  Dec.  11  the  engineers  went  quietly  to 
work  to  construct  Bve  pontoon  bridges  for  the 
passage  of  the  National  army.     Sharpshooters 

assailed    the    engineers.       The    heavy  ordnance 

of  the  Nationals  on   Stafford   Heights  opened 

upon  the  town,  set  it  on  lire,  and  drove  out 
many  troops.  The  sharpshooters  remained. 
They  were  dislodged  bj  a  party  that  crossed 

the  river  in  boats,  the  bridges  were  rebuilt,  and 

by  the  evening  of  the  12th  a  greater  portion  of 

the  National  armv  occupied  Fredericksburg, and 

on  the  morning  of  the  i:;th  made  a  simultane- 
ous assault  all  along  the  line.  The  Confeder- 
ates, with  :iti(i  cannons,  were  well  posted  on  the 
heights  and  ready  for  action.  The  battle  was 
begun   by  a  part  of  Franklin's  corps  —  Meade's 

division  —  supported  by  Gibbon's,  w  Ufa  Double- 

dav's  in  reserve.  Meade  soon  silenced  a  Con- 
federate battery,  but  very  soon  a  terrible  storm 
of  shells  and  canister-shot,  at  near  ranee,  fell 
upon  him.  He  pressed  on,  and  three  of  the  as- 
Saillng  batteries  were  w  ithdrawn.  Jackson's  ad- 
vanced line,  under  A.  F.  Hill,  was  driven  back 
and  2(KI  men  made  prisoners,  with  several  hat- 
tle-flagS  as  trophies.  Meade  still  pressed  on, 
When  a  tierce  assault  by  Early  compelled  him  to 
fall  back.  Gibbon,  who  came  up,  was  repulsed, 
and  the  shattered  forces  tied  in  confusion;   but 

the  pursuers  were  checked  by  General  Burner's 

division    of  Sloneiuan's   corps.       The   Nationals 

could  not  advance, for  Stuart's  cavalry,  on  Lee's 
right,  strongly  menaced  the  Union  left.    Final- 


FREE  NEGROES  5 

ly,  Reynolds,  with  reinforcements,  pushed  back 
the  Confederate  right  to  the  Bfaasaponax,  where 
the  contest  continued  until  dark.  Meanwhile, 
Couch's  corps  had  occupied  the  city,  with  Wil- 
cox's between  his  and  Franklin's.  At  noon 
Conch  attacked  the  Confederate  front  with 
great  vigor.  Kimball's  brigade,  of  French's  di- 
vision, led,  Hancock's  following.  Longstreet 
was  posted  on  Marye's  Hill,  just  back  of  the 
town.  Upon  his  troops  the  Nationals  fell  heavi- 
ly, while  missiles  from  the  Confederate  cannons 
made  gloat  lanes  through  their  ranks.  After  a 
brief  struggle,  French  was  thrown  back,  shat- 
tered and  broken,  nearly  one  half  of  his  com- 
mand disabled.  Hancock  advanced,  and  his  bri- 
gades fought  most  vigorously.  In  fifteen  min- 
utes, Hancock,  also,  was  driven  back.  Of  5000 
veterans  whom  he  led  into  action,  2013  had 
fallen,  aud  yet  the  struggle  was  maintained. 
Howard's  division  came  to  the  aid  of  French 


and  Hancock;  so  also  did  those  of  Btnrgis  and 
Getty.  Finally,  Hooker  crossed  the  river  with 
three  divisions.  He  was  so  satisfied  of  the 
hopelessness  of  any  farther  attacks  upon  the 
strong  position  of  the  Confederates  that  he 
begged  Burnside  to  desist.  lie  would  not  yield. 
Hooker  sent  40(H)  men  in  the  track  of  French, 
Hancock,  and  Howard,  to  attack  with  bayonets 
only.  These  were  hurled  hack  by  terrific  vol- 
leys of  rifle-balls,  leaving  1700  of  their  number 
prostrate  on  the  held.  Night  soon  closed  the 
awful  conflict, when  the  Army  of  the  Potomac 
had  16,000  less  of  effective  men  than  it  had  the 
daj  before.  Burnside,  intent  on  achieving  a  vic- 
tors, proposed  to  send  bis  old  corps  (the  Ninth  i 
egainsl  the  fatal  barrier  (a  stone  wall)  on  Marye's 
Hill,  hut  Sumner  dissuaded  him,  and,  on  the  lit  li 
and  Loth,  his  troops  were  withdrawn  to  the  north 
side  of  the  Bappaha ><k,  with  all  bis  guns,  tak- 
ing up  his  pontoon  bridges.  Then  the  Confeder- 
ates reoocnpled  Fredericksburg. 

Free  Negroes.     The  alarm  expressed  in  de- 
bates on  the  act  prohibiting  the  slave-trade. 


6  FREEDMEN'S  BUREAU 

in  1809,  because  of  the  increase  and  influeuce  of 
free  negroes,  was  manifested  in  the  legislation 
of  several  states  immediately  afterwards.  In- 
deed, such  fears  had  existed  earlier.  In  1796 
North  Carolina  passed  an  act  prohibiting  eman- 
cipation, except  for  meritorious  services,  and  by 
allowance  of  the  county  courts.  South  Caro- 
lina had  passed  a  similar  act  in  1800;  also  an- 
other act  the  same  year,  declaring  it  unlawful 
for  any  number  of  free  negroes,  mulattoes,  ox 
mestizos  to  assemble  together,  even  though  iu 
the  presence  of  white  persons,  "for  mental  in- 
struction or  religious  worship."  There  had  been 
two  alarms  of  insurrection  in  Virginia  (1799  and 
1801),  and  in  1805  the  freedom  of  emancipation, 
allowed  by  an  act  iu  1782,  was  substantially 
taken  away,  by  a  provision  that,  thenceforward, 
emancipated  slaves  remaining  iu  the  state  one 
year  after  obtaining  their  freedom  should  be  ap- 
prehended aud  sold  into  slavery  for  the  benefit 
of  the  poor  of  the  county.  Over- 
Beers  of  the  poor,  binding  out  black 
or  mulatto  orphans  as  apprentices, 
were  forbidden  to  require  their 
masters  to  teach  them  reading, 
writing,  and  arithmetic,  as  in  the 
case  of  white  orphans ;  and  free 
blacks  coming  into  the  state  were 
to  be  sent  back  to  the  places 
whence  they  came.  The  Legisla- 
ture of  Kentucky  in  1808  passed 
a  law  that  free  negroes  coining 
into  that  state  should  give  secu- 
rity to  depart  within  twenty  days, 
and  on  failure  to  do  so  should  be 
Bold  for  one  year,  the  same  process 
to  be  repeated,  if.  at  the  end  of 
the  year,  they  should  be  found  in 
the  state  twenty  days  afterwards. 
This  law  remained  in  force  until 
the  breaking-out  of  the  late  civil 
War. 

Free  Postage  FOB  ex-Prf.si- 

DBNT8.     Congress  bestowed  upon 

Washington,    on    his    retirement 

from  the  office  of  President  of  the  Republic,  the 

privilege  of  receiving  his  letters  free  of  postage 

for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  This  privilege  has 
been  extended  to  all  subsequent  presidents,  and 
also  to  their  widows. 

Free  School,  Tiik  First,  in  CHARLESTON. 
Several  benevolent  persons  ha\  lug,  by  their  last 
w  ills,  left  sums  of  money  for  the  foundation  of 

a  free  sol 1  forthe   use  of  the   inhabitants  of 

the  province  of  South  Carolina,  the  Assembly 
passed  au  act  in  1712  for  erecting  a  free  school 
in  Charleston  :  for  which  purpose  the  governor, 

with  fifteen  other  persons,  were  incoi  poiated  as 

commissioners. 

Free  Schools  in  Mauyi.anh.  In  1694  a  law 
was  passed  by  the  Legislature  of  Maryland,  as- 
sembled at  Annapolis,  the  new  capital,  for  es- 
tablishing bee  schools  In  that  province.     They 

appropriated  tow  aids  their  endowment  sundry 
imposts  on  negroes  and  spirits  imported,  and  on 
skins,  flits,  beef  and  polk  exported. 

Freedmeii's  Bureau.      Early   in   1- 


FKEEDOM  OF  A  CITY 


537 


FREEDOM  OF  THE  PRESS 


gress  established  a  Bureau  of  Freedmen,  Refu- 
gees, and  Abandoned  Lauds,  attached  to  the 
War  Department ;  and  early  in  May  General  O. 
O.Howard  was  appointed  Commissioner  or  head 
of  this  bureau.  He  appointed  eleven  assistant 
commissioners,  all  arm;  officers;  namely  —  for 
the  District  of  Colombia,  General  John  Eaton, 
Jr.;  Virginia,  Colonel  O.  Brown;  North  Caroli- 
na, Colonel  E.  Whittlesey ;  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia,  General  R.  Sazton  ;  Florida,  Colonel  T. 
W.  Osborne;  Alabama.  General  W.  Swayne; 
Louisiana,  tirst  the  Rev. T.  W.Conway,  and  then 
General  A.  Baird  ;  Texas, General  K.  M.Gregory; 

Mississippi,  Colonel  8.  Tl as;  Kentucky  and 

Tennessee,  General  C.  B.  Fiske;  Missouri  and 
Arkansas,  General  J.W.  Sprague.  The  bureau 
took  under  its  charge  the  freedmen,  the  refu- 
gees, and  the  abandoned  lands  in  the  South,  foe 
the  purpose  of  protecting  the  freedmen  and  the 
refhgees  in  their  rights,  anil  returning  the  lands 
to  their  proper  owners.  In  this  work  right  and 
Justice  were  vindicated.  To  make  the  opera- 
tions id'  the  bureau  mure  efficient  and  benefi- 
cent, an  ait  was  passed  (Feb.  19,  1866)  for  en- 
larging its  powers.  President  Johnson  inter- 
posed his  veto,  but  it  became  a  law,  and  per- 
formed   its    duties   well    so   long    as    they    were 

required, 

Freedom  of  a  City.     The  conferring  of  all 
the  privileges  of  a  citizen  upon  a  stranger,  or 

one  nut  entitled  to  such  privileges  because  of 
non-residence,  is  an  ancient  way  of  conferring 
honors  upon  one  tor  meritorious  services.  When 
the  eminent  lawyer  of  Penney lvania,  Andrew 
Hamilton,  who  ably  defended  the  liberty  of  the 

press  in  the  oase  of  John  Peter  Zenger  fwbiob 
tee),  the  corporation  of  the  city  of  New  York 

conferred  the  freedom  of  that  city  upon  him. 
The  certificate  of  such  honor  is  usually  enclosed 
in  a  gold  box,  bearing  on  the  underside  of  the 


lid   an    inscription    indicative   of  the   event.      I 

give  the  fol I'  -ni  h  a  document  in  a  copy  of 

the  certificate  of  freedom  which  the  corporation 

of  the  city  of  New  York  gave  to  General  Jacob 

Brown,  alter  the  battles  of  Chippewa  and  Lun- 
dy's  Lane,  in  the  summer  of  1-1  I.  g|  follows  : 

"To  nil  to  whom  i!'  w  iii  Clinton, 

lldennen  of  the  olty  of  New  York,  send 
greeting:  At  a  meeting  of  the  Couuuou  Council,  held  at  the  | 


Common  Council  chamber  in  the  City  Hall  of  the  city  of  New 
York,  the  following  resolutions  were  unanimously  agreed  to: 
'  Whereas  the  Corporation  of  the  city  entertains  the  most 
lively  sense  of  the  late  brilliant  achievements  ofGeneralJacob 
Brown  on  the  Niagara  frontier,  considering  them  as  proud 
evidences  of  the  skill  and  intrepidity  of  the  hero  of  Chippewa 
and  his  bravo  companions  in  arms,  and  affording  ample  proof 
of  the  superior  valor  of  our  hardy  farmers  over  the  veteran 
legions  of  the  enemy,  Resohvd,  That,  as  a  tribute  of  respect  to 
a  gallant  officer  and  his  intrepid  associates,  who  have  added 
such  lustre  to  our  arms,  the  freedom  of  the  city  of  New  York 
be  presented  to  General  Jacob  Brown,  ttiat  his  portrait  be  ob- 
tained and  placed  in  the  gallery  of  portraits  belonging  to  this 
city,  and  that  the  thanks  of  this  corporation  be  tendered  to 
the  officers  and  men  under  his  command.'  Know  ye  that 
Jacob  Brown.  Esquire,  is  admitted  and  allowed  a  freeman  and 
a  citizen  of  the  said  city,  to  have,  to  hold,  to  use,  and  enjoy 
the  freedom  of  the  city,  together  with  all  the  benefits,  priv- 
ileges, franchises,  and  immunities  whatsoever  granted  or  be- 
longing to  the  said  city.  By  order  of  the  mayor  and  aldermen. 
.  whereof  the  said  mayor  ami  aldermen  have 
earned  the  teal  of  the  said  city  to  be  hereunto  affixed.  Wit- 
ness :  lie  Witt  Clinton.  Esquire,  Mayor,  the  fourth  day  of  Feb- 
ruary, in  the  year  of  our  Lord  oue  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
fifteen,  and  of  the  independence  and  sovereignty  of  the  United 
Stales  (he  thirty  ninth.  Dts  Witt  Cli>t 

Freedom  of  Speech  and  of  the  Press.  The 
first  amendment   to  the  National   Constitution, 

ratified  in  December,  1791,  after  forbidding  Con- 
gress to  make  any  law  respecting  an  establish- 
ment of  religion,  or  prohibiting  the  free  exer- 
cise thereof,  says,  "or  abridging  the  freedom 
of  speech  or  of  the  press;  or  the  right  of  the 
people  to  peaceably  assemble,  and  to  petition 
iIm-  government  for  a  redress  of  grievances." 
This  secures  the  invaluable  right  of  utterance 
of  opinions,  and  reserves  to  all  citizens  the  priv- 
ilege of  making  their  grievances  known  to  the 
National  government. 

Freedom  of  the  Press  in  Massachusetts. 
The  controversies  carried  on  through  pamphlets 
in   Massachusetts  ill  discussions   of  the   subjects 

of  paper-money,  the  small-pox,  and  the  qnarrels 

between  the  governor  (Slmte)  and  the  repre- 
sentatives, had  exhibited  so  much  freedom  that 
Janus  Franklin  was  encouraged  to  set  up  a 
newspaper  at  Boston,  called  the  Xac  England 
(oiimnl.      The  finl    number  was  dated  Aug.  li, 

1721.     It  was  designed  as  a  medium  of  public 

discussion,  to  take  the  place  of  pamphlets,  and 
was  the  firs!  newspaper  in  America  that  aspired 
to  this  eminence.     Its  freedom  of  speech  made 

the  authorities  uneasy;  and  one  of  its  articles, 
in  relation  to  the  fittillg-ont  of  a  vessel  to  cruise 
against  pirates,  was  con-trued  as  contempt  of 
the  General  Court,  for  which  Franklin  was  im- 
prisoned. His  brother  Benjamin,  then  a  youth 
of  sixteen,  published  in  it  some  mild  essays  on 
religious  hypocrisy,  which  gave  greater  offence. 
It  was  charged  that  the  paper  had  a  ••  tendency 
to  mock  religion;"  that  it  profanely  abused  the 
Holy  Scriptures;  injuriously  reflected  upon  the 
ministers  of  the  Gospel  and  "on  his  majesty's 
government,"  and  disturbed  the  peace  and  good 
order  of  the  province.  James  Franklin  was  for- 
bidden to  publish  a  newspaper,  pamphlet,  or 
anything  else  unless  it  .should  be  approved  and 
lioensed  by  tin-  colonial  secretary      This  order 

was  evaded  1>.\  the  Coinant  being  published  ill 
the  name  of  his  brother  Benjamin,  but  the  cau- 
tion necessary  to  be  used  made  contributors  shy. 
They  gradually  ceased  to  write,  and  the  paper, 
losing  interest,  finally  perished  for  lack  of  sup- 
port. Such  was  the  fate  of  the  fust  nominally 
live  press  in  America. 


FREEDOM  OF  PRESS  VINDICATED      533 


FREE-TRADE  PROPOSED 


Freedom   of  the  Press  Vindicated.     (See 

Zi  iiiji  r's  Trial. ) 

Free- soil  Party,  The,  was  founded  in  1848 
npon  the  principle  of  the  non-extension  of  the 
slave  system  in  the  territories.  It  was  an  out- 
growth ot'the  Liberty  Party  of  1846.  The  imme- 
diate cause  of  its  organization  was  the  acquisi- 
tion of  new  territory  at  the  close  of  the  war  with 
Mexico,  which  would,  if  not  prevented,  become 
slave  territory.  In  a  bill  appropriating  money  for 
the  negotiation  of  peace  with  Mexico,  submitted 
to  Congress  in  1846,  David  Wilmot,  a  Democratic 
member  from  Pennsylvania,  offered  an  amend- 
ment, "Provided  that  there  shall  bo  neither  slav- 
ery nor  involuntary  servitude  in  any  territory 
on  the  continent  of  America  which  shall  hereafter 
be  acquired  by  or  annexed  to  the  United  States 
by  virtue  of  this  appropriation,  or  in  any  other 
manner,  except  for  crime,"  etc.  It  was  carried 
in  the  House,  but  failed  in  the  Senate  ;  and  in  the 
next  sessiou  it  was  defeated  in  both  branches. 
This  was  the  famous  Wilmot  Proviso  (which  see). 
Resolutions  to  this  effect  were  offered  in  both  the 
Democratic  and  Whig  conventions  in  1846,  but 
were  rejected.  A  consequence  of  such  rejection 
was  a  considerable  secession  of  prominent  men, 
and  many  others,  from  both  parties,  especially 
in  Massachusetts.  New  York,  and  Ohio.  In  New- 
York  the  seceding  Democrats  were  called  "Barn- 
burners,'' and  the  two  classes  of  seceders  com- 
bined were  called  "  Free  -  soilers."  The  two 
combined,  and  at  a  convention  held  at  Buffalo, 
Aug.  9,  1848,  they  formed  the  Free-soil  Parti). 
Tin-  convention  was  composed  of  delegates  from 
all  the  free -labor  states,  and  from  Delaware, 
Maryland, Virginia,  and  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia. They  nominated  Martin  Van  Buren  for 
President  of  the  United  States,  and  Charles 
Francis  Adams  for  Vice-President.  The  ticket 
received  a  popular  anti-slavery  vote  of  two  hun- 
dred and  ninety-one  thousand,  but  did  not  re- 
ceive a  single  electoral  vote.  The  Free-soil  ('in- 
vention at  Pittsburgh  in  1852  nominated  John 
P.  Hale  for  President,  and  George  W.Jndson  for 
Vice-President,  who  received  a  popular  vote  of 
one  hundred  and  fifty -seven  thousand.  The 
compromise  measures  of  1850,  and  the  virtual 

repeal  ot'the  Missouri  Compromise  (which  Bee), 

in  the  act  for  the  creation  of  the  territories  of 

Kansas  and  Nebraska  in  1*54,  greatly  increased 
the  Btrength  ot'the  Free-soil  party,  and  it  formed 

the  nucleus  ot'the  historical  Republican  party 
in  1856,  when  the  Free-soilers,  as  a  distinct  par- 
ty, disappeared. 

Free-stone  State.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  Connecticut  because  of  its  free-stone  qnar- 

ries.      It     is    also    called    the   '-hand    of  Stead] 

Habits"  and  the  "Nntmeg  stale."     it  received 

the  Oral  of  the  latter  names  in  allusion  to  the 
moral  character  of  the  inhabitants,  ami  the  sec- 
ond because  of  the  ingenuity  ami  shrewdness 
of  the  people,  who  were  jocosely  oharged  with 
making  and  selling  nutmegs  made  of  wood  tor 

genuine  ones. 

Free  thinkers  in  America  The  freed. mi  of 
thought  ami  expression  on  theological  subjects 

which  now  happily  pre\  ails  did  not  exist  in  the 


last  century.  Then  a  person  who  openly  op- 
posed the  accepted  tenets  of  orthodoxy  was  os- 
tracized, and  hence  it  is  that,  even  in  this  day, 
Franklin  and  Jefferson  are  sometimes  spoken 
of  as  infidels  (that  is,  opposers  of  the  Christian 
religion) — a  charge  cruelly  unjust.  They  were 
simply  free-thinkers — men  who  indulged  in  the 
exercise  of  reason  in  dealing  with  the  theology 
of  the  day.  The  first  American  free-thinker 
was  Jeremiah  Dummer,  for  many  years  colonial 
agent  in  England  of  Connecticut,  and  author  of 
t  he  hi  ft  mi  of  the  New  Kni/land  Charters.  Frank- 
lin was  one  of  his  converts,  yet  never  carried 
his  views  so  far  as  to  deny,  as  Hummer  did.  the 
supernatural  origin  of  the  Christian  religion. 
Franklin  was  no  propagandist  of  his  peculiar 
theological  views.  He  thought  religion  neces- 
sary for  the  good  of  individuals  and  society,  os- 
tensibly adhered  to  tin- Church  of  England,  and 
never  countenanced  attacks  upon  current  relig- 
ions ideas.  The  first  work  of  a  free-thinker 
published  in  America  was  Ethan  Allen's  OnilUm 

of  Religion.  From  passages  in  his  Notes  on  Vir- 
ginia, published  in  London.  17S7,  it  is  evident 
that  Jefferson  was  of  similar  mind  in  many 
things,  yet  his  views  of  the  necessity  ami  good- 
ness of  the  Christian  religion  were  similar  to 
those  of  Franklin.  Paine  was  of  a  different 
stamp,  and  ought  not  to  be  mentioned  in  asso- 
ciation with  Franklin  and  Jefferson.  He  made 
coarse  attacks  upon  the  Christian  religion,  and 
nothing  was  too  sacred  in  the  later  years  of  his 
life,  when  bis  mind  became  imbruted  by  intem- 
perance, to  escape  the  wrath  of  his  pen.  His 
indecent  attack  upon  Washington,  and  his  scoff- 
ing essay  Rgfiinst  Christianity,  left  his  other- 
wise bright  name  under  a  cloud. 

Free -trade  between  New  England  and 
Canada  Proposed.  D'Aulnay.  in  Acadia,  claimed 
for  the  Company  of  New  France  the  country 
east  of  Pemaqnid,  and  had  his  trading- house 
on  the  east  Bide  of  tin'  Penobscot,  near  (present ) 

Castine.  (See  I.u  Tour.')  In  consequence  of 
D'Anlnay's jealons  exclusion  ot'the  English  col- 
onists from  the  French  territory,  a  messenger 
was  sent  (1651)  by  the  commissioners  of  the 
United  Colonies  to  the  Governor  of  Canada  at 
Quebec  t<>  propose  free-trade  between  that  prov- 
ince and  New  England.  Two  Canadian  priests 
brought  a  reply,  after  long  delay,  but  it  was 
evident  that  they  were  more  intent  on  obtain- 
in-  assistance  in  a  bloody  war  with  the  Five 
Nations,  in  which  Canada  was  then  engaged, 
than  in  arrangements  for  prosecuting  the  arts 
of  peace.  They  asked  permission  for  war  par- 
ties of  converted  Indians  to  pass  through  the 
territories  of  the  Uuited  Colonies  on  their  way 
against  the  Five  Nations.  These  envoys  ap- 
pealed to  the  New-Englandera  as  •■  fellow-Chris- 
tians," and  with  this  endearing  epithet,  and 
touching  description!  of  th.'  distress  of  their 
Indian  converts  and    the   danger   to   the   Jesuit 

missions,  thej  tried  to  persuade  the  Puritans  to 
assist  them  in  their  war  with  the  great  Indian 
confederacy.     Trade  was  hardly  alluded  t<>  by 

them.  Then  was  no  s\mpath\  between  Puri- 
tans and  Jesuits,  anil  the  envoys  were  dismissed 

with  a  civil  refusal.    This  was  the  first  oonimn- 


FREE-TRADE  IN  NEGROES 


539 


FREMONT 


n nation  on  record  between  New  England  and 
Canada. 

Free  -  trade  in  Negroes  (1750).  To  com- 
pletely  enslave  the  English-American  colonies, 
the  British  Parliament,  in  1750,  gave  liberty  to 
trade  in  negroes,  as  slaves,  to  and  from  any  part 
of  Africa  between  Sal  lee,  in  South  Barbary,  and 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  to  all  the  subjects  of 
the  King  of  England.  This  was  designed  to  fill 
the  colonies  with  slaves,  who  should  neither 
trouble  Great  Britain  with  tears  of  encouraging 
political  independence  nor  compete  with  their 
industry  with  British  workshops  ;  neither  would 
they  leave  their  employers  the  entire  security 
that  might  enable  them  to  prepare  a  revolt. 

Frelinghuysen,  FREDERICK,  was  horn  in  New 

Jersey,  April  13,  1753;  died  April  13,  1804.  He 
graduated  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey  in  1770, 
and  became  an  eminent  lawyer.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Continental  Congress  mnob  of  the 

time  during  the  war,  and  served  as  a  captain  in 
the  army.  Afterwards  he  filled  various  state 
and  county  offices,  and   in    1790  was  appointed 

by  Washington  to  lead  an  expedition  against  the 
western  Indians,  with  the  rank  of  major-general. 
In  1793  he  was  chosen  United  States  Senator,  and 

Served  three  years. 

Frelinghuysen,  THEODORE,  LL.D.,  was  bom 
at  Millstone, N.  J., March  88,1787;  died  at  New 
Brunswick,  N.J.,  April  IS,  186S.     He  graduated 

at  the  College  Of  Princeton,  in  1804,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  m  1808.  In  the  War  of  L812 
1")  he  commanded  a  oompauy  of  voluuteers,  and 
in  HIT  became  bttorney-general  of  New  Jersey, 

■which  post  he  held  until  1829,  when  he  was 
elms,-, i    a    I'liiled    Slates   Senator.       In     I-.'.-    be 

was  chosen  Chancellor  of  the  University  of  New 

Yolk,  and  made  his  residence  in  that  cilv  ;  anil 

in  1844  he  was  nominated  for  Vice-President  of 
the  United  states,  with  Henry  Clay  foi  Presi- 
dent. Mr.  Frelinghnysen  left  the  University  of 
New  York  in  1850  to  become  President  of  But- 

gen  College  (which  see),  in  his  native  state. 
Which  position  he  held  until  his  death. 

Fremont  in  Missouri  (1861 ).  John  0.  Frc- 
mi. nt   was  in  En  rope  when  the  Civil  War  broke 

out.     lie  was  commissioned  major-general  of 

volunteers  (Maj  II.  I -oil,  and  leaving  Enrope 
on  receiving  notice  of  his  appointment,  he  re- 
turned home,  bringing  with  him  arms  for  his 
government,  lie  arrived  In  Boston  on  Jnne  87, 
and  .Inly  6  hi'  was  appointed  to  the  command 
of  the  Western  Department  (which  see),  jost 
created.  He  arrived  at  St.  Lonis  -inly  96,  w  lure 
lie  made  his  headquarters.     He  found  disorder 

everywhere.      The  terms  of  enlistment  of  Home 

Qnards,  or  three  -  months'  men,  were  expiring, 

and  they  were  unwilling  to  re-enlist,  lie  had 
very  little  money  or  arms  at  his  disposal,  and 
was  nnalde  to  send  aid  to  General  Lyon,  in  the 
southwestern  portion  of  the  slate,  battling  w  ith 

the  Insurgents.  He  resolved  to  assume  grave  re- 
sponsibilities. He  applied  to  the  United  Stales 
Treasurer  at  St.  Louis  for  a  portion  of  $300,000 

in  his   bands,  but   was  refused.      He   was  ahoiit 

-inn, lino  of  it,  when  the  officer  yielded  ; 

ami  with  the  monej    Fremont  secured  the  re- 


enlistment  of  many  of  the  Home  Guards.  He 
strongly  fortified  St.  Louis,  and  prepared  to 
place  the  important  post  at  Cairo  in  a  position 
of  absolute  security.  With  nearly  four  thou- 
sand troops  on  steamers,  he  proceeded  to  Cairo 
with  such  a  display  that  the  impression  was 
general  that  he  had  t  welve  thousand.  Although 
large  bodies  of  Confederate  troops  in  Kentucky 
and  Missouri  were  gathered  for  the  purpose  of 
seizing  Cairo  and  Bird's  Point,  Fremont  was  not 
molested  in  this  mission,  and  Prentiss,  at  the 
former  place,  was  amply  strengthened.  Pillow 
and  Thompson  and  Hardee,  who  had  advanced 
in  that  direction,  fell  back  (see  Army  of  Libera- 
tion in  Missouri),  and  became  very  discreet.  Fre- 
mont returned  to  St.  Louis  on  Aug.  4,  having 
accomplished  his  wishes  and  spread  alarm  among 
the  Confederates.  Polk,  at  Memphis,  ordered 
Pillow  to  evacuate  New  Madrid  with  his  men 
and  heavy  guns,  and  hasten  to  Randolph  and 
Fort  Pillow,  on  the  Tennessee  shore.  When 
news  of  the  battle  at  Wilson's  Creek  and  the 
death  of  Lyon  reached  St.  Louis,  tin'  Secession- 
ists were  jubilant.  (See  Wilson's  (ink.)  Fre- 
mont immediately  proclaimed  martial  law,  and 
appointed  a  prOVOSl  marshal.  Some  of  the  most 
active  Secessionists  were  arrested,  and  the  pub- 
lication of  newspapers  charged  with  disloyalty 
was  suspended.  Put  the  condition  of  public  af- 
fairs in  Missouri  was  becoming  more  and  more 
alarming.  The  provisional  government  was  al- 
most  powerless.     Fremont  took  all  authority 

into  his  Own  hands.  Secessionists  were  arrest- 
ed and  imprisoned,  and  disloyally  of  every  kind 
fell  Hie  force  of  his  power.  He  proclaimed  that 
the  propei  I  \  .  real  and  personal,  of  all  persons  in 
.Missouri  who  should  be  proven  to  have  taken 
an  active  part  with  the  enemies  of  the  govern- 
ment in  the  field  should  be  confiscated  to  the 
public  use,  and  their  slaves,  if  they  had  any, 
should  thereafter  be  free  men.  As  he  acted 
promptly  in  accordance  with  his  proclamation, 
great  consternation  began  to  prevail.     Ai  that 

moment   his  hand   was  stayed.      Pecause  of  his 

avowed  determination  to  confiscate  the  property 

and  free  the  slaves  of  the  disloyalists,  a  storm 
of  indignation  suddenly  arose  in  the  border 
slave -states,  which  alarmed  the  national  gov- 
ernment, and  the  President,  wishing  to  placate 

the  rebellious  spirit  of  those  slates,  requested 
Fremont  to  modify  his  proclamation  on  those 
points.  He  declined  to  do  so.  when  the  Presi- 
dent, at  Fremont's  request,  issued  an  order  for 
such  a  modification.  Fremont  could  not,  for  it 
would  imply  that  he  thought  the  measure  wrong, 
which  he  did  not. 

Fremont,  .John  Cm  LELES,  was  born  in  Savan- 
nah. (Ja.. Ian. -Jl.  1813,  and  graduated  at  Charles- 
ion  College  iii  l~:i".  His  rather  was  a  French- 
man, and  his  mother  a  Virginian.  He  was  in- 
structor in  mathematics  in  the  United  Slates 
Navy  from  1833  to  1835.      Engaged  in  surveying 

the  Chcrok •oiintry  in  the  winter  id'  l-:'.7    38, 

he  began  his  famous  explorations,  fust  in  the 
country   between    the   Missouri    Kivor    mid   the 

British  possessions,     lie  had  been  appointed 

second  lieutenant  of  Topographical  Engineers 
in  July.    In  1841  he  married  a  daughter  of  Sen- 


FREMONT 


540  FREMONT'S  EMBARRASSMENTS 


ator  Tboiiias  II.  Benton,  and  in  May,  1842,  he 
began,  trader  the  authority  of  the  government, 

the  txplm  ntioii  of  an  overland  route  to  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean.  He  ascended  the  highest  peak  of 
the  Wind  River  Mountains,  which  was  after- 
wards named  "Fremont's  Peak."  He  explored 
the  (in  at  Salt  Lake  region  iu  1843,  and  pene- 
trated to  the  Pacific  near  the  mouth  of  the  Co- 
lumbia River.  Iu  1845  he  explored  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  in  California,  and  iu  1H46  became  in- 
volved in  hostilities  with  the  Mexicans  on  the 
Pacific  coast.     He  assisted  in  the  conquest  of 


JOHN   CHARLES    FREMONT. 

California,  was  appointed  its  military  governor, 
and,  after  its  admission  as  a  state,  became  one 
of  its  first  United  States  Senators.  He  had  con- 
tinued his  explorations  after  the  war.  Pot  his 
Boientifie  researches,  Fremont  received,  in  I860, 
a  gold  medal  from  the  King  of  Prussia,  and  an- 
other from  the  Royal  Geographical  Society  of 
London.  He  had  already  received  from  his 
countrymen  the  significant  title  of  "The  Path- 
finder."   At  his  own  expense  he  made  a  fifth 

exploration,  in  \<t.\,  and  found  a  new  route  to 
the  Pacific.  In  1866,  the  newly  formed  Repub- 
lican party  nominated  him  for  the  Presidency 
of  the  United  states,  and  be  received  114  elec- 
toral votes  against  174  given  tor  Buchanan.  Re- 
turning from  Europe  in  May.  1861,  on  being 
appointed   major-general    iu    the   United  States 

Army,  be  was  assigned  to  command  the  West- 
ern Department;  but,  through  the  intrigues  of 

ambitious  politicians,  was  removed  from  the 
command  in  the  course  of  six  months,  while 
successfully  proseeut ing  a  campaign  he  had 
planned.  He  was  in  command  of  another  de- 
partment, but  resigned  in  1888,  declining  to 
serve  under  an  officer  inferior  to  him  in  rank. 
Radical    Republicans    nominated    him    for    the 

Presidency  in  1864,  after  which  be  t .»<.k  leave 
of  political  life;  but  he  became  a.ti\c  in  pro- 
moting the  construction  of  ■  transcontinental 
railway. 

Fre'mont,  John  c.  i\  i  u :\u.     Captain 

Fremont  was  sent  bv  bis  government,  in  the 
Spring   el    1846,  t.i  explore   the  great   basin  and 

the  maritime  region  of  Oregon  and  California. 


|  He  crossed  the  Sierra  Nevada,  iu  the  (bad  of 
winter,  from  Great  Salt  Lake  into  California, 
with  between  sixty  and  seventy  men,  to  obtain 
supplies.  Leaving  them  in  the  Valley  of  the 
San  Joaquin,  he  went  to  Monterey,  then  tin- 
capital  of  the  province  of  California,  to  obtain 
permission  from  the  Mexican  authorities  to  con- 
tinue his  explorations.  It  was  given,  but  was 
almost  immediately  withdrawn,  and  he  was  per- 
emptorily ordered  to  leave  the  country  without 
delay.  lie  refused,  when  General  de  Castro,  the 
Mexican  governor,  mustered  the  forces  of  the 
province  to  expel  him.  At  length  he  was  per- 
mitted to  go  on  with  bis  explorations  without 
hinderauce.  On  May  9,  1846,  he  received  de- 
spatches from  his  government,  directing  him  to 
watch  the  movements  of  the  Mexicans  in  Cali- 
fornia, who  seemed  disposed  to  hand  the  prov- 
ince over  to  the  British  government.  It  was 
also  rumored  that  General  de  Castro  intended  to 
destroy  all  the  American  settlements  on  the  Sac- 

]  ramento  River.  Fremont  hurried  back  to  Cali- 
fornia, and  found  De  Castro  on  the  march  against 
the  settlements.  The  settlers  flew  to  arms,  and 
joined  Fremont's  camp,  and.  under  his  leader- 
ship, these  settlements  were  not  only  saved,  but 
the  Mexican  authorities  were  driven  out  of  Cali- 
fornia. Fremont  and  his  followers  metGeueral  de 
Castro  and  bis  forces,  strong  iu  numbers,  when 
Fremont  retired  about  thirty  miles,  to  a  moun- 
tain position,  where  be  called  around  him  the 
American  settlers  in  that  region.  With  these  be 
captured  a  Mexican  post  at  Sonoma  Pass  (Juno 
16,  1846  .with  nine  cannons  and  two  hundred 
and  fifty  muskets.  DeOastrO  was  routed. and  on 
the  5th  of  July  the  Americans  in  California  de- 
clared themselves  independent,  ami  elected  Fre- 
mont governor  of  the  province.  He  then  pro- 
ceeded to  join  the  American  naval  forces  at 
Monterey,  under  Commodore  Stockton,  vv  ho  had 
lately  arrived,  with  authority  from  Washington 
to  conquer  California.  Fremont  appeared  there 
with  one  hundred  and  sixty  mounted  riflemen. 
On  Aug.  17  (1846),  Stockton  and  Fremont  took 
possession  of  the  city  of  Los  Angelas  city  of  the 
angels),  now  the  capital  of  Los  Angclos  County. 
CaL;  and  at  that  place  General  Kearney,  who 
had  just  taken  possession  of  New  Mexico,  joined 

Stockton  ami  Fremont, Deo. 87,1846.     Kearney 

would  not  sanction  the  election  of  Fremont  as 
governor  of  California,  and  on  Feb.  8,  1-17,  as- 
suming that  offlee  himself,  be  declared  the  an- 
nexation of  California  to  the  United  States. 
Fremont  refused  to  obej  General  Kearney,  his 

superior  ofiicer,  who  sent  him  to  Washington 
under  arrest,  where  he  was  tried  bj  a  court- 
martial,  which  sentenced  him  to  be  dismissed 

from  the  service,  but    recommended  him  to  the 

clemency  of  the  President    The  penalty  was 

remitted,  and  iu  October,  1848,  Fremont  entered 

upon  his  fourth  exploration  among  the  iu  watt- 
em  mountains,  lie  was  tin-  real  liberator  of 
California.  The  Legislature  of  that  slat.-  elect- 
ed him  one  of  Us  fust  United  States  Senators. 

Fremont's  Embarrassments.  Fremont  was 
censured  for  his  failure  to  reinforce  Colonel 
Mulligan  at  Lexington.  The  public  knew  very 
lltUe  of  bis  embarrassments  at  that  turn 


FREMONT'S  PLAN 


541 


FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR 


ing  demands  came  for  reinforcements  from  Gen- 
eral Grant  at  Paducah.  At  various  points  in 
his  depart  mint  were  heard  cries  for  help,  and  a 
peremptory  order  came  from  General  Scott  for 
him  to  forward  live  thousand  troops  immediate- 
ly to  Washington  city,  notwithstanding  MoClel- 
lan  numbered  seventy-five  thousaud  within  easy 
call  of  the  capital.  Fremont's  force,  never  ex- 
ceeding lilt \  -Nix  thousand,  was  scattered  over 
his  department.  Chafing  under  unjust  com- 
plaints, he  proceeded  to  put  into  execution  his 
plan  of  ridding  the.  Mississippi  Valley  of  Con- 
federates. (See  /•'/•/' 'in mi i'k  I'Iidi.)  More  than 
twenty  thousand  soldiers  were  set  in  motion 
(Sept.  27,  1  — « » 1 )  southward  (five  thousand  of  them 
cavalrv  ),  under  the  respective  commands  of  Gen- 
erals Hunter,  Pope,  Sigel,  McKinstry,  and  As- 
both,  accompanied  by  eighty-six  heavy  guns. 
These  were  moving  southward  early  in  Octo- 
ber; and  on  the  llth,  «  lien  his  army  was  thirty 
thousand  Strong,  he  wrote  in  his  government: 
"My  plan  is,  New  Orleans  straight ;  I  would 
precipitate  the  war  forward,  and  end  it  soon 
victoriously."  He  was  marching  with  confi- 
dence of  success,  and  his  troops  were  winning 
little  victories  here  and  there,  when,  through 
the  influence  of  men  jealous  of  him  and  his  po- 
litical enemies,  Frei t's  career  was  suddenly 

cheeked,  false  accusers,  public  and  private, 
caused  General  Scott  to  send  an  order  for  him 
to  turn  over  his  command  to  Genera]  Hunter, 
then  some  distance  in  the  real'.  Hunter  arrived 
just  as  the   troops  wen;  about   to  attack   Price,. 

He  took  the  command, and  countermanded  Frtf- 
mont's  orders  for  battle;  and  nine  days  after- 
wards General  H.  W.  rial  leek  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  Department  of  Missouri.  The  dis- 
appointed anil  disheartened  army  were  turned 
back,  and   matched  to  St.  Louis  in  sullen   sad- 

-  afterwards  au  elegant  sword  was 

presented  to  Fremont,  inscribed, "  To  the  Path- 
finder, by  the  Men  of  the  West." 

Fremont's  Plan.  When  General  Fremont 
took  charge  of  the  Western  Department  (which 
sec),  he  formed  a  plan  lor  ridding  not  only  Mis- 
souri, but  the  w  Inde  Mississippi  Valley,  of  armed 
insurgents,  and  I'm-  opening  the  navigation  of 
this  great  river,  then  obstructed  bj  Confederate 

batteries  at  Memphis  and  elsewhere.       His  plan 

contemplated  the  capture  or  dispersion  of  troops 
under  General  Price  in  Missouri,  and  the  seizure 
of"  Little  Rock,  Ark.  By  bo  doing,  Fremont  ex- 
pected to  linn  the  position  of  Pillow  and  others 
in  the  \  ioinity  of  New  Madrid  (see    liini/  of  Lib- 

■ration  I,  cut  oil'  the  supplies  from  the  southwest, 

mid  compel  them  to  retreat,  at  whioh  time  a  flo- 
tilla of  gunboats,  then  bnilding  near  St.  Louis, 

might  descend  the  Mississippi. and  assist  in  mil- 
Itarj  operations  against  the  batteries  at  Mem- 
phis. Iii  the  evenl  ofthis  movement  being  suc- 
cessful, hi'  proposed  to  push  on  towards  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  with  his  army,  and  take  posses- 
sion of  New  ( )i  leans. 

French  and  English  Settlers  in  South  Car- 
olina. There  were  warm  collisions  between  the 
French  and  English  settlers  in  South  Carolina, 
mostly  on  political  grounds,  until  1096,  w  Inn  tin- 


refugees,  or  Huguenots,  there  were  admitted  to 
full  citizenship  on  certain  conditions,  among 
them  that  of  taking  the  oath  of  allegiance  to 
King  William.  After  that,  the  people  of  those 
two  nationalities  lived  in  peace  and  harmony. 

French  and  Indian  War.  A  fourth  interco- 
lonial war  between  the  English  and  French  col- 
onies in  America  was  begun  in  1754,  in  which 
the  Indians,  as  usual,  bore  a  conspicuous  part. 
The  English  population  (white)  in  the  colonies 
w  as  t  ben  a  little  more  than  one  million,  planted 
along  the  seaboard.  The  French  were  one  hun- 
dred thousand  strong,  and  occupied  the  regions 
of  Nova  Scotia,  the  St.  Lawrence,  the  Great 
Lakes,  and  a  line  of  trading-posts  in  the  Valley 
of  the  Mississippi  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The 
latter,  as  chiefly  traders,  had  gained  great  influ- 
ence over  many  of  the  Indian  tribes.  There  was 
outward  peace,  but  inward  war,  between  the 
Colonists, and  it  needed  only  a  small  matter  to 
kindle  a  flame  of  hostilities.  After  the  capture 
of  Louisbiirg  (1745),  the  French  had  taken  meas- 
ures to  extend  and  strengthen  their  dominion 
in  America  Their  power  became  aggressive, 
and  early  in  1754  it  was  evident  that  they  in- 
tended to  hold  military  possession  of  the  Ohio 
and  the  region  around  its  head-waters.  The 
English  attempted  to  build  a  fort  at  the  forks 
of  the  Ohio.  The  French  seized  the  post,  and 
completed  the  fortification.  (See  Fart  Duqueme.) 
Washington  led  provincial  troops  to  recapture 
it,  but  was  unsuccessful.    The  colonists  appealed 

to  the  British  government,  and  received  prom- 
ises of  its  aid   in   the  impending   war;   and  in 

17.").">  General  Edward  Braddock  was  sent  with 

regular  troops  tocominand  any  forces  that  might 
be  raised  in  America  to  resist  the  French  and 
their  Indian  allies.  Three  separate  expeditions 
were  planned — one  against  Fort  Dnqnesne,  an- 
other against  forts  on  or  near  Lake  Ontario,  and 
a  third  against  French  fortson  Lake  Chainplain. 
An  expedition  against  Acadia  was  also  under- 
taken. The  three  expeditions  failed  to  accom- 
plish their  full  purposes.  In  May,  1756,  Eng- 
land declared  war  against  Fiance,  and  sent  Lord 
Loudoun  asohiefoommanderin  tin'  colonies,  with 
General  Aberorombie  as  his  lieutenant.  Expe- 
ditions similar  to  those  of  17.").">  were  planned, 
but  failed  ill  the  execution.  Tin;  skilled  sol- 
dier the  Marquis  de  Montcalm,  commanding  the 
French  and  Indians,  captured  Oswego,  ou  the 
southern  shore  of  Lake  Ontario.  Loudoun  pro- 
posed to  oonfine  the  campaign  of  1757  to  the 
capture  of  Lonisbnrg,  on  Cape  Breton.  (See 
Lovteburg.)  (Joinj;  there  with  a  large  land  and 
naval  armament,  he  was  told  that  the  French 
were  too  Strong  for  him.  He  believed  it,  with- 
drew, and  returned  to  New  York.  Meanwhile 
Montcalm  had  strengthened  Fort  Ticonderoga, 
on  Lake  Chainplain,  and  captured  and  destroyed 
the  English  fort,  William  Henry,  at  the  head  of 
Lake  George  (August,  17.">7);  and  so  ended  the 
campaign  and  the  leadership  of  the  inefficient 
Lord  Loudoun.  William  1'itt  took  the  chief  con- 
trol of  public  affairs  in  England,  and  prepared 

to  prosecute  the  war  in  America  with  vigor. 
General  .lames  Abererombie  was  placed  in  chief 
command  in  America  in  1758,  and  Admiral  lios- 


FRENCH  AND  SPANISH  FLEETS         542 


FRENCH  CREEK,  AFFAIR  AT 


cawen  iru  sent  with  a  Heet  to  co-operate.  Lou- 
isbnrg,  Fort  Tioonderoga,  and  Fort  Duqucsne 
were  to  be  attacked.  Louisburg  was  captured, 
but  Abercrouibie,  who  led  the  troops  towards 
Lake  Champlain,  was  unsuccessful  in  his  attack 
on  Tioonderoga,  The  French  fort  Frontenac,  at 
the  foot  cf  Lake  Ontario,  was  Captured  ;  so.  also, 
was  Fort  Duquesne,  and  its  name  was  changed 
to  Fort  Pitt,  in  compliment  to  the  great  prime- 
minister.  These  successes  so  alarmed  the  In- 
dians that  they  agreed,  in  council,  not  to  fight 
the  English  any  more.  Pitt  now  resolved  to 
conquer  Canada.  General  Amherst  was  placed 
in  chief  command  in  America  in  the  spring  of 
I7f>9,  and  a  land  and  naval  force  was  sent  over 
from  England.  Again  three  expeditious  were 
put  in  motion — one  to  go  up  the  St.  Law  rente, 
to  capture  Quebec;  another  to  drive  the  French 
from  Lake  Champlain,  and  force  them  back  to 
Canada;  and  a  third  to  attack  Fort  Niagara,  at 
the  month  of  the  Niagara  Biver.  General  Wolfe 
commanded  the  expedition  against  Quebec,  Gen- 
eral Amherst  led  the  troops  against  the  French 
on  Lake  Champlain.  and  General  Prideanx  com- 
manded t lie  expedition  against  Fort  Niagara. 
Prideanx  was  killed  in  besieging  Fort  Niagara. 
but  it  was  captured  under  the  lead  of  Sir  Will- 
iam Johnson,  his  lieutenant,  in  July.  Amherst 
drove  the  French  from  Lake  Champlain  into 
Canada,  and  they  never  came  back;  and  he 
built  the  strong  fortress  on  Crown  Point,  whose 
picturesque  ruins  still  attract  the  attention  of 
the  tourist.  Wolfe  attacked  Quebec,  and  at  the 
moment  of  victory  he  was  killed.  Montcalm, 
the  commander  of  the  French,  also  perished  on 
the  field.  In  17G0  the  French  tried  to  recapture 
Qnebeo,  but  were  unsuccessful.  Early  in  Sep- 
tember Amherst  went  down  the  St.  Lawrence 
and  captured  Montreal.  The  conquest  of  Can- 
ada was  now  completed,  aud  the  French  and 
Indian  War  was  essent  ially  ended.  The  last  act 
in  it  was  a  treatv  of  peace,  concluded  in  Paris  in 
170:5. 

French  and  Spanish  Fleets  in  English  Wa- 
ters. The  French  and  Spanish  armada,  com- 
posed of  about  fifty  ships-of- war,  appeared  oil' 
the  Knglish  coast  in  August,  177'.t.  The  English 
Heet  to  oppose  them  consisted  of  not  more  than 
forty  ships  of  the  line,  commanded  b\  Sir  Charles 
Hardy.  The  combined  fleets  were  commanded 
OJ   French  and  Spanish  leaders  respect  i\  cly.  and 

therefore  lacked  the  unity  necessary  for  perfect 

co-operation.  On  Aug.  10  they  appeared  off 
Pis  mouth,  but  did  not  attack  the  town.  Two 
days  later  a  gale  drove  the  armada  westward: 
when  it  ceased,  the  scattered  ships  wen  rallied, 
and,  sailing  up  the  channel,  made  the  English 
(leet  retreat  before  them.  The  French  and  Span- 
ish officers  could  not  agree  upon  a  line  of  action, 
and  there  was  delay.  Then  a  deadly  malady 
ravaged  the  French  ships  and  infected  the  Span- 
iard*, and  the  French  returned  to  port,  where 
the;  remained.  The  Spanish  vessels  sailed  for 
Cadis, cursing  their  allies.  Not  even  English 
merchant- vessels  on  return  voyages  had  bean 
harmed  bj  this  immense  armament.  The  whole 
scheme  ofinvadiug  England  w  as  :i  failure  Hop- 
ing to  produce  a  revolt  In  dia tented  Ireland, 


both  Vergennes  and  Blanca  sent  agents  there: 
the  latter  to  the  Irish  Roman  Catholics.  His 
emissary  was  a  priest,  who  was  promised  a  bish- 
opric if  he  should  succeed  in  creating  a  revolt. 
Vergenues  relied  more  upon  the  Presbyterians  in 
Ireland  than  upon  the  Roman  Catholics,  lint 
neither  party  in  Ireland  could  be  relied  upon 
as  allies  of  France  and  Spain. 

French  Army,  Depajrtokb  of  (1782  The 
headquarters  of  the  American  army  were  at  Ver- 
planck's  Point  at  the  beginning  of  autumn.  1788, 
where  (about  teu  thousand  strong)  it  was  joined 
by  the  French  army  on  its  return  from  Virginia, 
in  September.  The  latter  encamped  on  the  left 
of  the  Americans,  at  Crompond,  about  ten  miles 
from  Yerplanck's  Point.  They  had  received  or- 
ders to  proceed  to  Boston  and  there  embark  for 
the  West  Indies.  They  left  their  encampment 
near  Peekskill  Oct.  22,  aud  marched  by  way  of 
Hartford  and  Providence.  Rochainbeau  there 
left  the  army  in  charge  of  Baron  de  Viomenil 
and  returned  to  Washington's  headquarters  on 
his  way  to  Philadelphia.  The  French  troops 
reached  Boston  the  first  week  in  December.  On 
the  24th  they  sailed  from  Boston,  haviifg  been  iu 
the  United  States  two  and  a  half  years.  Ro- 
chainbeau sailed  from  Annapolis  for  France, 
Jan.  11.  1783. 

French  Consuls  "Warned.  As  the  French 
consuls  and  vice-consuls  to  whom  the  French  Re- 
public, through  •■  citizen  "  Genet,  committed  the 
functions  of  admiralty  courts,  were  disposed  to 
continue  the  exercise  of  their  admiralty  jnrisdic- 
tion,  after  the  positive  action  of  the  United  states 
government  against  them,  a  circular  letter  was 
issued  (Sept.  7)  threatening  to  revoke  the  exe- 
quatur, or  recognition  of  a  consul,  of  any  officer 
who  might  persist  iu  such  usurpation.  The 
French  consul  at  Boston  defied  the  menace,  and, 
with  the  help  of  a  French  frigate  at  anchor  in  the 
harbor,  lie  had  the  insolence  to  rescue  out  of  the 
hands  of  the  United  States  marshal  a  \  essel 
brought  in  as  a  French  prize,  hut  upon  which 
process  had  been  served  at  the  suit  of  the  Brit- 
ish owners,  who  claimed  that  she  hail  been  ille- 
gally captured  within  the  waters  of  the  Fnited 
States.  The  friends  of  the  French  cause  thwart- 
ed all  attempts  to  obtain  an  indictment  against 
the  deposed  consul. 

French  Creek,  Ai  r.wi:  at  (1813),  The  troops 
collected  by  Wilkinson  on  Grenadier  Island  (see 
Expedition  down  tkt  8L  Lawrence)  Buffered  much, 
for  storm  after  storm  swept  over  Lake  Ontario, 
and  snow  fell  to  the  depth  of  ten  inches.  A 
Canadian  winter  was  too  near  to  allow   delays 

on  account  of  the  weather,  and  on  Oct.  39  Gen- 
eral Brown,  with  lus  division,  moved  forward  in 
boats,  in  the  face  of  great  peril,  in  a  tempest. 

lb-  landed  at  French  Creek  now  Clayton  and 
took  post  in  a  wood.     The  marine  scouts  from 

Kingston  discovered  Brown  on  the  afternoon  of 

Nov.  1,  and  tWO  brigs,  two  schooners,  and  eight 
gunboats,  filled  with   infantry,  bore  down  upon 

him,  at  sunset,     Brows  had  planted  a  battery 

ol  'three   1-  pounders  on  a  high  wooded  bluff  on 

the  western  shore  of  French  Creek,  at  its  mouth, 

and  with    it    the   assailants  were   dnwu    awa\. 


FRENCH  CRUISERS,  DEPREDATIONS  OF  543  FRENCH  DOMAIN  IN  AMERICA 


The  conflict  was  resumed  at  dawn  the  next 
IBOruiDg,  with  tin-  same-  remit.  The  British 
lost  many  men  :  t  lie  Americans  only  two  killed 
and  four  wounded.  Meanwhile,  troops  wire 
coming  down  the  river  from  Grenadier  bland, 
and  there  landed  on  the  site  of  Clayton.  Wil- 
kinson  arrived  there  on  Nov.  3,  and  on  the  morn- 
ing of  the  6th  the  army,  in  three  hundred  ba- 
teaux and  other  hoars,  moved  down  the  river. 


French  Cruisers,  DlPUDATIom  Of  (1811). 
While  discussions  were  yet  in  p 
lag  tin-  repeal  (arrest  of  tin-  French  decrees, 
privateers  of  that  nation  on  the  North  Sea  and 
the  Baltic  wen  a-  aeti\  e  against  American  oom- 
ever.  Theyoapturad  every  American 
rod  in  these  waters,  in  the  hope  of  ef- 
fecting :i  ransom  or  a  compromise.  The  eon- 
duct  of  the  few  French  national  vessels  then  at 
■ea  was  no  better.  Some  French  frigatae,  bound 
to  the  Mauritius,  robbed  in  succession  three  in- 
nocent AiiMiiiian  vessels,  barning  two  of  them 

and  sparing  the  third  only  as  a  means  of  getting 
rid  of  their  prisoners.     These 
vatod  bj  the  refneal  of  Napoleon  to  make  any 
eom  actuation  for  the  robberies  under  the  Bam- 
honillet  Decree  (which 

French  Decrees.  The  presence  of  Jay  in 
England  to  make  a  treaty  with  Great  Britain 
aroused  the  Franco  to  a  sense  of  the  importance 
of  observing  its  own  treaty  stipulations  with 
the  United  States,  wbieh  had  Keen  utterly  dis- 
regarded since  the  war  with  England  began. 
On  Jan.  4,  1T'.»."..  a  new  chine  was  issued,  giving 

full  force  and  off  Ol  to  tboM  clauses  Of  the  trea- 
ty of  commerce  17?-)  with  the  United  States 
respecting  contraband  and  the  carriage  ofene- 

•■!-       When  news  of  the   failure  of  the 

Americana  to  eled  Jefferson  Presidenl  reached 
Fiance,  the  Directory  issued  a  decree  (March  v.', 
porting  to  define  the  authority  grant- 
ed to  French  cruisers  icy  a  former  ■!• 
was  intended  to  annihilate-  American  commerce 
in  European  water-.     The  treat]  with  America 


was  declared  to  be  so  modified  as  to  make  Amer- 
ican ve-sels  and  their  cargoes  liable  to  capture 
for  any  cause  recognized  as  lawful  ground  of 
capture  by  Jay's  treaty.  They  also  decreed  that 
any  Americans  found  serving  on  hoard  hostile 
aimed  vessels  Should  he:  treated  as  pirate--,  even 
though  they  might  plead  imprisonment  and  com- 
pnl-ion  as  an  excuse  ;  in  other  words.  American 
|  seamen,  impressed  by  the  British,  were-  made-  lia- 
ble to  he  hanged  by  the  French. 
On    .Ian.    1-.    171'-.   a    -weeping 

decree  against  American  com- 
merce was  promulgated  by  the 
French  Directory.     It  declared 

to  he  gooel  prises  all  \  e-—  els  hav- 
ing merchandise  on  hoard  the 
production  of  England  <>r  her 
colonies,  whoever  the-  owner  of 
the-  merchantman  might  he  :  and 
forbade,  also,  the  entrance  into 

any  Freueh  port  of  at 
which,  at  any  previous  part  of 
her  voyage,  had  touched  at  any 
English  possession. 

French  Depredations.     On 

F.lc  ■>:.  1?'.»7.  the  Secretary  of 
Slate1  laid  before  Conei,  - 

exhibit  of  the  wrongs  inflicted 
bj  the  French  on  American  oom- 
-  ipwith.Anieiiian  con- 
sul-general in  France,  had  pra- 
ted to  the  Directory  (which 
one  hundred  and  seventy 
claims,  many  of  them  for  provisions  furnished, 
examined,  and  allowed;  for  one  buudred  and 
.  Is  embargoed  at  Bordeaux,  for  which 
promised  indemnity  had  never  been  paid;  and 
to  these  wrongs  we-ri-  added  enormous  depreda- 
tions then  going  on  in  the  Wc-t  Indie-,  seising 
and  confiscating  the  property  of  Americana 
without  restraint.  American  vessels  wen-  capt- 
ured and  their  crew-,  treated  with  indignity  and 
cruelty.  Encouraged  by  the  accession  of  Spain 
to  their  alliance  and  the  victories  of  Bonaparte 
in  Italy,  the-  French  Directory  grew  every  day 
•l.-nt.  They  were  countenanced  by  a 
great  party  in  the  United  States,  w  Inch  had 
failed  by  only  two  votes  to  give  a  President  to 
the  American  Republic. 

French  Domain  in  America,  How  DIVIDED. 
On  the  7th  of  October,  1703,  the  King  of  England 
(George  OX), by  proclamation, erected  out  of  the 
territory  acquired  from  the  French  by  the  Trea- 
ty of  Pari-  thre-e  provinces  on  the  continent  — 
namely.  Bast  Florida,  West  Florida,  and  Quc- 
hec ;  and  an  insular  province  styled  Grenada. 
Fa-t  Florida  was  bounded  on  tin-  north  by  the 
St.  Mary'-  River,  the  intervening  region  thence 
to  the-  Altaniaha  he-ing  annexed  to  Georgia.     The 

boundaries  of  Weal  Florida  were-  the  Appalaohi- 
cola.  the-  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  Mi— i  —  ippi.  and 
lake-  I'oiitchartrain  and  Manrepas  :  and  on  the 
north  by  a  line  due  east  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Yazoo  River,  -o  a-  to  include-  the  French  settle- 
ments ne-ar  Natchez.  The  boundaries  of  the 
Proi  ince-  of  Quebec  w  ere  in  accordance  with  the 

chums  of  New  Fork  and  U  ),  being  a 


FRENCH  EMISSARY  IN  AMERICA       544 


FRENCH  FORTS  IN  THE  WEST 


line  from  the  southern  eud  of  Lake  Nepissing, 
striking  the  86. Lawrence  at  45 c  north  latitude 
and  following  that  parallel  across  the  foot  of 
Lake  Champlain  to  the  head-waters  of  the  Con- 
necticut River,  and  thence  along  the  highlands 
which  form  the  water-shed  between  the  St.  Law- 
rence and  the  sea.  Grenada  was  composed  of 
the  islands  of  St.  Viuceut,  Dominica,  and  To- 
bago. 

French  Emissary  in  America.  Vergenues, 
the  French  minister,  felt  very  anxious  to  know 
the  exact  state  of  public  opinion  in  America, 
and  in  177~>  he  employed  De  Bouvoloir,  a  French 
gentleman  of  great  discretion,  who  had  been  in 
the  colonies.  He  was  despatched  with  the  con- 
sent of  the  king;  and  this  was  the  beginning  of 
French  intervention  in  the  affairs  of  the  Ameri- 
cans during  the  old  war  for  independence.  De 
Bonvoloir  was  introduced  to  Franklin  and  oth- 
er members  of  Congress  at  the  close  of  1775. 
With  them  he  held  several  conferences,  by 
night.  The  members  inquired  of  him  whether 
France  was  disposed  to  aid  the  Americans,  and 
at  what  price ;  and  whether  it  would  be  pru- 
dent to  send  a  plenipotentiary  to  the  French 
court.  Bonvoloir  replied  that  France  was  well 
disposed  towards  the  Americans;  that  if  she 
should  give  them  her  aid,  it  would  be  on  just 
and  equitable  conditions.  "Make  your  pro- 
posals," he  said,  "and  I  will  present  them." 
He  thought  it  would  be  precipitate,  and  even 
hazardous,  to  make  any  arrangements  just  then, 
"  for,"  he  said,  "  what  passes  in  France  is  known 
in  London."  Bonvoloir  reported  to  Vergenues 
that  the  Americana  were  united  in  Load  com- 
plaints against  the  injustice  of  the  British  gov- 
ernment, and  almost  wholly  so  in  a  determined 
opposition  to  its  rule. 

French  Fleet,  Abbtval  OF  (1778).  In  ac- 
cordance with  the  spirit  of  the  treaty  of  alli- 
ance with  France  (Feb.  li.  1778),  a  French  fleet 
was  speedily  fitted  out  at  Toulon.  It  consisted 
of  twelve  ships  of  the  line  and  four  frigates, 
commanded  by  the  Count  D'Estaing.  This 
fleet  arrived  in  the  Delaware  on  July  8,  177-, 
bearing  four  thousand  French  troops.  With  it 
came  M.  Gerard,  the  first  Freucfa  minister  ac- 
credited to  the  United  states,    silas  Deauealso 

returned  from  his  mission  in  France  in  the  same 

vessel    the  Languedoo),  the  flag-ship.     Having 

sent  his  passengers  lip  to  Philadelphia  in  a  frig- 
:ii«  D'Eataing  sailed  for  Sanely  Hook,  and  came 
to  anchor  oil  the  harbor  of  New  York.  Lord 
Howe,  who  had  fortunately  for  himself  left  the 
Delaware  a  tew  days  before  D'Kstaing's  arrival, 
was  now  witli  his  Meet  in  Karitan  Bay.  whit  her 

the  heavy  French  vessels  could  not  safely  fol- 
low. On  .Inly  88  he  sailed,  witli  his  squadron, 
to  co-operate  with  General  Sullivan  against  the 

British  in  Rhode  island. 

French  Fleet.  ATTEMPTED  iNTRRCl  PTTOM  OF, 

When  \esM|s  hit  England  with  Braddook'a 
troops,  the   French,  ever   vigilant,  senl   a   fleei 

with   four   tl sand  soldiers,  under   the    Baron 

Dieskau,  to  reinforce  their  arm]  on  the  si .  I. aw 
rence.  Admiral  Boscawen  was  sent  with  an 
English  fleet  to  intercept  the  Frenofa  armament 


They  came  together  south  of  Newfoundland. 
"Are  we  at  peace  or  war!"  asked  the  French 
commander.  He  was  answered  by  the  thunder 
of  Boscaweu's  cannons,  and  two  of  the  French 
vessels  were  captured;  the  remainder  escaped, 
and  passed  into  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence, 
through  the  Strait  of  Belle  Isle.  Dieskau  was 
accompanied  by  Vaudreuil,  the  successor  of  Du- 
quesne  as  governor  of  Canada.  The  French 
fleet  had  left  one  thousand  soldiers  at  Louis- 
burg.  The  hostile  movements  of  the  English 
caused  the  French  ambassador  at  London  to  be 
recalled.  To  this  the  English  retorted  by  issu- 
ing letters  of  marque  and  reprisal.  These  and 
other  irritations  caused  a  declaration  of  war  be- 
tween the  two  countries  the  next  year. 

French  Fleet,  The.  and  Arnold.  At  the 
solicitation  of  Washington,  the  French  fleet  at 
Newport  sailed  for  the  Virginia  waters  to  as- 
sist in  capturing  Arnold,  then  marauding  in  Vir- 
ginia. The  tleet  was  to  co-operate  with  Lafay- 
ette, whom  Washington  had  sent  to  Virginia 
for  the  same  purpose.  The  British  blockading 
squadron,  which  had  made  its  winter-quarters 
in  Gardiners  Bay,  at  the  eastern  end'ofLong 
Island,  pursued  the  French  vessels,  and  off  the 
capes  of  Virginia  a  sharp  naval  engagement 
occurred,  in  which  the  latter  were  beaten  and 
returned  to  Newport.  This  failure  on  the  part 
of  the  French  fleet  caused  Lafayette  to  halt 
in  his  march  at  Annapolis,  Md.  Two  of  the 
French  vessels,  taking  advantage  of  a  storm 
that  disabled  the  blockading  squadron,  entered 
Chesapeake  Bay  (February,  1761).  Thus  threat- 
ened by  land  and  water,  Arnold  withdrew  to 
Portsmouth,  so  far  up  the  Elizabeth  River  as  to 
be  out  of  the  reach  of  the  French  ships.      There 

be  was  reinforced  by  troops  under  General  Phil- 
lips, of  the  Convention  troops,  who  had  been  ex- 
changed for  General  Lincoln.  The  French  ships 
soon  returned  to  Newport,  after  making  some 
prises. 

French  Forces,  ARRIVAL  OF  (1780).  On  the 
Kith  of  July,  1780,  a  powerful  French  tleet.  com- 
manded by  the  Chevalier  de  Ternay.  arrived  at 
Newport,  B.  I.  It  was  composed  of  seven  ships 
of  the  line,  besides  fi  igatcs  and  transports.  The 
latter  bore  a  French  army, six  thousand  strong. 
commanded  by  Lieutenant-general  tin'  Count  de 
Knehambeau.  This  was  the  first  division  in- 
tended tor  the  American  Service,  Slid  was  the 
first-frnit  of  Lafayette's  persistent  personal  ef- 
forts at  th«-  French  conn.  With  wise  fore- 
thought the  official  relations  between  Washing- 
ton and  Kocbambeau  had  been  settled  by  the 
French  government.  In  order  to  prevent  any 
ditlicnlties  in  relation  to  command  between  the 
French  and  American  officers,  the  French  gov- 
ernment commissioned  Washington  a  lieutenant- 
general  of  the  empire.  This  allowed  him  to  take 
precedence  of  Rochambean  and  made  him  com- 
mander of  the  allied  armies.  On  all  points  of 
precedence  and  etiquette  the  French  officers 
were  i..  give  place  to  the  American  officers. 
(gee   Vmcport,  FVendt  Fleei  and  Army  at) 

French  Forts  in  the  West.  The  I  Tench,  for 
the  security  of  tin-  interior  territory  of  America, 


TWKxrm  mi^  «■■■  «c  at  *t 

■   '   •        I-!         ',-       -'     |i    1,1       ...        ;.-;-,.       •       ...,._ 

li-t:r.-iL    vr.i    u..    v  ia:..-- *L-    uu-    >,.   -Je   fiaOM 

■''      :'•!'•  -1.  i]    !■•:.•  "I      i:ll.  •         "-.,-      -.,   ui--      It 

she  Fwatt.*  w«iL  a»  At  ^pwmrrfa  mmiii 

-    ■  ;      -           '    '-■       "''■>•       •        :■  n  -  ■  n  :.       .  ■    .  - 

ia.-.-L  -••!,!  ,,„■■;.  1..S11.  md  :,-.is-i    .i.-  — •  Murim: 

'■-    :"     >'       -      •      ':■-       ;.-•-    '  :••       :  .•:  :i,  i :  -  •     :i 
- 

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■Mm   -u.t*-—u    nai-a  :    -nr  nun-    it  -  n-ai    j.m 

i>.ii.r-r>    n-ir     -—aaic.-r    ^ia:in.    ir    -  <■■ 

- 

- .n;   ni-.t   v  -r-    m ..-     ■'■•!!   -;n-   M  "j;nL  in  ,u,.:- 


lanni   Hiiin.i 


FRENCH  NEUTRALS 


546   FRENCH  SETTLEMENTS  IN  THE  WEST 


from  their  winter  encampment.  The  flotilla 
was  destroyed  and  the  barraeks  were  burned. 
Brown,  with  a  larger  portion  of  the  troops. 
marched  for  Baekett'a  Harbor,  and  the  remain- 
der aeeompanied  Wilkinson,  the  commander-in- 
chief,  to  Plattsburg. 

French  Neutrals.  ( See  Acadiaus,  and  Aca- 
dia. English  Settlers  in.) 

French  Politics  in  America.  The  progress 
of  the  French  Revolution,  decisively  begun  at  the 
meeting  of  the  States-General  (May  5,  1789)  was 
contemporaneous  with  the  organization  of  the 
American  Republic  under  the  new  Constitution. 
The  Americans  naturally  sympathized  with  the 
French  people  avowedly  struggling  to  obtain 
political  freedom  ;  and  the  influence  of  that 
sympathy  was  speedily  seen  in  the  rapid  devel- 
opment of  the  Republican  party  in  the  United 
States.  The  supposed  advent  of  Liberty  in 
France  had  been  hailed  with  enthusiasm  in 
America,  but  common  -  sense  and  a  wise  pru- 
dence caused  many  thinking  Americans  to 
doubt  the  genuineness  of  French  democracy. 
This  tended  to  a  more  distinct  defining  of  par- 
ty lines  between  the  Federalists  and  Republi- 
cans. This  enthusiasm  was  shown  by  public 
festivals  in  honor  of  the  French  revolutionists. 
At  a  celebration  in  honor  of  the  temporary  con- 
quest of  the  Austrian  Netherland  by  Dumouriez 
(1792),  held  in  Boston,  Jan.  24,  1793,  a  select 
party  of  three  hundred  sat  down  to  a  feast  in 
Faneuil  Hall,  over  which  Samuel  Adams,  then 
Lieutenant-governor  of  Massachusetts,  presid- 
ed. Speeches,  toasts,  mnsio  —  all  were  indica- 
tive of  sympathy  for  the  French  cause.  The 
children  of  the  Boston  schools  were  paraded  in 
the  streets,  and  to  each  one  was  given  a  cake 
imprinted  with  the  words  "Liberty  and  Equal- 
ity." Similar  celebrations  were  held  in  other 
places;  and  the  public  feeling  in  favor  of  the 
French  was  intensified  by  the  arrival  of  M.  Ge- 
net as  representative  of  the  French  Republic, 
That  was  on  the  9th  of  April.  1793.  He  brought 
with  him  news  of  the  declaration  of  war  against 
England.  It  had  reached  New  York  five  days 
before.  More  fiercely  than  ever  the  two  parties 
were  arrayed  against  each  other:  and  now  the 
Federalists  were  first  called  the  "  British  party," 
and  the  Republicans  the  •French  parts."  So 
long  as  the  French  Republic,  so  miscalled, last- 
ed, the  politics  of  France  exerted  marked  influ- 
ence in  the  United  State*.  (See  Genet  in  the 
United  state*.) 

French  Privateers.  On  the  arrival  of  Cit- 
izen Genet  at  Charleston,  8.  c.  be  fitted  oat 
privateers  to  depredate  on  British  commerce, 
lamed  commissions  for  their  commanders,  and 
conferred  authority  upon  French  consuls  each 
to  create  himself  into  an  admiralty  court  to  de- 
cide upon  the  disposition  of  prizes  brought  into 
port  by  French  oruiaera.  Genet  had  commie- 
•toned  two,  w  hen  the  United  state-  government 
interfered.  He  persisted,  in  defiance  of  the  gov- 
ernment, and  \ei\  soon  qnitfl  a  number  were 
afloat       namely,  8ans  Galetfe,  GMfsM  Genet,  Ota- 

<iiinatti*,    Idiii<iniiir    tli     In     Bottils,    L' i'.mhii-rtiil, . 

Ann  ■tiinnji.  (aniKhjiiioii,  Botoed,  and  Gpaeord. 


L'Embuscade.  the  frigate  that  brought  Genet  to 
America,  and  the  Genet,  were  both  fitted  out  as 
privateers  at  Charleston.  The  others  went  out 
of  the  ports  of  Savannah.  Boston,  and  Philadel- 
phia. These  captured  more  than  fifty  Euglish 
vessels,  quite  a  number  of  them  within  Ameri- 
can waters.  After  Genet  had  been  warned  that 
the  fitting-out  of  privateers  in  American  ports 
was  a  violation  of  law,  he  had  the  Little  Sarah 
(a  vessel  captured  by  one  of  the  privateers  and 
sent  to  Philadelphia)  made  into  a  letter -of- 
marqne  nnder  the  very  eyes  of  the  government, 
and  called  the  vessel  The  Little  Demoerat.  Gov- 
ernor Mifflin  prepared  to  seize  the  vessel  before 
it  should  leave  port,  when  Jefferson,  tender  tow- 
ards the  French  minister,  waited  on  Genet  in 
person  to  persuade  him  not  to  send  the  vessel 
to  sea.  Genet  stormed,  and  declared  his  crew- 
would  resist.  He  finally  promised  that  the  ves- 
sel should  only  drop  down  the  river  a  little 
way.  That  "little  way"  was  far  out  of  the 
reach  of  militia  or  other  forces.  Very  soon  af- 
terwards, in  violation  of  his  solemn  assurance, 
Genet  ordered  The  Little  Demoerat  to  go  !<>  sen. 
and  others  followed.  In  the  last  year  of  John 
Adams's  administration,  and  before  there  was  a 
final  settlement  of  difficulties  with  France,  finite 
a  large  number  of  French  privateers  yet  at  sea 
fell  into  the  hands  of  American  cruisers.  These, 
with  others  previously  taken,  made  the  number 
captured  about  fifty.  There  were  also  recapt- 
ures of  numerous  merchant  vessels  which  had 
been  previously  taken  by  the  French. 

French  Refugees  in  America.     The  colony 

of  Huguenots    planted    in    America    by   Coligni 

(see  Huguenots  in  America)  disappeared,  but  the 

revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  i  which  see) 
in  llv-.">  caused  another  and  larger  emigration  to 
America.  The  refugees  in  England  had  been 
kindly  assisted  there,  and  after  the  accession  of 
William  and  Mary  Parliament  voted  fi 
be  distributed  '•among  persons  of  quality  and 
all  stub  as, through  age  or  infirmity,  were  un- 
able to  support  themselves."  The  king  sent  a 
large  body  of  them  to  Virginia,  and  lauds  were 
allotted  them  on  the  James  Biver;  others  pur- 
chased lands  id'  the  proprietaries  of  Carolina, 
and  settled  on  the  Sautee  River:  while  others 
—  merchants  and  artisans — settled  in  Charles- 
ton. These  Snguenots  were  a  valuable  acqui- 
sition to  the  colonies.  In  the  South  they  plant- 
ed vineyards  and  made  wine.  A  large  number 
of  them  settled   in    the   province   of  New   York, 

chiefly  in  Westchester  and  Ulster  counties,  and 
in  the  city  of  New   York.      (See  In-ln:) 

French  Settlements  in  the  "West      ('al- 
liens, w  ho  ■noeeeded  Frontenac  as  goi  ernor  of 

Canada  in  lf>'.»'.».  sent  messages  to  the  Fin  Na- 
tions with  the  alternative  of  peace  or  an  exter- 
minating war,  against  which.it  was  alleged, 
the  English  could  not  render  them  assistance. 

Their  jealousy  had  been  exoited  Bgaiusl  the  lat- 
ter b\   a   claim   of  Belloinont    to   build    torts  on 

their  territory, aud  tbej  were  induced  to  send  a 
deputation  to  a  grand  assembly  at  Montreal  of 

all  the  Indian  allies  of  the  French.  Then  a 
treaty  of  friendship  was  concluded;  and  so  t ho 


FRENCH  SPOLIATIONS  5 

Frencli,  who  had  heen  restrained  by  the  hostil- 
ity of  the  Iroquois  Confederacy,  secured  a  free 
passage  towards  the  Mississippi.  Almost  im- 
mediately one  hundred  Bottlers,  with  a  Jesuit 
leader,  were  sent  to  t;ik«-  possession  of  the  strait 
between  lakes  Erie  and  St.  Clair.  Tliey  built 
a  fort,  and  called  the  spot  Detroit,  the  French 
name  for  a  strait  or  sound.  It  soon  became  the 
fovorite  settlement  of  western  Canada.  Vil- 
lages of  French  settlers  soon  grew  np  around 
the  .Jesuit  missionary  stations  at  Kaskaskia 
and  Cahokia,  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, between  the  months  of  the  Illinois  and 
Ohio.  These  movements  occasioned  no  little 
alarm  to  the  English  in  New  York  and  New 
England. 

French  Spoliations.  The  United  States 
made  claims  upon  the  government  of  France 
from  time  to  time  for  depredations  committed 
upon  American  commerce  under  the  rule  of  the 
Directory  (which  see),  the  First  Consul,  and  the 
Empire.  Negotiations  to  this  end  had  been 
long  continued  by  various  ministers  from  the 
United  States,  bul  nothing  satisfactory  had 
been  obtained  or  definitely  settled.  '1'he  change 
in  the  government  of  France  by  the  Revolution 
of  1830  was  a  favorable  time  for  Mr.  Rives, the 
American  minister  to  France,  to  again  propose 
a  settlement.  The  French  had  set  up  a  counter- 
claim of  the  non  -fulfilment  of  the  treaty  of 
1/T^ :    but    the   American   government  argued 

thai     Subsequent     events    had     exonerated    the 

United  states  from  all  demands  under  that 
treaty.    Mr.  Uvea  ■nooeeded  in  negotiating  a 

treaty  by  which  the  long-pending  controversy 
was  closed.  By  it  the  French  government 
agreed  to  pay  to  the  United  Slates,  m  complete 
satisfaction  of  all  claims  of  American  citizens 
for  spoliations,  nearly  $5,000,000,  in  six  annual 
instalments,    $300,000     to     be    allowed    by     the 

American  government  to  France  for  French 
citizens  for  ancient  supplies  'see  Beaumarchais), 
accounts,  or  other  claims.  The  United  States 
Senate  ratified  the  treaty,  but  the  French  Cham- 
ber of  Deputies  refused  to  make  the  appropria- 
tion to  carry  it  out,  and  an  unpleasant  dispute 
arose  between  the  two  governments.  The  mat- 
lei-  was  flnally  settled  on  the  basis  of  the  treaty 
in  1836. 

French,  Tin:.  AND  Till-:  Chickasaws.  For  a 
long  time  the  chickasaws,  who  were  friendly 

with   the   English,  and   obstinately  opposed  the 

progress  of  the  French  up  the  Mississippi  River, 
preseuted  the  only  obstacle  to  a  regular  com- 
munication between  Louisiana  and  Canada.  In 
17:!()  an  expedition,  consisting  of  two  hundred 

Frenchmen  and  four  hundred  Indians,  was  scut 

from  Canada  to  meet  a  party  from  New  Orleans 
for  the  purpose  of  extirpating  the  Chickasaws. 
The  part]  from  belownol  coining  up  in  time,  and 
the  party  from  Canada,  looking  with  contempt 
upon  the  Chickasaws,  began  the  war  on  their 
own  account  by  attacking  t  he  Chickasaw  towns. 
Three  hundred  warriors  instant  ly  gathered,  gave 

battle  to  their  assailants d  completely  defeat- 
ed them.  Full  forts  Frenchmen  and  eight  of 
their  Indian  allies  were  killed,  and  the  remain- 


7  FRENCH  WEST  INDIES 

der  were  made  prisoners  and  afterwards  tort- 
ured at  the  stake. 

French,  Tin:,  First  Collision  of,  with  Nf.w- 
Exglaxdeks.  Nova  Scotia  (see  Acadia),  grant- 
ed to  Sir  William  Alexauder,  passed  into  the 
hands  of  a  joint -stock  association  of  Frencli 
merchants,  called  "The  Hundred  Associates,  or 
Company  of  New  France,'' at  tin;  head  of  which 
was  Cardinal  Richelieu.  In  1829,  by  the  aid  of 
a  licet  under  Sir  David  Kertk,  who  captured  (Que- 
bec (see  Canada,  Conquest  of).  Sir  William  gained 
temporary  possession  of  Nova  Scolia;  but  it, 
with  Canada  and  Cape  Breton,  was  restored  to 
the  French  (1632)  by  treaty.  The  Hundred  As- 
sociates sent  a  governor  to  rule  Nova  Scotia,  or 

Acadia,  whose  western  limits  were  undefined. 
Meanwhile  enterprising  Plymouth  colonists  had 
obtained  a  grant  on  the  Kennebec,  and  were 
carrying  on  a  profitable  trade  with  the  Indians. 
Thus  encouraged,  they  pushed  eastward  and  es- 
tablished a  trading-post  on  the  Penobscot,  and 
another  still  farther  east,  at  Machias.  The 
French  regarded  this  movement  as  an  intru- 
sion, and  sent  a  pinnace  to  the  Penobscot  to 
"displant"  the  English  there.  The  people  of 
Plymouth  sent  two  armed  vessels  to  recover 
the    post,   but    foiled.       The    same    fate    overtook 

the  one  at  Machias  the  next  year (1633).    The 

French  gave  bills  on  France  for  the  goods,  but 
drove  away  the  settlers.  The  Nevv-Englanders 
were  notified  by  the  French  commander  that 
they  would  not  be  allowed  to  trade  eastward 
of  Pemaquid  Point,  a  promontory  about  half- 
way between   the   Kennebec  and   llie   Penobscot. 

(See  Pemaquid.)  Too  feeble  to  resist,  the  Plym- 
outh people  withdrew. 

French  Treaties  Declared  Void.  The 
French  republic  having  repeatedly  violated  the 
treaties  between  France  and  the  United  Slates 
made  in   1778,  the  Congress,  by  act   passed  July 

(i,  1798, declared  those  treaties  void. 

French  Vessels  Captured  (1747).  A  fleet 
of  thirty-eight  sail  was  sent  from  France,  under 
M.  de  la  Jouquiere,  a  part  of  which  was  appoint- 
ed to  convoy  six  Fast  India  ships,  and  the  rest, 

with  transports  and  merchantmen  full  of  stores, 
goods,  and  merchandise,  were  destined  for  Can- 
ada and  Nova  Scotia.  English  fleets,  under  Ad- 
mirals Anson  and  Warren,  that  sailed  in  pursuit 
of  the  Fiencli  vessels,  tell  in  with  (hem  on  May 
:>,  and.  after  a  sharp  battle,  captured  six  of  the 
French  men-of-war,  all  their  merchant  vessels. 
and  took  nearly  Ave  thousand  prisoners.  About 
seven  hundred  of  the  French  and  five  hundred 
of  the  English  were  killed  and  wounded.      The 

treasure  taken  by  these  admirals  was  afterwards 
conveyed  in  twenty  wagons  to  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land. The  estimated  loss  of  the  French  was 
over  17,000,000. 

French  "West  Indies,  BRITISH  mvki  Wvi: 
upon  iiik.  Canada  eonqnered,  the  British  turn- 
ed their  arms  against  the  French  West  India  isl- 
ands, in  w  huh  t  he  cidonies  participated.  Guade- 
loupe had  already  been  taken,  (ieneral  Mom  k- 
ton.  after  Bllbmitting  his  commission  as  govern- 
or to  the  Council  of  New  York,  sailed  from  that 

port  (January,  1762)  with  two  Una- of- battle 


FEENCHTOWN,  MASSACEE  AT 


543 


FEENCHTOWN,  MASSACEE  AT 


ships,  ouo  handled  transports,  and  twelve  hun- 
dred regulars  and  colonial  troops.  Major  Gates 
I  afterwards  adjutant-general  of  the  Continental 
army)  went  with  Monckton  as  aide-de-camp, 
and  carried  to  England  the  news  of  the  capt- 
ure of  Martinique.  Eichard  Montgomery  (after- 
wards a  general  in  the  Continental  army)heldthe 
rank  of  captain  in  this  expedition.  The  Colonial 
troops  were  led  by  General  Pbiueas  Lymau. 
( See  Lake  George,  Battle  of.)  Grenada,  St.  Lucia, 
and  St.  Vincent's  —  indeed,  every  island  in  the 
Caribbean  group  possessed  by  the  French — fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  English.  (See  Treaty  of 
Paris.)  Tlie  French  lleet  was  ruined, and  French 
merchantmen  were  driven  from  the  seas.  British 
vessels,  including  those  of  New  York  and  New 
England,  now  obtaiued  the  carrying -trade  of 
those  islands ;  also,  under  safe  conducts  and 
dags  of  truce,  that  of  Santo  Domingo. 

Frenchtown  (Eaisiu  River),  Massacre  at. 
In  the  middle  of  December,  1812,  General  Har- 
rison wrote  to  the  War  Department  that  if  no 
political  or  other  necessity  existed  for  the  re- 
covery of  Michigan  and  the  invasion  of  Canada, 
the  enormous  expense  of  transportation  and  the 
Bufferings  of  men  and  beasts  in  the  task  pleaded 
for  a  remission  of  efforts  to  attain  that  recovery 
until  spring.  He  was  directed  to  use  his  own 
judgment  in  the  matter,  and  was  assured  that 
immediate  measures  would  be  taken  for  recov- 


Virginia.  and  one  from  Ohio,  under  General  Si- 
mon Perkins,  as  the  right  wing  of  the  army; 
and  the  Kentuckians,  under  General  Janus  Wil- 
kinson, as  the  left  wing.  So  arranged,  tlie  army 
pressed  forward  towards  the  rapids  of  the  Mau- 
mee,  the  designated  general  rendezvous.  Win- 
chester, with  eight  hundred  young  Kentuckians, 
reached  there  ou  the  10th  of  January,  1813,  and 
established  a  fortified  camp,  when  he  learned 
that  a  party  of  British  and  Indians  were  occu- 
pying Frenchtown,  on  the  Kaisin  Biter  (now 
Monroe.  Mich.),  twenty  miles  south  of  Detroit. 
He  sent  a  detachment,  under  Colonels  Allen  and 
Lewis,  to  protect  the  inhabitants  in  that  region, 
who  drove  the  enemy  out  of  the  hamlet  of  about 
thirty  families,  and  held  it  until  the  arrival  of 
Winchester  on  the  20th  with  about  three  hun- 
dred men.  General  Proctor  was  then  at  Fort 
Maiden,  eighteen  miles  distant,  with  a  consider- 
able body  of  British  and  Indians.  Willi  fifteen 
hundred  of  these  he  crossed  the  Detroit  Bivex 
and  marched  stealthily  at  night  to  destroy  the 
Americans.  Winchester  was  informed  late  in 
the  evening  of  the  21st  that  a  foe  was  approach- 
ing. He  did  not  believe  it,  and  at  midnight  was 
in  perfect  repose.  The  sentinels  were  posted, 
but,  the  weather  being  intensely  cold,  pickets 
were  sent  out  upon  roads  leading  to  t hi'  town. 
Just  as  the  drummer-boy  was  beating  the  re- 
veille in  the  gray  twilight  of  the  22d,  the  sharp 


MONKOE,   FKUM 


U  1'I.K  tatol  ' 


Sting  the  control  of  Lake  Erie  to  the  Ameri- 
cans, lie  was  instructed,  in  case  he  should 
penetrate  Canada,  not    to  oiler  the  inhabitants 

anything  but  protection;  and, secondly, not  t<> 

make  temporary  acquisitions,  but  to  proceed  10 
suivh  ih.it  be  Dligbl  hold  fast  any  territory  he 
should   acquire.      Other  troops  having  arrived, 

Harrison   resolved  to  attempt   the  oaptnre  of 

Fori  Maiden.      His  w  lode  effective  tone  did  not 

exceed  m\  thousand  three  hundred  men.  lie 
designated  the  brigades  from  Pennsylvania  and 


crack  of  a  rifle,  followed  by  the  rattle  of  mus- 
ket i\  ,  awoke  the  sleepers.    Bomb-sheila  and  aau- 

istcr-shot    immediately  succeeded   in   a  shower 

upon  the  camp.     The  Americana, seising  their 

anus,   tried    tO    defend    t  lielusch  <  s.       \.i\     - 1 

the  soldiers  fled  to  the  woods,  when  the  sav- 
age*, who  swarmed  there,  smote  them  1.  ;i  1 1  ni- 
ls wiili  gleaming  hatcbeta,    The  British  and 

their  duskj  allies  made  il  a  war  of  cxtci  miiia- 
t ion.  Winchester  was  captured,  and  he  con- 
cluded Ml  airan-eiiirnt  with  1'ioctor  to  siuicu- 


FEfiNEAU  5. 

der  his  troops  on  condition  that  ample  provision 
should  be  made  for  their  protection  against  the 
barbarians.  The  promise  was  given  and  im- 
mediately violated.  Proctor,  knowing  Harrison 
(who  had  advanced  to  the  Manmee)  to  be  near, 
hastened  towards  Maiden  with  his  captives, 
having  the  siek  and  wounded  prisoners  behind. 
The  Indians  followed  awhile,  when  they  turned 
bask,  murdered  and  scalped  those  who  were  un- 
able to  travel  as  captives,  wl  lire  to  the  houses, 
and  took  many  prisoners  to  Detroit  to  procure 
exorbitant  prices  tor  their  ransom.  Proctor's 
indifference  to  this  outrage,  and  the  dreadful 
suspicion,  which   his  character  warranted,  that 

he  encouraged  the  butchery  of  the  defenceless 

people,  was  keenly  felt  all  through  the  West, 
particularly  in  Kentucky,  for  most  of  the  vic- 
tims were  of  the  llowcr  of  society  in  that  slate: 
and  for  a  long  time  afterwards  the  most  inspir- 
iting war-cry  of  the  Kentucky  soldiers  was, 
"  Remember  the  River  Raisin  !'' 

Freneau,  PHILIP,  called  "the  foot  of  the 
Revolution,"  was  horn  in  New  York  city,  Jan.  '■!. 
1758;   died  in  Monmouth  County.  V  .1.,  Dec.  18, 

l>:w.      He  gradnated   at   the  College  of  Mew 

Jersey  in   1771.       He    was   Of   BngUeUOl    descent. 

and  evinced  a  talent  for  rhyming  as  early  as  the 
age  of  seventeen  years,  when  he  wrote  a  poeti- 
cal EUtory  if  the  Prophet  Jonah.     He  was  in  the 

Wot  Indies  during  a  pait  of  the  war  for  inde- 
pendence, and  while  on  a  voyage  in  1780 he  was 
captured  by  a  British  cruiser.  After  his  release 
lie  wrote  many  patriotic  songs,  and  was  engaged 
in  editorial  duties,  notably  on  the  Democratic 
National  Oatette,  of  Philadelphia,  the  organ  of 
If r.  Jefferson  and  liis  party.  He  continued  to 
edit  and  publish  newspapers.  His  productions 
contributed  largely  to  animate'  his  countrymen 
while  strnggling  for  independence.  An  edi- 
tion  of  his  Revolutionary  Poenu,  with  »  Memoir 
(Did  Note*,  by  E.  A.  Duyckitick,  was  published 
in  New  York  in  1885.  His  poetry  was  high- 
ly commended  by  Scotch  and  English  literary 
critics. 

Friendly  Association.  In  the  middle  of  the 
last  century  the  descendants  of  William   l'cnn, 

who  succeeded  to  the  proprietorship  of  Penn- 
sylvania, departed  from  the. just  course  pursued 
by  the  great  founder  of  the  commonwealth 
towards  the  Indians  anil  the  white  people,  and 

exasperated  both  by  their  Lined  and  oovetons- 
ness.  The  Indians  were  made  thoroughly  dis- 
contented by  the  frauds  practised  upon  them  in 
the  pin  chase  of  lands  and  the  deprcdat  ions  of  a 

banditti  called  traders.    (See  Walking  Purchase.) 

So  much  had  they  become  alienated  from  the 
English  that   in  17.V>  the  I  Maw  arcs   and   others 

joined   the   French   in   making  war.      Fo]    I 

time  the  Friends,  or  Quakers,  hsd  observed  with 
sorrow  the  treatment  of  the  Indians  by  Thomas 
and  John   Peiin   and  the   traders,  and,  impelled 

by  their  uniform  sympathy  with  the  oppressed, 

they  formed  a  society  in  17.">(i  called  "  The 
Friendly  Association  for  Regaining  and  Tie- 
serving  Peace  with  the  Indians  by  Pacific  Ueas- 

I  he    society    was   a    continual    thorn    in 

the  sides  of  the  proprietors  and  Indian  trad- 


9  FROBISHER 

era,  for  the  active  members  of  the  association 
watched  the  interests  of  the  red  men  with  keen 
vigilance,  attended  every  treaty,  and  prevented 
a  vast  amount  of  fraud  and  cheating  in  the 
dealings  of  the  white  people  with  the  natives. 
Charles  Thomson,  afterwards  secretary  of  the 
Continental  Congress,  was  an  efficient  co-work- 
er  with  them,  making  truthful  reports  of  the 
proceedings  at  treaties,  and  preventing  false 
or  garbled  statements.  (See  Edition,  Treaty 
at.)  The  Friendly  Association  continued  until 
1764. 

Fries's  Insurrection.  A  second  insurrection 
broke  out  in  Pennsylvania  early  in  1799.  A  di- 
rect tax  had  been  levied,  among  other  things. 
011  houses,  arranged  in  classes.  A  means  for 
making  that  classification  was  by  measuring 
windows.  The  German  inhabitants  of  North- 
ampton. Bucks,  and  Montgomery  counties  made 
such  violent  opposition  to  this  measurement  that 
those   engaged    in    it   were  compelled   to   desist. 

Warrants  were  issued  for  the  attest  ofopposers 

of  the  law:  and  in  the  village  of  Bethlehem  the 
marshal,  having  about  thirty  prisoners,  was  set 
upon  by  a  party  of  full  fifty  horsemen,  headed 
by  a  man  named  Fries.  The  President  sent 
troops  to  maintain  the  laws.  No  opposition  was 
made  to  them,  and  Fries  and  about  thirty  others 
were  arrested  and  taken  to  Philadelphia,  where 
their  leader  was  indicted  for  treason,  tried  tw  ice, 
each  time  found  guilty,  but  finally  pardoned. 
Several  others  wen-  tried  for  the  same  offence. 
While  these  trials  were  going  on.  I>uane.  editor 
of  the  Aurora  <  Bache  had  died  of  yellow  fever), 

abused  the   otlieers   and  troops,  who,   finding  no 

law  to  touch  him,  sent  a  deputation  of  their  ow  11 
number  to  chastise  him,  which  they  did  on  his 
ou  n  premises. 

Frobisher,  Martin,  was  born  at  Donoaater, 
Yorkshire,  England;  died  at  Plymouth,  Nov.  7, 
1594.  lie  was  a  mariner  by  profession,  and 
yearned  for  an  opportunity  to  go  in  search  of  a 
northwest    passage  to  India.      For  fifteen  years 


MARTIN    FRORISIIKR. 

he  tried  in  vain  to  get  pecuniary  aid  to  fit  out 
ships.  At  length  the  Fail  of  Warwick  and  oth- 
ers privately  fitted  out  two  small  barks  of  twen- 
ty-five tons  each  and  a  pinnace,  with  the  ap- 
proval of  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  with  these  he 


FRONT  ROYAL,  BATTLE  AT      5 

sailed  from  Deptford  in  June,  1576,  declaring 
that  he  would  succeed  or  never  come  back  alive. 
As  the  flotilla  passed  the  palace  at  Greenwich, 
the  queen,  sitting  at  au  open  window,  waved 
her  hand  towards  the  commander  in  token  of 
•rood-will  and  farewell.  Touching  at  Greenland, 
Frobisher  crossed  over  and  coasted  up  the  shores 
of  Labrador  to  latitude  (5:5°,  where  he  entered 
what  he  supposed  to  be  a  strait,  but  which  was 
really  a  bay,  which  yet  bears  the  name  of  Fro- 
bisher's  Inlet.  He  landed,  and  promptly  took 
possession  of  the  country  around  in  the  name 
of  his  queen.  Trying  to  sail  farther  northward, 
he  was  barred  by  pack-ice,  when  he  turned  and 
sailed  for  England,  bearing  a  heavy  black  stone 
which  he  believed  contained  metal.  He  gave 
the  stone  to  a  man  whose  wife,  in  a  passion, 
cast  it  iuto  the  fire.  The  husband  snatched  the 
glowing  mineral  from  the  flames  and  quenched 
it  in  some  vinegar,  when  it  glittered  like  gold. 
Ou  fusing  it,  some  particles  of  the  precious  metal 
were  found.  When  this  fact  became  known  a 
gold  fever  was  produced.  Money  was  freely 
offered  for  fitting-out  vessels  to  go  for  more  of 
the  mineral.  The  queen  placed  a  ship  of  tho 
royal  navy  at  Frobisher's  disposal,  and  he  sailed, 
with  two  other  vessels  of  thirty  tons  each,  from 
Harwich  in  1577,  instructed  to  search  for  gold, 
and  not  for  the  north  west  passage.  The  vessels 
were  laden  with  the  black  ore  on  the  shores  of 
Frobisher's  Inlet,  and  ou  the  return  of  the  ex- 
pedition to  England  a  commission  was  appoint- 
ed to  determine  the  value  of  the  discovery. 
Very  little  gold  was  found  in  the  cargoes,  yet 
faith  was  not  exhausted,  and  Frobisher  sailed 
in  May,  1578,  with  fifteen  ships  in  search  of  the 
precious  metal.  Storms  dispersed  the  fleet. 
Some  turned  back,  two  of  them  went  to  tho 
bottom  of  the  sea,  and  three  or  four  of  them  re- 
turned laden  with  the  worthless  stones.  Fro- 
bisher had  won  the  honor  of  a  discoverer,  and  as 
tin'  first  Enropean  who  penetrated  towards  the 
Arctic  circle  to  the  sixty-third  degree.  For  these 
exploits,  and  for  services  in  fighting  the  Spanish 
armada,  he  was  knighted  by  Elizabeth,  and  in 
1590-92  he  commanded  a  squadron  sent  against 
the  Spaniards.  In  1591  he  was  sent  with  two 
ships  to  help  Henry  IV. of  France,  and  in  a  battle 
at  Brest  (Nov.  7)  he  was  mortally  wounded. 

Front  Royal,  Batti.k  at.     On  May  23,  18G2, 

General  Ewell   fell   with   crushing    force,  almost 

without  warning,  upon  the  little  garrison  of 

one  thousand  men,  under  Colonel  Kenly,  at 
Front  Royal.  Kenly  was  charged  with  the  pro- 
tection of  the  roads  and  bridges  between  Front 
Royal  and  Strasbnrg.  His  troops  wire  chiefly 
New-Yorkers  and  l'euns\  Ivauians.  Kenly  made 
a  gallant  defence,  but  was  ill  ivi-n  from  the  tow  n. 
He  made  another  stand,  lint   was  pushed  across 

the  Shenandoah.      He  attempted  to  burn  the 

in  Idge  behind  him,  but  failed,  when  Ewell'a  ra\  ■ 
airy  in  pursuit  overtook  him.  Kenly  again  gave 
battle,  in  which  hi-  was  severely  wounded,  when 
•even  hundred  of  his  men,  with  a  section  of  ri- 
lled   ten-pounders  anil   his   whole   supply    train, 

fill  into  the  hands  of  the  Confederates. 

Frontenac,  Fori   (ot  Cataraqnoi),  run  M 


0  FRONTIERS  PROTECTED 

OF.  After  the  repulse  of  the  English  at  Ticon- 
deroga  (July  8.  1758),  Colonel  John  Bradstreet 
urged  General  Abercrombie  to  send  an  expedi- 
tion against  Fort  Frontenac,  at  the  foot  of  Lake 
Ontario.  He  detached  three  thousand  men  for 
the  purpose,  and  gave  Colonel  Bradstreet  com- 
mand of  the  expedition.  He  went  by  the  way 
of  Oswego,  and  crossed  the  lake  in  bateaux, 
having  with  him  three  hundred  bateau  -  men. 
His  troops  were  chiefly  provincials,  and  were 
furnished  with  eight  pieces  of  cannon  and  two 
mortars.  They  landed  within  a  mile  of  the 
fort,  on  the  evening  of  Aug.  25,  constructed  bat- 
teries, and  opened  them  upon  the  fori  at  short 
range  two  days  afterwards.  Finding  the  works 
untenable,  the  garrison  surrendered  (Aug.  27  | 
without  much  resistance.  The  Indians  having 
previously  deserted,  there  were  only  one  hun- 
dred and  ten  prisoners.  The  spoils  were  sixty 
cannons,  sixteen  mortars,  a  large  quantity  of 
small-arms,  provisions  and  military  stores,  ami 
nine  armed  vessels.  On  his  return,  Bradstreet  as- 
sisted in  building  Fort  Stanw  ix,  in  the  Mohan  k 
Valley,  on  the  site  of  Rome,  Oneida  County. 

Frontenac,  Louis  DE  BUADB  (Count  de),  was 
born  in  France  in  1620;  died  at  Quebec,  Nov. 
28,  1698.  In  the  military  service,  he  was  made 
a  colonel  at  seventeen  years  of  aj^e.  and  was  an 
eminent  lieutenant-general  at  twenty-nine,  and 
covered  with  decorations  and  scars.  Selected 
by  Marshal  Turenne  to  lead  troops  sent  for  the 
relief  of  Canada,  he  was  made  governor  of  that 
province  in  1672,  and  built  Fort  Frontenac  (now 
Kingston),  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Ontario,  in  1673. 
(See  La  Salle.)  He  was  recalled  in  1682,  but 
was  reappointed  in  1689,  when  the  French  do- 
minions in  America  were  on  the  brink  of  ruin. 
With  great  energy  he  carried  on  war  against 
the  English  in  New  York  and  New  England, 
and  their  allies  the  Iroquois.  Early  in  1680  an 
expedition  which  he  sent  towards  Albany  deso- 
lated Soheueotady;  and  the  same  year  he  suc- 
cessfully resisted  a  land  and  naval  force  Bent 
against  Canada.  He  was  in  Montreal  w  lion  an 
Indian  runner  told  him  of  the  approach  to  the 
St.  Lawrence  of  Colonel  Schuyler.  (See  Sine 
William'*  War.)  Frontenac,  then  seventy  years 
of  age,  called  out  his  Indian  allies,  and.  taking 
a  tomahawk  in  his  hand,  he  danced  the  war- 
dance,  anil  chanted  the  war-SOng  in  their  pres- 
ence and  then  led  them  successfully  RgaillBl  the 

toe.     Ho  after  wards  repulsed  Phippsat  Quebec 

(see  riii/ips),  having  been  informed  of  his  expe- 
dition by  an  Indian  runnel'  from  Pemaqnid.  So 
important  was  that  repulse  considered  that 
King  Louis  caused  a  medal  to  be  struck  with 
tlir  legend,  "  France  victorious  iu  the  New- 
World."  This  siieeess  was  followed  by  an  ex- 
pert il  ion  sent  by  Frontenac  against  the  Mohawks 

in  1696;  and  hr  lid  funis  in  prison  ngnJUBt  the 
Onondagaa  the  same  year  Frontenac  was  the 
terror  of  the  Iroquois,  for  his  courage  and  acliv  - 

Ity  wore  wonderful.  He  restored  the  fallen  fort- 
unes i't  France  in  America,  and  died  sunn  after- 
wards, 

Frontiers  Protected.  The  English  frontier 
Settlements  iu  the  West  and  South  moiled  pin- 


FRONTIERS  THREATENED 


551      FUGITIVE  SLAVE  LAW,  THE  FIRST 


tection  in  1757.  Colonel  Stanwix  was  ordered, 
with  nearly  two  thousand  men,  composed  of  a 
battalion  of  Royal  Americans,  and  Pennsylva- 
nia, Maryland,  and  Virginia  provincials,  to  the 
defence  of  the  Western  frontiers;  ami  a  part  of 
a  battalion  of  Royal  Americans, with  some  pro- 
vincial troops,  under  Colonel  Bouquet,  were  sent 
to  protect  the  frontiers  of  the  Carolinas. 

Frontiers  Threatened  (1755).  After  Dun- 
bar's precipitate  retreat  to  Philadelphia, on  the 

defeat  of  Braddock  (which  see),  the  frontiers  of 

Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  Virginia  wen;  un- 
covered, and  war  parties  in  the  interest  of  the 
French  took  advantage  of  this  weakness  ami  !»■-' 
•;an  hostilities.  The  Governor  of  Pennsylvania 
(Morris)  called  loudly  for  men  and  money  to  de- 
fend tin'  frontiers  of  that  province.  Philadel- 
phia^ urged  the  Assembly  to  make  a  liberal 

•;rant.  Instead  of  that  they  voted  a  tax  of 
£50,000  to  be  levied  on  real  and  personal  estates. 

-nut  excepting  those  of  the  proprietaries"  a 
course  which  they  well  knew  to  lie  contrary  to 
tin-  governor's  instructions.  (See  Proprietary 
Innovations.)  Wealthy  Philadelpfaians offered  t<> 
pay  tin-  amount  of  the  proportion  of  the  tax  that 
might  !"•  levied  on  the  proprietors,  hut  there  was 
a  principle  involved,  and  the  Assembly  evaded 
the  offer.     The  governor  stood  out,  and  the  hill 

failed  to  pass.  Dunbar's  regiment  went  hack 
towards   tins    frontiers   and   afforded   temporary 

protection. 

Fruit  Culture  in  the  United  States  lias  had 
an  amazing  growth.     Until  within  about  fifty 

years  it  was  hardly  deserving  of  notice  in  the 
census.  It  is  said  that  a  little  more  than  fifty 
years  ago  (1886)  there  was  not  a  nursery  for  the 

sale  of  fruit-trees  in  all  New  England,  and  the 
neglected  gardens  yielded  only  a  small  quantity 
of  small  fruit,  chiclh  currants.  The  first  horti- 
cultural society  in  the  country  was  founded  in 
1839.     Now  1 1876)  fruit-raising  of  every  kind  is 

becoming  SI]  important  industry.  The  products 
of  our  orchards   annually  amount    in   value   to 

.! 

Fry,  JOBKPH,  was  horn  at  Andover.  Mass.,  in 
April.  1711  ;  .lied  at  Fryebnrg,  Me.,  in  lT'.tl.     He 

was  an  ensign  in  the  army  that  captured  l.nuis- 
burg  in  1715,  and  a  colonel  in  the  British  army 
at  the  capture  of  Port  William  Henry  (which 
sec  bj  Montcalm  in  1757.  lie  escaped  and 
reached  Fort  Edward.  In  1775  Congress  ap- 
pointed him  brigadier-general,  hut  in  the  spring 
of  1T7(>  he  resigned  on  account  of  Infirmity. 

Fry,  .Josiir.v,  was  horn  in  Somersetshire. 
England;  did  in  Maryland,  May  31,  1784.  Be 
was  educated  at  Oxford,  ami  was  professor  of 
mathematics  in  the  College  of  William  and 
Mary,  in  Virginia.  He  served  in  public  civil  lit'.' 
in  Virginia,  and  in  1751  was  intrusted  with  the 
cm and  of  an  expedition  agaiusl  the  l  "n  rich 

oil   the   head-Waten    Of  the  Ohio.       He    died   at    a 

place  at  tin'  mouth  of  Will's  ( 'reek  i  now  Cum- 
berland i  while  conducting  the  expedition.  He 
had  been  colonel  of  the  militia  (1750)  and  a 
member  <>f  the  governor's  council. 

Frye,  JAMK8,  was  horn  at  Andover,  Mass.,  in 


1709;  died  Jan.  8,  1776.  He  served  in  several 
local  offices,  and  in  the  army  at  the  capture  of 
Lonisburg  in  1755.  At  the  opening  of  the  Rev- 
olution he  commanded  the  Essex  Regiment 
(Massachusetts),  taking  an  active  part  in  the 
Battle  of  Bunker's  Hill.  He  afterwards  com- 
manded a  brigade  of  the  army  investing  Boston. 

Fugitive  Slave  Law  (1818).  The  domestic 
slave-trade  increased  the  liability  of  free  per- 
sons of  color  being  kidnapped,  under  the  pro- 
visions of  the  Fugitive!  Slave  Act  of  1793.  A 
petition  was  presented  to  Congress  from  the 
Yearly  Meeting  of  Friends,  or  Quakers,  at  Bal- 
timore, praying  for  further  provisions  for  pro- 
tecting fret!  persons  of  color.  This  had  followed 
a  hill  brought  in  by  a  committee  at  the  instiga- 
tion of  I'indall,  a  member  from  Virginia,  for  giv- 
ing new  stringency  to  the  Fugitive  Slave  Act. 
While  this  hill  was  pending,  a  member1  from 
K'liode  Island  (Burritt)  moved  to  instruct  the 
committee  on  the  Quaker  memorial  to  inquire 
into  the  expediency  of  additional  provisions  for 

the  suppression  of  the  foreign  slave-trade,    l'in- 

dall's  bill  was  warmly  Opposed  by  members  from 
the  free-labor  states  as  ^oing  entirely  beyond 
the  constitutional  provision  on  the  subject  of 
Fugitives  from  labor.  They  contended  that  the 
personal  rights  of  one  class  of  citizens  were  not 

to  be  trampled  upon  to  secure  the  rights  of  prop- 
erty of  other  citizens.  The  hill  was  Supported 
by  the  Southern  members  ami  a  lew  Northern 
"donghfaces"  (which  Bee);   also  by  Speaker 

Henry  Clay;  and  il  passed  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives b\  a  vote  of  eighty-four  to  sixty-nine. 

Among  the    \eas   were  ten   from   New    York,  live 

from   Massachusetts,  four  from  Pennsylvania, 

and  one  fi  om  New  Jersey.  It  passed  the  Sen- 
ate, after  several  important  amendments,  by  a 

VOte  of  seventeen  to  thirteen.  Meanwhile  some 
Of  its  Northern  supporters  seem  to  have  been 
alarmed  by  thunders  of  indignation  from  their 

constituents,  ami  when  it  reached  the  House  it 
was  hud  on  the  table,  and  was  (here  allowed  to 
die. 

Fugitive  Slave  Law  (Personal  Liberty 
Bills), The  First.    In  1793  an  act  was  passed  by 

Congress  for  the  rendition  of  fugitive  slaves.  It 
provided  that  the  owner  of  the  slave,  or  "  ser.- 
vant,"  as  it  was  termed  in  the  act,  his  agent  or 
attorney,  might  seize  the  fugitive  and  carry 
him  before  any  I'nited  States  judge,  or  before 
an\  magistrate  of  the  city,  town,  or  county  in 
which  the  arrest  was  made;  such  magistrate, 
on  being  satisfied  that  the  charges  against  the 
fngitive  were  true,  should  give  a  certificate  to 
that  effect,  which  was  a  sufficient  warrant  for 
remanding  the  person  seized  back  to  slavery. 
Any  person  in  any  way  obstructing  such  seizure 
or  removal,  or  harboring  or  concealing  such  fu- 
gitive, was  liable  to  a,  penalty  of  $500.  For 
s ■  time  the  law  attracted  very  little  atten- 
tion, but  Anally  this  summary  violation  of  the. 
right  of  personal  liberty  without  a  trial  by  jury, 

or  any  appeal  on  points  of  law,  was  denounced 

as  dangerous  ami  unconstitutional ;  ami  most  of 
the  free-labor  states  passed  acts  forbidding  their 
magistrates,  under  severe  penalties,  to  take  any 


lTCITIVE  SLAVE  LAW,  THE 


552 


FULTON 


part  in  carrying  this  law  into  effect.     It  became 
a  dead  letter  until  revived  in  1850. 

Fugitive  Slave  Law,  The  (1850).  One  of 
the  acts  contemplated  l>y  Mr.  Clay's  "Omnibus 
Bill"  (which  see)  was  for  the  rendition  of  fu- 
gitive slaves  to  their  owuers,  under  the  provi- 
sion of  clause  3,  section  2,  article  4  of  the  Na- 
tional Constitution.  In  September,  1850, a  bill 
to  that  effect  was  passed,  and  became  a  law  by 
the  signature  of  President  Fillmore.  The  bill 
was  drawn  up  by  Senator  James  M.  Mason,  of 
Virginia,  and  in  some  of  its  features  was  made 
very  Offensive  to  the  sentiments  and  feelings  of 
the  people  of  the  free-labor  states.  It  provided 
that  the  master  of  a  fugitive?  slave,  or  bis  agent, 
might  go  into  any  state  or  territory  of  the  Re- 
public and,  with  or  without  legal  warrant  there 
obtained,  seize  such  fugitive  anil  take  him  forth- 
with'before  any  judge  or  commissioner,  whose 
duty  it  should  be  to  hear  and  determine  the 
case.  On  satisfactory  proof  being  furnished  the 
judge  or  commissioner,  such  as  the  affidavit,  in 
writing,  or  other  acceptable  testimony,  by  the 
pursuiug  owner  or  agent,  that  the  arrested  per- 
son "owes  labor"  to  the  party  that  arrested 
him,  or  his  principal,  it  was  made  the  duty  of 
such  .judge  or  commissioner  to  use  the  power  of 
his  office  to  assist  the  claimant  to  take  the  fugi- 
tive back  into  bondage.  It  was  further  provid- 
ed that  in  no  healing  or  trial  under  the  act 
should  the  testimony  of  such  alleged  fugitive  he  ad- 
mitted in  evidence;  and  thai  the  parties  claim- 
ing the  fugitive,  should  not  be  molested  in  their 
work  of  carrying  the  person  back  "  by  any  proc- 
ess issued  by  any  court,  judge,  or  magistrate. 
or  any  person  whomsoever;"  and  any  citizen 
might  be  compelled  to  assist  in  the  capture  and 
rend  i  i  ion  of  a  slave.  This  last  clause  of  the  act 
was  so  offensive  to  every  sentiment  of  humanity 
and  justice,  so  repugnant  to  the  feelings  of  the 
people  of  the  free-labor  states,  and  so  contrary  to 
the  Anglo-Saxon  principle  of  fair  play,  that,  while 
the  habitual  respect  for  law  by  the  American  peo- 
ple caused  a  general  acquiescence  in  the  require- 
ments of  t  he  Fugitive  slave  Law,  there  was  re- 
bellion against  It  in  every  Christian  heart.  It 
was  seen  that  free  negroes  might, by  the  perjury 
of  kidnappers  and  the  denial  of  the  rigbl  to  de- 
fence allowed  to  the  vilest  criminal,  be  carried 
away  into  hopeless  slavery,  beyond  the  reach  of 
pity,  mercy,  or  law.  This  perception  of  possible 
wrong  that  would  follow  the  execution  of  the 
Fugitive    Slave    Law   caused    several   free-labor 

states  to  pass  laws  for  the  protection  of  their 

colored  population,     i  See  V,  r.-oiml  Liberty  I. mix.  | 

Fuller,  SARAS  KaROABBT,  a  vigorous  and  lu- 
minous writer  on  social  subjects,  was  bom  at 
Cambridge, Mass.,  Max  S3,  1810;  drowned,  duly 
16,  I860.  A  bright  girl,  at  the  age  of  seventeen 
she  read  French,  Italian,  Spanish,  and  German 
fluently.  She  became  a  teacher  in  Boston  mi 
1-:::..  and,  two  years  later,  in  Providence,  B.  1. 
she  formed  classes  f"i  young  ladies  in  Boston 
for  training  in  conversation,  and  the  nexl  year 
(1840)  became  editor  of  the  Died,  the  organ  of 
the  Transoendentaliste  (which  sea),  to  which 
■be contributed  articles  on  the  social  condition 


of  women.  In  1844  she  became  literary  editor 
of  the  New  York  Tribune.  Miss  Fuller  travelled 
in  Europe,  and.  visiting  Italy  in  1847, she  mar- 
ried the  Marquis  1)'  Ossoli.  In  1850,  returning 
to  her  native  country  with  her  husband  and 
child,  the  vessel  was  wrecked  on  the  southern 
coast  of  Long  Island,  and  all  three  were  drowned. 
Her  writings  ore  held  in  the  highest  estimation, 
and  have  made  a  deep  impression  upou  features 
of  social  life  in  America. 

Fulton,  Robert,  was  bom  at  Little  Britain, 
Lancaster  Co.,  Penn.,  in  17(15  ;  died  in  New  York, 
Feb.  21, 1815.  He  received  a  common-school  ed- 
ucation, became  a  miniature  painter,  and,  at  the 
age  of  twenty,  was  practising  that  profession  iu 


KOHKUT   FILTON. 


Philadelphia,  by  which  he  made  enough  money 

to  buy  a  small  farm  in  Washington  County,  on 
Which  he  placed  his  mother.  Then  he  went 
to  England,  studied  painting  under  Benjamin 
West,  became  a  civil  engineer,  and  made  him- 
self familiar  with  the  stcam-cn»im\  then  just 
improved  by  Watt.  Hi'  devised  various  ma- 
chines, among  them  an  excavator  for  scooping 
out  thi'  channels  of  aqueducts.  lie  wrote  and 
published  essays  on  canals  and  canal  naviga- 
tion in  L796-86.  lie  went  to  Paris  in  1797, and 
remained  there  seven  years  with  Joel  Barlow, 
studying  languages  and  sciences,  and  invented 
a  torpedo.      This   lie  offered  to  the   French   and 

English  governments, but  both  rejected  the  in- 
vention, and   in   December,  1S(H>.  he  arrived  in 

New  \  ,0  k.      lb'  went  to  the  seat  of  gO\  eminent. 

where  the  models  and  drawings  of  his  torpedo 
made  a  favorable  impression.  In  1807  he  per- 
fected bis  steamboat  for  navigating  the  Hud- 
son, ha\  ing  been  aided  by  Robert  B.  Livingston, 
with  whom  he  had  been  acquainted  in  Paris. 
Livingston  had  made  experiments  in  steam- 
boating  a-  sari)  as  IT'.'-,  when  he  was  granted 
the  exclusive  privilege  of  navigating  tin-  waters 


FULTON'S  TORPEDOES 


553 


FULTON'S  TORPEDOES 


.it'  the  Btate  l>y  steam.  Fulton  was  finally  in- 
cluded in  The  provisions  of  the  act,  and  in  Sep- 
tember, 1H07,  the  Clermont,  the  tirst  steamboat 
that  navigated  the  Hudson,  made  a  successful 
voyage  from  New  York  to  Albany  aud  back. 
She  travelled  at  the  rate  of  five  miles  an  hour. 
At  the  same  time,  Fulton  regarded  his  torpedo 
as  the  greater  and  more  beneficial  invention,  as 
be  believed  it  would  establish  the  "liberty  of 
the  seas."  His  government,  in  1810,  appropri- 
ated |5000  to  enable  him  to  try  further  experi- 


IIIKTIII'LAI'K. 


.nents  with  his  torpedo;  bat  a  commission  de- 
cided again*!  it,  and  he  was  compelled  to  aban- 
don his  scheme.  Steam  navigation  was  a  suo- 
oass.  He  built  ferry-boats  to  run  across  the 
North  (Hudson)  and  East  rivers, and  built  ves- 
sels for  several  steamboat  companies  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  United  States.  In  1814  he  was 
appointed  by  the  government  engineer  to  soper- 

i  lit  <i  i«l  the  Construction  of  one  or  more  Boating 
batteries,  lb •  built  a  war  steamer  (the  first 
ever  constructed),  which  he  called  the  Demolo- 
no*,  she  had  the  speed  of  two  and  a  half  miles 
an  hour,  .iikI  was  deemed  a  marvel.  Pulton  died, 
and  she  was  named  Fultom  (as  /vw,  takes  to  the 
Brooklyn  Navy-yard  and  there  used  as  a  receiv- 
ing-ship until  .January,  1829,  when  she  was  acci- 
dentally blown  up. 

Fulton's  Torpedoes.  While  in  France,  Rob- 
ert Fulton  had  pondered  the  idea  of  destroying 
ship--  by  introducing  floating  mines  under  their 

bottoms,  iii  submarine   boats.     The   idea  was 

doubtless  suggested  by  a  contrivance  of  the  kind 

by  I  Livid  Bnshnell,  a  yonng  man  of  Connecticut. 
exhibited  in  the  harbor  of  New  York  In  177f>. 
Pulton  v\;is  tilled  With  the  benevolent  idea  that 
the  introduction  ofsnch  secret  anil  destructive 
agencies  »  onld  have  r  tendency  to  do  away  with 
■aval  warfare,  and  thus  would  be  established 

what  he  called  the  "liberty  of  the  sens."  Im- 
pelled by  this  idea,  he  left  Prance  and  went  to 
Euglaild,  in   1804,  to  oiler  his  invention   to  the 

British  government.    By  permission,  be  snooees- 

fnllv  exhibited  his  "  infernal  machine,"  by  blow- 
ing up  the  Dorothea,  &v\  old  Danish  brig 
1805  ,iii  Walnier   li'oad,  not  far  from  Deal.      In 


the  presence  of  a  large  number  of  naval  officers 
and  others,  he  sent  his  torpedo  under  the  vessel, 
which  was  raised  about  six  feet  by  the  explo- 
sion of  the  floating  mine  and  broken  in  two  in 
the  middle,  aud  in  a  few  minutes  nothing  was 
seen  of  her  but  some  floating  fragments.  The, 
torpedo  was  composed  of  a  cylinder  containing 
one  hundred  and  eighty  pounds  of  gunpowder. 
Clock-work  was  affixed,  which,  at  the  end  of  a 
given  time,  caused  a  gun-tlint-lock  to  strike  fin; 
and  ignite  the  powder.  The  torpedo  was  made 
to  float  under  the  vessel  with  the  tide.  The 
experiment  was  perfectly  satisfactory,  but  the 

British  government  would  not  adopt  the  imple- 
ment, because  it  might  give  to  weaker  mari- 
time nations  a  system  of  naval  warfare  that 
would  make  them  equal  in  strength  to  Great 
Britain,  the  mistress  of  the  seas.  In  1810  Pul- 
ton laid  the  matter  before  the  government  of 
the  United  States.  The  subject  caused  much 
discussion  :  \ cry  successful  experiments  were 
tried,  and  Pulton  proposed  a  "torpedo  war" 
against  England.  This  discussion  produced 
soiiu!  agitation  in  Great  Britain,  and  the  gov- 
ernment was  reproached  for  allowing  such  an 
invention  to  go  to  America,  lint  the  United 
States  government,  after  appropriating 

try  experiments,  failed  to  perceive  the  nsefnl- 
neSB  of  the  torpedo,  and  Pulton's  application 
failed  here  also.  pulton  fell  so  certain  that 
the  torpedo  WOUld  vet  play  a  conspicuous  part 
in  the  history  of  nations,  that,  after  he  had  com- 
pleted his  experiments  in  steam  navigation,  and 
had  seen  the  triumph  of  his  genius,  he  wrote  to 
Joel  Barlow,  giving  an  account  of  it.  and  said: 
"However,]  will  not  admit  that  it  [steam  nav- 
igation] is  half  no  important  as  tin'  torpedo  sys- 
tem of  defence  and  attack,  for  out  of  it  will 
grow  the  liberty  of  flic  seas,  an  object  of  infi- 
nite importance  to  the  welfare  of  America  and 
every  civilized  country."  Pulton's  torpedoes 
were  of  various  constructions.     The  one  which 


OF   THE    IM>Ki>TIIKA 


he  considered  the  most  effective  was  a  contriv- 
ance to  be  exploded  by  means  of  dock-work. 

He  proposed  to  fill  a  Copper  COSe  with  one  hun- 
dred pounds  or  more  of  gunpowder,  with  a  cork 


FUNDAMENTAL  CONSTITUTIONS        554 


FUNDING  SYSTEM  ADOPTED 


cushion  to  buoy  it  up.  A  gnu-lock  was  to  be 
so  attached  as  to  be  operated  upon  by  the  clock- 
work. The  latter  was  so  made  as  to  run  a  cer- 
tain number  of  minutes  before  operating  upon 
tbe  lock.  The  torpedo  was  to  be  suspended  in 
a  water-tight  piue  box.  This  was  to  be  con- 
nected with  a  harpoon  by  a  line  of  such  length 
that  when  the  harpoon  should  be  bred  from  a 
gun  iu  the  stern  of  a  row-boat  into  tbe  bow  of 
an  enemy's  vessel,  the  torpedo  or  mine  would 
swing  around  to  a  position  under  the  bottom 
of  the  ship-of-war.  about  amidships,  Tbe  oper- 
ation of  attack  is  shown  in  the  annexed  draw- 
ing, in  which  A  is  a  platform  on  which  the  tor- 
pedo rests  in  the  boat :  B  is  the  torpedo,  and  C 
the  water-tight  pine  box;  D  is  the  pin  to  be 
drawn  to  allow  the  clock-work  to  start.  The 
harpooner  stationed  at  the  gun  steers  the  boat 
and  fires  according  to  his  judgment.  The  dia- 
gram on  the  lower  part  of  the  drawing  shows  a 
bird's-eye  view  of  a  vessel  (A)  at  anchor;  B,  her 
cable  :  E.  F,  two  torpedoes;  C,  D,  the  coupling- 


lines,  twelve  feet  long.  On  touching  the  ves- 
sel's cable,  the  torpedoes  were  drawn  under  her 
by  the  tide.  In  this  way  the  Dorotlnu  was  at- 
tacked. 

Fundamental  Constitutions.  The  proprie- 
tors of  the  Carolina*,  wishing  to  establish  an  ar- 
istocratic government, iu  feudal  form,  employed 
the  Earl  of  Shaftesbury  and.lohn  Locke  to  frame 
one.  They  completed  the  task  in  March,  1669, 
and  named  the  instrument  "Fundamental  Con- 
stitutions.'' It  provided  for  two  orders  of  mi- 
bilitj  :  the  higher  to  consist  id'  lands 
earls,  the  lower  of  caciques,  or  barons.  The 
territory  was  to  be  divided  into  count les,  each 
containing  four  hundred  ami  eight;  thousand 
acres,  with  one  landgrave  and  two  oaciqnes. 

There  wen  also  to  lie  lords  of  manors,  who.  like 
the  nobles,  might  hold  conrte and  exercise  indi- 
cia) Amotions,  but  COUld  never  attain  to  a  high- 


er rank.  The  four  estates  —  proprietors,  earls, 
barons,  and  couiniouers — were  to  sit  in  one  legis- 
lative chamber.  The  proprietors  were  always 
to  be  eight  in  number,  to  possess  the  whole  ju- 
dicial power,  aud  have  the  supreme  coutrol  of 
all  tribunals.  Tbe  commons  were  to  have  four 
members  iu  the  legislature  to  every  three  of  the 
nobility.  Every  form  of  religion  was  professed- 
ly tolerated,  but  the  Church  of  England  only 
was  declared  to  be  orthodox.  In  the  highest 
degree  monarchical  in  its  tendency,  this  form  of 
government  was  distasteful  to  the  people ;  so, 
after  a  contest  of  about  twenty  years  between 
them  and  the  proprietors,  the  absurd  scheme 
was  abandoned.  It  had  never  been  put  into 
use. 

Funding  System  Adopted.  On  Aug.  4. 
1790,  an  act  was  adopted  for  funding  the  public 
|  debt  of  the  United  States.  It  authorized  the 
President  of  the  United  States  to  borrow  >l-_'.- 
j  000,000,  if  so  much  was  found  necessary,  for  dis- 
charging the  arrears  of  interest  and  the  over- 
due instalments  on  the 
foreign  debt,  and  for  pay- 
ing off  the  whole  of  that 
debt,  could  it  be  effected 
on  advantageous  terms; 
tbe  money  thus  borrowed 
to  be  reimbursed  within 
fifteen  years.  A  new  loan 
was  also  to  be  opened, 
payable  iu  certificates  of 
the  domestic  deht.at  their 
par  value,  and  in  Conti- 
nental bills  of  credit, 
'•  new  tenor"  (see  Old  and 
Ntw  Tenor),  at  the  rate  of 
one  hundred  dollars  for 
one.  The  act  also  author- 
ized an  additional  loan, 
payable  in  certificates  of 
tbe    state    debts,   to    the 

amount  of  $21,500, :  hut 

no  certificates  were  to  be 
received  excepting  such 
as  had  been  issued  for 
services  and  supplies  dur- 
ing the  war  for  Indepen- 
dence. For  payment  of 
the  interest  and  principal  on  the  public  debt 
— the  foreign  debt  having  the  preference,  and 
then  the  Continental  loan — a  pledge  was  made 
of  the  income  of  the  existing  tonnage  anil  im- 
port duties,  after  an  annual  deduction  til  $61  0,000 
for  ourrenl  expenses.  The  faith  of  the  United 
States  was  also  pledged  to  make  up  all  de- 
ficiencies of  interest.  The  proceeds  of  tbe  sak  s 
of  Western  lands  then  belonging  to.  or  which 
might  belong  to,  the  United  States,  were  spe- 
cially ami  exclusively  appropriated  tow  aids  the 

discharge  of  tbe  principal  For  superintending 
these  loans  and  for  the  general  management  of 

the  public  debt,  the  old  Continental  lystl  m  of  a 

loan-othcc  commission  in  each  state  was  contin- 
ued.    The  funding  system  w  as  very  beneficial  to 

the  country.  The  result  of  its  satisfa.ioi\  op- 
eration on   the   bnsinest  of  tlu  nation  was  the 

re-establishment  of  commerce. 


FUNEBAL  CEREMONIES  OF  INDIANS     555 


GAGE  TO  ARREST  PATRIOTS 


Funeral  Ceremonies  of  Indians  in  the 
Gulf  Region.  The  sun-worshippers,  who  in- 
habited the  region  of  the  Golf  of  Mexico  now 
iu  our  Southern  States  (see  Sun-worakipper$),  had 
peculiar  ceremonies  at  funerals,  especially  of 
that  of  a  chief.  The  body  underwent  a  sort  of 
embalming,  when  it  was  placed  on  the  ground, 
in  a  sitting  position,  by  the  nearest  relatives 
of  the  deceased.  Then  food  aud  money  were 
placed  by  its  side, and  a  conical  mound  of  earth 
piled  over  it,  at  the  loot  of  which  was  made  a 
paling  of  arrows  stuck  in  the  ground.  Around 
this  tomb  the  people  gathered  in  great  num- 
bers, some  standing,  some  sitting,  and  all  bowl- 
ing. This  ceremony  contained  three  days  ami 
nights,  after  which,  tor  a  long  time,  chosen  wom- 
en vi>ited  the  tomb  three  times  a  day,  morning, 
noon,  and  night. 

Fur- trade,  Tn r.  AMERICAN.  While  the  Eng- 
lish-American colonies  remained  dependents  of 

Steal  Britaiu,  they  derived  very  little  advan- 
tage from  the  extensive  tin-trade  with  the  In- 
dians, for  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  absorbed 
nearly  the  whole  of  the  traffic.  It  was  conten- 
tion between  the  French  and  English  colonists 
for  the  control  of  this  trade  that  was  a  pow- 
erful clement  among  the  canses  that  brought  on 
the  French  and  Indian  War.  In  1762a  fur  com- 
pany was  organized  in  New  Orleans  for  carry- 
ing on  the  far-trade  extensively  with  the  West- 
ern Indians.  It  was  started  by  the  Director- 
general  of  Louisiana.  A  trading  expedition 
was  lilted  out. and  under  the  direction  of  Pierre 
Ligneste  Laclede,  the  principal  projector  of  the 
enterprise, it  wenl  to  the  Missouri  region, and 

established  its  chief  depot  on  the  site  of  the 
city  <>f  St.  Louis,  w  Inch  name  was  then  given  to 
that  locality.  Theie  furs  were  gathered  from 
the  regions  extending  eastward  to  Mackinaw, 
and  west  waul  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.      Their 

treasures  went  in  boats  down  the  Mississippi  to 

New  Orleans,  and  thence  to  Europe;  or  up  the 

Illinois  Biver,  across  a  portage  to  Lake  Michi- 
gan, and  by  way  of  the  chain  of  great  lakes  aud 


the  St.  Lawrence  to  Montreal  aud  Quebec.  In 
the  pathway  of  this  trade  aud  transportation 
were  planted  the  seeds  of  many  of  our  Western 
settlements,  which  have  grown  into  great  com- 
monwealths. The  Rocky  Mountains  were  at 
length  passed,  and,  early  iu  the  present  century, 
fur-trading  posts  had  been  established  on  the 
Columbia  River  and  other  waters  that  empty 
into  the  Pacific  Ocean.  In  17-4  John  Jacob  As- 
tor,  an  enterprising  young  German  merchant  of 
New  York,  embarked  in  the  fur-trade.  He  pur- 
chased furs  in  Montreal  and  sold  them  in  Eng- 
land ;  and  after  the  treaty  of  1795  he  introduced 
them  into  the  city  of  New  York  and  thence 
shipped  them  to  different  European  ports.  Iu 
this  trade,  chiefly,  he  amassed  a  fortune  of  $250,- 
000,  when  he  embarked  in  a  scheme  for  making 
a  great  fur  depot  on  the  Pacific  coast.  He  was 
then  competing  with  the  great  far  companies  of 
the  Northwest,  under  a  charter  in  the  name  of 
the  "American  Fur  Company."  for  which  he 
furnished  the  entire  capital.  Mr.  Astor  made 
an  earnest  effort  to  carry  on  the  business  be- 
tween the  Pacific  coast  of  America  and  China, 
founding  the  town  of  Astoria  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Columbia  River.  The  bad  faith  of  a  busi- 
ness partner  broke  up  that  establishment  in 
1813,  who  sold  it  out  for  a  nominal  sum  and 
placed  it  under  British  control.  After  that  Mr. 
Astor  carried  on  his  operations  in  the  region  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  with  his  chief  post  at 
Mackinaw.  Alaska,  acquired  in  1867  by  pur- 
chase, has  opened  a  new  held  for  the  American 
fur-trade.  The  furs  from  that  region  are  main- 
ly those  of  the  fur-seal  ;  there  are  also  those  of 
the  beaver,  ermine,  fox.  otter,  marten,  and  other 
animals.  The  annual  fur-trade  of  Alaska  is  es- 
timated at  fully  12,000,000  in  value,  the  monop- 
oly of  the  seal-fur-trade  being  iu  the  hands  of 

the  Alaska  Commercial  Company  of  Ban  Fran- 
cisco. Cal  The  number  of  seals  to  be  taken 
each  year  is  limited  to  one  hundred  thousand, 
'flic  company  has  twenty  trading-posts  on  the 
shores  aud  islauds  of  Alaska. 


Gadsden,  CHRISTOPHER,  was  born  in  Charles- 
ton, 8.  C,  m  17514;  tiled  there, Aug. 28,  1806.     He 

was   educated    iu    England,  became    a    merchant 

in  Charleston,  and  a   sturdy  champion  id"  the 

rights   of  the   colonies.       He    was   a    dele-ate    to 

tin-  Stamp  Act  Congress i  which  see), aud  ever 

advocated  openly  republican  principles.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  First  Continental  Con- 
gress |  w  Inch  see|.  Chosen  a  colonel  ill  1775.  he 
was  active  iu  the  defence  of  Charleston  in  177f>. 

when  he  was  made  a  brigadier  -  general.  He 
was  active   in  civil   a  Hairs,  and  was  one  of  the 

many  civilians  made  prisoners  by  Sir  Henry 
Clinton    ami    earned    to    St.   Augustine.       (See 

Chorleiton,  Capture  <rf.)  H>-  was  exchanged  in 
17-1  and  carried  to  Philadelphia.  In  i7-_>  be 
was  elected  governor  of  his  state,  but  declined 
on  account  of  infirmity. 

Gaelic  Preaching  in  Georgia.     The  trustees 
of  the  province  of  Georgia,  desirous  that  the 


Highlanders  of  Scotland  residing  there  should 
have  a  Presbyterian  minister  to  preach  to  them 
in  Gaelic,  and  to  teach  and  catechise  their  chil- 
dren in  English, sent  over  John  McLeod  in  1736, 
and  gave  to  him  and  his  successors,  in  perpetu- 
ity, three  hundred  acres  of  land.  Mr.  Mel. coil 
was  a  Dative  of  the  Isle  of  Skyc.  He  was  al- 
lowed from  the  Provincial  Fund  $250 a  year  un- 
til the  colony  should  be  able  to  maintain  him  at 
their  sole  expense.  This  mission  was  so  sup- 
ported until  1740.  when  a  greater  part  of  the 
men  of  the  Highland  settlement  had  perished 
iu  war  with  the  Spaniards  at  St.  Augustine,  and 

Ml.  Mel.eod    left    Oeolgia. 

Gage  Instructed  to  Arrest  Patriots.  When 
Gage's  demand  for  twenty  thousand  armed  nun 
at  Boston  was  received  by  the  ministry  they 
laughed  111  derision,  believing  that  a  few  sol- 
diers could  accomplish  all  that  was  necessary 
to  make  the  patriots  cower.     Lord  Dartmouth 


GAGE 


556    GAGE'S  OPINION  OF  THE  AMERICANS 


wrote  to  Gage,  in  the  king's  name,  that  the  dis- 
t  minis  of  the  peace  In  Boston  appeared  to  him 
like  a  rude  rabble  "  without  a  plan,  without 

concert,  and  without  conduct,"  and  thought  a 
small  force  would  be  able  to  encounter  then). 
He  instructed  bim  that  the  first  step  to  be  taken 
towards  the  re -establishment  of  government 
would  bo  to  arrest  and  imprison  the  principal 
actors  and  abettors  in  the  Provincial  Congress, 
whose  proceedings  appeared  like  rebellion  and 
treason.  He  suggested  that  the  measure  must 
be  Kept  a  secret  until  the  moment  of  execution. 
"  Hit  cannot  be  accomplished,"  said  Dartmouth, 
"  without  bloodshed,  and  should  be  a  signal  for 
hostilities,  I  must  again  repeat,  that  any  efforts 
of  the  people,  unprepared  to  encounter  with  a 
regular  force,  cannot  be  very  formidable.''  This 
was  written  only  a  few  weeks  before  the  affairs 
at  Lexington  and  Concord  (which  see).  Dart- 
mouth c(  in  tinned,  "The  charter  of  Massachusetts 
empowers  the  governor  to  use  and  exercise  the 
law  martial  in  time  of  rebellion."  It  appears, 
from  statements  in  official  despatches,  he  be- 
lieved there  was  an  "actual  and  open  rebellion" 
in  that  province,  and  therefore  the  exercise  of 
his  powers  named  were  justifiable.  The  move- 
ments of  ministers  were  keenly  watched.  "Your 
chief  dependence,"  wrote  Franklin  to  Massachu- 
setts, "must  be  on  your  own  virtue  and  unanim- 
ity, which,  under  God,  will  bring  you  through  all 
difficulties."  Gamier,  the  French  ambassador 
at  London,  wrote  to  Vergennes.  " The  minister 
must  recede  or  lose  America,  forever." 

Gage  Lampooned.  The  Whig  press  of  Mas- 
sachusetts boldly  lampooned  General  I  lage.  I  >n 
his  dismissal  of  John  Hancock  from  the  com- 
mand of  the  Governor's  Independent  Cadets, 
the  following  appeared  in  the  Massachusetts  Spy, 
with  the  title,  "A  Sample  of  Gubernatorial  Elo- 
quence,  as  Lately  Exhibited  to  the  Company  of 
Cadets :" 

"Your  Colonel  H— n— k.  by  neglect 
Has  been  deficient  in  respeol , 

As  In-  my  so',    i 

I  roper  be  Bnould  tie  dismissed; 
1  never  was  and  never  will 
By  mortal  man  be  treated  ill. 
I  never  was  nor  ever  can 
lie  treated  ill  by  mortal  man. 
(Hi.  bad  i  inn  nave  know n  before 
Thai  temper  <>r  your  tactions  corps. 
It  should  nave  been  my  greatest  pleasure 
To  have  prevented  iiiai  bold  measure 
To  meet  with  such  severe  disgrace — 
My  aland  ml  Bung  Into  my  face  I 
Dtaban  I  enreed  Btootl 

llh.   Did    I,  liail    I,   hit  mil   you   mil  ;• 

Gage,  THOMAS,  was   born   in   England  about 

1780;  died  there.  April  8,  17-7.  He  W8S  sen. ml 
son  ofVisconnl  Gage,  and  entered  the  army  in 
his  youth.  He  was  with  Braddook  at  his  de- 
feat on  the  Monongafaela  (which  see), when  lie 

was  lieutenant  -  colonel,  and  led  the  advance. 
Ill  that   hot   encounter  he  was   wounded.      I, ate 

in  1768  he  married  a  daughter  of  Peter  Kenible, 
President  of  the  c n  of  New  Jersey,     His 

widow    lived    until    1894,   when    she   died    at    t  lie 

age  of  ninety  years.     Gage  sewed  nnder  Am- 

heist  in  northern  New  fork  and  Canada,  and 
on  the  capture  of  Montreal  by  the  English  in 
1760  he  was  made  military  governor  of  that 
city.     (See  Montreal*)     He   was  promoted  to 


major-general,  and  in  17<>:!  succeeded  Amherst 
as  commander-in-chief  of  the  British  forces  in 
North  America.  In  1774  he  succeeded  Hutchin- 
son as  governor  of  Massachusetts,  and  occupied 
Boston  with  troops,  much  to  the  annoyance  and 
irritation  of  the  inhabitants.  Acting  under  in- 
structions from  his  government  rather  than  in 
accordance  with  his  conscience  mid  judgment, 
he  took  measures  which  brought  on  armed  re- 
sistance to  British  rule  in  the  colonies.  After 
the  affairs  at  Lexington,  Concord,  and  Bunker's 
Hill  he  was  ungenerously  held  responsible  for 
the  blunders  of  the  ministry,  and  resigned  his 
command  in  October.  177.">.  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  General  William  Howe  as  chief  of 
the  forces  in  America. 

Gage's  Alarm  -  tricks.  General  Gage,  per- 
forming no  act  of  coinage  during  the  summer 
of  1775,  while  Washington  was  besieging  Bos- 
ton, endeavored  to  terrify  the  Americans  and  to 
keep  up  the  spirits  of  his  own  soldiers  by  warn- 
ing the  former  that  thousands  of  veteran  war- 
riors were  coming  from  Russia  and  the  German 
I  principalities  to  crush  the  u  unnatural  rebell- 
ion." He  vented  his  ill-humor  upon  American 
prisoners  in  his  hands,  casting  into  prison  offi- 
cers of  high  rank,  thinking  thus  to  terrify  the 
Common  soldiery,  whose  intelligence  and  cour- 
age he  entirely  underrated  in  reality,  though 
praising  them  when  it  suited  his  purpose.  (See 
Gage's  Real  "pinion  of  the  Americana?)  Against 
this  treatment  Washington  remonstrated:  but 
Gage  insolently  scorned  to  promise  "  reciprocity 

With  rebels,"  and  replied  :  "  Britons,  ever  lire-em- 
inent in  mercy, have  overlooked  the  criminal  in 
the  captive;  your  prisoners,  whose  lives,  by  the 

laws  of  the  land,  are  destined  to  the  cord,  have 
hitherto  been  treated  with  care  and  kindness — 

indiscriminately,  it  is  true,  for  I  acknowledge 
no  rank  that  is  not  derived  from  the  king." 
Washington  remembered  that  Gage's  want  of 

presence  of  mind  had  lost  the  battle  of  the  Mo- 
nongahela  (which  see),  and  replied,  in  a  digni- 
fied manner.  "  I  shall  not  stoop  to  retort  and  in- 
vective. You  affect,  sir,  to  despise  all  rank  not 
derived  from  the  same  source  as  your  own.  I 
cannot,  conceive  one  more  honorable  than  that 
which  Hows  from  tin'  unrorriipted  choice  of  a 
hraVe  and  free  people,  the  purest  source  and 
original  fountain  of  all  power.  Far  from  mak- 
ing  it  a  plea  for  cruelty,  a  mind  of  true  mag- 
nanimity would  comprehend  and  reaped  it." 

Gage's  Real  Opinion  of  the  Americans.  In 
his  report  of  the  battle  on  Bunker's  (Breed's) 
Hill.  General   Gage   said   to   Lord   Dartmouth, 

"The  trials  we  have  had  show  the  libels  are 
tint  the  despicable  rabble  too  many  have  sup- 
posed them  to  be:  and  I  find  it  owing  to  a  mil- 
itary spirit  encouraged  among  them  for  a  lew 
years  past, joined  with  uncommon  zeal  and  en- 
thusiasm. They  intrench  and  raise  batteries 
the\  have  engineers.     Thej  have  fortified  all 

the  heights  and  passes  around  this  town  [Bos- 
ton ].  w  huh  it  is  not  Impossible  for  them  to  an- 
noy.     The  compost  ef  this  eountrj   is  not  eas\  j 

yon  have  t<>  oope  with  vast  numbers,  in  all 
their  wars  against  the  French  tbej  never  showed 


GAINES  5 

so  much  conduct,  attention,  and  perseverance  as 
they  <1<>  now.  1  think  it  is  my  duty  to  let  your 
lordship  know  the  true  situation  of  affairs." 
Franklin  wrote  to  his  English  friends,  "  Ameri- 
cans will  tight;  England  has  lost  her  colonies 
forever.'' 

Gaines,  EDMUND  PENDLETON,  was  horn  in 
Culpepper  County,  Vs.,  March  20,  1777  ;  died  in 
New  Orleans,  Jnne  6,  1849.  The  family  moved 
to  Tennessee   in  17'JO.      Edmund   entered   the 


rnm  it. .v 


army  as  ensign  in  17'.)'.»,  and  was  promoted  t" 
Lieutenant-colonel  in  the  summer  of  1H12.  He 
rose  to  brigadier-general  in  March,  1-1  1  ;  and 
after  his  gallant  conduct  at  I'mt  Erie  in  Au- 
gust, that  year, he  was  breveted  major-general. 
Eor  that  exploit,  and  his  general  good  services 
during  the  war, Congress  gave  him  thanks  and 
a  gold  medal.     Gaines  served  under  .Jackson  in 


7  GALNES'S  MILLS,  BATTLE  OF 

came  famous  for  her  successful  persistence  in 
litigation  to  secure  her  rights. 

Gaines's- Mills,  Battle  of.  General  McClel- 
lan  transferred  his  army  from  the  Chickahom- 
iuy  and  his  stores  from  the  Pamnnky  to  the 
James  River.  He  ordered  the  stores  and  muni- 
tions of  war  to  he  sent  to  Savage's  Station,  and 
what  could  not  he  removed  to  be  burned,  and 
supplies  to  be  sent  to  the  James  as  speedily  as 
possible.  He  also  sent  his  wounded  to  the  same 
station,  and  prepared  to  cross  the  Chiekahominy 
for  the  flight  with  the  right  wing— a  perilous  un- 
dertaking, for  Jackson  and  Ewell  were  prepared 
to  fall  on  Porter's  Hank.  This  movement  was  so 
secretly  and  skilfully  made,  however,  that  Lee 
was  uot  certified  of  the  fact  until  twenty-four 
bonis  after  it  was  actually  begun  on  the  morn- 
ing of  the  '27th  of  June.  The  duty  of  prol  cl- 
ing the  stores  in  their  removal  was  assigned  to 
General  Porter.  His  corps  (the  Fifth)  was  also 
charged  with  the  duty  of  carrying  away  the 
siege-gnus  and  covering  the  army  in  its  march 
to  the  .lames.  These  troops  were  accordingly 
arrayed  on  the  rising  ground  near  Gaines's 
Mills,  on  the  arc  of  a  circle  between  Cool  Arbor 
and  the  Chiekahominy,  when  they  were  at- 
tacked   by    a    heavy    Confederate    force,   in    the 

afternoon  (Jnne  87),  led  by  Generals  Longstreet 

and  A.  1'.  Hill.  A  few  of  the  siege-guns  were 
yet  in  position.  Morell's  division  occupied  the 
left,  Nvkes's  regulars  and  Duryea's  Zouaves  the 
right,  and  Met 'all's  division  formed  a  second 
line,  his  left  touching  liuttei  field's  right.  Sey- 
mour's brigade  and  horse-batteries  commanded 
the  rear,  and  cavalry  under  General  Philip  St. 
George  Cooke  were  on  thinking  service  near  the 
Chiekahominy.  The  brunt  of  the  battle  lirst 
fell  upon  Sykes,  who  threw  the  assailants  back 
in  confusion  with  great  loss.  Longstreet  push- 
ed forward  with  his  veterans  to  their  relief,  and 
was  joined  by  Jackson  and  1).  II.  Hill.     Ewell's 


the  Creek  War  (which  sec),  and  fought  the  Som- 
inoles  in  1836,  iSit  Seminole  War.)  Late  in  life 
he  married  Myra  Clarke,  of  New  oilcans,  heir- 
Mi  of  a  huge  estate,  who,  after  his  death,  be- 


division  also  eamo  into  action.  The  Confeder- 
ate line,  now  in  complete  order,  made  a  general 
advance.  A  very  severe  battle  ensued.  Slo- 
cuni's    division    was    sent    to    Porter's    aid    by 


GALLATIN 


558 


GALLATIN 


McClellan,  making  his  entire  force  about  35,000. 
For  hours  the  struggle  along  the  whole  line 
was  fierce  and  persistent,  and  for  a  long  time 
the  issue  was  doubtful.  At  five  o'clock  Porter 
called  for  more  aid,  and  McClellan  sent  him  the 
brigades  of  Meagher  and  French,  of  Richard- 
son's division.  The  Confederates  wire  making 
desperate  efforts  to  break  the  line  of  the  Na- 
tionals, but  for  a  long  time  it  stood  tirm,  though 
continually  growing  thinner.  Finally  a  furious 
assault  by  Jackson  and  the  divisions  of  Long- 
strict  and  Whiting  was  made  upon  Butterfield's 
brigade,  which  bad  long  been  fighting.  It  gave 
way  and  fell  back,  and  with  it  several  batteries. 
Then  the  whole  line  fell  back.  Porter  called 
up  all  of  his  reserves  and  remaiuing  artillery 
(about  eighty  guns),  covered  the  retreat  of  his 
infantry,  and  checked  the  advance  of  the  vic- 
tors for  a  moment.  Just  then  General  Cooke, 
without  orders,  attacked  the  Confederate  flank 
with  his  cavalry,  which  was  repulsed  and  thrown 
into  disorder.  The  horses,  terrified  by  the  tre- 
mendous roar  of  nearly  two  hundred  cannons 
and  the  rattle  of  thousands  of  muskets,  rushed 
back  through  the  Union  batteries,  giving  the 
impression  that  it  was  a  charge  of  Confederate 
cavalry.  The  artillerists  recoiled,  and  Porter's 
■whole  force  was  pressed  back  to  the  river. 
While  flying  in  fearful  disorder,  French  and 
Meagher  appeared,  and,  gathering  up  the  vast 
multitude  of  stragglers,  checked  the  flight.  Be- 
hind these  the  shattered  brigades  were  speedily 
formed,  while  National  batteries  poured  a  de- 
structive storm  of  shot  and  shell  upon  the  head 
of  the  Confederate  column.  Seeing  fresh  troops 
on  their  front,  and  ignorant  of  their  number,  the 
Confederates  fell  back  and  rested  upon  the  field 
they  had  won  at  a  fearful  cost.  In  this  sangui- 
nary battle  the  Nationals  lost  about  8000  men, 
of  whom  6000  were  killed  or  wounded.  The 
loss  of  the  Confederates  was  about  5000.  Gen- 
eral Reynolds  was  made  prisoner.  Porter  lost 
twenty-two  Biege-gnns.  During  the  night  he 
withdrew  to  the  right  side  of  the  Chiekahoni- 
iuy, destroying  the  bridges  behind  him. 

Gallatin,  Albekt,  LL.D.,  was  born  in  Geneva, 
Switzerland,  Jan. 20, 1761;  died  at  Astoria,  L.  I., 
Aug.  12,  1349.  He  was  a  graduate  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Geneva.  Both  of  his  parents  wen-  of 
distinguished  families,  and  died  while  he  was 
an  infant.  Feeling  great  sympathy  for  the 
Americans  straggling  for  liberty,  he  came  to 
Massachusetts  in  1780,  entered  the  military  ser- 
vice, and  for  a  few  months  commanded  the  post 
at  Passamaqnoddy.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he 
taught  French  at  Harvard  University.  Having 
received  his  patrimonial  estate  in  17-1.  he  In- 
vested  it   m  land  in   western  Virginia-  and  in 

1786  he  settled  on  land  on  the  banks  of  the  \|,. 
DOngahela,  in  Fayette  County,  l'enn.,  which  he 
had  purchased,  and  became  natnrali/ed.  Sav- 
ing served  in  the  Pennsylvania  state  Conven- 
tion and  in  Ho-  Legislature  (1789  and  LT» 

he  was  chosen  United  Slates  Senator  in  1793, 
bill  was  declared  ineligible  on  the  ground  that 
he  had   not   In a   cili/en    of  the  United  Slates 

the  required  nine  yean,     lie  was  Instrumental 

in  bringing  about  a  peaceful  termitiatiou  of  the 


"Whiskey  Insurrection"  (which  see),  and  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives in  1795.  An  active  member  of  the  Repub- 
lican, or  Democratic,  patty,  he  even  went  so  far. 
in  a  speech  in  Congress  (1796),  as  to  charge 
Washington  and  Jay  with  having  pusillaui- 
mously  surrendered  the  honor  of  their  country. 


.  i  , 


(  See  Jai^s  Treaty.)  This,  from  the  lips  of  a 
young  foreigner,  exasperated  the  Federalists. 
He  was  a  leader  of  the  Democrats  in  the  House, 
and  directed  hie  attention  particularly  to  finan- 
cial matters.  Mr.  Gallatin  remained  in  Con- 
gress until  1801,  when  President  Jefferson  ap- 
pointed him  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  which 
office  be  held  until  1813,  and  obtained  the  credit 
of  being  one  of  the  best  financiers  of  the  age. 
His  influence  was  felt  in  other  departments  of 
the  government  and  in  the  politics  of  the  coun- 
try. Opposed  to  going  to  war  with  Great  Brit- 
ain in  1812,  he  exerted  all  his  influence  to  avert 
it.  In  March,  1813,  be  was  appoiuted  one  of  the 
envoys  to  Russia  to  negotiate  for  The  mediation 
of  the  Czar  between  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain.  He  sailed  for  St.  Petersburg,  but  the 
Senate,  in  special  session,  refused  to  ratify  his 
appointment  because  he  was  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury.  The  attempt  at  mediation  was  un- 
successful. When,  in  January,  181 1,  Great  Britain 
proposed  a  direct  negotiation  for  peace,  Galla- 
tin, who  was  still  abroad,  was  appointed  one  of 
the  United  States  Commissioners  to  negotiate. 

lie  resigned  his  secretaryship.     In  1815  be  was 

appointed  minister  to  Fiance,  where  he  remain- 
ed until  1823.  He  refused  a  seat  in  the  cabinet 
of  Monroe  on  his  return,  and  declined  to  be  a 
candidate  for  Vice-President,  to  which  the  dom- 
inant Democratic  party  nominated  him.  Pres- 
ident Adams  appointed  him  minister  to  Great 
Britain,  when'  be  negotiated  Several  important 
commercial  conventions.  Returning  to  Amer- 
ica in  l-'-'7.  he  took  up  his  residence  in  the  city 
of  Nan  Fork.  There  be  was  engaged  in  public 
services,  in  various  ways,  until  1839,  when  he 

withdrew    from   public  duties  and  directed  the 

remainder  of  bis  lite  to  literary  pursuits,  espe- 
cially in  the  Held  of  history  and  ethnology.  \l<- 
was  the  duet  founder  1 1848)  and  Brat  president 
of  the  American  Ethnological  Society,  and  was 


GALLATIN'S  FINANCIAL  PLAN 


559 


GALVESTON,  SURRENDER  OF 


president  of  the  New  York  Historical  Society 
from  1843  until  his  death,  six  years  afterwards. 
Although  strictly  in  private  life,  Mr.  Gallatin 
took  special  interest  in  the  progress  of  the 
country,  and  wrote  much  ou  the  subject.  So 
early  as  1823  he  wrote;  an  essay  on  the  ethno- 
logical and  philosophical  characteristics  of  the 
North  American  Indians,  at  the  request  of  Hum- 
boldt. 

Gallatin's  Financial  Plan.  The  opponents 
of  Jefferson's  administration  complained  vehe- 
mently, in  1808,  that  the  country  was  threat- 
ened with  direct  taxation  at  a  time  when  the 
■onreea  "f  its  wealth,  by  the  orders  and  de- 
crees of  Great  Britain  and  Fiance,  were  drying 
up.  Albert  Gallatin,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury, replied  to  these  complaints  by  reproducing 
■  Battering  but  delusive  suggestion  contained 
in  his  annual  report  the  preceding  year.     Be 

Suggested   that,  as  the  United   States   were   not 

likely  to  be  involved  in  frequent  wars,  a  reve- 
nue derived  solely  from  duties  on  imports,  even 
though  liable  to  diminution  during  war,  would 
vet  amply  suffice  to  pay  oil',  during  long  inter- 
val* of  peace,  the  expenses  of  such  wars  as  might 
bo  undertaken,  should  the  United  states  he- 
roine involved  in  war  with  both  France  and 
Great  Britain,  no  internal  taxes  would  be  neces- 
sary to  carry  it  on,  nor  any  other  financial  expe- 
dient, beyond  borrowing  money  and  doubling 
the  duties  on  import.  The  scheme,  afterwards 
tried,  bore  bitter  fruit. 

Gallaudet,  THOMAS  HOPKINS,  1. 1.. I).,  instruct- 
or of  tin'  deaf  and  dumb,  was  born  in  Philadel- 
phia, Penn.,  Dee.  10,  1787;  died  at  Hartford, 
Conn..  Sept  9,  1861.  He  graduated  at  Vale  Col- 
lege, in  l-u">.  where  be  was  s  tutor  for  a  while. 
At  Andover  Theological  Seminary  he  prepared 

for  the  ministry,  anil  was  licensed  to  preach  in 

l-ll.    Becoming    interested    in    the   deaf  and 

dumb,  he  began  his  labors  for  their  instruction 
in  1-17.  with  a  class  of  seven  pupils.  He  be- 
come one  of  the   st   useful  men  of  his  time, 

labored  incessantly  for  the  benefit  of  the  deaf 
and  dumb,  and  was  the  founder  of  the  first  in- 
stitution in  America  for  their  instruction.  He 
was  president  of  it  until  1830,  when  he  resigned. 
The  asylum  was  located  at  Hartford,  where  Dr. 
Gallaildet  became  chaplain  for  the  Connect icilt 

Retreat  for  the  Insane,  in  1833,  which  office  be 

retained  until  his  death.  l>r.  Gallaudet  pub- 
lished several  works  for  the  instruction  of  the 
young,  besides  other  books.  He  was  of  Hugue- 
not des, ,nt.  His  two  sons,  Thomas  and  Ed- 
ward Miner,  have  devoted  their  lives  to  the  in- 
struction of  the  deaf  and  dumb.  The  former, 
pal  clergyman,  has  been  Instrumental 
in  organising  chinches  for  the  deaf  and  dnmb; 
and  the  latter  established  (1857),  in  Washing- 
Ion,  an  institution  for  them  and  the  blind.  In 
1-iil  he  originated  measures  for  the  establish- 
ment of  a  deaf-mute  ooHege,  of  which  lie  was 
made  professor  of  moral  and  political  science. 

Galloway,  JOSEPH,  LL  1> .  was  an  eminent 
lawyer  of  Philadelphia,  Penn.,  and  a  loyalist. 
He   was   born   in   Maryland   about  17:'>H;  died  in 

England,  Ang.  29,  1803.     lb-  was  a  member  of 


the  Pennsylvania  Assembly  in  1764,  aud  was  at 
onetime  speaker,  and,  with  Franklin,  advocated 
a  change  of  the  government  of  Pennsylvania 
from  the  proprietary  to  the  royal  form.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  First  Continental  Congress,  he  was 
conservative  in  his  views,  yet  his  line  of  argu- 
ment in  his  first  debates  tended  towards  polit- 
ical independence.  He  proposed  a  plan  of  colo- 
nial government,  which  was  rejected.  (See  Gal- 
Ioh-iii/'x  I'lan.)  Finally,  after  the  question  of  in- 
dependence began  to  be  seriously  agitated,  he 
abandoned  the  Whig,  or  Republican,  cause,  aud 
was  thenceforward  an  uncompromising  Tory. 
When  the  British  army  evacuated  Philadelphia, 
in  177-,  be  left  his  country,  with  his  daughter, 
went  to  England,  and  never  returned.  He  was 
a  leading  American  loyalist  in  England,  and 
wrote  and  published  several  political  pam- 
phlets. 

Galloway's  Plan  of  Government  Joseph 
Galloway,  an  eminent  lawyer  of  Philadelphia, 
proposed,  in  the  First  Continental  Congress,  a 
plan  for  a  union  of  the  colonies  which  had  been 
foreshadowed  by  others  long  before.  It  con- 
templated a  government  with  a  president-gen- 
eral appointed  by  the  king,  and  a  (hand  Coun- 
cil, chosen  every  three  yean  by  the  colonial  08- 
BemblleSfWho  were  to  be  authorized  to  act  joint- 
ly with  Parliament  in  the  regulation  of  the  af- 
fairs of  the  colonies.  Parliament  was  to  have 
superior  authority,  with  a  right  to  revise  all  acts 
of  the  Grand  Council,  which,  in  turn,  was  to 
have  a  negative  in  British  statutes  relating  to 
the  colonies.  This  plan  was,  at  first, favorably 
considered  by  man ;  in  the  Congress;  but  it  was 
rejected,  and  not  permitted  to  be  entered  ou 
the  minutes  of  the  journal. 

Galveston,  Battle  at.  This  place  was  taken 
possession  of  by  Commodore  Beushav 
1K6'2).  To  hold  the  city  more  securely,  a  Mas- 
sachusetts regiment,  under  Colonel  Burrill,  was 
sent  there  from  New  Orleans.  In  front  of  the 
town  (Dec  88)  l;i.v  six  National  war-vessels,  un- 
der the  command  ofEensbaw.  General  Magrn- 
der,  of  the  Confederate  army,  then  in  command 
of  the  Department  of  Texas,  collected  a  land  and 
naval  force  near  Galveston,  and  before  daylight 
on  .Ian. -J.  1863,  be  attacked  the  National  forces 
by  land  aud  water.  At  fust  the  men  from  Mas- 
sachusetts repulsed  those  ofMagTuder,  but.  Con- 
federate vessels  eoming  up  with  a  fresh  supply, 
the  National  soldiers  were  overpowered.  After 
a  brief  action,  the  Harriet  Lain  (one  of  the  Na- 
tional  vessels)  was  captured,  and   the   WfStfield, 

Beusbaw's  Bag-ship, was  blown  up  by  his  order. 

to  prevent  her  falling  into  tin'  hands  of  the  Con- 
federates. The  tiring  of  the  magazine  of  the 
WmtfitAd  was  done  prematurely,  by  an  intoxi- 
cated man,  and  Commodore  Benshaw,  a  lieuten- 
ant, and  an  engineer,  with  about  a  dozen  other 
crew. perished  by  the  explosion.  Nearly  as  many 
officers  and  men  were  killed  in  a  gig  lying  by  tin- 
side  of  the  WettJMd.  Majjrnder's  victory  was  al- 
most  a   barren  one,  for  Farrajjut    re-established 

the  blockade  before  the  Harriet  Lain  could  bo 
converted  into  a  Confederate  cruiser. 

Galveston,  Su;t;t  m>i  t:  <>i  \     Attempts  were 


GANSEVOORT  5 

made  to  "repossess"'  important  posts  iu  Texas, 
especially  Galveston.  On  May  17,  1862,  Heury 
Eagle,  in  command  of  war-vessels  iu  front  of 
Galveston,  demanded  its  surrender,  under  a 
threat  of  an  attack  from  a  large  land  and  naval 
force  that  would  soou  appear.  "  When  those 
forces  appear,"  said  the  authorities,  "  we  shall 
reply."  So  matters  remained  until  Oct.  8,  when 
Galveston  was  formally  surrendered  by  its  civil 
authorities  to  Commodore  Reushaw,  of  the  Na- 
tional Navy,  the  Confederate  troops  retiring. 
It  was  held  by  the  Nationals  ever  afterwards. 

Gansevoort,  Hkxuy  Saxdford,  was  born  at 
Albany,  Dec.  15,  1835.  He  was  a  grandson  of 
Colonel  Gansevoort,  of  Fort  Stanwix  fame.  In 
April,  1861,  he  entered  the  regular  artillery  ser- 
vice, and  fought  gallantly  during  the  Peninsular 
campaign  of  1862,  and  in  several  battles  after- 
wards. He  first  became  lieutenant-colonel  and 
then  colonel  of  the  13th  N.  Y.  Volunteer  Cav- 
alry, with  which  be  performed  gallant  service 
iu  Virginia.  Iu  1865  he  was  breveted  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers  "for  faithful  and  merito- 
rious services,"  and  became  captain  of  artillery. 
His  health  failed,  and  when  returning  from  the 
Bahama  Islands  he  died,  April  12, 1871,  when  al- 
most within  sight  of  the  city  of  his  birth.  Ho 
was  greatly  beloved  by  all  who  knew  him. 

Gansevoort,  Peter.  Jr.,  was  born  at  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  July  17,  1749;  died  July  2,  1812.  He  was 
appointed  major  of  a  New  York  regiment  in  July, 
1775,  and  in  August  he  joined  the  army,  under 
Montgomery,  that  invaded  Canada.     He  rose  to 


1"ETEH   GANSEVOORT,  JR. 

colonel  the  next  year;  and  in  April,  1777.  he  was 
pal  in  command  of  Fort  Sohnyler(eee  Fort  8km- 
tnV),  which  he  gallantly  defended  against  the 

British  and  Indians  iu  August.  He  most  effect- 
ually oo-operated  \\  1th  Sullivan  in  his  campaign 
iii  177'.',  and  afterwards  in  the  Mohawk  region. 
in  17-1  lie  reoeived  from  the  Legislature  of 
New  York  the  commission  of  a  brigadier-general. 
General  Gansevoorl  tilled  oivll  offices,  particu- 
larly that  of  Commissioner  for  Indian  Affairs, 
with  great  fidelity       lu  1-Uo  he  was  made  mill 


10  GARRISON 

tary  agent  and  brigadier-general  in  the  United 
States  Army. 

Garden  of  the  "World,  a  name  frequently 
applied  to  the  vast  region  draiued  by  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  its  tributaries,  comprising  more 
than  1,200,000  square  miles.  It  is  a  region  of 
almost  unexampled  fertility. 

Garfield,  James  Abraham,  was  born  in  Cuya- 
hoga County,  Ohio,  Nov.  19, 1831.  He  rose  from 
the  position  of  a  day-laborer  and  a  driver  and 
boatman  on  a  canal  to  president  of  an  eclectic 
institute  in  Ohio  and  major-geueral  of  volun- 
teers in  the  United  States  Army  for  the  sup- 
pression of  the  great  insurrection.  In  1859  he 
was  elected  to  the  Ohio  Senate,  and  the  next 
year  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  Iu  1861  he  was 
made  colonel  of  a  regiment  of  Ohio  volunteers, 
aud  did  good  service  iu  Eastern  Kentucky.  He 
became  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  Janu- 
ary, 1862;  commanded  a  brigade  at  the  battle 
of  Shiloh;  was  chief-of-stafl"  under  Rosea ans. 
and  appointed  major-general  for  gallant  and 
meritorious  services  iu  the  battle  of  Chicka- 
manga.  He  was  elected  to  Congress  in  1862. 
and  was  a  representative  of  his  district  until 
1880,  when  he  was  elected  the  twentieth  presi- 
dent of  the  United  States. 

Garnett,  Robert  Seli>ex.  born  at  Elmwood, 
V:i„  in  1820;  killed  in  the  battle  of  Carricks- 
ford  (which  see),  July  14,  1861.  He  graduated 
at  West  Point  in  1841,  and  was  instructor  of 
tactics  there  in  1-4:!.  He  was  in  the  war  with 
Mexico,  was  aid  to  General  Taylor,  and  received 
the  brevet  of  major  for  services  at  lbiena  Vista. 
He  was  again  instructor  of  tactics  at  West  Point 
(1852-54).  He  resigned  his  commission  in  April. 
1861,  and  joined  the  insurgents,  becoming  adju- 
tant -general  of  the  Virginia  Army.  Command- 
ing the  Confederates  in  Western  Virginia,  he 

was  slain  in  battle. 

Garrison,  William  Lloyd,  leader  in  the 
movement  for  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the 
I'nited  States,  was  born  at  New  l>nr\  port ,  Mas-  . 
Dec.  12,  1804;  died   May  24,  1879.      He   was   a 


WILLI  AX    LLOTP   Q 


shoemaker's  apprentice,  bat   finally  leanu  d  the 
art  of  printing,  and  became  a  contributor  to  the 

press  iu  earl)  lite-     In  all  his  writings  he  show,  ,1 


GAS-LIGHT 


561 


GASPEE,  AFFAIR  OF  THE 


a  philanthropic  spirit,  and  a  sympathy  for  the 
oppressed  everywhere.  In  1827  ho  edited  the 
National  Philanthropist,  in  Boston;  and,  asassist- 
smt  editor  of  a  Baltimore  paper,  lie  denounced  the 
taking  of  a  cargo  of  slaves  from  that  city  to  New 
Orleans  as  "  domestic  piracy."  For  this  he  was 
fined,  and  imprisoned  forty-nine  days,  until  Ar- 
thur Tappan,  of  New  York,  paid  the  tine.  On  Jau. 
1,  1831,  ho  began  the  publication  of  his  famous 
Liberator,  a  weekly  newspaper  and  uncompro- 
mising opponent  of  slavery,  which  was  discon- 
tinued in  Hi!."),  when  the  result  for  which  he  bad 

devoted  tin-  best  energies  of  his  life  had  been  ef- 
fected by  the  Emancipation  Proclamation  (which 

see)  of  President  Lincoln.  Mr.  Garrison  was  a 
founder  (1832)  of  the  American  Antislavery  So- 
ciety, and  was  its  president  from  that  time  un- 
til 1855.  Attending,  as  a  delegate,  the  World's 
Antislavery  Convention,  in  London  (1840),  he 
refused  to  take  his  seat,  because  the  feminine 
delegates  from  America  were  refused  seats  in 
that  body.  In  1866  lie  received  abont  $30,000 
as  a  national  testimonial  from  his  friends  for  his 
arduous  labors  in  the  cause  of  humanity. 

Gas-light.  Tho  first  attempts  to  introduce 
<;as  as  an  illuminator  in  the  United  States  were 
made  in  Baltimore,  between  1816 and  1820.  They 
failed;  hut  it  was  successfully  introduced  into 
Huston  in  1828.  The  next  year  the  first  gas- 
light  company  was  formed  ill  New  York — the 
"New  York  Gas-light  Company."  Thej  began 
operations  with  a  capital  offil,000.000.     But  the 

people  were  go  slow  to  adopt  the  new  illumina- 
tor that  the  company  were  not  in  full  operation 
until  1827, when  the  population  was  about  one 

hundred  ami  sixty-six  thousand.  Gm  for  illu- 
mination was  fust  introduced  into  Philadelphia 
in    l-:5.">.  when   the   population  of  that  city  was 

about  eighty-five  thousand. 

Gaspee,  A  COHMISSIOS  0*  [NQtriRT.  After 
the  destruction  of  the  Ca^xr,  a  commission,  com- 
posed  of  Admiral  Montague,  the  \  ice-admiralty 
judge  at  Boston,  the  chid  pist  ices  of  Massachu- 
setts i  Peter  <  Mi\  «-r ».  New  York  (D.  Horsmanden), 
and  New-  Jersey  (F.  Smyth),  and  the  governoi 
of  Rhode  Island  (.1.  Wanton),  met  at  Newport 
to  inquire  into  the  affair.  Eoberl  Auohmuty 
took  the  place  of  Montague.  The  commission- 
en  were  notified  that  there  had  been  no  neglect 

of  duty  or  connivance  on  t  he  part  of  the  provin- 
cial government,  and  it  was  intimated  that  this 

special    court    was    unnecessary    and   alarming 

The  Assembly  of  Rhode  Island  met  at  Bast 
Greenwich  to  watch  the  commissioners,  ami 
Governor  Wanton  laid  before  it  1ns  instructions 
to  arrest  offenders,  ami  send  them  to  England 
for  trial  Chief-Jnstiee  Stephen  Hopkins  asked 
the  Assembly  how  he  should  act.  They  left  it 
to  his  discretion,  for  tbey  were  assured  of  his 
patriotism  ami  sound  judgment.  "Then,"said 
Hopkins,  in  the  presence  of  both  Bonses, " for 
the  purpose  of  transportation  for  trial  I  will 
neither  apprehend  any  person  by  my  own  order, 
nor  snffer  any  executive  otlicer  in  the  colony  to 
do  it."      The  commissi. is  adjourned  without 

elioiting  anj  positive  knowledge  of  the  persons 
who  destroyed  the  Qatpee. 

I.— 36 


Gaspee,  Affair  of  thf,.  An  armed  schooner 
in  the  British  revenue  service  called  the  Gaspee 
had  given  great  annoyance  to  the  American 
navigators  in  Narraganset  Bay  by  her  com- 
mander haughtily  demanding  the  lowering  of 
their  Hags  whenever  they  passed  her,  in  token 
of  submission.  They  often  disobeyed.  For  this 
disobedience  a  Providence  sloop  was  chased  by 
the  schooner.  The  former,  by  taking  a  peculiar 
course,  caused  the  latter  to  run  aground  upon  a 
low  sandy  point  (ever  siuce  known  as  "Gaspee 
Point")  on  the  west  side  of  Narraganset  Bay. 
The  same  night  (June  9,  1772)  sixty-four  armed 
men  went  down  from  Providence  in  boats.  Capt- 
ured the  people  on  board  the  Gasper,  and  burned 
the  vessel.  A  large  reward  was  offered  for  the 
discovery  of  the  perpetrators  (who  were  well 
known  in  Providence),  but  they  were  not  be- 
trayed. Joseph  Wanton,  the  royal  governor  of 
Rhode  Island,  issued  a  proclamation  ordering 
diligent  search  for  the  perpetrators  of  the  act. 
Admiral  Montague  made  endeavors  towards  the 

same  end,  and  the  home  government  offered  a 

lew  anl  of  $5000  for  the  leader,  with  tho  promise 
of  a  pardon  if  the  informer  should  he  an  accom- 
plice. Not  one  of  the  men  betrayed  their  trust- 
ed leader,  Abraham  Whipple,  afterwards  a  com- 
modore in  the  Continental  Navy.  A  commission 
of  inquiry  was  established  under  the  great  seal 
of  England,  but  it  availed  nothing.  These  com- 
missions closed  their  labors  on  June  23,  and  no 
further  inquiry  was  attempted.     When,  subse- 


'ifyirtfM  m%% 


^/Js  /^ctz^^rt^c^tf 


SIOXATI-RKS   OF   TI1K   COMMISSIONERS.  l^ 

qnently, the  colonists  were  at  war  with  Great 

Britain,  tin'  act  of  Captain  Whipple  was  avowed, 
and  Sir  .lames  Wallace,  in  command  of  a  British 
ship  of  war  in  Narraganset  Bay.w  rote  as  follows 


GASTON  5 

to  the  perpetrator  of  the  act:  "You,  Abraham 
Whipple,  on  the  9th  of  June,  1772,  burued  his 
majesty's  vessel,  the  Gaspee,  aud  I  will  hang  you 
at  the  yard-arm."  Whipple  coolly  replied  :  '•Sir, 
always  catch  your  mau  before  you  hang  him." 
A  ballad  was  written  at  the  time,  containing 


I  GATES 

placed  General  Schuyler.  He  gained  undeserved 
honors  as  commander  of  the  troops  that  defeat- 
ed and  captured  Burgoyue  and  his  army  in  the 
fall  of  1777.    He  soon  afterwards  intrigued  for 

the  position  of  Washington  as  commander-in- 
chief,  using  his  power  as  president  of  the  Board 


GASPEE   POINT. 


fifty-eight  lines  of  doggerel  verse,  which  ended 
as  follows : 

"  Now.  for  to  find  these  people  out, 
King  George  has  offered  very  stout. 
One  thousand  pounds  to  find  out  one 
That  wounded  William  Duddington. 
One  thousand  more  he  says  he'll  spare 
For  those  who  say  the  sheriff's  were. 
One  thousand  more  there  doth  remain 
For  to  find  out  the  leader's  name  ; 
Likewise  five  hundred  pounds  per  man 
For  any  one  of  all  the  clan. 
But,  let  him  try  his  utmost  skill, 
I'm  apt  to  think  he  never  will 
Find  out  any  of  those  hearts  of  gold, 
Though  he  should  offer  fifty-fold." 

Gaston,  William,  LL.D.,  was  born  at  New 
Berne,  N.  C.,  Sept.  19, 1778 ;  died  at  Raleigh,  N.  C., 
Jan.  23, 1844.  He  graduated  at  the  College  of 
New  Jersey  in  179G,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1798,  when  he  soon  became  the  hading 
lawyer  in  his  state.  Serving  in  his  state  Legis- 
lature, he  was  elected  to  Congress  in  1812,  aud 
remained  in  that  body  until  1817.  The  laws 
and. judicial  organization  of  his  state  bear  marks 
of  his  wisdom.  He  was, judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  North  Carolina  from  1K?4  till  his  death. 
Judge  Gaston  was  an  advocate  of  free  suffrage 
for  colored  men. 

Gates,  Horatio,  was  born  at  Maldon,  Essex 
County,  England,  in  1728;  died  In  New  fork 
city,  April  10, 1806.    Be  waa  a  godson  of  Horace 

Walpole.      He  entered  the  British  army   in  his 

youth,  and  rose  rapidly  to  the  rank  of  major. 
Qatea  came  to  America,  was  severely  wounded 

at    Braddock's   defeat    (  17.">.">  |,   and    was   aid    to 

General  Monokton  in  the  expedition  against 
Martinique  In  1762.  After  the  peace,  he  bought 
an  estate  in  Virginia,  and  when  the  war  Bra  In- 
dependence broke  oul  Congress  appointed  him 
(June,  177.". »  adjutant-general  of  the  Continen- 
tal Army,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier- general. 

In    17?li  77    be    was    twice    in    command    of  the 

Northern  Amy,  having,  through  Intrigae,  dfc- 


of  War  for  the  purpose,  but  ignominiously  failed. 
In  June,  1780,  he  was  made  commander  of  the 
Southern  Department,  but  made  a  disastrous 
campaign,  his  army  being  utterly  defeated  and 
routed  by  Coruwallis  near  Camden,  S.  C,  in  Au- 
gust, 1780.  This  defeat  terminated  (iates's  mil- 
itary career.  He  was  removed  from  command 
and  suspended  from  service,  but  was  finally  vin- 
dicated, and  reinstated  in  command  in  1782.  He 
retired  to  his  estate  in  Virginia,  and  in  1790 
made  his  residence  in  New  York  city,  haviug 
first  emancipated  all  his  slaves,  and  provided 


for  sueh  of  them  a-  could  not  take  care  of  them- 

-  Ives,     lie  was  presented  with  the  freedom  of 
the  oitj  of  New   York,  and  sleeted  to  the  state 

Legislature,  but  declined  to  serve. 


GEARY  5 

Geaiy,  JOHN  W.,  was  born  iu  Westmoreland 
County,  Pens..,  about  1820;  died  at  Harrisburg, 

Penn.,  while  governor,  Feb.  9, 1873.  He  became 
a  civil  engineer,  and  served  as  lieutenaut-colonel 
of  a  Pennsylvania  regiment  of  volunteers  in  the 
war  with  Mexico,  wherein  he  was  wounded,  and 
for  gallant  services  was  made  colonel  of  his  regi- 
ment. He  was  first  commander  of  the  city  of 
Mexico  after  its  capture.  He  went  to  San  Fran- 
cisco in  L848,and  was  the  first  mayor  of  that  city. 
Returning  to  Pennsylvania,  he  was  appointed 
Sovernor  of  Kansas  in  July,  1856,  and  early  in 
1861  raised  and  equipped  a  regiment  of  volun- 
teers. Iu  the  spring  of  1868  he  became  brigadier- 
general,  and  did  good  service  throughout  the 
war,  becoming,  at  the,  end  of  Sherman's  march 
from  Atlanta  to  the  sen,  military  governor  of 
Savannah.  In  1807  he  was  elected  governor  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  died  suddenly  while  in  office. 
General  Armstrong,  Tut:  I'kiwi  kf.u.  The 
merchants  of  New  York  lilted  out  no  less  than 
twenty  -six  fast-sailing  privateers  and  letters-of- 
mari|iie   within  one   hundred   and  twenty  days 

•iter  the  declaration  of  wax(1812Xcarrying  about 

two  hundred  pieces  of  artillery,  and  manned  by 
over  two  thousand  seamen.  Among  the  most 
noted  of  these  privateers  was  the  (inirnil  Arm- 
strong, a  moderate-sized  schooner,  mounting  a 
"Long  Tom"  forty-two-pounder  and  eighteen 
carronades.  Her  complement  was  one  hundred 
and  forty  men.  Her  brat  commander  was  Captain 
Barnard  :  her  second,  Captain  (i.  K.  Champlin. 
Early  in  March,  l~l:i,  w  hile  Cliamplin  w  as  cruis- 
ing oll'the  Surinam  Liver,  on  the  coast  of  Smith 
America,  he  gave  chase  to  the  British  sloop-of- 
war  Coquette,  mounting  twenty-seven  guns  and 
manned  by  one  hundred  and  twenty-six  men 
and  boys.  They  engaged  in  confliot  between 
nine  and  leu  o'clock  .  Match  11,1813).  Suppos- 
ing his  antagonist  to  he  a  British  Iettex-of- 
marqne,  Champlin    ran   the   Armstrong   down 

upon  her,  with  the  intention  of  boarding  her. 
When  it  was  too  late,  (  'hamplin  discovered  that 
she    was    a    heavier    vessel    than    he    suspected. 

They  poured  heavy  sho1  into  each  other,  and 

for  a  while  the  Bght  W8J  very  obstinate,  within 
pistol -shot  distance.  Chaniplin  was  wounded 
and  his  vessel  severely  bruised,  but,  getting  free 

from  the  CoqUetU  by  a  vigOIOUfl  use  id'  sweeps. 
the  Armstrong  escaped  under  a  heavy  lire  from 
her  antagonist.  The  Tammany  Society  of  New- 
York  gave  the  captain  an  elegant  sword,  and 
voted  thanks  to  his  companions  in  the  fight 
In  l-ll  the  General  Armitrong  was  under  the 
command  of  Captain  Samuel  C.  Beid,  and  in 
September  she  was  [n  the  harbor  of  Fayal,  one 
of  the  islands  of  the  Azores, belonging  t"  Portu- 
gal. It  was  a  neutral  port,  and  h'eid  did  not 
expect  to  he  disturbed  t  here  1>V  British  Vessels. 
lie  was  mistaken.  On  the  26th  Commodore 
Uoyd  appeared  off  the  harbor  with  his  llag-ship, 

the  Ploktagmet,  74  anus;  the  frigate  Beta,  44, 
Captain  Bomerville;  and  the  brig  Carnation,  1^, 
Captain  Bentham— each  with  a  full  complement 
of  men.  The  Arnutrong  bad  only  seven  guns 
and  ninety  men,  including  her  officers.  In  vio- 
lation of  the  laws  and  Qsagea  of  neutrality, 
it   into  the  harbor,  at  eight  o'clock  iu 


3  GENET 

the  evening,  four  large  aud  well-armed  launch- 
es, manned  by  about  forty  men  each.  At  that 
time  Reid,  suspecting  mischief,  was  warping  his 
vessel  under  the  guns  of  the  castle.  The  moon 
was  shiuing  brightly.  The  barges  and  the  pri- 
vateer opened  fire  almost  simultaneously,  and 
the  launches  were  driven  off  with  heavy  loss. 
At  midnight  fourteen  launches  were  seut  iu, 
manned  by  about  five  hundred  men.  A  terrible 
conflict  ensued. which  lasted  forty  minutes, when 
the  launches  were  again  repulsed,  with  a  loss 
of  one  hundred  aud  twenty  killed  and  one  hun- 
dred and  thirty  wounded.  At  daylight  (Sept. 
27)  a  third  attack  was  made  by  the  brig  Carna- 
tion, which  opened  heavily,  but  was  soon  so  cut 
up  by  the  well-directed  guns  of  the  Armstrong 
that  she  hastily  withdrew.  The  privateer  was 
also  much  damaged,  and  it  being  evident  that 
she  could  not  endure  a  fourth  attack.  Captain 
Beid  directed  her  to  be  scuttled  to  prevent  her 
falling  into  the  hands  of  the  British.  She  was 
then  abandoned,  when  the  British  boarded  bel- 
aud set  her  on  lire.  While  the  British  lost  over 
three  hundred  men  in  the  three  attacks-,  the 
Armstrong  lost  only  two  men  killed  and  seven 
wounded  during  the  ten  hours.  To  Captain 
Beid  and  his  brave  men  is  justly  due  the  credit 
of  saving  New  Orleans  from  capture.  Lloyd's 
squadron  was  a  part  of  the  expedition  then  gath- 
ering  at  Jamaica  for  the  invasion  of  Louisiana 
(which  see).  The  object  of  the  attack  on  the 
Armstrong  was  to  capture  her,  and  make  her  a 
useful  auxiliary  in  the  work.  She  so  crippled 
her  assailants  that  they  did  not  reach  Jamaica 
until  full  ten  days  later  than  the  expedition  in- 
tended to  sail  from  there.  It  had  waited  for 
Lloyd,  and  when  it  approached  New  Orleans 
Jackson  had  made  amide  arrangements  to  re- 
ceive the  invaders.  Had  they  arrived  ten  days 
sooner  the  city  must  have  fallen.  The  State  of 
New  York  gave  Captain  Beid  thanks  and  a 
sword,  and  he  was  greeted  with  enthusiasm  on 
his  return  to  the  United  States.  The  Porto* 
gneee  government  demanded  and  received  from 
the  British  an  apology  for  the  violation  of  neu- 
trality, and  restitution   for  the  destruction   of 

Portuguese  property  at  Fayal  during  the  action. 

That  government  also  demanded  satisfaction 
and  indemnification  for  the  destruction  of  the 
American  vessel  in  their  neutral  port.  This  was 
refused,  and  neither  the  owners  of  the  vessel 
nor  their  heirs  have  ever  received  indemnifi- 
cation for  their  losses  either  from  Great  Britain 
or  Portugal. 

Genet,  Edmoxd  Chaim.i SB,  was  born  at  Ver- 
sailles, France,  Jan.  s.  17(1:?:  died  at  Ciieenbush. 
opposite  Albany,  N.  Y..  July  14,  1834.  His  liter- 
ary talent  was  early  developed.  At  the  age  of 
twelve  yean  he  received  from  the  King  of  Swe- 
den a  gold  medal  for  a  translation  of  the  history 
of  Eric  XIV.  into  Swedish,  with  notes  by  him- 
self. He  was  a  brother  of  the  celebrated  Ma- 
dame (  ainpan,  and  was  brought  up  in  the  French 
court:  vet  he  was  a  republican.  Attached  to 
tin-  embassies  of  Berlin,  Vienna,  London,  and 
Si.  Petersburg,  he  maintained  his  republican 
bias,  and  on  his  return  from  the  Russian  court 
(17V2)  was   appointed   minister  to  the  United 


GENET  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES        564         GENET  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 


States.  He  had  already  been  made  adjutant- 
general  of  the  armies  of  Frauee  and  minister  to 
Holland  by  the  revolutionists,  and  employed 
in  revolutionizing  Geneva  and  annexing  it  to 
Frauee.  His  diplomatic  career  in  the  United 
States  was  very  offensive  to  the  government, 
and  he  was  recalled.  (See  Genet  in  the  United 
States.)  At  about  that  time  a  change  of  faction 
had  taken  place  in  his  country,  and  he  did  not 
think  it  prudent  to  return.   He  never  went  back 


EDMOND   CHARLES   liE.NET. 

to  France.  Marrying  the  daughter  of  Governor 
George  Clinton,  he  became  a  naturalized  citizen 
of  the  United  States,  and  an  oruament  to  socie- 
ty here.  He  was  twice  married,  his  second  wife 
being  a  daughter  of  Mr.  Osgood,  the  first  Post- 
master -  jjeneral  under  the  new  Constitution. 
Fond  of  agriculture,  lie  took  great  interest  in 
its  pursuit  ;  and  his  last  illness  was  i 
by  attendance  at  ■  meeting  of  au  agricultural 
society  of  which  he  was  president.  lb'  was 
known  as  '-Citizen  Genet,"  a  title  assumed  by 
the  French  revolutionists,  and  imitated  by  their 
American  admirers.  The  Philadelphia  newspa- 
pers often  contained  notices  of  the  marriage  of 
"oUism  "  Smith  or  Joues  and"  citesse"  1 
or  Lavender. 

Genet  in  the  United  States.  T 
revolutionists  affected  a  simplicity  of  manner 
in  all  things,  consistent  with  their  battle-cry  in 
the  forum  and  in  the  lield — "Liberty, Equality, 
and  Fraternity!"  They  addressed  the  highest 
functionary  as  "citizen:"  and  Edmond  Charles 

(Janet,  tent  to  the  United  states  as  tin-  repre- 
sentative of  the  French  Republic,  was  designat- 
ed as  w  Citizen  (ienet."     He  arrived  at  (hailcs- 
\|Hil  9,  171U.       lb-  was  received  with 

open  anus  by  tin-  Republican, or  Democratic, par- 
ty, lb-  waa  disposed  to  treat  the  United  Btatea 
government  with  contempt,  believing  the  peo- 
ple would  tint  sustain  it  in  its  coldness  t"«:ml- 
h  revolutionists,  lb-  came  with  blank 
commissions  I'm  naval  ami  military  - 

U    of  government 
to  present  his  credentials  be  fitted  out  two  pri- 


vateers at  Charleston  to  prey  on  British  com- 
merce, and  gave  authority  to  every  French  con- 
sul in  America  to  constitute  himself  a  court 
of  admiralty  to  dispose  of  prizes  brought  into 
American  ports  by  French  cruisers.  One  of  these 
VBmbmeade)  went  prowling  up  the 
coast,  seizing  several  small  vessels,  and  finally 
capturing  a  British  merchantman  within  the 
capes  of  the  Delaware,  when  she  proceeded  in 
triumph  to  Philadelphia,  where  she  was  received 
with  acclamations  of  joy  by  the  excited  people. 
Upon  the  bow  of  UEmbuseade,  her  foremast,  and 
her  stern,  liberty-caps  were  conspicuous,  and  the 
British  colors  were  reversed  in  the  prize,  with 
the  French  colors  flying  above  them.  Fourteen 
days  later  Genet  arrived  by  land  at  Philadel- 
phia, where,  according  to  preconcert,  a  number 
of  citizens  met  him  at  the  Schuylkill  aud  es- 
corted him  into  the  city,  while  cannons  roared 
aud  chnrch-bells  rang  out  merry  peals  of  wel- 
come. There  he  received  addresses  from  various 
societies,  and  so  anxious  were  his  admirers  to 
do  homage  to  the  representative  of  the  authors 
of  the  Reign  of  Terror  in  France  that  they  in- 
vited him  to  a  public  dinner  before  he  had  pre- 
sented his  credentials  to  the  President  of  the 
United  States.  Genet  presented  his  credentials 
to  Washington  in  person  (April  19.  1" 
found  himself  in  an  atmosphere  of  the  most  pro- 
found dignity.  He  felt  his  own  littli 
mere  political  enthusiast  while  standing  before 
tbe  representative  of  true  democracy  in  Amer- 
ica, and  of  the  soundest  principles  of  the  Amer- 
ican Republic.  He  withdrew  from  the  audience 
abashed  ami  subdued.  He  had  heard  expres- 
nncen  regard  for  the  people  of  France 
that  touched  the  sensibilities  of  his  heart,  and 
he  had  felt,  in  the  courtesy  and  severe  simplic- 

,  ity  and  frankness  of  the  President's  manner, 
wholly  free  from  effervescent  enthusiasm,  a 
withering  rebuke,  uot  only  of  the  adulators  in 
public  places,  but  also  of  his  own  pretensions, 
aspirations,  and  offensive  conduct.  Once  out 
of  the  presence  of  Washington,  he  became  the 

'same  defiant  champion  of  the  "rights  of  the 
people,"   arlecting  to   be    shocked   at    the  evi- 
nioiiarchical  sympathies  in  the  Presi- 
dent's house.     He   there  saw  a  bust   of  Louis 

(  XVI..  and  declared  its  presence  in  the  house  of 
■  tit  of  the  United  States  was  an  "in- 
sult to  France."  and  he  was  "  astonished  "  to  find 


that  relatives  of  Lafayette  hail  lately  been  ad- 
mitted  to  the   presence   of  the   President.      His 
feelings  were  speedily  soothed   in  a  great  ban- 
quet-hall   of  his    republican   friends 
1798),  where  hi-  greeted   with  the 

Marseilles  Hymn,  and  his  e\  cs  delighted  with 
a  ••  tree  ofLibertj  "  on  the  table.  His  heart  was 
made  glad  by  having  the  red  cap  of  Liberty 
placed  on  his  own  head  first  and  then  upon  the 
head  of  each  guest,  while  the  wearer,  under  the 
inspiration  of  its  symbolism,  ottered  some  pa- 
triotic sentiment.  At  dinner,  at  which  the  Gov- 
ernor of  Pennsylvania  (Mifflin 
roasted  pig  received  the  name  of  the  murdered 
French  king,  and  the  he.nl.  severed  from  his 
body,  was  carried  around  to  each  oft' 

:  Liberty  on  his 


GENET'S  MISCHIEVOUS  SCHEMES       565 


GEORGE  I. 


own  head,  pronounced  the  word  "  tyrant,"  and 
proceeded  to  mangle  with  his  knife  that  of  the 
poor  pig.  One  of  the  Republican  taverns  in 
Philadelphia  displayed  as  a  sign  a  revolting 
picture  of  the  mutilated  and  blood-stained 
corpse  of  Queen  Marie  Antoinette.  This  mad- 
ness ran  a  short  course,  and  its  victims  became 
heartily  ashamed  of  it.  Genet  took  this  for  a 
genuine  and  settled  feeling,  and  acted  upon  it. 
Meanwhile  the  insulted  government  took  most 
dignified  action.  The  captured  British  mer- 
chantman was  restored  to  its  owners,  and  the 

privateers  were  ordered  out  of  American  waters. 
Orders  were  sent  to  the  collectors  at  all  Ameri- 
can ports  to  seize  all  vessels  fitted  out  as  priva- 
teers, and  to  prevent  the  sale  of  any  prize  capt- 
ured by  such  vessels.  (  h ief-j list  ice  Jay  declared 
it  to  be  the  duty  of  grand-juries  to  present  all 
persons  guilty  Of  SUCh  violation  id' the  laws  of 
nations  with  respect  to  any  of  the  belligerent 
powers.  The  French  ambassador  and  his  friends 
were  greatly  irritated.  He  protested,  and  the 
Secretary  of  state  (Jefferson),  who  had  favored 
the  enthusiasm  of  Genet's  reception,  finding  he 
had  B  troublesome  friend  oil  his  hands,  plainly 
told  (ienet  that,  by  commissioning  privateers 
he  had  violated  the  sovereignty  of  the  United 
States.  With  offensive  pertinacity, Genet  denied 
this  doctrine  as  contrary  to  right,  justice,  and 
the  laws  of  nations,  and  threatened  to  "appeal 

from  the  President  to  the  people;"  and  in  this 
the  Republican  newspapers  sustained  him.  Se- 
cret Democratic  societies  w  hich  had  been  formed 
became  more  bold  and  active,  and  Geuet,  mis- 
taking the  popular  clamor  for  the  deliberate 
voice  of  the  nation,  actually  undertook  to  lit 
out  a  privateer  at  Philadelphia,  In  defiance  of 

the  government,  during  the  President's  absence 
at  Mount  Vernon.  It  was  a  vessel  captured  by 
VEmbuacade,  and    (ienet    named    her    Tkt    Little 

Democrat.  Governor  Mifflin,  like  Jefferson,  bad 
become  sick  of  the  '•  Citizen,"  and  he  interfered. 
(ienet  would  not  heed  bis  threats  nor  the  per- 
suasions of  Jefferaou.  He  denounced  the  Presi- 
dent as  unfaithful  to  the  wishes  of  the  people, 
and  resolved  to  force  him  to  call  Congress  to- 
gether. Washington,  on  his  return  to  Philadel- 
phia, and  informed  of  the  insolence  of  (ienet, 
exclaimed,  "  Is  the  minister  of  the  French  Re- 
public to  set  the  acts  of  the  government  at  defi- 
ance with  Impunity t"  His  cabinet  answered 
"No!"  The  most  exacting  country  could  not 
counsel  longer  forbearance,  and  the  French  gov- 
ernment was  requested  (July,  1793)  to  recall  its 
minister;  and  it  was  done.  There  was  a  reaction 
in  the  public,  mind  towards  a  more  patriotic  at- 
titude. The  insolence  of  (ienet  bad  shocked  the 
national  pride.  On  the  82d  of  April  (1788)  the 
President  issued  a  proclamation  of  neutrality 
(which  see),  which  the  radical  Democrats  de- 
nounced as  an  "edict  of  royalty."  (ienet — suc- 
ceeded by  M.  l'ouchct,  a  man  equally  indiscreet 
-  diil  not  have  the  country,  but  became  an  ex- 
cellent naturalized  citizen  of  the  United  Slates, 
and  died  here. 

Genet's  Mischievous  Schemes.  It  was  not 
only  in  American  waters  and  on  the  Atlantic 
seaboard   that    it    became    necessary  to    watch 


"Citizen"  Genet's  mischievous  schemes.  He 
projected  an  iuvasiou  of  Florida,  the  expedition 
for  which  was  to  be  organized  in  South  Caro- 
lina and  to  rendezvous  in  Georgia.  Another  of 
his  schemes  projected  a  like  movement  against 
New  Orleans,  to  be  set  on  foot  in  Kentucky. 
George  Rogers  Clarke,  who  had  done  good  ser- 
vice in  the  Revolution,  but  who,  through  intem- 
perance and  other  causes,  had  become  impover- 
ished, lent  himself  to  be  the  leader  of  the  expe- 
dition from  Kentucky.  Genet  found  a  willing- 
ness among  the  Kentuckiaus  to  engage  in  such 
an  enterprise,  because  Spain  had  refused  the 
free  navigation  of  the  Mississippi.  The  "Dem- 
ocratic Society"  at  Lexington  had  taken  this 
matter  in  hand.  French  emissaries  were  em- 
ployed in  Kentucky  and  South  Carolina,  and 
commissions  were  issued;  but  both  enterprises 
failed  for  want  of  money.  At  oue  time  (ienet 
had  two  thousand  seamen  and  soldiers  on  his 
hands  to  support.  These  and  other  efforts  of 
Genet  to  set  the  neutral  policy  of  the  United 
States  at  defiance,  and  his  general  insolence  of 
conduct  in  trying  to  stir  up  the  people  and  the 
state  governments,  caused  serious  thoughts  in 
the  mind  of  Washington  of  abruptly  dismissing 
him  anil  ordering  him  to  leave  the  country. 
But  a  wise  forbearance  undoubtedly  accom- 
plished good  results  in  a  better  way. 

Geneva  Award.  (See  Tribunal  of  Arbitra- 
tion.) 

George  Griswold,  THE  Rklief-siiip.  The 
blockade  of  Southern  ports  caused  a  lack  of  the 
cotton  supply  in  England  and  the  running  of 
mills  on  half-time  or  the  shutting  them  up  alto- 
gether. This  produced  wide-spread  distress  in 
the  manufacturing  districts.  In  Lancashire 
alone  oue  million  stomachs  depended  for  bread 
ou  the  mills.  In  1862  a  pitiful  cry  of  distress 
came  over  the  sea.  It  was  heard  by  the  loyal 
people  of  the  North,  who,  repressing  their  just 
resentment  against  the  British  government  for 
the  "aid  and  comfort"  it  had  given  to  the  ene- 
mies of  the  Republic,  heeded  the  cry,  and  the 
George  Griswold  was  laden  at  New  York,  chiefly 
through  the  liberality  of  merchants  there,  with 
food  for  the  starving  English  operatives  of  the 
value  of  more  than  1200,000.  With  her  was 
sent  a  government  war-vessel  as  a  convoy  to 
protect  her  precious  freight  from  the  touch  of 
the  Anglo-Confederate  cruiser  Alabama,  which 
was  then  lighting  the  ocean  with  the  blaze  of 
American  merchant-vessels  which  she  had  set 
on  lire. 

George  (Lewis)  I.,  King  of  Great  Britain,  was 
born  in  Osnabriick,  Hanover,  May  28, 16G0  ;  died 
near  that  place,  June  10,  1727.  Eldest  son  of 
Ernest  Augustus,  Elector  of  Hanover,  he  was 
the  first  sovereign  of  the  Hanoverian  line.  His 
mot  her  was  Sophia,  daughter  of  James  I.  of 
England.  In  16H1  he  went  to  England  to  seek 
the  hand  of  his  cousin,  the  Princess  Anne  (af- 
terwards queen), in  marriage,  but,  being  ordered 
by  his  father  not  to  proceed  in  the  business,  he 
returned,  and  married  his  cousin  Sophia  Doro- 
thea. By  act  of  the  Convention  Parliament 
(see  EnglUih  Revolution)  iu  1689,  and  by  l'arlia- 


GEORGE  II.  E 

ment  in  1701,  tbe  succession  of  the  English 
crown  was  so  fixed  that  in  the  event  of  a  fail- 
ure of  heirs  by  William  and  Mary,  and  Anne,  it 
should  he  limited  to  the  Electress  Sophia  of 
Hanover,  George's  mother,  passing  over  nearer 
heirs  who  were  Romau  Catholics.  By  the  trea- 
ty of  union  with  Scotland  (1707)  the  same  suc- 
cession was  secured  for  its  crown.  By  the  death 
of  Sophia,  three  months  before  Queen  Anne  died, 
George  became  heir-apparent  to  the  throue  of 
the  latter  because  of  failure  of  heirs,  and  he  suc- 
ceeded her.  His  son.  the  Prince  of  Wales,  be- 
came openly  hostile  to  his  father  in  1718,  and  at 
Leicester  House  he  established  a  sort  of  rival 
court.  This  enmity  arose  from  the  treatment 
of  the  prince's  mother,  the  unfortunate  Sophia 
Dorothea  (to  whom  he  was  much  attached),  who, 
aocnsed  of  intrigue  with  Count  Kouigsmarck, 
was  divorced  in  1694,  and  imprisoned  from  that 
time  nutil  her  death  in  1726.  George  I.  was  a  man 
of  moderate  intellectual  ability,  a  cruel  husband, 
a  bad  father,  but  not  a  bad  sovereign,  for  he  al- 
lowed able  men  to  manage  the  affairs  of  the  king- 
dom. He  was  taken  with  a  fit  in  his  carriage, 
while  on  his  way  to  Osnabriick,  and  died  before 
he  reached  that  place.  His  son  (George)  by  the 
uufortuuate  Sophia  succeeded  him. 

George  (Augustus)  U.,  King  of  England,  son 
of  the  preceding  and  Sophia  Dorothea,  was  born 
in  Hanover,  Oct.  30,  1683 ;  died  in  Kensington 
Palace,  Oct.  25,  1760.  In  his  childhood  and 
youth  he  was  neglected  by  his  father,  and  was 
brought  up  by  his  grandmother,  the  Electress 
Sophia.  In  1705  he  married  a  daughter  of  the 
Margrave  of  Brandenburg- Auspach,  a  woman  of 
superior  character  and  ability.  He  was  made  a 
peer  of  England  the  next  year,  with  the  chief 
title  of  Duke  of  Cambridge.  He  was  a  brave 
soldier  under  the  Duke  of  Marlborough.  In 
1714  he  accompanied  his  father  to  England,  and 
was  proclaimed  Prince  of  Wales  Sept.  22.  The 
prince  and  his  father  hated  each  other  cordial- 
ly, and  he  was  made  an  instrument  of  intrigue 
against  the  latter.  The  Princess  of  Wales  was 
very  popular, and  the  father  also  hated  her.  At 
one  time  the  king  proposed  to  send  the  prince 
to  America,  there  to  be  disposed  of  so  that  he 
should  have  no  more  trouble  witli  him.  He 
was  crowned  king  Oct.  11,  1727.  His  most  able 
minister  was  Walpolc  (as  he  was  of  George  I.), 
and  he  and  the  clever  queen  ruled  the  realm  for 
fourteen  years.  He.  in  turn,  hated  his  sou  Fred- 
erick, Prince  of  Wales,  as  bitterly  as  he  had  been 
bated  by  his  father.  It  was  during  the  later 
years  of  the  reign  of  George  II  that  the  "War 
of  the  Austrian  Succession  "  and  I  he  Flench  and 
Indian  War  (in  which  the  English -American 
colonies  were  conspicuously  engaged)  occurred. 
During  that  reign  England  had  grown  amazing- 
ly in  material  anil  moral  strength  among  the 
nation-.  The  w  isdom  of  William  I'itt  hail  done 
much  towards  the  aoqniremenl  of  the  fame  of 
England,  w  Inch  had  never  been  greater  than  in 
Qeorge  died  suddenly, like  his  father,  at 
■t  seventy-seven  years.  He  had  never 
boon  popular  with  the  English  people. 

George  (William    Frederick)  m.,  King  of 


66  GEORGE  III. 

|  England,  was  born  June  4, 1738 ;  died  in  Wiud- 
I  sor  Castle,  Jan.  29, 1820.  His  mind  was  narrow, 
his  disposition  w.as  crafty  and  arbitrary,  and 
|  during  his  long  reign,  while  he  was  sane,  his 
years  were  passed  in  continual  combat  against 
the  growing  liberal  spirit  of  the  age.  Being  a 
native  of  England  (which  his  two  royal  pred 
ecessors  were  not),  and  young  and  moral,  he 
was  at  first  popular  on  his  accession  to  the 
throue  (Oct.  26,  1760).     In  his  first  speech  in 


GEORGE   III.   AT   THE   TIME   OP   HT9  ACCESSION. 

(From  an  anonymous  print.) 

Parliament  he  expressed  pride  in  his  English 
birth,  and  thereby  great  enthusiasm  in  his  fa- 
vor was  excited.  On  Sept.  8,  1761,  he  married 
Charlotte  Sophia,  sister  of  the  Duke  of  Meck- 
lenburg-Strelitz,  who  shared  his  throne  fifty- 
seven  years,  and  bore  him  fifteen  children,  all 
but  two  of  whom  grew  to  maturity.  Unfortu- 
nately for  his  kingdom,  he  neglected  the  wise 
counsels  of  Pitt,  and  made  his  preceptor,  the 
Scotch  Earl  of  Bute,  his  prime -minister  and 
confidential  friend.  The  minister  and  his  mas- 
ter became  very  unpopular,  and  in  lTt»:>  Bute 
resigned,  and  was  succeeded  by  Georg 
ville,  who  inaugurated  the  Stamp  Act  policy 
and  other  obnoxious  measures  towards  the  Eng- 
lish-American Colonies,  which  caused  great  dis- 
content, a  fierce  iiuarrel.a  long  war. the  final  dis- 
memberment of  the  British  empire,  and  the  po- 
litical independence  of  the  colonies.  With  the 
Stam])  Act  began  the  terribly  stormy  period  of 
flu-  reign  of  George  III.  In  1783  he  was  com- 
pelled to  acknowledge  the  independence  of  his 
lost  American  colonies.  Then  he  had  continual 
quarrels  with  his  ministry,  and  talked  of  leav- 
ing England  and  retiring  to  his  little  king- 
dom of  Hanover,  but  refrained  on  being  SSSUTed 
that  it  would  be  much  easier  for  him  to  leave 
England   than    to  return    to   it.      Like   his  two 

royal  predecessors, George  hated  his  oldest  son, 

the  Prince  of  Wales,  because  he  was  generally 
m  political  opposition  to  him  and  led  a  loOSS 
lite.  After  a  serious  dispute  with  Kussia,  which 
threatened  to  seize  Turkey,  and  another  with 
Spain,  war  with  revolutionised  France  began  in 

L793, and  the  most  arbitral]  rule  was  i 

in  England, driving  the  people  at  time-  to  the 


GEORGE  III.  AND  ENGLISH  OPINION     567   GEORGE  THE  THIRD'S  FIRST  BLUNDER 


verge  of  revolution.  Ireland  was  goaded  into 
rebellion,  which  was  suppressed  by  the  most 
cruel  methods — equal  in  atrocity  to  any  perpe- 
trated by  the  French  in  La  Vcnd6e  and  Brit- 
tany. The  union  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 
was  effected  in  1800,  the  parliament  of  the  lat- 
ter ceasing  to  exist.  Against  the  king's  wishes, 
peace  was  made  with  France  in  1802;  but  war 
was  again  begun  the  next  year.  Then  came 
the  struggle  with  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  which 
lasted  until  the  overthrow  of  that  ruler  at  Wa- 
terloo (June,  1815).  In  1810  the  king  lost  his 
youngest  and  favorite  daughter — Amelia — by 
death.  His  anxiety  dtlring  her  illness  deprived 
him  of  reason,     lie  had  been  threatened  with 


CSCAL    AIM'KAKAVK    OK    0MROI    111.     UIWT    177C. 

(From  a  sketch  liy  Gear.) 

insanity  nnce  or  twice  before;  now  his  mind 
was   clouded    forever.      The    first   indication   of 

his  malady  appeared  on  the  day  of  the  comple- 
tion of  the  fiftieth  year  of  his  reign— Oct.  25, 
1810.  From  thai  date  bis  reign  ceased  in  fact, 
ami  hie  son  George,  Prince  of  Wales,  was  mad.' 
regent  of  the  kingdom  l  Feb.5,  1811).  For  near- 
ly nine  years  the  can'  of  bis  person  was  intrust- 
ed to  the  faithful  queen.  In  1819  the  Duke  of 
York  attained  the  responsibility.  The  qaeen 
was  simple  in  her  tastes  and  habits, rigid  in  the 

performance  of  moral  duties,  kind  and  benevo- 
lent. Their  lives  were  models  of  moral  purity 
and  domestic  happiness. 

George  UJ.  and  English  Opinion  concern- 
ing America.  The  great  landholders  in  England, 
as  well  as  the  more  warlike  classes,  had  become 

sick  of  trying  to  t:ix  the  Americans  without 

their  consent.  Indeed,  all  classes  were  con- 
vinced of  Us  futility,  and  yearned  for  a  change 


in  the  policy.  Even  the  stubborn  king,  though 
unrelenting  in  bis  purpose  to  bring  the  Ameri- 
cans into  submission,  declared  that  the  man 
who  should  approve  the  taxing  of  tbem,  in  con- 
nection with  all  its  consequences,  was  "  more 
tit  for  a  madhouse  than  for  a  seat  in  Parlia- 
ment." In  the  House  of  Commons  (June,  1779), 
Lord  John  Cavendish  moved  for  orders  to  with- 
draw the  British  forces  employed  in  America; 
and  the  Duke  of  Richmoud,  in  the  House  of 
Lords,  proposed  a  total  change  of  measures  in 
America  and  Ireland.  In  both  houses  these  sen- 
sible measures  were  supported  by  increasing 
numbers.  North  was  frequently  dropping  hints 
to  the  king  that  the  advantages  to  be  gaiued 
by  continuing  the  war  would  never  repay  its 
expenses.  The  king,  disturbed  by  these  prop- 
ositions and  the  yielding  disposition  of  his  chief 
minister,  summoned  them  all  to  his  library 
(June  21,  1779),  where,  in  a  speech  of  more 
than  an  hour  in  length,  he  expressed  to  them 
"the  dictates   of  Ids  frequent   and   severe   sell- 

examination."     He  declared  his  firm  resolution 

to  carry  on  the  war   against   America,  France, 

and  Spain  ;  and  that, "  before  he  would  hear  of 
any  man's  readiness  to  come  into  office,  he 
would  expect  to  see  it  signed,  under  bis  own 
hand,  that  he  was  resolved  to  keep  the  empire 
entire,  and  that,  consequently,  no  troops  should 
be  withdrawn  from  America,  nor  its  indepen- 
dence ever  ho  allowed."  Stubbornly  blind  to 
well-known  facts,  he  persisted  in  believing  that, 

"with  the  activity  of  Clinton,  and  the  Indians 
in  their  rear,  the  provinces,  even  now,  would 
submit.''  This  obstinacy  left  him  only  weak 
men  to  support  him ;  for  it  ranged  every  able 
statesman  and  publicist  in  the  kingdom  on  the 

side  of  the  opposition. 

George  the  Third's  first  Official  Blunder. 
There  were  members  of  t ho  aristocracy  that. 
throngh  envy,  hated  Pitt,  who,  in  spite  of  them, 
bad  been  called  to  the  highest  offices  in  the 
kingdom.  When  yonng  Prince  George  beard 
of  the  death  of  the  king,  he  went  to  Carleton 
House,  the  residence  of  bis  mother,  and  sent  for 

Newcastle,  Pitt's  political  enemy.  He  and  Lord 
Bote  pre\  ailed  upon  the  yonng  king  to  discard 
I'ilt    ami  favor  their  own  schemes.      Newcastle 

prepared  the  Brat  speech  from  the  throne  of 
George  III.;  and  when  Pitt,  as  prime-minister, 

went  to  him  and  presented  the  draft  of  an  ad- 
dress to  be  pronounced  at  the  meeting  of  the 
Privy  Council,  he  was  politely  informed  that 
the  speech  was  already  prepared  and  the  pre- 
liminaries were  arranged,  l'itt  immediately 
perceived  that  the  king's  tutor  and  warm  per- 
sonal friend  of  the  young  king's  mother,  the 
Scotch  Fail  of  Bute,  had  made  the  arrange- 
ments, and    would   occiip\    a    conspicuous    place 

iii  the  administration.    George  chose  Bote  for 

his  counsellor  and  guide,  and  l'itt.  to  whom 
England  more  than  to  any  other  man  owed  its 
present  power  and  glory,  was  allowed  to  retire 
and  ba\  B  his  place  tilled  by  this  Scotch  advent- 
urer. The  people  of  England  were  disgusted, 
and  by  this  blunder  George  created  a  power- 
ful opposition  party  at  the  beginning  of  his 
reign. 


GEORGETOWN,  CAPTURE  OF 


568     GEORGIA  COAST,  CONQUEST  OF  THE 


Georgetown  (S.  C),  Capture  of.  In  June, 
1781,  General  Marion  moved  against  George- 
town, on  Winyaw  Bay.  The  garrison  made 
very  slight  resistance,  and  then  tied  down  the 
bay  and  hurried  to  Charleston.  He  had  not 
men  enough  to  garrison  Georgetown,  so  he 
moved  the  spoils  up  the  Pedee  to  his  old  en- 
campment at  Snow's  Island.  (See  Marion's 
Camp.) 

Georgia,  Colony  of.  was  one  of  the  original 
thirteen  states  of  the  Union,  and  was  the  latest 
settled.  When,  iu  1729,  the  proprietors  of  the 
Carolinas  surrendered  their  charter  to  the 
crown,  the  whole  country  southward  of  the 
Savannah  River  to  the  vicinity  of  St.  Augus- 
tine was  a  wilderness,  peopled  by  native  tribes, 
and -was  claimed  by  the  Spaniards  as  a  pan  of 
Florida.  The  English  disputed  the  claim,  and 
war-clouds  seemed  to  he  gathering.  At  that 
juncture  General  James  Edward  Oglethorpe, 
commiserating  the  wretched  condition  of  pris- 
oners for  debt  who  crowded  the  English  pris- 
ons, proposed  in  Parliament  the  founding  of  a 
colony  in  America,  partly  for  the  benefit  of  this 
unfortunate  class,  and  as  an  asylum  for  op- 
pressed Protestants  of  Germany  and  other  Con- 
tinental states.  A  committee  of  inquiry  re- 
ported favorably,  and  the  plan,  as  proposed  by 
Oglethorpe,  was  approved  by  King  George  II. 
A  royal  charter  was  obtained  for  a  corporation 
(June  9,  1732)  for  twenty-one  years,  "  in  trust 
for  the  poor,"  to  establish  a  colony  in  the  dis- 
puted territory  south  of  the  Savannah,  to  be 
called  Georgia,  in  honor  of  the  king.  Individ- 
uals subscribed  largely  to  defray  the  expenses 
of  emigrants,  and  within  two  years  Parliament 
appropriated  £160,000  for  the  same  purpose. 
The  trustees,  appointed  by  the  crown,  possessed 
all  legislative  and  executive  power,  and  there 
was  no  political  liberty  for  the  people.  In  No- 
vember, 1732,  Oglethorpe  left  England  with  one 
hundred  and  twenty  emigrants,  and,  after  a  pas- 
sage of  fifty-seven  days,  touched  at  Charleston, 
giving  great  joy  to  the  inhabitants,  for  he  was 
about  to  erect  a  barrier  between  them  and  the 
Indians  and  Spaniards.  Landing  a  large  por- 
tion of  the  emigrants  on  Port  Royal  Island,  he 
proceeded  to  the  Savannah  River  with  the  re- 
mainder, and  upon  Yainacraw  Bluff  (the  site  of 
Savannah)  he  laid  the  foundations  of  the  future 
state  in  the  ensuing  spring  of  1733.  The  reel  of 
the  emigrants  soon  joined  him.  They  built  a 
fort,  and  called  the  place  Sdvaunuli,  the  Indian 
name  of  the  liver,  and  there  he  held  a  friendly 
conference  with  the  Indians  (see  To-mo-chi-thi), 
witli  whom  satisfactory  arrangements  for  ob- 
taining sovereignty  of  the  domain  were  made. 
Within  eight  years  twenty-live  hundred  emi- 
grants wire  sent  over  fioin  England  at  an  ex- 
panse to  the  trustees  of  $400,000,  The  condi- 
tion upon  which  the  lands  were  parcelled  out 
was  military  duty  j  and  so  grievous  were  the  re- 
strictions, that  many  colonists  went  into  South 
Carolina,  wh.re  they  could  obtain  land  in  fee. 
Nevertheless,  the  colony  increased  in  numbers, 
a  great  many  emigrants  coming  from  Scotland 
and  Germany.  Oglethorpe  went  to  England  iu 
1731,  and  returned  in  l7;iti  with  three  hundred 


emigrants,  among  them  one  hundred  and  fifty 
Highlanders  skilled  in  military  affairs.  Johu 
and  Charles  Wesley  and  George  Whitetield  came 
to  spread  the  gospel  among  the  people  and  the 
surrounding  heathen.  (See  Whitefield.)  Mora- 
vians had  also  settled  in  Georgia  (see  Moron* 
ans),  but  the  little  colony  was  threatened  with 
disaster.  The  jealous  Spaniards  at  St.  Augus- 
tine showed  signs  of  hostility.  Against  this 
expected  trouble  Oglethorpe  had  prepared  by 
building  forts  iu  that  direction.  Finally,  in 
1739,  war  broke  out  between  England  and 
Spain,  and  Oglethorpe  was  made  commander  of 
the  South  Caroliua  and  Georgia  troops.  With 
one  thousand  men  and  some  Indians  he  invaded 
I  Florida,  but  returned  unsuccessful.  In  1742  the 
Spaniards  retaliated,  and,  with  a  strong  land 
and  naval  force,  threatened  the  Georgia  colony 
with  destruction.  Disaster  was  averted  by  a 
stratagem  employed  by  Oglethorpe,  and  peace 
was  restored.  (See  Oglethorpe.)  Slavery  was 
prohibited  in  the  colony,  and  the  people  mur- 
mured. Many  settlements  were  abandoned,  for 
tillers  of  the  soil  were  few.  Fiually,  iu  1750,  the 
restrictions  concerning  slavery  were  removed; 


i  and  iu  1752,  the  trustees  having  surrendered 
their  charter  to  the  crown.  Georgia  became  a 
royal  province,  with  privileges  similar  to  the 
others.  A  general  assembly  was  established 
in  1755.  and  iu  1763  all  the  lauds  between  the 
Savannah  and  St.  Mary  rivers  were,  by  royal 
proclamation,  annexed  to  Georgia.  The  colony 
prospered  from  the  time  of  the  transfer  to  the 
crown.     The  Georgians  sympathized  with  their 

;  northern  brethren  in  their  political  grievances, 
and  bore  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  war  for  in- 
dependence. A  state  constitution  was  adopted 
by  a  convention  on  the  5th  of  February,  1777, 

;  and  Georgia  took  its  place  among  the  indepen- 
dent states  of  the  Union,  with  Button  Gwinnett, 
one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, as  actiug  governor. 

Georgia  Adopts  the  "  American  Associa- 
tion." A  new  Provincial  Convention  met  in 
Georgia  .July  4.  1775.  and  adopted  the  American 
Association.  This  hitherto  u  defective  link  iu 
the  American  chain"  now  took  its  place  firmly. 
The  convention  appointed  delegates  to  the  Con- 
tinental Congress.  Lyman  Hall,  already  theie 
from  St.  John's  Parish  («  bieh  see),  was  appoint- 
ed,  with    Archibald    Bullock.   Dr.  Jones,   JollU 

Boustonn,  and   Rev.  Dr.  Zubley,  a  s«i^   by 

birth,  and  minister  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
at  Savannah.  A  meeting  at  Savannah  had  al- 
ready appointed  a  Committee  of  Safety. 

Georgia  Coast,  CoMiti -i  ok  IMF.  Late  in 
November,  1-Mil. Commodore  Dupont  went  down 
the  OOaat  from  l'ort  Royal  (which  see  |  with  a 
part  of  his  fleet,  and  with  equal  ease  took  DOB- 
session    Of   Big    T\  bee    I-latid.at    the    mouth    of 

the  8avannafa  River, from  which  Fort  Palaeki, 

which  was  within  easy  mortar  distance,  might 

in-  emailed,  and  the  harbor  of  Savannah  perfect- 
K  sealed  against  Uoekade-rnunera.  On  the  ap- 
proach Of  the  National  gunboats  the  defences 
ueie  abandoned,  and  on  Nov.  25  Dupont   wrote 

n  tarj  ofWai  i  ••  The  Sag  of  the  United 


GEORGIA,  FLIGHT  OF  GOVERNOR  OF    569    GEORGIA  ORDINANCE  OF  SECESSION 


States  is  flying  over  the  territory  of  Georgia." 
Before  the  close  of  the  year  tbe  National  au- 
thority was  supreme  from  Warsaw  Sound,  be- 
low the  mouth  of  (be  Savannah,  to  the  North 
Edisto  Stiver,  below  Charleston.  Everyfortou 
the  islands  of  that  region  had  been  abandoned, 
and  there  was  nothing  to  make  serious  opposi- 
tion to  National  authority.  When  the  Nation- 
al   forces   reached   those   .sea   islands   along   the 

Masts  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia, there  was 
a  vast  quantity  of  valuable  sea-island  cotton, 
gathered  and  angathered,upon  them.  When  the 

first  panic  was  over  the  Confederates  returned, 
stealthily,  and  applied  the  torch  to  millions  of 

dollars'  worth  of  this  staple. 

Georgia,  Flight  ok  the  Royal  Governor 
ot.  sir  James  Wright  was  appointed  royal 
governor  of  Georgia  in  1704.  He  ruled  wisely, 
but  was  a  warm  adherent  of  the  royal  cause. 
His  influence  kept  down  open  resistance  to  the 
acts  of  Parliament  for  some  time;  but  when 
that  resistance  became  Strong,  it  was  suddenly 

overpowering.  In  January,  1776,  Joseph  Haber- 
sham, a  member  of  the  Assembly,  raised  a  party 
of  volunteers  and  made  ( im  ernor  Wright  a  pris- 
oner, but  set  him  free  on  his  parole  not  to  leave 
his  own  honsc\  This  parole  hi'  \  iolalcd.  A  sen- 
tinel was  placed  before  his  door,  and  all  Inter- 
course between  Wright  and  friends  of  the  crow n 
was  forbidden.  One  stormy  night  (Feb.  11, 177G) 
Governor  Wrigbl  escaped  from  a  back  window 
of  his  bouse,  with  an  attendant,  tied  to  a  boat  at 
the  river-side,  and  went  down  the  Savannah  live 
miles  to  Bouaventnre,  the  residence  of  his  com- 
panion; thence  he  was  conveyed  before  day- 
light to  the  British  aimed  ship  S,<trlioroiii/li,  in 
Tybee  Sound.  So  ended  the  rule  of  the  last 
royal  governor  in  Georgia  Sir  .James  was  a  na- 
tive of  ( Charleston,  s.  ( !.  1 1«  was  the  sou  of  a 
chief-justice  (Robert  Wright)  of  that  province. 
Sir  .laines  was  sgeul  of  the  province  iu  Great 
Britain,  and  attorney-general ;  and  in  1700  was 

appointed  chief-justice  and  lieutenant-governor. 
In  1772  he  was  created  a  baronet.  After  his  es- 
cape from  Savannah  he  retired  to  England,  los- 
ing all  his  huge  estate  iu  Georgia  by  confisca- 
tion.    He  died  in  1780. 

Georgia,  INVASION  OF,  BV  Spaniards.  In 
1743  the  Spaniards  at  St.  Augustine  determined 

to  invade,  seize,  and  hold  Georgia,  and  capture  or 

drive  the  English  settlers  from  it.  With  a  licet 
of  thirty-six  vessels  from  Cuba  and  a  land-force 
about  three  thousand  strong)  they  entered  the 
harbor  of  St.  Simon's  in  July.  Oglethorpe,  always 
vigilant,  had  learned  of  preparations  for  this  ex- 
pedition, and  hi'  was  on  St.  Simon's  Island  before 
them,  but  w  ith  less  than  one  thousand  men,  in- 
cluding Indians,  for  the  governor  of  South  Caro- 
lina had  failed  to  furnish  men  or  supplies.  The 
task  of  defending  both  provinces  from  invasion 
devolved  Upon  the  Georgians.  When  the  Spanish 

fleet  appeared  Oglethorpe  went  on  board  bis  own 

little  vessels  and  addressed  the  seamen  with  en- 
couraging words;  but  when  he  saw  the  ships 
of  the  enemy  pass  the  English  batteries  at  the 

southern  end  of  the  island,  he  knew  resistance 
would  be  in  vain,  so  he  ordered  his  squadron  to 


run  up  to  Frederica,  while  he  spiked  the  guns  at 
St.  Simon's  and  retreated  with  his  troops.  There, 
waiting  for  reinforcements  from  South  Carolina 
(which  did  not  come),  he  was  annoyed  by  at- 
tacks from  Spanish  detachments,  but  always  re- 
pulsed them.  Finally,  he  proceeded  to  make  a 
night  attack  on  the  Spanish  camp  at  St.  Simon's. 
When  near  the  camp  a  Frenchman  iu  his  army 
ran  ahead,  fired  his  musket,  and  deserted  to  the 
enemy.  The  Spaniards  were  aroused,  and  Ogle- 
thorpe fell  back  to  Frederica,  and  accomplished 
the  punishment  of  the  deserter  iu  a  novel  way. 
He  addressed  a  letter  to  the  Frenchman  as  a  spy 
in  tin-  Spanish  camp,  telling  him  to  represent  the 
Georgians  as  very  weak  in  numbers  and  arms,  aud 
to  advise  the  Spaniards  to  attack  them  at  once  ; 
and  if  they  would  not  do  so,  to  try  and  persuade 
them  to  remain  at  St.  Simon's  three  dayslouger; 
for  within  that  time  a  British  fleet,  with  two 
t  housand  land-troops,  would  arrive  to  attack  St. 
Augustine.  This  letter  was  sent  to  the  deserter 
by  a  Spanish  prisoner,  who,  as  it  was  expected 
he,  would,  carried  it  to  the  Spanish  commander. 
The  Frenchman  was  put  in  irons,  and  after- 
wards hailed.  A  council  of  war  was  held,  and 
while  it  was  in  session  vessels  from  Carolina, 
seen  at  sea,  were  mistaken  for  the  British  fleet 
alluded  to.  The  Spaniards  determined  to  at- 
tack Oglethorpe  immediately,  and  then  hasteu 
to  the  defence  of  St.  Augustine.  They  advanced 
on  Frederica,  along  a  narrow  road  flanked  by  a 
forest  and  a  morass;  and  when  within  a  mile 
of  the  fort  Oglethorpe  and  his  Highlanders, ly- 
ing in  ambush,  fell  upon  them  furiously.  Near- 
ly the  whole  of  the  advanced  division  were 
killed  or  captured,  and  a  second,  pressing  for- 
ward, shared  their  fate.  The  Spaniards  re- 
treated iu  confusion,  leaving  about  two  hun- 
dred dead  on  tiie  held.  They  tied  to  their 
ships,  and  iu  them  to  St.  AngUStine,  to  find  that 
they  had  been  outgcneralled  by  Oglethorpe. 
The  place  of  the  slaughter  is  called  "  Bloody 
Marsh"  to  this  day.  This  stratagem  probably 
saved  Georgia  and  South  Carolina  from  utter 
destruction. 

Georgia  Ordinance  of  Secession.  On  Jan. 
8, 1861, elections  were  held  in  Georgia  for  mem- 
bers of  a  convention  fo  consider  the  subject  of 
secession.  The  people,  outside  of  the  leading 
politicians  and  their  followers,  were  opposed 
to  secession;  and  Alexander  H.  Stephens,  the 
most  consistent  and  able  statesman  in  Georgia, 

though  believing  in  the  rig;ht  of  secession,  op- 
posed tin'  measure  as  unnecessary  and  full  of 
danger  to  the  public  welfare.  On  the  other 
hand,  Robert  Toombs,  a  shallow  but  popular 
leader,  unscrupulous  in  methods  of  leadership, 
goaded  the  people  on  to  disaster  by  harangues, 
telegraphic  despatches,  circulars,  etc.  He  was 
then  one  of  the  most  active  of  the  conspirators 
in  the  National  Congress,  and  worked  night  and 
day  to  precipitate  his  state  into  revolution.    The 

vote  at  the  election  was  from  96,000  to  30,000  less 

than  usual,  and  there  was  a  decided  majority  of 
the  members  elected  against  secession.  The  con- 
vention assembled  at  Milledgeville,  the  capital 
of  the  state,  on  Jan.  lb.  There  were  '."J.",  mem- 
bers present,  who  chose  Mr.  Crawford  to  pre- 


GEORGIA  PAPER  CURRENCY     5 

side.  "With  all  the  appliances  brought  to  bear, 
with  all  the  fierce,  rushing,  maddening  events 
of  the  hour,"  said  a  writer  of  the  day,  "the  Co- 

operationists  had  a  majority,  notwithstanding 

the  falliug-off  of  nearly  30,000,  and  an  absolute 

majority  of  elected   delegates   of  twenty-nine. 

lint,  upon  assembling,  by  coaxing,  bullying,  and 
all  other  arts, the  majority  was  changed."  On 
the  18th  a  resolution  was  passed  by  a  vote  of 
105  against  130,  declaring  it  to  be  the  right  and 
duty  of  the  state  to  withdraw  from  the  Union. 
On  the  same  day  they  appointed  a  committee  to 
draft  an  ordinance  of  secession.  It  was  report- 
ed almost  immediately,  and  was  shorter  than 
any  of  its  predecessors.  It  was  in  a  single  par- 
agraph, and  simply  declared  the  repeal  and  ab- 
rogation of  all  laws  which  bound  the  common- 
wealth to  the  Union,  and  that  the  State  of 
Georgia  was  in  "full  possession  and  exercise  of 
all  the  rights  of  sovereignty  which  belong  and 
appertain  to  a  free  and  independent  state." 
The  ordinance  elicited  many  warm  expressions 
of  Union  sentiments.  Mr.  Stephens  made  a  tell- 
ing speech  in  favor  of  the  Union,  and  he  and  his 
brother  Linton  voted  against  secession  in  every 
form.  But  he  did  not  take  the  exalted  position 
of  Henry  Clay,  who,  on  one  occasion  in  Congress, 
said  :  "If  Kentucky  to-morrow  unfurls  the  ban- 
ner of  resistance,  I  will  never  fight  under  that 
banner.  I  owe  a  jwramouiit  allegiance  to  the 
■whole  Union;  a  subordinate  one  to  my  own 
state.*'  When,  at  two  o'clock  in  the  afternoon 
of  Jan.  19, 1861,  the  Ordinance  of  Secession  was 
adopted,  by  a  vote  of  208  against  89,  Stephens 
declared  that  he  should  go  with  his  state,  and, 
in  accordance,  with  a  resolution  adopted,  he 
signed  the  ordinance.  A  resolution  to  submit 
the  ordinance  to  the  people  of  the  state  for  rat- 
ification or  rejection  was  rejected  by  a  large 
majority.  At  that  stage  of  the  proceedings,  a 
copy  of  a  resolution  passed  by  the  Legislature 
of  the  State  of  New  York,  tendering  to  the  Pres- 
ident of  the  United  States  all  the  available 
forces  of  the  state,  to  enable  him  to  enforce 
the  laws,  was  received,  and  produced  much  ex- 
citement. Toombs  immediately  offered  the  fol- 
lowing resolution,  which  was  adopted  unani- 
mously: "As  a  response  to  the  resolution  of 
New  York,  that  this  convention  highly  approves 
of  the  energetic;  ami  patriotic  conduct  of  [he 
Governor  of  Georgia  in  taking  possession  of 
Fori  1'ulaski  (which  see)  by  Georgia  troops, 

and  requests  him  to  hold  possession  until   the 

relations  of  Georgia  with  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment be  determined  by  this  convention,  .-mil 
that  a  copy  of  this  resolution  be  ordered  t"  >" 

transmitted  to  the  governor  of  New  fork.'*'     The 

convention  chose  delegates  to  the  proposed  gen- 
eral convention  at  Montgomery. 

Georgia  Paper  Currency.     In  1760  the  Leg- 
islature authorized  the  issuing  of  the  sum  of 
0  m  bills  of  credit 

Georgia,   SUBJUGATION    it     1T7*.» ■ 
Lincoln  was  sent  to  Georgia  to  take  the  place  of 
General  Bowe.    General  Prevost,  commanding 
the  British  forces  in  East  Florida,  was  ordered  to 

Savannah,  to  join  Lieutenant-colonel  Campbell 


0  GEORGIA,  THE  STATE  OF 

for  the  subjugation  of  Georgia  to  British  rule. 
On  his  way,  Prevost  captured  Sunbury  (Jan.  9, 
1779)  and  took  two  hundred  Continental  pris- 
oners. As  soon  as  he  reached  Savannah  he 
sent  Campbell  agaiust  Augusta,  which  was 
abandoned  by  the  garrison,  who  escaped  across 
the  river.  The  state  now  seemed  at  the  mercy 
of  the  invader.  An  invasion  of  South  Carolina 
was  anticipated.  The  militia  of  that  state  were 
summoned  to  the  field.  Lincoln  was  at  Charles- 
ton. With  militia  lately  arrived  from  North 
Carolina  and  the  fragments  of  Howe's  force,  he 
had  about  fourteen  hundred  men,  whom  he  sta- 
tioned to  guard  the  fords  of  the  Savannah.  The 
force  under  Prevost  was  much  larger,  but  he 
hesitated  to  cross  the  river,  the  marshy  borders 
of  which  were  often  overflowed  to  the  width  of 
three  or  four  miles,  threaded  only  at  one  or  two 
points  by  a  narrow  causeway.  A  detachment 
sent  by  Prevost  to  take  possession  of  Port 
Royal  Island  was  repulsed  by  Colonel  Moultrie. 
Lincoln,  being  reinforced,  sent  Colonel  Ashe,  of 
North  Carolina,  with  fourteen  hundred  troops, 
to  drive  the  British  from  Augusta.  The  British 
fled  down  the  Georgia  side  of  the  river  at  his 
approach.  He  crossed  and  pursued,  and  at  Brier 
Creek,  about  half-way  to  Savannah,  he  lay  en- 
camped, when  he  was  surprised,  and.  after  a 
sharp  skirmish,  was  defeated,  and  his  troops 
dispersed.  (See  Brier  Creek.)  The  British  re- 
occupied  Augusta  and  opened  a  communication 
with  the  South  Carolina  Tories  and  the  friendly 
(reek  Indians.  Now  secured  in  the  quiet  pos- 
session of  Georgia,  Prevost  issued  a  proclama- 
tion reinstating  Sir  .lames  Wright  as  governor, 
and  the  laws  as  they  had  been  before  177,">.  Sa- 
vannah became  the  headquarters  of  the  British 
army  in  the  South. 

Georgia,  The  Pkovixciai.  COKOBRSB  OF,  :i-- 
sembled  at  Tondee'e  Long  Room, at  Savannah, 

July  4,  177"),  at  which  delegates  from  fourteen 
districts  and  parishes  were  in  attendance  — 
namely,  from  the  districts  of  Savannah.  Ycrnon- 

bnrg,  Acton.  Sea  Island,  and  Little  Ogeeohee, 

anil  the  parishes  of  St.  Matthew.  St.  Philip, 
St,  George,  St.  Andrew,  St.  David,  St.  Thomas, 
St.   Mary,  St.   Paul,  and    St.  John.      Archibald 

Bullock  was  elected  president  of  the  Congress, 
and  George  Walton  secretary.  The  Congress 
adopted  the  "American  Association."  and  ap- 
pointed as  delegates  to  the  Continental  Con- 
gress Lyman  Hall  (already  there),  Archibald 
I  in  I  lock,  Dr.  Jones,  John  Boustoun,  and  Rev.  Dr. 
Zubley,  a  Swiss   by  birth,  who  soon   became  a 

Tory.     Sir  James  Wright  (the  governoi    issued 

proclamations  to  (punch  the  flames  of  patriot- 
ism, but  in  vain.  His  power  had  departed  for- 
ever. 

Georgia,  Tnr  STAT8  OF, WSJ  the  latest  settled 
of  the  original  thirteen.  It  framed  its  first  state 
constitution   in    1777,  its  second   in    1788,  and 

third  in  1798,  which  was  several  times  amend- 
ed. On  dune  8,  1788, Georgia  ratified  the  Na- 
tional Constitution.  The  settlers  on  the  fron- 
tier suffered  muofa  from  inoursiona  of  the  Creek 

and  Cherokee  Indians,  but  their  friendship  was 

secured  by  treaties  Id  1790  91.     Bj  ■  treat]  in 


GEORGIA,  TRUSTEES'  GOVERNMENT  OF  571  GEORGIA,  TRUSTEES'  GOVERNMENT  OF 


CKOHGIA. 


1802  the  Creeks  ceded  to  the  United  States  a 
large  tract,  which  was  afterwards  assigned  to 
Georgia,  now  forming  the  southwestern  coun- 
ties of  the  state.  The  same  year  Georgia  ceded 
to  the  United  States 
all  its  claims  to  the 
lands   westward  of 

the  boundaries   of 

its  present  limits. 
Finally  difficulties 
arose  between  the 
state  and  the  na- 
tional government 
respecting  the  Cher- 
i  (  'herokeea 
and  Georgians),  and 
on  their  removal  to 
the  country  west  of 

the  Mississippi,  in  1833,  Georgia  came  into  pos- 
session of  all  their  lands.    Immediately  alter  the 

election  of  Mr.  Lincoln  in  1860,  the  politicians  of 

Qeorgia  took  measures  I'm-  accomplishing  the  se- 
cession of  that  state.     (See  Oiori/ia  Ordinance  of 

Secession.)  Its  delegates  in  the  Confederate  gov- 
ernment organized  at  Montgomery,  Ala  ,  were 
conspicuous,  A.  II.  Stephens  being  made  Vice- 
President  of  i  lie  ( loufederacy.  The  governor  of 
Qeorgia  ordered  the  seizure  id"  the  pnblic  prop- 
arty  of  the  Fuited  Slates  within  the  limits  of 
his  state,  and  war  made  havoc  on  its  coasts  and 
in  the  interior.  Sherman  swept  through  the 
state  with  a  large  army  late  in  1864,  "  living  off 
the  country,"  and  within  its  borders  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Confederacy  was  captured  in  May. 
-  e  Davis,  Jefferson,  Capture  of.)  Within 
its  borders  was  the-  famous  Audersonville  Pris- 
on-pen (which  see).  In  June,  1865,  a  provision- 
al governor  was  appointed  for  t  he  state.  A  con- 
tention held  at  Milledgeville  late  in  October  re- 
pealed the  Ordinance  of  Secession,  declared  the 

war  ileht  void,  amended  the  const  it  lit  ion  so  as 
to  abolish  slavery,  and  in  November  elected  a 
governor,  legislature,  and  members  of  Congress. 
Congress  did  not  approve  these  measures,  and 

the  senators  and  representatives  chosen  were 
not  admitted  to  seals  In  1867  Georgia, with 
Alabama  and  Florida,  formed  a  military  dis- 
trict, and  was  placed  under  military  rule.  A 
convention  at  Atlanta,  in  March,  1868,  flamed  a 
constitution,  which  was  ratified  in  April  by  a 
majority  of  nearly  eighteen  thousand  Miles.  On 
.1  tin.-  25, Congress,  by  act.  provided  for  the  read- 
mission  of  Georgia,  w  ith  other  states,  upon  their 
ratification  id'  the  Fourteenth  Amendment  to 
the  National  Constitution.  Bj  a  violation  of  the 
M  Reconstruction  Act,"  in  not  permitting  col- 
ored men,  legally  elected, to  occupy  scats  in  the 
Legislature,  Georgia  representatives  were  not 
permitted  to  take  seats  in  Congress.  The  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  state  declared  that  negroes 

were  entitled  to  hold  ollice.  A  new  election  was 
held,  both  houses  of  the  state  Legislature  were 

duly  organized  (Jan.  31,  1869),  all  the  require- 
ments of  Congress  were  acceded  to,  and  on  July 

1.".  an  act  of  Congress  provided  for  the  readmis- 
sion  of  Georgia  to  the  Union,     its  representa- 
tives took  their  seats  in  December,  I860. 
Georgia,   Tim  BTBES'   GOVBRSMEKI 


twenty-one  trustees  George  II.  gave  a  charter 
(June  9, 1732)  for  planting  a  colouy  in  America. 
They  chose  for  its  site  the  unoccupied  country 
between  South  Carolina  and  Georgia.  The  proj- 
ect, which  mainly  contemplated  the  relief  of  pris- 
oners for  debt  in  England,  and  to  establish  an 
asylum  for  persecuted  Protestants  in  Continent- 
al Europe,  met  with  universal  approval,  and  do- 
nations from  persons  of  all  ranks  were  made  to 
enable  emigrants  to  go  to  America.  The  Bank 
of  England  made  a  generous  gift.  The  House  of 
Commons  voted,  from  time  to  time,  sums  which 
aggregated,  in  the  course  of  two  yeai-s,  $180,000. 
Lord  (Viscount)  Perceval  was  chosen  president 
of  the  trustees,  and  a  code  of  regulations  for  the 
colony,  with  agreements  and  stipulations,  was 
speedily  prepared.  The  title  of  the  association 
wtis,  "Trustees  for  Settling  and  Establishing 
the  Colony  of  Georgia."  The  trustees  were, 
Anthony,  Earl  of  Shaftesbury,  John  (Lord) 
Perceval,  Edward  Digby,  George  Carpenter, 
.lames  Edward  Oglethorpe,  George  Heathcote, 
Thomas  Tower,  Robert  Moore,  Robert  Hacks, 
Roger  Holland,  William  Sloper,  Francis  Eyles, 
John  La  Roche,  James  Vernon,  William  Beletha, 
John  Burton,  Richard  Bundy,  Arthur  Beaford, 
Samuel  Smith,  Adam  Anderson,  and  Thomas 
Coram.  They  were  vested  with  legislative  pow- 
ers for  the  government  Of  the,  colony  for  the 
space  of  twenty-one  years,  at  the  expiration  id' 
which  time  a  permanent  government  was  to  be 
established  by  the  king  or  his  successor,  in  ac- 
cordance with  British  law  and  usage.  They 
adopted  a  seal  for  the  colony,  which  indicated 
the  avowed  intention  of  making  it  a  silk-pro- 
dncing  commonwealth.  On  one  side  was  rep- 
resented a  group  of  toiling  silk-worms,  and  tho 
motto,  "Non  sibi,  sed  alius;"  on  the  other,  the 
genius  of  the  colony,  between  two  urns  (two 
rivers),  with  a  cap  of  liberty  on  her  head,  in 
her  hands  a  spear  and  a  horn  of  plenty,  and 
the  words,  " Colonia  Georgia  Aug."  This  was 
a  strange  seal  for  a  colony  whose  toilers  and 
Others  possessed  no  political  freedom.  The  code 
of  laws  and  regulations  adopted  by  the  trustees 

provided  that  each  tract  of  land  granted  to  a 
settler  should  be  accepted  as  a  pledge  that  the 
owner  should  take  11))  arms  for  the  common  de- 
fence whenever  required;  that  no  tract,  should 
exceed  twenty-live  acres  in  extent,  and  no  per- 
son should  possess  more  than  live  hundred  acres; 
that  no  woman  should  be  callable  of  succeeding 
to  landed  properly;  that,  in  default  of  male 
heirs,  the  property  of  a  proprietor  should  ro- 
\crt  to  the  trustees,  to  be  again  granted  to  an- 
other emigrant  ;    that   if  any    portion    of  land 

granted  should  not,  within  eighteen  years  there- 
after, he  cleared,  fenced,  and  cultivated,  it  should 
rtdaii.se  to  the  trustees.  It  was  recommended  that 
the  danghten  of  a  deceased  proprietor  having 

no  male  heirs,  unless  provided  for  by  marriage, 
should  have  some  eompensat  ion,  and  his  widow 
have  the  use  of  his  house  and  half  his  land  dur- 
ing her  life.  No  inhabitant  was  permitted  to 
lease  the  province  without  a  license,  the  im- 
portation of  mm  was  disallowed,  trade  with 
the  West  Indies  was  declared  unlawful,  and  ne- 
gro slavery  was  absolutely  forbidden.     It  has 


GEBMAIN  AND  THE  INDIANS 


572 


GERMANS  IN  AMERICA 


been  well  said  that,  with  one  or  two  exceptions, 
this  code  did  not  exhibit  a  trace  of  coiuniou- 
seuse.  It  is  no  wonder  the  colony  did  not  pros- 
per, for  the  laws  were  hostile  to  contentment, 
discouraging  every  planter  whose  children  were 
girls,  and  ottering  very  poor  incentives  to  indus- 
try. When,  in  1752,  the  trusteeship  expired,  and 
Georgia  was  made  a  royal  province,  its  growth 
was  rapid. 

Germain  and  the  Indians.  Lord  George 
Germain,  Secretary  for  the  Colonies,  seemed  to 
take  pride  and  comfort  in  employing  agents  who 
would  incite  the  savages  of  the  wilderness  to 
fall  on  the  Americans.  He  complained  of  the 
humanity  of  Carletou,  who,  in  the  autumn  of 
1776,  hesitated  to  employ  the  Indians  in  war; 
but  in  Hamilton,  governor  of  Detroit,  he  found 
a  ready  agent  iu  the  carrying  out  of  his  cruel 
schemes.  Early  in  September  (1776)  that  func- 
tionary wrote  he  had  assembled  small  parties 
of  barbarians  iu  couucil,  and  that  the  Ottawas, 
Chippewas,  Wyandots,  and  Potawatomies,  with 
the  Seuecas,  would  "  fall  on  the  scattered  set- 
tlers on  the  Ohio  and  its  branches;"  and  saying 
of  the  Americans,  "Their  arrogance,  disloyalty, 
and  imprudence  has  justly  drawn  upon  them  this 
deplorable  sort  of  war."  It  was  Germaiu  and 
his  agents  (sometimes  unworthy  ones)  who  ex- 
cited the  Indians  to  scalp  and  murder  the  white 
settlers,  without  distinction  of  age  or  sex,  all 
along  the  frontier  line  from  New  York  to  Geor- 
gia. He  reproved  every  commander  who  showed 
signs  of  mercy  iu  his  conduct  in  this  business. 

Germain,  Lord  George  (Viscount  Sack- 
ville),  was  born  Jan.  26,  1716;  died  Aug.  26, 
1785.  His  father  (Duke  of  Dorset)  was  lord- 
lieuteuant  of  Ireland,  and  he  was  educated 
there.  Ho  entered  the  army,  and  rose  to  the 
rank  of  lieutenant- 
general.  He  entered 
Parliament  in  1761, 
and  was  made  Co- 
lonial Secretary  in 
1775,  ever  evincing 
the  most  vindictive 
spirit  towards  the 
Americans.  He  be- 
came so  unpopular 
at  home  that,  during 
the  London  riots  in 
1780,  he  felt  com- 
pelled  to  barricade 
his  house  in  the  city. 
So  consonant  were 
his  \  iews  w  itli  those 

of  the  king,  that  ho  was  a  gnat  favorite  at 
(unit.  Hi;-,  inllucncc  over  the  young  king  at 
thi'  lime  of  his  coronation  and  soon  afterward* 
was  so  well  known  that  a  handbill  appeared 
with  the  words,  "No  Lord  George  Baekville! 

No  1  Vt ticn.it  (mi veil nt  !"  alluding  to  the  in- 

llucncc  of  the  monarch's  mother. 

German  Mercenaries.  Soon  after  the  open- 
bag  of  Parliament  in  the  autumn  of  1775,  that 
body,  stimulated  by  Lord  North,  the  premier, 
and  Lord  George  Germain,  who  had  been  aho- 
M'M  Becretarj  for  tin  Colonies, and, at  tin-  sngges 


tion  of  Admiral  Howe,  promptly  voted  twenty- 
live  thousand  men  for  service  against  the  Ainer- 
icaus.  It  was  difficult  to  obtain  enlistments 
in  Great  Britain,  aud  mercenaries  were  sought 
in  Germany.  At  the  close  of  the  year,  and 
at  the  beginning  of  1776,  bargains  were  ef- 
fected between  representatives  of  the  British 
government  and  the  reigning  princes  of  House 
Cassel,  Hesse-Hanau,  Brunswick,  Anhalt,  Ans- 
pach,  and  Waldeek.  In  the  bargains,  the  fun- 
damental law  of  trade — supply  and  demand — 
prevailed.  The  King  of  England  had  money, 
but  lacked  troops;  the  German  riders  had  troops, 
but  wanted  money.  The  bargain  was  a  natural 
one,  on  business  principles ;  the  morality  of  the 
transaction  was  another  affair.  About  seven- 
teen thousand  German  troops,  most  of  them  well 
discipliued,  were  hired.  The  German  rulers  were 
to  receive  for  each  soldier  a  bounty  of  §22.50, 
besides  an  annual  subsidy,  the  whole  amount- 
ing to  a  large  sum.  The  British  government 
agreed  to  make  restitution  for  all  soldiers  who 
might  perish  from  contagious  disease  while  be- 
ing transported  in  ships  and  in  engagements 
during  sieges.  They  were  to  take  an  oath  of 
allegiance  to  the  British  sovereign  during  their 
service,  without  its  interfering  with  similar 
oaths  to  their  respective  rulers.  Their  chief 
commanders,  when  they  sailed  for  America, 
were  Generals  Baron  de  Riedesel,  Baron  Knyp- 
hausen,  and  De  Heister.  The  general  name  of 
"Hessians"  was  given  to  them  by  the  Ameri- 
cans, and,  because  they  were  mercenaries,  they 
were  heartily  detested  by  the  colonists.  When 
any  brutal  act  of  oppression  or  wrong  was  to  be 
carried  out,  such  as  a  plundering  or  burning  ex- 
pedition, the  Hessians  were  generally  employed 
iu  the  service.  The  transaction  was  regarded 
by  other  nations  as  disgraceful  to  the  Brit- 
ish. The  King  of  Great  Britain  shrank  from 
the  odium  it  inflicted,  and  refused  to  give  com- 
missions to  German  recruiting  officers  (for  he 
knew  their  methods  of  forcing  men  into  the 
service),  saying,  "It.  in  plain  English,  amounts 
to  making  me  a  kidnapper,  which  I  cannot  think 

a  \ery  honorable  occupation."    All  Earopeeried 

"Shame!"  and  Frederick  the  Great,  Of  Prussia. 
took  every  opportunity  to  express  his  contempt 
for  the  "scandalous  man-ti  attic"  of  his  neigh- 
bors. Without  these  troops,  the  war  would  have 
been  short.  Apart  of  them,  under  Riedesel,  went 
to  Canada  (Hay,  1776);  the  remainder,  under 
Knyphausen  and  De  Heister.  joined  the  British 
under  Howe,  before  New  York,  in  the  summer 
of  1776,  and  had  their  lust  encounter  on  Long 
Island.  Aug.  27. 

Germans  in  America.  Germany  had  long 
lain  illustrate,  with  few  gleams  of  hope  for  re- 
suscitation from  tin'  deadly  blow  given  it  by  the 
lli  ill  >  fears'  War.  I'm  mOTS  than  half  a  cen- 
tury it  had  lain  in  almost  inert  isolation,  like  a 
magnificent  ruin.  The  Protestants  of  that  coun- 
try beheld  the  light  breaking  when  the  settle- 
ments in  America  began  to  prosper,  and  Ger- 
man*, especially  from  the  borders  of  the  Rhine, 

Booked  to  the  yonng  world  beyond  th. 

largelj   peopled  the  land,  in  the  course  of  a  Ben- 

tury,  between  the  Mohawk  Yallej  and  northern 


GERMANS  IN  NORTH  CAROLINA         573 


GERMANTOWX,  BATTLE  OF 


Virginia.  They  bronght  with  them  tlie  love  of 
liberty  and  of  rural  life,  and  gave  to  the  new 
nation,  formed  late  in  the  18th  century,  mueli 
rich  blood. 

Germans  in  North  Carolina.     In  1709  one 

hundred  German  families,  driven  from  their  des- 
olated homes  in  the  palatinates  ou  the  Rhine, 
came  to  America,  and  penetrated  the  interior 
of  North  Carolina.  They  were  led  by  Count 
Grallcnreidl, and  founded  settlements  along  the 
head-waters  of  theNense  and  upon  the  Roanoke, 
with  the  count  as  governor.  They  had  just  he- 
gun  to  gather  the  fruits  of  their  industry,  when 
suddenly,  in  the  night  (Oct.  2,  1711),  the  Tub- 
earora  Indians  and  others  fell  upon  them  like 
lightning,  and  before  the  dawn  one  hundred  and 
thirty  persons  perished  by  the  hatchet  and  knife. 
Then  along  Alhemarle  Sound  the  barbarians 
swept,  with  a  torch  in  one  band  and  a  deadly 
weapon  in  the  other,  anil  scourged  the  white 
people  for  three  days,  leaving  blood  and  cinders 
in  their  path,  when,  from  drunkenness  and  ex- 
haustion, they  ceased  murdering  and  burning. 
On  the  eve  of  this  murderous  raid  the  Indians 
had  made  captive  Count  Ciaflenreidf  and  .John 
Law  son.  surveyor-general  of  the  prn\  inee.  Law- 
son  they  tortured  to  death,  hut  the  count  saved 
his  life  and  gained  his  liberty  by  adroitly  per- 
suading them  that  In-  was  the  sachem  of  a  tribe 
of  men  who  had  lately  come  into  the  country 
and  were  no  way  connected  with  the  English 
or  the  deeds  of  which  the   Indians  complained 

Qraflenreidt   made  a  treaty  of  pease  with  the 

TlUCarOl  as  I  ( 'our-.. 

Germantown,  BATTLE  OF.  There  wore  for- 
midable obstructions  in  the  Delaware  River  be- 
low Philadelphia,  placed  there  by  the  Ameri- 
cans, and  aUo  t  w  0  forts  and  a  redouht  that  com- 
manded  the   stream.      The   British    Meet    was   in 

Delaware  Bay  (Sept.  25),  hut  could  not  reach 
Philadelphia  before  these  obstructions  were  re- 
moved. Geueral  Howe  prepared  to  assist  his 
brother  in  removing  these  obstructions, and  sent 
strong  detachments  from  his  army  to  occupy 
the  shores  of  the  Delaware  below  Philadelphia, 
which  the  Americans  still  held.     Perceiving  the 

weakening  of  Howe's  army,  and  feeling  tin-  ne- 
cessity of  spec. lily  striking  a  blow  that  should 

revive  the  spirits  of  tin-  Americans,  it  was  re- 
solved toattaek  the  British  armyatGermantown. 
Washington  had  been  reinforced  by  Maryland 

and  New  .I.rsev  troops.  His  aims  moved  in 
four  columns  during  the.  night  of  Oct.  3,  1777; 
the  divisions  id'  Sullivan  and  Wayne,  tlanked 
h>  General  Conway's  brigade  on  the  right,  mov- 
ing by  waj  of  chestnut  Hill,  while  Armstrong, 
with  Pennsylvania  militia,  made  a  circuit  to 
gain  the  lilt  and  n  tar  of  the  enemy.     The  divis- 

s  of  Greene  and  Stephen,  Hanked  bj  KfcDon 

gall's  brigade  (two  thirds  of  the  whole  army), 

BIOTed  on  a  circuitous  route  to  attack  the  front 
ot  tin-  British  right  wing,  while  the  Maryland 
and   New   Jersey  militia,  under  Smallwood  and 

Porman,  marched  to  tall  upon  the  rear  of  that 
wing.    Lord  stitling,  with  tin-  brigades  of  Nash 

and  Maxwell,  formed  the  reserve.  Howe's  force 
Stretched  aoross  the  louiitiv   f i  <  ii  rinantown, 


with  a  hattalion  of  light  infantry  and  Simcoe's 
Queen's  Rangers  (American  loyalists)  in  the 
front.  In  advance  of  the  left  wing  were  other 
light  infantry,  to  support  pickets  on  Mount  Airy, 
and  the  extreme  left  was  guarded  by  Hessian 
Yagers  (riflemen).  Near  the  largo  stone  man- 
sion of  Chief-justice  Chew   (yet  standing),  at 


the   head   of  the  village,  was  a  strong  regiment 

under  Colonel  Musgrave.     Washington's  army. 

moving  stealthily,  tried  to  reach  Chestnut  Hill 
before  the  dawn  (Oct,  4),  hut  failed.  It  was 
near  sunrise  when  they  emerged  from  the  woods 
on  that  eminence.  The  whole  country  was  en- 
veloped in  a  thick  fog.  The  British  were  sur- 
prised. The  troops  of  Wayne  and  Sullivan  fell, 
unexpectedly  and  with  heavy  force,  upon  the 
British  infantry  in  front,  and  they  were  hurled 
hack  upon  their  main  line  in  confusion  by  a 
stoi  in  of  grape-shot.  This  cannonade  awakened 
Cornwallis,  who  was  sleeping  soundly  in  Phila- 
delphia, unconscious  of  danger  near.  Howe,  too, 
nearer  the  army,  was  aroused  from  slumher,  and 
arrived  near  the  scene  of  conflict  to  meet  his  liv- 
ing battalions.  Then  he  hastened  to  his  cam]), 
to  prepare  his  troops  for  action.  Musgrave  sent 
a  pari  of  his  regimenl  to  support  the  fugitives, 
and,  with  six  companies,  took  refuge  in  Chew's 
strong  dwelling.  He  barricaded  the  doors  and 
lower  windows,  and  made  it  a  castle.  From  its 
upper  windows  he  poured  such  a  volley  of  bul- 
lets upon  Woodford's  pursuing  brigade  that  their 
march  was  checked.  The  lire  of  the  American 
small-arms  upon  the  bnildiug  was  ineffectual. 
finally  Maxwell's  artillerists  brought  cannons 
to  hear  upon  the  house,  hut  its  strong  walls  re- 
sisted the  heavy  round  shot.  Then  an  attempt 
W8S  made  to  set  lire  to  the  mansion.  This  check 
in  the  pursuit  bronght  back  Wayne's  divis- 
ion, leaving  Sullivan's  think  uncovered.  This 
event,  and  the  failure  ofGreene  to  attack  at  the 
time  ordered,  disconcerted  Washington's  plans. 
Greene's  troops  had  fallen  into  confusion  in  the 
fbg,  as  they  traversed  the  broken  country,  hut. 
they  soon  smote  the  British  right  with  force. 
The   failure  of  other  troops   to  co-operate  with 

them  by  turning  the  British  left  caused  Greene 

o  fail,  and  the  golden  Opportunity  to  strike  a 
crushing  blow  had  passed.     In  the  fog  that  still 


GERRY 


574 


GETTY 


districts  bad  been  formed  without  any  division 
of  counties.  This  arrangement,  for  the  purpose 
alluded  to,  was  now  disturbed.  The  Legislature 
proceeded  to  rearrange  the  senatorial  districts 
of  the  state.  They  divided  counties  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  protests  and  strong  constitutional 
arguments  of  the  Federalists;  and  those  of  Es- 
sex and  Worcester  were  so  divided  as  to  form  a 
Democratic  majority  in  each  of  those  Federal 
counties,  without  any  apparent  regard  to  con- 
venience or  propriety.  The  work  was  sanc- 
tioned and  became  a  law  by  the  signature  of 
Governor  Gerry,  for  which  act  the  opposition 
severely  castigated  him  through  the  newspapers 
and  at  public  gatherings.  In  Essex  County  the 
arrangement  of  the  district,  in  relation  to  the 
towns,  was  singular  and  absurd.  Russell,  the 
veteran  editor  of  the  Boston  Sentinel,  who  had 
fought  against  the  scheme  valiantly,  took  a 
map  of  that  county,  and  designated  by  particu- 
lar coloring  the  towns  thus  selected,  and  hung 
it  on  the  wall  of  his  editorial  room.  One  day 
Gilbert  Stuart,  the  eminent  painter,  looked  at 
hich  Russell  had 


prevailed,  parties  of  Americans  attacked  each 
oilier  on  the  Held  ;  and  it  was  afterwards  ascer- 
tained that,  while  the  assault  ou  Chew's  house 
was  in  progress,  the  whole  British  army  were 
preparing  to  fly  across  the  Schuylkill,  and  ren- 
dezvous at  Chester.     At  that  moment  of  pauic 
General  Grey  observed  that  his  thinks  were  se- 
cure, aud  Kuyphausen  marched  with  his  whole 
force  to  assist  the  beleaguered  garrison  and  the 
conteudiug  regiineuts  in  the  village.     Then  a 
short  and  severe  battle  occurred  in  the  heart  of 
Getmantown.    The  Americans  could  not  discern 
the  number  of  their  assailants  in  the  confusing 
mist,  when  suddenly  the  cry  of  a  trooper,  "  We 
are  surrounded !"  produced  a  pauic,  aud  the  pa- 
triots retreated  in  great  confusion.     The  strug- 
gle lasted  about  three  hours.  The  Americans  lost 
about  six  hundred,  killed,  wounded,  and  miss- 
ing; the  British  about  eight  hundred.     Wash* 
iugtou  fell  back  to  his  encampment  on  Skip- 
paoh  (reek.     General  Nash,  while  covering  the 
retreat  with  his  brigade,  was  mortally  wounded. 
Gerry,  ElbbtDGB,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  was  born  at  Marblelu  -ad,  Mass.,    the  map,  aud  said  the  towns 
July  17, 1744  ;  died  in  Washington,  D.C., 
when  Vice-President  of  the  United  States, 
Nov.  23,  1814.      He  graduated  at  Har- 
vard, in  176*2.    He  took  part  early  in  the 
strife  before  the  Revolution,  and  in  1772 
represented  his  native  town  in  the  State 
Legislature.    Gerry  was  the  first  to  pro- 
pose, in  the  Provincial  Congress  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, a  law  for  fitting  out  armed 
vessels  and  establishing  a  Court  of  Ad- 
miralty.    He  took  a  seat  in  the  Conti- 
nental Congress  early  in  1776,  signed  the 
Declaration   of  Independence,   and   re- 
mained in  that  body,  with  few  inter- 
missions, nn til  1785.    lie  was  an  efficient 
member  of  financo   committees  in  the 
Congress,   and    was   President   of  the 
Treasury  Board  in  1780.    A  delegate  in 
the  convention  that  framed  the  National 
Constitution,  he  was  one  of  those  who 
refused  to  sign  the  instrument.    He  was 
a  member  of  Congress  from  1781)  to  1793, 
and  in  1797  was  sent  as  one  of  [lie  special 
envoys  on  a  mission  to  France.    II'-  was 
elected  governor  of  Massachusetts  by  the 
Democratic  party  in  I810,and  in  1812  was 
chosen  Vice-President  ofthe  United  states.    Mr. 
Gerry  married  a  daughter  of  Charles  Thomson, 

Secretary  of  Congress,  who  died    in    1849,  ftged 

B6  .wars'. 

Gerrymandering,  a  political  term  employed 
in  this  country  from  the  \ear  1812  even  to  this 
day.  The  history  of  it  may  be  briefly  told.  Af- 
ter a  bitter  contest  for  power  in  Massachusetts 

between  the  Federalists  and  1  'einorl.its,  the  lat- 
ter succeeded,  in  1811,  in  electing  their  oandi- 
overnor,  Blbridge  Gerry,  and  a  major- 
ity of  both  houses  of  the  Legislature.  In  order 
t>>  secure  the  election  of  United  states  Senators 
in  tin-  future,  it  was  important  to  perpetuate 
this  possession  of  power,  and  measures  were 

taken    to   retain    ■    Dei ratic    majority    in    the 

ite  in  all  fut  m  <•  \  ear».    The  senatorial 


T11K   GERRYMANDER. 


thus  distinguished  resembled  some  monstrous 
animal.  He  took  a  pencil,  and  with  a  few 
touches  represented  a  head,  wings,  claws,  and 
tail.  "There,"  said  Stuart,  "that  will  do  for  a 
salamander."  BueseU,  who  was  busy  with  his 
pen,  looked  up  at  the  hideous  figure,  and  ex- 
claimed, "  Salamander !  Call  it  Ca-ni-iiunidir." 
Tin-  word  was  Immediately  adopted  into  the  po- 
litical vocabulary  as  a  term  of  reproach  for  those 
who  change  boundaries  of  districts  tor  a  parti- 
san purpose. 

Getty,  <!n 'ia,  i    \V.  was  horn   in  the  District 

of  Columbia  about  1880,  and  gradnated  at  West 

Point  in  l~l".  Be  Served  in  the  war  with  Mex- 
ico, and  in  the  Seminole  War  in   Florida;  and. 

becoming  brigadier  •genera]  of  volunteers  In 
1868,  did  excellent  wrvioe  in  the  campaign  on 


GETTYSBURG,  BATTLE  OF  5 

the  Peninsula.  He  was  in  the  battles  of  South 
Mountain,  Autietam,  and  Fredericksburg  iu 
186-2;  also  in  the  campaign  against  Richmond 
in  1864  until  August,  when  ho  was  breveted 
major- general  of  volunteers.  He  was  in  the 
army  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  the  remainder 
of  the  year.  He  was  also  in  the  battle  at  Sail- 
or's Creek  and  at  the  surrender  of  Lee.  Iu 
March,  18i)">,  he  was  breveted  major-general  in 
the  United  States  Army. 

Gettysburg,  Battlk  of.  On  the  day  when 
General  Meade  took  command  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac  (June  28,  l*t>:5)  Leo  was  about  to 
ansa  the  Susqnehanna  at  Harrisburg  and  march 
on  Philadelphia.  The  militia  of  Pennsylvania, 
who  had  show  ii  great  apathy  in  responding  to 
the  call  for  help,  now,  when  danger  was  at  their 
door,  turned  out  with  considerable  spirit . ;  and 
Lee,  observing  this,  and  hearing  that  the  aug- 
mented Army  of  the  Potomac  was  in  Maryland 
and  threatening  his  rear  and  flanks,  immediate- 
ly abandoned  his  scheme  for  farther  invasion 

and  ordered  a  retrograde  movement.  On  the 
same  day,  Stuart,  with  a  large  force  of  cavalry, 
crossed  the  Potomac,  poshed  on  to  Westminster, 
at  the  right  of  the  Nationals,  crossed  over  to 
Carlisle,  encountering  Kilpatrick  and  his  cav- 
alry, and  followed  Kwcll  in  his  march  towards 
Gettysburg.       Longstreet   had   been    ordered   to 

cross  the  South  .Mountain  range,  and  press  on 
throngh  Gettysburg  to  Baltimore  to  keep  Meade 
from  ontting  Lee's  communications.  Lee  hoped 
to  crush  Meade,  and  then  march  iu  triumph  on 
Baltimore  and  Washington;  or,  in  oaae  of  fail- 
ure, to  secure  a  direct  line  of  retreat  Into  Vir- 
ginia.   Meanwhile  Meade  was  pushing  towards 

the  Susquehanna  With  cautious  movement,  and 

on  the  evening  of  June,  :ii)  he  discovered  Lee's 

evident    intention   to    give   battle   at  once.      On 

the  day  before,  Kilpatiick  and  Custer's  cavalry 
had  defeated  some  of  Stuart's  a  few  miles  from 
Gettysburg.    (See  Hanover,  Bottle  at.)    Buford's 

cavalry  entered  Gettysburg  ;  and  on  the  30tfa  the 
left  Wing  of  Meade's  army,  led  by  General  Rey- 
nolds, arrived  near  there.  At  the  same  time  the 
oorpsofHill  and  Longstteet  were  approaching 
bom  Chambersburg,  and  EweU  was  marching 

down  from  Carlisle  in  full  force.      On  the  m- 

bjg  of  July  1  Buford,  with  six  thousand  cavalry, 
met  the  van  of  I.ee's  army,  led  by  General  Beth, 

between  Seminary  Bidge  (a  little  way  from  Get- 
tysburg) and  a  parallel  ridge  a  little  farther 
WMt,  When  a  sharp  skirmish  ensued.  Reynolds, 
who  had  bivouacked  at  Mar-h  Creek,  a  few  miles 
distant,  was  then  advancing  with  his  own  corps, 
followed  by  Howard's,  having  those  of  sickles 

and  Slocnin  within  call.  The  sound  of  liie-arms 
quickened  his  pace,  and  he  man  bed  rapidly  to 
the  relief  of  Buford,  who  was  holding  the  Con- 
federates in  cheek.   While  Reynolds  m  as  placing 

so of  his  troops  on  the  Cbambersburg  road, 

she  Confederates  made  an  attack,  when  a  volley 

Of  musketry  from  the  Fifty-Sixth  Pennsylvania, 
led  by  Colonel  J.  W.  Hoffman,  opened  the  de- 
risive, battle  of  Gettysburg.  Meredith's  ••  Iron 
Brigade"  then  charged  into  a  wood  in  the  rear 
of  the  Seminary  to  fall  upon  Mill's  right,  under 
General   Archer.      The   Nationals   were   pushed 


5  GETTYSBURG,  BATTLE  OF 

back,  but  other  troops,  under  the  personal  di- 
rection of  Reynolds,  struck  Archer's  flank,  and 
captured  that  officer  aud  eight  hundred  of  his 
meu.  At  the  moment  wheu  this  charge  was 
made,  the  bullet  of  a  Mississippi  sharpshooter 
pierced  Reyuolds's  neck,  when  he  fell  forward 
and  expired.  General  Doubleday  had  just  ar- 
rived.and  took  Reynolds's  place,  leaving  his  owu 
division  in  charge  of  General  Rowley.  Very  soon 
the  Mississippi  Brigade,  under  General  Davis, 
was  captured,  and  at  noon  the  whole,  of  the  First 
Corps,  under  General  Doubleday,  was  well  post- 
ed ou  Seminary  Ridge,  and  the  remainder  of 
Hill's  corps  was  rapidly  approaching.  Mean- 
while the  advance  division  of  E well's  corps  had 
taken  a  position  on  a  ridge  north  of  the  town, 
connecting  with  Hill,  and  seriously  menacing 
the  National  right,  held  by  General  Cutler. 
Doubleday  sent  aid  to  Cutler,  when  a  severe 
struggle  ensued  for  some  time,  and  three  North 
Carolina  regiments  were  captured.  Now  the 
battle  assumed  far  grander  proportions.  How- 
ard's corps,  animated  by  the  sounds  of  battle 
on  its  front,  prosed  rapidly  forward,  and  reached 
the  field  of  suite  at  a  little  past  noon.  He  left 
Steinwehr's  brigade  on  Cemetery  Hill,  placed 
General  Schurz  in  temporary  charge  of  the  corps, 
and,  ranking  Doubleday,  took  the  chief  com- 
mand of  all  the  troops  in  action.  The  Confed- 
erate numbers  were  continually  augmented, and, 
to  meet  an  expected  attack  from  the  north  and 
west,  Howard  was  compelled  to  extend  the  Na- 
tional lines,  then  quite  thin,  about  three  miles, 
with  Gulp's  Hill  ou  the  right,  Round  Top  on 
the  left,  and  Cemetery  Hill  in  the  centre,  form- 
ing the  apex  of  a  redan.  At  about  t  hree  o'clock 
in  the  afternoon  there  was  a  general  advance 
of  the  Confederates,  and  a  terrible  battle  en- 
sued, with  heavy  losses  on  both  sides.  The  Na- 
tionals were  defeated.  They  had  anxiously 
looked  for  reinforcements  from  the  scattered 
corps  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  These  speed- 
ily came,  but  not  until  the  preliminary  engage- 
ment in  the  greal  battle  of  Gettysburg  waseud- 
cd.  General  Meade  was  at  Taneytown,  thir- 
teen miles  distant,  when  he  heard  of  the  death 
of  Reynolds,  and  he  ordered  General  Hancock, 
Howard's  junior,  to  leave  his  corps  with  Gib- 
bons  and  take  the  chief  command  at  Gettys- 
burg.     He    arrived   just    as    the    beaten    forces 

wei.'  hurrying  towards  Cemetery  Hill,  lie  re- 
ported to  Meade  that  he  was  satisfied  with 
Howard's  disposition  of  the  troops.  The  latter 
had  called  early  upon  Sloonm  and  Sickles,  and 

both  promptly  res] ded.     sickles  joined  the 

left  of  the  troops  on  Cemetery  Hill  that  night. 

Hancock  had  gone  back  ;  and,  meeting  his  own 

corps,  posted  it  a  mils  and  half  in  the  rear  of 
Cemeterj  Hill.  Meade  had  now  given  orders 
for  the  concentration  of  his  whole  army  at  Get- 
tysburg, and  he  aroused  them  at  one  o'clock  in 
the  morning  of  July  •■>.  when  only  the  corps  of 

Sykes  and  Sedgwick  were  absent.     I ,  too.  had 

been  bringing  forward  his  troops  as  rapidly  as 
possible,  making  his  headquarters  on  Seminary 
Ridge.  On  the  morning  of  the  2d  a  greater  por- 
tion of  the  two  armies  confronted  each  other. 
Doth  commanders  seemed  averse  to  taking  the 


GETTYSBURG,  BATTLE  OF  E 

initiative  of  battle.  The  Nationals  had  the  ad- 
vantage of  position,  their  lines  projecting  in 
wedge  form  towards  the  Confederate  centre, 

with  steep  rocky  acclivities  along  their  front. 
It  was  late  in  the  afternoon  before  a  decided 
movement  was  made.  Sickles,  on  the  left,  be- 
tween Cemetery  Hill  and  Bonnd  Top.  expect- 
ing an  attack,  had  advanced  his  corps  well  tow- 
ards the  heaviest  columns  of  the  Confederates. 
Then  Lee  attacked  him  with  LongBtreet'e  corps. 
There  was  first  a  severe  struggle  for  the  posses- 
sion of  the  rocky  eminence  on  Meade's  extreme 
left,  where  Birney  was  stationed.  The  Nationals 
won.  Meanwhile  there  was  a  fierce  contest  near 
the  centre,  between  Little  Round  Top  and  Cem- 
etery Hill.  While  yet  there  was 
strife  for  the  former,  General  Craw- 
ford, with  six  regiments  of  Pennsyl- 
vania Reserves,  swept  down  its 
northwestern  side  with  tremendous 
shouts,  and  drove  the  Confederates 
through  the  woods  to  the  Ennnetts- 
burg  road,  making  three  hundred 
of  them  prisoners.  Generals  Hum- 
phreys and  Graham  were  then  in  an 
advanced  position,  the  former  with 
his  right  on  the  Emmettsburg  road, 
when  Hill,  advancing  in  heavy  force 
from  Seminary  Ridge,  fell  upon  him 
and  pushed  him  back,  with  a  loss  of 
half  his  men  and  three  guns.  In  this 
onset  Sickles  lost  a  leg,  and  Birney 
took  command  of  the  corps.  Elated 
by    this    success,   the    Confederates 

pushed  up  to  the  base  of  Cemetery 
Hill  and  its  southern  slope,  throwing  them- 
selves recklessly  upon  supposed  weak  points. 
In  this  contest  Meade  led  troops  in  person. 
Finally.  Hancock,  just  at  sunset,  directed  a  gen- 
eral charge,  Chiefly  by  fresh  troops  under  Double- 
day,  who  had  hastened  to  his  assistance  from 
the  rear  of  Cemetery  Hill.  These,  with  Hum- 
phreys' shattered  regiments,  drove  the.  Confed- 
erates  back  and  recaptured  four  guns.  The 
battle  ended  on  the  left  centre  at  twilight. 
Then  the  battle  was  renewed  on  the  National 
right,  where  General  Slocuin  was  in  chief  com- 
mand. Kwell  had  attacked  him  with  a  part  of 
lii>  corps  at  the  time  Longstreel  assailed  the 
left.  The  assault  was  vigorous.  Up  the  north- 
ern slopes  of  Cemetery  Hill  the  Confederates 
pressed  in  the  face  of  a  murderous  tire  of  canis- 
ter and  shrapnel  to  tin'  muzzles  of  the  guns. 
Another  part  of  Kwell's  corps  attempted  to  turn 

the  National  right  by  attacking  its  weakened 

part  on  Gulp's  Mill.     The  Confederates  were  re 

pnlsed  at  tin-  right  centre;  and,  after  a  severe 

battle  on  the  extreme  right  of  the  National*,  the 
Confederates  there  were  firmly  held  in  check. 
So  ended,  at  about  ten  o'clock  at  night,  the  sec- 
ond day's  battle   at   Gettysburg,  when   nearly 

folly  thousand  men  of  the  two  armies,  who  were 
"effective"    thirty-Sis    hours    before,  were    dead 

or  wounded.  The  advantage  seemed  to  lie  w  ith 
the  Confederates,  tor  the;  held  the  ground  in 
advance  of  Gettysburg  which  the  Nationals  had 
held  the  pret  ions  ,ia\ .  l taring  t he  night  Meade 
made  provision  for  expelling  the  Confederate 


(i  GETTYSBURG,  BATTLE  OF 

intrusion  on  the  National  right  by  placing  a 
heavy  artillery  force  in  that  direction.  Under 
cover  of  these  guns  a  stroug  force  made  an  at- 
tack, and  for  four  hours  Geary's  division  kept 
up  a  desperate  struggle.  Then  the  Confeder- 
ates fell  back,  and  the  right  was  made  secure. 
Now  Kwell  was  repulsed  on  the  right,  and 
Sound  Top,  on  the  left,  was  impregnable:  so 
Lee  determined  to  strike  Meade's  centre  with  a 
force  that  should  crush  it.  At  noon  (July  3)  he 
had  one  hundred  and  forty-five  cannons  in  bat- 
tery along  the  line  occupied  by  Longstreet  and 
Hill.  All  night  General  Hunt,  of  the  Nationals, 
had  been  arranging  the  artillery  from  Cemetery 
Hill  to  Little  Round  Top,  where  the  expected 


VIEW  OX    LITTLE    ROIXD  TOF.  * 

blow  would  fall.  Lee  determined  to  aim  his 
chief  blow  at  Hancock's  position  on  Cemetery 

Hill.  At  one  o'clock  P.M.  one  hundred  and  fif- 
teen of  his  cannons  opened  a  rapid  concentrated 
fire  on  the  devoted  point.  A  hundred  National 
guns  replied,  and  for  two  hours  more  than  two 
hundred  cannons  shook  the  surrounding  country 
with  their  detonations.  Then  the  Confederate 
infantry,  in  a  line  three  miles  in  length, preced- 
ed by  a  host  of  skirmishers,  flowed  swiftly  over 
the  undulating  plain.  Behind  these  w  as  a  heavy 
reserve.  Picket t.  with  his  Virginians,  led  the 
van.  will  supported,  in  a  charge  upon  Cemetery 
Hill.  In  all.  his  troops  were  about  fifteen  thou- 
sand strong.  The  cannons  had  now  almost 
ceased  thundering,  and  were  succeeded  by  the 
awful  roll  of  musketry.  Shot  and  shell  from 
Hancock's    batteries    now    made    fearful    lanes 

through  the  oncoming  Confederate  ranks.  Han- 
cook  was  wounded,  and  Gibbous  was  placed  in 

command.  Pickett  pressed  onward,  when  the 
divisions  of  Haves  ami  Gibbons  opined  an  ap- 
palling and  continuous  tire  upon  them.  The 
Confederates  gave  w  a\  .  and  9000  men  w  tie  made 

prisoners,  and  fifteen  battle -flags  became  tro- 
phies of  victory  for  Haves.  Still  Pickett  moved 
on.  scaled  Cemetery  Hill,  hurst  through  Han- 
cock's line,  drove  back  a  portion  of  Genera] 
Webb's  brigade,  and  planted  the  Confederate 

f  I. into  Bound  Top  at  lb*  pUoa 

II  stationed, 
bind  it. 


GHENT,  NEGOTIATION  OF  PEACE  AT    577 


GIBBON 


flag  on  a  stone  wall.  But  Pickett  could  go  no 
farther.  Then  Stannard's  Vermont  brigade  of 
Doablfday't)  division  opened  such  a  destructive 

tire  mi  Pickett's  troops  that  they  gave  way.  Very 
soon  2500  of  them  were  made  prisoners,  and  with 
them  twelve  battle-flags,  and  three  fourths  of 
his  gallant  men  were  dead  or  captives.  Wilcox 
supported  Pickett,  and  met  a  similar  fate  at  the 
hands  of  the  vermouters.  Meanwhile  Crawford 
had  advanced  upon  the  Confederate  right  from 
near  Little  Hound  Top.  The  Confederates  fled; 
and  in  this  sortie  the  whole  ground  lost  by 
Sickles  was  recovered,  with  200  men  captives, 
7000  small-arms,  a  cannon,  and  wounded  Union- 
ists, who  had  lain  nearly  t wenty-four  hours  un- 
cared  for.  Thus,  at  near  sunset,  July  3, 1863,  end- 
ed the  battle  of  Gettysburg.  During  that  night 
and  all  the  next  day  Lee's  army  on  Seminary 
Bidge  prepared  for  flight  back  to  Virginia.  His 
invasion   was  a  failure;   and  on  Sunday  inorn- 


tween  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  oc- 
curred in  the  city  of  Ghent,  the  capital  of  East 
Flanders,  Belgium,  situated  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Scheldt  and  Lys.  There  the  American 
commissioners  assembled  at  about  midsummer, 
1814,  and  were  joined  by  the  British  commis- 
sioners early  in  August.  (See  Treaty  of  Peace, 
1814.)  Their  deliberations  and  discussions  con- 
tinued several  months,  and  the  final  result  was 
reached  Dec.  '24.  The  leading  citizens  of  Ghent 
took  great  interest  in  the  matter.  Their  sym- 
pathies were  with  the  Americans,  and  they  min- 
gled their  rejoicings  with  the  commissioners 
when  the  work  was  done.  On  Oct.  27  (1814) 
the  Academy  of  Sciences  and  Fine  Arts  at  Ghent 
invited  the  American  commissioners  to  attend 
their  exercises,  when  tbey  were  all  elected  hon- 
orary members  of  the  academy.  A  sumptuous 
dinner  was  given,  at  which  the  Intendant,  or 
chief  magistrate,  of  Ghent  offered  the  following 


VIKW   OF   THE 


tiik  Miiii.nr 


ing.  July  5,  his  whole  army  was  moving  towards 
the  Potomac.   (8ee  Lee'i  Second  Retreat  from  Ma- 

rglantU)  This  battle,  in  its  far-reaching  effects, 
WSS  the  most  Important  of  the  war.  The  Na- 
tional loss  in  men,  from  the  morning  of  the  Lai 
until  the  evening  of  the  3d  of  July,  was  reported 
b\  Meade  to  be  23,186,  of  whom  8834  were  killed. 
13,709  wounded,  and  6643  missing.     A  greater 

portion  Of  the  latter  were  prisoners.  Lee,  as 
usual,   made    no    report    of   his   los-.es.       It    was 

the  polio;  of  the  Confederate  government  to 
conceal  inch  disconraging  facts  from  the  people. 

A  careful   estimate,  made  from  various  sources, 

made  Ins  loss  about  30,000,  of  whom  14,000  were 
prisoners. 

Ghent,  NEGOTIATION  of  Ti:rviv    OF    IV  \<  I 

at.    The  negotiation  of  the  treaty  of  peace  be- 
I.— 37 


sentiment:  "Our  distinguished  guests  and  Eel- 
low-members,  the  American  ministers  —  may 
they  succeed  in  making  an  honorable  peaee  to 

secure  the  liberty  and  independence  of  their 
country."  The  band  then  played  Hail  Columbia. 
The  British  commissioners  were  not  present. 
After  the  treaty  was  concluded,  the  American 
commissioners  gave  a  dinner  to  the  British  com- 
missioners, at   which  Count   EL  Van  Steinhuyser. 

the  Intendant  of  the  department,  was  present. 

Sentiments  of  mutual  friendship  were  offered. 
A  few-  days  afterwards  the  Intendant  gave  an 
entertainment  to  the  commissioners  of  both  na- 
tions. 

Gibbon,  Edward,  historian,  was  born  ftl  I'nt- 
ney,  April  27.  17:!7 :  died  in  London,  Jan.  10, 
1794.     He  was  from  infancy  feeble  in  physical 


GIBBON 


578 


GILBERT 


constitution.  His  first  serious  attempt  at  au- 
thorship was  when  he  was  only  a  youth  —  a 
treatise  on  the  age  of  Seaoatris.  He  was  fond 
of  Oriental  research.  Reading  Bossuet's  Varia- 
tions of  Protestantism  and  Exposition  of  Catholic 
Doctrine,  he  became  a  Romau  Catholic,  and  at 
length  a  free-thiuker.    He  was  a  studeut  at  Ox- 


EDWARD  GIBBON. 

ford  when  he  abjured  Protestantism,  and  was  ex- 
pelled. He  read  with  avidity  the  Latin,  Greek, 
and  French  classics,  and  became  passionately 
fond  of  historical  research.  He  also  studied 
practically  the  military  art,  as  a  member  of  the 
Hampshire  militia,  with  his  father.  In  1751  be 
published  a  defence  of  classical  studies  against 
the  attacks  of  the  French  philosophers.  In 
1764  he  went  to  Rome,  and  studied  its  antiqui- 
ties with  delight  and  seriousness,  and  there  he 
conceived  the  idea  of  writing  his  great  work, 
The  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire.  "  It 
was  at  Rome,"  he  wrote,  "oil  the  15th  of  Octo- 
ber, 1764,  as  I  sat  musing  amid  the  ruins  of  the 
Capitol,  while  barefooted  friars  were  singing  ves- 
pers in  the  Temple  of  Jupiter,  that  the  idea  of 
writing  the  decline  and  fall  of  the  city  first 
Started  to  my  mind."  But  that  work  was  not 
seriously  begun  until  1770,  and  the  first  volume 
was  completed  in  1775.  In  1771  he  became  a 
member  of  the  House  of  Commons,  and  at  first 
took  sides  with  the  Americans,  writing  much  in 
their  favor.  He  finally  became  a  firm  supporter 
of  the  British  ministry  in  their  proceedings 
against  the  Americans, writing  in  their  defence 

a   pamphlet    in   the   French  language,  when   he 

w  as  prot  ided  by  them  with  a  lucrative  si lire 

Office  WOrtfa  (4000  a  year.  His  mouth  (or  rather 
pan)  was  thus  stopped  by  the  government  fa- 
vor. To  this  venality  the  following  epigram 
alludes.      It    was  written,  it   is  said,  by  Charles 

James  Fox. 

"  Kln«  George,  in  a  fright,  lest  C.llition  should  write 
TIM'  Itorj  "I'  llriliiin  s  .1 
Thought  ii"  m  Ma  pen  to  secure 

Tii.oi  i.i  girt  the  Iii-i.miiiii  ii  plaoe, 

••  Km  ii  of  lii.i  reign 

'I  t.ii  i 
TImiiikIi  In'  "Mr  DOI  ii  I  I  tlrcline 

(ample  we  road." 


On  the  downfall  of  the  North  administration,  and 
the  loss  of  his  salary,  Gibbon  left  Englaud  and 
went  to  live  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland.  There 
he  completed  his  great  work  in  June,  1787,  aud, 
sending  the  manuscript  to  England,  it  was  is- 
sued on  his  fifty-first  birthday.  It  is  said  that 
his  booksellers  realized  a  profit  on  the  work  of 
$300,000,  while  the  author's  profits  were  only 
$30,000.  On  setting  out  for  England  in  the 
spring  of  1793,  a  malady  (hydrocephalus,  or  drop- 
sy of  the  head)  which  he  had  long  concealed  as 
his  affliction  rapidly  developed  into  a  fatal  dis- 
order, aud  terminated  his  life  suddenly  the  next 
year. 

Gibbs,  Alfred,  was  born  in  New  York,  April 
23, 1823;  died  at  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kau.,  Dec. 
26,1868.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1846, 
served  under  Scott  in  Mexico  and  afterwards 
against  the  Indians,  and  when  the  Civil  War 
broke  out  he  was  in  Texas.  He  was  made  pris- 
oner, and  when  exchanged  in  1862  he  was  made 
colonel  of  New  York  volunteers,  and  served  un- 
der Sheridan,  in  the  latter  part  of  the  war,  in 
command  of  a  cavalry  brigade.  He  was  active 
in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  at  all  times,  and  was 
a  thoroughly  trustworthy  officer.  In  Marob.,1865, 
he  was  breveted  major-general  of  volunteers. 

Gibson,  Gr.onGE,  was  born  at  Lancaster,  Penn., 
in  October,  1747  ;  died  at  Fort  Jefferson,  O.,  Dec. 
14, 1791.  On  the  breaking-out  of  the  Revolution 
he  raised  a  company  of  one  hundred  men  at  Fort 
Pitt,  who  were  distinguished  for  their  bravery 
and  as  sharpshooters,  and  were  called  "Gibson's 
Lambs."  These  did  good  service  throughout 
the  war.  A  part  of  the  time  Gibson  was  colonel 
of  a  Virginia  regiment.  To  obtain  a  supply  of 
gunpowder,  he  went  down  the  Ohio  and  Missis- 
sippi rivers,  with  twenty-five  picked  men  and 
a  cargo  of  flour,  ostensibly  for  trade,  and  re- 
turned with  the  desired  ammunition.  In  the 
disastrous  battle  (Nov.  4,  1791)  in  which  St. 
Clair  was  defeated,  Colonel  Gibson  was  mortal- 
ly wounded. — His  brother  John  was  also  a  sol- 
dier of  the  Revolution.  He  was  born  in  May, 
1?:!0.  and  died  in  April.  1822.  He  was  in  Forties's 
expedition  against  Fort  1  >iii|Uesiie.  and  acted  a 
conspicuous  part  in  ltiininore's  War  (w  Inch  see) 
in  1774.  He  commanded  a  Continental  regi- 
ment in  the  war  for  independence,  his  chief 
command  being  on  the  Western  frontier.  He 
was  made  a  judge  of  t  lie  *  'onimon  Pleas  of  Alle- 
ghany County,  and  in  1800  was  appointed  by 
Jefferson  Secretary  of  the  Indian  Territory, 
w  blch  post  he  held  until  it  became  a  si 

Logan's  SpoeoK.) 

Gilbert,  K.w  runt,  a  nephew  of  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh,  commanded  a  vessel  in  an  expedition 
to  settle  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec  Kivcr  ill 
1607.       They    arrived    at    Moliev.au    Island,  and 

on  Cape  Small  Point  (now  Phippsburg)  the] 
built  a  fort.     The  settlement  was  temporary. 

Gilbert,  sin  Hcmphbxt, s  distinguished  nav- 
igator, and  half-brother  of  sir  Walter  Raleigh 
(see  Salt ;.//<  \  was  bom  at   Dartmouth,  Devou- 

.  in    1638;    died   at    sea.  Sept.  '.).  1683, 

Finishing  his  studies  al   Eton  and  Oxford,  he 

entered  upon  the  military  profession  ;  and  being 


GILBERT 


579 


GILLMOKE 


successful  in  suppressing  a  rebelliou  in  Ireland 
in  1570,  be  was  made  commander-in-chief  and 
Governor  of  Minister,  and  was  knighted  by  the 
lord-deputy.  Retaining  to  England  soon  after- 
wards, he  married  a  rich  heiress.     In  1572  he 


BIK    HUMPHREY   GILBERT. 

commanded  a  squadron  of  nine  ships  to  rein- 
force  an  armament  intended  for  the  recovery 
of  Flashing;  and  i i  after  bis  return  he  pub- 
lished (1570)  a  Discourse  <>j'u  Diseoveriefor  aXew 
Pottage  to  Catkaia  and  tin  Eatt  Indiet.  He  ob- 
tained Letters  -patent  from  Queen  Elizabeth, 
dated  Jane  11,  L578, empowering  him  to  discov- 
er and  poasesa  any  Lands  in  North  America  then 
unsettled,  he  to  paj  to  the  crown  one  fifth  of  all 
gold  and  silver  which  the  countries  he  alight 
discover  and  colonize  should  produce.  It  in 
vested  him  with  powers  of  an  absolute  ruler 
over  his  colony,  provided  the  laws  should  not 

he  in  derogation  of  supreme  allegiance  to  the 

crown.      It  guaranteed  to  his  followers  all  the 

rights  of  Englishmen;  ami  it  also  guaranteed 

the    absolute    right    of  a    territory   where   they 

might  settle,  within  two  hundred  Leagues  of 
which  no  settlement  should  he  permitted  until 
the  expiration  of  six  years.  This  was  the  first 
colonial  charter  granted  by  an  English  mon- 
arch. Armed  with  this, Gilbert  sailed  lor  New- 
foundland in  1579  with  a  small  squadron;  for 

he    ilid    not    believe    there    would    he    profit    ill 

searching  for  gold  in  the  higher  latitudes,  to 
which  Probisher  had  been.  (See  Frobitker.) 
lie  was  accompanied  by  Raleigh;  hut  heavy 
storms  and  Spanish  war-ships  destroyed  one  of 
Ls,  and  the  remainder  were  compelled 
to  turn  hack.  Gilbert  was  too  much  Impover- 
ished to  undertake  another  expedition  until  four 
years  afterwards,  when  Raleigh  and  his  friends 
fitted  out  a  small  squadron,  which  sailed  from 
Plymouth  under  the  command  of  Gilbert.  The 
queen,  in  token  of  her  good-will,  had  sent  him 
as  a  present  a  golden  anchor,  guided  by  a  wom- 
an. The  flotilla  reached  Newfoundland  in  Au- 
gust, and  entered  the  harbor  of  St.  John, when 
< 'ai t hi  t'( I  La  Boque  almost  fifty  years  be- 


fore. (See  Cartier.)  There,  on  the  shore,  Gil- 
bert set  up  a  column  with  the  arms  of  England 
upon  it,  and  in  the  presence  of  hundreds  of  fish- 
ermen from  western  Europe,  whom  he  had  sum- 
moned to  the  spot,  he  took  possession  of  the 
island  in  the  name  of  his  queen.  Storms  had 
shattered  his  vessels,  but,  after  making  slight 
repairs,  Gilbert  proceeded  to  explore  the  coasts 
southward.  Off  Cape  Breton  he  encountered  a 
fierce  tempest,  which  dashed  the  larger  vessel, 
in  which  he  sailed,  in  pieces  on  the  rocks,  aud 
about  one  hundred  men  perished.  The  com- 
mander was  saved,  and  took  refuge  in  a  little 
vessel  (the  Squirrel)  of  ten  tous.  His  little 
squadron  was  dispersed,  and,  with  one  other 
vessel  (the  Hind),  he  turned  his  prow  home- 
wards. Again,  in  a  rising  September  gale,  the 
commander  of  the  Jlind  shouted  to  Gilbert  that 
they  were  in  great  peril.  The  intrepid  naviga- 
tor was  sitting  abaft,  with  a  book  in  his  hand, 
and  calmly  replied,  "  We  are  as  near  heaven  on 
the  sea  as  on  the  land."  The  gale  increased, 
and  when  night  fell  the  darkness  was  intense. 
At  about  midnight  the  men  on  the  Hind  saw 
the  lights  of  the  Squirrel  suddenly  go  out.  The 
little  bark  had  plunged  beneath  the  waves,  and 
all  on  board  perished.  Only  the  Hind  escaped, 
and  bore  the  news  of  the  disaster  to  England. 

Gillmore,  QTJDfCT  Adams,  was  born  iu  Lo- 
rain County,  O.,  Feb.  28,  1825.  He  graduated 
at  West  Point  in  1849,  and  entered  the  Engi- 
neer Corps.  He  was  for  four  years  (1852-56)  As- 
sistant Instructor  of  Engineering  at  West  Point. 


Ql'IN'CY  ADAM8  GILLMORE. 

In  October,  1861,  he  was  appointed  chief-engineer 

of  .in  expedition  against  the  Southern  coasts  un- 
der Genera]  T.W.Sherman.  He  superintend- 
ed 'he  construction  of  the  fortifications  at  Hil- 
ton Head,  and  planned  and  executed  incisures 
for  the  capture  of  Fort  Pulaski  in  the  spring 
of  L863,  when  hi'  was  made  brigadier-general 
of  volunteers.  After  service,  in  western  Vir- 
ginia and  Kentucky,  he  was  breveted  colonel  in 
the  United  States  Army,  and  succeeded  Hunter 
(June,  1863)  in  command  of  the  Department  of 
Smith  Carolina,  when  he  was  promoted  to  ma- 
jor-general. After  a  long  and  unsuccessful  at- 
tempt  to   Capture   Charleston,  he    pro.  ceded    to 


GINGHAM  5 

join  tin'  Army  of  the  James,  in  command  of  the 
Tenth  Army  Corps.  For  his  services  during 
the  war,  lie  was  breveted  major-general  in  the 
United  States  Army. 

Gingham.  This  fahric  was  first  manufact- 
ured in  the  United  States  hy  Erastus  Bigelow, 
at  Clinton  (a  town  founded  hy  him),  in  .Massa- 
chusetts, about  the  year  1846.  It  was  the  first 
attempt  to  manufacture  gingham  hy  machin- 
ery, and  enabled  the  American  manufacturers 
to  compete  successfully  with  the  English. 

Girard,  STEPHEN,  founder  of  Girard  College, 
was  born  near  Bordeaux,  France,  May  21, 1750; 
died  in  Philadelphia,  Dec.  26, 1831.  Engaged  in 
the  merchant  service  in  early  life,  he  established 
himself  in  mercantile  business  in  Philadelphia 
in  1769,  and  traded  to  the  West  Indies  until  the 
beginning  of  the  war  for  independence.  Re- 
suming his  West  India  trade  after  the  war,  he 
accumulated  money;  but  the  foundation  of  his 
greal  wealth  was  laid  hy  events  of  the  negro 
insurrection  in  Santo  Domingo.  Two  of  his 
vessels  being  there,  planters  placed  their  effects 
on  hoard  of  them,  but  lost  their  lives  in  the 
massacre  that  ensued.  The  property  of  owners  j 
that  could  not  he  found  was  left  in  Girard's  pos- 1 
session.  In  1812  he  bought  the  building  and  I 
much  of  the  stock  of  the  old  United  States  Bank. 
and  began  business  as  a  private  hanker.  He 
amassed  a  large  fortune,  and  at  his  death  left 
property  valued  at  almost  $9,000,000.  Besides  j 
large  bequests  to  public  institutions,  he  gave  to 
Philadelphia  $500,000  for  the  improvement  of 
the  city.  He  gave  12,000,000  and  a  plot  of 
ground  in  Philadelphia  for  the  erection  and 
support  of  a  college  for  orphans,  which  was 
opened  Jan.  1, 1848.  In  it  as  many  poor  white 
orphan  boys  as  the  endowment  will  support  are 
admitted.  There  are  about  five  hundred  bene- 
ficiaries in  the  institution  at  a  time.  By  a  pro- 
vision of  the  will  of  the  founder,  no  ecclesiastic, 
missionary, or  minister  of  any  sect  whatever  is 
to  hold  any  connection  with  the  college,  or  ho 
admitted  to  the  premises  as  a  visitor:  hut  the 
officers  of  the  institution  are  required  to  in- 
struct the  pupils  in  the  purest  principles  of 
morality,  leaving  them  to  adopt  their  own  re- 
ligions opinions.  The  beneficiaries  are  admit- 
ted between  the  ages  of  six  and  ten  years;  ted. 

(lot heil.  and   educated;   and  between   the   ages 

of  fourteen  and  eighteen  are  bound  out  to  me- 
chanical, agricultural,  or  commercial  occupa- 
tions. 

Gist,  MORDECAX,  was  born  in  Baltimore.  Md., 

in  1743;  died  in  Charleston, S. C, Sept. 2, 1798. 

He  was.  captain  of  the  first  troops  raised  in 
Mankind  at  the  breaking-nut  of  the  Revoln- 
tion;   was  made  major  of  Smallwood's  regiment 

in  17?t'>,  and  e manded  it  at  the  battle  of  Long 

Island.  Promoted  to  colonel  in  1777,  and  brig- 
adier-general early  in  1770,  he  did  good  service 

throughout  the  war,  saving  the  remnant  of  the 
army  after  Gates's  defeat, and  being  present  at 
the  surrender  of  Cornwall!*. 

Glendale  ( <>r  Fi  a/ier's  Farm  ).  Batti.k  or. 
Then-  was  a  sharp  contest  at  White  Oak  Swamp 

Bridgt  on  the  morning  of  June  80,  L862,  after 


D  GLEXDALE, BATTLE  OF 

the  Army  of  the  Potomac  had  passed  on  its  way 
to  the  James  River.  General  Franklin  had 
been  left  with  a  rear-guard  to  protect  the  pas- 
sago  of  the  bridge  and  to  cover  the  withdrawal 
of  the  wagon-trains  at  that  point.  The  Con- 
federate pursuers,  in  two  columns,  were  checked 
by  the  destruction  of  the  bridges.  Jackson, 
at  noon,  was  met  at  the  site  of  the  destroyed 
bridge  by  the  troops  of  Smith,  Richardson,  and 
Naglee,  and  the  batteries  of  Ayres  and  Hazard, 
who  kept  him  at  bay  during  the  day  anil  e\  cu- 
ing. Hazard  was  mortally  wounded,  and  his 
force  was  cut  up,  hut  Ayres  kept  up  a  cannon- 
ado  with  great  spirit.  During  the  night  the 
Nationals  retired,  leaving  350  sick  and  wound- 
ed behind,  and  some  disabled  guns.  At  the 
same  time  a  sharp  battle  had  been  going  on  at 
Glendale,  or  Nelson's,  or  Frazier's  Farm,  about 
two  miles  distant.  Near  Willis's  Church  Gen- 
eral McCall's  division  was  posted  in  reserve, 
General  Meade's  division  on  tho  right,  Sey- 
mour's on  the  left,  and  that  of  Reynolds  (who 
was  a  prisoner)  under  Colonel  S.  G.  Simmons. 
The  artillery  was  all  in  front  of  the  line.  Sum- 
ner was  some  distance  to  the  left,  with  Sedg- 
wick's division;  Hooker  was  at  Sumner's  left  ; 
and  Kearney  was  at  the  right  of  McCall.  Long- 
street  and  Hill  had  tried  to  intercept  McClel- 
lan's  army  there,  but  were  too  late,  and  found 
themselves  confronted  by  these  Nationals.  Gen- 
eral Lee  and  Jefferson  Davis  were  with  Long- 
street.  The  Confederates  waited  for  Magruder 
to  come  up,  and  it  was  between  three  and  four 
O'clock  in  the  afternoon  before  they  began  an 
attack.  LongBtreet  then  fell  heavily  upon 
McCall's  Pennsylvania  Reserves  (which  sir  \ 
0000  strong.  He  was  npulsed  by  four  regi- 
ments, led  by  Colonel  Simmons,  who  captured 
200  of  them  and  drove  them  back  to  the  woods. 
Then  the  fugitives  turned, and, by  a  murderous 
tire,  made  the  pursuers  recoil  ami  Bee  to  the 


i  i  ll  In  that  encounter  the  slaughter  was 
dreadful.  This  flrst  struggle  was  quickly  fol- 
lowed bj  others.  The  contending  lines  swayed 
in  charges  and  counter-charges  for  two  hours. 


GLOVER 


581  '  GOLD  DISCOVERED  IN  CALIFORNIA 


The  Confederates  tried  to  break  tbe  National 
line.  Finally  General  Meagher  appeared  with 
his  Irish  brigade,  and  made  such  a  desperate 
■barge  across  an  open  field  that  the  Confeder- 
ates were  driven  to  the  woods.    Then  Randall's 

battery  was  Captured  by  the  Confederates,  when 
McCall  and  Meade  fought  desperately  for  the 

recovery  of  t lie  guns  and  carried  them  back. 
Meade    had   been    severely   wounded.      Just   at 

dark  McCall  was  captured,  and  the  command 

devolved  on  Seymour.  Very  soon  afterwards 
troops  of  Hooker  and  Kearney  came  to  help  the 
ResiTv.  s,  the  Confederates  were  driven  to  T lie 
woods,  and  the  battle  at  Glendale  ended.  Be- 
fore dawn  the  next  morning  tbe  National  troops 
were  all  silently  withdrawn  ;  and  early  the  next 
day  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  united  for  the 
first  time  since  the  Cbickahomiuy  first  divided 
it.  was  in  a  strong  position  on  Malvern  Hill. 
about  eighteen  miles  from  Richmond. 
Glover,  John,  was  born  at  Salem.  M 
.'..  1732;  died  at  Marblebead,  Jan.  :$0,  1797.    At 

the  beginning  of  the  Revolution  he  raised  one 
thousand  men  at  Marblebead  and  joined  the 
army  at  Cambridge.  His  regiment,  being  com- 
posed almost  wholly  of  fishermen,  was  called 
the  "Amphibious  Regiment."  and  in  the  retreat 
from  Long  Island  (which  Bee)  it  manned  the 
boats.  It  also  manned  tbe  boats  at  tbe  crossing 
of  tbe  Delaware  before  the  victory  at  Trenton. 
Glover  was  made  brigadier-genera]  in  February, 
1777.  anil  joined  the  Northern  army  under  Gen- 
eral Sehuyhr.  He  .lid  good  service  in  the  cam- 
paign of  that  year,  and  led  Btirgoyne's  captive 
troops  to  Cambridge.  He  was  afterwards  with 
Greene  in  New  Jersey,  and  Sullivan  in  Rhode 
Island. 

Gnadenhutten.     (See  Christian  Indians,  ilas- 

"God  Save  the  King."  This  national  song 
was  written  in  the  early  part  of  the  last  cen- 
tury, and  the  air  to  which  it  was  sung  has 
been,  by  some,  attributed  to  Handel.  It  was 
sung  with  as  much  unction  in  the  English- 
Ameiican  colonies  as  in  England  until  tbe 
mother  country  began  to  oppress  her  children 
in  the  Western  World.  The  air  did  not  origi- 
nate with  Handel  in  the  reign  of  Go 
it  Misted  in  the  reigu  of  Louis  XIV.  of  France. 
Even  the  words  are  almost  a  literal  translation 
of  a  canticle  which  was  always  sung  by  the 
maidens  of  St.  t'yr  when  King  Louis  entered 
the  chapel  of  that  t'stahlishineut  to  hear  the 
morning  prayer.  The  author  of  the  words  was 
M.  de  Hi  inon,  and  the  music  was  by  tbe  eminent 
Lulli.the.  founder  id'  the  French  opera.  The  fol- 
lowing is  a  copy  of  the  words: 

■  ■  < ; r:m>l  Pioii  sauvc  la  Rni ! 
Cnui'l  Dleu  renge  lo  Koi! 

Vivi-  li 
Que  t.mjuurs  ulorieux, 

-  soumis! 

Gnunl  1  ■ 

Vive  h 

This  air  was  sung  by  the  vine -dressers  of 
France  until  kingcraft  lost  its  bold  upon  tbe 


people.     (See  Joel  Barlow,  fof  a  parody  on  this 
song.) 

Godfrey,  Thomas,  inventor  of  the  quadrant 
commonly  known  as  Hadley's,  was  born  in  Phil- 
adelphia; died  there,  December,  1749.  He  was 
a  glazier;  was  a  self-taught  mathematician; 
and  in  1730  he  communicated  to  James  Logan, 
who  had  befriended  him,  bis  improvement  of 
Davis's  quadrant.  In  May,  1742,  Logan  ad- 
dressed a  letter  to  Dr.  Edmund  Hadley,  iu 
England,  describing  fully  Godfrey's  instrument. 
Hadley  did  not  notice  it,  when  Logan  sent  a 
copy  of  his  letter  to  Hadley,  together  with  God- 
frey's account  of  bis  invention,  to  a  friend,  to  be 
placed  before  the  Royal  Society.  Hadley,  the 
vice  -  president,  had  presented  a  paper,  a  year 
before,  describing  a  reflecting  -  quadrant  like 
Godfrey's.  They  both  seem  to  have  hit  upon 
the  same  invention;  and  the  society,  deciding 
that  both  were  entitled  to  tbe  honor,  sent  God- 
frey household  furniture  of  the  value  of  |1000, 
instead  of  money,  on  account  of  his  iuteuiperate 
habits. 

GofFe,  William,  was  a  son  of  a  Puritan  cler- 
gyman, one  of  Cromwell's  major-generals,  and 
one  of  tbe  judges  who  signed  the  death-warrant 
of  Charles  I.  and  was  denounced  as  a  "  regicide." 
With  his  father-in-law,  General  Whalley,  he 
arrived  in  Boston  in  tbe  summer  of  1660,  and 
shared  his  fortunes  iii  America.  (See  Begiaidm.) 
When,  during  King  Philip's  War,  Hadley  was 
surrounded  by  the  Indians,  and  the  alarmed  cit- 
izens every  moment  expected  an  attack  (1675), 
Goffe  suddenly  appeared  among  them,  took  com- 
mand, and  led  them  so  skilfully  that  the  barba- 
rians were  soon  repulsed.  He  as  suddenly  dis- 
appeared. His  person  was  a  stranger  to  the  in- 
habitants, and  lie  was  regarded  by  them  as  an 
angel  sent  for  their  deliverance.  Soon  after 
rival  in  Boston,  a  fencing-master  erect- 
ed a  platform  on  tbe  Common,  and  dared  any 
man  to  light  him  with  swords.  GofFe,  armed 
with  a  huge  cheese  covered  with  a  cloth  for  a 
shield,  and  a  mop  filled  with  muddy  water,  ap- 
peared before  the  champion,  who  immediately 
made  a  thrust  at  his  antagonist.  Goffe  caught 
and  held  the  fencing  -  master's  sword  iu  the 
cheese  and  besmeared  him  witli  the  mud  iu  his 
mop.  The  enraged  fencing-master  caught  up  a 
broadsword,  when  Gofle  cried,  "Hold!  I  have 
hitherto  played  with  you;  if  you  attack  me  I 
will  surely  kill  you."  The  alarmed  champion 
dropped  his  sword,  and  exclaimed,  M  Who  can 
you  bet  You  must  be  either  Goffe.  or  Whalley. 
or  the  devil,  for  there  are  no  other  persous  who 
could  l>eat  inc.'' 

Gold  Discovered  in  California.  During  the 
same  month  that  a  treaty  of  peace  between  the 
United  States  and  Mexico  was  signed  at  Guada- 
lupe Hidalgo,  a  man  named  Marshall,  employed 
by  Captain  Sutter,  who  owned  a  mill  twenty- 
live  miles  up  the  American  fork  of  the  Sacra- 
mento River,  discovered  gold  while  digging  a 
mill-race.  The  metal  was  soon  afterwards 
found  in  other  places,  and  during  the  rammer 
of  l-l-1  rumors  of  the  fact  reached  the  United 
States.     They  were  not  generally  believed,  un- 


GOLD  MEDAL  AWARDED  TO  GRANT     592 


GOLDEN  CIRCLE,  THE 


til  n  despatch  from  Colonel  Mason  declared  that 
there  was  enough  gold  in  California  to  pay  all 
the  expenses  of  the  war  with  Mexico.  In  De- 
cember (1848)  the  message  of  President  Polk 
gave  the  rumor  tangible  form,  and  early  in  1849 
thousands  of  gold-seekers  were  on  their  way  to 
California.  Around  Cape  Horn,  across  the  Isth- 
mus of  Panama,  and  over  the  central  plains  and 
vast  mountain -ranges  of  the  continent  men 
went  by  hundreds,  and  gold  was  found  in  every 
direction  in  California.  Gold-seekers  from  Eu- 
rope and  Asia  Hocked  to  the  shores  of  the  Pa- 
cific, and  the  dreams  of  the  early  Spanish  ad- 
venturers seemed  to  be  realized.  This  was  the 
beginning  of  the  discoveries  of  the  immense 
mineral  resources  of  the  western  states  and  ter- 
ritories of  the  United  States. 

Gold  Medal  awarded  to  General  Grant. 
After  the  successful  operations  under  Grant  in 
east  Tennessee  and  at  Chattanooga,  he  was  the 
recipient  of  the  heartfelt  thanks  of  the  loyal 
people.  In  a  letter  the  President  of  the  United 
States  thanked  him,  and  Congress  voted  him 
thanks  and  a  gold  medal,  with  suitable  em- 
blems, devices,  and  inscriptions.     The  legislat- 


comitia  amehicaxa  "  —  "  The  American  Con- 
gress to  George  Washington,  the.  Commander- 
in-chief  of  its  Annies,  the  Assertor  of  Freedom." 
On  the  reverse,  the  device  shows  troops  ad- 
vancing towards  a  town;  others  marching 
towards  the  water;  ships  in  view;  Genera] 
Washington  in  front,  and  mounted,  with  his 
staff,  whose  attention  ho  is  directing  to  the 
embarking  enemy.  The  legend  is,  "HO8TIBU8 
piUMo  fcgatis"  —  "The  enemy  for  the  first 
time  put  to  flight."  The  exergue  under  the  de- 
vice,  "BOSTON  KM  BECUPERATOM.      XVII.  MAItTII. 

mix  <  lx.xvi  " —  "Boston  recovered,  March  17, 
1776."     (See  medal  on  p.  5^3.) 

Golden  Circle,  The.  The  scheme  for  estab- 
lishing an  empire  whose  corner-stone  should  be 
negro  slavery  contemplated  for  the  area  of  that 
empire  the  domain  included  within  a  circle  the 
centre  of  which  was  Havana,  Cuba,  with  a  radius 
of  16  degrees  latitude  and  longitude.  It  will  be 
perceived,  by  drawing  that  circle  upon  a  map. 
that  it  included  the  thirteen  slave-labor  states 
of  our  republic.  It  reached  northward  to  the 
Pennsylvania  line — the  old  "  Mason  and  Dixon's 
Line"  (which  see) — and  southward  to  the  Istli- 


TIIK    cai.VNT   MEDAL. 


RXee  of  New  York  and  Ohio  voted  him   thanks 

in  the  name  of  the  people  of  those  great  states. 

The  President,  in  view  of  these  victories,  rec- 
ommended |  Dec.  7.  1863)  the  loyal  people  t<> 
meet  in  their  respective  places  of  worship  to 
thank  Qod  for  the  "advancement  of  the  Na- 
tional cause." 

Gold  Medal  awarded  to  Washington.  On 
March  25,  1771').  when  news  of  the  British  evac- 
uation of  Boston  reached  Congress,  that  body 
resolved  that  its  thanks  be  presented  to  the 
coininaudi  i-in -chief  and  the  officers  and  soldiers 
under  his  command,  "  for  t  heir  \\  ise  and  spirit- 
ed conduit  in  tin-  siege  and  acquisition  of  Hus- 
ton ;  and  that  a  medal  of  gold  be  struck  in  com- 
memoration of  this  great  event  and  presented  to 
llency."  This  medal  was  nearly  two 
and  three-qnarter  inches  in  diameter.  On  one 
side  was  a  profile  luad  of  Washington,  \\  ith  the 
Latin  legend,  " OEORoio  Washington,  bvfbi 

mo    l» \  <  I    EXEBCITVVM    4D8I  RTOfU     I  ll'.l  l;l  Mis 


mus  of  Darien.  It  embraced  the  West  India 
Islands  and  those  id' the  Caribbean  Sea,  with  a 
greater  part  of  Mexico  and  Central  America. 
The  plan  of  the  plotters  seems  to  have  been  to 
first  secure  Cuba  and  then  the  other  islands  of 
that  tropical  region,  with  Mexico  and  Central 
America;  and  then  to  sever  the  slave-labor 
states    from    the    Union,  making   the   former  a 

pari  of  tiir   gnat  empire,  within  what  they 

called  '•The  Qolden  Circle."  In  furtherance 
of  this  plan,  a  secret  association  known  as  the 
"  Order  of  the  Lone  Star"  was  formed.  Anoth- 
er association  was  anbaeqnently  organized  as 

its  successor,  the  members  of  which  were  called 
"Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle"  (which  sec). 
Their    chief   purpose    SBeiM   to    haTS    been    the 

corrupting  of  the  patriotism  of  the  people  to 

facilitate  (he  iniipiitous  design.  The  latter 
association  played  a  conspicuous  pari  as  abet- 
tois  of  the  enemies  of  the  Republic  dining 
the  late  (ml  War.    Thej   were  the  efficient 


GOLDEN  HILL,  BATTLE  OF  5 

allies  of  tbose  who  openly  made  war  on  the 
Union. 

Golden  Hill,  Battle  of.  The  "  Boston  Mas- 
sacre" holds  a  conspicuous  place  in  history. 
Nearly  two  months  Inline,  a  more  significant 
event  of  a  similar  character  occurred  in  the 
city  of  New  York.  The  insolent  British  soldiers 
had  destroyed  the  Liberty  Pole  (Jan.  16, 1770), 
and,  two  days  afterwards,  two  of  them  caught 


1111)1.1)    li)   WASHINGTON.      I  - 

posting  MnrrUoua  handbills  throughout  the 
city  abusing  the  Suns  of  Liberty  were  taken 
before  the  mayor.  Twenty  armed  sohliei  swent 
to  their  rescue,  when  they  wen-  opposed  by  a 
crowd  of  citizens,  who  seized  stakes  from  carts 
and   sleds  standing   mar.      The   mayor  ordered 

tin  soldiers  to  their  barracks.  Tbey  obeyed, 
ami  wire  followed  by  the  exasperated  citizens 

to  Golden  Hill  (on  tin-  line  of  (lit)  sunt,  be- 


3  GOLDSBOROUGH 

tween  Fnltou  Street  and  Maiden  Lane),  where 
the  soldiers,  reinforced,  charged  upon  their  pur- 
suers. The  citizens  resisted  with  clubs,  aud  a 
severe  conflict  ensued,  during  which  au  old  sail- 
or was  mortally  wounded  by  a  bayonet.  The 
mayor  appeared  and  ordered  the  soldiers  to 
disperse  ;  but  they  refused,  when  a  party  of 
"Liberty  Boys,"'  who  were  playing  ball  on  the 
corner  of  John  Street  and  Broadway,  dispersed 
them.  The  soldiers  made  another  attach 
on  citizens  in  the  afternoon;  and  these 
conflicts  continued,  with  intermissions, 
about  two  days,  during  which  time  sev- 
eral persons  were  badly  injured.  Twice 
the  soldiers  were  disarmed  by  the  citi- 
zens. 

Goldsborough  (N.  C),  JUNCTION  OF 
National  Armies  at.  Hoke  fled  from 
Wilmington  (see  Cape  Fear,  Confederates 
driven  from)  northward,  tow  aids  Goldsbor- 
ough, towards  which  the  Nationals  under 
Schofield  now  pressed.  It  was  at  the  rail- 
road crossing  of  the  Xeuse  River.  Gen- 
eral  Cox,  with   6000   of   Palmer's   troops, 

crossed  from  New  Berne  aud  established 
a  depot  of  supplies  al  Kingston,  after  a 
moderate  battle  on  the  way  with  Soke. 
Perceiving  the  Confederate  force  to  be 

about  equal  to  his  own,  Scholield  ordered 
Cox  to  intrench  and  wait  for  expected  re- 

inforcements.   On  March  L0  Hoke  pressed 

Co\   heavily   and   attacked    liiin.  but    was 

repulsed  with  severe  loss     1500  men.  The 

Nationals  lust  about  300.  The  Confeder- 
ates lied  across  the  Neu.se.  and  Scholield 
entered  ( ioldsborough  on  the  80th.  Then 
Terry,  who  had  been  left  at  Wilmington, 
joined  Scholield  (March  92),  aud  the  next 
day  Sherman  arrived  there.  Nearly  all 
the  National  troops  in  North  Carolina 
were  encamped  that  night  around  (iolds- 
borough. Genera]  Joseph  E.  Johnston, 
with  the  combined  anil  concent  rated 
furies  nf  Beauregard,  Hardee,  Hood,  the 
garrison  from  Augusta,  Hoke,  and  the 
cavalry  nf  Wheeler  and  Hampton,  was 

at   Smithlield.   half-way   between    Goldfr- 

boroiigb  and  Raleigh,  with  about  40,000 
troops »tly  veterans. 

Goldsborough,   Lot  is   MalbsHBRBEB, 

was  born  in  Washington,  l>.  ('..  I'd'.  18, 

1805;  dud  I'.l..  •.'(>,  1877.  lie  was  ap- 
pointed midshipman  in  1812, and  lieuten- 
ant in  1825.  In  the  Seminole  War  (which 
Bee)  he  commanded  a  company  of  mounted 
Volunteers,  and  also  an  armed  steamer. 
Made  commander  in  1841,  he  took  part 
in  the  Mexican  War.  From  1853  to  1857  he 
was  superintendent  of  the  Naval  Academy  at 
Annapolis.  In  the  Summer  of  1861  he  was  placed 
in  command  of  the  North  Atlantic  Blockading 
Squadron,  and  with  Burnside  commanded  the, 
joinl  expedition  to  the  sounds  of  North  Car- 
olina. For  his  services  in  the  capture  n!'  Roa- 
noke Island  Congress  thanked  him.  He  after- 
wards dispersed   the  Confederate  licet   under 


GOMEZ 

Lynch  in  the  North  Carolina  waters.    He 
made  rear-admiral  Jnly  16, 1862. 


584 


GORGES 


LOCIS  M.  GOLDSBOROCGH. 

Gomez,  Stephen,  Voyage  of.  The  Council 
of  the  Indies  induced  Charles  V.  of  Spain  to  send 
Gomez  (who  had  circumnavigated  the  glohe  iu 
Magellan's  ex  peditiou  iu  1580-31 )  to  find  a  north- 
west pasaage  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  He  sailed  to 
Cuha  (1525),  thence  to  Florida,  and  then  north- 
erly to  Cape  Race,  latitude  46c  north,  and  re- 
turned without  making  any  discovery.  Like 
Cortereal,he  kidnapped  sonic  of  the  natives  (see 
CortereaT)  and  returned  to  Spain  with  them  in 
1635.  He  was  the  first  Spaniard  who  sailed 
along  the  northern  coast  of  America. 

Goooh,  William,  governor  of  Virginia  from 

17-27  to  1741),  was  horn  at  Yarmouth,  Eng., Oct. 
21,  1681;  died  Dec.  17,  1751.  He  had  heen  an 
officer  under  Marlborough,  and  in  1740  he  com- 
manded in  the  unsuccessful  attack  on  Cartha- 
gena.  In  1746  he  was  made  a  brigadier-general 
and  was  knighted,  and  a  major-general  in  1747. 
lie  returned  to  England  in  1749.  He  ruled  with 
equity  in  Virginia,  and  was  never  complained  of. 

Goodrich,  Sam  ikl  Griswold  ("Peter  Par- 
ley"), a  popular  writer  for  the  young,  was  horn 
ut  Ridgefield, Conn.,  Aug. Id,  1793;  died  in  New 

York  city.  May  9,  1860.  He  was  a  publisher  in 
Hartford  iu  1^-J4;  soon  afterwards  he  settled  in 
Boston,  and   for  many  years  edited    The   7b ton. 

He  began  the  issuing  of  "Peter  Parley's  Tales" 

in  1827, and  continued  them  until  1857.  He  also 
published  geographical  and  historical  school- 
books.  From  1  - 11  to  1864  he  edited  and  pub- 
lished Marry1 1  Museum  and  Parley's  Magasine, 
Of  170  volumes  written  by  him,  116  hear  the 
name  of  "  Peter  Parley  :"  and  more  than  7,000,- 
000  copies  of  his  hooks  for  the  young  have  heen 
sold.  Mr.  Goodrich  was  American  consul  at 
Paris  during  Fillmore's  administration. 

Goodyear,  Cll  \i:ii  s,  inventor,  was    horn    at 

North  Haven,  C Deo.  30,  1800;  died  in  New 

Ycyk  oity,  Julj  I.  I860.  He  was  an  early  manu- 
facturer of  India  rubber,  and  he  made  rati   nn 

provements  in  its  practical  nae  in  the  arts.  ih> 
inst  Important  discovery  was  made  In  1838     i 


method  of  treating  the  surface  of  the  gum.  This 
process  was  superseded  by  his  discovery  early  in 
1849  of  a  superior  method  of  vulcanization.  He 
procured  patent  after  patent  for  improvements 
iu  this  method,  until  he  had  more  than  sixty  in 
number,  iu  America  and  Europe.  He  obtained 
the  highest  marks  of  distinction  at  the  interna- 
tional exhibitions  at  London  and  1'aris.  He 
saw,  before  his  death,  his  material  applied  to  al- 
most five  hundred  uses,  and  to  give  employment 
in  England,  Fiance,  Germany,  and  the  United 
States,  to  about  sixty  thousand  persons. 

Gordon,  WILLIAM,  D.D.,  historian  of  the  Rev- 
olution, was  born  at  Hitchin,  Eng.,  ill  17:iU;  died 
at  Ipswich,  Eng.,  Oct.  19,  1807.  He  came  to 
America  in  1770.  and  was  ordained  at  Roxbury 
in  1772.  He  took  an  active  part  in  public  af- 
fairs during  the  Revolution,  and  iu  1778  the  Col- 
lege of  New  Jersey  conferred  upon  him  the  de- 
gree of  Doctor  of  Divinity.  Returning  to  Eng- 
land in  1786,  he  wrote  aud  published  a  history 
of  the  Revolution  iu  four  volumes,  octavo. 

Gorges,  Robkist,  son  of  Ferdinando.  had  a 
tract  of  land  bestowed  upon  him  in  New  Eng- 
land, on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  extend- 
ing ten  miles  along  the  coast  and  thirty  miles 
inland.  He  was  appointed  Lieutenant-general 
of  New  England,  with  a  council,  of  whom  Fran- 
cis West,  who  had  been  commissioned  "  Admiral 
of  New  England"  by  the  Council  of  Ply  mouth. 
and  the  governor  of  New  Plymouth  for  the  time 
being,  were  to  be  members,  having  the  pow  er  to 
restrain  interlopers.  West,  as  admiral,  attempt- 
ed to  force  tribute  from  fishing-vessels  on  the 
coast.  Gorges  brought  to  New  England  with 
him  a  clergyman  named  Morrell.  appointed  by 
the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  to  act  as  commis- 
sioner of  ecclesiastical  affairs;  also  a  number  of 
indentured  servants.  After  being  a  year  at 
Plymouth,  Gorges  attempted  to  plant  a  colony 

at  YVissagus.  He  had  encountered  Weston,  w  DO 
came  over  to  look  after  his  colony,  and  took 
some  proceedings  against  him  as  an  interloper. 
Weston  had  been  shipwrecked  and  robbed,  but 
was  kindly  treated  b\  the  Pilgrims,  who.  never- 
theless, regarded  his  misfortunes  as  judgments 
for  his  desertion  of  the  company.  (See  Wet- 
toti'8  Colony.) 

Gorges,  SlB  FERDINANDO,  was  a  native  of 
Somersetshire,  Eng.;  bom  about  1565,  and  died 
in  1647.  Gorges  was  associated  with  the  court- 
iers of  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  was  engaged  in 
the  conspiracy  ol  the  Earl  of  Essex  against  the 
queen's  council  (1610),  and  testified  against  him 
at  his  trial  for  treason  (1601).     Having  served 

iu  the  royal  navy  with  distinction,  he  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Plymouth  iu  1604.  A  friend 
of  Raleigh, he  became  imbued  with   that    gnat 

man's  desire  to  plant  a  colony  in  America, and 

when  Captain  Weymouth  returned  from  the 
New  England  coast  (1605)  and  brought  captive 
natives  with  him.  Gorges  took  three  of  them 
into  his  own  home,  from  whom,  after  instruct- 
ing   them    in    the    English   language,  he  gained 

much  Information  about  their  country.    Gorges 

now  became  chiclly  instrumental  in  forming  tin' 

Plymouth  Company,  to  settle  western  Virginia 


GORHAM  5 

(see  Plymouth  Company),  aud  from  that  time  he 
was  a  very  active  member,  defending  its  rights 
before  Parliament  and  stimulating  by  his  own 
zeal  his  desponding  associates.  In  1(515,  after 
the  return  of  Captain  .Smith  (see  Smith,  John), 
he  set  sail  for  New  England,  but  a  storm  com- 
pelled the  vessel  to  put  back,  while  another 
vessel,  under  Captain  Dernier,  prosecuted  the 
voyage.  (See  Dernier.)  Gorges  sent  out  a  par- 
ty (1616)  which  encamped  on  the  river  Saco 
through  the  winter;  and  iu  1(519-20  Captain 
Dernier  repeated  the  voyage.  The  new  charter 
obtained  by  the  company  created  such  a  des- 
potic monopoly  that  il  was  strongly  opposed  in 
and  out  of  Parliament,  and  was  dually  dissolved 
in  L635.    (See  Council  of  Plymouth.)  Gorges  had, 

meanwhile,  prosecuted  colonization  schemes 
with  vigor.  With  John  Mason  and  others  he 
obtained  grants  of  land  (1623),  which  now  com- 
pose a  pail  of  Maine  and  New  Hampshire  (see 
Nsw  Hampshirt  ).  and  settlements  were  attempt- 
ed there.  His  son  Robert  was  appointed  "gen- 
eral governor  of  the  country,"  and  a  settlement 
was  made  (1624)  on  the  site  of  York,  Me.  After 
the  dissolution  of  the  company  (10155),  Gorges, 
then  a  vigorous  man  of  sixty  years,  was  ap- 
pointed (1637)  governor-general  of  New  Eng- 
land, with  the  powers  of  a  palatine,  and  pre- 
pared to  come  to  America,  but  was  prevented  by 
an  acrid,  nt  to  the  ship  in  which  he  was  to  sail. 
He  made  laws  for  his  palatinate,  but  they  were 

not  acceptable.  Gorges  enjoyed  his  viceregal 
honors  a  few  years,  and  died. 

Gorham,  Nathan n  EL,  was  born  at  Charles- 
tmvn.  Ma--.,  Ma\  27,  1738;  died  Juno  11,1790. 
He  took  an  act  ive  part  in  public  affairs  a  I  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Revolution,  especially  in  the  lo- 
cal affairs  of  Massachusetts.    He  was  a  delegate 

to  the  Continental  Congress  i  1782   83  and  from 

1386  to  17t5~),  and  was  chosen  its  president  iii 
June,  1786.  He  was  an  influential  member  of 
the  convention  that  framed  the  National  Con- 
stitution, and  exerted  great  power  in  procuring 
iK  ratification  by  Massachusetts.  In  conjunc- 
tion with  Oliver  Phelps,  he  pnrohased  an  im- 
mense tract  of  laud  iii  the  State  of  New  fork. 
(See  Holland  Land  Company.) 

Gorton,    SaHCKL,    a     restless,    contumacious 

clergyman,  born   in   England  about    1600,  and 

died    in    Rhode   Island    late   in    1077.      lie  was  a 

clothier  in  London,  and  embarked  for  Boston 

in    1036,  where    he   soon    became    entangled    in 

theological  disputes  and  removed  t..  Plymouth. 

Then  he  preached  SUOh  heterodox  doctrines 
that  he  was  banished  as  a  heretic  in  the  winter 
of  1637  38.  Willi  a  few  followers  he  wen!  to 
Rhode    Island,  where   he  was  publicly  whipped 

for  calling  the  magistrates  "just-asses,"  and 
other  rebellious  aota.    In  1641  he  was  compelled 

to  leave  the  island.     He  took  refuge  with  Roger 

Williams  at  Providence,  but  soon  made  him- 
self so  obnoxious  then-  that  lie  escaped  public 
scorn  b\  removing  1 1642)  to  a  spot  on  the  west 
■ids  of  Narraganset  Bay,  where  he  bought  land 
of  Mlantonotno  and  planted  a  settlement.    The 

next  year  inferior  sachems  disputed  his  title  to 
the  land  ;  and,  calling  upon  Massachusetts  to  as- 


5  GOSNOLD 

sist  them,  an  armed  force  was  sent  to  arrest  Gor- 
ton and  his  followers,  and  a  portion  of  them 
were  taken  to  Boston  and  tried  as  "damnable 
heretics."  For  a  while  they  endured  confine- 
ment aud  hard  labor,  in  irons,  and  iu  1044  they 
were  banished  from  the  colony.  Gorton  went 
to  Englaud  and  obtained  from  the  Earl  of  War- 
wick an  order  that  the  clergyman  and  his  fol- 
lowers should  have  peace  at  the  settlement 
they  had  chosen.  He  called  the  place  War- 
wick when  he  returned  to  it  in  1048.  There  he 
preached  on  Sunday  and  performed  civil  ser- 
vice during  the  week. 

Gosnold,  Bartholomew,  a  friend  of  Raleigh 
and  his  colonization  schemes.  Because  of  Ra- 
leigh's failure,  he  did  not  lose  faith.  The  long 
routes  of  the  vessels  by  way  of  the  West  Indies 
seemed  to  him  unnecessary,  and  he  advocated 
the  feasibility  of  a  more  direct  course  across  the 
Atlantic.  He  was  offered  the  command  of  an 
expedition  by  the  Earl  of  Southampton,  to  make 
a  small  settlement  in  the  more  northerly  part  of 
America  :  and  on  the  20th  of  April,  1002,  Gosnold 
sailed  from  Falmouth,  England,  in  a  small  ves- 
sel, with  twenty  colonists  and  eight  mariners. 
He  took  the  proposed  shorter  route,  and  touched 
the  continent  near  Nahant,  Mass.,  it  is  supposed, 
eighteen  days  after  his  departure  from  England. 
Finding  no  good  harbor  there,  he  sailed  south- 
ward,discovered  and  named  Cape  Cod,  and  land- 
ed there.  This  was  the  first  time  the  shorter 
(present)  rout,'  from  England  to  New  York  and 
lioston  had  been  traversed;  aud  it  was  the  first 
time  an  Englishman  set  foot  on  New  England 
soil.  Gosnold  passed  around  the  cape,  and  en- 
tered Buzzard's  Bay,  where  lie  found  an  attract- 
ive group  of  islands,  and  he  named  the  west- 
ernmost Elizabeth,  in  honor  of  his  queen.  The 
whole  group  bear  that  name.  He  and  his  fol- 
lowers landed  on  Elizabeth  Island,  and  were 
charmed  with  the  luxuriance  of  vegetation,  the 
abundance  of  small  fruits,  and  the  general  as- 
pect of  nature.  Gosnold  determined  to  plant 
his  colony  there,  and  on  a  small  rocky  island, 
in  the  bosom  of  a  great  pond,  ho  built  a  fort; 
and,  had  the  courage  of  the  colonists  held  out, 
Gosnold  would  have  had  the  immortal  honor  of 
making  the  first  permanent  English  settlement 
in  America.  Afraid  of  the  Indians,  fearing  star- 
vat  ion,  wondering  what  the  winter  would  be, 
and  disagreeing  about  the  division  of  profits, 
they  were  seized  with  a  depressing  homesick- 
ness.     So,  loading  the  vessel  with  sassafras-root 

then  esteemed  in  Europe  for  its  medicinal  qual- 
ities), tins  gathered  from  the  natives,  and  other 
products,  tbey  abandoned  the  little  paradise  of 

beauty,  and  in  less  than  four  months  after  their 
depart ure  from  England  they  had  returned  : 
aud,  speaking  iu  glowing  terms  of  the  land  they 
had  discovered,  Raleigh  advised  the  planting 
of  settlements  in  that  region,  and  British  mer- 
chants afterwards  undertook  it.  (See  New  /'.'»</- 
land.)  Elizabeth  Island  now  bears  its  original 
name  of  Cottyunk.  Gosnold  soon  afterwards 
organized  a  company  for  colonization  in  Vir- 
ginia. A  charter  was  granted  him  and  his  as- 
sociates by  James  I.,  dated  April  Hi,  1606,  the 
first  under  which  the  English  were  settled  in 


GOSPEL,  SOCIETY  FOR  PROPAGATION   586         GOVERNORS  OF  LOYAL  STATES 


America.     He  soiled  Dec.  19,  1006,  with  three 

small  vessels  aud  one  hundred  and  five  advent- 
urers, of  whom  only  twelve  were  Laborers;  and. 
passing  between  Capes  Henry  and  Charles,  went 
up  the  James  River  in  April,  1007,  and  landed 
where  they  built  Jamestown  afterwards.  The 
place  was  an  unhealthy  one.  and  Gosnold  remon- 
strated against  founding  the  settlement  there, 
but  in  vain.  Sickness  and  oilier  causes  de- 
stroyed nearly  half  the  number  before  autumn. 
Among  the  victims  was  Gosuold,  who  died  on 
the22d  of  August,  1C07. 

Gospel,  Society  for  the  Propagation  of 
THE.  Edward  Winslow,  the  third  governor  of  the 
Plymouth  colony  (see  Winsloto,  Edward), became 
greatly  interested  in  the  Spiritual  concerns  of 
the  Indians  of  New  England;  and  when,  in  1649, 
he  went  to  England  on  account  of  the  colony,  he 
induced  leading  men  there  to  join  iu  the  forma- 
tion of  a  society  for  the  propagation  of  the  Gos- 
pel among  the  natives  iu  America.  The  society 
soon  afterwards  began  its  work  in  America,  and 
gradually  extended  its  labors  to  other  English 
(■(donics.  In  1701  (June  16)  it  was  incorporated 
under  the  title  of  "The  Society  for  the  Propa- 
gation of  the  Gospel  iu  Foreign  Parts."  "Will- 
iam III.  zealously  promoted  the  operations  of 
the  Bociety,  for  he  perceived  that  in  a  commu- 
nity of  religion  there  was  security  for  political 
obedience.  The  society  was  under  the  direction 
of  the  Church  of  England,  whose  system  was  es- 
teemed monarchical,  while  Ptesbyterianism,  and 
especially  Quakerism  and  Independency,  were 
deemed  republican  iu  character.  The  society 
still  exists,  and  its  operations  are  widely  ex- 
tended over  the  East  and  West  Indies,  Southern 
Africa,  Australia,  and  islands  of  the  Southern 
Ocean.  In  1873  it  had  4-i4  ordained  mission- 
aries, including  45  native  clergy  in  India,  822 
teachers  and  catecbists,  141  students  in  col- 
leges abroad,  and  au  annual  income  of  about 
$550,000.  Its  seal  is  an  ellipse  in  form,  with  a 
ship  under  full  sail  near  a  shore,  and  natives 
running  to  give  it  a  welcome.  It  bears  the 
inscription,  "sigillum  bocibtatis  db  promo- 

VENDO  l.\  am,i.i.iii  IN  l'AKiir.i  -  h:\n-\i  AIM- 
NIs." 

Government  for  Pennsylvania.  In  1688 
William  I'enn  published  a  "Frame  of  Govern- 
ment" for  Pennsylvania,  leaving  to  himself  and 
successors  "  no  power  of  doing  mischief  thai 
the  will  of'xine  man  may  not  hinder  the  good  of 
the  whole  country."  The  legislative  and  exee- 
utive  power  was  vested  in  a  council  of  seventy- 
two  pel-,, us,  elected  by  the  freemen  for  three 

years,  one  of  them  to  go  out  annually.  To  this 
frame  of  government  were  subjoined  forty  fun- 
damental laws.  This  government,  "  for  the  mat- 
ter of  liberty  and  privilege,"  I'enn  justly  -aid, 
was  "extraordinary"  for  the  time.  Afterwards, 
when  an  Assembly  of  Deputies  were  iii  session 
at  near  the  (lose  of  the  court,  an  -  .\>  \  of  Settle- 
ment" was  passed,  constituting  eighteen  mem- 
bers of  the  Assembly  a  con  mil,  and  the  remain- 
der delegates,  the  latter  to  number  thirty  si\. 
•  i  nor  and  council  were  to  pos 

ly  the  right  oi  proposing  laws.    This  "Settle- 


ment" restored  to  Penu  the  power  which  he  had 
too  generously  given  away  by  the  conditions 
of  the  Frame  of  Government.  Afterwards  the 
deputies,  discontented  with  their  subordinate 
position,  assumed  the  right  of  suggesting  laws. 
Some  violent  proceedings  ensued,  when  Penn, 
to  allay  the  excitement,  intrusted  the  executive 
authority  to  rive  commissioners,  leaving  legis- 
lation to  the  deputies.  This,  however,  was  not 
effectual,  and  in  1690  Penu  restored  the  power 
originally  given  to  the  council. 

Government  Hospitals  during  the  Civil 
War.  The  United  Srates  government  made 
ample  provision  for  the  sick  and  wounded  dur- 
ing the  Civil  War.  The  hospitals  were  exten- 
sive and  complete.  When  the  war  closed,  there 
were  204  general  hospitals, fully  equipped,  with 
a  capacity  of  136,891  beds.  Besides  these,  there 
were  numerous  temporary  and  Hying  hospitals 
—  the  former  in  camps  and  on  vessels,  and  the 
latter  on  battle-fields.  From  the  beginning, 
in  July,  1861,  until  July  1.  1865,  there  had  been 
treated,  in  the  general  hospitals  alone,  1,057,423 
cases,  among  whom  the  rate  of  mortality  was 
only  8  per  centum.  This  low  rate  was  due  chief- 
ly to  the  employment  of  a  sufficiency  of  compe- 
tent surgeons,  a  bountiful  provision  in  all  hos- 
pitals of  every  necessary,  the  beneficent  labors 
of  the  United  States  Sanitary  Commission  (which 
see)  aud  the  United  States  Christian  Commis- 
sion (which  see),  the  untiring  labors  of  women 
in  every  hospital,  and  the  potent  influence  of 
the  army  and  hospital  chaplains,  who  together 
numbered  at  least  100,000.  There  were  in  the 
national  armies  during  the  war  12,145  surgeons 
and  assistant  surgeons.  Of  these  nearly  800 
perished — some  in  battle,  but  most  of  them  from 
disease. 

Government  Year,  Tin:.  In  January.  1790, 
two  questions  arose  in  Congress,  as  to  when 
the  federal  or  government  year  should  begin, 
and  what  was  the  term  for  which  members  had 
been  chosen — two  years  from  the  date  of  their 
election,  or  only  to  the  end  of  the  current  Cull- 
grass.  The  national  government  had  not  actu- 
ally gone  into  operation  on  March  4.  the  day 
originally  appointed,  but  several  weeks  later, 
and  some  of  the  members  had  not  been  elected 
until  a  still  later  period.  It  was  linalh  agreed, 
on  the  report  of  a  .joint  committee,  that  the 
Congress  should  expire  with  the  3d  of  March, 
1791,  and  that  persons  chosen  to  till  vacancies 

should  be  considered  as  chosen  only  for  the  re- 
mainder of  the  Congress.  liver  since,  the  4th 
■  >f  March  has  been  the  beginning  of  a  new  Con- 

Govemors  of  Loyal  States;  CONVENTION 
OF.  <>n  the  same  day  when  President  Lincoln 
issued  his  proclamation  (Sept.  99,  1869)  warn- 
ing the  slaveholders  that  if  fhey  did  not  lay 
down  their  arms  within  three  months  their 
sla\es  would   be  set    flee  I  see   ffsUMOipStiON   I'loc- 

Itiniiitioii).  the  governors  of  eleven  of  the  firee- 

labor  states  assembled  at  Altoona.  I'enn  .  to 
consider  national  affairs.  Their  SSSSiOBS  were 
held  in  secret.  Among  other  proceedings  look- 
ing fo  unity  of  action,  they  adopted  an  address 


GRAND  GULF,  BATTLE  AT  5 

to  the  President,  warmly  commending  his  proc- 
lamation as  a  righteous  and  most  salutary  act, 
which  would  give  immense  strength  to  the  de- 
fenders of  the  imperilled  Republic,  and  as  a 
sure  promise  of  success  to  the  cause.  This  ad- 
dress was  written  by  Governor  John  A.  Andrew, 


of  Massachusetts,  one  of  the  most  earnest  and 
energetic  of  the  "  war  governors"  at  that  time. 
It  was  Bigned  by  Governor  Curtin  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, Andrew  of  Massachusetts,  Yates  of  Illi- 
nois, Washburne  of  Maine,  Salomon  of  Wiscon- 
sin, Kirk  wood  of  Iowa,  Martin  of  Indiana  (by 
his  representative,  !>.•;.  Rose),  Spragne  of  Rhode 
Island,  Pierpout  of  West  Virginia, Tod  of  Ohio, 
Berry  of  New  Hampshire,  aud  Blair  of  Michigan. 

Grand  Gulf,  Battle  at.  On  the  morning  of 
April  29,  1863,  Admiral  Porter,  with  his  gun  and 
mortar  boats,  attacked  the  Confederate  batter- 
ies at  Grand  Gnlf,  on  the  Mississippi,  and  after 
a  contest  of  five  hours  and  a  half  the  lower  bat- 
teries were  silenced.  The  upper  ones  were  too 
Mgfa  to  be  much  affected.  The  Confederates  had 
field-batteries  which  were  moved  from  point  to 
point,  and  sharpshooters  tilled  title-pits  on  the 
high  sides.     Grant,  becoming  convinced  that 

Porter  could  not  take  the  Wat  teries,  ordered  him 

to  run  by  them  with  gnnhoats  and  transports, 
as  he  had  done  at   Vioksburg  and  Warren  ton, 

while  the  army  (on  the  west  side  of  the  river) 
should  move  down  to  Rodney,  below,  where  it 
might  cross  without  much  opposition.  At  six 
o'clock  in  the  evening,  nnder  cover  of  a  heavy 
lite  from  the  Beet,  all  the  transports  passed  by 

in  <; 1  condition. 

Granger,  GORDON,  born  in  New  York  about 
I8S5;  died  at  Simla  ]'e..liine  In.  1-76.  He  grad- 
uated at  West  Point  in  1845;  served  in  the  war 
with  Mexico,  aud  was  made  captain  of  eavalry 
in    May,    1861.      He    Served   under   llalleck   and 

(irant  m  the  West,  and  was  made  major-general 

of  volunteers    Sept.   17,   1862,       He   commanded 

the  district  of  central  Kentucky,  was  put  in 
command  of  the  Fourth  Armj  Corps  alter  tin' 

battle  of  Chicka iga,  was   engaged  in   the 

Struggle  on  Missionaries'  Ridge,  November,  L863, 
and  was  active  in  (be  military  movements  that 
led  to  the  capture  of  Mobile  in  1884,  for  which 


he  was  breveted  major-general  of  the  United 

States  Army. 

Granite  State,  a  popular  name  for  the  State 
of  New  Hampshire,  because  the  mountainous 
portions  of  it  are  largely  composed  of  granite. 

Grant,  James,  a  Scotch  officer,  born  in  1720 ; 
died  April  13,  1806.  In  1757  he  was  major  of 
the  Montgomery  Highlanders.  He  was  in  the 
expedition  against  Fort  Duquesne  in  1758,  and 
in  1760  was  governor  of  East  Florida,  He  led 
an  expedition  against  the  Cherokees  in  May. 
1761,  was  acting  brigadier-general  in  the  battle 
of  Long  Island  in  1776,  and  was  made  major- 
general  in  1777.  He  was  with  Howe  in  New 
Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  in  1777.  He  fought 
the  Americans  at  Monmouth  in  1778,  and  in  No- 
vember sailed  in  command  of  troops  sent  against 
the  French  in  the  West  Indies,  taking  St.  Lucia 
iu  December.  Iu  1791  he  was  made  governor 
of  Stirling  Castle,  and  was  several  years  in  Par- 
liament. It  is  said  that  he  was  such  a  notorious 
gourmand  in  his  later  life  that  he  required  his 
cook  to  sleep  iu  the  same  room  with  him. 

Grant,  Ulysses  Simpson,  was  born  at  Poiut 
Pleasant,  O.,  April  27.  1822,  and  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  184:!.  He  served  in  the  war  with 
Mexico — first  under  General  Taylor,  and  then 
under  General  Scott — taking  pari  in  every  bat- 
tle between  Vera  Cruz  and  the  city  of  Mexico. 
He  was  made  captain  in  1853,  and  resigned  the 
next  year,  when  he  settled  in  St.  Louis.  He 
was  one  of  the  litst  to  offer  his  services  to  his 
country  when  the  Civil  War  broke  out,  and  be- 
came colonel  of  an  Illinois  volunteer  regiment. 
In  May  he  was  made  brigadier- general,  and 
placed  in  command  at  Cairo.  He  occupied  Pa- 
ducah,  broke  up  the  Confederate  camp  at  Bel- 
mont (which  see),  and  in  February,  1862,  capt- 
ured Forts  Henry  and  Donelson  (which  see). 
Ho  was  then  promoted  to  major-general;  con- 


DLT88BS  SIMPSON  GRANT. 


ducted  tbe  battle  of  Pittsburgh  Landing,  or  Shi- 
Lob,  anil  for  a  while  was  second  in  command  to 
llalleck.  He  performed  excellent  service  in  the 
West  and  Southwest,  especially  in  the  vicinity 


GRANTEES  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA       588       GRASSE,  COUNT  DE,  ARRIVAL  OF 


of  the  Mississippi  River  ami  at  and  near  the 
Tennessee  River,  iu  1863.  He  was  created  a 
lieutenant-general  (March  1,  1864),  and  award- 
ed a  gold  medal  by  Congress.  He  issued  his 
first  order  as  geueral-in-cbief  of  the  armies  of 
the  United  States  at  Nashville,  March  17,  1864. 
Iu  the  grand  movements  of  the  armies  in  1864,  he 
accompanied  that  of  the  Potomac,  with  his  bead- 
quarters  "  in  the  field,"  and  he  remained  with  it 
until  he  signed  the  articles  of  capitulation  at 
Appomattox  Court-house,  April  9, 1865.  In  1866 
he  was  promoted  to  General  of  the  United  States 
Army.  After  the  war,  Giant  tixed  his  head- 
quarters at  Washington.  When  President  John- 
sou  suspended  Stanton  from  the  office  of  Secre- 
tary of  War  (Aug.  12,  1867),  Grant  was  put  in 
his  place  ad  interim,  and  held  the  position  until 
Jan.  14,  1868,  when  Stanton  was  reinstated  by 
t  lie  Senate.  (See  Impeachment  of  Johnson.)  In 
1868,  General  Grant  was  elected  President  of 
the  United  States  by  the  Republican  party,  and 
was  re-elected  iu  1872.  He  retired  from  the  of- 
fice March  4, 1877. 

Grantees  of  North  Carolina.  In  1630  Charles 
I.  granted  to  Sir  Robert  Heath,  his  attorney- 
general,  a  patent  for  a  domain  south  of  Virginia, 
six  degrees  of  latitude  in  width,  and  extending 
westward  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Heath  did  not 
meet  his  engagements,  and  the  patent  was  va- 
cated. Iu  March,  1663,  Charles  II.  granted  to 
eight  of  bis  rapacious  courtiers  a  charter  for  the 
domain  granted  to  Heath.  They  had  begged  it 
from  the  king  under  the  pretence  of  a  "  pious 
zeal  for  the  propagation  of  the  gospel  among 
The  heathen."  These  courtier9  were,  the  covet- 
ous and  time-serviug  premier  and  historian,  the 
Earl  of  Clarendon  ;  George  Mouk,  who,  for  his 
conspicuous  and  treacherous  services  iu  the  res- 
toration of  the  monarch  to  the  throue  of  Eng- 
land, had  been  created  Duke  of  Albemarle;  Lord 
Craven,  the  supposed  dissolute  husband  of  the 
Queen  of  Bohemia ;  Sir  Anthony  Ashley  Cooper, 
afterwards  Earl  of  Shaftesbury  (see  Shaftesbury) ; 
Sir  Johu  Colleton,  a  corrupt  loyalist,  who  had 
played  false  to  Cromwell ;  Lord  John  Berkeley 
and  his  brother,  then  governor  of  Virginia  (see 
Berkeley,  Sir  WUUam),  and  Sir  George  Carteret,  a 
proprietor  of  New  Jersey — a  man  "passionate, 
ignorant,  and  not  too  honest."  (See  Carteret, 
Sir  George.)  When  the  petitioners  presented 
their  memorial,  so  full  of  pious  pretensions,  to 
King  Charles,  in  the  garden  tit  Hampton  Court, 
tin  "merrie  monarch,"  after  Looking  each  in 
the  face  a  moment,  burst  into  loud  Laughter, 
in  which  his  audience  joined  heartily.  Then, 
taking  up  a  little  shaggy  spaniel  with  Large, 
meek  eyes,  and  holding  it  at  arm's-length  before 
them,  he  said,  "Good  friends,  here  is  a  model 
of  piety  ami  sincerity  which  it  might  be  whole- 
some for  yon  to  copy."  Then,  tossing  it  to  Clar- 
endon, he  said,  "  There,  Hyde,  is  a  worthy  prel- 
ate; make  him  archbishop  of  the  domain  which  I 

shall  give  yon."  With  grim  satire,  Charles  Intro- 
duced into  the  preamble  of  tin-  oharter  ■>  state- 
ment that  the  petitioners," excited  with  aland- 
able  and  pious  yeal  tor  the  propagation   of  the 

gospel,  have  begged  a  certain  country  in  the 

parti  of  America  not   yet  cultivated  and  plant- 


ed, and  only  inhabited  by  some  barbarous  peo- 
ple who  have  no  kuowlcdge  of  God." 

Grant's  Cabinet  Ministers.  On  March  5, 
1868,  Presideut  Grant  sent  into  the  Senate  the 
names  of  the  following  persous  he  bad  chosen 
for  his  constitutional  advisers,  and  they  were  at 
once  confirmed:  Hamilton  Fisli  for  Secretary  of 
State;  George  S.  Boutwell  for  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury;  Johu  A.  Rawlins,  Secretary  of  War: 
Adolph  E.  Borie,  Secretary  of  the  Navy  :  Jacob 
D.  Cox,  Secretary  of  the  Interior;  John  A.  Cress- 
well,  Postmaster- general ;  E.  Rock  wood  Hoar, 
Attorney -general.  The  President  first  made 
choice  of  Alexander  T.  Stewart,  a  New  York 
merchant,  for  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  bnt  an 
old  law  made  him  ineligible.  General  Schofield 
was  first  nominated  for  Secretary  of  War,  but  he 
withdrew;  and  E.  B.  Washburne,  who  was  the 
President's  first  choice  for  Secretary  of  state, 
declined  the  honor.  Second  Term. — The  follow- 
ing named  gentlemen  composed  Grant's  cabinet 
ministers  at  the  beginning  of  bis  secoudterin  of 
office:  Hamilton  Fish,  Secretary  of  State;  W. 
W.  Belknap,  Secretary  of  War:  W.  A.  Richard- 
son, Secretary  of  the  Treasury;  George  M.  Robe- 
son, Secretary  of  the  Navy  :  Columbus  Delano, 
Secretary  of  the  Interior;  John  A,  J.  Cress  well, 
Postmaster-general;  George  H. Williams, Attor- 
ney-general 

Grant's  Final  Address  to  his  Soldiers. 
(See  Disbanding  of  the  Union  Armies.) 

Grape  Island,  Affair  at.  In  Boston  Har- 
bor was  Grape  Island,  to  which,  on  Sunday 
morning,  May  21,  1775,  some  British  troops  re- 
paired to  secure  some  hay ;  for  so  closely  were 
they  besieged  iu  Boston,  that  only  on  the  isl- 
ands in  and  near  the  harbor  could  they  procure 
grass  or  straw  or  fresh  meat.  Three  alarm-guns 
were  fired;  the  drums  beat  to  arms;  the  bills 
of  neighboring  towns  were  rung;  and  very  soon 
about  two  thousand  of  t lie  men  of  that  region 
were  flocking  to  the  water's  edge.  They  soon 
obtained  a  Lighter  and  a  sloop,  when  many  jump- 
ed on  board,  pushed  off,  and  landed  on  the  isl- 
and. The  British  fled,  and  the  Anieiieans  burn- 
ed the  hay   they  had  gathered. 

Grasse,  COTJHT  DX.     (See  Da  (irasse.) 
Grasse,  CotM  t>i:.  ARRIVAL  OF.     On  Aug. 3, 
1781,  the  French  fleet,' under  Count  de  Grasse, 

appeared  on  the  American  coast.  De  GraSM 
had  Balled  from  France,  towards  the  end  of 
March,  with  twenty-six  ships-of-t  he-line,  fol- 
lowed by  tin  Immense  convoy  of  about  two 
hundred  and  fifty  merchantmen.  That  convoy 
he   put    safely   into   the   harbor  of  Port    Koyal. 

having  carefully  avoided  a  olose  engagement 
with  a  purl  of  Rodney's  fleet, under  Admiral 
Hood.  He  engaged  with  British  vessels  tit  long 
range  |  Lpril  99), and  so  Injured  them  that  they 
were  obliged  to  go  t>>  Antigua  for  repairs,  and. 
meanwhile,  De  Grasse  accomplished  the  con- 
quest of  Tobago  in  June,     lie  then  proceeded 

with  the  thet  (if  merchant  men  to  Santo  Domin- 
go, and  soon  afterwards  sailed  w  ilh  an  Immense 
return  convoy,  bound  for  France.      Alter  seeing 

it  well  on  its  way,  in-  steered  for  the  Chesapeake, 


GRASSE,  COUNT  DE,  DAUGHTEES  OF     589 


GREAT  BRITAIN 


ami.  despite  the  activity  of  British  fleets  watch- 
ing for  him,  he  was  safe  within  the  capes  of  Vir- 
ginia, antl  at  anchor,  with  twenty-fonr  sliips-of- 
tbe-line,  at  the  beginning  of  September.  He 
found  an  officer  of  Lafayette's  start'  at  Cape 
Henry,  seut  to  request  him  to  blockade  the 
York  ami  .lames  rivers,  BO  as  to  cut  off  Corn- 
wall's nlreaf.  This  was  done  by  four  ships- 
of-the-line  and  several  frigates;  and  throe  thou- 
sand French  troops  were  sent  to  join  Lafayette. 

Grasse,  COUNT  DB,  DAUGHTERS  ok.  The  fam- 
ily of  De  Grasse  were  ruined  by  the  fury  of  the 
French  Revolution,  and  four  of  his  daughters 
(Amelia,  Adelaide,  Mel  ail  ie,  and  Silvia)  came,  to 
America  in  extreme  poverty.  Congress, in  Feb- 
rnary,  1795, gave  them  each  $1000,  in  considera- 
tion "of  the  extraordinary  services  rendered 
the  United  States  in  the  year  17S1  by  the  late 
Count  de  Grasse,  at  the  nrgenl  request  of  the 
commander-in-chief  of  the  American  forces,  be- 
yond the  term  limited  for  bis  co-operation  with 
the  troops  of  the  United  States." 

Graves  (Lord),  Thoxas,  was  born  in  17S5; 
died  Jan.  31,  1803.  Having  served  under  An- 
son, ll.iwke.  and  others,  he  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  Antelope,  on  the  North  American 
station,  in  1761,  and  made  Governor  of  New- 
foundland, in  I7?;i  he  became  Rear-admiral 
of  the  Bine,  and  the  next  year  came  to  America 
with  reinforcements  for  Admiral  Arbuthnot. 
On  the  return  of  the  latter  to  England  in  1781, 
Graves  became  chief  naval  commander  <>n  tin' 
American  station,     lb-  was  defeated  (8ept»5) 

b\    Pc  GrOBSe.      In  17'.).")  he   was  second  in   c - 

maud  under  Lord  Howe,  ami  was  raised  to  an 
Irish  peerage  and  Admiral  of  the  White  on  June 
1,  the  same  year. 

Great  Bridge,  BATTLE    vi   THE.     On  the  in- 
vasion  of  the  Elizabeth   River  by  Lord   Dnn- 
mbei .  i".".  i, Colonel  Woodford  called 
the  militia  to  arms.     Dnnmore  fortified  a  pas- 
sage of  the  Elizabeth  River,  on  the  borders  of 

the  Dismal  Swamp,  where  he  suspected  the  mi- 
litia wonld  attempt  to  cross.  It  was  known  as 
the  Great  Bridge.     There  be  cast  up  intronoh- 


six  hundred.  "Woodford  constructed  a  small 
fortification  at  the  opposite  end  of  the  bridge. 
On  Saturday  morning,  Dec.  9,  Captains  Leslie 
and  Fordyce,  seut  by  Dnnmore,  attacked  the 
Virginians.  After  considerable  manoeuvring 
and  skirmishing,  a  sharp  battle  ensued,  lasting 
about  twenty-five  minutes,  when  the  assailants 
were  repulsed,  and  fled,  leaving  two  spiked  field- 
pieces  behind  them.  The  loss  of  the  assailants 
was  fifty-live  killed  and  wounded.  Not  a  Vir- 
ginian was  killed,  and  only  one  man  was  slight- 
ly wounded  in  the  battle. 

Great  Britain.  Although  this  name  was  ap- 
plied by  the  French  at  a  very  early  period,  to 
distinguish  it  from  "Little  Britain," the  name 
of  the  western  peninsular  projection  of  France, 
called  by  the  Romans  Armorica,  it  was  seldom 
Used  on  that  island  until  the  accession  of  James 
I.  to  the  crown  of  England  (1603),  when  the 
whole  of  the  island,  comprising  England,  Scot- 
land, and  Wales,  was  nnited  under  one  sover- 
eign. By  the  legislative  union  between  Eng- 
land and  Scotland  in  1707, Great  Britain  became 
the  legal  title  of  the  kingdom.  The  official 
style  of  the  empire  is  now  "United  Kingdom 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.'' 

Great  Britain  and  the  Spanish  Colonies. 
The  pressure  of  the  American  Embargo  Act 
upon  British  commerce  had  been  greatly  re- 
lieved by  an  unlooked-for  event.  In  June, 
1808, the  Spaniards  revolted  against  Napoleon's 
attempt  to  impose  upon  them  a  king  from  his 
own  family;  and  this  not  only  opened  the  Span- 
ish peninsula  to  British  merchandise,  but,  as  the 
Spanish  colonies  yet  universally  adhered  to  the 

cause  of  the  old  royal  family,  a  commercial  in- 
tercourse now  began,  for  the  first  time,  between 
Spanish  America  and  Great  Britain.  The  mi- 
gration of  the  royal  familv  of  Portugal  to  Brazil 
had  also  given  to  British  merchants  access  to 
those  extensive  regions.  The  embargo  cut  off 
American  vessels  from  participat ion  in  this  new 
and  valuable  traffic.  The  news  of  the  Spanish 
revolt  had  caused  a  Boston  town -meeting  to 
memorialize  the  President   to  suspend  the  ein- 


HMnts,  it  the  Norfolk  end  of  the  bridge,  and 
amply  supplied  them  with  cannons.  These 
risoned   by   British    regulars,  Virginia 


bargo,  at  least  M  to  Spain  and  Portugal.  The 
revolt  had  released  American  vessels  detained 
Spanish  ports  by  the  l'.avonne  Decree,  and  it 


Tories,  negroes,  aud  vagrants,  in  number  about    was  speedily  followed  by  a  repeal  (July,  160S) 


GREAT  BRITAIN  5! 

of  the  British  Orders  in  Council,  so  far  as  Spain 
w  as  concerned. 

Great  Britain  calling  her  Subjects  Home. 
Some  American  officers, imprisoned  l>y  the  Brit- 
ish, were  paroled  in  1814,  with  a  commission  to 
inform  their  government  that  twenty-three  pris- 
oners sent  to  England  (see  Scott's  Boldness  and 
Humanity),  charged  with  treason,  had  not  heen 
brought  to  trial,  hut  remained  on  the  ordinary 
footing  of  prisoners  of  war.  This  speedily  led 
to  a  dismissal  of  all  imprisoned  officers,  on  both 
sides,  on  parole.  When  the  British  government 
thus  abandoned  its  untenable  claim  to  hold  sub- 
jects found  in  arms  against  it  as  traitors,  though 
they  might  be  residents  and  naturalized  citizens 
of  other  lands,  it  covered  its  retreat  by  a  procla- 
mation recalling  all  its  subjects  from  foreign 
service,  granting  pardon  for  all  past  treasons  of 
this  sort  on  the  score  of  probable  ignorance,  but 
threatening  to  punish  as  traitors  all  taken  in  the 
service  of  auy  hostile  power  after  four  months 
from  the  date  of  the  proclamation. 

Great  Chain  across  the  Hudson  River  at 
West  Point.  The  obstruction  of  the  Hudson 
River,  to  prevent  British  vessels  passing  up  that 
stream  during  the  war  for  independence,  and 
thus  defeat  the  ministerial  project  for  dividing 
the  Union,  occupied  much  of  the  attention  of 
the  patriots.  First  there  were  vessels  sunk, 
and  a  sort  of  chrcati.c-de-frise  constructed  in  the 
channel  between  Mount  Washington,  on  New- 
York  island,  and  the  Palisades.  A  chcraus-dc- 
firite  was  placed  in  the  channel  between  Pollo- 
pel'fl  Island  and  the  western  shore  of  the  river, 
just  above  the  upper  entrance  to  the  High- 
lands.   A  chain  and  boom  were  stretched  across 


)  GREAT  UPRISING,  THE 

Warwick,  Orange  Co.,  by  Peter  Townseud,  tin- 
der the  supervision  of  Timothy  Pickering.  The 
task  was  performed  in  six  weeks.  The  links 
were  carted  to  New  Windsor,  where,  at  Captain 
Machiu's  forges,  they  wen-  put  together,  and  the 
whole  floated  down  the  river  to  West  Point  on 
logs  late  in  April.  The  links  weighed  from  one 
hundred  to  one  huudred  and  fifty  pounds  each. 
The  length  of  the  chain  was  fifteen  hundred 
feet,  and  its  entire  weight  was  one  hundred  and 
eighty-six  tons.  The  logs  that  buoyed  it  were 
placed  transversely  with  the  chain,  a  few  feet 
apart,  and  their  ends  secured  by  chains  and 
strong  timbers.  The  ends  were  made  secure  to 
the  rocks  on  both  shores.  Fort  Constitution. 
on  Constitution  Island,  defended  one  end,  and 
a  small  battery  the  other.  In  winter  it  was 
drawn  on  shore  by  a  windlass,  and  replaced  in 
the  spring.  The  British  never  attempted  to 
disturb  it;  but  it  is  said  Benedict  Arnold,  when 
he  prepared  for  the  consummation  of  his  trea- 
son, took  measures  for  weakening  the  chain — 
how,  is  not  stated.     A  doubtful  si  on. 

Great  Fire  in  Charleston.  In  1740.  while 
the  Carolinians  were  feeling  the  disastrous  effect 
of  the  miscarriage  of  the  expedition  against  St. 
Augustine  (which  see),  a  tire  broke  out  (Novem- 
ber) in  Charleston  which  consumed  three  hun- 
dred of  the  best  buildiugs  in  the  town,  with 
goods  and  provincial  property  to  a  prodigious 
amount.  The  Legislature  applied  to  the  Brit- 
ish Parliament  for  relief,  which  voted  §100,000 
to  be  distributed  among  the  sufferers. 

Great  Uprising,  Tiik.  The  uprising  of  the 
people  of  the  free-labor  states  in  defence  of  the 
life  of  the  Republic  was  a  wonderful  spectacle. 


CillEAT  CHAIN   AND    SH1HTAKS. 


the  river  from  Anthony's  Nose  to  Fori   Mont- 
gi ay,  al  the  low  ei'  en  tin  nee  to  t  lie  Highlands. 

In   the   spring  of  177-   the    most    notable   of  all 

these  obstructions, a  heavj  chain  inpported  by 

huge  1ol;m,  was  stretched  across  the  Hudson  from 
West  Point  to  Constitution  bland, opposite.    It 

was  constructed  at  the  stilling  Iron-works,  at 


Men,  women,  and  children   felt   the  enthusiasm 

alike,  and,  as  it  by  preconoerted  arrangement, 

the    national    Bag    W»S    everywhere    displayed, 

even  from  the  spires  of  churches  and  oathe- 
drals.  In  cities,  in  villages,  and  at  waj  tide 
taverns  all  over  the  country,  11  was  unfurled 

from  lolly  poles  in  the  presence  of  huge  aBMD> 


GREED  A  CAUSE  OF  DISASTER         5 

blages  of  the  peoplo,  who  were  addressed  fre- 
quently by  some  of  the  most  eminent  orators  in 
the  laud.  It  adorned  the  balls  of  .justice  aud 
the  sanctuaries  of  religion  ;  and  the  Red,  White, 
aud  Blue — the  colors  of  the  flag  in  combination 
— became  a  common  ornament  of  the  women 
and  a  token  of  the  loyalty  of  the  men.  In  less 
than  a  fortnight  after  the  President's  call  for 
troops  the  post-offices  were  gay  with  letter-en- 
velopes bearing  every  kind  of  device,  in  brill- 
iant colors,  illustrative  of  love  of  country  anil 
hatred  of  rebellion.  The  use  of  these  became  a 
passion,  and  no  less  than  four  thousand  differ- 
ent kinds  of"  Union  envelopes"  were  produced 
in  the  course  of  a  few  weeks.  The  uprising  in 
the  slave-labor  states,  though  less  general  and 
enthusiastic,  was  nevertheless  marvellous. 

Greed  a  Cause  of  Disaster.  Greed  for  plun- 
der caused  disaster  to  Sumter  at  Hanging  Rock 
(which  see)  and  Greene  at  Eutaw  Spring  (which 
see  i,  and  greater  disasters  occurred  to  the  Brit- 
ish from  this  cause.  To  the  greed  of  naval  offi- 
cers Cornwallis  was  indebted  tor  bis  disaster  at 
Yorktown,  moii'  than  to  anything  else.  The 
best  British  naval  officers  weic  averse  to  serv- 
ing against  the  Americans.  Howe  only  obeyed 
commands  when  he  came  iii  17?li,  and  after  him 
appeared  interior  officers.  Arbuthnot  was  old 
and  imbecile;  Graves  "as  coarse,  vulvar,  and 
without  skill  in  his  profession  ;  and  Rodney, 
superior  iu  ability  to  either  of  t  hem,  was  avari- 
cious. His  tleet  bad  been  ordered  to  the  Ches- 
apeake to  assist  Cornwallia,  when  besieged  at 
Yorktown,  by  keeping  De  $rasse  at  bay;  but 
he  lingered  so  long  in  disposing  of  his  prizes 
taken  at  St.  Kustatius  (which  see),  and  in  trying 
to  escape  financial  difficulties  in  which  his  in- 
discriminate seizure  of  property  had  involved 
him,  that,  pleading  ill-health,  he  sent  Sir  Sam- 
uel Hood,  and  returned  to  England.  Hood  was 
ordered  to  go  to  the  Chesapeake  with  fourteen 
ships-of-thc-liuc  and  a  tin-ship  to  form  a  junc- 
tion with  Graves;  but,  instead  of  obeying  this 
order,  which  would  have  given  the  British  fleet 
great  superiority  in  strength  to  that  of  the 
French,  be  cruised  oil'  the  New  England  coast 
in  search  of  prizes.  The  consequence  was.  He 
Grasse  entered  the  Chesapeake  before  there  w  as 

a  serious  opposing  force  there  and  lie  worsted 
(haves    iu    a    fighl    and   drove    bill)   avv;i. 

Naval  Engagement  off  ihr  Cap  i  of  Virginia.) 

Greed  Predominant.  After  the  siege  of  Sa- 
vannah and  the  possession  of  Georgia  and  the 
coast  islands  of  South  Carolina  by  the  British, 
their  power  might  have  been  permanent  iu  the 
South  had  they  emancipated  and  armed  the 
slaves.  Hut  the  slave-trade  was  then  the  most 
lucrative  occupation  of  England,  and  the  thought 
of  slavery  being  a  sin.  and  its  abolition  a  good, 
had  not.  entered  the  average  English  mind. 
The  army  would  have  opposed  the  enlistment 
of  negroes,  and  the  officers  were  more  willing  to 
share  in  the  profits  of  sending  them  to  the  West 
Indies  and  selling  them  as  slaves  than  to  gain 
advantage  for  their  country  or  for  the  good  of 
humanity.  This  greed  was  encouraged  by  the 
king  and  his  ministers.     Germain's  instructions 


1  GREELEY 

to  the  British  officers  authorized  the  confiscation 
and  sale  not  only  of  the  negroes  employed  iu 
the  American  army,  but  of  those  who  voluuta- 
rily  followed  the  British  troops  and  took  British 
protection.  Hundreds  of  confiding  negroes  were 
shipped  to  the  West  Indies  as  soldiers  and  sold 
as  slaves.  The  Indians  in  Georgia  were  em- 
ployed to  catch  slaves  aud  briug  them  iu.  Ev- 
ery slave  was  valued  at  an  average  of  $250. 
Georgia  and  South  Carolina  were  filled  with  the 
sobs  of  numbers  of  separated  families. 

Greeley,  Horace,  au  emiueut  journalist,  was 
born  at  Amherst,  N.  H.,  Feb.  3,  1811 ;  died  at 
Pleasautville,  Westchester  Couuty,  N.  Y.,  Nov. 
29,  1872.  Fond  of  reading  almost  from  baby- 
hood, he  felt  a  strong  desire  as  he  grew  to  youth 


Horace  GREELEY. 


to  become  a  printer,  and  in  1826  became  an  ap- 
prentice to  the  art  iu  Poultney,  Vt.  Ho  became 
an  expert  workman.  His  parents  had  moved  to 
Brie,  Penn.,  and  during  his  minority  he  visited 
them  twice,  walking  nearly  the  whole  way.  In 
August,  1831,  ho  was  in  New  York  in  search  of 
work,  with  ten  dollars  in  his  pocket.  He  worked 
as  a  journeyman  until  1883,  when  he  began  busi- 
ness on  bis  own  account,  with  a  partner,  print- 
ing the  Morning  Pott, the  first  penny  daily  paper 

(owned- by  Dr.  H.  D.  Shepard)  ever  published. 
His  partner  (Storey)  was  drowned  in  July,  and 
Jonas  Winchester  took  his  place.  The  new  firm 
issued  the  New  Yorker,  devoted  mainly  to  cur- 
rent literature,  in  1SIS4,  of  which  Mr.  Greeley 
was  editor.  The  paper  reached  a  circulation  of 
nine  thousand,  and  continued  seven  yean.  In 
1840  he  edited  and  published  the  Log  Cabin,  a 
campaign  paper  that  obtained  a  circulation  of 
eighty  thousand  copies;  and  on  April  10,  1841, 
he  issued  the  first  number  of  the  Daily  Tribune, 
a  small  sheet  t  bat  sold  tor  one  cent.     In  the  fall 

of  that  yeai  the  Weekly  Tribune  was  issued.  Mr. 
Greeley  formed  a  partnership  with  Thomas 
McElratb,  who  took  charge  of  the  business  de- 
partment, and  from  that  time  until  his  death  he 
was  identified  with  the  New  York  Tribune.  Of 
Mi.  Greeley's  career  in  connection  with  that  pa- 
per it  is  not  necessary  here  to  speak,  for  it  is  gen- 
erally known.  His  course  on  political  and  social 
questions  was  erratic.    Ho  believed  it  better,  be- 


GREELEY'S  PEACE  MISSION  5! 

fore  the  Civil  War  broke  out,  to  let  the  states  se- 
cede if  the  majority  of  the  people  said  so.  When 
Jefferson  Davis  was  to  be  released  on  bail,  he 
volunteered  his  signature  to  his  bail-bond;  and 
yet  during  the  whole  war  he  was  thoroughly 
loyal.  In  1869  lie  was  the  Republican  candidate 
for  Comptroller  of  the  State  of  New  York  :  and 
in  1872  lie  accepted  a  nomination  for  President 
of  the  United  States  from  a  party  with  the  prin- 
ciples of  which,  and  from  men  with  whom,  he 
had  always  been  in  tierce  antagonism.  It  is 
evident  now  that  for  a  year  or  more  Mr.  Gree- 
ley's brain,  overworked,  was  disturbed:  and  as 
soon  as  the  election  that  year  was  over,  and  he 
was  defeated,  his  brain,  doubly  taxed  by  anxiety 
at  the  bedside  of  a  "lying  wife,  was  prostrated 
with  disease,  and  he  sank  rapidly  into  the  grave. 
Mr.  Greeley  was  the  author  of  several  books,  his 
most  considerable  work  being  a  history  of  the 
Civil  War,  in  two  thick  volumes,  called  The 
American  Conflict.  Mr.  Greeley  died  in  a  full 
belief  in  the  doctrine  of  universal  salvation. 
which  he  had  held  for  many  years. 

Greeley's  Peace  Mission.  In  the  summer 
of  1864  a  number  of  leading  conspirators  against 
the  life  of  the  Republic  were  at  the  Clifton 
House,  at  Niagara  Falls,  in  Canada,  where  they 
plotted  schemes  for  exciting  hostile  feelings  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  :  for 
burning  Northern  cities;  rescuing  the  Confed- 
erate prisoners  on  and  near  the  borders  of  Can- 
ada ;  spreading  contagious  diseases  in  the  Na- 
tional military  camps;  and,  ultimately,  much 
greater  mischief.  These  agents  were  visited  by 
members  of  the  Peace  Faction  (which  see).  At 
the  suggestion,  it  is  said,  of  a  conspicuous  leader 
of  that  faction,  a  scheme  was  set  on  foot  to  make 
the  loyal  people,  who  yearned  for  an  honorable 
peace, dissatisfied  with  the  administration.  The 
Confederates  at  the  Clifton  House  employed  a 
Northern  politician  of  the  baser  sort  to  address 
a  letter  to  Horace  Greeley,  editor  of  the  Now 
York  Tribune,  informing  him  that  a  delegation 
Of  Confederates  were  authorized  to  go  to  Wash- 
ington in  tin;  interest  of  peace  if  full  protection 
could  be  guaranteed  them.  The  kindly  heart 
of  Mr.  Greeley  sympathized  with  this  move- 
ment, for  he  did  not  suspect  a  trick.  He  drew 
up  a  "Plan  Of  Adjustment,"  which  he  sent,  with 
the  letter  of  the  Confederates,  to  President  Lin- 
coln, ami  urged  the  latter  to  respond  to  it.  The 
i  toions  President  had  no  confidence  in 
the  professions  of  these  conspirators;  yet.  un- 
willing to  si  mi  heedless  of  any  proposition  for 
peace,  he  deputed  Mr.  Greeley  to  bring  to  him 
any  person  or  persons  "professing  to  have  any 
proposition  of  Jefferson  Davis,  in  writing,  for 
peace, embracing  the  restoration  of  the  Union 
and  abandonment  of  slavery,"  w  ith  an  assurance 
of  iaf(  conduct  for  him  or  them  each  w  ay.  Con- 
siderable correspondence  ensned.  (ft 
went  to  Niagara  Palis.  Then  the  Confederates 
pretended  there  was  a  misunderstanding.  The 
matter  became  vexations,  and  the  President  sent 
positive  instructions  toGreelej  prescribing  ex- 
plicitly   what    propositions    he    would    receive; 

namely,  for  a  restoration  of  peace,  the  Integrity 
of  the  whole  Union, and  the  abandonment  of 


2  GREEN  MOUNTAIN  BOYS 

slavery,  and  which  might  come  by  and  with 
the  authority  that  can  control  the  armies  then 
at  war  with  the  United  States.  This  declara- 
tion was  the  grand  object  of  the  Confederates 
at  Niagara,  and  they  used  it  to  "  fire  the  South- 
ern heart"  and  to  sow  the  seeds  of  discontent 
among  the  loyal  people  of  the  land. 

Green,  Bartholomew,  the  first  newspaper 
publisher  in  America,  was  born  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Oct.  12,  1666;  died  in  Boston,  Dec.  28, 
1/32.  He  succeeded  his  father.  Samuel,  as  print- 
er, in  Boston,  and  on  April  *24.  1704.  be  issued 
the  first  number  of  the  Bottom  Newt-Letter,  a 
publication  issued  by  him  dining  his  life.  He 
published  the  Weekly  News- Letter,  which  was 
combined  with  the  other,  and  it  was  called  the 
Boston  Weekly  Newt -Letter. 

Green  Mountain  Boys.  Some  of  the  settlers 
who  had  received  giants  of  laud  from  Governor 
Wentworth,  of  New  Hampshire  (see  New  Hamp- 
shire Grants),  had  crossed  the  Green  Mountains 
and  occupied  lands  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Cham- 
plain.  Emigration  flowed  over  the  mountains 
rapidly  after  the  close  of  the  French  and  Indian 
War,  and  the  present  State  of  Vermont  was 
largely  covered  by  Wentworth's  grants.  The 
authorities  of  New  York  now  proceeded  to  as- 
sert their  claims  to  this  territory  under  the  char- 
ter given  to  the  Duke  of  York.  Aoting-go\  am- 
or Coldeu  issued  a  proclamation  to  that  effect 
(Dec.  28,  1763),  to  which  Wentworth  replied  by 
a  counter-proclamation.  Then  the  matter,  on 
Colden's  application,  was  laid  before  the  king  in 
council.  A  royal  order  was  issued  (March  13. 
1764)  which  declared  the  Connecticut  River  to 
be  the  eastern  boundary  of  New  York.  The  set- 
tlers did  not  suppose  this  decision  would  affect 
the  titles  to  their  lands,  and  they  had  no  care 
about  political  jurisdiction.  Land  speculators 
caused  the  New  York  authorities  to  assert  fur- 
ther claims  that  were  unjust  and  impolitic.  On 
the  decision  of  able  legal  authority.  th< 
ed  the  right  of  property  in  the  soil,  and  orders 
were  issued  for  the  Mirvey  anil  sale  of  farms  on 
the  "Grants"  in  the  possession  of  actual  settlers, 
who  had  bought,  paid  for,  and  improved  them. 
The  settlers,  disposed  to  be  quiet,  loyal  subjects 
of  New  York,  were  converted  into  rebellious 
foes,  determined  and  defiant.  A  new  and  pow- 
erful opposition  to  the  claims  of  New  York  was 
created,  composed  of  the  sinews  and  Brackets  and 

determined  wills  of  the  /»«/</<  of  the  "Grants,'' 
backed  by  New  Hampshire,  and.  indeed,  bj  all 
New  England.  New  York  had  left  them  no  al- 
ternative hut  the  degrading  one  of  leaving  ot 
repurchasing  their  possessions.     The  Governor 

and  Council  of  New  York  summoned  the  people 
of  the  "Grants"  to  appear  before  them  at  Alba- 
ny, with  their  deeds  and  other  evidences  of  pos- 
session, wi  thin  three  months,  tailing  in  which 
it  was  declared  that  the  claims  of  all  delinquents 

would   be   rejected.      No  attention    was   paid   to 

the  summons.  Meanwhile  speculators  had  been 
purchasing  from  \i  \\  York  large  tracts  of  these 

estates,  and  were  preparing  to  take   possession. 

The  settlers  sent  an  agenl  to  England  to  lay 

before   the   king.      He  came  hack  in 


GEEEX  MOUNTAIN  STATE  5! 

1707  witli  an  order  for  the  Governor  of  New 
York  to  abstain  from  issuing  any  more  patents 
for  lands  eastward  of  Lake  ChamplaiD.     The 

order   was   nut   ex  pott  facto,  and   I  lie  New  York 

patentees  proceeded  to  lake  possession  of  their 

purchased  lands.  The  settlers  amused  tor  re- 
sistance, led  by  a  brave  and  determined  com- 
mander from  Connecticut,  Ethan  Allen.  The 
men  under  his  command  called  themselves  the 
"Green  .Mountain  Hoys;''  and  for  some  years 
the  New  Hampshire  Grants '  formed  a.  theatre 
where  all  the  elements  of  ei\il  war,  excepting 
actual  carnage,  were  in  active  exercise.  In  1774 
Governor  Tryon,  <>t'  New  York,  issued  a  procla- 
mation, ordering  Ethan  Allen,  Setb  Warner,  and 
other  leaders  of  the  Green  Mountain  Boys,  to 
surrender  themselves  within  thirty  days,  or  lie 
subjected  to  the  penalty  of  death.  These  lead- 
ers retorted  by  offering  a   reward  for  the  arrest 

of  the  Attorney-general  of  New  York.  The  war 
for  independence  Boon  broke  out  and  suspended 
the  controversy.  In  that  war  the  Green  Moun- 
tain Boys  took  a  conspicuous  part. 

Green  Mountain  State.  A  popular  name  of 
Vermont,  the  principal  mountain -range  being 
the  Greeu  Mountains. 

Green,  Samcki..  the  second  printer  in  the 
United  States,  was  limn  in  England  in  1615; 
died  at  Cambridge,  Mas-..  Jan.  1.  1702.  He  suc- 
ceeded Daj  (which  Bee)  in  Hit*.  Mr. Green  had 
nineteen  children,  and  his  descendants  were  a 

race  Of  printers  in  New  England  and  in  Mary- 
land, lie  printed  the  Psalter,  translated  into 
the  Indian  language  by  Eliot  the  Apostle,  and 
many  other  1 ks.  His  son  Bartholomew  print- 
ed, in  April,  1704,  the  fust  new  -paper  ever  issued 

In  America     the  Boston  News- Letter     which  was 

continued  by  Green  ami  his  successors. 

Greene  and  the  Southern  Army.  At  Char- 
lotte. N.  <'..  General  Greene  assumed  command 

of  the    Southern    army.       He    found    the    troops 

without  paj  and  their  clothing  in  rags.  There 
was  hardlj  a  dollar  in  the  military  chest,  and 
subsistence  was  obtained  wholly  by  impress- 
ment At  Salisbury  lie  was  quartered  at  the 
house  of  Mi>.  Elizabeth  Steele,  a  patriot  of  the 
purest  mould.    She  heard  Greene  speak  despond- 

Ingly  because  of  the  emptiness  of  the  money- 
chest.  Her  heart  was  touched:  and  while  he 
wa-  at  table  she  brought  two  hag-  full  of  specie, 
the  earnings  of  toil,  and  presented  them  to  him. 
saying,  "Take  these,  for  you  will  want  them, 
ami  1  can  do  without  tie  in."    Greene  was  very 

grateful  ;  and  before  he  left  her  house  he  wrote 
on  the  hack  of  a  portrait  of  the  king  hanging  in 
the  room,  "O, George,  hide  thy  face  and  mourn!" 
and  then  hung  it  up  w  ith  its  face  to  the  wall. 

Greene,  Christophbr,  was  horn  at  Warwick, 
B.  I.,  in  I7::7 ;  killed  in  Westchester  County. 
X.  Y  .  Ma\  18,  1781.  He  was  major  in  the  ••army 
of  observation "  authorized  bj  the  Legislature  of 
Rhode  l-l.uid.  He  accompanied  Arnold  through 
the  w  ilderness  to  Quebec  in  the  fall  of  177.">  (see 
Arnold's  Expedition),  and  was  made  prisoner  in 

the  attack  on  that  cit\  at  the  close  of  December. 
In  October,  177b,  he  was   put   in  command  of  a 

regiment,  and  was  placed  iii  charge  of  ion 


3  GREENE 

Mercer,  on  the  Delaware,  which  he  gallantly  de- 
fended the  next  year.  He  took  part  in  Sullivan's 
campaign  in  Rhode  Island  in  1778,  and  in  the 
spring  of  1781  his  quarters  on  the  Croton  River 
were  surrounded  by  a  party  of  loyalists  and  he 
was  slain.  For  his  defence  of  Fort  Mercer,  Con- 
gress voted  him  a  sword  iu  1786,  aud  it  was  pre- 
sented to  his  eldest  son. 

Greene,  GEORGE  BRASS,  was  horn  at  War- 
wick. R.  I..  May  II.  1801,  and  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  182:5.  He  resigned  in  1836,  became 
a  civil  engineer,  and  was  employed  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  High  Bridge  and  Croton  Res- 
ervoir in  New  York  city.  In  January.  1862,  he 
was  appointed  colonel  of  a  New  York  volun- 
teer regiment,  and  commanded  iu  Auger's  divi- 
sion in  Banks's  corps.  Having  been  appointed 
brigadier-geueral,  he  took  command  of  Auger's 
division  on  the  hitter's  promotion,  and  fought 
gallantly  under  Mansfield  at  Antietam.  lie  was 
in  the  battles  of  Chancellnisvillo  and  Gettys- 
burg. He  was  wounded  at  Wauhatcbie  (which 
see  i.  and  was  in  eastern  North  Carolina  early 
iu  1865. 

Greene,  N  vniAMi  i.  was  born  at  Warwick, 
B.  1..  May  -J7,  17  1.':  died  June  19, 1786,  and  was 
buried  at  Savannah,  Ca.  His  fat  her  w  as  a  mem- 
ber of  I  he  Society  of  friends  or  Quakers,  and 
the   sou   was  a  birthright    Friend.      His  cditca- 


KATIIAMKI.    CKKKNK. 

tion  was  confined  to  the  English  of  the  com- 
mon school,  and  his  youth  was  spent  on  the 
farm,  in  a  mill,  or  in  a  blacksmith's  shop.  At 
tie-  age  of  twenty  years  he  studied  law  and  af- 
terwards military  tactics.  He  was  fond  of  books 
from  his  childhood.  In  1770  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Rhode  Island  Legislature,  where- 
in he  held  a  scat,  a  popular  member,  until  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  the  Southern  army 
in  1780.    His  military  proclivities  caused  him  to 

be  ••disowned"  by  Friends,  and  he  became  a 
member  of  a  military  company.  Three  regi- 
ments of  militia  were  organized  in  Rhode  Isl- 
and after  the  affair  at   Lexington,  as  an  "army 

of  observation,"  and  these  Greene,  as  provincial 
brigadier-general,  led  to  Cambridge,  where  he 
was  created  a  brigadier-general  in  the  Conti- 
nental army, June  92,  177.">.     Washington  saw 


GREENE  E 

.-iiid  appreciated  his  soldierly  qnnlitiea,  and  in 
August,  1770.  be  was  made  a  major-general.  He 
commanded  the  left  wing  of  the  army  at  Tren- 
ton ;  was  active  in  New  Jersey  ;  by  a  rapid 
movement  saved  rlie  army  from  destruction  at 
the  Brandy  wine  ;  was  in  the  battle  of  German- 
town  (Oct.  4. 1777):  and  in  March,  177r\  accepted 
the  office  of  quartermaster-general,  but  with  a 
guarantee  that  he  should  not  lose  his  right  of 
command  in  action.  This  office  he  resigned  in 
August.  1760.  In  the  battle  of  Springfield  (which 
see)  in  June.  1780,  he  was  conspicuous.  Daring 
Washington's  visit  to  Hartford  (September, 
1780),  he  was  in  command  of  the  army,  and 
was  president  of  the  Court  of  Inquiry  in  the 
case  of  Major  Andre"  soon  afterwards.  (See 
Treason  of  Arnold.)  Greene  succeeded  Gates  in 
command  of  the  Southern 
army  (Oct.  14, 1780),  which 
he  found  a  mere  skeleton, 
while  a  powerful  enemy 
w  as  in  front  of  it.  He  took 
command  of  it  at  Charlotte, 
N.  C.  Dec.  4.  By  skill  and 
energy  he  brought  order 
and  Btrength  out  of  con- 
fusion, and  soon  taught 
Cornwallis  that  a  better 
general  than  Gates  con- 
fronted him.  He  made 
a  famous  retreat  through 
Carolina  into  Virginia  (see 
Greene's  Famous  Retreat), 
and. turning  hack,  fought 
the  British  army  at  Gail- 
ford  Court-house.  X.  C. 
(which  see),  March  15,1781. 
Greene  then  pushed  into 
South  Carolina. and  was  de- 
feated by  Lord  Bawdon  in 
a  battle  at  Hobkirk'e  Hill 
(u  Inch  Bee), April  25.  Soon 
afterwards  he  besieged  the 

fort  of  Ninety-six  (which  see),  and  on  Sept.  * 
gained  a  victory  at  Entaw  Spring,  S.C.,  for  which 
Congress  gave  him  thanks,  a  British  standard, 
and  a  gold  medal.  (See  Entitle  Spring.)  Ex- 
pelling the  British  from  the  Southern  country. 
Greene  returned  to  Rhode  Island  at  the  close 
of  the  war.  Congress  presented  him  with  two 
pieces  of  artillery.  The  state  of  Georgia  gave 
him  a  fine  plantation  a  few  mill's  from  Savan- 
nah, where  he  settled  in  the  fall  of  17-."..  and 
died  the  next  year.  South  Carolina  also  gave 
him  a  valuable  tract  of  land.  A  monument  dedi- 
cated jointly  to  Greene  and  Pulaski  stands  in 
the  city  of  Savannah,  and  the  Mate  of  Bbode 
Island  has  erected  an  equestrian  statue  of  him  at 
the  national  capital,  executed  bj    II    K.lirowne. 

Greene,  Krv.  Zp.CHARIAH,  was  horn  at  Staf- 
ford, Conn.,  Jan.  II.  1760;  died  at  Hempstead, 

I,.  I. ,.  I  a  ne  20,  1858,  aged  ninety-eight  years,     lie 

•ldier  in  the  army  of  the  Revolution; 

became  a  minister  of  the  Gospel  and  a  settled 

pRS( Long   Island,  and   was  B  chaplain   in 

the  srmj  in  the  War  of  L81S  15 

Oreeue's  Famous  Retreat.     After  the  disas- 


4     GREENES  FAMOUS  RETREAT 

ter  at  the  Cow-pens,  Cornwallis  placed  his  force 
in  light  marching  order  and  started  in  pursuit 
of  Morgan,  hoping  to  intercept  him  before  he 
could  cross  the  Catawba  River.  The  earl  or- 
dered all  his  stores  and  superfluous  baggage  to 
he  burned,  and  his  whole  army  was  converted 
into  light  infantry  corps.  The  only  wagons 
saved  were  those  with  hospital  stores,  salt,  and 
ammunition,  and  four  empty  ones  for  the  sick 
and  wounded.  Sensible  of  his  danger.  Mor- 
gan, leaving  seventy  of  his  severely  wounded 
under  a  Hag  of  truce,  crossed  the  Broad  River 
immediately  after  the  battle  at  the  Cow  pens. 
and  pushed  for  the  Catawha.  Cornwallis  fid- 
lowed  the  next  morning.  Two  hours  before 
the  van  of  the  pursuers  appealed.  Morgan  had 
passed  the  Catawba  at  Trading  Ford,  and  before 


TliUUNC,    FORD    ON    TIIK    CATAWBA. 

the  British  could  begin  the  passage,  heavy  rains 

produced  a  sudden  rise  in  the  waters,  and  time 
was  given  to  Morgan  to  send  off  his  prisoners 
and  to  refresh  his  weary  troops.  When  Greene 
heard  of  the  affair  at  the  Cow  pens,  he  put  his 
troops  in  motion  to  join  Morgan.  Pressing  for- 
ward with  only  a  small  guard,  he  joined  Morgan 
two  days  after  be  had  passed  the  Catawba  (Jan. 
29,  17-1).  and  assumed,  in  person,  the  command 
of  the    division.       And    now    one   of   the    most 

remarkable  military  movements  on  record  oc- 
curred. It  was  the  retreat  of  the  American 
army,  under  Greene,  from  the  Cataw  ha  tbrongh 
North  Carolina  into  Virginia.  When  the  wa- 
ters of  the  Catawba  subsided,  Cornwallis  cross- 
ed and  resumed  his  pursuit.  He  reached  the 
right  bank  of  the  Yadkin  Feb.  3)  just  as  t  he 
Americans  were   safely  landed   on   the  opposite 

~i Again  he  was  arrested  by  the  sudden 

swelling  of  the  river.  Onward  the  living  pa- 
triots  sped,  and   after  a    few    hours   Cornwallis 

was  again  in  full  pursuit.  At  Guilford  Oonrt- 
honsc  Greene  was  Joined  (Feb.  7-  by  his  mam 
army  from  Cheraw,  and  all  continued  their 
flight  towards  Virginia,  for  the]  were  not  st g 


GEEENE'S  TRIUMPHS  IN  THE  SOUTH    595 


GREGORY 


enough  to  give  battle.  After  many  hardships 
ami  narrow  escapes,  the  Americans  reached  the 
Dan  (Feb.  15,  1781),  and  crossed  its  rising  wa- 
ters into  the  friendly  bosom  of  Halifax  County, 
Va.  When  Comwallis  arrived,  a  few  hours  af- 
terwards, the  stream  was  so  high  and  turbulent 
thai  he  could  not  cross.  There,  mortified  and 
disappointed,  the  earl  abandoned  t  he  chase,  and. 
moving  snllenly  southward  through  North  Car- 
olina, established  his  camp  at  HillBborongb. 

Greene's  Triumphs  in  the  South.  While 
Greene  and  his  army  remained  on  the.  Santoe 
Hills  until  late  in  the  fall,  his  partisan  corps, 
led  by  Marion,  Sumter,  Lee,  and  others,  were 
driving  the  British  forces  from  post  to  post, in 
the  low  country,  and  smiting  Tory  bands  in  ev- 
ery direction.  The  British  finally  evacuated  all 
their  Interior  stations  and  retired  n>  Charleston, 

pursued  almost  to  the  edge  of  the  city  by  the 
partisan  troops.  The  main  army  occupied  a  po- 
sition between  that  city  and  Jacksonborongb, 
where  the  South  Carolina  Legislature  had  re- 
tained its  sessions,  (iii cue  had  failed  to  win 
victories  in  battle,  but  had  fully  accomplished 
the  object  of  his  campaign  namely,  to  liberate 
the  Carolinas  and  Georgia  from  British  rule.    In 

the  course  of  nine  n ths  he  had  recovered  the 

three  Southern   states,  and   at   the  close  of  17S1 

he  had  all  of  the  British  troops  below  Virginia 

hemmed  within  the  cities  of  Charleston  and  Sa- 
vannah.    General  Wayne  and  his  little  army 

became  the  jailers  at  the  latter  place  at  the  be- 
ginning of  1782. 

Greenough,  HORATIO,  sculptor,  was  born  in 
Boston,  Sept  «'>.    1805;    died   at    Sammerville, 

MaSS.,  I'c  1-.  1852.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1825.  lie  evinced  a  taste  anil  talent  for  the 
cultivation  of  ait    in   his  early  vouth.and  soon 


HORATIO    OKKKNOroll. 

Bftsr  bis  graduation  he  went  to  Italy,  where  he 
remained  about  a  year.     On  his  return  to  Bos- 

I n   1826  hi-  modelled  several  busts,  and  then 

returned  to  Italy,  making  Florence  his  resi- 
dence. Ever  active,  ever  learning, and  exceed- 
ingly industrious,  he  executed  many  puces  of 
sculpture  of  great  merit.  Anion-  them  was  a 
group      "The  Chanting  Cherubs"      the   fust 

of  the  kind  ever  undertaken  by  an  American 
sculptor.      He  made  a  colossal  statue  of  Wash- 


ington, half  nude,  in  a  sitting  posture,  for  the 
Capitol  at  Washington,  but  it  was  so  large  that 
it  could  not  be  taken  into  the  rotunda,  its  des- 
tined resting-place,  and  it  occupies  a  position 
before  the  eastern  front  of  the  great  building. 
He  also  executed  a  colossal  group  for  the  gov- 
ernment— "The  Rescue" — which  occupied  the 
artist  about  eight  years.  Besides  numerous 
statues  and  groups,  Mr.  Greenough  made  busts 
of  many  of  our  statesmen.  His  Life  and  Eeeaj/B 
were  published  in  1853  by  his  friend  Henry  T. 
Tuekerinaii.  Mr.  Greenough  was  greatly  be- 
loved by  those  who  were  favored  with  his  per- 
sonal acquaintance  as  a  noble,  generous,  and 
kind-hearted  man. 

Greenville,  Tisf.aty  at.  After  the  successful 
campaigns  of  Genera]  Anthony  Wayne  against 
the  northwestern  Indian  tribes  in  179:5-94,  his 
army  lay  in  winter-(|iiarters  in  Greenville,  Darke 
Co.,  O.,  and  there,  on  the  3d  of  August,  1795,  he 

Concluded  a  treaty  with  several  of  the  tribe 

namely.  Wyandot  s,  1  >ela  wares.  Sli  a  wnoese.  (t|  I  a- 
was.Chippewas.  i'olaw  atomies.  Miamis.  Eel  Riv- 
er Indians,  Weas.  l'iankshaw  s,  Kiekapoos,  and 
Kaskaskias.  There  were  1130  Indian  participants 
in  making  the  treaty.  The  principal  chiefs  pres- 
ent were  Taihe.  Burl- hungchclas.  Black  Hoof, 
Blue  Jacket,  and  Little  Turtle.  The  basis  of  the 
treaty  was  that  hostilities  should  permanently 
cease  and  all  prisoners  be  restored.  The  boun- 
dary-line between  the  United  States  and  the 
lands  of  the  several  tribes  was  lived. 

Gregg,  David  McM.,  was  born  in  Pennsyl- 
vania in  1834,  and  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
1855, entering  the  dragoon  service.     He  was  in 

expeditions  against  the  Indians  in  Washington 
Territory  and  Slate  of  Oregon  ( 1858-60 ),  and 
was  promoted  to  captain  of  cavalry  in  May, 
1861.  He  was  colonel  of  volunteer  cavalry 
through  the  campaign  in  Virginia  in  1862,  and 
in  November  of  that  year  was  created  hrigadicr- 
general  of  volunteers.  He  commanded  a  divis- 
ion of  cavalry  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  from 
December,  1862,  until  February,  1865,  when  he 
resigned.  In  August.  1864,  he  was  breveted  ma- 
jor-general of  volunteers,  at  I  he  age  of  thirty. 

Gregory.  Fhakcis  II..  was  born  at  Norwalk, 
Conn.,Oct.9,1789;  died  in  Brooklyn, N.Y., Oct. 4, 
1866.  He  entered  the  I'nited  States  navy  as 
midshipman  in  1809;  was  made  lieutenant  in 
1814  and  captain  in  1828.  lb-  served  under 
Channcey  on  Lake  Ontario,  was  made  a  prison- 
er, and  confined  in  England  eighteen  months. 
In  the  war  with  Mexico  he  commanded  the  frig- 
ate Rarttm.  His  last  sea  service  was  in  com 
mand  of  the  African  squadron.  During  the 
Civil  War  he  superintended  the  const  ruction  of 
iron-dads.  On  .Inly  16,  1862,  Captain  Gregory 
was  made  a  rear-admiral  on  the  retired  list. 
During  the  War  of  1812  supplies  for  the  British 
were  constantly  ascending  the  St.  Lawrence. 
Channcey  ordered  Lieutenant  Gregory  to  capt- 
ure some  of  l  hem.  With  a  small  force  he  lay  in 
ambush  among  the  Thousand  Islands  in  the 
middle  of  June,  1814.  They  were  discovered, 
and  a  British  gunboat  was  sent  to  attack  them. 
They  did    not    wait   for  the  assault,  but   boldly 


GRENVILLE  E 

dashed  upon  and  eaptnred  theii  antagonist. 
She  carried  an  16-pound  carronade,  and  was 
manned  by  eighteen  men.  These  were  taken 
prisoners  to  Baokett'a  Harbor.     This  and  other 


MIS    H  .(UiKCJOKY. 


exploits,  tbongh  appreciated  at  the  time,  were 
not  then  substantially  rewarded,  except  by 
promotions;  but.  thirty  years  afterwards.  Con- 
gress gave  Gregory  and  Ids  companion  officers 
in  the  capture  of  the  gunboat  ( Sailing-masters 
Vaugban  and  Dixon)  ,«13000. 

Grenville,  GEORGE,  author  of  the  Stamp  Act. 
was  boi  n  Oct.  14,1712;  died  Nov.  13, 1770.  A  grad- 


uate of  Cambridge  University,  a  tine  mathemsr 
tloian,  and  a  stndenl  at  law,  he  gave  promise  of 


6  GRENVILLE 

mneh  nsefulness.  Entering  Parliament  in  1741, 
he  represented  Buckinghamshire  for  twenty- 
nine  years,  until  his  death.    In  17l>"2  he  was  made 

Secretary  of  State;  chancellor  of  the  Exchequer 

and  First  Lord  of  the  Treasury  in  1  ~ * >: » ;  and  in 
1704  lie  proposed  the  famous  Stamp  Act  (which 
See).  He  was  the  best  business  man  in  the 
House  of  Commons,  but  his  statesmanship  was 
narrow.  Thomas  Grenville,  who  was  one  of  the 
agents  employed  in  negotiating  the  treaty  of 
peace  in  1783,  was  his  son. 

Grenville,  Sir.  RICHARD,  was  born  in  the 
west  of  England  in  ir>4< » ;  died  at  sea  in  1691. 
Sir  Walter  Ealeigb  was  his  cousin.  When  a 
mere  youth  he  served  in  the  imperial  army  of 
Germany  against  the  Turks,  and  on  his  return 
was  appointed  to  a  command  in  Ireland,  and 
made  sheriff  of  Cork.  In  1571  he  had  a  Beat  in 
Parliament  and  was  knighted  by  Queen  Eliza- 
beth. The  colonization  schemes  of  Ids  kinsman 
commanded  his  ardent  approval,  and  on  the  9th 
of  April,  1585,  he  sailed  from  Plymouth,  Eng.,  in 
command  of  some  ships  tiited  out  by  Ealeigb, 
bearing  one  hundred  and  eighty  colonists  and  a 
full  complement  of  seamen,  for  t  lie  coast  of  Vir- 
ginia. Ralph  Lane,  a  soldier  of  distinction, 
accompanied  him  as  governor  of  the  colony. 
Thomas  Harriott,  a  distinguished  mathemati- 
cian and  astronomer,  was  with  them  as  histo- 
rian and  naturalist  (see  Harriott,  Thomas))  also 
Thomas  Cavendish,  the  eminent  English  navi- 
gator, who  sailed  around  the  earth.  Grenville 
was  more  intent  upon  plunder  and  finding  gold 
than  planting  a  colony  ;  the  choice  of  him  for 
commander  was  unfortunate.  Sailing  over  the 
usual  long  Southern  route,  they  did  not  reach 
the  coast  of  Florida  until  June,  and  as  they 
went  up  the  coast  they  eiicounteied  a  storm  off 
a  point  of  land  that  nearly  wrecked  them,  and 
they  called  it  Cape  Fear.  They  finally  landed 
on  Roanoke  Island,  with  Manteo.  w  hem  they  had 
brought  back  from  England,  and  who  had  been 
created  Lord  of  Roanoke.  Grenville  sent  him 
to  the  mainland  to  announce  the  arrival  of  the 
English,  and  Lane  and  his  principal  companions 
soon  followed  the  dusky  peer.  For  eight  days 
they  explored  the  country  and  were  hospitably 
entertained  everywhere.  At  an  Indian  village 
a  silver  cup  was  stolen  from  one  of  the  English- 
men, and  was  not  immediately  restored  on  de- 
mand. Grenville  ordered  the  whole  town  to  lie 
destroyed,  with  all  the  standing  maize,  or  Indian 
corn. around  it.  This  w  anton  act  kindled  a  flams 
of  hatred  in  the  bosoms  of  the  natives  that  could 

not  be  quenched.  Not  obscrv  ing  this,  the  com- 
mander left  the  colony  and  returned  to  Eng- 
land with  the  ships.  These  all  became  pirati- 
cal omisers  on  thi'  seas,  and  entered  the  harbor 

of  Plymouth  on  the  1Mb  of  September  laden 

with  plunder  from  Spanish  galleons.  Govemoi 
Lane  also  treated  the  natives  cruelly,  and  they 
became  greatly  exasperated  in  spit,  ol  the  sooth- 
ing inlliieiice  of  Harriott,  their  benefactor.  In 
mortal  fear  of  the  Indians,  their  pro\  isions  ex- 
hausted, ami  no  ship  arriving  from  England, 
the]  hailed  witfajoj  the  appearance  of  Sir  Fran- 
cis Drake,  who,  returning  Cram  the  West  Indies, 

touched    at    Koanoke    Maud. 


GREY  51 

Fraud.*.)  They  gladly  entered  liis  ship  and  re- 
turned to  England.  About  three  weeks  after- 
wards Granville  arrived  there  with  three  ships. 
laden  with  provisions.  Leaving  fifteen  men  on 
the  deserted  spol  to  keep  possession  of  the  coun- 
try, Grenv  die  agaiu  Bailed  for  England.  He  af- 
terw  ards,  as  \  ice-admiral,  performed  notable  ex- 
ploits against  the  Spaniards,  but  finally,  in  a 
battle  with  a  large  Spanish  Heel  oil' the  Azores, 
in  1691,  he  was  wounded,  made  prisoner,  and 
soon  afterwards  died. 

Grey,  Charles  I  Earl  i,  was  born  <>ri.-j:5, 1 7-29 ; 
died  Nov.  11.  1807.  II<-  was  aide-de-camp  to 
Wolfe,  at  Quebec,  in  1759.  lb-  was  commis- 
sioned lieutenant-colonel  in  1761,  and,  as  colo- 
nel, accompanied  General  Howe  to  Boston  in 
1776,  who  gave  him  tin'  rank  of  major-general. 
He  led  the  party  that  surprised  General  Wayne 
in  the  uight.  (See  Paoli  Tavern,)  He  was  an 
active  commander  in  the  battle  of  German- 
town  (which  Bee)  and  as  a  marauder  on  the 
Xew  England  coast  in  the  fall  of  1778.  He  sur- 
prised and  cut  in  pieces  Baylor's  dragoons  at 
Tappan.  For  these  and  other  services  in  Amer- 
ica he  was  made  a  lien  tenant-general  in  17s:5. 
lb-  became  general  in  17'J.">,  and  was  elevated  to 
tlw  peerage  in  1801. 

Greytown,  Attack  UPON.  There  was  a  lit- 
tle village  on  the  Mos,|uito  coast  isee  Nicaragua, 
Imation  of)  called  San  Juan,  or  Greytown,  in 
which  some  American  citizens  resided.    They 

alleged  that  they  had  been  outraged  by  the  lo- 
cal authorities  (who  were  English),  who  pro- 
fessed to  derive  their  power  directly  from  the 
Mosnnito  king,  or  chief,  of  a  native  tribe  so  call- 
ed. An  appeal  w  as  made  to  t  he  commander  of 
a  United  states  naval  vessel,  then  lying  near. 
That  shallow  commander  (  llollins)  actually  pro- 
ceeded to  1 ibard  the  little  town,  as  a  punish- 
ment for  the  acts  of  its  authorities.  This  bronghl 
out  the  denunciations  of  the  English  residents, 
who  alleged  that,  by  arrangement  w  itb  the  Mos- 
quito monarch,  the  British  govern  men  I  was  the 
protector  of  his  dominions.  For  a  while  the 
folly    of  llollins    threatened    seiious   difficulties 

between  the  United  states  and  Great  Britain. 

Gridley,  RICHARD,  was  born  at  Canton. 
Mass..  in  1711;  .lied  there,  June  '.'It.  1?!H-..  He 
was  a  skilful  engineer  and  artillerist,  and  was 
chief- engineer  in  the  siege  of  Lonisborg,  in 
1745.  He  entered  the  service,  as  colonel  of  in- 
fantry, in  17.").".,  was  in  the  expedition  to  Crown 
Point,  under  General  Winslow .  planned  the  for- 
tifications at  Lake  George  (Fort  George  and  Fort 
William  llenn  ),  served  under  Amherst,  aud  was 
with  Wolfe  at  Quebec.  He  retired  on  half-pay 
for  life.  Espousing  the  cause  of  tin-  patriots, 
he  was  appointed  ehief- engineer  of  the  army 
that  gathered  at  Cambridge, planned  the  works 
on  Hunker's  Hill  and  Dorchester  Heights,  and 

was  in  the-  battle  there,  in  which  he  was  wound- 
ed, lb-  was  active  in  pi; ing  tin'  fortifica- 
tions around  Boston,  ami  in  September,  177."), 
In'  was  commissioned  a  major-general  in  the 
provincial  army  of  Massachusetts.  He  was 
commander  of  the  Continental  artillery  until 
superseded  bj  Knox. 


7  GRIFFIN 

Grierson,  BENJAMIN  H.,  was  born  at  Pitts- 
burgh. Penii.,  in  July.  1S57:  went  on  the  staff  of 
General  Prentiss  when  the  Civil  War  broke  out, 
and  became  an  active  cavalry  officer.  (See  (Ir'ur- 
gen's  Raid.)  He  was  made  major-general  of  vol- 
unteers in  May,  1SU5,  and  for  his  services  in  the 
war  was  breveted  major-general  United  States 
Army  in  March,  18U7.  He  had  been  commis- 
sioned lieutenant-colonel  of  United  States  cav- 
alry in  July,  1866. 

Grierson's  Raid.  Some  of  Grant's  cavalry, 
which  he,  had  left  in  Tennessee,  were  making 
extensive  and  destructive  raids  while  he  was 
operating  against  Yicksbnrg.  On  April  17.  Colo- 
nel 15.  H. Grierson,  of  the  Sixth  Illinois  Cavalry, 
left  I. a  Grange, Tenn.,  with  his  own  and  two 
ol  her  regiments,  and.  descending  the  Mississippi, 
Swept  rapidly  through  the  rich  western  portion 
of  that  state.  These  horsemen  were  scattered 
in  several  detachments,  striking  Confederate 
forces  here  and  there,  breaking  up  railways  and 
bi  idges.  severing  telegraph-wires,  wasting  pub- 
lic property,  and  as  much  as  possible  diminish- 
ing the  means  of  transportation  of  the  Confed- 
erates in  their  efforts  to  help  their  army  at 
Yicksbnrg.  Finally,  on  the  2d  of  May,  having 
penetrated  Louisiana,  this  great  raid  ceased, 
when  Qrienon,  with  his  wearied  troops  and 
worn-out  horses,  entered  Baton  Rouge,  where 
some  of  General  Banks's  troops  were  stationed. 

In  the  space  of  sixteen  days  he  had  ridden  six 
hundred  miles,  in  a  .succession  of  forced  march- 
es, often  in  drenching  rain,  and  sometimes  with- 
out r.st  tor  forty-eight  hours,  through  a  hostile 
country,  over  ways  most  difficult  to  travel,  light- 
ing men  and  destroying  property.  His  troops 
had  killed  and  wounded  about  one  hundred  bf 
the  Confederates, captured  and  paroled  full  five 
hundred,  destroyed  three  thousand  stand  of 
arms,  and  inflicted  a  loss  on  their  foes  of  prop- 
erty valued  at  sti.lKHl.lKH).  Grierson's  loss  was 
twenty -Seven  men  and  a  number  of  horses. 
During  the  twenty-eight  boms  preceding  the 

arrival  of  the  raiders  at   Baton   Rouge  they  had 

travelled  Beventy-eix  miles,  engaged  in  four 
skirmishes, and  forded  the  Comite  River.  Grier- 
son declared  that  his  experience  showed  the 
Confederacy  to  be  only  a  shell. 

Griffin,  CHARLES,  was  born  in  Licking  Coun- 
ty, o..  in  1896;  died  at  Galveston,  Texas.  Sept. 
16,  1867.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1847, 
and  entered  the  artillery.  He  was  made  cap- 
tain of  artillery  in  April,  1861,  and  with  his  bat- 
tery fought  bravely  in  the  battle  of  Bull's  Run. 
He  was  made  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in 
July,  1868;  served  under  General  Porter  in  the 
campaign  against  Richmond.  He  was  active 
in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  until  the  surren- 
der of  Lee  at  Appomattox  Court-house,  where, 
as  commander  of  the  Fifth  Corps,  he  received 
the  aims  and  colors  of  the  Army  of  Northern 
Virginia.  In  March.  1866,  he  was  breveted 
major-general  United  states  Army,  and  received 

other  brevets  for  "meritorious  services  during 
the    Rebellion."      In   the   winter   of  1865-66  he 

wis  placed  iii   command  of  the  Department  of 

Texas. 


GRIFFIN 


598 


GBOVETON,  BATTLE  OF 


Griffin,  Cyius,  was  born  iu  Virginia  in  1741) ; 
died  at  Yorktown,  Va.,  Dec.  14,  1810.  He  was 
educated  in  England,  was  eouueoted  by  mar- 
riage i here  with  a  noble  family,  and  when  the 
Revolution  broke  out  he  espoused  the  eause  of 
the  patriots.  From  1778  to  1781,  and  in  17s7- 
88,  lie  was  a  member  of  the  Continental  Congress, 
and  in  the  latter  year  its  president.  He  was 
commissioner  to  the  Creek  nation  in  1789,  and 
from  that  year  until  his  death  he  was  judge  of  i 
the  United  States  District  Court  in  Virginia. 

Griffin,  TlIK,  tin;  vessel  of  La  Salle,  on  Lake 
Chainplain,  was  built  early  in  1667,  at.  tin-  motil li 
of  Caj  uga  Creek,  not  far  below  the  site  of  Buf- 
falo, and  near  the  foot  of  Squaw  Island.  She 
was  alined  with  a  battery  of  seven  small  ean- 

nons  and  some  muskets,  and  floated  a  flag  bear- 
ing the  device  of  an  eagle.  Iu  August,  tin-  same 
year,  she  Bailed  for  the  western  end  of.  Lake 
Erie.  This  was  the  beginning  of  the  commerce 
on  the  Greal  Lakes.  For  a  full  account  of  this 
vessel,  Bee  ().  H.  Marshall's  monograph  on  the 
building  of  the  Griffin.     (See  La  .Salle.) 

Grijalva,  Juam  nic.  His  uncle,  Diego  Velas- 
quez, the  first  governor  of  Cuba,  sent  bill),  in 
OOmmand  of  four  vessels,  to  complete  tin'  dis- 
OOVeries  of  Cordova.  (See  Cordova.)  He  sailed 
from  Santiago,  Cuba,  in  the  spring  of  1518.  He 
cruised  along  the  peninsula  of  Yucatan  as  far  as 
tbe  region  of  tin-  Paunco,  where  he  held  friendly 
communication  with  the  Aztecs,  i  he  subjects  of 

Montezuma.  From  them  he  obtained  gold,  jew- 
els, and  other  treasures,  with  which  he  freighted 
one  of  his  ships.    Grijalva  afterwards  settled  in 

Nicaragua,  where  lie  was  killed  by  the  natives, 
Jan.  21,  1537.     He  was  the  first  discoverer  of 

Mexico. 

Grover,  CrvtKi;,  was  born  at  Bethel,  Me., 
July  24,  1829.  He  graduated  at,  West  Point  in 
1850,  entering  the  First  Artillery.     Il«'  was  made 

brigadier  -  general  of  volunteers  in  April,  1861, 
and  commanded  a  brigade  in  Hcint/.eliuan's 
corps  in  the  Army  of  the  1'otomac.  When 
Hooker  took  command  of  the  troops  at  Fairfax 
(1862),  General  Grover  took  that,  officer's  divis- 
ion. From  December,  1862,  to  July,  1864,  he 
commanded  a  division  of  the  Nineteenth  Corps 
in  the  Department  of  the  Gulf,  lie  was  in  the 
Shenandoah  campaign  iu  1864;  and  from  .hum- 
an till  June,  1865,  he  was  in  command  of  the 
District  of  Savannah.  General  Grover  was  bre- 
veted major-general  for  "  meritorious  services 
during  the  Rebellion,"  and  was  commissioned 
Lieutenant-colonel  of  infantry  in  1866. 
Groveton,  Battli    of.     Atte,-  the  battle  at 

Cedar  Mountain  (which  see),  Pope  took  posi- 
tion with  his  army  along  the  line  of  the  Bapid 
Anna,  where  he  was  reinforced  by  troops  from 
North  Carolina,  under  Burnside  ami  Stevens. 
The  Confederates  now  concentrated  then  forces 
lor  a  dash  on  Washington  iu  heavy  columns. 
Ilalleik,  pcrceiv  ing  possible  danger  to  the  capi- 
tal, issued   a   positive  order  to   McClellan  (Aug. 

3,  1862)  for  the  immediate  transfer  of  the  Lrmj 
of  the  Potomac  from  the  dames  River  to  the  vi- 
<  1 1 1 1 1 >  of  Washington.  The  commander  of  that 
army  Instructed  Ualleck  that  the  "  true  defence 


of  Washington"  was  "on  the  banks  of  the 
dames."  The  order  was  at  once  repeated,  hut 
it  was  twenty  days  after  it  was  first  given  be- 
fore the  transfer  w as  accomplished.  Meanwhile, 
General  Lee  having  massed  a  heavy  force  on 
Pope's  front,  the  latter  had  retired  behind  the 
forks  of  the  RappahaunOOk.  Lee  pushed  for- 
ward to  that  river  with  heavy  columns,  and  on 
the20th  and  21st  of  August  a  severe  artillery  duel 
was  fought  above  Fredericksburg,  for  seven  or 
eight  miles  along  that  stream.  Finding  they 
could  not  force  ;i  passage  of  the  river,  the  Con- 
federates took  a  circuitous  route  towards  the 
mountains  to  Hank  the  Nationals,  w  hen  Pope 
made  movements  to  thwart  them.  Bnt  danger 
to  the  capital  increased  every  hour.  Troops 
were  coming  with  tardy  pace  from  the  Penin- 
sula, and  on  the  25th,  when  those  of  Franklin. 
Ileintzelinaii.  and  Porter  had  arrived.  Pope's 
army,  somewhat  scattered,  numbered  about  six- 
ty thousand  men.  Jackson  crossed  the  Rappa- 
baunock,  man  lied  swiftly  over  Bull's  Pun  Moun- 
tain, through  Thoroughfare  Gap,  to  Gainesville 

(Aug.  26),  w  here   he  was  joined  by  Stuart,  with 

two  cavalry  brigades.    At  twilight  Stuart  was  at 

P.rislovv  Station. in  Pope's  rear,  and  bet  w  ecu  the 
latter  and  Washington.  He  and  Banks  had  no 
suspicion  of  this  movement  Jackson  knew  the 
perils  of  bis  position,  and  the  necessity  for  quick 
action.  He  sent  Stuart  forward  to  Manassas 
Junction  before  daylight  (Aug.  27),  to  break  up 
Pope's  communications  with  the  capital.  The 
alarm  instantly  spread  among  the  Nationals. 
Jackson,  with  his  w  hide  force,  pressed  to  the 
Junction,  and  Pope  attempted  to  capture  him 
before  he  should  form  a  junction  with  Long- 
street,  at  the  head  of  Lee's  column,  then  ap- 
proaching. Pope  ordered  McDowell,  with  Sigel 
and  the  troops  of  Reynolds,  to  hasten  to  Gaines- 
ville to  intercept  Longstreet.  Reno  was  ordered 
to  move  on  a  different  mad.  and  support  McDow- 
ell, while  Pope  moved  along  the  railway  towards 
Manassas  Junction  with  Hooker's  division.  He 
directed  General  Porter  to  remain  at  Warren  ton 
Station  until  Banks  should  arrive  then'  to  hold 
it,  and  then  hasten  to  Gainesville.  McDowell 
reached   Gaiuesville  without   interruption:  but, 

near  I'.ristow  Station,  Hooker  encountered  Gen- 
eral I'.w  ell.  and  in  the  struggle  that  ensued  each 
lost  about  three  hundred  men.  The  latter  hast- 
ened towards  Manassas,  but  Hooker's  ammuni- 
tion   failing,   he    was    unable    to   pursue.      Pope 

now  ordered  a  rapid  movement  upon  the  Con- 
federates at  the  Junction,  w  bile  General  Kearney 
was  ducted  to  make  his  way  to  Pnstovv  Sta- 
tion, where  Jackson  might   mass  his  troops  anil 

attempt  to  turn  the  National  right.  This  move- 
ment was  made  early  on  the  morning  of  Aug.  28, 
1862.     Porter  was  ordered  lo  move  tow  aids  I'.ns- 

tow  siat  ion  at  one  o'clock,  but  did  not  march  be- 
fore daylight,  at  which  time  Jackson  had  taken 
another  direction.  He  destroyed  an  immense 
amount  of  captured  stores,  and  hastened  to  join 
Longstreet.  then  approaching  through  Thor- 
oughfare Gap.      Some  of  Pope's  troops   failed   to 

execute  orders.  The  latter  arrived  at  the  Junc- 
tion Just  after  Jackson  had  left,  ami  pushed  all 
Of  Ins  available  Ibices  upon  ( 'cut  rev  ille  iu  pur- 


GBOVETON,  BATTLE  OF  a 

suit.  Kearney  drew  Jackson's  rear-gnard  ont 
of  Ceutreville  late  in  the  afternoon  (Aug.  -2s), 
ami  i  lie  forces  of  the  Confederates  were  turned 
towards  Thoroughfare  Gap,  from  which  was 
coming  their  help.  Tow  ards  eveuing  the  troops 
under  Ewell  and  Taliaferro  encamped  mar  the 
battle-ground  of  Hull's  Run  nearlj  a  year  before. 
King's  division  of  McDowell's  corps  was  in  close 
pursuit,  and  when  they  had  reached  a  point  de- 
sired by  the  watching  Confederates,  the  latter 
fell  fiercely  upon  them.  A  sanguinary  battle 
ensued.  The  brunt  of  it  was  borne  by  Gib- 
bous's  brigade,  supported  by  that  of  General 
Doubledaj .  The  struggle  continued  until  dark. 
The  Losses  were  heavy,  and  in  that  battle  Gen- 
eral Ewelllost  a  leg.  Pope, al  Ceutreville, now 
attempted  to  crush  Jackson  before  Longstreet 
could  join  him.  McDowell  and  King  were  di- 
rected to  maintain  their  position,  while  Kear- 
ney should  follow  Jackson  closet]  at  one  o'clock 
in  the  morning  (Aug. 29), and  Porter  (whom  he 
believed  to  be  at  the  Jnnctiou)  to  move  upon 
Ceutreville  at  dawn.     Before  these  movements 

could  lie  executed.  Lotlgstreel  and  .Jackson  had 
formed  a  partial  junction.  Near  the  entrance 
to  Thoroughfare  Gap,  through  which  Longstreet 

had  marched,  there  was  a  sharp  engagement, 
which  euded  at  twilight.  Lougstreel  was  held 
in  check  for  a  while  by  Rickette's  division  ami 
the  cavalry  of  Boford  ami  Bayard,  which  had 
fought  the  battle.  Earlj  tin'  next  morning  (Aug. 
19)  Sioketta  fled  to  Gainesville,  closely  pursued. 
Pope's  army  was  now    scattered  and  somewhat 

confused.  Lee's  whole  army,  now-  combined, 
pressed  forward.  Pope  ordered  Sigel,  support- 
ed by  Reynolds,  to  advance  from  Qroveton  anil 

attack  Jackson  on  wooded  heights  near.  He  or- 
dered lleiiitzelinan.  w  ith  the  divisions  of  Hook- 
er and  Kearney,  towards  Gainesville,  to  he  fol- 
low ill  by  Reno,  w  bile  Porter,  w  it  h  Ins  ow  n  corps 

and  Kind's  division,  was  to  move  upon  the  road 

to  Gaines>  I  He  from  Manassas  for  the  turning  of 
Jackson's  flauk  on  the  Warren  ton  pike,  ami  to 

tall  heavily  on  his  rear,  l.ee  was  then  approach- 
ing along  that  pike,  ami  Jackson  determined  to 
hold  his  advantageous  positional  all  hazards, 

nutil    the    main    aimv     slioilld    arrive.      At     Ave 

o'clock  in  the  morning,  Sigel,  with  the  divisions 
of  Schurz.  Schcnck.  and  Milroy,  advanced  to  at- 
tack Jackson.  A  battle  began  at  seven  o'clock, 
ami  continued  with  great  fury  until  ten, Sigel 
constantly  advancing,  while  it  was  evident  that 
Jackson  had  been  reinforced.  It  was  so.  1. one- 
street,  with  the  vanguard  of  Lee's  whole  army, 
which  had  been  streaming  i  In  on  nh  Thoroughfare 

Gap  all  the  morning  unopposed,  had  now  leach- 
ed the  field  of  action.  Sigel  maintained  his 
gronud  until  noon,  when  Kearney's  division  ar- 
rived, and  took  position  on  sill's  right.  Rey- 
nolds and  Reno  also  ea up,  followed  soon  af- 
terwards by  Hooker.  Then  the  Nationals  out- 
numbered the  Confederates,  and  for  some  hours 
the  battle  assumed  the  a-pect  oi  a  series  of  skir- 
mishes. Pope  ordered  Porter  into  action,  and 
other  troops  wen-  directed  to  support  him  ;  but 
Porter,  as  he  alleged,  did  not  receive  the  order 

until  dusk,  ami  the  brunt  of  the  battle  fell  upon 

hi.s  Intended  supports,     li  ^;is  desperate!)  and 


)  GUERILLA  WARFARE 

gallantly  fought  on  both  sides.  Jackson  was 
hourly  reinforced  by  fresh  divisions  of  Lee's 
army.  Soon  after  dark  this  sharp  and  impor- 
tant battle  at  Grovetou  ended,  without  victory 
on  either  side,  and  each  having  lost  about  seven 
thousand  men.  Pope's  entire  army  (excepting 
Banks's  force  at  BristOW  Station)  and  a  part  of 
MoClellan's  was  in  this  action.  Hope's  elfective 
men  had  been  reduced  in  numbers  by  various 
causes,  and  it  was  estimated  that  his  army  tit 
for  service  did  not  exceed  forty  thousand  men 
on  the  evening  of  the  battle  at  (iroveton. 

Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  Treaty  of.  At  Gua- 
dalupe Hidalgo,  a  city  of  Mexico,  a  treaty  of 
peace,  friendship,  limits,  and  settlements  was 
concluded  Feb.  2,  LS48,  between  Nicholas  H. 
Trist  on  the  part  of  the  Tinted  States,  and  Don 
Luis  Gonzaga  Cuevas,  Don  Bernardo  ('onto,  and 
Don  Miguel  Atristaiu  on  the  part  of  Mexico.  It 
provided  for  a  convention  lor  the  provisional 
suspension  of  hostilities  ;  for  the  cessation  of 
the  blockade  of  Mexican  noils;  for  the  evacua- 
tion of  the  Mexican  capital  by  the  l'u  i  ted  States 
troops  within  a  mouth  after  the  ratification  of 
the  treaty, and  the,  evacuation  of  Mexican  ter- 
ritory within  three  months  after  such  evacua- 
tion ;  for  the  restoration  of  prisoners  of  war  ;  for 
a  COmmissiOU  to  survey  and  define  the  bounda- 
ry-lines between  the  I'nitcd  States  and  Mexico; 
for  the  free  navigation  of  the  Gulf  of  California 
and  the  Colorado  and  Green  rivers  for  United 
states  vessels;  freedom  of  Mexicans  in  any  ter- 
ritory acquired  by  the  United  states;  Indian 

incursions;    pay lit    of  money    to   Mexico   for 

territory  conquered  and  held,  ami  of  debts  due 
citizens  of  the  United  States  by  Mexico  ;  regula- 
tion of  international  commerce,  and  other  minor 
regulations  about  property,  etc.  Both  govern- 
ments ratified  the  treaty.  (See  Mexico,  liar  with.) 

Guatimozm(Quauhtemotziii),  the  la  si  king 
of  Mexico,  was  a  native  of  that  province,  and 
nephew  of  Montezuma.  On  the  death  of  his 
elder  brother,  in  1520,  he  was  raised  to  the 
throne,  ami  vigorously  defended  his  capital 
against  tin;  Spaniards.  In  attempting  u>  es- 
cape he  was  made  prisoner,  lie  was  inhumanly 
tortured  by  being  si  retched  upon  burning  coals 
by  CorteZ,  in  order  In  extort  from  him  a  revela- 
tion of  more  treasure  than  was  found  in  the 
vanquished  city.  He  was  removed  from  the 
coals  to  prison,  and,  afterwards  suspected  of 
Complicity  in  an  insurrection,  he  was  hanged  by 
I  he  Spaniards  without  trial. 

GuerUla  Warfare  in  Missouri  and  Arkan- 
sas |  L882).       In    the   sun r   ol'   1863   these    two 

slates  were  overrun  by  bands  of  " guerillas,''  or 
independent  bauds  of  armed  men  carrying  on 
Irregular  warfare.  In  June,  1868,  Missouri  was 
creeled  into  a  separate  military  district,  with 
Geueral  J.M.Schoneld  at  its  head.  When  Cur- 
tis withdrew  to  the  Mississippi  and  left  the 
guerillas  of  Arkansas  at  liberty  to  roam  about 
as  they  pleased,  he  found  it  difficult  to  counter- 
act their  inlliieiiee  on  the  Secessionist^  of  Mis- 
souri.    Price  recruited  guerilla  bands  for  active 

service,  and  these,  becoming  numerous  in  mid- 
summer, were  preparing  to  seize  important  posts 


GUERILLA  WARFARE  6 

iu  Missouri.  To  meet  this  peri]  he  was  author- 
ize^ to  organize  all  the  militia  of  the  state,  ami 
he  soon  bad  50,000  enrolled,  and  20,000 of  them 
ready  for  service.  His  entire  force  was  now 
scattered  over  Missouri  in  six  divisions,  and  for 
two  months  a  desperate  ami  sanguinary  gneril- 
la  warfare  was  carried  on  in  the  bosom  of  that 
commonwealth,  the  chief  theatre  being  north 
of  the  Missouri  River.  At  Kirksville,  in  Adair 
County,  there  was  a  desperate  light  (Aug.  6, 
18(5*2),  in  which  the  Confederates  were  defeated, 
with  a  loss  of  180  killed  and  500  wounded.  Soon 
after  that  the  guerilla  hands  were  mostly  broken 
u)).  From  April  until  September  there  were  in 
.Missouri  about  one  hundred  skirmishes.  The 
guerillas  of  Arkansas  attempted,  late  in  the 
summer,  to  aid  those  of  Missouri.  Nearly  800 
of  these  attacked  and  captured  Independence, 
with  362  Missouri  cavalry;  and  at  about  the 
same  time  some  1500  Arkansas  guerillas  invad- 
ed southwestern  Missouri.  They  joined  other 
guerilla  hands,  and  made  southwestern  Missouri 
a  battle-field.  These  roving  bands  were  soon 
driven  out  of  Missouri,  and  formed  the  nucleus 
of  an  army  -in. (KM)  strong,  which  was  gathered 
in  Arkansas  under  General  T.  C.  Ilindman,  for- 
merly a  member  of  Congress. 

Guerilla  Warfare  in  Missouri  and  Arkan- 
sas (18(53).  The  Confederates  occupied  all  Tex- 
as iu  18G3,  ami  carried  on  a  sort  of  guerilla  war- 
fare in  Arkansas  and  Missouri.  In  the  earlier 
months  Marmadnke  was  very  active.  Early  in 
January,  with  about  4000  men,  he  burst  sud- 
denly out  of  northern  Arkansas  and  fell  upon 
Springfield,  in  Missouri,  hut  was  repulsed,  with 
a  loss  of  200  men.  After  some  other  reverses, 
he  fell  back  ;  and  at  Little  Rock,  the  capital  of 
Arkansas,  he  planned  a  formidable  raid  into  Mis- 
souri, chiefly  for  seizing  National  stoics  at  Cape 
Girardeau, on  the  Mississippi.     He  invaded  the 

state  w  ith  Sllllil  men,  and  was  nut  near  the  cape 
(April  20)  by  General  McNeill,  who.  after  a  sharp 
engagement,  drove  the  invader  out  of  Missouri. 
Other  bands  of  guerillas,  under  various  leaders. 

roamed  over  w  estern  Arkansas,  and  at  one  t  ime, 

in  May,  seriously  menaced  Fort  Blunt,  in  the 
Indian  Territory.  These  were  3000  Confederates 
Under  Colonel  Coffey.  There  was  a  sharp  en- 
gagement a!  Horns  Springs,  in  the  Indian  Terri- 
tory (July  17),  between  Nationals  underCeuer.il 
Blunt  and  Confederates  led  by  General  Cooper, 
in  which  the  latter  were  defeated, with  a  loss 
in  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners  of  627.  The 
Nationals  lost  77  men.  A  guerilla  band,  ted  bj 
a  white  savage  named  Quautrell,  tell  upon  the 
defenceless  town  of  Lawrence,  in  Kansas,  on 
Aug.  13,  and   murdered    110  of  the    inhabitants. 

They  also  laid  185  buildings  in  asb< is.  N.  ,ii  Bax- 
ter's Springs,  on  t  be  ( Iherokee  Reaen  at  ion,  while 
General  Blunl  was  on  his  way  from  Kansas  to 
Port  Smith,  with  an  escort  of  100  cavalry,  he 

was   attacked   and    his   escort    scattered    h\    600 

guerillas  led  bj  Quautrell,  who  plundered  and 
burned  the  trains  of  the  Nationals.  Blum's 
forces  were  oearlj  all  killed  or  disabled  iu  the 
conflict  ;  his  wounded  were  murdered.     Blunl 

and  only  a  dozeu  followers  escaped  to  Fort 
Blair,       At    the    close   of  September   a    Confcder- 


)0  GUILFORD,  BAIT  I.  K  OF 

I  ate  force,  about  2500  strong,  led  by  Colonel  Shel- 
by, made  a  raid  through  western  Missouri  in 
search  of  supplies.     They  penetrated  to  Boone- 

Iville  (Oct.  l),on  the  Missouri  River,  when  they 
were  driven  back  and  out  of  the  state  by  Gen- 
erals Brown  and  McNeill. 

j  Guess,  GRORGB  (Sequoyah),  a  half-breed 
Cherokee  Indian  who  invented  a  syllabic  al- 
phabet of  his  native  language,  of  eighty-live 
characters.  He  was  born  about  1770;  died  at 
San  Fernando,  northern  Mexico,  in  August,  1S43. 
He  had  a  small  farm  in  the  Cherokee  country, 
was  an  ingenious  silversmith,  and  in  1828  estab- 
lished a  newspaper, called  the  Cherokee  Phoenix, 
Guess  accompanied  his  nation  in  their  exodus 
to  a  land  beyond  the  Mississippi. 

Guilford,  Battle  of.  Resting  his  troops  a 
while  iu  Virginia,  after  his  race  with  Cornwal- 
lis,  Greene  recrossed  the  Dan  into  North  Caro- 
lina; and  as  he  moved  cautiously  forward  to 
foil  the  efforts  of  Cornwallis  to  embody  the  To- 
ries of  that  state,  he  found  himself  (March  1, 
1781)  at  the  head  of  about  5000  troops  in  good 
spirits.  Feeling  strong  enough  to  cope  with 
Cornwallis,  he  sought  an  engagement  with  him; 
and  on  the  15th  they  met  near  Guilford  Court- 
house, where  they  fiercely  contended  for  the 
mastery.  The  battle-field  was  about  live  miles 
from  the  (present)  village  of  Grcensborough,  in 
Guilford  County,  N.  C.  Greene  had  encamped 
within  eight  miles  of  the  earl,  on  the  evening 
of  the  14th,  and  on  the  morning  of  the  loth  he 
moved  against  his  enemy.  The  latter  was  pre- 
pared to  receive  him.  Greene  had  disposed  his 
army  in  three  positions  —  t  he  fust  at  the  edge 
of  woods  ifn  a  great  hill:  the  second  in  the  for- 
est, three  hundred  yards  in  the  rear:  and  the 
third  a  little  more  than  one  fourth  of  a  mile  in 
the  rear  of  the  second.  The  first  line  was  com- 
posed of  North  Carolina  militia,  mostly  raw  re- 
cruits, nearly  1100  in  number,  commanded  by 
Generals  Butler  and  Eaton.  These  had  two 
cannons,  with  Washington's  cavalry  on  the 
light  wing,  and  Lee's  legion,  with  Campbell's 
militia,  on  the  left  wing.  The  whole  were  com- 
manded by  Greene  in  person.  The  British  ap- 
peared iu  the  front  of  the  Americans  at  a  little 
past  noon  in  full  force,  the  right  commanded  by 

General  Leslie, aud  the  left  bj  Colonel  Webster. 
Under  oover  of  a  severe  cannonade  the  British 
advanced,  delivering  a  volley  of  musketry  as 
they  approached,  aud  then. with  a  shout,  rushed 
forward  with  fixed  bayonets.  The  American 
militia  tied  after  the  first  tiling  of  one  or  two 
\ ollcys,  when  the  \  ictors  pressed  on  and  attack- 
ed the  second  line,  composed  of  Virginia  militia 
under  Generals  Stevens  ami  Lawson.     After  a 

stout  resistance  they,  too,  fell  back  upon  the 
third  Hue.  I'p  to  this  time  the  battle  had  beau 
caitied  on,  on  the  part  of  the  British,  by  then 
right,  under  Leslie.  Now  Webster,  with  the 
left,  pressed  forward  with  the  right  division  in 
the  faOS  of  a  tertihlo  storm  of  gi  ape-shot  and 
musketry.  Nearly  the  whole  of  the  two  armies 
were  now  in  conflict.  The  battle  lasted  almost 
two  hours,  when  ( Irene,  ignorant  of  the  heavy 

Losses  sustained  i>\   the  British,  ordered  a  n- 


GUNBOAT  FLEET  6 

treat.  leaving  his  camions  behind  and  Cornwal- 
lis  master  of  the  held.  It  was  one  of  tho  most 
sanguinary  battles  oftbe  war.  The  Americana 
lost  about  400  killed  and  wounded,  besides  1000 
who  deserted  to  their  homes.  The  British  loss 
was  about  600.  Among  the  fatally  wounded 
was  Colonel  Webster.  That  battle  ended  Brit- 
ish domination  in  North  Carolina.  The  army 
of  (,'ornu  allis  was  loo  much  shattered  for  him 
to  maintain  the  advantage  he  had  gained.  Af- 
ter issuing  a  proclamation  boasting  of  his  vic- 
tory, calling  upon  the  Tories  to  rally  to  his 
standard,  aud  offering  pardon  to  the  ''rebels" 
who  should  submit,  be   moved  with  his  whole 

army  towards  Wilniiugt near  the  seaboard. 

The  news  of  the  battle  produced  a  profound 
sensation  in  Bnglaud.  M  Another  such  victory," 
said  C.  J.  Fox,  in  the  House  of  Commons, "  will 
ruin  the  British  anuj  :"  ami  he  moved  (.June  Hi, 
1781  |  to  recommend  the  ministers  to  conclude  a 
peace    with    tile    Americans   at    once.       William 

Pitt  (son  of  the  great  Chatham)  spoke  of  the 

war  against  the  Americans  with  great  severity. 

Gunboat  Fleet.    When  the  Confederate  line 

across   Kentucky  had   been   broken  (see  Military 

El-mix  iii  Kentucky),  the  national  government 
determined  to  concentrate  tin'  forces  of  llalleek 
and  Bucll   for  a   great    forward   movement  to 

push  the  Confederates  tow  aids  the  (J  ill  f  of  Mex- 
ico, aceoi 1 1  i 1 1 vc  '"  1'i'uiont's  plan  (which  see). 
Twelve  gunboats  some  of  them  iron-plated  - 
had  been  constructed  at  St  Louis  and  Cairo. 
ami  at  the  dose  of  January,  L861,  these  were 

armed  with  one  hundred  and  twinty-six  heavy 
■,'iins  and  some  light  artillery,  and  were  placed 
under  the  command  of  Flag-officer  A.  11.  Foote, 
of  the  United  States  Navy. 


)1  CCNBOATS 

er.  Porter  prepared,  at  the  same  time,  to  run 
by  the  batteries  at  Vicksburg  with  all  his  gun- 
boat and  mortar  fleet,  with  transports  and 
barges.  The  object  was  to  cover  and  assist 
Grant's  movement  below.  The  armored  ves- 
sels were  ladeu  with  supplies:  so.  also,  were  the 
transports.  It  was  arranged  for  the  gunboats 
to  go  down  in  single  file,  a  few  hundred  yards 
apart,  attack  the  batteries  as  they  passed,  and 
allow  the  transports  to  pass  under  cover  of  the 
smoke.  This  was  done  on  tin-  evening  of  April 
16.  These  vessels  were  terribly  pounded  by  the 
batteries  on  the  heights,  but  returned  the  tire 
with  spirit.  One  of  the  vessels  was  set  on  tire, 
which  burned  to  the  water's  edge  and  sank. 
|  The  gantlet  was  successfully  run,  and  only  one 
I  man  lost  his  life  in  the  operation.  Grant  im- 
mediately ordered  six  more  transports  to  do 
likewise,  and  it  was  done. 

Gunboats.  By  the  act  of  Congress  approved 
April  21.  1806,  provision  was  made  for  the  con- 
struction of  fifty  gunboats.  President  Jeffer- 
son had  imbibed  very  strong  prejudice  iu  favor 
of  such  vessels.     A  flotilla  of  them,  obtained 

from  Naples,  had  been  used  effectively  in  the 
war  with  Tripoli  in  1.804  :  and  they  were  favor- 
ites in  the  service,  because  they  afforded  com- 
mands for  enterprising  young  officers.  A  few 
had  been  built  in  the  United  States  in  1805, 
their  Chief  Contemplated  Use  being  the  del.  nee 
ami  protection  of  harbors  and  rivets.  I  I  •  D 
was  inaugurated  the  "gunboat  policy"  of  the 
government, so  much  discussed  for  three  or  four 
yean  afterwards.  Towards  the  close  of  the 
year  (1806)  the  President  announced  that  the 
fifty  gnu  boats  were  so  tar  advanced  that  they 
might  be   put   into  commission   the   following 


/Tr^rr 


omreoATa  i\  init. 

Gunboat  Fleet  Running  the  Gantlet  at  year.  In  December,  1807,  the  President  was 
Vicksburg.  Grant  withdrew  bis  forces  from  authorized  to  procure  one  hundred  and  eigbry- 
ma  above  Vicksbnrg  (sec  Buyout  in  the  eight  additional  gnnboats,  by  purchase  or  con- 
Fisrao  River),  and  sent  them  down  the  wist  Btrnction,  making  in  all  two  hundred  and  fifty- 
side  of  the  Mississippi,  to  cross  and  gain  the  seven.  These  gnnboats  were  varionsly  rigged, 
Mar  Of  Vicksburg,  On  the  line  of  the  Black  Riv-  as  seen  in  the  engraving.      Some  carried  a  sin- 


GUNHOATS  OX  THE  WESTERN  RIVERS  f>02 


GUNPOWDER  PLOT  IN  1861 


gle  swivel  amidsliip,  and  others  one  in  the 
bow,  and  sometimes  one  in  the  stern.  Jeft'er- 
son,  who  had  arged  the  eonstractioo  of  these 
little  vessels-of-war,  appears  to  have  conceived 


was  of  another  form.     It  was  two  boats  covered 
by  one  common  deck,  and  all  heavily  armored. 

Gunpowder,  Captikk  ok  (1775).    South  Car- 
olina  made   vigorous  preparations  for  war  in 


the  idea  that  such  a  flotilla  should  merelj  be    177,">.  but  found  herself  greatly  laokiug  in  th 


'^jw 


FOOTE'S  GCNBOAT    FLOTILLA,  IX  18S2. 


kept  in  readiness,  properly  distributed  along  the 
coast,  but  not  actually  manned  until  necessitj 
should  call  For  their  being  put  into  commission. 
For  this  proposition  he  was  ridiculed  not,  only 
by  naval  officers,  but  among  the  people  at  large, 
and  he  was  denounced  by  the  oppo- 
sition as  "a  dreaming  philosopher," 
and  the  whole  gunboat  system  as 
•'  wasteful  imbecility  called  by  the 
name  of  economy."  Quite  different 
were  thc>  gunboats  that  performed 
mosl  efficient  service  on  the  Western 
rivers  during  our  late  Civil  War. 
They  were  largely  covered  with 
plates  of  iron,  moved  by  steam,  and 
armed  with  very  heavy  guns.  Poote 
(which  see)  commanded  the  first 
flotilla  of  gunboats  on  the  Missis- 
sippi River  See  Floating  Batteries.) 
Gunboats  on  the  Western  Riv- 
ers.   During  the  Civil  War  gunboats 

and    ■■rams"    i any    forms    were 

built  for  service  on  the  Western 
rivers.  Some  of  them  were  wooden 
BtrUCtnreS  only,  while  others  were  of 

iron  or  covered  with  heavy  plates  of  iron.    The 
Manama*  (which  Bee)  had  no  appearance  of  a 

boat,  hut  looked  like  a  huge  water  monster.   The 


quantity  of  gunpowder  needed.  The  Council 
ofSafetj  ordered  a  fast-sailing  ship,  under  Cap- 
tain Lanifever,  to  capture  gunpowder  and  mil- 
itary stores  in  the  island  of  New  Providence. 
Just  as  he  was  about  to  sail,  with  twelve  vol- 


THE    NEW    ERA. 


Louisiana  showed  another  form  of  boat.  Indeed. 
it  wan  a  floating  battery,  movable  bj  -team. 
This  was  a  Confederate  structure.   The  \.»  Era 


unteers,  he  was  ordered  to  intercept  a  brig  mak- 
ing her  way  towards  St. Augustine,  loaded  with 
military  stores  and  India  goods.  He  surprised 
and  hoarded  the  brig,  and  look  from  her  fifteen 
thousand  pounds  of  gunpowder.  He  spiked  her 
guns,  and  soon  afterwards  arrived  at  Charles- 
ton and  gave  the  powder  into  the  hands  of  the 
Committee  of  Safety.  The  \  iotorious  vessel  had 
been   chased  to  Charleston   bar.  but  evaded  her 

pursuers.  This  powder  was  of  great  Bervice  to 
the  cause  <>f  Libert]  in  America. 

Gunpowder  Plot  in  1861.     In  .Tune.  1861,  R 

proposition  was  made  to  L.  Pope  Walker,  the 
Confederate   Sccrclarv    of  War.  to   blow    up   I  he 

national  Capitol  some  time  bet  ween  the  4th  ami 
(ith  of  July,  1861,  at  which  time  there  would  be 

a  called  session  of  Congress,  ami  its  hall-,  lob- 
bies,  and    gallery    WOllld    be    tilled    with    people. 

It  was  supposed  President  Lincoln  would  also 
lie  present.     The  plan  so  pleased  the  Conieder- 


GWINNETT  60 

atcs  that  directions  were  given  for  a  confer-  I 
.•no-  tut  wc.'ii  this  modern  Guy  Fawkes  ami 
Jodah  P.  Benjamin,  the  Confederate  Attorney-' 
geoeral.  The  would-be  destroyer  of  a  multi- 
tude of  innoeenl  nun,  women,  ami  children  de- 
Banded  a  large  sum  of  money  for  his  proposed 
exploit.     What  arrangements  were  made  with 

him  (if  any)  have  not  been  revealed.  The 
Blot  was  not  undertaken.  The  strength  of  the 
national  government  at  Washington  soon  be- 
came too  manifest   to  make  such  an  undertak- 

Gwinnett,  BUTTON,  a  Bigner  of  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence,  was  horn  in  England 
about  IT:!-,!;  died  in  Georgia,  May 27,  1777.     lie 


3  "  HAIL,  COLUMBIA  " 

was  a  merchant  at  Bristol,  England,  and  emi- 
grated to  Charleston.  8.  ('..  in  1770.  He  settled 
on  St.  Catharine's  Island,  otf  the  coast  of  Geor- 
gia, in  177-^.  Cautious  and  doubtful,  he  took  no 
part  in  political  affairs  until  after  the  war  for 
independence  was  begun,  when  he  became  ac- 
tive in  the  patriot  cause.  He  was  chosen  a  rep- 
resentative in  Congress  in  I77t>,  where  he  voted 
for  and  sigued  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
In  1777  he  was  President  of  the  Provincial  Coun- 
cil of  Georgia,  and  by  hostility  to  General  Mcin- 
tosh excited  the  resentment  of  the  latter,  who 
challenged  Gwinnett  to  fight  a  duel,  lie  ac- 
cepted the  challenge,  and  on  May  16,  1770,  was 
mortally  wounded. 


Habeas  Corpus,  SUSPENSION  OF  rm:  Privi- 
i.i.i.i.  in  mi.  Wkii  in-.  The  second  clause  of 
Section  '.',  Article  I.,  of  the  National  Coustitutiou 
■ays:  "The  suspension  of  the  privilege  id'  the 
"Writ  of  Habeas  Corpus  shall  not  in-  suspended 
unless  when,  iii  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion, 
the  public  safety  mas  require  it." 

Habersham,  Joskph,  was  born  at  Savannah, 
Qa.,  July  96,  17.")1;  died  there,  Nov.  17,  L815. 
His  father,  James,  who  was  born  in  England  in 
171-2,  and  died  at  New  Brunswick,  N.J.,  in  177'). 
accompanied  Whitefield  to  Georgia  in  17;;-.  ami 


II   Ml    1        II         I 


taryofthe  province  in  L754;  president 

of  the  Council,  and  aeti llg-gOVerUOr  in   1769   7'.'. 

.Joseph  was  a  member  of  the  first  patriotic  com- 
mittee in  Georgia  in  1774,  and  ever  afterwards 
took  an  active  part  in  the  defence  of  the  liber- 
ties of  his  OOUntry.  He  helped  to  seize  enn- 
■OWder  in  the  arsenal  in  177.">.  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the   Council   of  Safely.       lie    was  o f 

a  company  who  c.ipluied  a  government  ship 
i. Inly,  177.".),  with  munitions  of  war.  including 
fifteen  thousand  pounds  of  gunpowder.  He  led 
some  volunteers  who  made  the  royal  governor, 
Wright,  a  prisoner  (Jau.  1-.  1776),  ami  confined 

him  lo  bis  house  under  a  guard.  When  Savan- 
nah was  taken  bj  the  British,  early  in  177-,  he 


took  his  family  to  Virginia;  but  in  thi 
Savannah  (177'J)  by  Lincoln   and  D'Estaing,  he 
held  the  office  of  colonel,  which  be  retained  I  ill 
the   (lose   of  the  war.       He   was  appointed   PoSt- 
liiaster-general  in  1795,  anil  resigned  in  1-01. 

Hadley,  A  i  i  v<  I  01  LND1AH8  DPON.  At  Had- 
ley, on  the  Connecticut  Biver,  the  Indians,  in 
I  he  absence  of  the1  Little  garrison,  attempted  the 
destruction  of  life  and  properly,  Sept.  1.  107."). 
The  inhabitants  were  in  the  meeting-house,  it 
being  fast-day.  The  men  seized  their  arms  to 
defend  themselves,  their  wives,  and  their  little 
ones  from  the  merciless  barbarians.  Just  as  the 
-.lined    about    to   strike   a   destructive 

blow, and  the u, unskilled  in  military  affairs, 

felt  themselves  almost  powerless,  a  man  with  a 
long,  llovv  ing  white  beard  and  military  air  sud- 
denly appeared,  drew  his  sword,  and.  putting 
himself  at  the  head  of  the  armed  men,  filled  them 
with  courage  and  led  them  to  victory.  The  bar- 
barians fell  back  and  lied,  when  the  mysterious 
leader  as  suddenly  disappeared,  none  knowing 
w  hem,'  he  came  or  whither  he  went.  It  was 
Colonel  Gofie,  the  "  regicide,"  w  ho  was  then  con- 
cealed iii  tin'  boose  of  Mr.  Russell,  at  Hadley. 
k'i.  William.) 

"Hail,  Columbia!"  a  stirring, patriotic  song, 
was  written  in  the  Bpring  of  1798, when  war  n  ith 
Prance  seemed  inevitable.  Mr.  Fox.  a  young 
singer  aud  actor  in  the  Philadelphia  Theatre,  was 

to  have  a  heiielit.  There  was  so  little  UOVeltyin 
I  he  play-house  I  hat  he  anticipated  a  failure.  On 
the  morning  before  the  appointed  day  he  called 
upon  Joseph  Hopkinsou,  a  lawyer  and  man  of 

lei  I ers,  who  indulged  in  writing  verses,  and  said, 
••  Not  a  single  box  has  been  taken,  and  I  tear 
there  will  be  a  thin  house.     If  you  will  write  me 

some  patriotic  verses  to  the  air  of  the  Presidents 

March  (which  see)  I  feel  sine  of  a  full  house. 
Several  people  about  the  theatre  have  attempt- 
ed it.  but  they  have  come  to  the  conclusion  it 
can't  be  done.     I  I  hink  you  may  succeed."     llop- 

kiuson  retired  to  his  study,  wrote  the  first  verse 

and  chorus,  and  submitted  them  to  Mrs.  Hop- 
kinsou, who  Bang  them  with  a  harpsichord  ac- 
companiment. The  tune  and  winds  harmonized. 
flu-  gong  w  as  soon  liiiished,  and  the  young  actor 
received  it  the  same  evening.     Next  morning 


HAINES'S  BLUFF 


(il)4 


HALE 


the  theatre  placards  contained  an  announcc- 
iiicii t  that  Mr.  Fox  would  sing  a  new  patriotic 
song.     The  house  was  crowded  ;  the  song  was 

sung,  and  the  audience  were  wild  with  delight, 
lor  it  touched  the  public  heart  with  electrical 
effect  at  that  moment.  Eight  times  the  singer 
w as  called  out  to  repeal  the  song.    When  it  w as 

sung  the  ninth  time  the  whole  audience  arose 
and  joined  in  the  chorus.  On  the  following 
uight  (April  90,  1796)  President  Adams  and  his 
wife,  and  some  of  the  heads  of  departments, 
with  their  families,  were  present,  and  the  singer 
was  called  out  time  after  time.  It  was  repeated 
night  after  night  in  the  theatres  of  Philadelphia 
and  other  places,  and  it  became  the,  universal 
song  of  the  boys  in  the  streets.  On  one  occasion 
a  throng  of  people  gathered  before  the  author's 
residence,  and  suddenly  the  song  Hail,  Columbia  '. 
from  live  hundred  voices  broke  the  stillness  of 
the  night. 

Haines's  Bluff.  At  this  point  on  the  Yazoo 
River  there  were  stirring  military  events  pre- 
paratory to  the  siege  of  Vicksburg.  General 
Sherman,  with  the  Fifteenth  Corps,  had  been 
operating  in  the  Yazoo  region,  and  when  Grant 
determined  to  change  his  base  of  supplies  to 
Grand  Gulf,  below  Vicksbnrg,  Sherman  was  or- 
dered to  made  a  feint  against  Haines's  Bluff, 
which  the  Nationals  had  been  unable  to  pass. 
On  the  morning  of  April  21)  lie  proceeded  from 
Milliken's  Bend,  with  Blair's  division,  iu  ten 
steamboats,  and  armored  and  other  guuhoats, 
and  went  up  the  Yazoo.  On  the  morniug  of  Maj 
6  the  armored  gunboats  assailed  the  fortifica- 
tions at  Haines's  Bluff,  and  in  the  evening 
Blair's  troops  were  landed,  as  if  with  the  inten- 
tion of  making  an  attack.  The  bombardment 
was  kept  up  until  dark,  when  the  troops  were 
quiet  h  re-embarked.  The  assault  and  menace 
wire  repealed  the  next  day,  when  Sherman  re- 
ceived an  older  from  Grant  to  hasten  with  his 
troops  down  the  west  side  of  the  Mississippi  and 
join  him  at  (;rand  Gulf.  (See  Siege  of  Pickeburg.) 

Hakluyt,  RICHARD,  was  born  about  1553; 
died  Oct. -2:!,  1616.  Educated  at  Oxford  Univer- 
sity, he  was  engaged  there  as  a  lecturer  on  cos- 
mography, and  was  the  lirst  who  taught  the  use 
of  globes.      In  1563  he  published  an  account   of 

voyages  of  discovery  to  America;  and  four  years 
afterwards,  while  with  tin-  English  ambassador 
at  Paris,  sir  Edward  Stafford,  probablj  as  his 
chaplain,  he  published  in  French  a  narrative  of 
the  voyages  of  Laudonniere  and  others;  and  in 
1567  lie  published  them  iii  English,  under  the 
title  of  flour  Voyage*  unto  Florida.  On  his  return 
to  England  in  1589,  Hakluyt   was  appointed  by 

Raleigh  one  of  the  company  of  adventurers  for 
colonizing  Virginia  His  greatest  work — The 
Principal  Navigations,  Voyage*,  Trafflckt,  and  Die- 
eateries  of  the  English  Nation,  madt  by  See.  or  veer 
/.mid,  in  tin  most  remote  and  farthest  distant  Quar- 
tan nf  tliv  Earth,  at  any  Time  within  tin  Compass 
of  these  Fifteen  Hundred  Yean  -was  published 
the  same  year.  It  contains  many  curious  docu- 
ments, and  is  Illustrated  by  maps  Anthonj  a 
Wood,  writing  late  In  the  Reventeentb  oentnry, 
referring  to  tins  gnat  work, spoke  of  If  as  an 


"honor  to  the  realm  of  England,  because  pos- 
sessing many  ports  and  islands  in  America  that 
are  bare  and  barren,  and  only  bear  a  name  for 
the  present,  but  may  prove  rich  places  in  future 
time."  Now  nearly  sixty  million  people  arc  on 
the  continent  of  North  America.  Hakluyt  was 
appointed  prebendary  of  Westminster  in  1605, 
having  been  previously  prebendary  of  Bristol. 
Afterwards  he  was  rector  of  Wetheringset,  Suf- 
folk, and  at  his  death  was  buried  in  West  min- 
ster Abbey.  Henry  Hudson,  who  discovered 
Spitzbergen  in  1608,  gave  the  name  of  Hakluyt's 
Head  to  a  point  on  that  island:  and  Bylot  gave 
his  name  to  an  island  in  Baffin's  Bay.  A  society 
founded  in  1846,  for  the  republication  of  early 
voyages  and  travels,  has  taken  his  name. 

Haldimand,  But  FREDERICK,  K.  B.,  was  born 
at  Neuchatel,  Switzerland,  in  October,  1728; 
died  at  Yverdun,  Su  itzerland,  June  .">,  1791.  He 
left  the  Prussian  army,  and  in  17,~>4,  with  his 
friend  Henry  Bouquet  (which  see),  entered  the 
British  military  service.  He  came  to  America 
iu  17.">7,  and  as  lieutenant-colonel  distinguished 
himself  at Ticonderoga  (1758)  aud  Oswego  (1759). 
lie  accompanied  Amherst  to  Montreal  in  176(1. 
In  171)7  he  was  employed  in  Florida,  and  became 
major-general  in  America  in  1772.  Returning 
to  Bnglaud  in  177.">  to  give  tin'  ministry  infor- 
mation respecting  the  colonies,  he  was  commis- 
sioned a  major-general  (Jan.  1, 1776).  and  iu  1777 
a  lieutenant -general  and  lieutenant-governor 
of  Quebec,  where  he  succeeded  Carletori  as  goi  - 
era  or  in  177S.  He  ruled  in  an  arbitrary  manner 
until  1784,  when  he  returned  to  England. 

Hale,  Nathan.  Death  <>i.  as  a  Spy.  Iu 
Knowlton's  regimeul  (see  Harlem  Plains,  BaMt 

on)  was  a  line  young  captain,  Nathan  Hale,  a 
trusted  officer,  and  chosen  for  the  perilous  ser- 
vice of  a  spy.  At  the  house  of  Robert  Murray, 
on  the  Inclebcrg  (now  Murray  Hill,  in  the  city 
of  New  York !,  w  hen-  Washington  had  his  head- 
quarters for  a  brief  time  while  retreating  tow- 
ards Harlem  Heights,  Hale  received  instruc- 
tions on  duty  from  the  commander-in-chief.  He 
entered  the  British  camp  on  Long  Island  as  a 
plain  young  farmer,  and  made  sketches  and 
notes  unsuspected.  A  Tory  kinsman  knew  and 
betrayed  him.  He  was  taken  to  Howe's  head- 
quarters at  the  Beekmau  mansion,  and  confined 
in  tin'  green-house  all  night  He  frankly  avowed 
his  name,  rank,  and  character  as  a  spy  i  which 

his  papers  revealed), and, without  even  the  form 

of  a  trial,  was  handed  over  to  the  provost-msr- 
sbal    Cunningham    the  next  morning    - 
1776)  to  be  hanged.      That   infamous  oilier  de- 
nied  Hale  the  services  of  a  clergyman  and  the 

use  of  a  Bible;  but  the  more  humane  officer  whn 

superintended  the  execution  furnished  him  w  ith 

materials  to  write  letters  to  his  mother,  his  be- 
trothed, and  sisters.  These  the  brutal  Cuntiing- 
hain  destroyed  before  the  Bum  of  Us  victim, 

while  teais  and  BOOS  marked  the  sympathy  of 
the  spectators.  With  unfaltering  \oiee.  Hale 
said,  at   the  last   moment .  "  1  only    regret    that    I 

have  but  one  Ufa  to  lose  for  my  country."  Hah 
was   a    native   of  Coventry,  Conn.,  where    be 

was    hoiii.Jime  6,  L765,  and    gra dilated   at    Vale 


HALIFAX  6 

College  in  177:?.  1I<>  was  teaching  school  at 
New  London  when  the  affair  at  Lexington  caused 
him  to  inter  the  army  of  patriots  as  a  captain 
in  Knowl  ton's  regiment.  .Inst  before  the  Amer- 
ican army  left  New  York,  Hale,  with  an  associ- 
ate, took,  at  midnight,  a  sloop  laden  with  pro- 
visions from  under  the  guns  of  a  frigate. 

Halifax,  'I'm:  Earl  OF,  when  only  thirty-two 
years  of  age  (1748),  was  made  First  Commis- 
sioner, or  President,  of  the  Hoard  of  Trade  and 
Plantations,  which  office  he  held  for  many  years, 
though,  unfitted  by  a  lack  of  statemanship,  in- 
tellectual strength,  and  knowledge  of  tin;  world, 
for  the  position.  He  was  fond  of  authority  and 
show,  but  was  totally  ignorant  of  the  character 
of  the  American  people,  lie  was  ambitious  of 
renown  ;  and,  finding  himself  virtually  the  con- 
troller of  t  he  affairs  of  a  vast  region  of  country, 
hi'  resolved   to  make  a   name  to   lie   honored   as 

a.  « isc,  industrious,  and  energetic  executive  of- 

licer.       He  failed  to  do  so. 

Hall,  Charles  Francis,  an  antic  explorer, 
«:i>  born  ai  Rochester,  \.  II..  in  1821;  died  in 
Greenland,  Nov.  8, 1871.  First  he  was  a  black- 
smith, and  then  a  journalist  ill  Cincinnati.  In 
1859  he  appeared  in  New  York,  and  at  a  meet- 
ing of  the  Geographical  Society  he  offered  to  go 
in  search  of  the  remains  of  8ir  John  Franklin. 
Funds  for  the  purpose  were  raised,  and  in  May, 
I860,  he  sailed  from  New  London,  Conn.,  in  a 
whaling    vessel,   commanded    by   Captain    Iiud- 

ilington.  'the  vessel  became  locked  in  the  ice. 
He  made  the  acquaintance  of  the  Esquimaux, 
learned  their  language,  acquired  their  friend- 
ship, and  lived  with  them  two  years, making  his 
way  hack  to  the  Fniieil  Slates  in  September, 
1888,  without  having  discovered  any  traces  of 
Sir  John  Franklin  and  his  party.  He  was  ac- 
companied by  an  Esquimaux  and  his  wife.  His 
Arctic  Betearehet  <nnl  I, iff  among  the  Esquimaux 
was  published  in  1864.  In  .Inly  of  that  year  he 
set  mil  on  another  polar  expedition,  with  Bud- 
dington,  expecting  to  he  absent  two  or  three 

years,  lint  did  not  return  until  late  in  1869.  Sat- 
isfied  that    none  of   1  i  anklin's   men    were   alive, 

Hall  labored  to  induce  Congress  to  tit  out  a  ship 

to  search  for  the  supposed  open  polar  sea.  and  it 

made  an  appropriation  for  the  purpose 

called  the  l'lilmix  was  lilted  out,  ami  sent  (from 
New  York,  June  29,  I  —  T  1  under  the  general 
command  of  Hall,  Buddillgton  going  as  sailing- 
master,  accompanied  1>\  scientific  associates. 
In  Auiuist  thev    reached  the  northern  sell  lenient 

in  Greenland.  Pushing  on  northward,  the  ves- 
sel reached  82    16',  probably  the  most  northerly 

point  ye(  reached.  They  wintered  in  a  cove 
(which  they  called  Polaris),  in  latitude  -1     88'. 

In  October  Hall  and  three  others  started  on  a 

sledge  expedition  northward,  and  reached  a 
point  a  few  miles  -ln.it  of  that  touched  by 
the  Polatil.  Thej  soon  returned,  when  Hall 
was  taken    sick   and   soon    afterwards   died,   it   is 

■apposed  from  apoplexy.  In  August.  1872, Cap- 
tain Bnddington  attempted  to  return  with  the 

I'lihuis,  hut  for  weeks  was  in  the  ice-pack.  She 
was  iu  great  peril,  and  preparations  were  made 

to  abandon    her.     The   boats,  provisions,  and 


5  HALLECK 

nineteen  of  the  crew  were  put  on  the  ice,  but 
before  the  rest  of  them  could  get  out  the  ves- 
sel broke  loose  and  drifted  away.  Those  on 
the  ice  drifted  southward  for  one  hundred  and 
ninety-five  days,  floating  helplessly  about  two 
thousand  miles.  An  Esquimaux,  the  friend  of 
Captain  Hall,  kept  the  company  from  starving 
by  his  skill  in  seal  -  fishing.  The  party  were 
picked  up  in  April,  1873,  by  a  Nova.  Scotia  whal- 
ing steamer,  and  the  Polaris  made  a  port  on  an 
island,  where  her  crew  wintered,  made  boats 
of  her  hoards,  and  set  sail  southward.  They 
were  picked  up,  June  23,  by  a  Scotch  whaler 
and  taken  to  Dundee. 

Hall,  Domtnick  Augustine,  was  born  in 

South  Carolina  in  17<»5 ;  died  in  New  Orleans, 
Dec.  19,  1H-20.  He  was  district  judge  of  Orleans 
Territory  from  1809  till  it  became  the  State  of 
Louisiana  in  1812,  when  he  was  appointed  Unit- 
ed States  judge  of  the  state.  While  the  city  of 
New  Orleans  was  under  martial  law  early  in 
1815,  Genera]  Jackson  caused  Judge  Hall's  ar- 
rest for  interfering  with  the  operation  of  that 
law.  On  his  release,  in  March,  he  summoned 
Jackson  to  answer  for  contempt  of  court,  and 
lined  him  $1000.    (See  Jackeon,  Andrew.) 

Hall,  GORDON,  first  American  missionary  to 
Bombay,  was  horn  in  Tolland  County,  Mass., 
April  8,  1784;  died  of  cholera  in  India,  March 
20,  1826.  Ho  was  ordained  at  Salem  in  181% 
and  sailed  for  Calcutta,  where  he  arrived  in 
February,  1813, and  spent  thirteen  years  there 
in  missionary  labors. 

Hall,  LYMAN,  signer  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  was  horn  in  Connecticut  in  1725; 
died  iu  Burke  County,  (ia.,  Oct.  19,  1790.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  College  iii  1717,  and,  becoming 
a  physician,  he  established  himself  at  Suubury, 

Oa.,  where    he    was    very  successful.       He   was   a 

member  of  the  Georgia  Convention  iii  1774-76, 
and  was  influential  in  causing  Georgia  to  join 
the  Confederacy.  He  was  sent  as  a  delegate  to 
Congress  in  March,  1776,  by  the  Parish  of  St. 
John,  and  in  July  w  as  elected  a  delegate  by  the 
Provincial  Convention  of  Georgia  (which  see). 
lie  remained  in  Congress  until  1780,  when  the 

inv  asion  of  the  state  caused  him  to  hasten  home. 
lie  was  governor  of  Georgia  in  17-:!. 

Halleck,  FlTZ- GREENE,  poet,  was  horn  at 
Guilford, Conn., July  8,  1790;  died  there, Nov. 9, 
1867.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  years  he  became 
a  clerk  in  the  banking-house  of  Jacob  Marker, 
and  was  long  a  confidential  clerk  with  John 
Jacob  Aslor,  who  made  him  one  of  the  fust 
l  the  Astor  Library.  From  early  hoy- 
hood  he  wrote  verses.  With  Joseph  Rodman 
I  hake,  hi-  wrote  the  humorous  series  known  as 
Tin'  Cinlri-   Paper*  for  the  Evening    Post  in   1819. 

His  longest  poem,  Fanny,  a  satire  upon  the  liter- 
ature and  politics  of  the  times,  was  published  iu 
1821.  The  next  year  he  went  to  Europe,  and  in 
1897  his  Alnwick  Cattle,  Marco  Bozearis,an6  oth- 
er poems  were  published  in  a  volume.      Halleck 

wasa  gennine  poet,  bnthe  wrote  comparatively 

little.  His  pieces  of  importance  are  only  thir- 
ty-two iu  Dumber,  and  altogether  comprise  only 

about  four  thousand  lines.      Yet   he,  wrote  with 


HAL  I.  It  K  6 

great  facility.  His  Fanny,  in  the  measure  of 
Byron's  Don  Juan,  was  completed  and  printed 
within  three  weeks  alter  it  was  began.  Late 
in  life  lie  joined  the  Komaii  Catholic  Church. 

Halleck,  Henky  WaGBR,  was  born  at  Wft- 
terville,  Oneida  Co., N.Y.,  in  1-14:  died  at  Lou- 
isville. Ky..  Jan.  9,  1872.  He  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1839, entering  the  engineer  corps. 
Until  June,  1840,  he  was  assistant  professor  at 


I1ENKY   WAGER   HALLECK. 

West  Point,  and  from  1841  to  1844  he  was  em- 
ployed on  the  fortifications  in  New  York  harbor. 
In  1845  lie  visited  the  military  establishments 
of  Europe.  In  the  winter  of  1845-46  bo  deliv- 
ered at  the  Lowell  Institute,  Boston,  a  series  of 
lectures  on  the  science  of  war.  since  published 
in  book  form  w  ith  the  title  of  Elements  of  Military 
Art  mid  Science.  He  served  in  California  and  on 
the  Pacific  coast  during  the  war  with  Mexico, 
in  which  he  distinguished  himself.      lie  w  as  on 

the  staff  of  Commodore  Shnbrick  at  the  capture 
of  Mazatlan,  and  was  made  lieutenant-govern- 
or. From  Aug.  13,  1847,  to  Dec.  20, 1849,  be  was 
Secretary  of  the  Province  and  Territory  of  Cali- 
fornia, and  had  a  larpc  share  in  preparing  the. 
state  constitution.      lie  left    the  army   in    l-.">i. 

and  began  the  practice  of  law  in  San  Francisco. 

In  August.  1861,  Halleck  was  appointed  a  major- 
general  of  the  Qui  ted  States  Army,  and  succeed- 
Sd  Fremont  in  command  of  the  Western  De- 
partment in  November.  In  1862  he  took  com- 
mand of  the  army  before  Corinth,  and   in  July 

of  that  year  he  was  appointed  general-in-chief, 

and  held  that  position  until  superseded  bj 
Grant,  when   he   became   ohief-of-etaff   in   the 

United  Slates  Army,  which  position  he  held  till 

A  pi  il.  1  B65,  when  he  was  placed  in  command  of 
the  Military  Division  of  the  James,  with  his 
headquarters  at  Richmond.  In  August  he  was 
transferred  to  the  Division  of  the  Pacific,  and 
in  March,  L869,  t»  that  of  the  South,  with  bead- 
quarters  at  Louisville.  General  Halleck  pub- 
lished several  works  upon  military  and  scien- 
tific topics. 

Harriet,  Caijwii  i  i  i.  claimed  to  lie  the  lawful 
Incumbent  of  the  seal  ofpoweral  Tripoli.  The 
reigning  Bey,  his  brother,  was  considered  a 
usurper.     Hamet  had  Bed  to  Bgypl  for  the  prc- 


5  HAMILTON 

tection  of  the  viceroy.  General  Eaton  agreed  to 
assist  Hamet  in  procuring  a  restoration  of  his 
rights,  hut  failed  through  the  conclusion  of  a 
peace  between  the  ruler  of  Tripoli  and  the  Unit- 
ed States  in  1805.  (See  Tripoli,  War  with.)  Ha- 
met was  left  at  Syracuse. with  a  large  family,  by 
an  American  vessel,  and  without  any  means  of 
support.  He  sent  au  indignant  letter  to  the 
United  states  government,  complaining  of  bad 
faith,  and  Congress  voted  him  92400  for  his  tem- 
porary relief. 

Hamilton,  Alexander,  was  born  at  Nevis, 
W.  I.,  Jan.  11.  17.">7  :  mortally  wounded  in  a  duel 
July  12, 1804.  His  father  was  a  Scotchman  :  his 
mother,  of  Huguenot  descent.  He  came  to  the 
English-American  colonies  in  1772,  and  attend- 
ed a  school  kept  by  Francis  Barber  (which  see  i 
at  Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  and  entered  Kind's  (Colum- 
bia) College  in  177:?.  He  made  a  speech  to  a 
popular  assemblage  in  New  York  city  in  1774, 
when  only  seventeen  years  of  age,  remarkable 
in  every  particular,  and  he  aided  the  patriotic 
cause  by  his  writings.  In  March,  1770.  he  was 
made  captain  of  artillery,  and  served  at  White 
Plains.  Trenton,  and  Princeton  :  and  in  March. 
1777,  became  aide-de-camp  to  Washington,  and 
his  secretarv  and  trusted  confidant.     He  was  of 


great  assistance  to  Washington  in  his  corre- 
spondence, and  in  planning  campaigns.  In  De- 
cember. 1780,  be  married  a  daughter  of  General 

Philip  Schuyler,  and  in  17-1  he  retired  from 
Washington's  staff.  In  July  he  was  appointed 
to  the  command  of  New  York  troops,  with  the 
rank  of  colonel,  and  captured  by  assault  a  re- 
doubt at  Yoiktown.  Oct.  1 1.  1781.  After  the  sur- 
render of  Cornwallis  lie  left  the  army:  studied 
law;  was  a  member  of  Congress  (1788 
soon  took  the  lead  in  his  profession.  He  was  ;i 
member  of  the  New  Yoik  Legislature  in  17-?. 
and  of  the  convention  at  Philadelphia,  that 
year,  that  framed  the  National  Constitution. 
With   the  aiil  of  the  able  pens  of  Madison   and 

Jay,  Hamilton  put  forth  a  series  ,.f  remarkable 
i-^;i\>  in  favor  of  the  Constitution,  which,  in 
booh  form,  bear  the  name  of  The  FederalUi 
(winch  scei.     Hamilton  wrote  the  larger  half 

of  that   work.       He  was  called   to  tin'  cabinet  of 

Washington  as  Beeretarj  of  the  Treasury,  and 
was  the  founder  of  the  financial  system  of  the 


HAMILTON 


607 


HAMILTON  AND  BURR 


Republic  Having  finished  the  groat  work  of 
assisting  t<>  put  in  motion  the  machinery  of  the 
government  of  the  United  Stales,  ami  seeing  it 
in  Biicceesfnl  working  order,  he  resigned,  Jan. 
U,  ITU."),  and  resumed  the  practice  of  law;  Imt 
his  pen  was  iniieli  employed  in  support  of  the 
policy  of  the  national  government.  When,  in 
1798,  war  with  Prance  seemed  probable,  and 
President  Adams  appointed  Washington  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  armies  of  the  Republic, 
Hamilton  was  made  his  second  in  command, 
with  the  rank  of  major-general.  On  the  death 
af  Washington  (December,  1799),  Hamilton  suc- 
ceeded him  as  commander-in-chief,  hut  the  pro- 
visional arms  WM  BOOU  disbanded.  Though  op- 
posed to  the  practice  of  duelling,  lie  fell  com- 
pelled to  accept  a  challenge  to  mortal  combat 
from  Aaron  Burr,  and  was  killed.  See  lliinul- 
({iii  mill  Burr. 

Hamilton  and  a  National  Government.  On 
Sept.:!.  1780, Alexander  Hamilton  wrote  to  I>u- 
ane.  member  <>f  Congress  from  New  York,  and 
expressed  his  views  ou  the  subject  of  state  su- 
premacy and  a  national  government.  He  pro- 
posed a  call  for  a  convention  of  all  the  states 
on  the  1st  of  November  following,  with  full  au- 
thority to  conclude,  finally,  upon  n  general  con- 
federation. He  traced  the  cause  of  I  he  want  of 
power  in  Congress,  and  censured  that  body  for 
its  timidity  in  refusing  to  assume  authority  to 
preserve  the  infant  republic  from  harm.  "Un- 
defined powers,"  he  said,  "are  discretionary 
powers,  limited  only  by  the  object  for  which 
they  were  given."  lie  said  thai  "some  of  the 
lines  of  the  army,  but  for  the  inflnence  of  Wash- 
ington, would  obey  their  states  in  opposition  to 
Congress.  ...  Congress  should  have  complete 
sovereignty  in  all  that  relates  t<>  war,  peace, 
trade,  finance,  foreign  affairs,  armies,  fleets,  for- 
tifications, coining  money,  establishing  banks, 
imposing  a  land-tax,  poll-ia\,  duties  on  trade, 

and  the  unoccupied  lands."  He  proposed  that 
the  general  government  should  have  power  to 

provide  certain  perpetual  revenues,  productive 

and  easy  of  collection.      He  claimed  the  plan  of 

confederation  then  before  Congress  to  be  de- 

feetive, and  urged  alteration.      "  It  is  neither  lit 

for  war,"  he  said,  >r  for  peace.     The  idea  of 

an  uncontrollable  sovereign tj  in  each  state  will 
defeat   the  powers  given  to  Conines  and  make 

our  union  feeble  ami  precarious."  lb'  recom- 
mended the  appointment  of  joint  officers  of 
state  for  foreign  affairs,  for  war,  for  the  navy, 
and  for  the  treasury  to  supersede  the  ••commit- 
tees" and  "  boards"  hitherto  employed  :  but  he 
neither  favored  a  chief  magistrate  \\  ith  supreme 
executive  power,  nor  two  branches  in  the  nation- 
al legislature.  The  whole  tone  of  Hamilton's 
letter  was  hopeful  of  the  fill  lire,  though  written 
ill  his  tent  in  the  midst  of  a  Buffering  army. 

Hamilton  and  Burr.     In  the  winter  of  L804 

Cieneral  Alexander  Hamilton  was  in  Albany. at- 
tending to  law  business.  While  he  was  there  a 
caucus  or  consullal  ion  was  held  by  the  leading 

Federalists  in  a  private  room  in  Lewis's  city 

Tavern.  It  was  a  secret  meeting  to  consult  and 
eompaie  opinions   on   the  Question    whether  the 


Federalists,  as  a  party,  ought  to  support  Col. 
Aaron  Burr  for  the  office  of  governor  of  the 
State  of  New  York.  In  a  bedroom  adjoining 
the  closed  dining-room  in  which  the  caucus  was 
held,  one  or  two  of  Burr's  political  friends  were 
concealed,  and  heard  every  word  uttered  in  the 
meeting.  The  characters  of  men  were  fiilh  lis- 
cusscd,  and  Hamilton,  in  a  speech,  spoke  of  B. 
as  an  unsuitable  candidate,  because  no  reliance 
could  be  placed  ill  him.  The  spies  reported  the 
proceedings  to  their  principal,  and  on  the  17lh 
of  February  1 1804)  a  correspondent  of  the  Morn- 
ing Chronicle  wrote   that    at    a    Federal   l 'ling 

the  night  before  the  "principal  part  of  Hamil- 
ton's speech  went  to  show  that  no  reliance 
ought  to  be  placed  in  Mr.  Burr."  In  the  elec- 
tion which  ensued  Burr  was  defeated,  and, 
though  Hamilton  hail  taken  no  part  in  the  can- 
vass, his  intliieuce  was  such  that  BttlT  attribut- 
ed his  defeat  to  him.  Burr,  defeated  and  politi- 
cally ruined,  evidently  determined  on  revenge 
a  revenge  thai  nothing  but  the  life  of  Hamil- 
ton would  satiate.  Dr.  Charles  Cooper,  of  Al- 
bany, had  dined  with  Hamilton  at  the  table  of 
Judge  Taylor,  where  Hamilton  spoke  freely  of 
Burr's  political  conduct  and  principles  only,  to 
which  he  declared  himself  hostile.  Dr.  Cooper, 
in  bis /eal.  just  before  the  election, in  published 

letters,  said  :  "  Hamilton  and  Kent  both  consid- 
er Burr,  politically,  as  a  dangerous  man,  and  un- 
lit for  the  office  of  governor."     He  also  wrote 

that  Hamilton  ami  Kent  both  thought  that. 
Burr  ought  not  to  be  '•  trusted  u  ith  the  reins  of 

government,"  ami  added,  "  I  could  detail  a  still 
more  despicable  opinion  which  Hamilton  had 
expressed  of  Burr."  The  latter  made  these  pri 
rule  expressions  of  Hamilton  oouoeriiing  his  po- 
litical character  a  pretext  for  a  challenge  to 
mortal  combat  ;  and.  seizing  upon  the  word 
"despicable,"  sent  a  note  lo  Hamilton,  demand- 
ing "a  prompt  and  unqualified  acknowledg- 
ment or  denial  of  having  said  anything  which 

warranted  such  an  expression."     Several  notes 

passed  between  Hamilton  and  Burr,  through 
t  he  hands  of  friends,  in  one  of  which  Hamilton 
frankly  said  that  ••the  conversation  which  Dr. 
Cooper  alluded  to  turned  wholly  on  political  top- 
ics, and  did  not  attribute  to  Colonel  Burr  any 
instance  of  dishonorable  conduct,  nor  relate  to 
his  private  character:  and  in  relation  to  any 
other  language  or  conversation  of  General  Ham- 
ilton which  Colonel  Burr  will  specify,  a  prompt 
and  frank  avowal  or  denial  will  be  given." 
This  was  all  an  honorable  man  could  ask.  But 
Burr  seemed  to  thirst  for  Hamilton's  life,  and 
he  pressed  him  to  tight  a  duel  in  a  manner 
which,  in  the  public  opinion  which  then  pre- 
vailed concerning  the  "code  of  honor,"'  Hamil- 
ton could  not  decline.  They  fought  at  \Yee- 
hawken  (July  12,  1804),  on  the  west  side  of  the 
Hudson  River,  and  Hamilton,  who  would  not 
discharge  his  pistol  at  Burr,  for  he  did  not  wish 
to  hurt  him,  was  mot  tally  wounded  and  died  the 
next  day.  The  public  excitement, wil  hout  regard 
to  party,  was  intense.  Burr  lied  from  New  York 
and  became  for  a  while  a  fugitive  from  justice. 
1  le  w  as  polil  ically  dead,  and  bore  the  burden  of 
scorn  and  remorse  for  more  than  thirts   \ears. 


HAMILTON'  AND  JEFFEBSON 


608   HAMILTON'S  PLAN  FOR  GOVERNMENT 


Hamilton  and  Jefferson,  QUARREL  OF.  Tlir 
persiateut  and  sometimes  violent  attacks  upon 
t  In-  financial  policy  of  the  government,  some- 
times assuming  the  aspect  of  personality  tow- 
ards Hamilton,  that  appeared  in  Freneau's  Na- 
tional Gazette,  in  17'.)-.>,  at  length  provoked  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  publish  a  newspaper 
article,  over  the  signature  of -An  American,"  in 
which  attention  was  called  to  Freneau's  paper  as 
the  organ  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  Mr.  Jeffer- 
son, and  edited  l>y  a  clerk  employed  in  his  office. 
This  connection  was  represented  as  indelicate, 
and  inconsistent  with  .Jelferson's  professions  of 
republican  purity.  He  commented  on  the  in- 
consistency and  indelicacy  of  Mr.  Jefferson  in 
retaining  a  place  in  the  cabinet  when  he  was 
opposed  to  the  government  be  was  serving, vil- 
ifying its  important  measures,  adopted  1  >\  both 
branches  of  the  Legislature,  and  sanctioned  by 
the  chief  magistrate;  and  continually  casting 
Obstacles  in  the  way  of  establishing  the  public 
credit  and  providing  for  the  support  of  the 
government.  The  paper  concluded  with  a  con- 
trast, as  to  the  effect  upon  the  public  welfare, 

between  the  policy  adopted  by  the  government 
and  that  advocated  by  the  party  of  which  Jef- 
ferson aspired  to  be  leader.  Freneau  denied, 
under  oath,  that  Jefferson  had  anything  to  do 
with  his  paper,  and  declared  he  had  never  writ- 
ten a  line  for  it.  To  this,  "An  American  "  re- 
plied that  "actions  were  louder  than  words  or 
oaths,"  and  charged  Jefferson  with  being  "the 
prompter  of  the  attacks  on  government  meas- 
ures and  the  aspersions  on  honorable  men." 
The  papers  by  "An  American''  were  at  once 
ascribed  to  Hamilton,  and  drew-  out  answers 
from  Jefferson's  friends.  To  these  Hamilton 
replied.  The  qnarrel  waxed  hot.  Washington 
(then  at  Mount  Vernon), as  soon  as  he  heard  of 

the  newspaper  war.  tried  to  bring  about  a  truce 
between  the  angry  secretaries.  In  a  letter  to 
Jefferson  (Aug.  23,  1792)  he  said  :  '•  How  unfort- 
unate and  how  much  to  lie  regretted  it  is  that, 
while  we  are  encompassed  on  all  sides  with 
avowed  enemies  and  insidious  friends,  internal 
dissensions  should  be  harrowing  and  tearing 
out  om  vitals."  Hi'  portrayed  the  public  inju- 
ry that  such  a  qnarrel  would  intlict.  He  wrote 
to  Hamilton  to  the  same  elfect.  Their  answers 
were  characteristic  of  the  two  men,  Jefferson's 
concluding  with  an  intimation  that  he  should 

nine   IV liice   at    the  close  of  Washington's 

term.     Hamilton  and  Jefferson  were  never  reo- 

iled;  personally  there  was  a  truce,  but  po- 
litically they  were  bitter  enemies. 

Hamilton,  Am>i;iw.  was  an  eminent  lawyer 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  Aug. 
1.  1711.. it  a  ripe  ol.l  age.     He  acquired  much 

distinction  by  bis  defence  of  the  liberty  of  the 
press  on  the  trial  ofZengerin  New  York  I  which 

see),  lb-  tilled  many  public  stations  m  Penn- 
sylvania, including  that  of  Speaker  of  tin'  As 
scmbly.  which  he  resigned  in  I7"'.i  iii  conse- 
quence of  physical  infirmitj . 

Hamilton,  Qo\  i  UXOR,  \i   l>i  rBOl  I 

the  most  active  promoters  of  Indian  raids  n] 

the  frontier  settlements  of  the  Americans  in  the 


Northwest  was  Colonel  Henry  Hamilton,  Lieu- 
tenant-governor of  Detroit.  To  that  post  be 
summoned  several  Indian  nations  to  a  council 
late  in  1777  ;  and  from  that  point  he  sent  abroad 
along  the  frontiers  bands  of  savages  to  murder 
and  plunder  the  American  settlers.  Their  cru- 
elties he  applauded  as  evidence  of  their  attach- 
ment to  the  royal  cause.  He  gave  standing  re- 
wards for  scalps,  but  offered  none  for  prisoners. 
His  war- parties,  composed  of  white;  nun  and 
Indians,  spared  neither  men,  women,  nor  chil- 
dren. He  planned  a  confederation  of  the  tribes 
to  desolate  Virginia.  In  1778  he  wrote  to  Ger- 
main, whose  favorite  he  was,  "Next  year  there 
will  be  the  greatest  number  of  savages  on  the 
frontier  that  lias  ever  been  known,  as  the  Si\ 
Nations  have  sent  belts  around  to  encourage 
those  allies  who  have  made  a  general  alliance." 
I >n t  early  in  that  year  he  was  made  a  prisoner 
of  war  at  Vinceunes,  and  he  was  sent  to  Vir- 
ginia (  See  Clarke,  George  Sogers.)  He  had 
formed  a  conspiracy  for  the  Southern  and  North- 
ern Indians  to  desolate  the  whole  frontier  from 
New  York  to  Georgia. 

Hamilton,  S<  iiivi.i:i;.  was  born  in  New  York, 
July  25,  1822,  and  graduated  ar  West  Point  in 
1841.  He  served  in  the  war  with  Mexico,  and 
was  acting  aid  to  General  Scott.  II«  was  se- 
verely wounded  in  a  hand-to-hand  engagement 
with  Mexicans.  He  was  breveted  captain,  and 
remained  on  Scott's  stall'  until  1864  He  left 
the  army  in  1855,  but  on  the  fall  of  Sumter 
(1861)  he  joined    the   New    York   Seventh    Kegi- 

tnent  as  a  private.     He  became  aid  to  General 

Butler  at  Annapolis,  and  soon  entered  the  mil- 
itary family  of  General  Scott  at  Washington. 
He  was  made  brigadier-general  in  November, 
1861,  and  accompanied  General  Halleeh  to  Mis- 
souri, where  he  commanded  the  district  of  St. 
Louis.  Iii  February,  1862,  he  commanded  a  di- 
vision in  Pope's  army  :  and  by  the  planning  and 
construction  of  a  canal,  greatly  assisted  in  the 
capture  of  New  Madrid  and  Island  Number  Ten. 

in  September,  1862, he  was  made  major-general 

of  volunteers.      He  resigned  in  February,  l>b:>. 

Hamilton's  Plan  for  a  National  Govern- 
ment. Hamilton  was  afraid  of  democracy.  He 
wished  to  secure  for  the  Qui  ted  States  a  Strong 
government :  and  in  the  convention  at  Phila- 
delphia in  17-7  he  presented  a  plan,  the  chief 

features  of  w  liich  were,  an  assembly,  to  be  elect- 
ed b\  the  people  for  three  years;  a  senate,  to  be 
chosen   by  electors   voted    for  by  the   people  (as 

the  President  of  the  United  states  now  i> k  to 
bold  office  during  good  behavior:  and  a  gov- 
ernor, also  chosen  to  rule  during  good  behavior 
b\  a  similar  but  more  complicated  process.  I  be 
governor  was  to  have  an  absolute  negative  upon 
all  laws,  and  the  appointment  of  all  officers,  sub- 
jeet,    however,    tO    the    approval    of    the    senate. 

The  general  government  was  to  have  tin'  ap- 
pointment of  the  governors  of  the  stales,  and  a 

negative  upon  all  state  laws.  The  senate  was 
to  be  invested  with  the  power  of  declaring  wax 
and  ratifying  treaties.    In  a  speech  preliminary 

to  his  presentation  of  this  plan,  Hamilton  ex- 
pressed doubts  as  to  republican  government  at 


HAMILTON'S  KF.I'ORT  ON  FINANCES     609 


HAMPDEN,  BRITISH  AT 


all,  and  his  admiration  of  the  English'  constitu- 
tion as  the  best  model:  nor  did  be  conceal  his 
theoretical  preference  for  monarchy,  while  he 
admitted  that,  in  the  existing  state  of  public 

sentiment,  it  was  lieceS8ary  to  adhere  to  repub- 
lican forms,  lint  with  all  the  strength  possible. 
He  desired  a  general  government  strong  enough 
to  counterbalance  the  strength  of  the  state  gov- 
ernments and  reduce  them  to  subordinate  im- 
portance. 

Hamilton's  Report  on  the  Finances  (1790). 
The  first  report  to  the  national  Congress  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  was  waited  tor  with 
greal  anxiety  not  only  by  the  public  creditors. 
but  by  every  thonghtfnl  patriot.  It  was  pre- 
sented to  the  House  of  Representatives  .Ian.  15, 
1790.  It  embodied  a  financial  scheme  which 
was  generally  adopted,  and  remained  the  line 

of  financial  policy  of  the  new  government  for 
more  than  t  went  y  J  ears.  On  his  recommenda- 
tion, the  national  government  assumed  not  only 
the  foreign  and  domestic  deDte  of  tin'  old  gov- 
ernment, incurred  in  carrying  on  the  late  war, 
as  its  own,  but  also  the  debts  contracted  by  the 

several  states  daring  that  period  for  the  general 
welfare.  The  foreign  debt,  with  accrued  inter- 
est, amonnting   to  almost    $12,000,000,  was  due 

chiefly  to  Fiance  and  private  lenders  in  Hol- 
land. The  domestic  debt,  including  outstand- 
ing Continental  money  anil  interest,  amounted 
to  over  142,000,000,  nearly  one  third  of  which 
was  accumulated  accrued  interest.     The  state 

debts  a-.-.ni i  amounted  in  the  aggregate  to 

181,000, I, distributed  as  follows:  New  Hamp- 
shire, $300,000;  Massachusetts, $4, ,000:  Rhode 

Island,  w  Inch  came  into  the  Union  Max  29,  1790, 

$200,000;  Connecticut,  $1,600,000 ;  New  York. 
$1,200,000;  New  Jersey,  $800,000;  Pennsylva- 
nia, $2^200, :  Delaware,  $200,000;   Maryland. 

$800, :  Virginia, $3,000,000 ;   North  Carolina. 

$2,400,000;  South  Carolina, $4,000, I;  Georgia, 

Long  and  earnest  debates  on  tins  re- 
poit  ocenrred  in  and  out  of  Congress.  There  was 
but  one  opinion  about  the  foreign  debt,  anil  the 

President  was  authorized  to  I ,,w  $12,000,000 

to  paj  it  with.  As  to  the  dome-tic  debt, there 
was  a  wide  difference  of  opinion.  The  Conti- 
nental bills,  government  certificates,  and  ether 
evidences  of  debt  were  mostly  held  by  specula- 
ten,  who  had  purchased  them  at  greatly  re- 
duced late-:  ami  many  prominent  men  thought 
it    would   be    proper   and    expedient    to   apply  a 

scale  of  depreciation  to  them,  as  in  the  ease  of 

the  paper-money  towards  the  close  of  the  war. 
ill   liquidating  them.       Hamilton    declared    slleh 

a  eonrse  would  be  dishonest  and  impolitic, and 

that  the  public  proini-es  should  be  met  in  full, 
iii  whatever  hands  the  evidences  were  found. 

It  was  the  only  way.  he  Signed  justly,  to  sustain 

public  credit.     He  proposed  the  funding  of  the 

public  debt  in  a  fair  and  economical  way  by 
Which  the  creditors  should  receive  their  prom- 
ised six  per  cent. until  the  government  should 
be  able  to  pa\   the  principal.      He  assumed  that 

in  five  years,  if  the  government  should  pursue 

an   honorable   course,  loan-  might   be   made   for 

live,  and   even   four,  per  cent.,  with   which  the 

claims    might    be    met.        The    propositions   of 

I. -39 


Hamilton,  though  warmly  opposed,  were  ob- 
viously so  just  that  they  were  agreed  to  in 
March  (1790),  and  a  new  loan  was  authorized. 
payable  in  certificates  of  the  domestic  debt  at 
their  par  value  in  Continental  bills  of  credit 
(new  issue),  at  the  rate  of  one  hundred  to  one. 
Congress  also  authorized  an  additional  loan  to 
the  amount  of  $21,000,000,  payable  in  certifi- 
cates of  the  state  debts.  A  system  of  revenue 
from  imports  and  internal  excise,  proposed  by 
Hamilton,  was  adopted. 

Hampden  (Mr..).  Rhitisii  at.  When  the 
British  had  taken  possession  of  Castine  (which 
Bee),  a  land  and  naval  force  was  sent  up  the 
Penobscot  River  to  capture  or  destroy  the  cor- 
vette John  Admits,  which  had  lied  up  the  river 
to  the  town  of  Hampden.  The  commander  of 
the  John  Jdama,  Captain  C.  Morris,  was  warned 
of  his  danger,  ami  he  notified  General  John 
Blake,  Commander  of  the  Tenth  Division  of 
Massachusetts  Militia.  The  British  tone  con- 
sisted of  two  sloope-of-war,  a  tender,  a  large 
transport,  and  nine  launches,  commanded  by 
Commodore  Barrie,  and  700 soldiers,  led  by  Lieu- 
tenant-colonel St.  John.  The  expedition  sailed 
on  Sept.  1.  1814,  and  the  next  moruing  General 

GoBSeliu  took  possession  (d' Belfast,  on  the  WOSt- 
ern  shore  of  l'eiiohscot  Bay.  at  the  head  of  600 
troops.  The  expedition  landed  some  troops  at 
Frankfort,  which  marched  up  the  western  side 
of  the  river.  The  Hot  ilia,  w  ith  the  remainder, 
sailed  on,  and  arrived  near  Hampden  at  live 
o'clock  in  the  evening,  when  the  troops  and 
about  80  marines  were  landed  and  bivouacked. 
They  found  the  militia  assembling  to  resist 
them.  Meanwhile  Captain  Monis  had  taken 
out  of  the  .John  .Irfttmx  nine  short  IS-pounders, 
and  mounted  them  on  a  high  bank,  in  charge 
of  Lieutenant  Wadsworth.  With  the  remain- 
der of  his  guns,  he  took  position  on  the  wharf. 

with  about  900  seamen  and  marines,  prepared 

to  defend  his  crippled  ship  to  the  last  extrem- 
ity. She  had  been  much  damaged  by  striking 
a  rock  when  -he  entered  Penobscot  Bay,  and 
had  rim  up  to  Hampden  to  avoid  capture.  The 
British  detachment  landed  at  Frankfort,  and 
moved  forward  cautiously,  in  a  den-.'  fog,  to 
join  the  other  invaders,  with  a  vanguard  of 
riflemen.  Blake  had  sent  a  body  of  militia  to 
confront  the  invaders.  These  were  suddenly 
attached,  when  they  broke  and  lied  in  every  di- 
rection, leaving  Blake  and  his  officers  alone. 
This  panic  imperilled  the  force  that  was  to  de- 
fend the  John  Adami,  When  Morris,  seeing  no 
other  means  for  the  salvation  of  his  troops  but 
in  flight,  Ordered  his  glinfi  to  be  spiked  and  the 
vessel  set  on  tire.  This  was  done,  and  the  men 
under  Morris  lied  northward.  With  Blake  and 
his  officers  and  a  bare  remnant  of  his  command, 
Morris  retreated  to  Bangor,  and  thence  made 
his    way    overland    to    Portland.       The    British 

took  possession  of  Hampden,  and  a  pari  of  their 

tone  .".HO  strom; — pushed  on  to  Bangor  with 
their  vessels.      They  met    a  flag  of  truce  with  a 

message  from  the  magistrates  of  Bangor  asking 
terms  of  capitulation.  Nothing  was  granted 
excepting  respect  for  private  property.  They 
entered  the  town,  when  Commodore  Barrie  gave* 


HAMPTON,  ATTACK  UPON  0 

notice  that  persons  and  property  should  be  pro- 
tected if  supplies  were  oheerfally  furnished. 
This  promise  was  speedily  broken.  The  sailors 
were  gives  license  to  plunder  as  ranch  as  they 
pleased.  Many  stores  were  robbed  of  every- 
thing valuable.  The  leader  of  the  laud-troops 
tried  to  protect  private  property.     The  British 


0  HAMPTON,  DESTRUCTION  OF 

the  honor  and  clemency  of  the  British,  if  they 
should  capture  the  town.  As  they  moved  upon 
the  village, Crotcbfield  and  his  men  —  infantry, 
artillery,  and  cavalry — fonghl  the  invaders  gal- 
lantly; hut  at  length  overwhelming  numbers, 
failure  of  gunpowder,  volleys  of  grape-shot,  and 
flights  ofCongreve  rockets  compelled  the  Amer- 
remained  in  Bangor  thirty-one  boors,  quartered   icaus,  who  were  partially  outflanked,  to  break 

on  the  inhabitants,  Who  wefe  compelled  to  Sign    and   tlee   in   the  direction    of  Yorktown.      Thus 
a  parole  as   prisoners  of  war.     General  Blake  !  ended  a  sharp  battle,  in  whieh  the  British  lost, 

in  killed,  wounded,  and  missing,  about  fifty  men, 
and  the  Americans  about  thirty.  Of  eleven 
missing  Americans,  ten  had  tied  to  their  homes. 
The  victorious  British  now  entered  the  village 
of  Hampton,  and  Cockbnru,  who  had  come  on 
shore,  and  was  in  chief  command,  gave  the 
place  up  to  pillage  and  rapine.     The  atrocities 


was  compelled  to  sign  the  same,  and  190  citi 
zens  were  thus  bound.  Having  despoiled  the 
inhabitants  of  property  valued  at  over  $20,000, 

and  burned  several  vessels,  the  marauders  de- 
parted, to  engage  in  similar  work  at  Hampden 
(Sept.  5).  Barrio  allowed  the  sailors  to  commit 
tlie  most  wanton  acts  of  destruction.  They 
desolated   the    village    meeting-house — tore   up 


committed  at 


that   town   upon   the   defenceless 

inhabitants  of  Hampton,  particu- 
larly the  women,  were  deeply 
deplored  and  condemned  by  the 
British  authorities  and  writers. 
Cockbnm,  who  was  doubtless  t  he, 
chief  iust  igator  of  them,  covered 
his  name  with  dishonor  by  the 
act.  The  British  officers  w  ho  tried 
to  palliate  the  offence  by  charg- 
ing the  crimes  upon  the  French- 
men wen- denounced  by  the  most 

respectable   British   writers.     A 
commission   appointed  to  inves- 
tigate  the  matter  said,   in   their 
report.  '-The  sex  hitherto  guard- 
the  Bible  and  psalm-books  in  it,  and  demolish-    ed  by  the  soldier's  honor  escaped  not  the  assaults 
ed  th«'  pulpit  and  pews.      As  at  I  Ia\  re-de-t  Jrace    of  superior  force."    Leaving  Hampton,  Cockbnru 
(which  seej,  they  wantonly  butchered  cattle  and    sailed  down   the  coast  of  North  Carolina  on  a 
hogs,  and  compelled  the  selectmen  to  sign  a    marauding  expedition.     (J&oe  AmpkUnona  War.) 


OLD    MEKTING   HOI  SK    (NOW    TOWN  HOl'SK),  II 


bond  to  guarantee  the  delivery  of  vessels  then 
at  Hampden  at  Castine.  The  speedy  return  of 
peace  cancelled  the  bond.  The  total  loss  of 
property  at  Hampden  by  the  hands  of  the  ma- 
rauders, exclusive  of  a  very  valuable  cargo  on 
board  the  schooner  Commodore  Decatur,  WAS  esti- 
mated at  (44,000.  When  a  committee  at  Hamp- 
den waited  upon  Barrie  and  Baked  for  the  com- 
mon safeguards  of  humanity,  he  replied,"!  have 
none  for  you:  my  business  is  to  burn,  sink,  and 
destroy"  -the  cruel  order  issued  by  Admiral 
Cochrane. 

Hampton,  Attack  upon  (1813).    The  British, 
exasperated  by  their  repulse  at  Crane;   Island 

(which  seel,  proceeded  to  attack  the  flourishing 
little  village  of  Hampton,  near  Old  l'oint  Com- 
fort. It  was  defended  at  the  time  by  about  460 
Virginia  soldiers,  commanded  by  Major  Staple- 
ton  Crutch  field.  They  were  chiefly  militia  in- 
fantry, with  a  few  artillerymen  ami  cavalry. 
They  had  a  heavv  hat  Id  v  to  defend  the  water- 
front of  I  he  camp  anil  \  illagc.  com  posed  of  four 
(')-.  two  12-, and  one  18-ponndsr  cannon,  in  charge 
i  William  Barke.  Earl]  on  the  morn- 
ing of  June  -'•">,  1813,  about  8500  British  land- 
troops,  under  General  sir  Sidney  Beckwitb  tin 
(duding  rough  French  prisoners, called  (  kotmm 

BrUamniquea),  landed  under  OOVer  of  the  guns  of 

the    Mokawk,  behind    a    w 1,  about    two    miles 

from  Hampton.     Most  of  the  inhabitants  fled ; 

the  feu   who  could  not  were  willing  to  trust   to 


Hampton  Blockaded.  The  village  of  Hamp- 
ton is  near  the  end  of  the  peninsula  between 
the  York  and  James  rivers,  Virginia.  An  armed 
sloop  was  driven  ashore  there  by  a  gale  in  Oc- 
tober, 177").  The  llaniptonians  took  out  her 
guns  and  munitions  of  war.  and  then  burned 
her,  making  her  men  prisoners.  Dunmore  at 
once  blockaded  the  port.  The  people  called  to 
their  aid  some  Virginia  regulars  and  militia. 
Dunmore  sent  some  tenders  close  into  Hamilton 
Roads  to  destroy  the  town.  The  military  march- 
ed out  to  oppose  them:  and  when  they  came 
within  gunshot  distance  George  Nicholas,  who 
commanded  the  Virginians, fired  his  musket  at 

one  of  the  tenders.  This  was  the  first  gun  tired 
at  the  British  in  Virginia.  It  was  followed  by 
a  volley.  Boats  sunk  in  the  channel  retarded 
the  British  ships,  and.  after  a  sharp  skirmish  the 
next  day  (Oct. 27), the  blockaders  were  driven 

away.  One  Of  tlie  tenders  was  taken,  with  its 
armament  and  seamen,  and  several  of  the  Brit- 
ish were  slain.  The  Virginians  did  not  lose  a 
man.  This  was  the  first  battle  of  the  Revolu- 
tion in  Virginia. 

Hampton,  DXSTBTJI  no*   "i    (1861).     On  the 

night  of  Aug.  7.  1861,  the  village  of  Hampton, 
near  Fortress  Monroe  (which  see  ),  containing 
about  flve  hundred  houses,  u  is  set  on  tile  bj 
order   of  the    insurgent  Oder,  and 

all  but  the  OOUrt-hoUSe  and  seven  or  eight  other 


HAMPTON 


611 


HANCOCK 


buildings  were  consumed.  National  troops  had 
Occupied  Hampton  after  the  battle  of  Big  Beth- 
el (which  see),  bat  had  just  been  withdrawn. 

Among  other  buildings  destroyed  at  that  time 
was  the  ancient  St.  John's  Church,  in  the  suh- 


•T.  JOHN'S  CHURCH. 

iirhs  of  the  Tillage.  It  was  the  third  oldest 
house  of  worship  in  Virginia.  The  earliest  in- 
scription found  in  its  graveyard  was  1701.  Be- 
fore  the  Resolution  the  royal  arms, handsomely 

carved,  were  upon  the  steeple.      It   is  said  that. 

soon  after  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  the 

steeple  was  shattered  liv  lightning  and  the  in- 
signia of  royaltj  hurled  to  the  ground.  The 
anarch  was  in  a  state  of  good  preservation,  and 

was  used  as  a  place  of  worship  according  to  the 
ritual    of   the    Protestant    Episcopal    Church    in 

America,  until  1861. 

Hampton,  WADE,  was  horn  in  South  Caroli- 
na in  1754;  died  at  Columbia, 8. C,  Feb,  l,  1836. 
Me  n  as  distinguished  as  a  partisan  officer  under 
Sumter  anil  Marion  in  the  Revolution.  Was 
twice  a  member  of  Congress  from  l  Ti»r»  to  1797, 
ami  from  1803 to  1805.  In  October,  f 808,  he  was 
commissioned  a  colonel  in  the  United  States 
Arms  ;  brigadier- general  in  1809,  and  major- 
general  Manli  8,  1813.  Imperious  :lnd  over- 
bearing in  his  nature  and  deportment,  he  was 
constantly  quarrelling  with  his  subordinates, 

He  was  superseded  by  Wilkinson  in  command 
at  New  Orleans  when  the  war  broke  out  in  1812, 
ami  was  put  in  command  of  the  Army  of  the 
North,  with    headquarters  on   the  borders  of 

Lake  ( 'ham  plain.  In  that  position  lie  gained  no 
honors,  and  his  career  there  Was  el. icily  marked 
by  disobedience  to  the  orders  of  his  superiors. 
In  April.  1814,  he  resigned  his  commission,  and 
left  the  army.  lie  \>;h  an  i  \l. insive  land  and 
Slave  owner  in  South  Carolina  and  Louisiana, 
and  passed  there  a  large  portion  of  his  later 
yean.  ll.-  grandson,  Wade  Hampton,  was  a 
leader  of  Confederate  cavalry  ill  the  Civil  War, 
in  which  be  gained  distinction  for  boldness  and 
aonrage.  He  was  ■  member  of  Congress  in  1879. 
Hancock  and  Adams.    (f&eeAdanu  and  flea- 

Hancock  and  Washington.  (See  Walking- 
ton's  Inn r  in  Xnr  England.) 

Hancock  .Inns.  LL.D  .  was  horn  at  Onincv. 
....  12, 1737;  died  there,  Oet.  8, 1793.    He 


graduated  at  Harvard  iu  1754,  and  becoming  a 
merchant  with  his  uncle,  inherited  that  gentle- 
man's large  fortune  and  extensive  business.     He 


JOHN    HANCOCK. 


was  one  of  the  most  active  of  the  Massachusetts 
•■  Sons  of  Liberty"  (which  see),  and,  with  Sam- 
uel Adams,  was  outlawed  by  (iage  iu  .tune.  177."). 

Hancock  was  a  member  of  the  Provincial  As- 
sembly in  17G6,  and  was  chosen  President  of 
the  Provincial  Congress  in  Ootober,  1774.     He 

wasa  delegate  to  the  first  Continental  Congress, 
and  continued  in  that  body  until  1778.  As  Pres- 
ident of  Congress,  he  lirst  placed  his  hold  signa- 
ture to  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  In 
February,  177S,  he  was  appointed  first  major- 
general  of  the  Massachusetts  militia,  and  took 
part  in  Sullivan's  campaign  in  Bhode  Island  in 

August  following.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  State  Convention  iu  1780,  and  gov- 


HANCOCK'S   HOCSR,  BOSTON. 

ernor  of  the  state  from  1780  to  1785,  and  from 
17*7  till  his  death.  He  was  president  of  the  state 
convention  that  adopted  the  National  Constitu- 
tion.     Hancock's  resilience  was  in  a  line  stoue 


HANCOCK  6 

mansion  on  Beacon  Street,  fronting  the  Com- 
mon. It  was  built  l>y  bis  uncle,  Thomas  Han- 
cock, from  whom  ho  inherited  a  fortune. 

Hancock,  Wixkiki.d  Scott,  was  born  in 
Montgomery  Comity.  Peon.,  Feb.  14.  1824,  and 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1-41.  He  served  in 
the  war  with  Mexico,  and  left  that  country  ipiar- 
tennaster  of  Ilia  regimeut.  In  September,  1861, 
lie  was  made  brigadier-genera],  and  served  mi- 
ller Franklin  during  the  campaign  in  the  Vir- 
ginia peninsula  in  1862.  He  was  distinguished 
in  the  battles  of  Smith  Mountain  and  Antietam 
(which  see),  and  in  the  battles  of  Fredericks- 
burg and  Chaucellorsville  he  led  a  division  in 
Sumner's  corps.  In  February,  1663, he  was  placed 
in  command  of  the  Second  Army  Corps,  which 
be  led  in  the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  where  he  was 
severely  wounded.  He  had  been  made  major- 
general  of  volunteers  in  November,  l^ttt.  He 
led  his  corps  in  the  great  campaign  of  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac,  in  18t>4-6.">,  and  was  made  a 
brigadier- general  of  the  United  states  Army 
Aug.  12,  1864.  In  July,  1860,  he  was  breveted 
major-general  of  the  United  States  Army. 

Hand,  EDWARD,  was  a  native  of  Ireland,  born 
Deo.  31,  1744:  died  at  Eockford,  Lancaster  Co.. 
Peiin..  Sept.  3,  1802.  He  came  to  America  in 
the  Eighth  Royal  Irish  regiment,  in  1774,  as 
surgeon's  male;  resigned  his  position  on  his  ar- 
rival, and  settled  in  Pennsylvania  for  the  prac- 
tice of  the  medical  profession.  He  joined  a  regi- 
ment as  lieutenant-colonel  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  Revolution,  and  served  in  the  siege  of  Boa- 
ton.  Made  colonel  iii  1771),  he  led  his  regiment 
ill  the  battle  on  Long  Island,  and  also  at  Tren- 
ton. In  April,  1777.  be  was  appointed  briga- 
dier-general ;  and  in  October,  1778,  succeeded 
Stark  in  command  at  Albany.  In  Sullivan's 
campaign  against  the.  Indians,  in  1779,  he  was 
an  active  participant.  Near  the  close  of  1780, 
Hand   succeeded   Scaminel   as  adjutant-general. 

He  was  a  member  of  Congress  iii  l T ~ l  86,  and 

assisted  in  the  formation  of  the  Constitution  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1790. 

Hanging  Rock,  Skirmish  at  (1780).  After 
his  unsuccessful  attack  on  Rooky  Mount  (which 
Bee),  Colonel  Sumter  crossed   the  Catawba,  and 

fell  upon  a  British  post  at  Banging  Rook,  twelve 
miles  east  of  the  river  (Aug.  6,  1780),  command- 
ed by  Major  Carden.  A  large  number  of  Brit- 
ish and  'fonts  were  there.  Among  the  former 
were  the  infantry  ofTarieton'a  Legion.     Bnni- 

tersoon  dispersed  them,  when  his  men  seat  ten  .1 
through  the  camp,  seeking  plunder  and  drink- 
ing the  liqnors  found  there.  Intoxication  fol- 
lowed. The  British  rallied,  and  attacked  the 
disordered  patriots,  and  a  Severe  skirmish  en- 
sued.   The  British  were  reinforced,  and  Sumter 

was  Compelled  to  retreat;  but  the  British  had 
been  so  severe!]  handled  that  they  did  not  at- 
tempt to  pnrsne.     With  a   few    prisoners  and 

some  I ly,  Sumter  lelreated  towards  the  Wax 

b.iw,  bearing  away  many  ofbia  wounded  men. 

The  battle  tasted  al t  lout  hours.     Sumter  lost 

twelve  killed  ami  forty-one  wounded.  At  the 
same  time  Marion  was  smiting  the  British  and 

I ■■•  with  sadden  and  tierce  blows  among  the 


I  HANOVERIAN  TROOPS 

swamps  of  the  lower  country,  on  the  borders  of 
the  Pedee,  Pickens  was  annoying  Crnger  near 
the  Saluda,  and  Clarke  was  calling  for  the  pa- 
triots along  the  Savannah  and  other  Georgia 


streams    to    drive 
Brown  from  Augus- 
ta.    Hanging  Rock 
is  a  huge  conglomer- 
ate boulder  near  the 
Lancaster  and  Cam- 
den highway,  a  few- 
miles   east    of  the  Catawba 
River,  in  South  Carolina.    It 
is  a   shelving   rock,  twenty 
or  thirty  feet  in  diameter, 
lying  on  the  verge  of  a  high  bank  of  a  small 
stream,  nearly  one  hundred  feet  above  it.    Un- 
der its  concavity   fifty  men   might    find  shelter 
from  rain. 

Hanover,  Cav.wky  I'.vnir  at.  General 
Meade's  cavalry,  dating  Lee's  invasion  of  Ma- 
ryland, before  the  battle  of  Gettysburg  (which 

sic  |,  w  as  continually  hoveling  on  the  Hanks  of 
the  Confederate  army.  The  most  dashing  of  llio 
cavalry  officers  of  that  time  were  Colonels  Kil- 
patrick   and   Custer.      At   about    the  same   hour 

when  Bnfbrd's  division  occupied  Gettysburg 
i  June   •-.".'.  1863  i.  Kilpatrick,  passing   through 

Hanover,  a  few  miles  from  Gettysburg,  was 
suddenly  surprised  bj  smart's  cavalry,  then  on 
their  march  for  Carlisle,  smart  led  in  person, 
and  made  a  desperate  charge  on  the  Hank  and 
rear  of  Farnsw  oil  h's  brigade,  at  the  eastern  end 
of  the  village.     A  severe  battle  ensned  in  the 

town  and  on  its  borders,  when  Custer  joined  in 

the  fight  with  his  troops,  and  the  Confederates 

were   repulsed.      The   Nationals   lost    about   live 

hundred  men. 
Hanoverian  Troops.     King  George  111.  was 

Elector  of  Hanover,  and  when  II  was  i.  solved 
lo  send  mercenaries  to  crush  the  rebellion  ill 
America,  the  king  Offered  the  Use  of  Hanove- 
rian troops,  ami  asked  only  a  reimbursement  of 
ills  agent  for  the  purchase  of  other 
German  troops  (Colonel  William  law,. 


HANSEN 


613 


HARMAR 


to  the  Hague  early  in  August,  1775,  and  thence 
to  Hanover,  to  receive  and  muster  into  the  ser- 
vice of  Great  Britaiu  five  battalions  of  electo- 
ral infantry  (2300  men),  who  were  employed  to 
garrison  Gibraltar  and  Minorca,  and  thus  re- 
lease an  equal  number  of  troops  for  service  in 
America. 

Hansen,  John,  delegate  to  the,  Continental 
Congress  from  17-1  to  17-)!.  was  horn  in  Mary- 
laud,  and  died  in  Prince  George  County,  iu  that 
state, Nov.  13,  17-::.  Mr.  Hansen  was  President 
of  Congress  in  1781-62. 

Harcourt,  William,  Earl,  was  horn  in  Eng- 
land, March  20,  1743;  died  June  1-.  1830.  II. ■ 
entered  tin-  army  in  1759.  He  came  to  America 
in  1776,  and  distinguished  himself  by  the  capture 
of  Genera]  Charles  Lee.    lie  was  then  colonel  of 

dragoons.  This  exploit  procured  him  the  posi- 
tion of  aide-de-camp  to  the  king.  He  became 
major-general  in  17-2.  lieutenant-general  in 
17(.»:i,  and  commander  of  the  British  forces  in 
Holland  in  1794.     In  I79fl  lie  became  general; 

succeeded  to  the  title  of  earl  in  1-0'.);  took  his 
seat  in  the  House  of  Lords,  and  became  a  field- 
marshal. 

Hard-Cider  Campaign.  Political  parties  are 
always  seeking  catch-words  to  use  in  a  cam- 
paign with  effect  among  the  hast  thoughtful 
of  the  people.  General  Harrison  lived  in  the 
growing  West,  and  his  dwelling  had  once  been 
a  log-house,  at   North   Bend,  w  here  he  exercised 

great  hospitality.  In  the  campaign  referred  to 
a  log-cabin  was  chosen  .is  a  symbol  of  the  plain 
and  unpretentious  candidate,  and  a  barrel  of  ci- 
der as  that  of  his  hospitality.  During  the  cam- 
paign, all  over  the  country,  in  hamlets,  villages, 
and  cities,  log -cabins  were  erected  and  fully 
supplied  wnh  barrels  of  cider.  These  bouses 
were  the  usual  gathering-places  of  the  parti- 
pant  of  Harrison,  young  and  old,  and  to  every 

one  hard  cider  was  freely  given.     The  meetings 

were  often  mere  drunken  carousals  that  were 
injurious  to  all,  and  especially  to  youth.  Many  a 
drunkard  afterwards  pointed  sadly  to  the  hard- 
cider  campaign  as  the  time  of  his  departure  from 
sobriety  ami  respectability. 

Hardee,  Wit  i.i am  .1..  was  born  at  Savannah, 
(ia..  in  1-1-  :  dud  at  Wytheville,  Ya..  Nov.  6, 
1-7:!.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  L838, en- 
tering the  Dragoons,  and  in  I860  was  lieutenant 
of  the   First:    Cavalry.       Resigning    in    January, 

1861,  he  joined  the  iusurgents,  and  in  June  was 
appointed  brigadier- general  in  the  Confeder- 
ate army.      For  bravery  in  the  battle  of  Shiloh 

(which  Bee)  be  was  promoted  to  major-general, 

and  in  October,  1802,  be  was  raised  to  the  rank 
of  lieutenant-general.  Hi'  was  very  active  in 
military    operations    in     Arkansas,    Mississippi, 

Tennessee,  and  Georgia;  and  after  the  defeat 
id'  the  Confederates  at  Missionaries'  Ridge,  late 
in  1863,  he  succeeded  Bragg  in  the  chief  com- 
mand, until  relieved  by  General  Johnston.  He 
commanded  at  Savannah  and  Charleston  at  the 

time  of  their  captuie,  eariv  in  1866;  fought  at 

Averasborough    and     Benton  v  ill.  .   \.  C.  |   which 

•at);   ami  surrendered  with  Johnston's  army, 

April  27, 


Harford,  Hexry,  was  a  natural  son  of  Fred- 
erick Calvert,  the  fifth  Lord  Baltimore,  who  was 
a  man  of  some  literary  accomplishments,  but  of 
dissolute  habits,  and  who  died  without  lawful 
issue.  He  bequeathed  the  province  of  Mary- 
land to  this  illegitimate  son,  who  was  then  (1771) 
a  boy  at  school.  Lord  Baltimore's  brother-in- 
law,  Robert  Eden,  bad  succeeded  Sharpe  as  gov- 
ernor of  Maryland,  and  he  continued  to  admin- 
ister the  government  of  the  province  in  behalf 
of  the  boy,  until  the  tires  of  the  Revolution  con- 
sumed royalty  in  all  the  provinces. 

Harker,  Chables  G.,  was  born  at  Swedes- 
borough,  N. J., Dec. 2, 1837;  killed  mar  Keuesaw 
Mountain.  June  27,  1864.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1858,  and  in  the  fall  of  1861  was  colo- 
nel of  Ohio  volunteers.  He  was  made  brigadier- 
general  in  September,  1863.  He  did  good  ser- 
v  i.e  in  Tennessee  and  Georgia,  especially  in  the 

battle  of  Shiloh.  the  siege  of  Corinth,  the  battle 

of  Mnrfreesborough, Chickamauga,  and  Mission- 
aries' Ridge.  He  commanded  a  brigade  under 
General  Howard  in  the  Georgia  campaign,  and 
distinguished  himself  at  Resaca. 

Harlem  Plains,  Battle  on.  On  the  morn- 
ing of  Sept.  16,  177ti.  the  British  advanced  guard, 
under  Colonel  Leslie,  occupied  the  rocky  heights 
now  at  the  northern  end  of  the  Central  Park. 
His  force  was  composed  of  British  infantry  and 
Highlanders,  with  several  pieces  of  artillery. 
Descending  to  Harlem  Plains,  they  were  met 
by  some  Virginians  under  Major  Leitch,  and 
Connecticut  Rangers  under  Colonel  Kuowlton. 

A  desperate  eontlict  ensued.  Washington  soon 
reinforced  the  Americans  with  some  Maryland 
and  New   England  troops,  with  whom  ( uncials 

Putnam,  Greene,  ami  others  took  part  to  en- 
courage the  men.  The.  British  were  pushed 
back  to  the  rocky  heights,  where  they  were  re- 
inforced b.v  Germans,  when  the  Americans  fell 
back  towards  Harlem  Heights.  In  this  spirit- 
ed engagement  the  Americans  lost  about  sixty 

men,  including  Major  Leitch  and  Colonel  Kuowl- 
ton, who  were  killed.  This  affair  made  the  Brit- 
ish more  cautions. 

Hannar,  Josiaii.  was  born  in  Philadelphia  in 
17.->:(;  died  there,  Aug.  20,  181&  Be  was  edu- 
cated chietly  in  the  school  of  Robert  Proud,  the 
Quaker  and  historian.  He  entered  the  army  as 
captain  of  a  Pennsylvania  regiment  in  1776; 
was  its  lieutenant-colonel  in  1777;  and  served 
faithfully  through  the  war  in  the  north  and  in 
the  south.  Made  brevet-colonel  iu  the  United 
Slates  Army  in  September,  1783,  In-  was  sent  to 
Prance  in  1784  with  the  ratification  of  the  de- 
finitive treaty  of  peace.  He  was  made  Indian 
agent  for  the  territory  northwest  of  the  Ohio, 
and  iu  1787  Congress  made  him  a  brevet  briga- 
dier-general. <)n  Sept. 29, 1789, he  was  appoint- 
ed commander-in-chief  of  the  army  of  the  I'nit- 
1  Stales,  and  commanded  an  expedition  against 
the  Miami  Indians  in  the  fall  of  1790,  but  was 
defeated.  Harmar  resigned  his  commission  iu 
January,  1792,  and  was  made  adjutant-general 
of  Pennsylvania  in  17!):?,  in  which  position  he 

was  active  in  furnishing  Pennsylvania  troops 
for  Wav  ne's  campaign  In  17113-94. 


HARMAR'S  EXPEDITION 


614 


HARNETT 


Harmar's  Expedition  (1790).     The  British, 
in  violation  of  the  treaty  of  1783,  still  held  De- 
troit and  other  western  military  posts  iu  1790. 
British   agents   instigated   the   Indians  of  the 
Northwest  to  make  war  on  the  frontier  settlers, 
in  order  to  secure  for  British  commerce  the  mo- 
nopoly of  the  fur- trade.     This  had  been  kept 
up  ever  since  1783,  and  the  posts  were  held  with    by 
a  hope  that  the  league  of  states 
would  fall  in  pieces  and  an  op- 
portunity would  be  afforded  to 
bring  back  the  new  Republic 
to    colonial    dependence.       Sir 
John   Johnson,  former  Indian 
agent,  was  again  on  the  fron- 
tier, and  Lord  Dorchester  (Sir 
Guy  Carleton)  was  again  gov- 
ernor of  Canada,  which   gave 
strength   to  the   opinion    that 
the  discontents  of  the  barba- 
rians were  fostered  for  a  po- 
litical   purpose.      The    north- 
western tribes,  encouraged  by 
the    British    agents,    insisted 
upon  re-establishing  the  Ohio 
River  as  the  Indian  boundary. 
Attempts  to  make  a  peaceable 
arrangement   were   unsuccess- 
ful.  The  barbarians  would  lis- 
ten to  no  other  terms;  and  in 
September,  1791, General  Josiah 
Harmar    led    more    than    one 
thousand  volunteers  from  Fort 
Washington  (now  Cincinnati)  into  the  Indian 
country  around  the  head- waters  of  the  Maumee 
(or  Miami  i   to   chastise  the   hostile  Indians,  as 
Sullivan    had    scourged    the    Senecas    in    1779. 
(See  Siilliraii'*  Campaign.)     He  did  not  succeed. 
They  found  the  Indians  near  the  head  of  the 


These  reached  the  Maumee  after  sunrise  on  Oc- 
tober 23.  Militia  under  Major  Hall  proceeded 
to  pass  around  the  Indian  village  at  the  head 
of  the  Maumee,  and  assist,  in  their  rear,  an  at- 
tack of  the  main  body  on  their  front.  The  lat- 
ter were  to  cross  the  Maumee  at  the  usual  lord, 
and  then  surround  the  barbarians,  who  were  led 
the  celebrated  chief  Little  Turtle.      Before 


FORT   WASHINGTON.  ON    TI1K    MTK    Of    CINCINNATI. 


Maumi  c.  at  the  junction  of  I  he  St. Joseph's  and 

st.  Mary's  rivers,  late  In  October,  L79L     Fo»n 

hundred  men  were  detached  to  attack  them, of 
whom  sixtj  were  regulats,  under  Major  Wyllys. 


this  conld  be  effected  the  Indian  encampment 
was  aroused,  and  a  part  of  them  tied.  Some 
of  the  militia  and  the  cavalry  who  had  passed 
the  ford  started  in  pursuit,  in  disobedience  of 
orders,  having  the  regulars,  who  ha<l  also  passed 
the  ford, Unsupported,  when  the  latter  were  at- 
tacked by  Little  Turtle  and  the 
main   body  of  the  Indians  and 

driven  back  with  great  slaugh- 
ter. Meanwhile  the  militia  and 
cavalry  pursuers  were  skirmish- 
ing with  the  Indians  a  short 
distance  up  the  Bt.  Joseph's. 
They  were  compelled  to  tall 
back  in  confusion  towards  the 
ford,  and  followed  the  remnant 
of  the  regulars  in  their  retreat. 
The  Indians  did  not  pursue. 
The  whole  expedition  now  re- 
turned to  Fort  Washington. 

Harnett,  COBMl  UU8,  was 
born  iu  England,  April  20, 1?'.':! : 
died  s4  Wilmington,  N.  C,  April 
80,  178L  Wealthy  and  inde- 
pendent, he  was  influential  iu 
his  adopted  state  (North  Caro- 
lina), and  was  among  the  tirst 
to  denounce  the  Stamp  Act  and 
kindred  measures.  lie  was  a 
leading  man  in  all  public  as- 
semblages as  the  war  for  In- 
dependence approached,  was  president  of  the 

Provincial  CoUgrWS  in  17T.">:  and  on  the  alxli 
cation  of  the  ro\al  (TOVemor  i  Martin  beoajM 
acting-governor  of  the  state,     lie  w.i- 


HARNEY  B 

c<l  in  an  offer  of  pardon  to  tlio  inhabitants  of 
North  Carolina  by  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  in  which 
except  inn  was  included  Robert  Howe.  He  was 
tbe  chief  constructor  of  tbe  constitution  of  North 

Carolina,  framed  in  177(i.  under  which  Harnett 
became  one  of  the  Council  ;  and  in  1778  he  was 
elected    To    Congress.       While    the    British    held 

possession  of  the  country  adjacent  to  Cape  Fear 
River  in  1781,  Mr.  Harnett  was  made  prisoner, 
and  died  in  confinement.  His  dwelling  (yet 
standing,  I  believe,  iii  I860)  is  a  fine  old  man- 
sion, about  a  mile  and  a  halt'  from  the  centre  of 


the  city  of  Wilmington,  N.  C,  on  the  northeast 
branch  of  the  (ape  Feat  Btver. 

Harney,  William  Si  i  in.  was  born  in  Lou- 
isiana in  1796.  lb-  entered  the  army  while 
quite  young;  was  in  the  Black  Hawk  War; 
and  was  made  lieutenant-colonel  of  Dragoons 
in   1836.      Ten   years  biter  In-   was  colonel.      He 

served  in  the  Florida,  or  Seminole,  War (whioh 

see),  and   in  the   war  with  Mexico.      In   1-1-  lie 

was  breveted  brigadier-general  for  his  services 
in  the  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo  ( w  hiob 
was  promoted  to  brigadier  in  1858,  and  placed 
in  command  of  tbe  Department  of  Oregon;  and 

in   .Inly.  1859,  he    look    possession    of  the   island 

of  San  Juan,  near  Vancouver,  which  was  claim- 
ed to  he  a  pari  of  British  Columbia. 

Imiiiil  of  Arbitration.)     Harney  was  recalled.      He 

then  commanded  the  Department  of  the  West 

and   in  April,  1861,  while  on   his   way  to  Wash 

ington,  he  was  arrested  by  the  insurgents  at 
Harper's  Ferry,  Ya.,  and  taken  to  Richmond. 
lb-  was  soon  released,  and,  on  returning  to  fit 
Louis,  issued  proclamations  warning  the  people 
of  Missouri  of  t  he  dangers  of  secession.  In  oon- 
tequence  of  an  injudicious  arrangement  made 
with  Price, the  Confederate  leader.  Harney  was 
relieved  of  his  command.  He  retired  in  Au- 
gust, 1863;  was  breveted  major-general  United 
Mates  Army  in  March,  1865;  and  was  a  member 
Of  the  Indian  Commission  in  1867. 

Harper  &  Brothers,  I'iuli-inni;  I  bo  -i  OF, 
was  established  in  1817,  by  .lames  and  John 
Harper,  sons  of  a  Long  Island  farmer.  They 
had  both  been  apprenticed  to  different  persons 
in  New  York  to  learn  the  art  of  printing.  When 
they  had  reached  manhood  they  joined  interests 

and  began  bnsiuess  for  themselves  bj  settiug 

n)i  a   small  book  and  job  pi  iuting-ollice  on  Do- 


HARPER  &  BROTHERS 

ver  Street,  in  New  York,  not  far  from  the  great 
establishment  of  Harper  &  Brothers  at  the  pres- 
ent time.  It  was  an  auspicious  time  for  them, 
as  with  tbe  return  of  prosperity  after  the  War 
of  1812-15  there  was  a  great  demand  for  books. 
Evart  A.Duyckinek  was  then  a  prosperous  book- 
seller in  New  York,  and  he  employed  "J.  &  J. 
Harper"  to  print  the  first  book  that  was  issued 
from  their  press.  In  August,  1817,  they  deliv- 
ered to  him  two  thousand  copies  of  a  transla- 
tion of  Seneca's  Monih,  which  they  had  "com- 
posed" and  printed  with  their  own  hands.  In 
the  winter  of  1818  they  resolved  to  print  a  book 
on  their  own  account.  They  first  ascertained 
from  leading  booksellers  how  many  copies  each 
one  would  purchase  from  them  in  sheets.  In 
April  they  issued  live  hundred  copies  of  a  re- 
print of  Locke's  Essay  on  (lie  Ilnmun  Understand- 
ing, with  the  imprint  of  J.  &  J.  Harper.  Joseph 
Wesley  and  Fletcher,  two  younger  brothers,  who 
had  learned  the  printer's  trade  with  James  and 
John,  became  partners  with  the  elder  ones,  the 
former  in  1823  and  the  latter  in  l&2(\.  Then  was 
organized  the  firm  of  "  Harper  &  Brothers," 
winch  continued  forty-three  years  without  in- 
terruption, when  the  senior  partner  of  the  house 
was  suddenly  separated  from  it  by  death,      'flic 

brothers  had  established  themselves  in  Cliff 
Street, and  when  the  youngest  entered  the  firm 
they  were  employing  fifty  persons  and  ten  hand- 
presses.  This  was  then  the  largest  printing  es- 
tablishmeut  in  New  York.  At  the  end  of  nine 
yean  after  .1.  A  .1.  Harper  began  business  they 
piirchased  the  building  on  Cliff  Street  in  which 
they  were  established.  They  began  to  stereo- 
type their  works  in  1830,  and  led  the  way  to  the 
production  of  obeap  books  and  the  creation  of 
a  new  army  of  readers.  They  continually  en- 
larged their  business,  purchasing  building  after 
bnilding  on  Cliff  Street,  and  had  erected  a  tine 
structure  on  Franklin  Square,  connecting  with 
those  on  Cliff  8treel  (altogether  nine  in  number), 
when,  at  midday  on  Dec  9, 1853,  the  whole  estab- 
lishment was  laid  in  ashes,  the  fire  occurring  from 
an  unfortunate  mistake  of  a  plumber  at  work  in 
tho  building.  Their  total  loss  was  very  heavy, 
hut  very  soon  the  present  magnificent  buildings 
arose  out  of  the  ruins.  In  1776  James  Riving- 
ton  was  considered  the  most  extensive  printer, 
publisher,  and  bookseller  in  this  country.  His 
establishment  was  at  the  foot  of  Wall  Street. 
New  York.  It  seldom  hail  more  than  four  hun- 
dred volumes  on  its  shelves,  with  a  fair  assort- 
ment of  stationery,     in  1876  the  bookselling 

husinrss  of  Harper  A  Brothers  occupied  an  im- 
mense building  of  iron  on  Franklin  Square,  five 
stories  in  height,  with  cellar  and  suh-cellar,  and 
another  on  Cliff  Street,  in  the  rear  of  it, built  of 
brick,  six  stories  in  height,  with  a  basement. 
These  buildings  are  connected  by  iron  bridges 
at  each  story.  The  establishment  is  fully  sup- 
plied with  every  kind  of  improved  machinery 
for  oarrying  on  the  publishing  business,  from 
the  setting-up  of  type  ami  stereotyping  to  the 
finishing  the  complete  hook  for  the  reader.      In 

1876  they  employed  about  five  bundled  persons. 

of  whom  one  hundred  and  seventy  were  women. 

In  I860  they  began  the  publication  of  Harpm** 


HABPEB'S  FERRY  6 

.Vic  Monthly  Ma</a;in<:  which  has  been  the  ac- 
knowledged leader  in  that  department  of  litera- 
ture. Harper1 1  Weekly, sen  illustrated  paper,  was 
begun  in  January,  1857.  Harper*  Bazar,  a  beau- 
tifully illustrated  repository  of  knowledge,  of 
current  fashions,  anil  general  literature,  was 
commenced  in  November,  1867.  To  supply 
these    periodicals    with    illustrations,   they    had 

iu  their  art  department  in  1876  about  thirty 
regular  contributors  of  original  matter  and  fifty 
engravers.  Some  idea  of  the  extent  of  their 
publishing  business  may  be  conceived  by  the 
fact  thai  the  white  paper  used  for  their  print- 
ing cost  them,  at  that  time,  two  thousand  dol- 


6  HARPER'S  FERRY 

Virginia  Convention  (April  17.  1861  i.the  author- 
ities of  that  state  set  forces  in  motion  to  seize 
the  United  Slates  armory  and  arsenal  at  Har- 
per's Perry,  a  small  village  iu  .Jefferson  County. 
Va.,at  the  confluence  of  the  Potomac  and  Shen- 
andoah rivers,  where  the  conjoined  streams 
pass  through  the  Blue  Ridge.  Jt  became  an 
important  point  in  the  war  thai  ensued.  There, 
for  many  years,  the  national  government  had 
possessed  ail  armory  and  arsenal,  w  here  10,000 
muskets  were  made  every  year,  and  when'  from 
80,000  to  90,000  stand  of  arm-  were  generally 
stored.  When  the  secession  movement  began, 
at  the  close  of  I860,  measures  wen-  taken  for  the 


lais  :,  day.  The  lour  brothers — James.  John, 
Joseph  Wesley, and  Fletcher  have  passed  from 
among  the  living,  and  the  great  establishment, 
constantly  increasing  in  the  hulk  and  prosper- 
ity of  business,  is  conducted  by  their  sons  and 
grandsons.  The  four  brothers  were  born  al 
Newtown.  I..  I.  Janus  was  born  on  the  13th  of 
April,  1796,  and  .lied  on  the  87tb  of  March.  1869. 
John  was  born  on  they'd  of  January,  1797,  and 
died  on  the  23d  of  April,  1875.  Joseph  Weals] 
wan  born  on  the  95th  <>f  December,  1801,  and 
die.l   l'ebrnaiN    II.  1870.      Fletcher   was  born   on 

tin-  :tl-t  of  J; ary,  1806,  and  died  on  the  39tfc 

ofMsy,  i-;: 

Harper's  Ferry.  ATTEMPTED  si  1/1  1:1    OF,  Bl 
Vlla.lM  v.       \\  ithill  tweilty-fonr  hours  aflei   the 

■  ■I  the  Ordiunut  e  of  Secession  b)  the 


security  of  this  post.  A  small  body  of  United 
siaies  dragoons,  under  the  command  of  Lien- 
tenant  Soger  Jones,  was  sent  there  BB  a  precau- 
tionary measure.  After  the  attack  on  Fort  8nm- 
ter.  rumors  reached  Harper's  Ferrj  thai  the  gov- 
ernment property  there  would  be  speed  il]  seised 
b>  the  Virginians.  The  rumors  were  true.  On 
the  morning  of  April  18,  the  military  command- 
ers at  Winchester  and  Charlestown  received  or- 
ders from  Riohniond  to  seise  the  armor]  and  ar- 
senal that  night.    They  were  further  ordered  to 

inarch  into  Mankind,  where,  it  was  expected, 
1 1 1 1  ■  \  would  be  joined  by  die  minill  o  -  men  of 
that  slate  in  an  immediate  attack  on  Washing: 

ton.  About  3000 men  were  ordered  out.  but  only 
abont  850  were  nl  the  designated  randesvoust 
four  miles  from  the  ferry, at  the  appointed  hour 


HARPER'S  FERRY,  SURRENDER  OF     617 


HARRIOTT 


— eight  o'clock  in  tbe  evening — but  others  were 
oo  the  march.  Aa  a  Biirprise  was  important,  the 
little  detachment  moved  on.  It  was  composed 
of  infantry  and  cavalry  and  some  artillery,  with 

OtM   cannon.      The   cavalry,  only  about    twenty 

strong,  were  commanded  by  a  dashing  officer — 

Captain  Ashby.  When  the  detachment  was 
within  a  mile  of  the  ferry,  marching  in  silence 
and  darkness,  there  was  suddenly  a  flash  and 
explosion  in  that  direction.  Tins  was  quickly 
repeated,  and  the  mountain  heights  were  soon 
illuminated  by  flames.  Ashby  dashed  towards 
the  town, and  soon  returned  with  a  report  that 
the  armory  and  arsenal  wereon  tire,  and  that  the 
National  troops  had  crossed  the  Potomac,  and 
taken  the  mountain-road  in  the  direction  of 
Carlisle  Barracks,  in  Pennsylvania.  Lieuten- 
ant Jones  had  been  secretly  warned,  twenty- 
lour  hours  before,  of  the  plan  for  seizing  the 


Invasion  of  Maryland),  Harper's  Ferry,  where  a 
large  amount  of  stores  had  been  gathered,  was 
held  by  National  troops,  under  Colonel  D.  H. 
Miles.  When  that  post  was  threatened,  Halleck 
instructed  McClellan  to  succor  the  garrison,  ami 
on  the  day  of  the  struggle  at  Turner's  Gap  (see 
South  Mountain)  he  ordered  Miles  to  hold  out 
to  tlie  last  extremity.  Meanwhile  Jackson,  by 
quick  movements,  had  crossed  the  Potomac  at 
Williamsport,  and  at  noon  on  Sept.  13  he  was 
in  the  rear  of  Harper's  Ferry.  The  Confeder- 
ates were  then  in  possession  of  Loudon  Heights 
ami  also  of  Maryland  Heights,  which  command- 
ed Harper's  perry.  That  post  was  complete- 
ly invested  on  the  14th.  Miles  was  told  by 
McClellan  to -'hold  on,"  and  also  informed  how 
he  mighl  safely  escape.  Hut  he  appeared  to 
pay  no  attention  to  instructions,  and  to  make 
no  effort  at  defence;   and  when,  early  on  the 


I.IVC    SHI    III. 


post    that    night.       There    were    indications    all 

around  him  of  impending  troubles.  Trains  of 
powder  were  so  prepared  that,  at  a  moment's 
warning,  the  powder  in  the  magazine  might  be 
exploded,  ami  the  government  buildings  be  set 
on  lire.  Word  came  to  Jones,  al  near  ten  o'clock 
at  olgbt,  thai  8000  Virginiuns  were  within  twen- 
ty minutes'  march  of  him.  The  trains  were  lircd, 
and  the  whole  public  property  that  was  com- 
bustible was  soon  in  ashes.  Then  .loiies  and 
his  little  garrison  fled  across  the  Potomac,  and 
reached  Hagentown  in  the  morning,  and  thence 
pushed  ou  to  Cbambereburg  and  Carlisle  Bar- 
racks, Peiin.  Jones  was  highly  oommended  by 
his  government.  The  insurgent  forces  imme- 
diately took  possessi f  ruined  Harper's  Ferry, 

as  a  Strategic  point.  Within  a  month  lull  8000 
Viryi  uia  us,  K  ci  1 1  nek  ia  us,  Alaba  una  i  is,  and  South 
Carolinians  were  there,  and  menaced  Washing- 
ton. 

Harper's  Ferry,  SORRIHD]  B  OF.     While  Lee 

was  in  >Lu\  land,  m  September,  1869 


l.'.lh,  no  less  than   nine  batteries  opened   upon 

the  garrison,  he  displayed  a  white  flag.     Before 

it    was    seen    by    the   Confederates,  one    of  their 

shots  had  killed  him.  The  post  was  surren- 
dered, with  all  its  troops,  ordnance,  ammuni- 
tion, and  stores.  There  were  11,583  men-  half 
of  them  New-Yorkers  — surrendered;  and  the 
spoils  were,  7:!  cannons,  13,000  small-arms,  200 
wagons,  and  a  large  quantity  of  tents  and  eainp 
eqnlpage.  It  was  shown  that  Miles  had  diso- 
beyed orders  to  take  measures  for  the  defence 
of  the  post,  and  he  was  strongly  suspected  of 
sympathy  with  the  Confederate  cause'. 

Harriott,  THOMAS,  a  friend  of  Si,-  Walter  Ra- 
leigh, was  born  at  Oxford,  England,  in  1560; 
died  in  London,  July  2,  1621.  He  was  a  skilful 
mathematician  and  astronomer,  and  taught  the 
science  of  mathematics  to  Raleigh.  In  1585  he 
accompanied  Raleigh's  expedition  to  Virginia, 

under  Granville  (see  (in  nrill,  ).  as  historian,  and 
most  of  the  knowledge  of  that  expedition  is  de- 
rived from  Harriott's  account.   He  was  left  there. 


HARRIS  A 

by  Granville,  and  remained  a  year  making  ob- 
servations; and  from  the  pencil  of  With,  an 
artist,  he  obtained  many  useful  drawings.  Har- 
riott labored  hard  to  restrain  the  cupidity  ofhis 
companions,  who  were  more  intent  upon  finding 
gold  than  tilling  the  soil.  While  Governor  Lane 
declared  that  Virginia  had  "the  goodliest  soil 
under  the  cope  of  heaven,"  and  "  if  Virginia  had 
lint  horses  and  kine,  and  were  inhabited  by  Eng- 
lish, no  realm  in  Christendom  were  comparable 

to  it,"  he  utterly  neglected  the  great  opportu- 
nity. (See  l.(i>ie.)  Harriott  saw  that  the  way 
to  accomplish  that  object  was  to  treat  the  In- 
dians kindly,  as  friends  and  neighbors;  and  he 
tried  to  quench  the  fires  of  revenge  which  the 
cruelty  of  the  English  had  kindled.  The  na- 
ti\  es  were  curious  and  credulous.  They  regard- 
ed the  English  with  awe.  Their  fire-arms, burn- 
ing-glasses, clocks,  watches,  and  books  seemed 
to  the  Bavage  mind  like  the  work  of  the  gods. 
As  the  colonists  were  never  sick,  and  had  no 
women  with  them,  the  natives  thought  that 
they  were  not  born  of  woman,  and  were  there- 
fore immortal.  Taking  advantage  of  this  feel- 
ing. Harriott  displayed  the  15ible  everywhere, 
and  told  them  of  its  precious  truths,  and  it  was 
often  pressed  to  their  bosoms  affectionately. 
When  King  Wingina  (see  Lane)  fell  ill.  he  sent 
for  Harriott,  and  dismissing  his  juggling  priest 
ami  "medicine-man,"  placed  himself  under  the 
Englishman's  care.  He  invoked  the  prayers  of 
the  English,  and  under  tin;  careful  nursing  of  the 
historian  the  king  speedily  recovered.  Many 
ofhis  subjects  resorted  to  Harriott  when  they 
fell  sick.  Had  his  example  been  followed.  Vir- 
ginia might  soon  have  been  "  inhabited  by  Eng- 
lish." and  tilled  with  '•  horses  and  kine."'  On  his 
return  to  England,  Harriott  published  a  Brief 
and  True  Report  of  the  New  Found  Land  of  I'ir- 
ginia.  From  the  Mail  of  Northumberland  he  re- 
ceived a  pension, and  spent  much  ofhis  time  in 
the  Tower  with  Raleigh  and  bis  wife.  (See  Ra- 
leigh.) Harriott  was  the  inventor  of  tin-  pres- 
ent improved  method  of  algebraic  calculation 
by  introducing  tin-  signs  >  and  <. 

Harris,  GbOBGK,  LOBD,  was  born  March  18, 
1746;  died  al  Belmont,  Kent,  England,  May  lit, 
1829.  He  became  captain  in  1771,  and  came  to 
America  in  1775.  He  was  in  the  skirmish  at 
Lexington,  and  was  wounded  in  the  battle  of 
Bunker's  Hill.  In  the  battles  of  Long  Island, 
Harlem  Plains,  and  White  Plains,  and  in  ev.i  \ 
battle  in  which  General  Howe.  Sir  Henry  Clin- 
ton, and  Earl  Corawallis,  in  the  North,  par- 
ticipated, until  late  in  1778,  he  was  an  actor. 
Then  he  went  on  an  expedition  to  the  West  In- 
ed  under  Byron  off  Grenada  in  177'.t; 
also,  afterwards,  in  India,  anil  in  17'.»-  was  made 
governor  of  Madras,  and  placed  at  the  head  of 
the  :i t  ii. \  against  Tippoo  Sultan,  capturing  Se- 
ringapatam,  for  which  service  he  received  pub- 
lic thanks  and  promotion.  Iii  1812  he  was  raised 
to  the  peerage. 

Harrison  and  Tecumtha.  William  Henry 
Harrison, gover -of  the  Indiana  Territory,  sus- 
picious of  tin'  movements  of  Tecumtha  ami  his 

brother  (which  see),  united  them   to  an   intcr- 


3  HARRISON  AND  TECUMTHA 

view  at  Vincenues.  Though  requested  not  to 
bring  more  than  thirty  follow  ers,  Tecumtha  ap- 
peared with  about  four  hundred  warriors.  The 
council  WOS  held  in  a  field  just  outside  the  vil- 
lage. The  governor,  seated  on  a  chair,  w  as  sur- 
rounded by  several  hundred  of  the  unarmed  peo- 
ple, and  attended  by  judges  of  the  territory, 
several  officers  of  the  army,  and  by  Winneiuack, 
a  friendly  Potawatomie  chief,  who  had  on  this, 
as  on  other  occasions,  given  Harrison  notice  of 
Tecutntlia's  hostile  designs.  A  sergeant  and 
twelve  men  from  the  fort  were  stationed  under 
some  trees  on  the  border  of  the  field,  and  the  In- 
dians, who  sat  in  a  semicircle  on  the  ground, 
had  left  their  rifles  at  their  camp  in  the  woods, 
but  brought  their  tomahawks  with  them.  Te- 
cumtha, in  an  opening  speech,  declared  the  in- 
tention of  the  tribes,  by  a  combination,  not  to 
countenance  any  more  cessions  of  Indian  lands, 
except  by  general  consent.  He  contended  that 
the  Indians  were  one  people,  and  the  lands,  be- 
longing to  the  whole  in  common,  could  not  be 
alienated  by  a  part  This  position  was  combat- 
ed by  Harrison,  who  asserted  that  the  lands 
sold  had  been  so  disposed  of  by  the  occupants, 
and  that  the  Shawnoese  had  no  business  to  in- 
terfere. When  these  words  were  interpreted. 
Tecumtha,  with  violent  gesticulations,  declared 
the  governor's  statements  were  false,  and  that 
he  and  the  United  States  had  cheated  and  im- 
posed upon  the  Indians.  As  he  proceeded  with 
increased  violence,  his  warriors  Bprang  to  their 
feet,  and  began  to  brandish  their  tomahawks. 
Harrison  started  from  his  chair,  and  drew  his 
sword,  as  did  the  officers  around  him.  Winne- 
inack cocked  his  loaded  pistol,  and  the  Unarmed 
citizens  caught  up  whatever  missiles  were  at 
hand.  The  guard  of  soldiers  came  running  np, 
and  were  about  to  lire  upon  the  Indians,  but 
were  checked  by  the  governor,  who  asked  the 
interpreter  what  was  the  matter.  On  being  in- 
formed, he  denounced  Tecnmtha  as  a  bad  man  : 
thai,  as  be  had  come  under  promise  of  protec- 
tion, he  might  depart  in  safety,  but  he  must  in- 
stantly leave  the  neighborhood.  The  council 
broke  np.  and  Tecum!  ha  retired  to  his  camp, 
On  the  following  morning,  to  allay  all  suspi- 
cion, he  expressed  regret  for  his  conduct,  and 
asked  and  obtained  another  interx  iew,  at  w  Inch 
he  disclaimed  all  hostile  intentions  against  the 
white  people,  but  gave  the  governor  tO  under- 
stand that  he  should  adhere  to  his  determina- 
tion to  oppose  all  cessions  of  land  thereafter. 
Chiefs  of  other  tribes,  who  were  with  him,  de- 
clared their  intention  to  adhere  to  the  new  con- 
federacy. Anxious  to  ascertain  the  real  inten- 
tions of  the  Shawnoese  chief,  Harrison  visited 
his  camp,  when  Teciitntha  told  him  that  he 
should  make  war  on  the  Americans  with  reluc- 
tance, and  promised  if  the  recent  cessions  wen' 
given  up,  and  the  principle  adopted  by  the 
United   States  government    of  taking   no   more 

land  from  the  Indiana  without  the  consent  of 

all  the  tribes,  be  would  lie  their  friend  and  ally, 

for  he  kmw  the  pretended  friendship  of  the 
British  was  only  selfisfanesa  Vet.  it  the  Amer- 
icana persevered  in  their  methods  of  getting  the 
land  of  the  Indians,  he  should  be  compelled  to 


HARRISON  6 

join  that  people  in  war  against  the  people  of  the 
United  States.  Harrison  promised  to  lay  the 
mattfr  before  hie  government. 

Harrison,  BENJAMIN,  a  signer  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  independence,  was  born  at  Berkeley,  on 
the  .lanus  River,  Va..  in  1740;  died  there  in 
April,  1791,  He  was  a  member  of  the  Vir- 
ginia House  of  Burgesses  iu 
1764,  and  soon  became  a  leader 
among  the  patriots  of  the  day. 
An  attempt  to  bribe  him  to 
tuppori  the  Stamp  Act  by  of- 
fering him  a  seal  iu  the  <  'ouneil 
excited  his  indignation,  though 
lie.had  opposed  Henry's  resolu- 
tions on  the  Bllbject.  He  was  a 
member  of  various  associations 
and  committees,  and  was  a  del- 
egate to  the  fust  Colonial  Con- 
gress, in  1774  In  that  body  lie 
was  efficient  as  chairman  of  the 
Hoard  of  War.  He  advocated  in- 
dependence in  177ti,  and  signed 
1  lie  great  Dcclarat  ion.  He 
resigned  his  seat  in  1777  ;  again 
entered  the  House  of  Kill  ge-ses, 

and    was    chosen    its   speaker, 

This  position  he  held  until  1782, 

when  he  was  elected  governor 

of  t  he    state,  and   w  as   t  w  ice    re- 
elected.   Governor  Harrison  did 
not  like  the  National  Constitution,  and  voted 
against   it   in  convention. 

Harrison,  YVn.  i.  iam  Hiaky,  ninth  President  of 
the  United  States,  n  as  bora  at  Berkeley, Charles 
City  Co..  Va..  Teh. '.1, 177:!;  died  at  Washington, 
D.  c.  April  l.  l-ll.  He  was  a  son  of  Benjamin 
Harrison,  governor  of  Virginia,  and  was  edu- 


9  HARRISON'S  CABINET 

a  lieutenant  iu  1792,  he  afterwards  hecame  an 
efficient  aid  to  General  Wayne,  and  with  hirn 
went  through  the  campaign  iu  Ohio,  in  1794. 
After  the  treaty  of  Greeuville  (1794),  he  was 
placed  iu  command  of  Fort  Washington,  on  the 
site  of  Cincinnati,  and  was  promoted  to  captain. 
While  ou  duty  at  North  Bend,  he  was  married 


ILLIAM    HKNKY    IIAKKISD.V. 


cated    at    Hampdcn-Sidney  College.       He   hegan 

preparations  for  the  profession  of  medicine,  bat 

soon  abandoned  it  tor  a  military  life.     In  1791 
Wa-lungton  commissioned  him  an  ensign.    Made 


to  Anna,  daughter  of  Judge  Sv  mines,  an  exten- 
sive land-owner  there.  She  survived  him  many 
years.  In  1797  he  was  appointed  Secretary  of 
the  Nori hwest  Territory, and  left  the  army.  In 
1799  he  hecame  a  delegate  to  Congress,  and  was 

made  the  fust  governor  of  Indiana  Territory 
,,,  1801.  'I'hal  office  he  held  until  1813,  and,  as 
Superintendent  of  Indian  Affairs,  performed  effi- 
cient service.  In  the  course  of  his  administra- 
tion, he  made  thirteen  important  treaties  with 

different  tribes.  Harrison,  at  the  head  of  troops, 
gained  a  victory  over  the  Indians  |  Nov  .7.  1811) 
a  I  Tippecanoe  (which  see),  lie  was  in  command 
of  the  Army  of  the  Northwest  in  the  second  war 

for  independence,  in  which  position  he  was  dis- 
tinguished for  prudence  and  bravery.  Resign- 
ing his  commission  in  1814,  he  was  employed  in 

making  treaties  with  the  Indians  for  cessions  of 

lands.     From  1816  to  1819  he  was  member  of 

Congress  from  Ohio,  and  was  in  the  United 
Slates  Senate  from  1825  to  1828,  having  prev  i- 
ously  served  a  term  in  the  Ohio  Senate.  Iu 
I-.'-    President    Adams  sent  him   as  minister  to 

the  Repnblic  of  Colombia,  South  America,  and 

on  his  return  he  made  his  residence  at  North 
Bend,  O.  In  1840  General  Harrison  was  elect- 
ed ['resident  of  the  United  Si  ales,  receiving  2'M 
voles  out  of  394.  dust  one  month  after  In-  en- 
tered upon  his  duties  (March  4,  1841)  he  died  at 
the  national  capital.  President  Harrison's  re- 
mains lie  in  a  vault  upon  an  eminence  over- 
looking the  Ohio  River, at  North  Bend. 

Harrison's  Cabinet.  Immediately  after  the 
delivery  of  his  inaugural  address.  I 'resident  Har- 
rison nominated  for  cabinet  ministers,  Daniel 
Webster,  of  Massachusetts,  Secretary  of  state; 
Thomas  Ewing,  of  Ohio,  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 


HARRISON'S  INVASION  OF  CANADA      630     HARBISON'S  MILITARY  MOVEMENTS 


my;  John  Bell,  of  Tennessee,  Secretary  of  War; 
George  E.  Badger,  of  North  Carolina,  Secretary 

of  thr    Navy;    Francis   Granger,  of  New   York, 

Postmaster -general;  and  .John  J.  Crittenden, 
of  Kentucky,  Attorney-general. 

Harrison's  Invasion  of  Canada.  The  vet- 
eran Isaac  Shelby,  then  governor  of  Kentucky, 
joiiu-d  Harrison  at  ( 'amp  Seneca,  with  about  four 
thousand  mounted  volunteers  from  his  state.  He 
had  called  for  a  certain  number,  and  twice-  as 
many  came  as  he  asked  for.  They  were  feath- 
ered at  Newport  and  Cincinnati.  With  Major 
John  Adair  and  the  late  Senator  .1.  .1.  Critten- 
den as  his  aids,  Governor  Shelby  pressed  for- 
ward towards  Lake  Erie.  Colonel  Richard  M. 
Johnson's  troop  was  among  Shelby's  men.  Har- 
rison was  rejoiced  to  see  them  come.  Ferry  had 
secured  the  coveted  control  of  Lake  Erie  (see 
Lake  Erie,  Battle  of),  and  thus  reinforced  and  en- 
couraged, Harrison  moved  immediately,  and  on 
the  15th  and  Kith  of  September,  1813,  the  whole 
Army  of  the  Northwest-  -excepting  some  troops 

holding  Fort  Meigs  and  minor  posts — were  on  the 

borders  of  tin'  lake,  at  a  point  now  called  Fort 
Clinton.  General  McArthur,  who  bad  succeed- 
ed (lay  in  command  at  Fort  Meigs  (which  see), 
was  ordered  to  embark  artillery,  provisions,  and 
stoics  ErOm  that  place,  and  on  the  30th  the  em- 
barkation of  the  army  upon  Ferry's  vessels  be- 
gan. The  weather  was  delightful,  and  the  whole 
army  were  in  high  spirits.  They  rendezvoused 
fust  at  Put-in-bay  Island,  on  the  "24th,  and  t  he 
next  day  were  upon  the  Middle  Sister  Island. 
The  Kentuckians  had  left  their  horses  on  the 
peninsula  between  Sandusky  Fay  and  Portage 
River,  and  were  organized  as  infantry.  In  six- 
teen armed  vessels  and  about  one  hundred  boats 
the  armament  started  from  the  Detroit  River. 
Qn  tin:  way  a  stirring  address  by  General  Har- 
rison was  read  to  the  troops,  which  concluded 
as  follows:  ''The  general  entreats  his  brave 
troops  to  remember  that  they  are  sons  of  sires 
whose  fame  is  immortal;  that  they  are  to  tight 
for  the  rights  of  their  insulted  country,  while 
their  opponents  combat  for  the  unjust  preten- 
sions of  a  master.  Kentuckians,  remember  the 
Fiver  Raisin!  but  remember  it  only  while  vic- 
tory   is   suspended.      Tint    revenge   of  a    soldier 

cannot  be  gratified  upon  a  fallen  enemy."  Ex- 
pecting to  be  attacked  at  their  landing-place, 
the  troops  were  debarked  (8ept. 28),  in  perfect 

battle  order,  Oil  Hartley's  Foint.  nearly  fourmiles 

below  Amheratbnrg.  Noenemy  was  there.  Proc 
tor,  who  was  in  command  at  Fort  Maiden,  taking 

counsel  of  prudence  ami  fear,  and  in  opposition 

to  the  earnest  entreaties  and  indignant  protests 
of  his  officers  and  Tccumtha,  had  lied  northward 
with  bis  army  and  all  he  could  take  with  him, 

leaving  Fort  Maiden,  the  navy  buildings,  and 

the  Storehouses  smoking  ruins.  As  the  Ameri- 
cans approached  the  town,  they  met,  instead  of 
brave   Unions  and  painted   -avae.es,  a   troop  of 

modest  women  who  came  to  Implore  mercj  and 
protection.  Their  fears  were  removed  bj  the 
kind  hearted  bailers,  and  the  Americans  enter 
ed  Amheratbnrg  w  Itb  the  bands  playing  Vanke. 

Doodle.      The    loyal    inhabitants   had    lied    with 

the  army.    The  iloiilla  arrived  at  Detroit  ou 


the  29th,  and  the  same  day  Colonel  Johnson  ar- 
rived there  with  his  troop  of  cavalry.  Harrison 
had  encamped  at  Sandwich,  and  all  started  in 
pursuit.  The  enemy  was  overtaken  at  the  Mo- 
avian  Towns,  on  the  Thames,  and  defeated  in 
battle.  (Sec  Thames,  Battle  of  the.)  Detroit  and 
all  Michigan  were  recovered.  All  that  Hull  had 
lost  was  regained.  Colonel  Lewis  Cass  was  left 
at  Detroit,  with  a  strong  garrison,  as  military 
governor  of  the  territory. 

Harrison's  Landing,  Akmy  at.  To  this  point 
General  Meridian  led  his  army  after  the  battle 
Malvern  Hills,  July  1,  1862.  ll  is  live  m  six 
miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Appomattox  Fiv- 
er, on  the  right  bank  of  the  James,  and  was  the 
birthplace  of  President  Harrison.  Its  landing 
is  one  of  the  best  on  the  James,  and  was  made 
the  chief  depot  of  supplies  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  while  it  lay  there  in  the  summer  of 
1862, and  where  it  Buffered  great  mortality  from 
malarial  fevers.  There  the  commander-in-chief 
called  for  reinforcements,  reporting,  on  the  3d  of 
July, that  he  had  "  not  over  50,000  men  with  their 
colors."  The  President, astounded, went  to  Har- 
rison's Landing,  and  found  the  army  greatly  dis- 
heartened. He  found  the  army  40. ("ID  stronger 
than  the  commander  had  erroneously  reported, 
but  was  unable  to  get  a  reply  to  his  question, 
Where  arc  the  75,000  men  yet  missing'  It  was 
found  that  34,000  men,  or  more  than  three  fifths 
of  the  army  reported  on  the  3d,  were  absent  on 
furloughs.  The  general  soon  aftcrvv  ards  reported 
88,665  " present  ami  tit  fordutj  :"  absent  by  au- 
thority, 34,472;  absent  without  authority, 3778 j 
sick.  16,619  making  a  total  of  143,634.  A  week 
later  the  adjutant-general's  office  reported  the 
total  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  exclusive  of 
General  Wool's  command  at  Fortress  Monroe, 
to  be  158,314,  of  whom  101,691  were  present  and 
lit  for  duty.  This  great  army  remained  there 
idle  some  week-,  sulfering  greatly  from  sick- 
ness, when  it  was  called  to  the  vicinity  of  Wash- 
ington, 

Harrison's   Military   Movements.      Before 
the  declaration  of  war  against   England     .lime. 

1812)  Kentucky  and  Ohio  had  made  prepara- 
tions lor  such  an  event  Early  in  Maj  Gov- 
ernor Seott,  of  Kentucky,  in  obedience  to  in- 
structions from  the  War  Department,  had  or- 
ganized ten  regiments  of  volunteers,  making 
an  effective  force  of  5500  men;  and  Govern- 
or Meigs,  of  Ohio,  promptly  responded  to  the 
call  for  troops  to  accompany  Hull  to  Detroit. 
iSee  Canada,  Invasion  iff.)  William  Henry  Har- 
rison, then  Governor  of  Indiana  Territory,  had 

aheadv  caused  blockhouses  and  stockades  to 
be  erected  in  vat  ions  parts  of  his  teriitoiv  as 
defences  against  the  Indians,  and  the  militia- 
men were  placed  in  a  state  of  preparation  for 
immediate  action  when  called  upon.  Having 
been  authorized  by  the  national  government  to 
call  upon  Keiitiiekv  tor  any  portion  of  its  contin- 
gent of  t loop-,  he  repaired  to  Frankfort,  where 

he   was   honored    with   a   public   reception.      He 

expressed  in-  view-  (reel]  concerning  the  im- 
minent peril  in  which  Geueral  Hull  was  placed, 

and  Suggested  a  -en.  -  of  mill  I  at. v   opetalious  in 


HARRISONS  MILITARY  MOVEMENTS     621     HARRISON'S  MILITARY  MOVEMENTS 


the  Northwest.  The  fall  of  Detroit  and  the  mas- 
sacre at  Chicago  (which  see)  caused  the  great- 
est excitement  in  Kentucky,  and  volunteers 
wen-  offered  by  thousands.  It  was  the  general 
desire  of  the  volunteers  and  militia  of  the  West 
that  Harrison  Bhould  be  their  leader  ngainst  the 
British  and  Indians.  Governor  Scott  was  re- 
quested by  some  of  the  leading  men  in  Ken- 
tucky to  appoint  liiin  commander-in-chief  of 
the  forces  nl  I  hat  state,  and  lie  was  commissioned 
Aug.  25,  L812.  A  corps  of  mounted  volunteers 
was  raised,  and  Major  Richard  M.  Johnson  be- 
eame  their  lender.  While  Harrison  was  on  his 
way  northward  from  Cincinnati  with  his  troops 
he  received  the  commission  of  brigadier  from 
the  President  of  the  United  states,  with  instruc- 
tions to  take  command  of  all  the  forces  in  the 
territories  of  Indiana  and  Illinois,  and  to  co- 
operate with  General  Hull  and  with  Governor 
Howard,  of  Missouri.  These  instructions  were 
issued  before  the  disaster  to  Hull  was  known. 
He  hesitated  to  accept  the  commission  be- 
cause of  the  delicate  relations 
in  which  it  might  place  bim 
with  General  Winchester, com- 
mander of  the  Army  of  tins 
Northwest,  lie  pressed  for- 
ward to  Piqua,  and  sent  a 
detachment    to    relieve    foil 

Wa.Vlie    I   Which     »e   I.        At      I'l- 

qna  Harrison  was  joined  by 
mounted  volunteers  under 
Johnson,  w  hen  t  he  army  i  n 
the  n  ilderness  of  <  Miio  num- 
bered ■-'■-'mi  men.  The  In- 
dian spies  reported  :  "  Kain- 
tinkee  is  crossing  as  numer- 
ous us  the  trees."  It  was  de- 
termined by  a  council  of  of- 
ficers to  strike  the  neighbor- 
ing Indians  w  ith  tenor  by  a 
display  of  power.  Harrison 
divided  Ins  army.  One  de- 
tachment of  mounted  dra- 
goons, under  Colonel   Simrall, 

laid   waste   (Sept.  19,  1812)    the 

Little  Turtle's  ton the  Bel 

(liver,  excepting  the  buildings  elected  by  the 

United    BlateS    for    the    now    deceased    chief   on 

account  of  his  friendship  since  the  Treat]  of 
Greenville  in  1794  I  which  see  ,.  Another  de- 
tachment,   under    Colonel     S.    Wells,    was    sent 

(Sept.  nil  to  destroy  ■■>  Potawatomie  town  on 
the  Elkhart  River,  sixty  miles  distant;  while 
Colonel  Payne,  with  another  detachment,  laid 

in  ashes  a  Miami  village  in  the  forks  of 
the  Wabash,  and  several  other  towns  lower 
down  that  stream,  with  their  corn-fields  and 
gardens.  General  Winchester  arrived  at  Harri- 
son's camp  on  Sept.  |s,  when  the  latter  resigned 
his  command  to  that  superior  in  rank.  The 
troops  almost  mutinied,  for  they  revered  Hani- 
son.  The  latter  returned  to  SI.  Mary  to  collect 
the  mounted  men  from  Kentucky,  to  march  on 
towards  Detroit.  At  Pinna  he  received  a  letter 
from  the  War  Department  assigning  him  to  the 
command  of  tin'  Northwestern  army,  which,  it 
was  slated,  would   consist,  "in   addition   to  the 


regular  troops  and  rangers  in  that  quarter,  of 
the  volunteers  and  militia  of  Kentucky  and  Ohio, 
and  three  thousand  from  Virginia  and  Pennsyl- 
vania," making  his  whole  force  ten  thousand 
men.  He  was  instructed  to  provide  for  the  de- 
fence of  the  frontiers,  and  "  then  to  retake  De- 
troit, with  a  view  to  the  conquest  of  Canada.'' 
He  was  invested  with  very  ample  powers.  "You 
will  command  such  means  as  may  be  practica- 
ble," said  the  despatch  from  the  War  Depart- 
ment, "Exercise  your  own  discretion,  and  act 
in  all  cases  according  to  your  own  judgment." 
His  soldiers  rejoiced,  and  were  ready  and  eager 

to  follow  wherever  be  might  lead.    He  arranged 

with  care  an  autumn  campaign,  which  contem- 
plated the  seizure  of  the  important  position  at 
the  foot  of  the  rapids  of  the  Maumce,  or  Miami, 
and.  possibly,  the  capture  of  Maiden  and  Detroit, 
making  his  base  of  military  operations  the  foot 
of  the  rapids.  (See  Fort  Meigs.)  There  wore 
nearly  three  thousand  troops  at  St.  Mary  on  the 
1st  of  October.    Fort  Defiance,  at  the  junction  of 


SITK   UK    KOKT    DEFIANCE,   IN    1S6U. 

the  Manmee  and  Auglaize,  was  made  a  post  of 
deposit  for  provisions,  and  a  corps  of  observa- 
tion was  placed  at  Sandusky.  The  mounted 
Keiituckians  were  formed  into  a  regiment,  and 
Major  Johnson  was  appointed  its  colonel;  and 
these,  with  Ohio  mounted  men  under  Colonel 
Findlny,  formed  a  brigade  commanded  by  Gen- 
eral 1'.  W.  Topper,  of  Ohio,  who  had  raised  about, 
one  thousand  men  for  the  service.  Harrison  or- 
dered the  const  ruction  of  a  new  fort  near  old 
Fort  Defiance;  hut  his  operations  were  soon  af- 
terwards disturbed   by   antagonisms  between 

Tupper  and  Winchester.  The  latter  dismissed 
Tapper  frond  his  command  and  gave  it  to  Allen, 
of  the  regulars,  when  the  Ohio  troops  absolutely 
refused  to  serve  under  any  hut  their  old  com- 
mander. It  was  really  a  conflict  between  regu- 
lars and  volunteers,  and  the  intended  expedition 
against  Detroit  was  postponed.  Harrison  was 
much  annoyed,  hut  prosecuted  his  plans  with 
extraordinary     vigor    for    a    winter    campaign. 


HART  6! 

General  Titpper  bad  entered  upon  an  indepen- 
dent expedition  with  660  mounted  volunteers, 
and  endeavored  to  seize  the  post  at  the  foot  of 
the  Manmee  Rapids:  but,  after  a  bold  attempt, 
be  was  repulsed  by  the  British  and  Indians 
there.  Some  further  attacks  upon  the  barba- 
rians succeeded,  and  smoothed  the  way  for  the 
final  recovery  of  Michigan;  but  as  winter  came 
on  the  suffering  of  the  troops  was  severe,  es- 
pecially of  those  under  Winchester.  The  whole 
effective  force  then  (December,  1812 )  in  the 
Northwest  did  not  exceed  6300,  and  a  small  ar- 
tillery and  cavalry  force.  Yet  Harrison  deter- 
mined to  press  on  to  the  rapids  and  beyond  if 
possible.  On  Dec.  30  Winchester  moved  tow- 
ards the  rapids.  Harrison,  having  heard  of  the 
presence  of  Teenmtha  on  the  Wabash  with  a 
large  force  of  Indians,  recommended  Winches- 
ter to  abandon  the  movement;  but  the  latter 
did  not  heed  the  advice.  He  reached  the  rap- 
ids, and  was  summoned  to  the  River  Raisin  to 
defend  the  inhabitants  at  Frenchtown  and  its 
vicinity.  Winchester  pressed  on,  and  there 
occurred  a  dreadful  massacre  of  troops  and 
citizens  on  Jan.  22,  1813.  (See  Frcnchlowii.) 
This  event  ended  the  campaign.  With  1700 
men  General  Harrison  took  post  on  the  high 
right  bank  of  the  Manmee,  at  the  foot  of  the 
rapids,  and  then'  established  a  fortified  camp. 
(See  Fort  Meige.)  Nothing  of  importance  oc- 
curred there  during  the  winter.  Troops  were 
concentrated  there,  and  in  March  (1813)  Harri- 
son sent  a  small  force,  under  Captain  Langham, 
to  destroy  the'  British  vessels  frozen  in  the  De- 
troit River  near  Amherstburg  (Fort  Maiden  I. 
The  ice  in  the,  vicinity  had  broken  up,  and  the 
expedition  was  fruitless.  The  attack  on  Fort 
Meigs  by  the  British  and  Indians  followed  in 
May  The  attack  on  Fort  Stephenson  (which 
see)  followed,  and  the  summer  of  1813  was  passed 
in  completing  arrangements  for  the  invasion  of 
Canada.  This  was  done  after  Perry's  victory 
on  Lake  Erie  (which  see).  Harrison  penetrated 
Canada  from  Fort  Maiden,  and  defeated  Proctor 
Oil  the  Thames  (which  see).  Soon  after  that 
Harrison,  because  of  treatment  received  at  the 
hands  of  the  Secretary  of  War  (Armstrong),  re- 
signed his  commission  and  left  the  service. 

Hart,  John,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of 
independence,  was  born  at  Hopewell,  N.  J.,  in 
1708;  tlied  there  iii  17-0.  He  was  a  farmer, 
scantily  educated,  but  a  man  of  Strong  OOmmon- 
sense,  patriotism,  and  moral  excellence.  He 
was  in  Cougress  from  1771  till  1777,  and  snffered 

much  at  the  hands  of  the  loyalists.  He  was 
compelled  to  flee  from  his  home,  and  was  hunt- 
ed from  place  to  place  until  the  capture  of  ilie 
Hessians  at  Iriii toll.  (See  Tmilon,  l'uittli  of.) 
He  was  called  ••  honest  .John  Halt." 

Hartford  Convention  (1770).  The  alarming 
depreciation  of  the  Continental  paper-money 

produced  great  anxiety  throughout  the  colonies, 

and  on  Oct.  90  a  convention  of  delegates  from 
five  of  the  Eastern  States  ma  held  at  Hartford, 
Conn.     Tiny  proposed  a   new    regulation  of 

•   ihe   ba~is  of  twenty   dollars   in   paper 
tor  one  dollar  in  coin;  and  they  advised  a  geU- 


2  HARTFORD  CONVENTION 

cral  convention  at  Philadelphia  at  the  begin- 
ning ol  1780,  to  adopt  a  scheme  for  all  the  colo- 
nies. Congress  approved  the  suggestion  of  the 
convention,  but  urged  the  states  to  adopt  the 
regulation  at  once,  without  waiting  for  a  gen- 
eral convention. 

Hartford  Convention  (1814).  Because  the 
Massachusetts  militia  had  not  been  placed  un- 
der General  Dearborn's  orders,  the  Secretary  of 
State,  in  an  official  letter  to  Governor  Strong, 
refused  to  pay  the  expenses  of  defending  Mas- 
sachusetts from  the  common  foe.  Similar  ac- 
tion, for  similar  cause,  had  occurred  in  the  case 
of  Connecticut,  and  a  clamor  was  instantly 
raised  that  New  England  w  as  abandoned  to  the 
enemy  by  the  national  government.  A  joint 
committee  of  the  Legislature  of  Massachusetts 
made  a  report  on  the  state  of  public  affairs, 
which  contained  a  covert  threat  of  independent 
action  on  tin-  part  of  the  people  of  that  section. 
saying  that,  in  the  position  in  which  that  state 
stood,  no  choice  was  left  it  but  submission  to  the 
British,  which  was  not  to  be  thought  of.  and 
the  appropriation  for  her  own  defence  of  those 
revenues  derived  from  the  people  which  the  na- 
tional government  had  hitherto  thought  prop- 
er to  expend  elsewhere.  The  report  recom- 
mended a  convention  of  delegates  from  sympa- 
thizing states  to  consider  the  propriety  of  adopt- 
ing "some  mode  of  defence  suited  to  the  cir- 
cumstances and  exigencies  of  those  States,"  and 
to  consult  upon  a  radical  reform  in  the  national 
Constitution.  The  administration  minority  de- 
nounced this  movement  as  a  preparation  for  a 
dissolution  of  the  Union.  The  report  was  adopt- 
ed by  a  large  majority,  and  the  Legislature  ad- 
dressed a  circular  letter  to  the  governors  of  the 
other  New  England  States  inviting  the  appoint- 
ment of  delegates  to  meet  in  convention  at  an 
early  day.  to  deliberate  upon  "means  of  Securi- 
ty and  defence"  against  dangers  to  which  those 
states  were  subjected  by  the  Course  of  the  war. 
They  also  proposed  the  consideration  of  some 
amendments  to  the  Constitution  on  the  subject 

of  slave  representation.    The  proposition  was 

acceded  to.  Hartford,  in  Connecticut,  was  tli,. 
place,  and  Thursday,  Dee.  15,  1814,  the  time,  des- 
ignated   for  the  assembling  of  the   convention. 

Ob  that  day  twenty-six  delegates,'  representing 


*  George  Cabot,  the  president  <>f  tin-  oonvei 
descendant  of  one  of  Ihe  discoverers  of  tin-  American  '>>ii 
linenl  of  that  name.  He  mi  a  warm  Whig  daring  tin'  Rev- 
olutionary straggle,  and  soon  titer  the  adoption  of  ihe  na- 
tional Coastitutlon  was  ehoaan  a  senator  In  Conf 
Legislature  of  Hassachoaetu  in-  was  a  pun-  hearted, lofty 
minded  oltisen,  a  soond  statesman,  ami  a  man  beloved  by  .ill 
wiici  kmw  him. 

Nathan  Han.'  waa  a  lawyer  of  emlnei 
wiii;;  In  Hi''  dayi  of  the  Revolnl  on     n 

illy  noticed  i"i 

insertion  ol'  a  provts in  the  lam. hi-  0 

Mii.inai  governments  over  the  terrlt 

excluded  slavery  from  those 

William  iv  hi  .1  Colonel 

i  be  Revolution,  » li 
He  of  Bunker's  Hill     Hi-  was  an  able  la 
and  Hi' ii  in  Boston     Ha  served  with  distinction  in  t«>ih 
ituro. 

■ton,  nml  nii'mlM-r  of 
the  (km II)  of  that  name  distinguished  In  the  Revolution     He 


HARTFORD  CONVENTION 


Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  Rhode  Island,  Now 
Hampshire,  and  Vermont,  assembled  at  Hart- 


ma  a  lawyer  by  profession,  and  served  the  public  in  the  Mas 

■tehusetU  Legislature  and  in  the  national  Congress      He  was 

and  as  a.  public  man,  as  well  as  a  private 

•.a-  very  popular. 

Tnnothv  Bigelow  was  a  lawyer,  and  for  several  years  was 

speaker  of  the  Massaehusott.  House  nl'  Representatives. 

.  inas  was  judge  of  probate  in  Plymouth  County, 
an  of  unblemished  reputation  in  public 
and  private  life. 

Joseph  Lyman  was  a  lawyer, and  for  several  years  held  the 
office  of  sheriff  of  bis  county. 

-  was  an  eminent  lawyer,  and  distinguished  for 
I    industry,  and  integrity      n 
i  it ure. 
Ha 1  Waldo  was  a  resident  ol  Worcester,  where  he  estab- 
lished himself  in  early  life  as  a  merchant.     He  was  a  state 
senator,  hut  would  seldom  consent  to  an  election  to  office. 

Samuel   Sumner  Wilde  was  a  lawyer,  ami  was  raised  to  a 
seat  on  the  bench  of  the  Supreme  i  nun  of  Massachusetts. 
Hodijah  I:;.  r  in  the  Continental  army,  in 

i  fed  with  reputation      He  . 
of  probate  111  the  county  in  which  he  lived,  and 
itsbed  for  sound  understanding,  fine  talents,  and 
unimpeachable  mi 

Stephen  Longfellow,  jr.,  was  a  lawyer  of  emim 
land.  Me   where  be  stood  at  the  head  of  his  prol 

Chauncey  Goodrich  was  an  eminent  lawyer,  and  for  many 

ill  in  each  of 

Its  liraiiclii  •        i  iioiise  of  Con- 

ectlcut.      His  ropiila- 

10  and  useful  Citizen. 

John   i  readwell  was  In  pu  l  onnecticut  a 

greater  pari  ol  his  life,  where  be  was  a  member  of  each  legle 
i  ii  b  of  the  government,  a  long  lime  ■ 

both   lieutenant  governor  and 
the  stale     He  was  a  w  hig  in  the  Revolution,  and 

James  n  of  eminent  ability,  and  widely 

iwyer  of  celebrity,  served  as  a  member 

cut,  and  was  i,,r  more  than 

in  Congress. 

ntry  in  the  old  war  for  indepen- 

and  public  spirited. 

ml  was  a  member  of 
i 

if  Connecticut 
Nathan  ei  Smith  was    in  extraordinary  man.     He  was  a 
d  and  for  many  j i 

profession  in 
Connectic  n 

the  supivur  whole  life  was  marked 

nirv. 

.  -    but   Studied 

distinguished 

e  in  his  pro 

He  «as  repeatedly 

jirome  Court  of  thai 

uother  distinguished  lawyer  of 

lor  a  long  In untie,  tod  with  the  (?ov 

eriiiueni  of  thai  state     He  w  it  a  m  in  ni  the  highest  repute 
n,-.e-s,,r  of  the  <c  '  izen. 

Daniel  Lyman  ■■■■  if  a  so ihi    Revolution,  and  rose  to 

major  in  the  Continental  army.     After  the  peace 
i  in  Rhode  Island, where  hi 

Samuel  u  i  overnorWard,  of  R 

and  at  the  In  the  Contl 

nenlal  arm  nold  in  his  expedition  to  One- 

bee  in  177.Y    ai  iii.it  -'in  be  was  made  ■  prisoner.    Before 

i|  the  war  be  rose  to  the  rank  of  colonel.      He  was 

sleeted  ■  mber  of  the  convention  held  al  Am 

in    1786.  wh  ptlon   Of  the  convention  which 

e  of  Rhode  Island,  and  a  law- 
was  eminent.     Hi 

i  I.  and  rarely 
his  day.     He  was  a 
•  I  ug  worth  in  e\ . 

re,  and  a  law- 
ii  which  he  had  a  g I  reputation 

Aver  by  pro- 
Hall.  Jr..  was  a  native  of  Vermont 
i  merchant,  and  he  was  (reqnentlj  a  member  ol 

.  nod  and  re 


HARTFORD  CONVENTION 

ford,  then  a  town  of  four  thousand  inhabitants, 
and  organized  by  the  appointment  of  George  Ca- 
bot, of  Boston,  as  president  of  the  body,  and 
Theodore  Dwight  as  secretary.     The  delegates 

ere  George  Cabot,  Nathan  Dane,  William  Pres- 
colt,  Harrison  Gray  Otis,  Timothy  Bigelow, 
Joshua  Thomas,  Samuel  Sumner  Wilde.  Joseph 
Lyman,  Stephen  Longfellow,  Jr.,  Daniel  Waldo, 
Hodijah  Baylies,  and  George  Bliss,  from  Massa- 
chusetts; Chauneey  Goodrich,  John  Tread  well, 
James  HillhoD.se,  Zephaniah  Swift,  Nathaniel 

in  it  li  T  Calvin  Goddard,  and  Roger  Minot  Sher- 
man, from  Connecticut;  Daniel  Lyman,  Samuel 
Waid,  Edward  Man  ton,  and  Benjamin  Hazard, 
from  Rhode  Island;  Benjamin  West  and  Mills 
( Hcott,  from  New  Hampshire  ;  and  William  Hall, 
Jr.,  from  Vermont.  The  sessions  of  the  conven- 
tion, held  with  closed  doors,  continued  three 
weeks.  Much  alarm  had  been  created  at  the 
seat  of  the  United  States  government  by  the 
convention,  especially  because  the  Massachu- 
setts Legislature,  at  about  that  time,  appropri- 
ated (1,000,000  towards  the  support  often  thou- 
sand men  to  relieve  the  militia  in  service,  and 
to  be,  like  the  militia,  under  the  state's  control. 
All  sorts  of  wild  rumors,  suggesting  treason, 
were  set  alloat,  and  the  government  sent  Major 

Thomas  s.  Jesnp  with  a  regiment  of  soldiers  to 

Hartford  at  the  time  of  the  opening  of  the  Con- 
vention, ostensibly  to  recruit  for  the  regular 
army,  but  really  to  watch  the  movements  of  the 
supposed  unpatriotic  conclave.  The  convention, 
at  the  outset,  proposed  to  consider  the  powers 
of  the  national  executive  in  calling  out  the  mi- 
litia; the  dividing  of  the  United  States  into 
military  districts,  with  an  officer  of  the  tinny  in 
each,  with  discretionary  power  to  call  out  the 
militia;  the  refusal  of  the  executive  to  pay  the 
militia  of  certain  states,  called  on  for  their  own 
defence,  on  the  ground  that  they  had  not  been 
put  under  the  control  of  the  national  command- 
er o\er  the  military  district;  and  the  failure  of 
the  government  i<>  pay  the  militia  admitted  to 
have  been  in  the  United  States  service;  the 
proposition  for  a  conscription  ;  a  bill  before  Con- 
gress for  classifying  and  drafting  the  militia; 
the  expenditure  of  the  revenue  of  the  nation  ill 
offensive  operations  on  neighboring  provinces; 

and  the  failure  of  the  United  States  government 
to  provide  for  the  common  defence,  and  the  con- 
sequent necessity  of  separate  states  defending 
themselves.  A  committee,  appointed  Dec.  20, 
reported  a  "general  project  of  such  measures" 
as  might  be  proper  for  the  convention  to  adopt  ; 
and  on  the  84th  it   was  agreed  that   it  would  lie 

expedienl  for  it  to  prepare  a  general  statement 

of  the  unconstitutional  attempts  of  the  execu- 

ti\e  government  of  the  United  states  to  in- 
fringe upon  the  rights  of  the  individual  states 
in  regard  to  the  military,  etc.,  and  to  recom- 
mend io  the  legislatures  of  the  states  the  adop- 
tion of  the  most  effectual  and  decisive  measures 
to  protect  the  militia  and  the  states  from  the 
usurpations  contained  in  those  proceedings. 
Also  to  prepare  a  statement  concerning  the  gen- 
eral subject  of  state  defences,  and  a  recom- 
mendation that  an  application  lie  made  to  the 
national  government  for  an  arrangement  with 


HARTFORD  CONVENTION 


(324 


HARTFORD  CONVENTION 


the  slates  by  which  they  would  be  allowed  to  ations  concerning  slave  representation  and  tax- 
retain  a  portion  of  the  taxes  levied  by  Congress,  ation.     The  convention  adopted  a  report  and 

to   be   devoted  to   the   expenses  of  self-defence,  resolutions  in   accordance   with   t  lit-   sentiments 

etc.     They  also  proposed  amendments  to  the  indicated  by  the   scope   of  the   deliberations. 


'c^n 


-z^^ 


^3  y-c^j^G^Lc^ 


^^^^-^€^^^^^^^ 


JOr,  <^^t^A&U<P^ 


#pe^ 


FAC  mil    OF    TIO 


SATIIIK8  TO  TIIK    KKI'ORT  OF  TBI   HARTFORD  I 


Const  it  nt  ion  to  accomplish  the  restriction  of  the 
powers  of  Congress  to  declare  and  make  war, 
admit  new  states  into  the  Union,  laj  embar- 
goes, limit  the  presidency  to  one  term. and  altar* 


These  were  signed  by  all  the  dele- 
gates present,  and  ordered  to  be  laid 
before  the  legislatures  of  the  respec- 
tive states  represented  in  the  conven- 
tion. The  report  and  resolutions  were 
moderate  but  linn,  aide  in  construc- 
tion, and  forcible  thongh  heretical  in 
argument  and  conclusion.  The  labors 
of  the  Hartford  Convention  ended  on 
Jan.  i.  1815,  and  after  prayer  on  the 
morning  of  the  5th  that  body  ad- 
journed, but  with  the  impression  on 
the  part  of  some  of  the  members  that 
circumstances  might  require  them  to 
reassemble.  1'or  that  reason  tin'  seal 
of  secrecy  on  their  proceedings  was 

not   removed.      This  gave  wide  scope 
for  conjecture,  suspicion,  and  misrep- 
resentation, some  declaring  that   the 
proceedings  W  ere  patriotic,  anil  others 
that  they  were  treasonable  in  the  ex- 
me.    Their  report  was  immediately 
published    throughout    the   country. 
It  disappointed  radical  Federalists  and 
suspicions  Democrats;  yet, 
*,.  ^j*      because  the  members  of  the 
Z^C*-^'*-?  convention  belonged  to  the 
party  t<>  which  the  Peace 

Faction  adhered,  they  lit- 
em led  much  odium,  and  for 
many  years  the  term  " Hartford  Convention 
Federalists"  conveyed  mnofa  reproach.  At  the 
next  election  in  Massachusetts  th<'  Administra- 
tion, or  Democratic,  partj  issued  a  handbill  with 


HARTLEY  6i 

an  engraving  indicative  of  the  character- of  the 
opposing  parties  —  the  Federal  party  by  the 
devil,  crowned,  holding  a  flaming  torch,  and 
pointing  to  British  coin  on  tho  ground;  the 
Democratic  party  by  a  comely  young  woman 
representing  Liberty,  with  an  eagle  beside  her, 
holding   in  one    hand  the   Phrygian  bonnet  on 


"BAHTFOKIi   m.wi.vnov   CANDIDATE. 

a  staff,  and  in  the  other  a  palm  leaf.  The  above 
cut  is  a  copy  of  the  engraving  on  a  reduced 
scale. 

Hartley,  David,  was  horn  in  IT'J'.t:  died  at 
Bath.  England,  Deo.  19,  1813.  Educated  at  Ox- 
ford, he  became  a  member  of  Parliament,  in 

which  he  was  always  distinguished  by  liberal 
views.  He  opposed  the  American  War, and  was 
appointed  one  of  the  British  commissioners  to 
treat  for  peace  with  I'ranklin  at  Paris.  He  was 
one  of  the  fust  advocates  in  the  House  ui  'Com- 
mons for  the  abolition  of  the  slave-trade,  and 
was  an  ingenious  inventor. 

Hartraiift,  JOHS  FREDERICK,  was  born  in 
.Montgomery  County,  Perm.,  Her.  Hi.  1830,  and 
graduated  at  Union  College  in  1-:>:i.  He  com- 
manded a  Pennsylvania  regiment  in  P.tirnside's 
expedition  to  the  coasl  of  North  Carolina  early 
in  1862.  He  was  in  all  the  operations  of  that 
corps  (tin-  Ninth),  and  was  made  brigadier-gen- 
eral in  May,  1864.  \i  Aotietara  he  led  the  fa- 
mous charge  that  carried  tin'  lower  bridge  (see 

Antietam,  Battle  of  .  anil  was  in  command  of  the 
division  of  the  Ninth  Corps  that  gallantly  re- 
captured Fori  steadman.  before  Petersburg,  in 
March,  1865,  for  which  he  was  breveted  major- 
general.  He  was  elected  Governor  of  Pennsyl- 
vania in  1876. 

Hartsufl;  GEORGE  L..  was  born  at  Twe.N'.Y.. 
M.i>  28,1830;  died  in  New  York  city,  May  It'.. 
U74.  He  graduated  at  Wesl  Point  in  1858, 
serving  in  Texas  ami  Florida.  In  !>.">('.  he  was 
assistant  instructor  in  artillery  and  infantry 
tactics  at  Wot  Point.  lb-  was  made  assistant 
adjutant  general,  with  the  rank  of  captain,  in 
March,  186L  lb-  served  at  Fort  Pickens  from 
April  till  .Inly.  Mil,  and  then  in  western  Vir- 
ginia, nnder  General  Roeecrans.     In  April,  1862, 

he    was    made   brigadiei  -  general   of  volunteers. 
I        10 


5    HARVARD  COLLEGE  CIRCULAR 

and  commanded  Abercromhie's  brigade  in  the 
battles  of  Cedar  Mountain,  Manassas,  and  Antie- 
tam, receiving  a  severe  wound  in  the  latter  en- 
gagement. In  November  he  was  promoted  to 
major-general;  and  in  the  spring  of  1863  was 
sent  to  Kentucky,  where  he  commanded  the 
Twenty-third  Corps.  He  was  in  commabd  of 
the  works  at  Bermuda  Hundred 
in  the  siege  of  Petersburg,  1864- 
65.  In  March,  1865,  he  was  bre- 
veted major-general  in  the  Unit- 
ed States  Army. 

Harvard  College  was  the  first 
of  the  higher  seminaries  of  learn- 
ing established  in  America.  The 
General  Court  of  Massachusetts 
id  made  some  provisions  tow- 
ards educating  a  succession  of 
learned  ministers.  They  had  es- 
tablished a  school  at  Newtown, 
the  name  of  which  was  changed 
to  Cambridge,  in  honor  of  the 
university  at  which  most  of  the 
^^^-  Massachusetts  ministers  had  been 
"^?j~~l-r-"  educated.  John  Harvard,  a  min- 
ister, who  died  soon  after  his  ar- 
rival, endowed  the  school  (1638) 
at  Cambridge  with  his  library 
and  the  gift  of  one.  half  his  estate,  amounting  to 
about  |4000  a  large  sum  at  that  time.  The 
school  was  erected  into  a  college,  and  named,  ill 
honor  of  its  benefactor.  Harvard  College.  Henry 
I  Minster,  a  Hebrew  scholar  just  arrived  in  the 

colony,  was  chosen   its  lirst    president      A  class 

began  a  collegiate  course  of  study  in  1638,  and 
nine  were  graduated  in  1(J4'2.  Efforts  were 
made  to  educate  Indians  for  teachers,  but  only 
one  was  ever  graduated.  In  L642  the  general 
management  of  the  temporalities  of  the  institu- 
tion was  intrusted  to  a  board  of  trustees,  and  in 
1650  the  General  Court  granted  it  a  charter,  with 
the  title,  ••President  and  Fellows  of  Harvard 
College."  The  profits  of  the  ferry  between  BoS- 
ton  and  Chai  lestow  n  were  given  to  the  college; 
the  town  of  Cambridge  voted  it  several  parcels 
Of  land,  and  tin-  colonial  and  state  Legislatures 
of  Massachusetts  made  annual  grants  until  1814, 
when  the  practice  ceased.  The  fust  honorary 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  was  given  to  In- 
crease Matbei  in  1692,  and  a  few  years  after- 
wards Harvard  received  the  first  of  a  series  of 
munificent  gifts  from  the  Hollis  family,  includ- 
ing valuable  books.  Its  library  was  destroyed 
by  lire  in  1766,  and  about  six  thousand  volumes 
were  lost,  including  those  of  Hie  founder.  The 
institution,  which  is  now  (1876)  a  university,  has 
fifteen  extensive  buildings  of  brick  ami  stone, 
from  two  to  live  stories  in  height.     The  number 

of  instructors  is  lit),  and  the  Dumber  of  pupils 

in  1-7  1  To  was  nearly  1200.  It  contains  a  li- 
brary of  200,000  volumes  and  a.  valuable  mu- 
seum, and  is  munificently  endowed.  From  1640 
io  1876  it  had  twenty-three  presidents.  The 
founder,  a  native  of  England,  died  at  Charles- 
town,  Mass.,  Sept.  14,  1688. 

Harvard  College  Circular.     Even  after  the 
delusion  of  ••  Salem  w  itchcraft  "  had  become  ap- 


HARVARD  6 

parent  to  all  Bensible  nun,  the  Mathers  deter- 
mined to  prove  the  reality  of  visible  witches; 
and  at  (lie  instanee  of  Increase  Mather,  the  pres- 
ident of  Harvard  College,  a  circular  was  sent 
out,  signed  by  him  and  all  the  neighboring  min- 
isters, in  the  name  of  that  institution  (March 
5,  1G95),  inviting  reports  of  " apparitions,  pos- 
sessions, enchantments,  and  all  extraordinary 
things,  wherein  the  existeuce  and  agency  of 
the  invisible  world  is  more  Bensibly demonstrat- 
ed," to  be  used  '-'as  some  fit  assembly  of  minis- 
ters might  direct."  Cotton  Mather  afterwards 
lamented  that  In  ten  years  scarce  five  returns 
■were  received  to  this  circular. 

Harvard,  JOHN,  founder  of  Harvard  College, 
-was  born  in  Middlesex,  Eng.,  in  1608;  died  at 
Cliarlcstown,  Mass.,  Sept.  14,  1038.  He  grad- 
uated at  Emanuel  College,  Eng.,  in  1635.  He 
emigrated  to  Massachusetts,  where  lie  was  made 
a  freeman  in  1637, and  in  Charlestown  he  became 
a  preacher  of  the  Gospel.    (See  Harvard  College.) 

Hassler,  FERDINAND  Rudolph,  was  horn  at 
Aernen, Switzerland, Oct. 6, 1770 ;  died  in  Phila- 
delphia, Nov.  20,  1843.  He  was  engaged  in  a 
trigonometrical  survey  of  his  native  country, 
and  was  induced  to  come  to  America  about  the 
year  1807  by  Albeit  Gallatin,  then  Secretary  of 
the  Navy.  He  was  employed  as  professor  of 
mat  hematics  at  West  Point  from  1H07  to  1810, 
and  in  1811  he  was  sent  by  our  government  to 
Europe  as  scientific  ambassador  to  London  and 
Paris,  and  to  procure  necessary  implements  and 
standards  of  measure  for  use  in  the  projected 
Coast  Survey  (which  see).  He  began  that  sur- 
vey in  July,  1816,  and  left  it  in  April,  1818,  but 
resumed  it  in  1832  and  continued  superintend- 
ent until  his  death,  when  he  was  succeeded  by 
A.  1 1.  Boche.     Professor  Hassler  made  valuable 

contributions  to  the  American  Philosophical  Tran- 
sactions on  the  subject  of  the  coast  survey.  In 
1832  he  made  a  valuable  report  to  the  United 
States  Senate  on  weights  ami  measures. 

Hatch,  JoHM  Peter,  was  born  in  New  York, 
and  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1845.  He 
served  under  General  Scott  in  Mexico.  In  Sep- 
tember, 1861,  he  was  made  a  brigadier-general 
and  assigned  to  a  cavalry  brigade  under  Gen- 
eral King,  lie  commanded  the  cavalry  of  the 
Fifth  Corps  in  the  campaign  in  the  Shenandoah 
Valley  in  the  early  part  of  1862,  In  .Inly  be 
took  command  of  an  infantry  brigade,  and  in 
August  that  of  King's  division.  He  was  w  oil  ml - 
ed  at  Manassas,  and  at  South  Mountain.  He 
also  commanded   forces  on   John's    Island,  near 

Charleston,  8.  c,  in  July,  1864,  and  commanded 
the  coast   division  of  the  Department  of  the 

South    from    November,   1864,  to    Fchruarv.   L865. 

He  co-operated  with  Sherman  while  moving 
through  the  Carolina*,  lie  was  breveted  brig- 
adier genera]  Uuited  states  Army. 

Hatchee.  BATTLE  AT.  After  the  rapnlse  of 
the  Confederates  from  Corinth  (Oct,  I,  1888), 
Bosecrans  gave  his  troops  rest  until  next  morn- 
ing, when  he  ordered  a  vigorous  pursuit  of  the 
fugitives.  General  McPlierson,  who  had  ar- 
rived with  fresh  troops,  led  in  the  chase,  and  fol- 
lowed tbe  Confederates  fifteen  miles  that  day. 


!6  HAT-MAKING 

Meanwhile,  a  division  under  General  Hnrlhnt, 
which  had  been  sent  to  attack  the  Confederate 
rear  or  intercept  their  retreat,  had  met  the  head 
of  Van  Horn's  column,  near  Pocahontas,  on  the 
morning  of  the  5th,  and  was  driving  it  back 
across  the  Hatchee  River,  towards  Corinth, 
when  General  Ord,  who  ranked  Hurlbut.  came 
up  and  took  the  command.  A  severe  battle  en- 
sued near  the  waters  of  the  Hatchee.  where  the 
Confederates  lost  two  batteries  and  three  hun- 
dred men.  Ord  fell,  severely  wounded.  Hurl- 
but  resumed  command,  hut  did  not  pursue,  for 
his  force  was  inferior.  The  greater  portion  of 
the  National  army  followed  the  fugitives  to 
Ripley,  where  the  pursuit  ended. 

Hatcher's  Run,  Battle  of.  On  Sunday 
morning,  Feb.  5,  1865,  a  strong  flanking  column 
of  Nationals  moved  on  the  right  of  the  lines  of 
the  Confederates  at  Petersburg,  beyond  Hatch- 
er's Run,  to  strike  the  South-side  railway.  The 
entire  National  army  in  front  of  Petersburg 
had  received  marching  orders  to  meet  w  batever 
might  he  developed  by  the  movement.  This 
Hanking  movement  was  led  by  Warren's  and 
Humphrey's  corps  and  Gregg's  cavalry.  The 
cavalry  moved  down  the  Jerusalem  Plank-road 
to  Keams's  Station.  The  divisions  of  Ayres. 
Griffin,  and  Crawford,  of  Warren's  corps,  moved 
along  another  road,  while  portions  of  Hum- 
phrey's corps  (Mott's  and  Smyth's  divisions) 
moved  along  still  another  road,  with  instruc- 
tions to  fall  upon  the  right  of  the  Confederate 
works  on  Hatcher's  Run,  while  Warren  should 
move  round  to  the  Hank  and  strike  the  rear  of 
their  adversaries.  The  cavalry  had  pushed  on 
from  Keams's  Station  to  Dinw  iddie  Court-house, 
encountering  Wade  Hampton's  horsemen,  dis- 
mounted ami  intrenched.  A  division  of  Hum- 
phrey's corps  carried  the  Confederate  works  on 
Hatcher's  Run,  making  the  passage  of  it  sate 
for  the  Nationals.  The  latter  cast  up  tem- 
porary earthworks,  which  were  assailed  in  the 
afternoon,  the  Confederates  pressing  through  a 

tangled  swam]).  They  were  repulsed.  The  Na- 
tionals lost  about  three  hundred  men  :  their  an- 
tagonists a  few  more.  Warren's  corps  took  po- 
sition on  the  left  of  Humphrey's  during  the 
night,  and  the  cavalry  was  recalled.  Two  other 
corps  were  disposed  so  as  to  assist,  if  necessary. 
Towards  noon  (Feb.  6),  Crawford,  moving  tow- 
ards Dabney's  Mills,  met  and  fought  the  Confed- 
erates under  Pegratn.  The  latter  were  repulsed, 
but  finally  the  Nationals  were  pushed  back  with 
heavy  loss.  Then  the  Confederates  attacked 
Humphrey's  corps,  and  were  repulsed  ill  dis- 
order. Th«  Nationals  were  rallied  behind  ill- 
trenchnieiits  and  stood  tit  in.  and  made  a  perma- 
nent extension  of  Grant's  line  to  Hatcher's  Run. 

The  Citj    Point    railroad  was  extended   to  ll 
stream.     In  the  battle  of  Hatcher's  Kun  the  Na 

tionals  lost  nearly  8000  men;  the  Confederate 

I Genera]  Pegram  was  killed. 

Hat-making.  In  IMS  the  Legislature  of  Vir- 
ginia offered  a  premium  often  pounds  of  tobao- 

00  (then  I  In-  OUITSncy)  for  every  good  hat.  of 
WOOl  or  fur.  made  in  the  colony.      The  business 

of  bat-making  rapidly  increased  in  the  colonies; 


■ 


HATTERAS,  FORTS  AT,  CAPTURED   627    HAVRE  DE  GRACE,  ATTACK  ON 


so  rapidly  that,  in  1731,  the  felt-makers  in  Lon- 
don complained  to  the  Parliament  that  the  for- 
eign markets  were  almost  entirely  supplied  by 
hats  made  in  America.  They  proposed  to  have 
the  exportation  of  American  hats  to  foreign 
markets  prohibited  ;  and  in  17152  Parliament  en- 
aeted  that  "  no  hats  of  felt,  dyed  or  nndyed,  fin- 
ished or  unfinished,  shall  he  put  on  hoard  any 
vanel,  in  any  place  within  any  British  planta- 
tion, nor  be  laden  upon  any  horse  or  other  car- 
riage, w  ith  the  intent  to  be  exported  from  thence 
to  any  other  plantation,  or  to  any  other  place 
whatever,  upon  forfeiture  thereof;  and  the  of- 
fender shall  likewise  pay  £.">(><)  for  every  sneli 
offence."  This  law  remained  in  force  until  the 
Revolution,  hut    it  was  constantly  evaded,  and 

the  American  establishments  were  able  to  supply 

the  home  demand  during  that  war.  It  is  now 
an  important  industry  in  the  I'nited  States. 

Hatteras,  FORTS  AT,  Capti  RBD.  In  the  sum- 
mer of  1861  the  Confederates  built  two  forts  on 
Hatteras  Island,  oil  the  coast  of  North  Carolina, 
to  guard  the  entrance  to  Hatteras  Inlet,  through 
which  British  blockade-runners  had  begun  to 
Barry  supplies  to  the  insurgents.  General  B. 
I'.  Butler, then  in  command  at  fortress  Monroe 

(which  see),  proposed  t  he  send  in  g  of  a  land  and 

naval  force  against  these  forte,    li  was  done.   An 

expedition  composed  of  eighl  transports  and  war- 
ships, under  the  command  of  Commodore  String- 
ham,  and  bearing  about  !><>(>  land-troops,  under 
the  command  of  General  Butler,  left  Hampton 
Boads  for  Hatteras  Inlet  <>n  the  20  th  of  August. 
On  the  morning  of  the  28th  the  \css.ls  of  war 

opened   their  guns  on   the   forts  (  Hatteras  and 

Clark  )    and    some    of  the    troops    were    landed. 

The  war-Teasels  of  the  expedition  were  tin'  Min- 
neeota  (flag-ship),  Pawnee,  Harriet  Lane,  Monti- 
alio,  Wabatk,  Cumberland, and  8uequehanma.  The 
condition  of  the  surf  made  the  landing  difficult, 
and  only  about  300  men  got  on  shore.  The  forts 
were  under  the  command  of  the  Confederate  Ma- 
jor \Y.  S.  C.  Andrews,  anil  a  small  Confederate 
naval    force,   lying    in    PamllCO    Sound,  was    in 

charge  of  Samuel  Barron.     An  assault  by  both 

arms  of  the  service  began  on  the  28th  and  was 
kept  up  until  the  ne\l  day,  when  the  forte  were 
surrendered.  Not  one  of  the  Nationals  was  in- 
jured; the  Confederates  lost  12  or  15  killed  and 
36  wounded.  The  number  of  troops  surrender- 
ed, including  officers,  was  715,  and  with  these 

L000  stands  of  arms.:;!   pieces  of  cannon,  \essels 

with  cotton  and  stoics,  and  considerable  gun- 
powder. The  victorious  expedition  returned  to 
Hampton  Roads,  when  General  Wool,  who  had 
succeeded  General  Butler  in  command  there,  is- 
sued a  stirring  order,  announcing  the  victory. 
It  was  a  severe  idow  to  tin'  Confederates,  and 
led  to  important  results.  Colonel  Hawkins, 
with  a  portion  of  his  Ninth  New  York  i Zouave  | 

Begiment,  was  sent  to  garrison  the  forts  at  Hat- 
teras anil  hold  the  island  and  inlet. 

Haverhill,  MASSACRE  at.  After  the  attack 
upon  Deerfleld  (which  Bee),  Hertel  de  Renville, 

willing  to  lead  his  murderous  and  motley  hand 
in  the  wink  of  murdering  helpless  women   anil 

children,  ascended  the  si.  Francis, and, passing 


the  White  Mountains,  made  their  rendezvous  at. 
Winnipiseogee,  where  they  expected  to  meet  a 
party  of  Abeuakes.  Disappointed  in  this,  they 
descended  the  Merrimac  to  Haverhill,  a  little 
cluster  of  thirty  cottages  and  log  cabins,  in  the 
centre  of  which  was  a  new  meeting-house.  On 
the  night  of  Aug.  29,  1708,  when  every  family 
was  slumbering, this  hand  of  invading  savages 
rested  near,  and  at  daylight  the  next  morning 
fell  with  fury  upon  the  startled  sleepers  of  the 
village.  The  midday  sun  shone  on  a  charred 
village,  strewn  with  murdered  men,  women,  and 
children.  Hearing  of  these  cruelties.  Colonel 
Peter  Schuyler,  of  Albany,  wrote  to  Vaudreuil, 
governor  of  Canada  :  "I  hold  it  my  duty  tow- 
ards God  and  my  neighbors  to  prevent,  if  possi- 
ble, these  barbarous  and  heathen  cruelties.  My 
heart  swells  with  indignation  when  I  think 
that  a  war  between  Christian  provinces,  bound 
to  the  exactest  laws  of  honor  and  generosity, 
which  their  noble  ancestors  have  illustrated  by 
brilliant  examples,  is  degenerating  into  a  sav- 
age and  boundless  butchery.     These  are  not  the 

methods  for  terminating  the  war.  Would  that 
all  the  world  thought  with  me  on  this  subject!" 
Haviland,  William,  born  in  Ireland  in  1718: 
died  Sept.  16,  1784.  He  served  in  the  British 
army  at  Carthagena  and  Porto  Hello,  and  was 
aid  to  General  Blakeney  in  suppressing  the  re- 
bellion of  1745.  He  was  lieutenant-colonel  un- 
der London  in  America  (1757);  served  with  Aber- 
orombie  at  Ticonderoga  (1758),  and  under  Am- 
herst  I  1759-flt),  entering  Montreal  with  the  lat- 
ter officer  in  September,  1760.  He  was  senior 
brigadier-general  and  second  in  command  at 
tin-  reduction  of  Martinique  in  1762,  and  at  the 
siege  of  Havana.  He  was  made  lieutenant-gen- 
eral in  1772,  and  general  in  1783. 

Havre  de  Grace,  Attack  ox  (1813).  Havre 
de  Grace  was  a  small  village,  two  miles  above 
the  head  of  Chesapeake  Hay,  and  nearthe  month 
of  the  Susquehanna  River,  containing  about  six- 
ty houses,  mostly  built  of  wood.      It  was  on  the 

post-road  between  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore, 

as  it  now  is  upon  the  railway  between  the  two 
cities.  On  the  night  of  May  2, 1813,  Sir  George 
Cockbum,  commander  of  a  British  squadron  en- 
gaged in  marauding  on  the  shores  of  Chesa- 
peake Bay, approached  the  village,  and  at  dawn 
on  the  morning  of  the  3d  the  inhabitants  were 
awakened  by  the  sound  of  arms.  Fifteen  or 
twenty  barges,  tilled  with  armed  men.  were  seen 
approaching,  when  a  few  lingering  militia  open- 
ed heavy  guns  upon  them  from  a  battery  on  an 
eminence  called  Point  Comfort.  These  were 
answered  by  grape-shot  from  the  British.  The 
drums  i"  the  village  beat  to  arms.  The  af- 
frighted inhabitants,  half  dressed,  rushed  to  the 
Streets,  the  non-combatants  Hying  in  terror  to 
places  of  safety.  Very  soon  hissing  Congicxe 
rockets  set  buildings  on  fire  in  the  town,  and 
these  were  follow eil  l>y  more  destructive  bomb- 
shells. While  panic  and  lire  were  raging,  the 
British  landed.  All  but  eight  or  ten  of  tin-  mi- 
litia had  tied  from  the  village,  and  only  two 
men  (John  O'Neil  and  Philip  Albert)  remained 
al  the  battery.      These  were  captured,  with  the 


HAWK-EYE  STATE  6 

batteiy,  when  the  guns  of  the  latter  were  turn- 
ed upon  the  town.  The  invaders  were  four  hun- 
dred strong.  They  were  divided  into  squads, 
and  began  the  work  of  plundering  and  destroy- 
ing systematically,  officers  and  men  equally  in- 
terested iii  the  business.  When  half  the  village 
bad  been  destroyed,  Cockbum  went  on  shore, 
and  was  met  on  the  common  by  several  ladies 
who  had  taken  refuge  in  a  brick  dwelling  known 
as  the"Pringle  Mansion."     They  entreated  him 


TIIK    I'KIMU.K 


to  spare  the  rest  of  the  village,  and  especially 
the  roof  that  sheltered  them.  He  yielded,  and 
called  off  the  plunderers.  Meanwhile  a  large 
British  detachment  had  gone  up  the  Susque- 
hanna about  six  miles,  to  the  head  of  tide- 
water, anil  destroyed  an  extensive  iron  and 
cannon  foundery.  A  number  of  vessels  there, 
which  had  escaped  from  the  bay,  were  saved  bj 
being  scuttled  and  sunk.  After  the  lapse  of 
four  hours,  when  forty  of  the  sixty  houses  in 
the  village  were  destroyed,  and  nearly  every 
other  edifice  injured,  the  marauders  assembled 
in  their  vessels  in  the  stream,  and  at  sunset 
sailed  out  into  the  bay  to  pay  a  similar  visit  to 
villages  on   Sassafras   Kivcr.      I  See  I'otkhiini   in 

the  Chesapeake.)  Havre  de  Grace  was  at  least 
sixty  thousand  dollars  poorer  when  the  invad- 
ei s  left  than  w hen  they  came. 

Hawk-eye  State.  This  name  is  said  to  have 
DMB  given  to  Iowa  because  an  Indian  chief  of 
that  name  who  ruled  there  was  a  terror  to  the 
tagagem  upon  the  Mississippi. 

Hawley,  .Ins,  imi,  was  born  at  Northampton, 
1784;  died  March  in.  l;--.  After  his 
graduation  at  Tale  College  in  1749,  be  labored 
as  a  minister  of  the  gospel  with  great  reputa- 
tion for  a  while,  whin  he  studied  law.  and  in 
the  practice  of  il  rose  to  distinction  rapidly. 
Bnrlj  espousing  the  republican  cause,  he  was 
regarded  as  one  of  its  ablest  advocates.  He 
steadily  refused  a  proffered  seat  in  the  govern- 
or's Council,  hut  served  in  tin-  Assembly   from 


3  HAYES 

17t>4  to  1778,  where  lie  was  distinguished  for  his 
bold  and  manly  eloquence.  In  that  body  he 
was  indefatigable  in  his  labors, and  was  a  trust- 
ed leader  with  Samuel  Adams,  dames  Otis,  and 
others.  He  was  chairman  of  the  committee  of 
the  First  Provincial  Congress  of  Massachusetts 
(October,  1774)  to  consider  the  state  of  the  coun- 
try. Mr.  Hawley  remained  in  public  life  until 
failing  health  compelled  him  to  retire.  Major 
Hawley  became  a  violent  opposer  of  Jonathan 
Edwards  in  his  ecclesiastical 
views  concerning  the  necessity 
of  a  higher  and  purer  standard 
of  admission  to  the  communion- 
table, and  was  largely  instru- 
mental in  the  removal  of  that 
eminent  metaphysician  from 

Northampton.  Convinced  of  his 
error,  Haw  ley  candidly  admitted 
it,  became  the  Vi  arm  advocate  of 
the  views  of  Edwards,  and,  in 
17C0,  wrote  a  letter  deploring  his 
part  in  the  affair. 

Hawley,  JOSBFB    Roewmxj 

journalist,  soldier,  and  states- 
man, was  born  in  Richmond 
County.  N.  C,  Oct.  31,  1826,  and 
graduated  at  Hamilton  College 
in  1847.  He  went  to  Connecti- 
cut at  the  age  of  eleven  years, 
and  began  the  practice  of  law 
at  Hartford  in  1^50,  connecting 
himself  vi  ith  the  Evening  Press,  a 
republican  journal,  in  1857.  He 
Was  a  captain  in  the  first  Con- 
necticut Regiment  in  the  battle  of  Hull's  Sun. 
He  was  active  under  (icncral  Terry  on  the  coasts 
of  South  Carolina  and  Florida  in  1868.  He  was 
at  the  Biege  of  Fort  Pulaski, the  battle  of  I'oco- 
taligo,  and  sieges  of  Ports  Wagner  and  Sumner: 
ami  he  commanded  a  brigade  under  Seymour  in 
the  battle  of  Olnstee.  Fla.  (which  see).  After- 
wards he  joined  the  Aimy  of  the  .lames,  in, iter 
Terry,  and  participated  in  several  battles  dur- 
ing the  campaign  against  Petersburg  and  Rich- 
mond in  1864.  In  September  he  was  made 
brigadier-general,  commanding  Terry's  division 
of  the  Tenth   Corps,  and  became  Terry's  chief- 

of-staff  in  Virginia.  He  was  breveted  major- 
general  in  September,  1866,  and  in  1861 

governor  of  Connecticut.  In  March,  I- 
eral  Hawley  was  elected  President  of  the  "Cen- 
tennial Commission,"  ami  led  the  operations  of 
the  great  Centennial  Exhibition  at  Philadelphia 
in  1876,  from  its  inception  to  its  close,  with 
masterly  skill,  lie  was  then  a  member  of  Con- 
gress, having  been  elected  in   1  -7  I. 

Hayes,  I-\u  [8RAKL,  explorer,  WIS  born  in 
Chester  County,  Penn  .  March  .">.  1838,  and  grad- 
uated an  M.l>.  at  the  (Juivereity  ><t'  Pennsylva- 
nia   in    l-.">:'..       He    was    surgeon    of  the    second 

Grinnell  expedition   to  the  Polar  Seas,  under 

Dr.  Kane.  Satisfied  of  the  existence  of  an  open 
Polar  sea.  he  wrote  and  lectured  on  the  Subject 
on  bis  return.  He  excited  miiIi  interest  in  the 
subject    that,  with   the    aid    of  subscriptions    in 

Europe  and  the  United  States,  he  was  enabled 


HAYES 


629     HAYNE'S  MISSION  AT  WASHINGTON 


to  fit  out  tbe  steamer  United  State*,  of  133  tons, 
in  which  he  sailed  from  Boston,  July  9,  1860, 
with  thirteen  othei  persons,  for  the  Arctic  re- 
gions. They  anchored,  after  a  perilous  voyage, 
in  Porl  Foulke,  on  the  west  coast  of  Greenland, 
in  latitude  78"  17',  on  .Sept.  9,  where  they  win- 
tered. In  April,  1861,  with  twelve  men  and 
fourteen  dogs,  he  pushed  north  ward  over  the 
ice  in  a  boat  ;  but  finally  the  vessel  was  sent 
back,  and  Dr.  Hayes,  with  three  companions 
and  two  dog-sledges,  pressed  on  to  laud  in  lat- 
itude 81°  37',  beyond  which  they  discovered 
open  water.  The  expedition  returned  to  Bos- 
ton in  October.  Dr.  Hayes  found  his  country 
in  civil  war,  anil  ho  served  in  it  as  a,  surgeon. 
Ill  1867  he  published  an  account  of  his  expedi- 
tion, under  t he  titled  of  The  Open  Polar  Sea;  and 
the  Royal  Geographical  Society  of  London  and 
the  Geographical  Sooietj  of  Paris  each  present- 
ed to  li i  in  a  gold  medal.  In  1869  he  sailed  in 
the  steamer  Panther,  in  company  with  the  artist 
William  Bradford,  and  explored  the  southern 
coasts  of  Greenland.  After  his  return  he  pub- 
lished The  Land  of  Desolation. 

Hayes,  RUTHERFORD  BlRCHARD,  President  of 
the  United  Slates,  was  born  ill  Dela  ware,  ( )., 
Oct.  1.  L822.      1I«'  graduated  at  Kenyon  College, 

0.,  in  1842,  and  at  the  Cambridge  Law  School 
in   1845       He  practised  law    in  Cincinnati  until 


RITnKRFORD    HIKCIIARI)    I' 

1861,  when  he  became,  first  the  ma  jor.  and  then 
the  colonel,  of  the  Twenty-third  Regimeill  Ohio 
Volunteers,  Brsi  serving  in  western  Virginia. 
He  was  wounded  in  the  battle  of  South  Moun- 
tain,Md.;  ami  limn  December,'  1862,  to  Septem- 
ber, 1864,  he  commanded  the  first  Brigade,  Ka- 
nawha Division.  He  was  appointed  brigadier- 
general  in  October,  1864,  for  gallant  conduct  at 
Winchester,  Fisher's  Hill,  and  Cedar  Creek.  On 
March  13,  1866,  ll«  was  breveted  major-general 
of  volunteers.  In  1865  68  he  was  a  delegate  in 
Congress,  and  was  elected  governor  of  Ohio  in 
1868.  In  the  fall  of  1876  General  Hayes  was 
e  lei' t  eel   President   of  the  I    ni  led  Slates,  receiving 

mm  more  vote  iii  the  Electoral  College  than  his 
Democratic  opponent,  Samuel  J.  Tilden. 


Hayne,  Isaac,  was  horn  in  South  Carolina  in 
1745 ;  died  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  Aug.  4, 1781.  He 
was  an  exteusive  planter  and  owner  of  iron- 
works, a  firm  patriot,  and  was  captain  of  artil- 
lery and  state  senator  iu  1780.  He  was  made 
a  prisoner  at  the  capture  of  Charleston  (which 
see),  and  returned  to  his  home  on  parole.  Early 
in  1781  lie  was  ordered  to  take  up  arms  as  a 
British  subject  or  go  to  Charleston  a  prisoner, 
his  wife  and  childreu  then  being  dangerously 
sick  with  small-pox.  He  went  to  Charleston, 
where  he  was  required  to  bear  arms  in  support 
of  the  royal  government  or  suffer  close  confine- 
ment. On  being  assured  that  if  he  would  sign 
a  declaration  of  allegiance  to  the  British  crown 
he  would  not  be  required  to  bear  arms  against 
his  countrymen,  he  did  so,  and  hastened  home 
to  And  his  wife  dying  and  one  of  his  children 
dead.  Finally  he  was  summoned  to  take  up 
arms  against  his  people.-  This  being  in  viola- 
tion of  his  agreement,  it  dissolved  all  obliga- 
tions, and  he  repaired  to  the  American  camp, 
received  a  commission  as  colonel,  and  was  soon 
made  a  prisoner.  Colonel  Balfour,  then  the  Brit- 
ish commander  in  Charleston,  hesitated  about 
disposing  of  Hayne  ;  but  when  Lord  Rawdon 
arrived  from  Orangeburg,  on  his  w  ay  t"  embark 
for  England,  pursuant  to  the  spirit  of  Cornwal- 
lis"s  orders  he  directed  Colonel  Hayne  to  be 
hung.  This  was  done  without  even  the  form 
of  a  trial.     The  prisoner  did  not  anticipate  such 

treatment  until  be  was  officially  informed  that 

he  had  not  two  days  to  live.  The  patriot's 
children,  the  women  of  Charleston,  the  Lieuten- 
ant-governor  of  the  province,  all  pleaded  for 
his  life,  but  in  vain.  The  savage  sentence  was 
executed.  After  IialfouFs  death,  Lord  h'awdon 
meanly  tried  to  fix  the  ignominy  of  the  act 
upon  that,  humane  officer. 

Hayne,     ROBBKT     Yor\<;.    was     born     near 

Charleston,  S.  ('.,  Nov.  10,  1791;  died  at  Nash- 
ville, N.  c.  Sept. -24.  1839.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1812;  and  when  his  law  tutor.  Lang- 
don  CheveS,  went  to  Congress  he  succeeded  to 
his  large  practice.  He  rose  rapidly,  and  in  IH18 
was  Attorney  -  general  of  South  Carolina.  He 
was   I'liited    States    Senator   from    1823   to    1832, 

and  was  distinguished  as  an  orator.  In  the 
latter  year  he  and  Daniel  Webster  had  their  fa- 
mous debate  on  the  tariff,  during  which  Hayne 
declared  the  right  of  a  state  to  nullify  acts  of 
l  he  general  government.  In  a  state  convention 
he  drew  up  the  Ordinance  of  Niilliticat  ion  ;  and 
when,  the  next  year,  he  was  governor  of  South 
Carolina,  he  maintained  that  right,  and  pre- 
pared for  armed  resistance.     Clay's  compromise 

(whil  h  seel  allayed  the  tierce  dispute. 

Hayne's  Mission  at  Washington.  On  Jan. 
11,  1861  (two  days  after  the  attack  on  the  Star 

of  the  ll'ent)  (which  see),  Governor  Pickens  sent 
two  of  his  executive  council  to  Major  Anderson 
to  demand  the  surrender  of  Port  Sumter  to  Hie 
authorities  of  South  Carolina.  Anderson  re- 
fused to  give  it  U]',  and  referred  the  matter  to 
the  President  of  the  United  Slab's;  whereupon 
Pickens  Seul  Isaac  W.  Hayne,  the  Attorney-gen- 
eral of  the  state,  with  Lieutenant  Hall,  of  An- 


HAYNES  K 

command,  to  present  the  same  demand 
id  the  national  executive.  Hayne  bore  a  letter 
from  I'iekens,  in  which  the  latter  tleclared  to 
the  President  that  the  demand  tor  surrender 

greeted  because  of  his  •■earnest  desire 
to  avoid  the  bloodshed  which  the  attempt  to 
retain  possession  of  the  fort  would  cause,  and 
which  would  be  unavailing  to  secure  thai  pos- 
session." Hayne  arrived  in  Washington  Jan. 
i:'>.  1861,  when  ten  of  the  disloyal  Benatora  still 
holding  their  seats  advised  him.  in  writing, not 
in  present  the  letter  ofPiokena  to  the  President 
until  alter  the  Southern  Confederacy  should  be 
formed — a  month  later  —  and  proposed  to  ask 
the  President  nut  to  reinforce  Fort  Sumter 
meantime.  Mr.  Hayne  ottered,  in  writing,  to 
refer  the  matter  to  the  authorities  of  his  state. 
if  the  President  would  make  such  a  promise. 
This  correspondence  was  laid  before  the  Presi- 
dent by  some  of  the  Senators.  The  executive 
replied,  through  Secretary  Holt,  that  he  could 
not  give  .such  a  pledge  without  usurping  the 
powers  of  Congress,  When  Pickens  was  in- 
formed of  this  state  of  the  case,  he  directed 
Hayne  to  demand  the  surrender  of  Fort  Sumter 
forthwith.  He  did  so  (Jan.  31),  in  a  letter  of 
considerable  length.  The  President  refused  to 
receive  Hayne  excepting  as  a  private  citizen, 
and  also  refused  compliance  with  the  demands 
of  South  Carolina. 

Haynes,  JOHN,  was  born  at  Copford  Hall,  Es- 
sex, England  :  died  March  1,1(554.  He  accom- 
panied Pew  Mr.  Hooker  to  Boston  in  1633,  and 
in  ic:{5  was  chosen  governor  of  Massachusetts. 
He   was  3  of  the   best  educated  of  the  early 

settlers  in  New  England,  and  possessed  the  qual- 
ities of  an  able  statesman.  He  went  to  the  val- 
ley of  the  Connecticut  with  Mr.  Hooker  in  1736  ; 
became  one  of  the  most  prominent  founders  of 
the  Connecticut  colony;  was  ohoasn  its  fire!  gov- 
ernor, in  1638;  and  served  alternately  with  Ed- 
ward Hopkins  until  1654,  Mr.  Haynes  was  one 
of  the  five  who  drew  up  the  written  constitu- 
tion of  Connecticut,  the  first  ever  framed  in 
America.  (See  CkmuectJcut,  First  Constitution  of.) 
He  was  a  man  of  large  estate,  spotless  purity 
of  character,  a  friend  of  civil  and  religious  lib- 
erty, and  was  always  performing  acts  of  benev- 
olence. He  probably  did  more  for  the  tine  in- 
terests of  Connecticut  than  any  other  of  the 
earlier  settlers. 

Hays,  Aii  wmu  at,  was  born  at  Pittsburgh, 
Penn..  in  1820;  killed  in  battle  in  " The  Wilder- 
lie--."  \ "a..  May  .">.  1864.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1-41:  served  in  the  war  with  Mexico; 

left  the  army  in  1848;  did  good  scr\  it 
tain,  colonel,  and  brigadier- general  of  volun- 
teers iu  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  from  tin-  be- 
ginning of  the  Civil  Wat.  distinguishing  him- 
self in  the  seven  days'  battle  before  Richmond 
in  1868,  and  at  Chaueellom  ille  ami  Gettysburg. 
At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  leading  a  bri- 
gade iii  Hancock's  corps  He  was  brevet*  d  ma- 
jor-genera] of  roluufc 

Hayti.  The  native  name  of  Santo  Domingo 
(which 

Hayti,  Im>i  ii  mm  m  i    or.      In    1803   France 


0  HAZEN 

lost  her  hold  ou  -western  Santo  Domingo,  known 
as  Hayti.  The  negro  forces  were  commanded 
by  Cbristopfae  and  Uessaliues.  rebels  against 
Toussaint  (which  see).  The  French  forces, 
under  Rochamheau,  about  eight  thousand  in 
number,  were  driven  into  the  town  of  Cape 
Francais,  and  they  were  saved  from  total  de- 
struction only  by  flying  to  the  ships  of  the 
British  blockading  squadron.  On  Nov. 27, 1803, 
the  independence  of  Hayti  was  proclaimed. 
Upon  Dessalines  the  negro  and  mulatto  gen- 
erals conferred  the  governor-generalship,  and 
he  presently  proclaimed  himself  emperor.  The 
French  authorities,  however,  continued  to  hold 
-ion  of  the  eastern,  or  formerly  Spanish, 
part  of  Santo  Domingo  for  some  time  longer. 

Hayward,  Thomas,  a  signer  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence,  was  born  in  St.  Luke's 
Palish,  S.  C.  in  174(5 :  died  in  March.  1809.  He 
studied  law  in  England,  made  a  tour  in  Europe, 
and  on  his  return  became  a  warm  defender  of 
the  rights  of  the  colonies.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  First  General  Assembly  of  South  Caro- 
lina after  the  flight  of  the  royal  governor.  He. 
was  also  a  member  of  the  Committee  of  Safety, 
and  a  delegate  in  Congress  from  1".">  to  1 77-. 

when  he  was  appointed  a  judge.  He  wa>  also 
in  active  military  service  in  South  Carolina, 
and  in  1780  was  wounded.  Captured  at  the 
fall  of  Charleston,  he  was  sent  a  prisoner  to 
St.  Augustine.  He  retired  from  public  life  iu 
1799. 

Hazard,  Ebentczer,  was  the  first  Postmaster- 
general  under  the  Confederation  (1788-89), and 
left  the  position  when  the  new  government  was 
organized  under  the  national  Constitution.  He 
was  born  iu  Philadelphia  in  1745:  died  there, 
June  Pi.  1-17.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  in 
1762.  Mr.  Hazard  published  Hiatorioal  Collec- 
tion*, in  two  volumes,  in  179*2-94;  also,  Remarks 
mi  a  Report  oonewning  Wettm  Indians. 

Hazard,  Samiii..  was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
May 86,1784;  died  there, May 88, 1870.  He  was 
a  son  of  Ebenezer.  In  early  life  he  engaged  in 
commerce,  and  made  several  voyages  to  the  East 
Indies  before  he  began  a  literary  career.  He  was 
the  author  of  Sssistsr  of  PeMuyfonris  (1888 
in  sixteen  volumes;  United  States  Commercial  and 
statistical  Rtgiator  1839  IS), in  six  volumes ;  An- 
nals of  J'ennsiilrania,  from   the  discovery  of  the 

Delaware  in  1608  to  the  year  1688,  in  one  vol- 
ume; and  J'ennsi/lrania  Jri-lun*  |  1689    1790),  in 
twelve  volumes  of  about   eight    hundred 
each.      These    works    are    invaluable    to    histo- 
rians. 

Hazen,  Musis,  was  horn  at  Haverhill,  Mass., 
in  17:'.::;  died  at  Troy,  N.  T.,  Feb. 3,  1803.     11, 

served   In    the   French   and    Indian  Mar  I  which 

He   was   in   the  attack   on   Looisburg  in 

1758, and  with  Wolfe  at  Quebec  in  1759, where 

he  distinguished  himself.  He  fongbl  bravely 
at  Sillers  in  1760  and  was  made  a  lieutenant. 
A  half  pay  British  otlicer.be  was  residing  ne.n 
Si  John,  Canada,  when  the  Revolution  broke 
out,  and  hi'  furnished  supplies  to  MontgOO 
troops;  he  afterwards  became  an  cllirient  i.fli- 
cer  iii  the  Continental  army.     His  proper 


HAZEN  6: 

destroyed  by  the  British.  In  June,  1781,  he 
was  made  a  brigadier-general.  He  and  his  two 
brothers  emigrated  to  Vermont  after  the  war, 
and  finally  settled  in  Albany. 

Hazen,  William  LSabcock,  was  horn  at  West 
Hartford,  Vt.,  Sept.  27, 1830.  He  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  lH,">.r>,  when  lie  was  a  resident  of 
Ohio.  He  served  against  the  Indians  in  Califor- 
nia and  Oregon  (1856-57).  Afterwards  he  was 
in  Texas,  and  had  several  severe  encounters  ;  in 
one  of  these,  hand-to-hand  with  Comanches,  he 
was  severely  wounded.  At  the  breaking-out  of 
the  Civil  War  he  was  assistant  professor  of 
tactics  at  West  Point,  and  was  made  captain 
in  May,  1861.  Taking  command  of  the  Forty- 
first  Regiment  Ohio  volunteers,  lie  joined  Buell 
at.  Louisville  in  December;  and  in  January  had 
command  of  a  brigade,  with  which  he  took  a 
conspicuous  parr  in  the  battle  of  Sbiloh.  After 
that  lie  was  very  active  in  Kentucky,  Tennes- 
see, and  northern  Mississippi  and  Alabama,  and 
did  excellent  service  in  the  battle  at  Stone 
Biveror  Mnrfreesborough,  in  protecting  the  re- 
forming army.  He  had  been  made  brigadier- 
general  in  November.  At  Chickainauga  and 
Missionaries'  Ridge  he  was  actively  engaged, 
and  he   served   through    the  Atlanta  campaign. 

Iii  Sherman's  march  to  the  sea  lie  commanded 
a  division,  with  which  he  captured  fort  McAl- 
lister (December,  1864).  lb-  was  engaged  in  the 
operations  which  ended  in  the  surrender  of 
Johnston's  army  in  North  Carolina.  Hazen  was 
breveted  ma jor-general  United  Slates  Army  in 
March,  1885. 

Head,  Si  i!  Francis  Bokd,  Governor  of  Cana- 
da, was  bom  in  Kent  County,  Kng.,  Jan.  1,  1793. 
In   1^.">  lie   explored    the  gold   and  silver  mines 

in  the  Argentine  Republic,  8.  \.     Late  in  1835 

lie  was  appointed  governor  of  Upper  Canada, 

where  his  injudicious  measures  caused  an  insur- 
rection, in  which  American  sympathizers  with 
the  people  became  involved.  He  kept  the  out- 
break in  cheek  until  his  resignation  in  March, 
1838.  The  same  year  be  was  created  a  baronet. 
Canadian  Rebellion.) 
Headquarters  ofWashington.  The  follow- 
ing is  a  list  of  the  localities  of  the  principal 
headquarters  ofWaahingtou  during  the  old  war 

for  independence.  Those  marked  with  an  as- 
teiisk  were   standing   in    1876.      Vassal    House,' 

Cambridge  (now  the  residence  of  H.  W.  Long- 
fellow), 1775  :•;;  ai  No.  180  Pearl  Street  and  No. 

1  Broadway,*  New  York  city,  1 T  T  ( J ;  also  Morton 
House  (afterwards  Richmond  Mill),  at  the  junc- 
tion of  Varies  and  Charlton  streets  ;  Roger  Mor- 
ris's bouse,*  Harlem  Heights',  New  York  Island, 
177(1;  the  Miller  House,'  near  White  Plains, 
Westchester  Co.,  V.  Y..  177b:  Freeman's  Tavern, 
Monistown. N.  J.,  1777-  78;  Ford  Mansion.*  Mor- 
ristown,  1779  80;  Schuyler  House/  Pompton, 
N. .!..  1777  :  the  Sing  House,*  at  Chad's  Ford,  on 
the  Biandvw  inc.  and  the  Klmar  House,  White- 
marsh,  1777;  the  Potts  House,*  Valley  Forge, 
1777-7-^;  the  lb  hike,  hot)'  House,  Fishkill.N.  Y., 
177-i;  at  Fredericksbnrg  (now  In  Putnam  Coun- 
ty, N.  Y.i:  New  Windsor-on-the-Hudson,  1779, 
17-0,  and  17r<l  ;  Hopper  House,'  Jiel  gen  Co.,N.  J., 


t  HECKEWELDER 

1780;  Birdsall  House,*  Peekskill-ou-the-Hud- 
sou,  1780 ;  De  Wiudt  House,*  at  Tappau,  1780 ; 
Moore's  house,  Yorktown,  Va.,  1781 ;  Hasbrouck 
House,*  Newburg-on-tbe-Hudson,  1782,  1783; 
Farm-house,*  at  Rocky  Hill,  N.  J.,  near  Prince- 
ton, 1783;  Fraunce's  Tavern,*  corner  of  Broad 
and  Pearl  streets,  New  Y'ork  city,  where  he  part- 
ed with  his  officers,  1783. 

Heath,  William,  was  born  at  Roxbury,  Mass., 
March  2,  1737  ;  died  there,  Jan.  24, 1814.  He  was 
hied  a  farmer;  joined  the  "  Ancient  and  Honor- 
able Artillery  Company,"  of  Boston  (which  see), 
and  was  made  its  commander  in  1770.  He  was 
also  colonel  of  a  Suffolk  regiment ;  was  a  repre- 
sentative in  the  General  Assembly;  member  of 
the  committees  of  Correspondence  and  Safety  ; 
delegate  to  the  Provincial  Congress  (1774-75), 
and  was  made  a  brigadier-general, early  in  1776, 
in  the  Continental  army.  He  rose  to  major-gen- 
eral in  August  following.  He  was  very  service- 
able in  organizing  the  undisciplined  troops  at 
Cambridge  before  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill, 
and  went  to  New  York  with  Washington  in  the 
spring  Of  1776.  After  the  battle  of  White  Plains 
|  w  hieh  sec),  he  took  post  ill  the  Hudson  High- 
lands, and  was  stationed  there  in  1779.  He  had 
supervision  of  Bnrgoyne's  captured  troops,  in 
1777,  at  Cambridge.  He  went  to  Rhode  Island 
on  the  arrival  of  the  French  forces  in  1780. 
General  Heath  was  state  senator  in  1791-92; 
was  probate  judge  of  Norfolk  County  in  1793, 
and  declined  the,  office  of  lieutenant-governor 
in  1806,  to  which  he  had  been  chosen. 

Heckewelder,  JOHN,  Moravian  missionary 
and  writer,  was  born  at  Bedford,  Fug.,  March 
12,  1743  ;  died  at  Bethlehem,  Pcnn.,  Jan.  21, 1823. 
Becoming  a  preacher  in  his  youth,  he  came  to 
America  (1754)  and  labored  forty  years  among 
the  Indians  of  Pennsylvania,  studying  carefully 
their  language  aud  producing  a  vocabulary.     In 


HISS    VHK1A    III  CKKWELDER. 


1762  he  accompanied  Christian  Post  on  a  mission 

to  the  Indians  in  Ohio;  and  in  1797  he  was  sent  to 
superintend  a  mission  on  the  Muskingum  River. 


ULTNTZELMAN 


032 


HENNEPIN 


He  settled  at  Bethlehem,  Peon.,  after  an  advent- 
urous career,  and  published  (1819)  a  llixioi //  of 
the  Manners  and  Customs  of  the  Indian  Nations 
who  formerly  inhabited  Pennsylvania  and  the  neigh- 
boring Stales.  His  daughter,  Johanna  Maria.  \\  as 
bom  at  the  present  village  of  Port  Washington, 
nil  April  20,  1781,  and  was  the  first  white  child 
born  within  the  present  limits  of  Ohio.  She 
lived  a  maiden  at  Bethlehem,  I'eiin.,  until  about 
1870.  In  a  diary  kept  by  the  younger  pupils 
of  the  Bethlehem  boarding-school,  where  Miss 
Heckcwelder  was  educated,  Under  tlate  of  Dec. 
23, 1788  (the  year  when  Marietta.  ().,  was  found- 
ed), occurs  the  following  sentence:  "Little  Miss 
Maria  lleekew  elder's  papa  returned  from  Fort 
l'itt,  which  occasioned  her  and  us  great  joy." 

Heintzelman,  Samuel  I*.,  was  born  in  Penn- 
sylvania, Sept.  30,  1805,  and  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1826.  He  served  in  the  war  with  Mex- 
ico, organizing  at  Vera  Cruz  a  battalion  of  re- 
cruits and  convalescents,  with  whom  he  marched 
fo  the  city  of  Mexico.  After  the  war  he  com- 
manded in  the  Southern  District  of  California, 
and  effectually  suppressed  Indian  hostilities. 
Soon  after  the  treachery  ofTwiggg  (which  Bee), 
lie  left  Texas,  and,  at  Washington,  1).  C,  was 
made  inspector-general  there.  In  May  he  was 
made  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  and  com- 
manded a  division  under  McDowell  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Bull's  Run,  where  he  was  severely  wound- 
ed. In  the  campaign  on  the  Peninsula  he  com- 
manded an  army  corps,  having  been  made  ma- 
jor-general   of  volunteers    in    May.      General 


Heintzelman  commanded  the  right  wing  of 
Pope's  array  in  the  battle  of  Manassas,  oi  sec- 
ond battle  of  Mull's  Hun  (which  see),  and  after- 
wards took  command  of  the  defences  id'  Wash- 
ington. He  retired  in  February.  1808, and  was 
made  major-general.     He  died  Slay  1.  1880. 

Helena,  Battlk  at.  Tfaan  WU  a  sharp  strug- 
gle between  tin-  .National  and  Confederate  troops 
at  Helena,  Ark.,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Mi*-i- 

sippi Julj    1,1863.     General   B.  M.  Prentiss 

was  in  command  there     Tin'  Confederates  In 

that  region  were  under  the  command  of  General 

Holmes,  assisted  by  Generals  Price,  kiarmaduke, 


Pagan,  Parsons,  McRae,  and  Walker,  and  were 
the  remnants  of  shattered  armies,  about  8000 
strong  in  effective  men.  The  post  at  Helena 
was  strongly  fortified.  It  had  a  garrison  of 
3000  men,  supported  by  the  gunboat  Tyler. 
Holmes  was  ignorant  of  the  real  strength  of 
Prentiss,  and  made  a  bold  attack  upon  the 
works.  At  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  the 
Confederates  were  repulsed  at  all  points,  and 
withdrew  with  a  loss,  reported  by  Holmes,  of 
twenty  per  cent,  of  the  entire  force  —  or  1636 
men.  Prentiss  lost  250  men.  The  Confederate 
loss  must  have  been  ranch  greater  than  Holmes 
reported,  for  Prentiss  buried  300  of  their  dead 
left  behind,  and  captured  1100  men. 

Hendrick,  a  Mohawk  chief,  killed  near  Lake 
George,  X.  V.,  Sept.  8,  1755.      He  was  son  of  a 


Mohegau  chief,  and  married  Hunnis.a  Mohawk 
maiden,  daughter  of  a  chief.  He  was  a  leading 
spirit  in  that  nation,  wise  in  council  and  eloquent 
in  speech.  He  attended  the  Colonial  Conven- 
tion at  Alban.\  i  which  see)  in  1754.  and  in  1755 
joined  General  William  Johnson  with  two  hun- 
dred Mohawk  warriors,  at  the  head  of  Lake 
George.      In  company  with  Colonel  Williams, 

he  and  his  followers  were  ambushed  at  pocky 
Brook,  near  Lake  George,  and  he  w  BS  slain. 

Hennepin,  Loins,  a  BecoUet,  or  Franciscan, 

missionary  and  explorer.  He  was  bom  at  Ath. 
Belgium,  about    1640,  and  dieil  in  Holland  early 

in  the  eighteenth  century.  Entering  the  Fran- 
ciscan Older,  he  made  a  tour  through  Germany 
and  Italy,  preached  a  while,  had  charge  of  a  hos- 
pital, and  w  as  a  regimental  chaplain  at  the  bat- 
tle  of  Sencf,  between    the  Prince  of  ('ondc  and 

William  of  Orange,  in  1074.  The  next  year  be 
was  ordered  to  Canada,  ami  made  the  voyage 
with  Bishop  Laval  and  Robert  Cavalier  de  la 

Salle  (which  seel.  Alter  preaching  in  Quebec, 
he  went  to  the  Indian  mission  at  Fort  l'lontcnac. 
anil  visited  the  Mohaw  k  country.  In  107-  be  ac- 
companied La  Salle  to  the  Western  wilds,  with 
Chevalier  de  Tout!  and  the  Sieor  de  la  Motte. 


HENRICO  COLLEGE  6 

Left  bj  La  Salle  a  little  below  Che  present  site 
of  Peoria  to  prosecute  discoveries,  he  and  two 
others  penetrated  to  the  Mississippi  in  a  canoe, 
by  way  of  the  Illinois  River,  in  February  and 
Marcli.  1680.  They  explored  the  Mississippi 
northward  until,  in  April,  they  were  captured 
liy  a  party  of  Sionx  and  carried  to  tbeir  vil- 
lages. Heuuepiu,  at  the  beginning  of  the  voy- 
age, had  invoked  the  aid  of  St.  Anthony  of 
Padua, and  when  he  discovered  the  great  rapids 
of  tin'  Upper  Mississippi  he  gave  them  the  name 
of  Falls  of  St.  Authouy.  Be  claimed  to  have  dis- 
covered the  sources  of  the  Mississippi,  but  never 
went  above  tin-  falls  of  St.  Anthony,  and  there 
carved  the  arms  of  Prauee  OD  tin-  forest  lives. 
In  July  (1680)  Bennepin  and  his  companions 
wen-  reecned  from  the  Sionx  by  Graysolon  du 

Lnht  I  Dulutli  I.  and  they  were  taken  down  to  the 
Wisconsin  Biver  and  made  their  way  to  Lake 
Michigan,  and  so  on  to  Quebec.  From  the  lat- 
ter plaee  Hennepin  embarked  for  France,  and 
there,  in  1683,  he  published  a  full  account  of  his 
explorations,  winch  contains  many  exaggera- 
tions. Vet  it  is  a  work  of  much  value,  as  it 
pictures  the  life  and  habits  of  the  Indians  of 
the  Northwest.  In  1697  he  published  his  Xnc 
Discover}/  qf  a  vast  Country  situated  in  America, 
which  contained  his  former  work,  with  a  de- 
scription of  a  voyage  down  the  Mississippi, 
largely  copied  from  the  narrative  of  Leclerc. 
This  fraud  was  exposed  by  Dr.  Sparks.  Ben- 
nepin   never  went   down   the   Mississippi  below 

the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin  Biver, yet, in  that 

work,  he  Claimed  to  he  the  ti  1st   who  descended 

the  great  river  to  its  mouth.  He  lost  the  favor 
of  l.ouis  XIV.,  and  when  he  endeavored  to  re- 
turn to  Canada  the  king  Ordered  his  arrest 
on  his  arrival  there.  The  time  of  his  death 
is  unknown.  As  kite  as  1701  hi-  was  in  Home. 
seeking  to  establish  a  mission  on  the  Missis- 
sippi. 

Henrico  College.  The  London  Company 
took  the  first  steps  fur  establishing  schools  in 
the  English -Amerieau  colonies.  In  1698  the 
king,  at  their  request,  permitted  contributions 
to  he  made  in  England  for  "  building  and  plant- 
ing a  college  at  Henrico  for  the  training-op  of 
the  children  of  the  infidels,"  the  Indians.  Hen- 
rico was  a  settlement  on  the  .lames  liivcr,  below 
the  site  of  Richmond,  established  by  Governor 
Sir  Thomas  Dale,  and  so  named  in  honor  of 
Henry,  Prime  of  Wales.  The  company  appro- 
priated ten  thousand  acres  of  land  at  Henrico 
as  an  endowment  for  the  proposed  college  or 
university.  Edwin  Sandys  took  special  inter- 
est in  the  undertaking,  and  wealthy  and  influ- 
ential persons  in  England, as  well  as  in  the  col- 
ony, made  generous  donations  for  it.  In  1620 
I  borpe,  a  member  of  the  Council  for 
Virginia,  was  sent  to  take  oharge  of  the  college 
land,  and  preparations  were  in  progress  for  es- 
tablishing the  institution  when  the  dreadful 
massacre  by  the  Indians  (1622)  ocenrn 
Opeohanoanougk.)  Mr. Thorpe  and  the  minister 
at  HeilriCO  were  victim-,  and  a  blight  fell  upon 
the  enterprise.  In  lti'21  Bev.  Patrick  Copeland, 
returning  from  the  East  Indies  in  the  Royal 
•    of  the  ships  of  the  East  India  Com- 


3  HENBT 

pany,  commanded  hy  Martin  Pring(see  Xeu-  Eng- 
land), collected  about  three  hundred  and  fifty 
dollars  from  members  of  that  company  on  board 
for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  church  or  a 
school  iu  Virginia.  The  London  Company  de- 
termined to  found  a  free  school  at  Charles  City, 
and  call  it  the  "East  India  School."  Early  in 
1622  a  carpenter,  with  apprentices,  was  sent 
over  to  construct  a  building  for  it,  and  provi- 
sion was  made  for  a  school-master,  when  the 
massacre  paralyzed  all  efforts  in  that  direction. 
The  university  scheme  was  abandoned,  hut  in 

1625  efforts  were  made  to  establish  the  East 
India  School,  and  this  project  also  failed.  No 
school  for  the  education  of  the  Indians  in  Vir- 
ginia was  established  afterwards  until  Robert 
Boyle's  benefactions  towards  the  close  of  the 
century.     (See  College  of  William  and  Mary.) 

Henry,  John,  Disclosures  of.  An  Irish  ad- 
venturer, but  a  naturalized  citizen  of  the  United 
States, produced  a  temporary  excitement  in  1812 
by  "disclosures"  concerning  a  plot  for  the  de- 
struction of  the  Union.  According  to  his  Btorj  . 
he  purchased  an  estate  in  Vermont,  near  the 
Canada  frontier,  and  there  studied  law  for  live 
years,  and  amused  himself  by  writing  articles 
against  republican  institutions,  which  he  de- 
tested.     These    essays   at   length   attracted   tin' 

attention  of  the  Governor  of  Canada  (Sir  J.  H. 
( Iraig),  who  invited  him  to  Montreal,  from  which 
he  sent  him  on  a  mission  to  BostOU  early  in  1800. 
That  was  the  period  of  the  Embargo,  when  vio- 
lent opposition  to  the  measure  appeared  in  New 
England.  It  was  thought  that  the  United  States 
might  declare  war  against  England,  and  Henry 
was  instructed  to  ascertain  whether  rumors  that 
in  such  an  event  the  New  England  States  would 
OS  disposed  to  separate  from  the  rest  of  the  I'll  ion 
had  any  solid  foundation.  lie  was  to  make  dil- 
igent inquiries  at  the  proper  sources  of  informa- 
tion ;  and  should  any  such  disposition  appear, 
and  with  it  an  inclination  to  form  a  connection 
with  Great  Britain,  Henry  was  to  intimate  to 
the  lenders  that  the  Hi  it ish  government  might 
be  communicated  with  through  Governor  Craig : 
ami  should  the  prospect  seem  promising,  he  was 

to  exhibit  these  instructions  as  his  credentials. 
Henry  was  given  to  understand  that  he  would 
be  well  rewarded  for  his  pains.  He  readied 
Boston  March  '.•.  1800, where  be  remained  three 

nt hs.  till  the  apparent  settlement  of  affairs 

by  Erskine's  arrangement,  when  Henry  was  re- 
called by  Craig.  During  that  t  inie  he  had  writ- 
ten many  encouraging  letters  to  Craig's  secre- 
tary, lie  spoke  of  the  extreme  discontent  iu 
New  England,  and  expressed  an  opinion  that,  if 
war  against  En-land  should  be  d. •dared,  the 
Legislature  of  Massachusetts  would  take  tin- 
lead  in  setting  up  a  separate  northern  confed- 
eration, which  might  result,  perhaps,  in  some 
connection  with  Great  Britain.  He  finally  re- 
ported that  a  withdrawal  from  the  Union  was 
an  unpopular  idea  then',  but  that  there  were 
leaders  in  favor  of  il.  He  did  not  mention  any 
name-.  Henry  went  to  England  for  his  reward 
for  his  services,  when  he  was  treated  coolly  by 

tin-  officers  of  the  government,  and,  in  a  letter 
from  Under -secretary  Peel.be  was  referred  to 


HENRY 


634 


KENRY 


Craig's  successor  in  the  Canadian  government, 
<  Minified  at  this  treatment,  Henry  did  not  go  to 
Canada,  but  landed  in  Boston,  accompanied  by 
a  Frenchman,  who  called  himself  Count  <le  Cril- 
lon,  but  who  was  an  impostor  and  swindler. 
Henry  visited  Governor  Gerry,  and  from  him 
obtained  a  letter  of  introduction  to  President 
Madison.     He  then  went  to  Washington,  and 

laid  the  whole  matter  before  the  President,  who 
was  so  well  satistied  of  the  great  value  of  Hen- 
ry's disclosures,  at  the  moment  when  war  was 
about  to  be  declared  against  England  —  over- 
whelming proof  of  the  secret  designs  of  the 
British  government  to  destroy  the  new  Repub- 
lic—that he  gave  Henry  $50,000  ont  of  the  se- 
cret service  fund  in  his  possession  for  the  entire 
correspondence  of  the  parties  to  (lie  affair  in 
this  country  and  in  England.  At  Philadelphia, 
Henry  wrote  a  letter  to  the  President  (Feb.  26, 
1H11)  as  a  preface  to  his  disclosures,  and  on  the 
9th  of  March  he  sailed  for  France  in  the  United 
States  schooner  Wasp,  where  he  would  be  safe 
from  British  vengeance.  On  the  same  day  the 
documents  were  laid  before  Congress,  with  a 
message  from  the  President, in  which  he  charged 
that  the  British  government  bad  employed  a  se- 
cret agent  in  fomenting  disaffection  iu  the  cap- 
ital of  Massachusetts  to  the  constituted  author- 
ities of  the  nation,  and  "in  intrigues  with  the 
disaffected  for  the  purpose  of  bringing  about 
resistance  to  the  laws,  and  eventually,  in  con- 
ceit with  a  British  force,  of  destroying  I  he  Union 
and  forming  the  eastern  part  thereof  into  a  po- 
litical connect  ion  with  Great  Britain."  Both 
political  parties  endeavored  to  make  political 
capital  out  of  these  ••disclosures,"  but  the  ex- 
citement created  soon  died  away.  Mr.  Foster, 
the  British  minister  at  Washington,  declared 
publicly  that  he  had  no  knowledge  of  the  af- 
fair. Lord  Holland  called  upon  the  British 
government  (May  .">  )  for  an  explanation,  and 
gave  notice  that  he  should  call  for  an  investi- 
gation. Every  pretext  was  brought  to  bear  to 
defeat  such  a  measure;  and  when  it  could  no 
longer  be  resisted,  the  ministry  cast  the  odium 
of  the  transaction,  in  which  they  had  evidently 
been  engaged,  on  Sir  James  ( 'raig.  Lord  Hol- 
land declared  that,  until  such  investigation 
should  be  bad, the  fact  that  Great  Britain  had 
entered  into  a  "dishonorable  and  atrocious  in- 
trigue against  a  friendly  power  would  stand 
unrefined."      And  so  it  stands  to  this  day. 

Henry,  Josi  ni.  LL.D.,  was  born  in  Albany, 
N.  V..  Deo.  IT.  1797.  He  was  a  watchmaker  for 
some  years.  In  1826  he  was  appointed  Profess- 
or of  Mathematics  in  the  Albany  Academy,  and 
in  1827  be  began  a  series  of  experiments  iu  elec- 
tricity, lie  fully  developed  the  power  of  elec- 
tro-magnetism, and  perfected  the  electro-mag- 
netic telegraphy  endowing  it  with  the  power 
of  intelligent  communication,  which  Professor 
Moras  achieved.     Bo  earl]  as  i-:;i  he  transmit 

ted  signals  through  a  wire  more  than  a  mile  in 

length,  • count   of  which   was  published   in 

shHhiidi'm  American  Journal  of  Sdiemce.  lb'  was 
called  to  the  chair  of  Natural  PhiloSOphj  in  the 
College  at  Princeton,  N.  J.  j  and,  going  to  Eng- 
laud  in   1837,  he  explained  to  Professor  Wheat- 


stone  his  method  of  ringing  a  church-bell  one 

hundred  miles  away  by  an  electro-magnet.  On 
the  organization  of  the  Smithsonian  Institute 
at  Washington  iu  1646,  Professor  Henry  was  ap- 
pointed its  secretary,  which  position  he  tilled 
with  great  ability  until  his  death.  May  13,  1678. 
He  published  many  scientific  papers. 

Henry,  Patrick,  was  born  in  Hanover  Coun- 
ty. Va..  May  29, 1736  ;  died  June  6. 17911.  lb-  «  as 
of  Scotch  descent.     His  father  was  a  native  of 


PATRICK   nENRY. 

Aberdeen,  and  liberally  educated.  Embarking 
in  commercial  pursuits  at  the  age  of  fifteen 
years,  he  was  unsuccessful.  Marrying  Miss 
Sbelton,  daughter  of  an  innkeeper,  at  eigh- 
teen, he  assisted,  at  times,  in  "  keeping  a  hotel ;" 
and  finally,  after  six  weeks'  study,  he  took  up 
the  profession  of  the  law.  But  want  of  busi- 
ness kept  him  very  poor,  and  be  was  twenty- 
seven  years  old  before  his  oratorical  powers 
were  discovered.  Then,  in  a  celebrated  case 
tried  in  the  court-house  of  Hanover  County  (see 


! 


FartM**!  Cam  .be  made  such  a  wonderful  foren- 
sic speech  that  his  fane  as  an  orator  was  estab- 
lished. Henry  beoame  a  member  of  the  Vir- 
ginia House  of  Burgesses  m  1766,  wherein, that 


HENRY  VIII.,  STATUTE  OF  6: 

year,  he  introduced  resolutions  for  their  bold 
opposition  to  the  Stamp  Act  (see  Henry's  Reso- 
lutions), and  made  a  most  remarkable  speech. 
From  that  time  be  was  regarded  as  a* leader  of 
the  radical  patriots  of  his  colony.  Be  was  ad- 
mitted to  tin-  bar  of  tin-  highest  conn  in  Vir- 
ginia in  1760,  and  in  177li  he  was  appointed  one 
of  the  Virgiuia  Committee  of  Correspondence. 
As  a  delegate  to  the  Firs!  Continental  Congress 
in  1774,  he  opened  the  business  of  thai  body  by 
declaring  the  union  of  the  provinces,  and  Baying, 
"I  am  not  a  Virginian  I  am  an  American."  He 
was  an  eloquent  leader  in  the  famous  Provincial 
Convention  at  Richmond  (March,  1776),  and.  at 

the   head   of  the   militia   of  Hanover,  compelled 

Governor  Dunmore  to  restore  powder  he  had  re- 
moved from  the  colonial  magazine  at  Williams- 
burg. For  a  sliort  time  Henry  was  in  the  mili- 
tary service,  and  was  the  Brat  governor  of  the 
si, ih  of  Virginia  (1776-79).  He  was  again  elect- 
ed governor  after  the  war;  and  was  a  member 
of  the  Mate  convention  that  ratified  the  na- 
tional Constitution,  he  opposing  it  with  all  his 

strength  becanse  il    uaoed  state  supremacy. 

In  1 T  1» I  Henry  retired  from  the  bar.  and  took  up 
his  abode  al  Red  Hill,  in  charlotte.  Washing- 
ton appointed  him  Secretary  of  State  in  17(,r>; 

but  he  declined  the  1 1  nn  1 1 1 1  a  1 1 1  .ii .  as  he  did  that 
ofenvOj  to  frame,  offered  by  President  Adams, 

and  of  governor,  offered  by  the  people.     Henry 

was  elected  to  the  State  Senate  in  1799,  hut  lie 
ne\  er  took  his  seat . 

Henry  VIII.,  St  urn:  ok.     Early  in  Janu- 
ary, ltd-,  an   address  to   the  king  was  voted  by 

the  House  of  Lords,  in  which  they  recommended 
the  transmission  of  instructions  to  the  governor 

of  Massachusetts  to  obtain  full  information  of 
all  treasons,  and  to  send  I  he  olfeiiders  to  England 

to  be  tried  under  an  unrepealed  statute  of  Hen- 
ry \  III  .which  provided  for  tin-  punishment  of 
t  reason  committed  out  of  the  kingdom.  Against 
this  proposition  Edmund  Burke,  in  the  House  of 

Commons,  thundered  eloquent  anathema-.     "  U 

the  request  of  an  exasperated  governor,"  he  said, 

••  we  ale  called  1 1 1 to  agree  In  an  address  ad- 
vising I  he  k inej  to  | nit  in  force  againal  the  Amer- 
icans the  Act  of  Henry  \  III.  And  whj  .'  Be- 
cause you  cannot  trust  t  he  juries  of  that  coun- 
try, sir!  That  word  must  convey  horror  to 
evei\  reeling  mind.  If  you  have  not  a  party 
among  two  millions  of  people,  yon  must  either 
ehange  yonr  plan  of  government  or  renounce 
the  colonies  forever."    lb-  denounced  the  meas 

me  as  ••cruel  to  the  Americans  and  injurious  to 

England." 

Henry's  Resolutions  in  the  Virginia  As- 
sembly.    When  the  news  of  the  passage  of  the 

Stamp  Act  and  kindred  measures  leached  Vir- 
ginia (May,  1766)  the  Honae  of  Burgesses  was 

in  session.     The  aristocratic  leaders  in  that  body 

hesitated, and  the  session  was  drawing  near  its 
ch.se,  when   Patrick    Henry,  finding  the  older 

and  more  intliient  ial  members  disinclined  to 
move  in  the  matter,  offend  a  scries  of  resolu- 
tions, in    which    all    the    rights   of   British-horn 

subjects  wen  claimed  for  the  Virginians ;  de- 
nied any  authority,  anywhere,  excepting  in  the 


5  HERRON 

Provincial  Assembly,  to  impose  taxes  upon 
them ;  and  denounced  the  attempt  to  vest  that 
authority  elsewhere  as  inconsistent  with  the 
ancient  constitution  and  subversive  of  liberty 
in  Great  Britain  as  well  as  in  America.  The 
aristocratic  members  were  startled,  and  a  hot 
debate  ensued.  Henry  supported  his  resolu- 
tions with  rare  eloquence  and  boldness.  Some 
rose  from  their  seats,  and  others  sat  iu  breath- 
less silence.  At  length,  when  alluding  to  ty- 
rants, Henry  exclaimed,  "  Cesar  had  his  Brutus, 
Charles  the  First  his  Cromwell,  and  George  the 
Third — "  At  this  moment  there  was  a  cry  of 
••Treason!  treason!''  from  different  parts  of  the 
house.  Henry  paused  a  moment,  and  concluded 
his  sentence  by  saying  ''may  profit  by  these  ex- 
amples. If  that  be  treason,  make  the  most  of 
it."  The  resolution  passed  in  spite  of  the  old 
leaders;  but  in  Henry's  absence,  the  next  day, 
they  were  reconsidered  and  softened.  But  a 
manuscript  copy  had  already  been  sent  to  Phil- 
adelphia, and  they  soon  appeared  iii  the  news- 
papers, producing  a  wonderful  effect.  These 
resolutions  were  followed   in   Massachusetts  by 

the  recommendation  of  a  committee  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  for  a  congress  of  delegates  from 
the  several  colonies  to  meet  in  New  York  city 
in  October  following.      (See  Slump  Art  Congress.) 

Herkimer  (or  Herkheimer ),  NICHOLAS,  was 
born  about  1727  J  died  Aug.  Hi,  1777.  at  his  home 
at  Danube,  X.  Y.,  from  a  wound  received  in  the 
battle  at  Oriskany.  lie  was  the  son  of  a  pala- 
tine who  settled  in  that  region  in  the  time  of 
Queen  Anne,  and  one  of  the  original  patentees 
of  Burnet's  Field  (now  in  Herkimer  County, 
X.  Y.).  Xicholas  was  made  a  lieutenant  of  Pro- 
vincials in  1768,  and  was  in  command  at  Fort 
Herkimer  during  the  attack  of  the  French  and 
Indians  upon  it  that  year.  In  1775  he  was  ap- 
pointed colonel  of  the  First  Battalion  ofTryOU 
County  militia.  He  was  also  chairman  of  the 
County  Committee  of  Safety  ;  and  in  Septem- 
ber, 177b.  he  was  made  brigadier-general  by  the 
Provincial  Convention  of  New  York.  He  com- 
manded the  Try  OH  County  militia  in  the  battle 
at  Oriskany  (Aug.  (i,  1777),  where  he  was  severe- 
ly wounded  in  the  leg  by  a  bullet,  and  he  bled 

to  death  in  consequence  of  defeotive  surgery. 

On  the  4th  of  October  following  the  Continen- 
tal Congress  voted  the  erection  of  a  monument 
to  his  memory  of  the  value  of  Solid,  but  it  has 
never  been  erected.  He  was  a  stanch  patriot 
and  brave  soldier. 

Herron,  FRANCIS  .1..  was  born  at   Pittsburgh, 

I'enn.,  and    removed    to    Dubuque,   to.,   in    1 -.".C. 

He  organised  and  commanded  the  " Governor's 
Grays,"  which  he  led  in  the  battle  of  Wilson's 

Creek  (which    sect;    and    in    the    battle   of   Tea 

Ridge  (which  see)  ho  commanded  the  Ninth 

Iowa  Regiment,  which  he  had  raised,  and  of 
which  he  was  lieutenant-colonel.  In. Inly.  1863, 
he  was  promoted  to  brigadier-general,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  Arkansas.  In  November, 
1862,  he  was  made  a  major-general  ;  and  he  took 
part  in  the  capture  of  Vicksburg  in  1863.  He 
was  with  General  Banks  afterwards  iu  his  oper- 
ations in  Louisiana.    After  the  war  he  practised 


HETH 


636   HIGGINSON  AND  BEOWNES  AT  SALEM 


law  in  New  Orleans,  and  was  made  Uuited  States 
Marshal  for  Louisiana. 

Heth,  Hexkv,  was  born  in  Virginia  about 
lH-2f);  graduated  atWest  Point  in  1*47;  left  the 
service  and  joined  tlie  insurgents  in  April,  1861, 
and  entered  the  service  ofVirginia  as  brigadier- 
general.  He  was  made  a  Confederate  major- 
general  in  May.  1863,  and  commanded  a  division 
of  A.  P.  Hill's  corps  in  Virginia.  He  fought  at 
Gettysburg,  and  in  the  campaign  in  defence  of 
Richmond  1 1864-65),  and  surrendered  with  Lee. 

Hewes,  Joseph,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  was  born  at  Kingston,  N.  J., 
in  1730;  died  in  Philadelphia,  Nov.  10,  1779. 
His  parents  were  Quakers,  and  be  was  educat- 
ed at  the  College  of  New  Jersey.  He  was  en- 
gaged  in  business  at  Edenton,  X.  ( '.,  in  1760,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  Colonial  Legislature  in 
1763.  Mr.  Hewes  was  a  delegate  in  the  First 
Continental  Congress,  and  was  on  the  Commit- 
tee to  "  State  the  Rights  of  the  Colonies."  He 
was  active  in  the  most  important  committees 
of  that  body.  At  the  head  of  the  Naval  Com- 
mittee, he  was,  in  effect,  the  first  Secretary  of 
the  United  States  Navy.  He  declined  a  re-elec- 
tion in  1777.  but  resumed  his  seat  in  1779,  which 
he  resigned  in  October  on  account  of  failing 
health. 

Hiacoomes  was  the  first  Indian  convert  to 
Christianity  in  New  England.  When  the  first 
white  settlers  landed  at  Martha's  Vineyard 
l  L642  I,  he  was  there,  and  ho  was  converted 
under  the  preaching  of  Thomas  Mayuew.  He 
learned  to  read,  and  in  1645  he  began  to  preach 
to  his  countrymen.  An  Indian  church  was 
formed  there,  and  Hiacoomes  was  ordained  pas- 
tor, and  Tackanash  was  appointed  teacher,  by 
Eliot  and  Cotton.  Hiacoomes  died  about  1690, 
aged  eighty  years. 

Hi-a  wat-ha,  the  reputed  founder  of  the  Iro- 
quois Confederacy.  Tradition  tells  us  that  he 
came  from  above,  dwelt  among  the  Onoudagas, 
and  caused  the  five  related  nations  to  form  a 
confederacy  for  their  mutual  protection.  (See 
Iroquois  Confederacy.)  The  people  called  him 
Hiawatha,  the  "wise  man.''  'When  thej  had 
assembled  at  the  great  conference  on  the  bor- 
der of  the  lake.  Hiawatha  appeared  in  a  white 
canoe,  with  his  yonng  daughter:  and  as  they 
walked  up  the  bank,  a  sound  like  a  rushing  wind 
was  heard  in  the  air.  Then  a  dark  object,  in- 
creasing in  size  every  moment  as  it  approached, 
appeared  in  the  heavens  Fear  seized  the  peo- 
ple, and  they  fled.  Hiawatha  stood  linn.  The 
object  was  an  immense  white  heron, which  fell 
upon  and  crushed  t  he  beautiful  girl, at  the  same 

ti being  destroyed  itself.    The  father  was  nn- 

liurt.  and  after  grieving  three  days  for  the  loss 

of  bis  darling  child,  ha  reappeared  at  the  coun- 
cil, and  addressed  the  assembled  nations,  lb- 
told  the  Mohawks  thai  they  should  be  the  first 
nation,  because  they  were  warlike  and  mighty, 
and  ihonld  be  called  the  "Great  Tree;"  the 
Oneidaa  were  made  the  second  nation,  because 
thej  were  wis,,  in  con  noil,  and  received  the 
name  of  the  "  Everlasting  Stone  f  the  Ononda- 
ga*   were    the    thud   nation,  because   t  hc\    weie 


gifted  in  speech  and  mighty  in  war,  and  they 
were  named  the  "Great  Mountain:"  the  Cav  u- 
gas  were  the  fourth  nation,  for  they  were  cun- 
ning hunters,  and  they  received  the  name  of 
the  "Dark  Forest  ;"  and  the  Scnecas  were  the 
fifth  nation,  for  they  dwelt  in  the  open  country, 
and  were  skilful  in  the  cultivation  of  corn  and 
beans  and  making  cabins.  To  these  he  gave 
the  name  of  "Open  Country."  These  five  na- 
tions formed  a  league  like  that  of  the  Amplia- 
tions of  Greece,  and  became  almost  invulnerable. 
Hiawatha  was  regarded  as  the  incarnation  of 
wisdom,  and  was  sent  to  earth  by  the  Great 
Spirit  to  teach  savages  how  to  live  better  lives. 
The  story  of  his  life  is  fancifully  told  by  Long- 
fellow, in  his  Sony  of  Hiawatha. 

Hicks,  Ei. ias,  was  born  at  Hempstead, L. I., 
March  19,  1T4S;  died  at  Jericho,  L.  I.,  Feb.  27, 
1830.  He  was  a  very  able  preacher  among 
Friends,  or  Qnakers,  and  was  a  formally  recog- 
nized minister  at  the  age  of  twenty-seven.  Al- 
ter preaching  many  years,  he  embraced  Unita- 
rian views,  and  boldly  promulgated  them.  This 
produced  a  sell  ism  in  the  societ  j ,  and  a  separation, 
the  new  lights  receiving  the  name  of  "Hicks- 
ifes,"aud  the  old  church  of  "  Orthodox."  They 
have  never  fused.  He  preached  with  eloquence 
and  vigor  until  a  short  time  before  his  death, 
when  he  was  about  eighty-two  years  id' age. 

Hicks,  Thomas  Houjday,  governor  of  Ma- 
ryland, was  born  in  Dorchester  County.  Md.. 
Sept.  -J,  1798;  died  in  Washington,  D.  ('..  Feb. 
K!.  ISC,."..  He  was 
a  fanner  in  early 
life,  was  often  in 
tin'  state  Legisla- 
ture, and  w  as  e,ov  - 
eriior  of  the  com- 
monwealth from 
l-:,-  to  L862.  He 
was  elected  to  the 
Uuited  States  Sen- 
ate, in  l882,forthc 
unexpired  term  of 
a  deceased  sena- 
tor, and  re-elected 

for  the  term  end- 
iuginl867.   When 
the   civil    War 
broke  out,  Govern- 
or Hicks  stood  firmly  for  the  Union,      lie  de- 
clared, in  a  proclamation  after  the  attack  on  the 
Massachusetts  regiment  in  Baltimore  (April  19, 

1861),  that  all  his  authority  would  be  exercised 
in  favor  of  the  government.  By  his  patriotism 
and  firmness,  Man  land  was  saved  from  attempt- 
lion  from  the  Union. 
Higginson  and  the  Browues  at  Salem.  With 
the  carefully  selected  oompanj  of  pioneers  in 
the  founding  of  the  colonv  of  liassacbusi  1 1-  Baj  . 
who   landed    at    Naumkeag    (afterwards  named 

Salem  ,  with  John  Bndieott, in  1689, was  Fran- 
oisHiggiuson,aii  eminent  nou-oonfurmiug  minis- 
ter, acting  as  the  pastor  to  the  emigrants  and  as 
missionary  to  the  heathen.     It  was  late  in  June 

when  the  little  coinpanv  arrived  al  their  desti- 
nation, where  "the  corruptions  of  the  English 


THOMAS    HOLD  HAY    HICKS. 


HIGGINSON 


637 


HILL 


Church  were  never  to  be  planted,"  and  Higgin- 
sou  served  the  people  in  spiritual  matters  faith- 
f'nlly  until  the  next  year,  when  he  died.  With 
the  same  company  came  two  excellent  brothers, 
John  and  Samuel  Browne.  Both  were  mem- 
bers of  [  lie  Council,  were  reputed  to  be  "  sincere 
friends  of  the  plantation,"  had  been  favorites  of 
the  company  in  England,  and  one  of  them,  an 
experienced  lawyer,  had  been  a  member  of  the 
Hoard  of  Assistants  in  London.  They  did  not 
expect  the  new  system  in  religious  worship  es- 
tablished by  the  austere  Endicott, and  they  re- 
fused to  unite  with  the  public  assembly.  Rest- 
ing uiioii  their  rights  under  the  charter,  they 
gathered  a  company  in  which  the  Book  ofCom- 
mon  Prayer  was  used  ill   worship.      This  was  a 

mortal  offence,     should  the  hierarchy  of  Eng- 

land  be  allowed  to  thus  intrude  the  forms  of 
worship  of  tin-  prelacj  in  the  retreat  of  the  Pu- 
ritans? Not  at  all.  Regarding  the  Brownes  as 
spies  in  the  camp,  these  excellent  men.  acting 

innocently  in  accordance,  with  the  dictates  of 
their  own  consciences,  were  rudely  seized  like 
criminals  (after  their  mode  of  worship  was  for- 
bidden as  a  mutiny  and  they  presented),  and 
were    sent    back    to    England    in    the    returning 

ships.  So  was  the  seed  of  Episcopacy  first  plant- 
ed in  Massachusetts,  and  BO  was  its  germ  ruth- 
lessly plucked. 

Higginson,  FRANCIS,  firs!  minister  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  was  born  in  England,  in  1588;  died  in 
Salem, Mass., Aug. 6,  1630.    lie  was  an  eloquent 

1'iiii t ; ■  1 1   divine,  and    accepted    an   invitation   to 

the  new  Puritan  settlement  at  Salem,  to  which 
place  he  emigrated  in  the  summer  of  1629,  and 
died  of  hectic  fever  the  next  year.     II  is. son  John 

Succeeded,  became    a    leader,  and    so    supported 

his  mother  in  the  maintenance  of  her  six  chil- 
dren. He  became  chaplain  id' the  fort  at  Say- 
brook,  was    o f  the   "seven    pillars"   of  the 

Church    at    Qnilford,  and    became    pastor   of  his 

father's  church  at  Salem  in  1660,  where  he  eon- 
tinned  until  his  death,  in  1708,  >  period  of  about 
Bftj  years. 

High  Commission,  COURT  OF,  an  ecclesias- 
tical tribunal  created  by  Queen  Elizabeth  (1569), 

by  which  all  spiritual  jurisdiction  was  vested  in 
the  crown.      It    was  designed   as  a   check   upon 

Puritan  and  Roman  Catholic  Separatists.  Orig- 
inally it  had  no  power  to  tine  or  imprison,  but 
under  Charles  I.  and  Archbishop  I. and  it  as- 
sumed illegal  powers,  and  became  an  instru- 
ment of  persecution  of  the  non-conformists  of 
every  kind.  It  was  complained  of  to  Parlia- 
ment, and  was  abolished  in  1641,  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Civil  War  in  England. 

High  Hills  of  Santee,  I'm:,  are  composed  of 
elevated  lands  extending  southward  from  the 
Kershaw  line  twenty-two  miles  parallel  with  the 
W'aterce  River.     Tbej  bave  ever  been  noted  for 

their   salubrity   and   their  mineral   springs,  and 

wire  made  famous  by  the  encampment  of  Gen- 
eral Greene's  army  upon  them  in  the  summer  of 
1781      They  are  immense  sand  hills,  varying  in 

width   on    tin-   summit    from   one   to   five   miles. 

The  village  of  Stateeburg  is  on  these  bills,  and 

there  was  the  residence  of  General  Sumter. 


Highland  Defences  Abandoned.  Sir  Henry 
Clinton  took  possession  of  Forts  Clinton  and 
Montgomery  on  Oct.  6, 1777,  and  sent  a  maraud- 
ing expedition  up  the  Hudson.  (See  Kingston, 
limning  of.)  The  news  that  reached  the  ma- 
rauders of  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne  made  them 
lice  in  haste  back  to  New  York  ;  and  at  the  same 
time  Clinton  was  ordered  by  General  Howe,  at 
Philadelphia,  to  abandon  the  Highland  posts, 
and  send  to  the  Delaware  a  reinforcement  of  six 
thousand  soldiers. 

Hildreth,  Richard,  historian,  was  born  at 
Deerfield,  Mass.,  June  28,  1807;  died  in  Flor- 
ence, Italy,  July  11,  18C5.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  College  iu  1829.  He  studied  and  prac- 
tised law  and  wrote  for  newspapers  and  maga- 
zines until  1832,  when  he  began  to  edit  the  Boa- 
lon  AtUu.  In  the  course  of  many  years,  Mr.  Hil- 
dreth wrote  several  books  and  pamphlets,  child- 
ly on  the  subject  of  slavery,  to  which  system  he 
w  as  opposed.  He  resided  on  a  plantation  in  the 
South  in  1834-35;  ID  Washington,  D.  C,  as  cor- 
respondent of  the  Atla9,  in  1837-38,  when  he  re- 
sumed his  editorial  post  on  that  paper:  and  re- 
sided in  Demerara, British  Guiana,  from  1840  to 
L843, when  he  edited,  successively, two  newspa- 
pers there.  Mr.  Hildreth's  principal  work  was 
a  History  of  the  (  nihil  States,  in  six  volumes 
(1849-56).  He  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
,\,ir    )'.///,'    Tribune   for  several    years.      In   1861, 

President  Lincoln  appointed  him  United  states 

Consul  at  Trieste,  but  failing  health  compelled 
him  to  resign  the  position.  He  never  returned 
to  his  native  country. 

Hill,  Ambrose  Powell,  was  born  in  Cnlpep- 
per  County.  Va.,  in  1824 ;  killed  at  Petersburg, 
Va..  April  2,  1865.    He  graduated  at  West  Point 

in  1-17,  entered  the  first  Artillery,  and  served 
in   the   war  with  Mexico,  anil  against  the  Semi- 

ooles  in  1849-60;  and,  resigning  in  1861,  join- 
ed the  insurgents,  and  was  made  colonel  of  Vir- 
ginia volunteers.  He  soon  rose  to  major-gen- 
eral ill  the  Confederate  army,  and  was  one  of  its 
most  efficient  officers  in  the  various  encounters 
in  L862  and  1863,  in  Virginia  and  Maryland.  He 
was  one  of  the  most,  efficient  officers  of  Lee's 
army,  in  the  defence  of  Petersburg  and  Rich- 
mond, iu  1864-65.  In  the  final  struggle  at  Pe- 
tersburg, he  was  instantly  killed  by  a  musket- 
shot. 

Hill,  Damii.  II  ai:\  t  v. was  born  in  South  Car- 
olina, in  1824.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
L842;  entered  the  artillery:  served  in  the  war 
w  ith  Mexico,  and  was  breveted  captain  and  ma- 
jor; left  the  army  in  1849,  and  became  profess- 
or of  mathematics  —  first  in  Washington  Col- 
lege, Lexington, Va., and  then  in  Davidson  Col- 
lege, North  Carolina.  In  1859  he  was  principal 
Of  the  Military  Inst  i  lute  at  Charlotte,  N.  C. ;  and 
when  the  Civil  War  broke  out  be  joined  the  in- 
surgents, becoming  colonel  of  North  Carolina 
Volunteers.  He  took  part  in  the  defence  of 
Richmond  in  ISti'i,  and  was  active  in  the  seven 
days'  battle.  He  soon  rose  to  the  lank  of  ma- 
jor general.  He  commanded  the  Department 
of  the  Appomattox, and  in  February,  1865,  was 
in  command  at  Augusta,  (lit.     lie  w  as  a  broth- 


HILLABEE  TOWNS,  DESTRUCTION  OF    638       HILLSBOROUGH'S  INSTRUCTIONS 


er-in-law  of  "  Stonewall"  Jackson,  and  a  skilful 
commander.  He  published  two  works  on  re- 
ligious subjects. 

Hillabee  Towns,  DESTRUCTION  of.  There 
was  an  existing  jealousy  between  the  West  Ten- 
nessee troops,  under  Generals  Jackson  and  Cof- 
fee, and  the  East  Tennessee  troops,  under  Gen- 
erals Cocke  and  White,  both  intent  upon  pun- 
ishing the  Creeks.  After  the  battle  of  Tallade- 
ga (which  see),  the  Hillabee  Creeks  were  dis- 
posed to  peaee.  and  offered  to  make  terms  with 
Jackson.  He  cordially  responded,  and  prepara- 
tions were  made  for  the  happy  transaction. 
Meanwhile  Generals  Cocke  and  White,  ignorant 
of  this  measure,  came  down  upon  the  Hillabees, 
and  spread  destruction  in  their  path.  Ockfus- 
kee  and  Genalga,  two  deserted  villages — one  of 
thirty  and  the  other  of  ninety  houses — were  laid 
in  ashes;  and  on  the  morning  of  Nov.  18,  1813, 
the  troops  appeared  before  the  principal  town. 
The  inhabitants  were  unsuspicious  of  danger, 
and  made  no  resistance  ;  yet  General  White,  for 
the  purpose  of  inspiring  terror  in  the  minds  of 
the  Creek  nation,  fell  furiously  upon  the  non- 
resistants,  and  murdered  no  less  than  sixty  war- 
riors, Then,  with  two  hundred  and  fifty  wid- 
ows and  orphans  as  prisoners  in  his  train,  he 
returned  to  Fort  Armstrong,  a  stronghold  which 
the  East  Teimesseeans  had  built  on  the  Coosa, 
in  the  present  Cherokee  County,  Ala.  The  Hil- 
labees,  knowing  DO  other  American  commander 
than  Jackson,  regarded  this  outrage  as  most 
foul  perfidy  on  his  part,  and  thenceforth  they 
carried  on  the  war  with  malignant  fury. 

Hillsborough,  Lord,  and  Johnson  of  Con- 
necticut. William  Samuel  Johnson,  a  strict 
Churchman  and  able  jurist,  was  agent  for  the 
Colony  of  Connecticut  in  England.  He  was 
very  desirous  to  avoid  a  rupture  between  the 
colonies  and  the  mother  country,  but  he  was 
faithful  to  the  interests  and  rights  of  his  colo- 
ny, lb-  called  on  the  Ear]  of  Hillsborough,  to 
congratulate  him  on  his  elevation  to  the  newly 
created  office  of  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colo- 
nies, and  told  the  earl  that  he  might  count  on 
his  friendship  and  affection,  for  Connecticut  was 
a  "loyal  colony."  Hillsborough,  rather  curtly, 
complained  that  Connecticut  hail  very  little  cor- 
respondence with  the  home  government,  and  that 
repeated  reqnesta  for  copies  of  the  laws  of  the 
colony  had  been  disregarded.     ''The  colony  has 

several  times  sent  over  a  copy  of  the  printed 

law-book,"  answered  Johnson.  "  It  is  the  duty 
of  your  colony," said  the  earl,"  to  transmit  from 
time  to  time  not  only  the  laws  that  pass.  Inn  all 
the  minutes  id' the  proceedings  of  the  Council 
and  Assembly,  that  we  may  know  what  you  are 
about,  and  rectify  whatever  is  amiss."     "If  your 

lordship  means."  answered  Johnson,  "to  have 

the  laws  of  our  colony  transmitted  for  tin-  in- 
spection of  the  ministry,  as  such,  and  for  the 
purpose  of  approbation  or  disapprobation  by 
his  majest]  in  Council,  it  is  what  the  colony 
has  never  done,  and.  1  am  persuaded,  will  never 
submit  to.      By  the  charter  which  King  Charles 

[L granted, the  colony  was  invested  with  apow- 
i  1 1 ion  not  siil.j, ■,  i  to  i,  \  iMon."   "Then- 


are  such  things  as  extravagant  grants,  which 
are,  therefore,  void,"  said  Hillsborough.  '•  You 
will  admit  there  are  many  things  which  the 
king  cannot  giant,  as  the  inseparable  incidents 
of  the  crown."  Johnson  answered.  "Nobody  has 
ever  reckoned  the  power  of  legislation  among 
the  inseparable  incidents  of  the  crown  :"  and  he 
presented  logical  arguments  in  favor  of  the  col- 
ony. For  two  hours  they  discussed  the  subject 
of  the  rights  of  Connecticut,  and  Hillsborough 
showed  that  there  was  a  disposition  on  the  part 
of  the  ministry  to  declare  the  charter  of  Con- 
necticut, as  well  as  those  of  the  other  colonies, 
void;  not  because  of  any  pretence  that  the  char- 
ter had  been  violated,  but  because  the  people, 
by  the  enjoyment  of  it,  were  too  free.  "  Von 
are  in  danger  of  being  too  much  a  *  ,u,  in- 

dependent state,"  said  HillshutOdgb,  "and  of 
having  too  little  subordination  to  this  country." 
Hillsborough's  Instructions.  When  the 
Massachusetts  Circular  Letter  l  which  see)  readi- 
ed the  ministers,  they  were  highly  offended,  and 
Lord  Hillsborough,  Secretary  of  State  for  the 
Colonies,  instructed  the  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts to  require  the  Assembly  to  rescind  that 
circular,  and  in  case  of  refusal  to  dissolve  them. 
Instructions  were  also  sent  to  all  the  other  colo- 
nial governors  to  take  measures  to  prevent  the 
respective  Assemblies  from  paying  any  atten- 
tion to  the  circular.  This  excited  hot  indigna- 
tion in  the  Assemblies  and  among  the  people. 
It  was  regarded  as  a  direct  attempt  to  abridge 
or  absolutely  control  public  discussion  in  the 
colonies.  They  resented  the  act  in  strong  but 
decorous  language;  and  that  order  was  more 
potential  in  crystallizing  the  colonies  into  a  per- 
manent union  than  any  event  in  their  past  his- 
tory.    The  colonial  Assemblies  everywhere  took 

decided  action.  The  Massachusetts  Assembly 
refused  to  rescind.  (See  Circular  Lett 
Hampshire.  Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut  warm- 
ly commended  the  action  of  Massachusetts.  The 
New  York  Assembly  adopted  the  circular,  and 
declared  the  right  of  the  colonists  to  correspond. 
through  their  representatives,  on  subjects  of  pub- 
lic importance.  The  Legislature  of  Pennsylva- 
nia Heated  the  order  with  decorous  scorn,  and 

a  meeting  of  the  people  nrged,  by  resolution,  a 

cordial  union  of  all  the  colonic*  in  resistance  to 
oppression.  The  Assembly  of  Delaware,  also, 
took  bold  ground  in  the  matter.  When  Gov- 
ernor Sharpe  made  an  arrogant  demand  in  the 
matter  of  the  Assembly  of  Marx  land,  in  laving 
the  obnoxious  order  before  them,  that  body  as- 
sured him  that  they  should  not  treat  a  letter 
••  so  replete  with  just  principles  ofliberty  "  with 
inditlerence,  and  added,  "We  shall  not  be  in- 
timidated by  a  few  sounding  expressions  from 
doing  what  we  think  is  i  i^bl  :"  and  they  thanked 
the  Massachusetts  Assembly.  Virginia  not  oalj 
approved  the  circular,  but  sent  one  of  hei  ow  n 
to  the  colonial  Assemblies,  inviting  their  con- 
onrrenee  with  it.  North  Carolina  rejected  the 
order  and  approved  tli"'  circular.  A  commit- 
tee of  the  South  Carolina  Legislators  declared, 
bj  resolutions,  that  the  circulars  of  both  Masse 
•  bnaetta  and  Virginia  were  replete  \\  ith  duty  to 

the  king,  respect   tor  l'ai  liaincnt,  attachment   to 


HINDMAN  6 

Great  Britain,  and  "founded  upon  undeniable 
constitutional  principles."  The  resolutions  were 
adopted  by  the  Assembly, and  the  royal  govern- 
or dissolved  tin-in.  Then  the  citizens  of  Charles- 
ton paraded  the  streets  by  torch-light, garland- 
ed an  effigy  of  the  Goddess  of  Liberty  with  flow- 
ers and  evergreens,  and  crowned  it  with  laurel 
and  palmetto  leaves.  They  also  burned  the 
seventeen  Massa c li ii set  t s  "  Kesciudel's "  in  effi- 
gy. The  Georgia  Assembly  approved  the  Cir- 
cular, and  were  dissolved  by  Governor  Wright. 

Hindmarr,  Thomas  ( '..  was  born  in  Tennessee, 
in  1818;  died  at  Helena,  Ark.,  Sept.  27,  1868. 
Be  served  in  the  War  with  .Mexico  ;  was  member 
ot'(  longresa  from  L859  to  L861,  and  of  the  Charles- 
ton^ mtion  in  1860  (which  see).  He  became  a 
brigadier-genera]  in  the  Confederate  arniy,  and 
was  the  chief  leader  of  Confederate  troops  in 
Arkansas.  After  the  battle  of  Shiloh  (which 
see),  in  which  he  participated,  he  was  made  a 
major-general.  He  was  in  command  of  a  divis- 
ion in  Polk's  obrps  at  Chickamauga.  Alter  the 
fall  of  the  Confederacy,  he  went  to  Mexico,  and 
retained  t<>  Helena  in  the  Bpring  of  1867,  where 
he  was  murdered  by  one  of  his  former  soldiers. 

Hinnian,  Ki.isma,  was  born  at  8tonington, 
Conn..  Match  9,  1734  :  died  there.  Aug.  29,  1807. 
lie  went  to  sea  tit  the  age  of  fourteen  years, and 

was  a  captain  at  nineteen,  tailing  to  Europe  and 

tin-  Indies.  He  entered  I  he  navy  of  t  he  Revolu- 
tion, under  Hopkins,  in  1776, and  was  one  of  the 
lirst  captains  appointed  by  Congress.  He  was 
a  very  active  officer.  Captured  when  in  com- 
mand of  the  .ill ml.  :;■_'  guns,  In-  was  taken  to 
England,  whence  he  escaped  to  Fiance,  and 
ernised  successfully  after  his  return,  in  1779—80. 
Presidenl  Adams  offered  him  the  command  of 

the  ContHtution  in  1798,  but  on  account  of  his 
age  hi-  declined.      From  that   time  until  1802  lie 

;  tged  in  the  revenue  service. 
Hobkirk's  Hill,   B\t  in    OF  |  1781).     When 
Greeue  heard  of  the  retreat  of  Cornwallis,  he 

panned  him  as  far  as  tin-  Deep  h'i\  er.  when  he 

turned  back  and  moved  southward  towards  Cam- 
den to  strike  a  blow  for  the  recovery  of  South  Car- 
olina Lord  Kawdon,  one  ofCornwallis's  best  of- 
ficers, was  in  com  ma  nil  at  (a  nnle  n.  On  the  19th 
of  April  Greene  encamped  at  Hobkirk's  Hill, 
only  about  a  mile  from  Ka\\  don's  intreiichinents, 
where,  si\  days  afterwards,  he  was  surprised  by 
the  British  ami  defeated,  after  a  sharp  battle  of 
several  hours.  Greene's  force  was  too  weak  to 
■wail  Bawdon's  intrenchmeuts  with  any  pros- 
pect of  success,  and  he  eiicatnped  on   B  wooded 

eminence  ami  awaited  reinforcements  under 
.Sumter.  On  the  night  of  the  S4tfa  a  drummer 
deserted  to  the  British  and  informed  Bawdou 

of   Cleeue's    weakness    anil    his    expectat ion    of 

strength.  As  his  provisions  were  almost  ex- 
hausted, Kawdon  saw  no  chance  for  success  in 
battle  unless  he  should  strike  immediately,  so 
he  prepared  to  tall  upon  Greene  early  on  the 
morning  of  the  25th.  Unsuspicions  of  danger, 
Oreene's  army  were  nuprepared  for  an  attack. 
The  oavalrj  bones  wen  unsaddled,  some  of  the 

soldiers  were  washing  t  heir  clot  lies,  and  Greene 
and  his  -tall  wen-  at  a  spring  on  a  slope  of  Hob- 


9     HOBKIRK'S  HILL,  BATTLE  OF 

kirk's  Hill  taking  breakfast.  Kawdon  had  gained 
the  left  flank  of  the  Americans  by  marching 
stealthily  along  the  margin  of  a  swamp.  Par- 
tially surprised,  Greene  quickly  formed  his  army 
iu  battle-line.    His  cavalry  were  soon  mounted. 


The  Virginia  brigade,  under  General  Huger, 
with  Lieutenant-colonels  Campbell  ami  Hawes, 
formed  the  tight:  the  Maryland  brigade,  with 

Delaware  troops  under  Kirkvvood,  led  by  Colo- 
nel oiho  H. Williams, with  Colonel  Gunby  and 
Lienteuant-oolonels  Ford  ami  Howe,  occupied 
the  left;  and  the  artillery,  nnder  Colonel  Har- 
rison, were  in  the  centre;  North  Carolina  mili- 
tia were  held  in  reserve;  and  in  this  position 
Greene  was  prepared  to  receive  the  oncoming 
Kawdon,  whose  forces  ascended  the  slope  with 
a  narrow  front.  The  regiments  of  Ford  and 
Campbell  endeavored  to  turn  their  think,  while 
Guilhy's  Marv  landers  assailed  the  front  with 
bayonets  without  tiring.  The  battle  was  thus 
opened  with  great  vigor,  Greene  commanding 
the  Virginians  in  person.  At  the  moment  when 
the  Americans  felt  sure  of  victory.  Captain 
Beat  ly.  commanding  a  company  of  Gunbj  's  vet- 
erans, was  killed,  and  his  followers  gave  wav. 
An  unfortunate  order  was  given  for  the  whole 
regiment  to  retire,  when  the  British  broke 
through  the  American  centre,  pushed  up  to  the 

brow  of  the  hill,  and  forced  Greene  to  retreat. 
Meanwhile  Washington  bad  fallen  on  the  Brit- 
ish rear  and  captured  about  two  hundred  sol- 
diets,  whose  oflieers  he  quickly  paroled,  and  in 
the  retreat  carried  away  fifty  of  the  captives. 
The  Americans  were  chased  a  short  distance, 
when  Washington  turned  npOU  the  pursuers, 
made  a  gallant  charge,  and  cheeked  them.      By 

this  movement  Greeue  was  enabled  to  save  all 

his  artillery  and  baggage.  He  rallied  his  men. 
crossed  the  Wateiee  above  Camden,  and  rested 
in  a  strong  position  before  moving  on  Fort 
Ninety-six.  The  loss  of  each  army  iu  tin-  bat- 
tle was  about  the  same  less  than  two  hundred 
and  seventy.  This  defeat  disconcerted  Credit) 
at  lirst,  but  his  genius  triumphed. 


HOBOKEK,  MASSACRE  AT  6 

Hoboken,  MASSACRE  at.  The  river  Indians, 
or  those  dwelling  on  tbe  borders  of  the  Hudson, 

were  tributary  to  the  powerful  Mohawks.  In 
the  midwinter  of  1643,  a  large  party  of  tbe  latter 

came  <lo\\  n  to  collect  by  force  of  arms  tribute 
which  had  not  been  paid.  The  River  Indians 
— rive  hundred  in  number — fled  before  the  in- 
valids, and  took  refuge,  with  their  wives  and 
children,  among  the  llackcnsaeks  at  Hoboken. 
opposite  Manhattan  Island,  where  they  asked 
the  protection  of  the  Dutch.  At  the  same  time 
many  of  the  tribe  in  lower  Westchester  fled  to 
Manhattan  and  took  refuge  with  the  Holland- 
ers. The  humane  De  Vries,  who  had  a  settle- 
ment on  Staten  Island,  proposed  to  Governor 
Kiel't  to  make  this  an  occasion  for  establishing 
a  permanent  peace  with  the  Indians,  whose  an- 
ger his  cruelties  had  fearfully  aroused.  But  the 
'Milan  of  blood"  refused;  and  it  was  made  the 
occasion  of  spilling  more  innocent  blood..  On  a 
cold  night  in  February,  1(>43,  the  fugitives  at 
Hoboken,  and  those  on  Manhattan,  .slumbering 
in  fancied  security,  were  attacked  by  order  of 
Kieft,  without  the  shadow  of  an  excuse,  by 
armed  Hollanders  sent  by  the  governor  to  mur- 
der them.  Eighty  of  these  Dutchmen  were  sent 
across  the  Hudson  stealthily,  among  floating 
ice,  and  fell  suddenly  upon  the  stricken  fami- 
lies at  Hoboken.  They  spared  neither  age  nor 
sex.  "Warrior  and  squaw,  sachem  and  child. 
mother  and  babe,  were  alike  massacred.*'  says 
Brodbead.  '-Daybreak  scarcely  ended  the  fu- 
rious slaughter.  Mangled  victims,  seeking  safe- 
ty in  the  thickets,  were  driven  into  the  river: 
and  parents,  rushing  to  save  their  children, 
whom  the  soldiers  had  thrown  into  the  Stream, 
were  driven  back  into  the  water,  and  drowned 
before  the  eyes  of  their  unrelenting  murderers." 
About  one  hundred  of  the  dusky  people  per- 
ished there,  and  forty  of  those  on  Manhattan. 
The  river  and  the  surrounding  country  were 
lighted  with  the  blaze  of  burning  wigwams: 
and  by  that  horrid  illumination  De  Vries  wit- 
nessed the  butchery  from  the  ramparts  of  Fori 
Amsterdam.  He  told  the  cowardly  governor, 
who  remained  within  the  walls  of  the  fortress, 
that  he  had  begun  the  ruin  of  the  colony.  The 
governor  sneered  at  the  clemency  of  De  Vries  : 
and  when  the  soldiers  returned  to  the  fort  the 
next  morning,  with  thirty  prisoners  and  heads 
ol  several  of  the  slain  Indians  of  both  sexes,  be 
shook  their  bloody  hands  with  delight,  praised 
them  for  their  bravery,  and  made  each  of  them 
a  present.     Then  De  Vries  uttered  his  prophecy. 

(See  hir/l.) 

Hochelaga,  the  capital  ol  the  Huron  king,  on 
the  site  of  Montreal,  Canada  It  contained  lifts 
houses  when  Europeans  fust  visited  it.  Each 
bouse  was  about  one  hundred  and  flftj  feet  long 
and  fortj   wide,  covered  over  with  the  broad 

bark  of  trees,  finely  cut  and  joined  like  boards, 
and  divided  into  many  rooms.  Above  were  gar- 
rets, in  w  Inch  the  Indians  kept  their  corn.  The 
town  was  circular  in  form,  stockaded,  and  envi- 
roned by  three  courses  of  ramparts  made  of  tim- 
ber, and  about  thirty  feet  in  height.  It  had 
one  sally-pott,  which  was  closed  with  heavy 
timbers,    stakes,    and    ban.      On    the    ramparts 


0  HOE 

were  magazines  of  stones  for  the  defence  of  the 
town.  It  was  to  this  capital  that  ('artier  as- 
cended in  October.  1535.  He  and  his  compan- 
ions landed  at  the  foot  id'  the  rapids  below 
Montreal,  and  with  great  pomp  marched  to  the 
residence  of  the  king  at  the  town — a  village  ol 
about  fifty  huts,  surrounded  with  a  triple  row 
of  palisades,  in  the  midst  of  extensive  corn- 
tields.  The  mountain  which  was  back  of  the 
village  (artier  named  Mont  Real  (Royal  Moun- 
tain), the  name  given  to  the  ereat  city  which 
now  lies  there.  Women  and  maidens  brought 
armfnls  of  children  to  see  the  white  men.  The 
king,  Azonhanna,  helpless  from  palsy,  was 
brought  to  Carrier  on  a  deerskin,  ami  he  prayed 
that  the  white  chief  might  cure  him  of  his  mal- 
ady. Many  others  came  for  the  same  purpose, 
but  Carrier  could  only  pray  for  their  recovery. 
(See  Cartier.) 

Hoe,  Richard  March, was  born  in  New  York 
city,  Sept.  1'-'.  1812.  His  father,  Robert]  Hoe. was 
a  most  ingenious  mechanic,  born  in  Leicester- 
shire, England,  in  17S4.  and  died  in  Westchester 
County,  X.  Y.,  Jan.  4, 1633.     He  was  a  builder, 


RICHARD    MARCH    IIOK. 

and  arrived  in  New  York  in  1803,  when  he  re- 
linquished his  trade  and  began  the  manufact- 
ure of  printing-materials  and  of  a  hand -press 
invented  by  his  brother-in-law.  Peter  Smith. 
Making  great  improvements  in  printing-presses, 
his  business  increased,  but,  his  health  failing. 
in  1832  his  eldest  son.  Richard,  took  charge  of 
the  business,  with  two  partners.  Meanwhile 
Richard  had  made  material  Improvements  in 
the  manufacture  of  saws,  and  the  production 
of  these  implements  became  an  Important  pan 
of  their  business.  In  IS!?  Richard  went  to  Kii^- 
land  to  obtain  a  patent  for  an  improved  method 
of  griudiug  saw  s.     His  observation  of  print  ing- 

preSSeS  in   use  there  enabled   him  to  make  very 

great  Improvements  in  printing-machines.  He 
patented  his  "Lightning  Press,"  so  called  be- 
cause of  tin'  rapidity  of  its  motions,  in   1847. 

For  many  years  Richard  has  carried  on  t  he  niaii- 
u fad  are  of  printing,  h\  dra ill ic,  and  other  press- 
es, with  his  two  brothers.  Robert  and  Peter,  the 
senior  partner  adding  from  lime  to  time,  by  his 
Inventive  genius,  great  improvements,  especial- 
ly in  the  construction  of  pou er-pressos,  fbi  rapid 


HOLLAND  6 

and  excellent  printing.  The  u  Perfecting  Tress  " 
manufactured  by  the  Hoes  is  capable  of  throw- 
ing off  about  fifteen  thousand  newspapers,  print- 
ed on  both  sides,  in  one  hour.  (See  Printing.) 
Their  main  establishment  in  New  York  covers 
more  than  an  entire  square,  and  they  employ 

nearly •  thousand  persons.  Educational  forces 

have  been  greatly  increased  by  the  inventions 
of  Richard  M.  Hoc,  who  may  be  rauked  among 
the  foremost  of  public  benefactors. 

Holland.      The  1'nilcd  Provinces  of  Holland, 

l>y  their  States-General,  acknowledged  the  in- 
dependence of  the  United  States  on  April  19, 
l?^j.    This  was  brought  about  by  the  energetic 

application  of  John  Adams,  who,  on  the  capture 

of  Laurens  (see  Laurens,  Petition  of),  was  sent  to 

the  Hague  as  minister- plenipotentiary  to  the 

neral.  or  government, of  Holland.    His 

special  mission  was  to  solicit  a  loan,  but  he  was 

clothed  with  full  powers  to  negotiate  a  treaty 
of  amity  and  commerce.  Mr.  Adams  acquainted 
the  States -General,  and  also  the  Stadtholder 

(the  sovereign)  —the  I'riuee  of  Orange  with 
the  object  of  his  mission.  Mr.  Adams  was  not 
received  in  the  character  of  minister-plenipo- 
tentiary until  nearly  a  year  after  his  arrival. 
He  persuaded  the  States  -  General  that  an  alli- 
ance with  the  United  states  of  America  would 
he  of  great  commercial  advantage  to  the  Neth- 
erlands: and  immediately  after  Holland  had 
acknowledged  the  independence  of  the  United 
States  Mr.  Adams  negotiated  a  treaty  of  amity 
and  commerce  (Oct.  -',  1782);  he  also  made  a 
taoeessfnl  application  for  a  loan,  which  was  a 
Seasonable  aid  lor  the  exhausted  treasury  of  the 
colonics.      The  treaty   was  signed  at   the  Hague 

by  John  Adams  and  the  representatives  of  the 

Netherlands,  and  was  rati  lied  in  January,  IT-:!. 

Holland  at  War  with  Great  Britain.  Late 
in  1780  Great  Britain,  satisfied  that  the  Nether- 
lands would  give  national  aid  to  the  "  rebellious 

colonies."  and  desirous  of  keeping  that  power 
from  Joining  the  Armed  Neutrality  League 
(which  seo,  sought  a  pretext  for  declaring  war 
against  the  Dutch.  British  cruisers  had  already 
depredated  upon  Dutch  commerce  in  time  of 
peace,  and  the  British  government  treated  the 

Netherlands  more  as  a  vassal  than  as  an  inde- 
pendent  nation.      The  British  ministry  found  a 

pretext  for  war  in  October  (1780),  when  Henry 
L aureus,  late  President  of  the  American  Con- 
gress, was  captured  on  the  high  seas  by  a  Brit- 
ish cruiser,  and  with  him  were  found  evidences 
of  a  negotiation  of  a  treaty  between  the  United 
States  and  the  Netherlands,  which  had  been  in 
some  time,     on  Dee.  "jo  King  George 

declared     war     against     Holland.       Before     the 

declaration  had  been  promulgated,  and  while 
efforts  were  making  at  the  Hague  to  concili- 
ate England  and  avoid  war.  British  cruisers 
pounced  upon  anil  captured  two  hundred  un- 
suspecting merchant  vessels  laden  with  cargoes 
of  the  aggregate  value  of  $5,000,000;  orders  had 
also  gone  forth  for  the  seizure  of  the  Dutch  isl- 
and of  Eustatius.  This  cruel  and  unjnst  war 
deepened  the  hatred  of  continental  Europe  for 
Steal  Britaiu,  for  that  government  was  regard- 
1—41 


H  HOLLAND 

ed  as  a  bully,  ever  ready  to  oppress  and  plunder 
the  weak. 

Holland  Land  Company.  The  tract  of  land 
ceded  by  the  State  of  New  York  to  the  State  of 
Massachusetts  in  17^6  (see  Territorial  Dispute  be- 
tween Massachusetts  and  Xew  York)  was  Bold  by 
the  latter  state  to  Oliver  Phelps  and  Nathaniel 
Gotham  for  §1,000,000.  These  gentlemen  soon 
afterwards  extinguished  the  Indian  title  to  a 
part  of  this  territory,  surveyed  it  into  tracts  de- 
nominated ranges  and  townships,  and  sold  large 
parcels  to  speculators  and  actual  settlers.  In 
L790  they  sold  nearly  the  whole  of  the  residue  of 
the  surve.v  (1,904,000  acres)  to  Robert  Morris,  of 
Philadelphia,  for  eight  pence  an  acre,  who  resold 
it  to  sir  William  Pulteuey.  Phelps  and  Gorham 
beiug  unable  to  fulfil  their  contract  in  full  with 
Massachusetts,  compromised,  and  surrendered 
that  portion  of  the  land  to  which  the  Indian  title 
was  unextinguished,  in  consideration  of  which 
t  he  state  relinquished  two  t  hi  rils  of  i  he  contract 
price.  In  1796  Robert  Monis  purchased  from  the 
state  this  portion  also,  extinguished  tin-  Indian 
title,  sold  off  several  large  tracts  upon  the  east 
side  of  and  along  the  t.euesee  River,  and  mort- 
gaged the  residue  to  YVilhelm  YVilliuk,  of  Am- 
sterdam, and  eleven  associates,  called  the  "  Hol- 
land  Land  Company."      This   company,   by  the 

foreclosure  of  the  mortgage,  acquired  full  title 
to  the  land,  surveyed  it,  and  opened  their  first 
land-office  in  Batavia,  N.  Y.,  in  L801.     It  w  as  in 

this  land  speculation  that  Robert  Morris  was 
iuvolved  in  financial  ruin,  and  compelled  to  en- 
dure the  privations  of  a  debtor's  prison  for  a 
long  time.  The  Holland  Land  Company  having 
sold  the  larger  part  of  the  domain,  they,  in  1805, 
conveyed  the  residue  of  the  wild  lands  to  sev- 
eral companies,  who  finally  disposed  of  all  to 
bona  tide  purchasers  and  settlers. 

Holland  Menaced.  The  consuls  and  other 
agents  of  the  British  government  were  enjoined 
to  exercise  great  watchfulness  in  every  part  of 
Europe  to  intercept  all  munitions  of  war  des- 
tined for  the  American  colonies.  New  Euglaud 
mariners  resorted  to  the  island  of  St.  Kustatius. 
To  check  the  formation  of  magazines  then'  which 
the  colonists  might  use,  the  British  envoy,  with 

haughty  menaces,  required  the  States-General 

of  Holland  to  forbid  their  subjects  from  even 
transporting  military  stores  to  the  West  Indies, 
except  snllieient  to  supply  the  wants  of  their 
own  cidonies.     (See  Rale  of  1756.) 

Holland  Receives  an  American  Ambassa- 
doi  1782).  For  eight  months  John  Adams  had 
been  waiting  in  Holland  for  an  audience  of  re- 
ception by  the  States-General,  but  that  cautious 
body  delayed  until  the  voice  of  the  people  should 
be  heard.  When  he  heard  of  the  result  at  York- 
town.  Adams  presented  (June  1),  17S-2)  to  the 
President  of  the  States-General  a  request  that 
he  might  have  an  opportunity  to  oiler  his  cre- 
dentials, and  demanded  a  Categorical  answer 
which  he  might  transmit  to  Congress.  He  then 
went  ill  person  to  the  deputies  of  the  several 
cities  of  Holland,  making  the  same  demand  of 
each  one  of  them.  Il  was  a  bold  and  novel  pro- 
cedure, but  the  sturdy  diplomat   was  equal  to 


HOLLAND'S  NEUTRALITY  6 

the  occasion.  First  Fricsland  declared  (Feb. 
■jo.  1782)  in  favor  of  receiving  bbe  American  am- 
bassador, <>n  April  4  Zealand  adhered;  Over- 
yaael  on  the  5th, Groniugen  on  the  9th,  Utrecht 
on  the  10th,  and  Ouelderland  on  the  17th.  On 
the  19th  of  April,  the  anniversary  of  the  affair 
at  Lexington,  their  high-mightinesses  the  states- 
General,  representing  the  unanimous  decision 
of  the  lower  provinces,  resolved  thai  Mi.  Adams 
should  be  received.  So  it  was  that  the  Dutch 
Republic  was  the  second  power  on  the  earth 
to  recognize  the  independence  of  the  United 
States. 

Holland's  Neutrality.  King  George  asked 
leave  to  recruit  troops  for  his  army  in  Holland, 
ami  to  obtaiu  from  thai  republic  the  loan  of  its 
"Scottish  brigade."  The  tradit  ions,  the  dignity, 
the  principles,  and  the  policy  of  the  States-Gen- 
eral forbade  compliance  with  the  request,  and  it 
was  refused.  Tins  gave  great  offence  to  Great 
Britain.  The  kinj;  fell  that"  He  that  is  not  with 
mi-  is  against  me."  This  was  the  first  attempt 
of  either  party  to  induce  Holland  to  take  part 
in  the  American  war. 

Hollins,  GEORGE  N.,  was  born  at  Baltimore, 

Md.,  Sept.  "id.  1799,  entered  the  United  Slates 
Navy  in  1814,  and  assisted  in  the  defence  of  the 
capital  in  August  of  that  year.      lie  was  made  a 

prisoner  on  board  the  President,  ami  kept  so  un- 
til the  end  of  the  war.  In  1S15  he  accompanied 
Decatur  to  the  Mediterranean.  He  became  no- 
torious by  the  bombardment  of  a  town  on  the 
Pacific  coast.  (See  Greytovm.)  In  1861  he  left 
tlie  navy  and  joined  the  insurgents,  and  in  the 
Confederate  service  operated  on  the  Mississippi 
with  "rams"  and  gunboats. 

Hollis,  Thomas,  was  born  in  England  in  1659, 
and  died  in  London  in  February,  173L  He  was 
a  benefactor  of  Harvard  College,  by  giving  it, 

altogether,  nearly  $20,000  in  endowments  of  pro- 
fessorships.    He  also  gave  books  to  the  library, 

and  fonts  of  Hebrew  and  Greek  type  for  the  use 
of  the  college. 

Holmes,  Anna.,  I). I).,  LL.D.,  was  born  at 
Woodstock,  Conn.,  Dec.  24, 1763;  died  af  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  June  l.  l~:;7  He  graduated  at 
Yale  College  in  1783,  and  was  a  tutor  there  in 
1786    and    17-7.       He    was    pastor    of   a    church 

in  Georgia  from  1785  to  1791,  and  of  the  First 
Church, Cambridge, from  1792  to  1833.  He  pre- 
pared and  published,  in   t  \\ itavo  volumes, 

very  valuable  Annalt  of  America, closing  in  1826. 
He  also  published  a  Life  of  his  father-in-law, 
President  Stiles  (1798),  a  Memoir  of  tht  French 
Protettante,  a  History  of  Cambridge,  and  many 
sermons.  Dr.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  the  dis- 
tinguished poet,  is  a  son  of  this  eminent  divine. 
Holmes,  Oii\ii:  \Yi\mii.  MIL.  son  of 
Abiel,  was  bom  at  Cambridge,  Mass,  Log.  \:>. 
1800.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  Uui versify  in 
I— .".':  began  the  study  of  law.  hut  soon  aban- 
doned  it  tor  the  study  of  medicine,  and  in  L8B8 

he  went  to  Europe,  and  studied  in  the  hospi- 
tals ,,|  Paris  and  ..Hi,  ,   luge  .in,-.      In  1838  Dr. 

ll.iim.s  was  appointed  professor  of  anatomj 
and  physiology  in  Dartmouth  College ;  and  in 


I  HOME  MANUFACT1  i;i:s 

1847  he  was  given  the  same  (hair  in  Harvard, 
which  he  has  tilled  ever  since.  He  began  his 
brilliant  literary  Career  in  early  lite  as  a  pool 
and  essayist,  and  has  sustained  the  bright  prom- 
ise of  his  youth.  His  poems  are  often  strongly 
marked  with  the  most  delicate  bnmor,  and  he 
ranks  high  as  a  poet  at  home  and  abroad.  His 
books,  and  his  contributions  to  newspaper  and 
magazine  literature,  are  numerous  and  highly 
esteemed. 

Holt,  JosEni,  was  horn  in  Breckenridge 
County.  Ky.,  Jan.  (!,  1807,  and  entered  upon  the 
practice  of  law  in  l^-js.  He  followed  his  pro- 
fession in  Kentucky  and  Mississippi  until  W>7. 
when  President  Buchanan  appointed  hint  Com- 


rossra  HOLT. 

missioner  of  Patents,  and  Tost  master-general  in 
1859.  When  John  B.  Floyd  left  the  cabinet  at 
the  close  of  1860,  Mr.  Holt  assumed  the  charge 
of  the  Y\'ar  Department,  in  which  position  lie 
was  watchful  and  efficient  In  1863  he  was  ap- 
pointed judge  advocate  of  the  United  States 
Army,  and  was  a  thorough  supporter  of  Lin- 
coln's administration  throughout.  In  1864  he 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  Bureau  of  Mili- 
tary Justice,  and  declined  the  cabinet  appoint- 
ment of  Attorney-general.  He  was  breveted  ma- 
jor-general  of  the  United  states  Army  in  March. 
1865. 

Home  Manufactures  ( 1768 '.  The  women  as- 
sisted the  non-importation  leagues  bj  self-de- 
nial and  industry.  They  canghl  the  spirit  of 
opposition  to  the  Stamp  Act.  and  resolved  to 
den]  themselves  foreign  luxuries :  and  w  hen  the 
n.w  taxation  scheme  (17(17)  went  into  opera- 
lion,  they  set  their  fingers  at  work  producing 
home-made  clothing.  A  letter  written  at  New- 
port. K.  I.  early  in  17t">>.  said  :  "  Within  eighteen 
mouths  past,  187  yards  of  cloth  ami  :>i>  pairs 

of  Stockings  have  been  span  and  knit  in  Hie 
family  of  Janus  .\  i\on.  of  this  town.  Another 
family,  within  four  years  past,  hath  lnaniil'act- 
iii.  .1  960  >  aids  of  woollen  cloth,  besides  two  cov- 
erlids and  two  bed-ticks,  and  all  the  stookillg- 
yarn  lor  t  he  t';i in i  1  n  .  Not  a  skein  w  as  put  out  of 
the  house  to  be  spun,  but  the  whole  performed 
b\  the  family.  We  are  credibly  informed  thai 
main  families  in  this  colony  within  the  \e.ir 
past,  have   each  manufactured  upwards  ol  700 


HOOD  CHASED  BY  SHERMAN 


643 


HOOKEK 


yards  of  cloth  of  different  kinds."  In  Boston, 
forty  or  fifty  young  ladies,  calling  themselves 
"Daughters  of  Liherty,"  met  at  the  house  of 
Ber.  Mr.  hfoorhead,  where  they  spun,  during 
tin-  day,  %2.fi  skeins  of  yarn,  some  very  fine, 

Which  were  given  to  tin-  pastor.  There  were 
upwards  of  100  linsy  spinners  in  Mr.  Moor- 
head's  congregation.  Thai  wool  might  not  be 
wanting,  the  colonists  entered  into  an  agree- 
ment to  abstain  from  killing  and  eating  lamhs. 
Through  the  industry  of  the  people  and  the 
frugality  practised,  the  markets  were  soon 
sufficiently  supplied  with  coarse  and  common 
clothes,  which  were  cheerfully  worn.  The  spin- 
ning-wheel was  the  weapon  with  which  the 
women  of  America  fought  the  ministry.  The 
infant  manufactories  of  America  received  a 
strong  impulse  from  non-importation  agree- 
ments, and  home-made  ait ieles.  first  worn  from 
necessity,  became  fashionable.  The  graduating 
class  at  Harvard  College  took  their  degrees  in 
homespun  suits  in  lTTn. 

Hood  Chased  by  Sherman  (18(54).  Instruct- 
ed by  the  chief  of  the  Confederacy  to  draw  Sher- 
man out  of  Georgia,  for  his  presence  was  creat- 
ing great  disaffection  to  the  Confederate  cause, 

Hood  moved  rapidly  towards  Tennessee,  threat- 
ening important  points  on  the  railway.  Sher- 
man followed  as  rapidly,  and,  by  forced  marches, 
saved  Kingston  (Oct.  10, 1864),  which  was  one  of 

the  threatened  places.      II I  turned  westward 

towards    Rome.       Sherman    followed,  and    sent 

Garrard's  cavalry  and  the  Twenty-third  corps 
across  the  Oostenaiila,  to  strike  Hood's  Hank  if 
he  should  turn  northward.  By  quick  move- 
ment-, Hood  avoided  the  Intended  blow,  and,  ap- 
pearing before  Resaca, demanded  its  surrender. 
A  vigorous  attack  bj  the  Confederates  was  re- 
pulsed, and  Hood  moved  on,  closely  punned  by 
Sherman.  The  Confederates  destroyed  the  rail- 
way near  Buzzard's  Roost  and  captured  the 
Union  garrison  at  Dalton.  Sherman  tried  to 
make  Hood  fight,  bnl  that  active  leader  avoided 
this  peril  and  puzzled  the  Nationals  by  his  in- 
explicable movements,  still  pursuing,  Sher- 
man  and   his  entire   force   wen'   grouped   about 

Qaylesville,  In  a  fertile  region  <>f tbern  Ala- 
bama. Now  satisfied  that  Hood  did  not  mean 
tO   fight,  but    was   lining   the   Nationals  out  of 

Georgia,  Sherman  determined  to  execute  a  plan 

which  he  had  already  submitted  to  Lieutenant- 
general  Grant  namely,  to  destroy  Atlanta  and 
its  railway  communications,  march  his  army 
through  the  heart  of  Georgia,  and  capture  and 
take  possession  of  Savannah  or  Charleston, on 

the  Atlantic  seaboard.     He  abandoned  the  chase 

after  Hood  ami  returned  to  Atlanta  early  in  No- 
vember. 

Hood,  .IniiN  I!.,  was  born  in  Bath  County, 
Ky..  in  1830;  died  of  yellow  fever  in  New  Or- 
leans, Aug.  30,  l-7:».  He  gradnated  at  West 
Point    in    1853,   became    a    cavalry   officer,  and 

Ibnght  the  Comanche  Indians,  in  Texas,  in 
1867.      He  left   the  army  and  espoused  the  cause 

of  the  Confederates  in  1861,  receiving  the  ap- 
pointment of  brigadier.  He  joined  Twiggs  in 
betraying  the  arnij  in  Texas  into  the  hands  of 


the  Secessionists.  He  was  promoted  to  major- 
general  in  1862,  and  commanded  the  largest  di- 
vision of  Longstreet's  corps  at  Gettysburg.  He 
lost  a  leg  at  Chickamauga.  In  the  Atlanta  cam- 
paign in  1864  he  was  with  Longstreet,  and  su- 


perseded Johnston  in  command  of  the  army  at 
Atlanta  in  July.  He  in  vailed  Tennessee  late  in 
that  year;  was  defeated  at  Nashville  and  driven 
into  Alabama,  and  in  Januai  \ ,  L865,  was  relieved 
of  command  by  General  Richard  Taylor. 

Hood's  Invasion  of  Tennessee.     Late   in 
October,  1864,  General  H 1,  with  about  55,000 

troops,  crossed  t  he  Tennessee  River  at   Florence, 

where  Forrest, the  guerilla  chief, aided  him  (see 
Hood  Chased  by  Sherman);  and  at  Jobusville, on 

the  Tennessee,  destroyed  National  stores  valued 

at  $1,500,000.  Hood  had  been  reinforced  by  Gen- 
eral Taylor,  of  Louisiana.  General  Thomas,  then 
at  Nashville,  had  about  30,000  troops,  who,  un- 
der Schofield,  confronted  Hood;  and  he  had 
about  as  many  more  at  different  points,  in  ac- 
tive service.  Hood  moved  on  Nashville  (Nov. 
17).  General  Schofield,  who  was  at  Columbia 
with  a  large  force,  fell  back  to  Franklin,  where, 
with  not  more  than  18,000  men,  he  made  a 
stand.  He  fought  Hood  there  (Nov.  30)  and 
checked  his  onward  march.  (See  Franklin,  Bat- 
tle of.)  Schofield  fell  back  to  Nashville,  follow- 
ed by  Forrest's  cavalry.  Hood  pushed  forward 
to  invest  that  city.  There  a  severe  battle  was 
fought  (Dec.  15), when  Hood  was  repulsed   and 

made  a  hasty  retreat  across  the  Tennessee  into 
northern  Alabama,  closely  pursued  by  the  vic- 
e  Nashville,  1 '.utile  of .) 
Hooker,  Joseph,  was  born  at  Hadley, Mass., 
in  1815;  died  at  Garden  City.  L.  I., Oct. 31, 1879. 
He  gradnated  at  West  Point  in  1837,  entering 

the  artillery.  He  served  in  the  war  with  Mex- 
ico, and  was  breveted  lieutenant -colonel  for 
bravery  therein,  lie  resigned  in  1853  and  set- 
tled in  California, where  he  was  residing  w  hen,  in 
May.  1861, he  was  appointed  brigadier-genera]  of 

volunteers  and  assigned  to  the  Army  of  the  I'o- 
tomac,  in  which  he  acquired  the  name  of"  Fight- 
ing doe  Hooker."  In  May,  186S, he  was  made 
major- general.      He   was  severely   wounded    in 


HOOKER  6 

tin'  battle  of  Antii'tain,  and  soon  afterwards  was 
commissioned  brigadier-general  in  the  United 
States  Army.  Early  in  1863  be  succeeded  Biirn- 
side  in  the  command  of  tbe  Army  of  tin-  Po- 
tomac, and  was  himself  succeeded  l>y  General 


Meade  in  June,  lie  performed  efficient  service 
near  Chattanooga  in  the  fall  of  1863,  and  in  the 
Atlanta  campaign  of  1864.  Hooker  was  brevet- 
ed major-general  of  the  United  States  Army  in 
1868,  w  h«n  he  retired  from  active  service. 

Hooker,  Thomas,  founder  of  the  Colony  of 
Connecticut,  was  born  at  Market  field,  Leicester- 
shire, Erjg.,  in  1586;  died  at  Hart  ford.  Conn., 
July  7,  KJ47.  He  was  a  popular  non-conformist 
preacher  ill  London,  lint  was  silenced,  when  be 
kept  a  school,  in  which  John  Eliot,  the  "Apos- 
tle," was  his  assistant.  Hooker  tied  from  per- 
secution to  Holland  in  1630,  and  arrived  at  Bos- 
ton in  September,  1(>:'>:>.  He  was  ordained  pas- 
tor of  the  church  at  Newtown,  and  in  June,  1636, 
he  and  his  whole  congregation  began  a  migra- 
tion to  the  valley  of  the  Connect ient,  where 
they  founded  Hartford.  He  was  exceedingly  in- 
fluential in  all  New  England. 

Hooper,  William,  a  signer  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence,  was  horn  in  Boston,  Jan. 
17, 1742;  died  at  Hillsborough,  N.  C.,  October, 
1790.  lb-  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1760.  He 
studied  law  under  James  Otis,  and  went  to 
North  Carolina  in  1764, settling  in  Wilmington 
in  1767.  lie  was  a  represcntat  ive  in  the  Pro- 
vincial Legislature,  and  was  a  delegate  to  the 
first  Continental  Congress  in   1771.  in  which  he 

drew  up  an  address  to  the  inhabitants  of  Jamai- 
ca. Soon  after  Signing  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence lie  resigned  his  seat  and  returned 
home,  when-  he  subsequently  took  part  in  local 
public  affairs. 

Hopkins,  CoaOfODOM  EffEK,  Cm  tSK  <>r.  A 
squadron  of  seven  vessels,  fitted  out  bj  the  Ma- 
rine Committee  (see  Ann/  Department,  ConHum- 

■  i  nn  .i  cruise  I  February,  1771 
Commodore  Hopkins,  then  nearlj  slxtj  years  of 
nga,  to  operate  against  the  Beet  of  Lord  Dun- 
e  Iiihiiiiiiii'k  War  m  As  Pwyfstats)  on 

uan  eoast.      lie  sailed  from  ihe  1 ».  l:i - 


4  HOPKINS 

ware.  His  flag-ship  -was  the  Alfred,  28  gnns. 
Hopkins  proceeded  farther  south,  and  made  a 
descent  on  the  island  of  New  Providence,  one  of 
the  Bahamas,  capturing  its  governor,  its  fort, 
and  one  hundred  guns,  with  a  quantity  of  stores. 
Leaving  the  Bahamas  for  the  New  England 
coast,  he  fell  in  with  and  captured  two  British 
vessels  (April  4)  off  Long  Island,  for  which  the 
President  of  Congress  complimented  him  offi- 
cially. He  attacked  another  British  vessel  of 
29  guns,  but  she  escaped.  For  this,  Hopkins 
and  one  or  two  of  his  lieutenants  were  censured. 
Charges  were  preferred  against  him.  and  he  was 

dismissed  from  the  service,  Jan. 'J.  1777.    He  was 

a  brother  of  Stephen  Hopkins,  a  member  ofCon- 

gress.  No  commander-in-chief  of  the  navy  was 
afterwards  appointed. 

Hopkins,  Edward,  was  born  at  Shrewsbury, 
Eng..  in  1600;  died  in  London,  March,  1657. 
He  was  a  successful  merchant  in  London,  and, 
being  much  attached  to  Mr.  Davenport,  came 
with  him  to  America,  in  1637, and  accompanied 
him  to  the  banks  of  the  Quinnipiac  and  as- 
sisted in  the  preliminary  work  of  founding  the 
New  Haven  Colony.  He  went  to  Hartford, 
where  he  was  chosen  governor  in  1639,  and 
ruled  the  Connecticut  Colony  from  1640  to  1654, 
alternately  every  other  year  with  Mr.  Haynes. 
On  the  death  of  his  elder  brother.  Mr.  Hop- 
kins returned  to  England,  where  he  became 
warden  of  the  fleet,  commissioner  of  the  admi- 
ralty, and  member  of  Parliament.  In  1643  Mr. 
Hopkins  had  aided  in  funning  the  New  Eng- 
land Confederacy,  and  he  never  lost  his  interest 
in  the  colonies.  At  his  death  he  bequeathed 
much  of  his  estate  to  New  England  institutions 
of  learning — for  the  support  of  grammar-schools 
at  Hartford  and  New  Haven,  which  are  still  kept 
Up.  He  also  left  a  donation  of  £500,  which,  by 
a  decree  in  chancery,  went  to  Harvard  College. 

Hopkins,  I'.skk,  was  the  first  commodore  of 
the  American  navy.      He  was  born  at  Scituate, 


K\  I.,  in    1718;  died  at   North  Provid.  I 

1808.     Qoveruor  Cooke  c missioned 


HOPKINS 


645     HORNET  AND  PEACOCK,  BATTLE  OF 


him  a  brigadier-general  at  the  breaking-out  of  | 
tin-  Revolution.  In  December,  177.">,  Congress 
commissioned  bim  commander-in-chief  of  the 
inchoate  navy,  and  be  pnt  to  sea  in  the  first 
squadron  in  February,  1776,  consisting  of  four 
ships  and  three  sloops,  sailing  for  the  Bahama 
Islands.  There  he  captured  a  large  quantity  of 
ordnance  stores  and  aininnniti and  one  hun- 
dred cam s.    He  captured  two  British  vessels 

on  his  return.  Complaint  was  made  thai  he  had 
not  annoyed  the  British  ships  on  the  Southern 
coast,  and  he  was  arraigned  before  the  Naval 
Committee  of  Congress,  on  the  charge.  He  was 
acquitted,  but  unavoidable  delays  in  getting 
vessels  to  sea  afterwards  caused  other  charges 
to  be  made,  and  he  was  dismissed  the  service, 
Jan.  2,  17T7.  During  his  long  life  he  exerted 
^iiat  political  influence  in  Rhode  Island. 

Hopkins,  SAMUEL,  D.D.,  father  of  the  Ameri- 
can Colonization  Societj  |  w  bich  see),  and  of  the 
so-called  Hopkinsian  divinity, known  as  Hop- 
kinsian  Calvinism.  He  was  born  at  Waieibury, 
Conn.,  in  September,  1721  :  died  at  Newport, 
K.  I..  Dec.  20,  1803.  Graduated  at  Yale  College 
in  1741,  he  studied  divinity  with  Jonathan  Ed- 
wards, and  became  a  pastor  in  17 13.  He  Bettled 
in  Newport  in  177i>.  but, during  the  British  oc- 
cupation of  that  place,  his  paiisfa  was  so  much 
Impoverished  that  he  was  compelled  to  live  on 

weekly  contributions  and   the  voluntary  aid  of 

a  few  friends  the  remainder  of  his  life.  New- 
peri  was  a  -real  slave-mart,  and  Dr.  Hopkins 
powerfully  opposed  the  traffic.  So  early  a-.  177:! 
he  formed  a  plan  for  evangelizing  Africa  and 
colonizing  it  with  free  negroes  from  America. 
He  exerted  such  iuflueuce  against  slavery  that, 
in  177  1.  Rhode  Island  passed  a  law  forbiddiug 
the  importation  of  negroes  into  the  colony,  and, 
early  in  17*1,  the  Legislature  declared  that  all 
children  horn  after  the  following  March  should 

he  tree. 

Hopkins,  STEPHEN,  I.I.I'-,  one  of  the  signers 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  w  as  l.oru  at 
Scituate.  R.  I..  March  7,  1707;  died  at  Providence, 
July  L9,  17*.").  He  was  engaged  in  early  Life  iu 
mercantile  business  and  laud-surveying;  he- 
came  an  active  member  of  the  Rhode  Island 
Legislature,  and  was  speaker  of  the  Assembly 
fio m  i'.A'i  till  1741.  In  17o!)  be  was  chief-jus- 
tice of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  and  of  the 
Supreme  Conn  from  17.">1  to  1754.  Mr.  Hopkins 
was  a  delegate  in  the  Colonial  Convention  at 
Albany  in  1754,  and  one  of  the  committee  who 
drew  up  a  plan  of  union.  From  1754  to  1768  be 
was  governor  of  Rhode  Island,  excepting  four 
years.  He  w  as  a  member  of  the  first  Continen- 
tal Congress,  and  remained  in  that  body  from 
1776  to  1778.  He  had  been  from  the  beginniug 
a  stanch  oppOSer  of  the  oppressive  measures  of 

Parliament.     He  was  one  of  the  committee  that 

dialled  the  articles  of  Confederal  ion  (which 
see);  was  a  good  mathematician,  and  was  for 
many  years  chancellor  of  Brown  University. 
Notwithstanding  his  defective  early  education, 
Mr.  Hopkins's  knowledge  of  literature,  science, 
and  political  economy  was  varied  and  exten- 
sive. 


Hopkinson,  Franxis,  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  Declaration  of  Independence,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia  in  1738  ;  died  there!  May  9,  1791. 
He  graduated  at  Princeton  in  17(3:5.  In  1765  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar;  visited  England;  and 
on  his  return  married  Miss  Borden,  of  Bordeu- 
tovvn,  N.  J.  His  republican  principles  caused 
his  removal  from  a  lucrative  office  in  New  Jer- 
sey. He  was  a  member  of  Congress  in  1776-77, 
and  was  distinguished  during  the  Revolution 
by  political  and  satirical  writings.  His  best 
known  is  The  Battle  of  the  Key*.  He,  was  for 
several  years  Commissioner  of  the  Loau-oftice, 
and  was  Judge  of  Admiralty  for  ten  years — 
177&-89. 

Hopkinson,  JOSEPH,  author  of  Hail,  Columbia, 

was  a  son  of  Francis,  and  was  born  in  Philadel- 
phia, Nov.  12, 1778 ;  died  there,  Jan.  15, 1842.  He 
graduated  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
became  a  lawyer  of  much  repute,  and  was  the 
leading  counsel  of  Dr.  Push  in  his  suit  against 
Cobbett.  (See  Cobbetfi  Revenge.)  He  was  also 
counsel  forJudgeChase  in  his  impeachment  trial. 
(See  Chase,  Samuel.)  As  a  member  of  Congress 
( 1816-20),  he  distinguished  himself  by  his  course 
on  the  tariff  question,  and  by  his  opposition  to 

a  recharler  of  the  United  Slates  Bank.  In  1828 
Mr.  Hopkinson  was  appointed  Judge  of  the 
United  Slates  District  Court  of  eastern  Penn- 
sylvania, an  office  which  his  father  and  grand- 
father had  held.  He  was  a  leading  member  of 
the  convention  that  revised  the  Constitution  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1837.  Mr.  Hopkinson  was  Vice- 
President  of  the  American  Philosophical  Socie- 
ty. His  best-known  literary  production  is  Hail, 
Columbia  (which  see  i. 

Homet  and  Peacock,  BATTLE  or  THE.  Af- 
ter the  capture  of  the  .lam  (see  Constitution  and 
Jura)  Bainbridge  left  the  sloop-of-war  Hornet, 
Commander  James  Lawrence,  to  blockade  the 
Bonne  dtoyenne,  an  English  vessel  laden  with 

treasure  in  the  harbor  of  San  Salvador,  on  the 
eoasl  of  Brazil.  The  Hornet  was  driven  away 
bj  a  lamer  British  vessel,  and  on  the  -J4th  of 
February,  1813, she  fell  in  with  the  British  brig 
Peacock,  18  gnus,  Captain  Peake,  off  the  mouth 
of  the  Demerara  River.  The  Hornet,  gaiuing  a 
good  position,  with  quick  and  incessant  tiring, 
came  down  upon  the  Peacock,  closed  upon  her, 
and  in  this  advantageous  position  poured  in  her 
shot  w  ilh  so  much  vigor  for  fifteen  minutes  that 
her  antagonist  not  only  struck  her  colors,  but 
raised  the  union  in  a  position  that  indicated  a 
cry  of  distress.  Very  Boon  afterwards  the  main- 
mast of  the  Peacock  fell  and  went  over  her  side. 
She  was  sinking  when  officers  from  the  Hornet 
went  on  board  of  her.  Her  gUBB  Were  thrown 
o\  el  board,  t  lie  holes  made  by  balls  were  plugged, 
and  every  exertion  was  made  lo  keep  her  afloat 
until  her  wounded  could  be  removed,  but  iu  vain. 
She  rapidly  tilled  and  went  to  the  bottom  of  the 
sea,  taking  down  w  ilh  her  nine  British  and  three 
American  seamen.  Lawrence  sailed  immediate- 
ly for  the  United  Slates,  and  the  story  of  the  ex- 
ploit of  the  Hornet  created  a  profound  sensation. 

A  Halifax  newspaper  said :  "It  will  not  do  for 

our  vessels  to  light  those  of  the  Americans  sin- 


HORNET  AND  PENGUIN 


646 


HORNET  AND  PENGUIN 


gle-handed;  the;  are  a  dead  nip."  Public  hen-  vous  together  at  the  middle  of  March.  On  the 
ors  were  awarded  to  Lawrence,  and  Congress    23d  they  entered  the  port,  and  the  Hornet  waa 

voted  him  thanks  and  a  gold  medal.  The  cor-  about  to  cast  anchor,  when  a  Strange  sail  was 
poratioii  of  New  York  resolved  to  present  him  discovered  at  the  windward.  Biddle  iiumedi- 
with  the  freedom  of  the  city  (w  Inch  see),  with  a  |  ately  went  seaward  to  reconnoitre.     The  stran- 


MEDA1  AWARDED   TO   CAPTAIN   LAWRENCE    BY    I 


piece  of  plate  hearing  appropriate  devices  and  ger  came  down  before  the  wind,  and  a  little  be- 

inscriptions,  and  to  give  a  public  dinner  to  the  fore   two   o'clock   was   within    miisket-sbot  dis- 

offioera  and  crew-  of  the  Hornet     The  banquet  tanee  from  the  Hornet, displayed  English  colon, 

was  given  at  Washington  Hall,  on  Tuesday,  May  and  tired  a  gnu.     The  challenge   was  accepted 

4.  1813,  only  a  few  weeks  before  Lawrence  was  by  the  Hornet,  and  for  fifteen   minutes  a  sharp 

slain.     Art  and  song  made  coutributious  to  the  cannonade  was  kept  np.     Then  the  British  ves- 

praise   of  Lawrence,  and   the    pencil   caricature  scl  ran  down   npon   the  Hornet   witli  the   intell- 

made  fun  of  the  vanquished  British,  as  seen  in  tioo  of  boarding  her.     The  vessels  became  en- 

the   annexed   sketch,  which   was  published   by  tangled,  and  the  opportunity  for  boarding  was 

lust  by  the  refusal  of  the  men  of  the  Btrailgei 

to  undertake  it.  Biddle's  men,  on  the  contrary, 
ger  for  a  hand-to-hand  tight,  but.  as 
his  advantage  lay  with  his  guns,  he  would  not 
allow  it.   His  broadsides  terribly  raked  his  an- 
tagonist, and  in  a  few  minutes  she  was  sur- 
rendered.    Springing  npon  the  taffrail  to  in- 
quire if  she  had  actually  surrendered,  Biddle 
waa  Bred  upon  by  two  British  marines  and 
wounded  in  the  neck.     Hi-  BSSassina  were  in- 
stantly slain  by  ballets  tired  from  the  Hornet. 
The  latter  became  disentangled,  and  wore  to 
give  her  antagonist  a  broadside, when  twenty 
men  on  tin-  stranger  threw  up  their  hands  and 
asked  for  quarter.    The  conquered  vessel  had 
struck  her  colors  after  a  battle  of  twenty-three 
minutes.     She  was  tin'  brig  Penguin,  \-  gnus, 
Captain  Dickenson.    She  mounted  nineteen  ear- 
ri  age-guns,  besides  guna  in  her  top.  Her  comple- 
ment of  men  was  one   hundred  and  thirty-two, 
and  her  tin  and  weight  of  metal  was  the  BUM 
as  those  of  the  lluniit.     Tin-  latter  lost  one  man 
killed  and  ten  wounded.     The  loss  of  the  l'<  m/uiii 
was  unknown.     Among  her  slain  were  her  com- 
mander and  boatswain.     After  taking  from  Iter 
all  that  was  valuable,  Captain  Biddle  scuttled 
hei  (March  95), and  sin-  went  to  the  bottom  of 

the  deep  South  Atlantic  Ocean.      Special  honors 

were   bestowed   npon  Captain  Middle.     When 

he   arrived    at   New    Voik    a    public  dinner  was 

given  to  him.  and  his  native  town  (Phlladel- 

•    him  a  beautiful  service  of  silver* 


11UK.NET   AND    1KA(  (M  K. 

Charles,  a  Philadelpbian,  soon  after  the  victory. 
A  silver  medal  was  given  to  each  of  the  other 
officers  of  the  Hornet     The  officers  of  the  Pea- 

eoek  sent  a  public  letter  of  thanks  to  Lawrence 
for  his  generous  treatment  of  the  prisoners. 

Hornet  and  Penguin.      When    Decatur  de- 
parted  with   the  1'n  *<(li  nl    -it  1'rt  siili  lit  and  I'.ii- 

inmian)  be  ordered  the  remainder  of  bis  squad- 
ron to  rendezvous  at  the  port  of  Tristan  d'Aenn- 
ha.  the  principal  of  a  group  of  islands  in  the 

South  Atlantic,  in  latitude  :!?  south  and  U 
vest  from  Washington.  They  followed  the 
/  to  sea    Jan.  22,  1816  .not  knowing  bar 

fote,  and  the  Hornet,  I-  guna,  Captain  James 
Biddle,  and  lom  Bowlim  arrived  at  the  reudea- 


HORNET,  CHASE  OF  THE  6 

plate.  Congress  thanked  him  in  the  name  of 
tin-  Republic,  and  voted  him  a  gold  medal. 
Converting  the  Tarn  Bowline  into  a  cartel  ship, 
In-  M-nt  his  prisoners  in  bet  to  Rio  Janeiro. 

Hornet,  CHA8E  OF  THE.  When  sailing  tow- 
ards the  Indian  seas  on  the  morning  of  April  27, 
1815,  the  Hornet  ami  Peacock  were  close  together, 
and  Captain  Warrington,  of  the  latter,  signalled 
to  Kiddle,  of  the  former,  that  a  strange  vessel 
was  seen  in  the.  distance.  Both  sloops  started 
in  chase,  with  a  light  wind,  and  gained  on  the 
stranger.  The  Peacock  was  ahead,  and  on  the 
afternoon  of  the  28th  displayed  caution  in  her 
movements,  for  she  had  discovered  that  the 
Stranger  was  a  heavy  British  line-of-battle  ship, 
and  that  she  was  about  to  turn  upon  and  chase 
the  American  vessels.  Then  the  Peacock  and 
Jlorncl  spread  their  sails  for  flight.  The  latter 
was  in  greater  peril,  for  she  was  a  slower  sailer 
than  her  consort.  The  huge  Englishman  was 
gaining  upon  her.  Biddlo  began  to  lighten  her, 
and  dnriug  the  entire  night  of  the  28th  and  early 
morning  of  the  29th  the  chase  became  exceed- 
ingly interesting.  At  dawn  the  British  vessel 
was  within  gunshot  distance  of  the  Hornet,  on 
her  lee  quarter.  At  seven  o'clock  the  pursuer 
threw  out  British  colors  and  a  rear-admiral's 
Bag,  and  began  tiling.  Onward  the  Hornet  sped, 
casting  overboard  anchors,  shot,  cables,  spars, 

DOatB,  many  heavy  articles  on  deck  and  below, 
and  all  of  her  guns  but  one.  At  noon  the 
pursuer  was  within  a  mile  of  her,  and  again 
commenced    tiring.       Onward    the    Hornet    still 

sped,  her  oommauder  having  resolved  to  save 
his  ship  at  all  hazards.  By  consummate  sea- 
manship and  pmdence  he  did  so,  and,  with  her 
single  gnu,  and  without,  boat  or  anchor,  the 
lloniri  arrived  at  Xew  fork, June  '.».  l-l">.  The 
vessel  that  had  pursued  her  was  the  British 
ship  Comwallu,74  guns,  on  her  way  to  the  East 

Indies. 

Hosmer,  I  f  v i : i : 1 1  l    0.,  sculptor,  was  born  at 

"Wateibiirv.Mass.ii,  t.:i.  L830.  She  began  mod- 
elling in  clay  at  an  early  age,  and,  having  finish- 
ed her  education  in  school,  she  took  a  course  of 
anatomical  instruction  in  a  medical  college  at 
St.   Louis,  Mo.      She    made    a    bUSi    of  ••  I  lesper,'' 

in  marble,  in  1852,  which  attracted  much  atten- 
tion, and   her   father  ia    physician)  placed  her 

under    the    tuition    of   .Mr.  Gibson,   sculptor,  at 

Hi Her  beat-known  work     "  Beatrice  Cen- 

-  executed  lor  the  public  library  at  St. 

Louis.      She   s i    became   a  distinguished  and 

popular  artist  One  of  her  best  productions, 
finished  in  1859,  is  "  Zenobia  in  Chains."  Miss 
Hosmer  makes  Borne  her  permanent  abiding- 
place,  when-  she  is  constantly  and  profitably 
employed. 

Hospitality  to  the  Continental  Congress. 
The  Philadelphiai. s  gave  the  members  of  the 
Continental  Congress,  assembled  in  their  city 
in  Beptember,  177 1,  a  most  hospitable  reception. 
The  Carpenters'  Association,  themselves  warm 

patriots,  gave  them  the   free   use  of  their  hall  — 

the  famous  Carpenters'  Hall     and  their  library 

above;  and  the  directors  of  the  Library  Com- 
pany ..I  Philadelphia  requested  their  librarian 


7  HOUDOX 

to  furnish  the  members  of  the  Congress  with 
any  books  which  they  might  wish  to  use  during 
The  session.  They  were  also  recipients  of  un- 
bounded hospitality  at  the  hands  of  leading 
citizens,  among  whom  they  were  continually 
entertained  at  tables  sumptuously  provided. 
John  Adams  recorded  in  his  diary  an  entertain- 
ment given  by  a  young  lawyer,  a  member  of 
the  Society  of  Friends.  "This  plain  Friend," 
says  Adams,  "and  his  plain  though  pretty  wife, 
with  her  'thees'  and  '  thons,'  had  provided  a 
most  costly  entertainment  in  ducks,  bams, chick- 
ens, beef,  pig,  tarts,  creams,  onstards,  jellies,  fools, 
trifles,  floating  islands,  beer,  porter,  punch,  wine," 
etc.  His  diary  contains  notices  of  many  such 
entertainments  at  that  time. 

Hostile  Forces  in  the  "West  Indies  (1778). 
So  soon  as  1 )' Est  a ing's  destination  became  known 
in  England,  a  British  fleet,  under  Admiral  By- 
ron, was  sent  to  follow  him  across  the  Atlantic. 
It  did  not  arrive  at  New  York  until  late  in  the 
season.  Byron  proceeded  to  attack  the  French 
fleet  in  Boston  harbor.  His  vessels  were  dis- 
persed by  a  storm,  and  D'Estaing.  his  ships  per- 
fectly refitted, sailed  (Nov.  1. 1778)  for  the  West 
Indies,  then,  as  between  England  and  France, 
the  principal  seat  of  war.  On  the  same  day 
live  thousand  British  troops  sailed  from  New- 
York    for   the,    same   destination,  escorted    by   a 

strong  squadron.     The  English  fleet   arrived 

first,  and,  joining  some  other  vessels  already 
there,  proceeded  to  attack  the  Island  of  St. 
Lucia.  D'Estaing  unsuccessfully  tried  to  re- 
lieve it.  Soon  afterwards  Byron's  licet,  from 
the  northeast  coast,  arrived,  when  D'Estaing 
took  refuge  at  Martinique.  Byron  tried  in 
vain  to  draw  him  into  action,  and  then  started 
to  convoy,  a  part  of  the  way,  the  homeward- 
bound  West  Indiamen  of  the  mercantile  marine. 
During  his  absence  a  detachment  from  Marti- 
nique captured  the  English  island  of  St. Vincent. 
Being  largely  reinforced  soon  afterwards.  D'Es- 
taing sailed  with  his  whole  fleet  and  conquered 
the  island  of  (ireiiada.  Before  the  conipiest 
was  quite  completed  Byron  returned,  when  an 
indecisive  engagement  took  place,  and  the  much 
damaged  British  licet  put  into  St.  Christopher's. 
D'Estaing  then  sailed  (August,  1779)  to  escort, 
part  of  the  way,  the  homeward-bound  French 
West  Indiamen  ;  and,  ret  liming,  sailed  for  the 
coast  of  Georgia  to  help  the  Americans  to  re- 
cover that  slate. 

Houdon,  Jkax  Antoini:.  an  eminent  French 
sculptor,  was  born  in  Versailles,  March  20,1741; 
died  in  Paris,  July  l.">.  1828.  He  passed  ten  years 
at  Rome  in  the  study  of  the  antiques.  In  1785 
he  was  employed  to  make  a  marble  statue  of 
Washington  for  the  State  of  Virginia,  which 
now  stands  in  the  rotunda  of  the  state  Capitol 
at  Richmond.  He  visited  Mount  Vernon  and 
made  a  cast  of  the  living  face  only,  and.  after 

returning  to  France,  modelled  the  entire  full 

length  of  the  patriot.  That  original  cast  is  at. 
Mount  Vernon.  If  is  the  true  model  of  Wash- 
ington's face,  and  should  be  the  slanilard  por- 
trait, instead  of  that  of  Stuart,  in  which  the  art- 
ist avowedly  exaggerated.      (See  p.  G48.) 


HOUSATONIC 


HOUSTOX 


Housatonic,  Xew  England  Trading -post 
on  THE.  Denied  a  footiug  on  the  Delaware  by 
the  Dutch,  the  New-Englanders  pressed  their 
encroachments  towards  the  Upper  Hudson. 
High  up  on  the  Housatonic  River  they  estab- 
lished a  trading-post,  as  the  Dntch  alleged,  to 
draw  off  the  Indian  trade  from  them. 


of  Burgesses,  the  name  given  to  the 
collected  representatives  of  boroughs  in  Vir- 
ginia when  representative  government  was  first 
established  there  under  the  administration  of 
Governor  Yeardly.  That  body  was  elected  by 
the  people,  and  at  first  consisted  of  two  rep- 
resentatives from  seven  corporations.  These, 
with  the  governor  and  Council,  formed  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  of  Virginia.  That  general  form 
of  government  was  maintained  until  that  col- 
ony became  an  independent  state  in  1776.  That 
Hist  House  of  Burgesses  assembled  at  .lames- 
town  in  July.  1619,  and  by  the  end  of  summer 
four  more  boroughs  were  established  and  rep- 
resentatives chosen.  The  character  of  the  prr- 
sinuiti  ot  that  popnlar  branch  of  the  Virginia 

Legislature  for  many  years  was  sometimes  se- 
verely criticised  by  contemporary  writers.  A 
Clergyman  who  lived  there  wrote  tliat  the  popu- 
lar Assembly  was  composed  largely  of  those  un- 
ruly men  whom  King  .lames  had  sent  over  Prom 
the  Bnglisfa  prisons  ms  servants  for  the  plant- 
ers, ami  were  not  only  vieious.  but  very  igno- 
rant. These  men  (Stitb.  an  accurate  historian 
observes)  disgraced  the  colony  iu  the  eyes  of  the 

world.  Finally  better  material  found  its  WBJ 
into  the  House  of  BnrgeSSM  :   and  w  Inn  tli.'  old 

war  for  independence  was  kindling,  some  of  the 
brightest  ami  purest  men  in  the  commonwealth 


H0UD01)  S    MASK   OF   WASHINGTON'S   FACE. 


composed  that  House,  and  were  the  conserva- 
tors of  the  rights  of  man  in  Virginia  as  opposed 
to  the  governor  and  his  council. 

Houston  and  Texas.  Samuel  Houston,  the 
hero  of  Texan  independence,  was  governor  of 
that  state  when  the  Secessionists,  in  convention, 
declared  its  withdrawal  from  the  Union.  The 
convention  officially  informed  the  governor  of 
the  act,  and  that  they  had  instructed  their  ap- 
pointed delegates  to  ask  for  the  admission  of 
Texas  into  the  "Southern  Confederacy."  To 
this  communication  Houston  promptly  replied, 
in  substance,  that  the  convention  had  trans- 
cended its  delegated  powers;  that  its  acts  were 
usurpations;  and  that  he  should  consider  it  his 
duty  to  act  as  governor  until  the  Legislature  of 
the  state  should  take  action  in  the  matter,  re- 
gardless of  all  alleged  changes  in  the  political 
relations  of  the  state.  This  reply  produced 
great  excitement.  Believing  the  governor  was 
about  to  assemble  the  militia  of  the  state  to  re- 
sist the  convention,  that  body  passed  an  ordi- 
nance (March  B,  1861)  which  defied  his  author- 
ity. Then  the  venerable  Houston,  in  a  stirring 
address  to  the  people,  recounted  his  services 
and  his  trials,  and  complained  bitterly  of  the 
"  usurpations"  of  the  convention,  which,  be  said, 

"  had  transferred  the  people,  like  sheep  from  the 
shambles,  from  the  Union  to  an  unlawful  league." 

Loving  Texas  too  well  to  do  aughl  that  should 
kindle  civil  war  11)1011  its  soil, he  said  he  should 
not  attempt,  under  the  circumstances,  to  exer- 
cise his  authority  as  governor,  nor  would  he 

take    the   oath   of  allegiance   to   the  '•Southern 

Confederacy." 

Houston,  svMiit.  ihsi  Presidenl  of  Texas, 

was  born  near  Lexington,  Va..  March  2,  1798; 
died  at  Huntsvllle,  Tex.,  Jul]  86,1863.  His 
family  went   to  Tennessee  in  his  early  days, 

w  here  the  Cherokee  Indians  adopted  him  as  one 

id'  their  nation,     lie  served  with  distinction  un- 


HOVEY  AND  WASHM'RXE'S  RAID       649 


HOWARD 


dor  Jackson  in  the  Creek  War,  in  1813-14,  and 
was  severely  wounded.  Leaving  the  army  in 
1818,  he  became  a  lawyer,  and  was  a  member 
of  Congress  from  1823  to  1827.     He  was  govern- 


or of  Tennessee  in  1827,  and  afterwards  lived 
among  the  Clierokecs.  as  t  In  i  r  legal  protector 
from  fraud.  Emigrating  to  Texas,  lie  took  a 
leading  part  in  its  public  affairs.  Instrumental 
in  achieving  its  independence  (1836),  he  was 
elected  its  Bral  President  that  year;  also  from 
1*41   to  1844.     He  favored  the  annexation  of 

Texas  to  the  United  States,  and  was  (dieted  its 
lirst  United  States  Senator  in  1846.  In  that  po- 
sition hi'  remained  until 
1849,  «  hen  h.'  was  chosen 
governor  of  Texas.  He  op- 
posed the  secession  and  in- 
surrectionary movements 
in  t  hat  state  w  itli  all  his 
Blight,   and    retired    from 

office  rather  than  take  the 

oath   of  allegiance   to  the 

Southern  Confederacy. 

Hovey  and  Wash- 
bume'sRaid.  While  Gen- 
eral Pemberton  was  con- 
fronting General  Grant  on 

the  Tallahatchie,   late    in 

1862,  Generals  Hovej  and 

Washburne  crossed  the 

Mississippi,  and,  with  their  cavalry,  made  snob 

destructive  raids  upon  tin-  railways  in  Northern 

Mississippi    that    the   Confederate's   fell    hack    to 

Grenada     They  had  broken  up  railways  and 

destroyed  rolling-stock  on  which  the  Confeder- 
ates greatly  depended. 

Howard, .lid in  Eager,  was  born  in  Baltimore 
County.  Md.,  Jane  4.  1758;  died  there,  Oct.  IS, 
1827.      He  was  a  captain  in   Hull's  regiment   at 

the  battle  of  White  I 'la  ins.     lie  became  a  major 

in  the  Continental  army  in  1777,  and  was  <li  — 
tingnished  in  the  battle  of  Germantown.  He 
was  in  tli,.  battle  of  Monmouth  (  which  see),  and 
was  made  lieutenant-colonel.  In  1780  he  was  de- 
tailed, with  the  Maryland  ami  Delaware  troops, 
to sci  ve  in  the  Southern  Department.  In  Gates's 
defeat,  mar  Camden,  he  participated,  and  ho  led 


the  Continental  infantry  in  the  battle  of  the 
Cowpena,  at  one  time  bidding  in  his  hands  the 
swords  of  seven  surrendered  British  officers.  For 
his  coudtiet  there  Congress  voted  him  a  silver 


JOHN'    KAOKIt    HOWARD. 

medal.  It  was  the  firal  occasion  during  the  old 
war  for  independence  in  which  the  bayonet  was 
effectively  used.  He  was  distinguished  in  the 
battles  of  Guilford,  Hobkirk's  Hill,  and  Eutaw 
Spring,  and  was  severely  wounded  in  the  latter 
engagement.  After  the  war  he  married  a  daugh- 
ter of  chief-justice  Chew,  of  Pennsylvania.    He 


MKIl.VL    AWAItllEI)    TO    COI.ONKI.    HOW   U!l). 


was  a  member  of  CongTOBS  1783  38),  and  gov- 
ernor of  Maryland  from  1789  to  17',»v>.  Colonel 
Howard  was  a  member  of  the  Maryland  Senate 
m  1795,  and  United  States  Senator  from  1796  to 
1803.  He  was  uamed  by  Washington  for  one  of 
his  brigadier-generals  in  1798.    When  Baltimore 

was  threatened  in  1S14.  Howard  placed  himself 
at  the  head  of  aged  men  armed  for  its  defence. 

Howard,  Ot.nti:  Oris.  LI..D..  was  born  at 
Leeds,  Me., Nov. 8, 1830.  Be  graduated  at  Bow- 
doiu  College  in  I860, and  at  Weal  Poiui  in  l>.">4. 

entering  the  Ordnance  Corps,  and  becoming  in- 
structor in  mathematics  at  West  Point  in  is;»7. 
Ho  took  command  of  a  Maine  volunteer  regi- 
ment in  Jane,  1861,  and  commanded  a  brigade 

at  the  battle  of  Hull's  Ran.  In  September  ho 
was   made   a  brigadier-general.      At    the    battle 


HOWE 


650 


HOWE 


of  Fair  Oaks,  or  Seven  Pines  (which  see),  he  I 
lost  his  right  ami.  After  the  battle  ofAntdetam 
(which  Bee)  he  commanded  Sumner's  corps ;  and 
while  Hooker  led  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  in 

1863,  he  was  in  command  of  the  Eleventh  Corps. 


OLIVER  OTIS  HOWARD. 

Howard  was  conspicuous  at  Gettysburg  (which 
sec),  and  in  Lookout  Valley  and  Missionaries' 
Ridge;  also  in  the  relief  of  Knoxville,  late  in 
the  year.  Be  was  in  command  of  the  Army 
of  the  Tennessee  in  1864,  and  was  in  all  of  the 
battles  in  the  Atlanta  campaign.  The  right  of 
.Sherman's  army,  on  its  march  to  the  sea,  was 
commanded  by  How  aid,  as  well  as  in  the  march 
through  the  Carolinas  afterwards.  In  Decem- 
ber, 1864,  he  was  made  a  brigadier-general  in 
the  United  States  Army,  and  was  afterwards 
breveted  major-general.  At  the  conclusion  of 
the  war.  General  Howard  was  made  commis- 
sioner of  the  Frcedmen's  Bureau,  and  held  the 
office  until  the  bureau  was  closed,  in  June, 
1872.  Trustee  and  president  of  Howard  Uni- 
versity, he  resigned  in  April,  187:!.  and  was  ap- 
pointed special  commissioner  to  the  Indians  in 
March,  1872.  lie  was  afterwards  appointed  to  the 
command  of  a  department  on  the  Pacific  coast. 
Howe,  El. l.\s.  .It:.,  inventor  of  a  sewing-ma- 
chine, was  liorn  at  Spencer.  .Mass.,  .Inly  !•.  1819; 
died  in  Brooklyn,  L.  I.,  Oct. 3,  1867.  In  1835  he 
engaged  in  manufacturing  cotton-mill  machin- 
ery at  Lowell,  and  contrived  the  sewing-ma- 
chine of  which  he  was  the  inventor,  producing 
his  first  machine,  with  pecuniary  assistance 
from  a  friend,  in  May,  1845,  and  patented  it  in 
September,  1846.     Public  indifference,  violation 

of  his  rights,  and  extreme  poverty  tended  to 
discourage  him.  hut  it  did  not.      In  L854  he  was 

enabled  to  establish  his  legal  claim  to  priority 
of  invention.  Then  a  llood-tide  of  prosperity 
flowed  in.  and  by  the  time  his  patent  expired,  in 
September,  1867,  he  had  realized  about$2,000,000. 

At  the  Paris  exposition  that  year,  he  received  a 
gold  medal  and  tin-  (loss  of  the  Legion  ol  Honor. 

Id'  had  contributed  largely  in  support  <>i  the 
goven ml  during  the  Civil  War.  and.  until  his 

health  failed,  did  dlltj   as  a  private  soldier  in  a 

Connection!  regiment. 


Howe,  fiEXF.KAI.,  ABANDONS  NEW  Jersey. 
The  campaign  of  1777  was  long  delayed.  The 
British  army,  not  having  received  its  supply  of 
tents,  as  well  as  reinforcements  and  stores,  did 
not  move  until  towards  the  middle  of  June. 
Washington  had  watched  all  Howe's  movements 
with  much  anxiety  and  perplexing  uncertain- 
ty. Whether  he  would  move  up  the  Hudson  or 
mi  Philadelphia  was  a  question  that  caused 
Washington  to  make  disposition  of  his  troops 
to  meet  either  enterprise.  He  moved  a  large 
portion  of  his  main  army  from  Morristown  to 
Middlebrook,  twelve  miles  from  Princeton,  leav- 
ing Putnam,  with  a  division  of  Eastern  troops, 
in  the  Highlands.  Howe  moved  out  of  New 
Brunswick  (June  13)  with  the  apparent  design 
of  forcing  his  way  to  Philadelphia.  As  Wash- 
ington had  only  eight  thousand  men  with  him, 
he  called  troops  from  the  Highlands,  and  the 
New  Jersey  militia  turned  out  in  force  to  aid 
him.  Howe's  real  object  seems  to  have  been 
to  draw  Washington  into  an  engagement,  for 
he  had  another  plan  for  reaching  Philadelphia. 
He  made  a  sudden  and  rapid  retreat,  evacu- 
ated New  Brunswick,  and  fell  hack  to  Am- 
boy.  Washington  sent  Stirling,  with  his  divis- 
ion, to  the  low  ground,  and  moved  with  the 
main  army  to  Quihhletow  n.  Then  Howe  turn- 
ed suddenly,  to  gain  the  rear  of  the  Americans, 
when  Washington  fell  hack  to  his  strong  posi- 
tion at  Middlebrook, where  Howe  did  not  choose 
to  attack  him.  In  that  movement  Stirling's  di- 
vision lost  a  few  nun  and  three  pieces  of  artil- 
lery.    Howe  now  abandoned  New  Jersey,  crossed 

over  to  Staten  Island,  and  there  embarked  his 
main  army,  about  sixteen  thousand  strong  (leav- 
ing Sir  Henry  Clinton,  with  live  thousand  men, 
to  hold  New  York), to  co-operate  with  Burgoyne, 

who  was  to  descend  from  the  St.  La  w  renee.  in 
defending  the  city  from  assault.  Howe  final- 
ly sailed,  in  his  brother's  fleet,  for  Chesapeake 
Bay. 

Howe,  George  Augustus  (Viscount),  born 
1724;  killed  uear  Tioouderoga,  July  8,  17.".-.   He 

succeeded  to  his  father's  title  w  hen  he  was  elev- 
en years  of  age.  In  17.">7  he  was  commissioned 
colonel  of  the  sixtieth  (Royal  American)  regi- 
ment. Later  in  the  year  he  was  made  colonel 
of  the  Fifty-fifth  Foot, and  soon  afterwards  brig- 
adier-general, and  sent  to  America  with  General 
Abercrombie  in  the  spring  of  1758.  He  led  the 
right  wing  of  the  army  in  the  expedition  against 
TlCOnderoga.  At  the  head  of  an  advanced  par- 
ty, he  met  a  detachment  of  French  troops  in  the 
forest  between  the  foot  of  Lake  George  and  Ti- 
COnderoga,  and  in  a  skirmish  with  them  was 
killed  at  the  outset.  His  body  was  taken  back 
to  the  head  of  the  lake,  and  thence  to   Albany, 

by  young  Major  Philip  Schuyler,  where  it  was 
entombed  in  the  family  vault  of  the  Schnylere. 
There  it  remained  several  years.  The  remains 
were  finally  placed  in  a  leaden  coffin,  and  da- 
posited  under  the  chancel  of  St.  Peter's  Church. 

in  Albany.    When  his  remains  were  taken  tV 

the  vault,  his  hair,  which  had  been  cut  short  as 
an  example  for  his  soldiers,  had  grown  to  lone;. 
Bowing,  and  beautiful  hnks.  The  province  of 
Massachusetts  erected  a  monument  to  his  mcin- 


HOWE  6 

ory  in  Westminster  Abbey.  Lord  ITowo  was 
elder  brother  <>l'  Richard  and  William  Howe, 
who  came  to  li^lit  the  Americans  in  their  war 
for  independence.  His  fall  was  regarded  as  an 
ill  omen  in  the  army,  and  produced  almost  uni- 
versal consternation  and  languor.  Mante  says, 
"With  biui  the  soul  of  the  expedition  seemed  to 
expire."  Abercroinbie  returned  with  his  troops 
to  Albany. 

Howe,  Richard  (Earl),  horn  March  19, 1725; 
died  August  .">,  1799.  Educated  at  Westminster 
and  Eton,  be  succeeded  to  the  Irish  viscounty 
anil  the  family  estate  on  the  death  of  his  broth- 
er, killed  near  Ticouderoga  in  L758.  In  1731)  lie 
was  a  midshipman  in  Anson's  fleet,  and  was 
made  post-captain  for  gallantry  in  174.">.  He 
BBtered  Parliament  iii  IT.'iT,  and  in  17<>5  was 
made  Treasurer  of  the  British  Navy.  In  Octo- 
ber, 177D,  he  was  promoted  to  rear-admiral  of 
the  lilne,  and  iii  177li  was  sent  to  command  the 
British  fleet  ou  the  American  station,  charged 
with  a  commission,  jointly  with  his  brother,  to 
make  peace  with  or  war  upon  the  Americans. 
They  failed  to  secure  peace,  and  made  war.  Af- 
ter leaving  the  Delaware  \\  ith  his  fleet,  in  1778, 

he  had  an  encounter  off  Rhode  Island  with  a 
French  licet,  under  the  Count  D'Kstaing,  when 
he  disappeared  from  the  American  waters.  In 
17^—J  he  was  mad.'  admiral  of  the  Bine,  ami  cre- 
ated an  English  viscount  ;  and  in  September 
of  that  year  he  relieved  Gibraltar,  and  received 

the  thanks  of  both  Houses  <>{'  Parliament.  In 
17-7  he  was  made  admiral  of  the  White, and  ill 
August  the  next  year  was  raised  to  au  earldom. 


men  uin  now  t. 

Because  of  a  complete  viotory  over  the  French, 

winch  be  obtained  iii  1794,  be  was  rewarded 
with  a  gold  medal,  the  Older  of  the  Gaiter,  and 

the  o Ilission  of  admiral  of  the  fleet,  which  he 

resigned  in  17'J7.  His  last  Bervice  in  the  royal 
navy  was  persuading  mutineers  at  Spitbead  to 
return  to  duty.  In  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  a  line 
monument  was  elected  to  the  memory  of  Admi- 
ral Howe. 

Howe,  Bobkbt,  was  a  native  of  Brunswick, 

N '.  c.  History  bears  no  record  of  bis  private 
hfe.     He  was  iii  the  Legislature  in  177:?.     He 

appeal*   to   have   been   one    of  the   earliest    and 

most  uncompromising  of  the  patriots  of  the 
Cape  Pear  region,  for  we  And  him  honored  with 
an  exception, together  with  Cornelius  Harnett. 

when   royal  clemency   was  offered  to   the    rebels 


I  HOWE 

by  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  in  1776.  He  was  appoint- 
ed colonel  of  the  first  North  Carolina  regiment, 
and  with  his  command  went  early  into  the  field 
of  Revolutionary  strife.  In  December,  1775,  he 
joined  Woodford  at  Norfolk,  in  opposition  to 


ROBERT   HOWE. 

Lord  Duninore  and  his  motley  army.  For  his 
gallantry  during  this  campaign,  Congress,  on 
the  29th  of  February,  177*5,  appointed  him,  with 
five  others,  brigadier-general  in  the  Continen- 
tal army,  and  ordered  him  to  Virginia.  In  the 
spring  of  1770,  British  spite  towards  General 
Howe  was  exhibited  by  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  who 
sent  Cornwallis,  with  nine  hundred  men,  to  rav- 
age his  plantation  near  old  Brunswick  village. 
He  was  placed  in  chief  command  of  the  South- 
ern troops  iii  177S,  and  was  unsuccessful  in  an 
expedition  against  Florida  and  in  the  defence 
of  Savannah.  His  conduct  was  censured,  but 
without  just  cause.  Among  others  whose  voices 
were  raised  against  him  was  Christopher  Gads- 
den, of  Charleston.  Howe  required  him  to  deny 
or   retract.     Gadsden    would   do   neither,  and   a 

duel  ensued.  They  met  at  Cannonsburg,  and 
all  the  damage  either  sustained  was  a  scratch 
upon  the  ear  of  Gadsden  by  Howe's  ball. 

Howe,  Samuel  Ghidi.ky,  M.D.,  was  born  in 
Boston.  Mass.,  Nov.  10,  1801  ;  died  there,  Jan.  6, 
1876.  He  graduated  at  Browu  University  in 
1821,  became  a  physician,  and,  sympathizing 
with  the  Greeks  in  their  struggle  for  indepen- 
dence, went  there  in  1824,  and  served  as  a  sur- 
geon in  the  army  and  in  Other  capacities  until 
1830.  In  1831  he  became  interested  in  the  es- 
tablishment of  an  institution  for  the  blind  in 
BostOU.  'flic  Perkins  Institute  was  the  result. 
It  was  put  in  operation  in  1832,  with  Dr.  Howe 
at  the  head  of  it.  In  that  institution,  through 
the  unwearied  efforts  of  Dr.  Howe,  Laura  Bridg- 
inan,  a  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind  girl,  became  edu- 
cated. Dr.  Howe,  while  in  Europe,  preparatory 
to  opening  the  institution,  engaged  a.  little  in 
polities,  and  was  in  a  Prussian  prison  about  six 
weeks.  He  was  ever  act  i  ve  in  every  good  work. 
He  went  to  Greece  again  in  1867,  as  bearer  of 
supplies  to  the  Cretans  ill  their  struggle  with 
the  Turks.  In  L871  be  was  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners sent  by  the  government  of  the  United 
States  to  Santo  Dnillitlgo  to  report  upon  the  an- 
nexation of  that  island  to  the  American  Repub- 


iiowe 


052 


HUDDY  AND  ASGILL 


He. — Jn.iA  Ward,  wife  of  Dr.  Howe,  was  bom 
in  New  York  in  1819,  and  is  distinguished  for 
her  literary  talents  and  benevolent  work. 

Howe,  William,  was  born  Aug.  10, 1729;  died 
July  12,  1814.  He  was,  by  illegitimate  descent, 
uncle  of  George  111.  He  entered  the  army  as  cor- 
net of  dragoons,  and  distinguished  himself  un- 
der Wolfe  at  QdebeC.  -Made  colonel  of  infant  ry 
in  l?ii4.  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  major -general  in 
1772.  In  May.  177"),  he  arrived  at  Boston  with 
reinforcements  for  General  Gage.  At  that  time 
there  was  much  reluctance  among  British  offi- 
cers to  serve  against  the  American  colonists. 
The  Karl  of  Effingham  and  the  eldest  son  of 
William  l'itt  resigned  their  commissions  rather 
than  engage  in  the  unnatural  service;  and  Gen- 
eral Oglethorpe,  the  senior  general  of  the  royal 
army,  declined  the  proffered  service  of  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  British  army  in  America. 
After  Gage's  recall,  it  was  offered  to  General 
Howe,  and  accepted.  He  was  in  chief  command 
in  the  battle  on  Bunker's  (Breed's)  Hill  (Juue  17, 
177.")),  and  when  forced  to  leave  Boston  (March, 
1776)  be  went  with  his  troops  to  Halifax.  In 
August,  the  same  year,  he  landed  a  large  num- 
ber of  troops  on  Staten  Island,  near  New  York. 
With  them  the  Americans  were  defeated  in  bat- 
tle on  Long  Island  (Aug.  27,  1770),  and  for  this 
he  was  soon  afterwards  knighted.  He  took  pos- 
sess  f  New  York  city  Sept.  15,  and  was  de- 
feated in  battle  at  White  Plains.  Oct.  28.  (Sec 
White  Plains,  Battle  of.)  On  the  16th  of  No\  em- 
ber he  captured  Fort  Washington,  on  New  York 
island,  and  in  July,  1777,  he  sailed  in  the  fleet 
of  bis  brother,  Admiral  Howe,  for  Chesapeake 
Bay.  Marching  for  Philadelphia,  he  defeated 
Washington  in  battle  on  Brandy  win.'  (reek 
(Sept.  11,  1777),  and  entered  Philadelphia  on 
the  26th  of  September.  Howe  repulsed  an  at- 
tack made  by  Washington  (Oct.  4)  at  (icrinan- 
town, and  spent  the  ensuing  winter  in  Philadel- 
phia. In  May,  1778,  he  was  succeeded  by  Su- 
llenly Clinton,  and  returned  to  England.  Sir 
William  was  made  lieutenant-general  of  ord- 
nance in  17S2,  and  in  1786  colonel  of  dragoons 
and  full  general.  In  1795  he  was  appointed 
governor  of  Berwick,  and  on  the  death  of  his 
brother,  in  171)'.),  succeeded  to  his  Irish  viscounty. 
Howe  was  governor  of  Plymouth  and  a  Privy- 
Councillor  at  the  lime  of  his  death. 

Howe,  William,  Commander  of  the  Brit- 
ish ARMY  in  Ami  i:n  \.  The  ministry  resolved 
to  raise  the  military  force  in  Boston  to  ten  thou- 
sand   men,  and   supersede    the    incapable   Gage. 

The  < inland  was  offered  to  General  Amherst, 

who  declined  it ;  it  was  then  offered  to  William 
Howe,  a  man  of  interior  genius  as  a  military 
commander.  "  Is  it  a  proposition  or  order  from 
the  king  .'"  he  asked,  w  hen  it  was  offered.  When 
told   it   was  :iu  order,  he  said.  "  It   is  my  duty   to 

obey  it."  His  constituents  in  Nottingham  re- 
proached him.  saving,  •• x  our  brother  died  then 
(see  Howe,  George  Augustus)  in  the  cause  of  free- 
dom; the  Americans  have  shown  their  gratitude 
to  your  name  and   family  by  erecting  a  inoiiu- 

inciii  to  him."    "If  you  go,"  said  some  of  them, 

••  we  hope  yon  inaj  tall." 


Howe's  Expedition  against  St.  Augustine 
(1778).  In  retaliation  for  incursions  from  Flor- 
ida  Bee  Florida,  Inovntone  firom),  General  Robert 

Howe,  at  the  head  of  two  thousand  Americans, 
mostly  militia  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia, 
attempted  the  capture  of  St.  Augustine.  He  met 
with  very  little  opposition  before  he  reached  the 
St.  Mary  River,  where  the  British  had  erected  a 
fort,  called  Tonyn.  in  compliment  to  the  govern- 
or of  the  province.  On  the  approach  of  Howe 
they  destroyed  the  fort;  and.  after  some  slight 
skirmishing,  retreated  towards  St.  Augustine. 
But  the  Americans  were  driven  back  from  Flor- 
ida by  a  fever  which  swept  away  nearly  one 
fourth  of  their  number,  and  rendered  their  re- 
treat absolutely  necessary. 

Howitzer,  A.  is  a  short  cannon,  or  species  of 
mortar,  of  iron  or  brass.  They  are  generally 
four  or  five  feet  long  and  ten  inches  in  diame- 
ter. There  are  mountain  howitzers,  sometimes 
carried  on  horseback,  weighing  220  pounds,  the 

whole  length  about  :?7  inches,  and  diameter  of 

bore  4£  inches.  The  range  varies, according  to 
elevation,  from  150  to  1000  yards. 

Hubbardton,  Battle  at  (1777).     Generals 

Eraser  and  Kicdesel,  with  British  and  German 
troops,  began  a  pursuit  of  the  Americans  as  soon 
as  their  flight  from  Tieondemga  was  discover- 
ed. They  overtook  their  rear-guard,  about  1200 
strong  (July  7,  1777),  at  Hnbbardton,  Yt.  The 
main  body  of  St.  Clair's  anuj  had  marched 
towards  Cast  leton.  leaving  the  rear-guard,  under 

Colonel  Seth  Warner,  to  gather  up  stragglers. 
While  waiting  their  arrival,  Warner  was  struck 
by  the  van  of  the  pursuers,  and  a  sharp  engage- 
ment took  place.  Colonel  Francis,  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, was  killed.   The  Americans  were  dispersed. 

and  fled, excepting 200  who  were  made  prisoners. 
The  pursuers  lost  almost  as  many  in  killed  and 
wounded,  and  soon  gave  up  the  chase.  Si. (lair. 
with  about  2000  men.  made  his  wa\  through  the 

woods  to  Fort  Edward.  The  Americans  also 
lost  120  in  killed  and  wounded.  The  British 
captured  about  200  stand  of  arms. 

Huddy  and  Asgill.  Captain  Joseph  Huddy 
was  a  captain  in  tin-  New  Jersey  line  during  the 
Revolution.  Late  in  1781  he  was  in  charge  of  a 
block-bouse  on  Tom's  River,  Monmouth  County. 
N.J.  There  he  and  his  little  garrison  were  capt- 
ured in  March,  1782,  by  a  band  of  refugee  loy- 
alists Mm  bj  the  "  Board  of  Associated  Loyal- 
ists'1 of  New  York,  of  which  c\  -Governor  Frank- 
lin of  New  Jersey  was  president,  and  taken  to 
that  city.     On  April  8,  these  prisoners  were  put 

in  charge  of  Captain  Richard  Lippinoott,  a  New 

Jersej  loyalist,  who  took  them  in  a  sloop  to 
the   British  goard-sblp  at  Sandy  Hook.      There 

1 1 ikIiK  was  falsely  charged  with  being  concern- 
ed in' the  death  of  Philip  White,  a  desperate 
Tory,  who  was  killed  while  trying  to  BSOapS 
from  his  guard.  While  a  prisoner,  Huddy  was 
taken  bj  Lippinoott  to  a  point  at  the  foot  of  the 
Nawsiuk  Hills,  near  the  present  light  -  houses, 
and  there  hanged.     Lippinoott  affixed  R  label  to 

the  breast  of  the  mardered  Huddy,  on  which 

retaliation    was    threatened,  and    ending    wiih 

the  words,  "  1 1>  90m  Buddy  for  PkUif  WMssI" 


HUDDY  AND  ASGILL. 


G53 


HUDSON 


This  mnrder  created  intense  excitement  at  Free- 
hold, N.  J.,  where  Huddy  was  buried,  and  the 
leading  citizens  petitioued  Washington  to  re- 
taliate.  A  council  of  bis  officers  decided  in  favor 

of  retaliation,  and  that  Lippiucott,  the  leader, 
might  to  suffer.  He  was  demanded  of  Sir  Henry 
Clinton.  Congress  autborized  retaliation,  and 
fnun  among  several  British  officers,  prisoners  of 

war,  Captain  Charles  Asgill,  a  handsome  young 


CAPTAIN   CHARLES   ASGILL. 

officer,  twenty  rears  of  age,  and  son  of  Sir  Charles 
Asgill,  was  chosen  by  lot,  to  be  executed  imme- 
diately.    Washington  postponed  the  execution 

until  he  should  hear  from  Clinton  about  the 
surrender  of  Lippincott.  Clinton  at  once  con- 
demned the  action  of  Lippincott,  and  ordered 
(April  26)  the  Hoard  of  Associated  Loyalists  not 
to  remove  or  exchange  any  prisoners  of  war  with- 
out the  authority  of  the  cotnuiander-iu-chief.  He 
caused  the  arrest  of  Lippiucott  for  trial,  who 
claimed  that  be  acted  under  the  orders  of  the 
Board  of  Associated  Loyalists.  Franklin  tried 
to  get  li i in  to  si-u  a  paper  that  he  had  acted 
without  their  orders  or  approbation,  bnt  he 
stoutly  refused,  and  was  acquitted,  sir  Guy 
Carleton  succeeded  Clinton,  and  he  promised 
that  further  inquiry  in  the  matter  should  be 
had.  Meanwhile  mouths  elapsed  and  the  exe- 
cution «  as  postponed.  Lady  Asgill  appealed  to 
tin-  king  in  behalf  of  her  only  son.  she  also 
wrote  to  the  King  and  Queen  of  Pranoe  asking 
them  to  intercede  \%  i 1 1 1  Washington.  She  also 
wrote  a  touching  letter  to  Washington,  w  h<>  was 
disposed  to  save  the  young  officer,  if  possible. 
The  King  and  Queen  of  Prance  did  intercede, 
and  on  Nor.  5,  1782,  Congress  resolved,  ••  That 
the  oommander-in-cbief  be,  aud  hereby  is.  di- 
reeted  to  set  Captain  Asgill  at  liberty."  It  was 
done.  The  case  of  young  Asgill  had  created 
an  intense  interest  in  Europe,  and,  on  the  arrival 
of  every  ship  from  America  at  any  European 
port,  the  first  inquiry  was  about  the  fate  of  As- 
gill.  In  L836,  Congress  granted  to  Martha  Piatt, 
only  surviving  child  of  ("apt  a  in  Huddy,  then  sev- 
enth years  of  age,  $1200  in  money  and  600  acres 


in  land,  the  "  amount  due  Captain  Huddy  for 
seven  years'  service  as  captain  of  artillery."  As- 
gill succeeded  to  the  title  and  estate  of  his  father, 
and  rose  to  the  rank  of  general  in  the  British 
army.  The  famous  Madame  de  Sevigne"  made 
the  story  of  Captain  Asgill  the  groundwork  of 
a  tragic  drama. 

Hudson,  Henry,  was  born  about  the  mid- 
dle of  the  sixteenth  century.  He  was  an  ex- 
pert English  navigator,  and  was  first  employed 
by  English  merchants,  in  1607.  to  search  for  a 
northeastern  passage  to  India.  He  sailed  from 
Gravesend  on  the  1st  of  May,  1607,  in  a  small 
vessel  manned  by  only  ten  men  and  a  boy — the 
latter  bis  son.  In  latitude  80°,  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  Greenland,  he  was  stopped  by  the  ice- 
pack. He  fought  the  ice-tloes  and  storms  for 
many  weeks,  and  then  returned  to  England  in 
September,  healing  only  the  fruit  of  tile  discov- 
ery of  the  island  of  Spitsbergen.  Neither  he 
nor  his  employers  were  disheartened,  and  late  in 
April,  1608,  be  sailed  again,  expecting  to  make  a 
passage  between  Spitzbergen  and  Nova  Zembla. 
Again  he  was  compelled  by  the  ice  to  turn  back. 
His  employers  were  now  discouraged,  and  Hud- 
son went  OVCT  to  Holland  and  ottered  his  services 
to  the  Dutch  East  India  Company,  and  they 
were  accepted.  On  the  6th  of  April.  1609,  be 
sailed  from  Amsterdam  in  the  JJttlf  Moon,  a 
stanch  vessel  of  ninety  tons,  and  steered  for 
Nova  Zembla.  Again  the  ice-barrier  forbade  bis 
entrance  to  the  polar  seas.  Determined  not  to 
return  fruitless  to  Amsterdam, he  sailed  around 
the  southern  shores  of  Greenland,  into  the  beaten 
track  of  searchers  after  a   northwest 


IIKNRY   IllDSON. 


Again  he  was  repulsed  by  the  ice.  Sailing 
southward,  he  discovered  the  American  conti- 
nent off  the  coast  of  Maine,  and  in  Casco  Hay  be 
repaired  bis  storm-shuttered  vessel.  He  then 
sailed  southward  as  far  as  the  Capes  of  Virginia, 
touching  at  Cape  Cod  on  the  way.  Returning, 
be  discovered  Delaware  Hay,  and  early  in  Sep- 
tember he  entered  Karitan  Hay,  south  of  Staten 
Island,  and  afterwards  entered  the  (present;  bar- 


HUDSON,  CRUEL  FATE  OF  & 

bor  of  New  York.  Treating  the  Indians  unkind- 
ly, they  were  hostile,  and  one  of  his  seamen  was 
killed  by  them,  who  attacked  a  boat's  crew  in 
oanoes.  From  the  north  flowed  a  large  river 
into  New  York  Hay.  Believing  it  would  afford  a 
northwest  passage,  he  sailed  np  the  stream,  and 
was  no1  undeceived  until  he  met  fresh-water  in 
the  Highlands.  He  kept  on  in  his  ship  as  far 
as  the  site  of  Albany,  and  in  small  boats  Beveral 
miles  farther.  Returning  to  the  sea,  he  followed 
the  coast  southward  as  far  as  Chesapeake  Hay. 
and  then  returned  to  England  and  told  the.  story 
of  his  discoveries.  The  unworthy  monarch  OH 
England's  throne,  jealous  of  the  advantage  which 
the  Dutch  might  derive  from  Hudson's  discov- 
eries, detained  him  as  an  English  subject;  but 
the  navigator  outwitted  his  sovereign,  for  he 
had  sent  an  account  of  his  voyage  to  his  Am- 
sterdam employers  by  a  trusty  hand.  Hudson 
made  a  fourth  voyage,  in  1610,  leaving  England 
in  April,  and  in  June  and  .Inly  discovered,  fat- 
up  the  coast  of  North  America,  the  hay  that 
bears  his  name,  and  intended  to  winter  there, 
hut  his  provisions  ran  short  and  he  was  com- 
pelled to  return.  Some  of  his  crew  mutinied, 
and,  seizing  him,  placed  him,  his  son.  and  Seven 
of  his  adherents  in  an  open  boat,  and  set  them 
adrift.  His  fate  was  revealed  by  one  of  the  mu- 
tineers. England  sent  an  expedition  in  search 
of  him,  but  no  trace  could  be  found. 

Hudson,  Henry,  Cruel  Fate  op.  In  1610 
Henry    Hudson    sailed    from   England    on   his 

fourth  voyager  in  search  of  a  polar  ocean  pas- 
sag'  to  India:  this  time  in  the  northwest.  lie 
discovered  the  bay  that  bears  his  name  in  the 
far  north  of  the  western  hemisphere,  and  in- 
tended to  winter  there;  but  a  majoritj  of  bis 
crew  became  mutinous  and  compelled  him  to 
sail  homeward.  On  the  way  his  son  and  seven 
of  his  men  who  had  remained  faithful  to  him 
were  seized  by  the  mutineers,  and,  with  the  com- 
mander, were  placed  in  an  open  shallop  and 
abandoned  on  the  icy  sea,  where,  of  course,  they 
soon  perished.  The  names  of  the  wretched  pas- 
sengers in  that  little  vessel,  left  to  perish,  were 
Henry  Hudson,  John  Hudson,  Arnold  Ludlow, 
Shadraoh  Fauna,  Philip  static.  Thomas  YVood- 

linuse,  Adam   Moore.  Henry    Ring,   and   Michael 

Bute.  The  compassionate  carpenter  of  the  ship 
furnished  them  w  ith  a  fow  ling-piece,  some  pow  - 
der  and  shot,  some  meal  and  an  iron  pot  to  cook 
it  in.  and  a  few  other  things.  They  were  towed 
by  the  ship  out  of  the  icc-lloes  to  the  open  sea. 
and  t  hen  cut  adrift. 

Hudson's  Bay  Company,  FOUNDATION  "i 
thk.  In  L666  Captain  Gillam  was  Bent  from 
England  in  a  ship  to  search  for  a  northwest 
passage  to  India  throngli  Hudson's  Bay.  He 
sailed  into  Baffin's  Bay,  but  was  turned  back  at 
the  seventy-fifth  degree  by  the  Lee -pack.     He 

then  entered  HndsOll's  Bay,  and  sailed  to  tin- 
Southern  end  of  it.  where,  at  the  mouth  of  a 
river  which  he  named  Rnpert,  he  built  a  fort 
which  he  named  Charles,  and  laid  the  founda- 
tion* of  I  I'm  t  lade  with  the  natives.  Two  yean 
afterwards  the  Hndmn'a  Hay' Company  was 
chartered.     The   kin^    gave   t"    l'liinc    Rupert, 


4  HUGUENOTS  IN  AMERICA 

and  several  lords,  knights,  and  merchants  asso- 
ciated with  him,  a  charter,  under  the  title  of 
the  "  Governor  and  Company  of  Adventurers  of 
England  trading  into  Hudson's  Bay,"  The  char- 
ter icded  to  the  company  the  whole  trade  of  the 
waters  within  the  entrance  to  Hudson's  Strait 
and  of  the  adjacent  territories.  The  original 
sum  invested  by  the  company  was  a  little  more 
than  |50,000.  Xo  trade  in 'the  world  was  so 
profitable  as  that  engaged  in  by  the  Hudson's 
Hay  Company.  It  was  said  that  at  one  time  the 
proprietors  of  the  stock,  not  ninety  in  number, 
gained  about  two  thousand  per  cent. 

Hudson's  Voyage  up  the  North  River, 
Limit  of.     There  is  some  difference  of  opinion 

as  to  the  limit  of  Hudson's  voyage  in  the  river 
thai  bears  bis  name.  De  Laet  making  it  the  for- 
ty-third degree  of  north  latitude. which  is  about 
twenty-five  miles  above  Albany.  Juet.  in  his 
journal  of  the  voyage,  says  the  Half  Moon  an- 
chored (probably  near  the  site  of  Albany),  and 
sent  out  small  boats  to  explore  the  rapidly  shal- 
lowing stream.  The  boats  probably  went  a  lit- 
tle distance  above  the  site  of  Waterford  ;  prob- 
ably to  between  latitude  42  and  4:?:.  Hind- 
head,  the  latest  historian  of  New  Netherlaml. 
says  he  thinks  the  boats  went,  probably,  ••some 

distance  above  Waterford." 

Huger,  Isaac  was  born  in  South  Carolina, 
March  19,  1742;  died  in  Charleston,  S.  C.  in  No- 
vember, 17'J7.  He  and  his  four  brothers — Dan- 
iel, John,  Francis,  and  Benjamin — were  distin- 
guished in  the  struggle  for  independence,  the 
latter  falling  in  the  lines  at  Charleston.  May  11, 
1780.  They  were  of  Huguenot  descent.  Isaac 
was  in  the  Cherokee  expedition  in  17tib.  and  en- 
tered the  patriot  army  of  South  Carolina  as  lieu- 
tenant-colonel in  June,  1775.  He  rose  to  briga- 
dier in  January,  177'J,  for  active  and  gallant 
services.  In  the  attack  on  Savannah,  in  the  fall 
of  that  year,  he  led  the  Georgia  and  South  Car- 
olina militia.  His  force  was  defeated  and  dis- 
persed i.n  Tarleton  at  Monk's  Comer, 8.  C.  He 
distinguished  himself  under  Greene,  especially 
at  Guilford  and  Hobkirk's  Hill  (whi<  I 

Huguenots  in  America.  The  name  of  Hu- 
guenot  was  fust  given  to  the  Protestants  of 

France  who  favored  the  Reformation,  but  after- 
wards it  was  confined  to  the  Calvinisls.  or  fol- 
lowers of  John  Calvin,  who  was  the  morning- 
star  of  the  Reformation  in  that  country.  (Judex 
his  teaching  the  number  of  Protestants  in  France 

rapidly  increased  from  L538  to  1559,  when  the 
great  synod  held  in  May  adopted  Calvin's  ideas 
of  church  government  and  discipline,  as  well  as 
doctrine,  in  an  embodied  confession  of  faith. 
The  Huguenots  were  then   so  Strong   that   they 

confidently  expected  to  be  the  dominant  party 

in  the  stale  in  time.  They  Included  some  of  the 
royal  family  and  many  of  the  nobility.  Among 
the  latter  were  Admiral  Coligni,  a  man  respect- 
ed by  both  parties,  a  brave  and  patriotic  sol- 
dier, and  for  a  while  the  favorite  of  the  queen- 
mother  and  regent  of  Era  nee.  Catharine  de'  Medi- 
ci.    In  1656  he  formed  a  project  of  a  settlement 

for  the   persecuted   Huguenots   in  America:   and 

in  that  year  Henry  U.  furnished  two  ships,  com- 


HUGUENOTS  IX  AMERICA 


055 


HUGUENOTS  IN  AMERICA 


mantled  by  tlie  Chevalier  tie  VillagagnoD,  who, 
with  a  small  Protestaut  colony,  sailed  from  Ha- 
vre-de-Grace  in  May  (1555),  and  reached  the  bay 
of  Rio  Janeiro,  Brazil,  in  September.  Coligui 
provided  ministers  for  his  colony,  and  in  a  synod 
that  year,  held  at  Geneva,  of  which  Calvin  was 
president,  tin:  church  determined  to  send  two 
ministers  to  Brazil.  Tin-  enterprise  was  a  fail- 
ure. -On  the  death  of  Henry.  Queen  Catharine 
became  regent  of  the  kingdom  during  the  mi- 
nority of  her  son  Charles.  Shi-  cared  nothing 
for  religion,  hut  had  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
Protestants  because  the  leader  of  the  Roman 
Catholics  was  the  Duke  of  Guise,  a  descendant 
of  Charlemagne,  ami  a  claimant  of  a  right  to 
the  French  throne.  The  Protestants  wen-  still 
Buffering  greatly  from  persecution,  ami  late  in 
1661  Coligui  sought  permission  from  Catharine 
to  provide  a  refuge  for  them  in  the  wilds  of 
America,  she  readily  granted  all  he  desired, 
and  early  in  1562  he  sent  Johu  Ribault,  an  ex- 
pert mariner  of  Dieppe,  with  two  caravels  (small 
two-mast. id  ships  without  whole  decks),  with 
sailors  and  soldiers,  and  a  few  gentlemen  of  fort- 
une, who  were  prompted  by  a  love  of  adventure 
and  the  prospect  of  gain  to  seek  a  place  wherein 
to  plant  a  colony.  They  arrived  oil' the  coast 
of  Anastasia  Island  fit  is  BUpposed),  helow  the 
site  of  St.  Angnstine,  at  the  close  of  April.  Sail- 
ing along  the  "sweet-smelling  coast  "  of  Flori- 
da, northward,  the  two  vessels  entered  a  river 
which  was  named  Mary,  and  were  kindly  re- 
ceived by  the  natives  when  they  landed.  The 
Frenchmen  were  delighted  with  everything  they 
beheld  the  climate;  the  forest,  redolent  with 
the  perfume  of  the  magnolia;  birds  with  gor- 
geous plnmage  and  sweetest  notes :  and  " people 
of  the  finest  forms  and  kindest  natures."  In  thi' 
presence  of  half- naked,  wondering  semi -wor- 
shippers, the  Christians  knelt  in  the  shadows  of 
a  flower-laden  magnolia-tree,  and  offered  thanks- 
givings to  God  for  their  safe  voyage.  At  twi- 
light they  returned  to  their  ships ;  and  the  next 
morning  conveyed  a  stone  column, on  which  were 
carved  the  arms  of  France,  planted  it  on  a  flow- 
ery knoll,  and  in  the  usual  manner  took  posses- 
sion of  the  country  in  the  name  id'  the  hoy-king 
Charles  i\..  s,,n  of  Catharine.  A  few  days  later 
they  sailed  northward,  entered  a  broad  sound 
which  tiny  named  Port  Royal,  on  the-  coast  of 
South  Carolina,  explored  the  Coosa  and  the 
Combahoe,  in  the  land  w  hen-  D'Allyon  met  a  de- 
served fate  (see  D'Alh/on  ,  and  on  Port  Royal  Isl- 
and, near  the  sue  of  Beanfort,  made  choice  id' a 
■pot  for  a  colony.  The  Indians  were  kind,  and 
so  were  the  Frenchmen,  and  there  was  mutual 
friendship.  Rihanlt  addressed  his  company  <>n 
to  he  obtained  and  the  advantage  to 
the  persecuted  Huguenots  by  planting  there  the 
seed  of  empire,  and  asked.  "Who  will  under- 
take the  work  .'"  Nearly  all  were  willing.  A 
colony  of  thirty  persons  was  organized  by  the 
choice  of  Albert  Pierria  foi  governor.  Rihanlt 
hnilt  a  fort,  anil  named  it  Carolina,  in  honor  of 
his  king,  the  remains  of  which  were  yet  \  isible 
when  the  writer  visited  it  in  1866.  After  giving 
the  colonists  good  adi  ice,  Ribault  departed  for 
Europe  with  tin   rest  ot  the  company.    Coligni 


was  delighted  with  his  report,  bnt  was  unable 

to  do  anything  for  his  colony  then,  for  civil 
war  was  raging  between  the  Huguenots  aud 
Roman  Catholics.  When  it  subsided  the  admi- 
ral sent  three  vessels — the  Elizabeth  of  Hoitfleur, 
the  Petite  Britain,  and  the  Fahon  —  under  the 
command  of  Rene-Laudouniere,  who  was  with 
the  former  expedition,  to  the  aid  and  reinforce- 
ment of  the  colony.  He  was  accompanied  by 
Jacob  Lemoyne,  an  artist  and  geographer;  two 
skilful  pilots  (the  brothers  Vassenr)  of  Dieppe  ; 
and  many  yonng  men  of  family  and  fortune,  as 
well  as  mechanics  aud  laborers.  Laudonniere 
left  Havre -de -Grace  on  the  22d  of  April,  1564, 
reached  the  coast  of  Florida  in  two  months,  and, 
instead  of  going  to  port  Royal,  he  proceeded  to 
plant  a  colony  on  the  hanks  of  the  St.  John.  He 
had  evidently  heard  of  the  fate  of  the  first  colo- 
ny before  having  France.  That  colony, expect- 
ing supplies  from  home,  had  not  planted,  and 
w  hen  Ribault  did  not  return  they  were  menaced 
with  starvation.  The  friendly  Indians  supplied 
them  with  corn,  hut  it  was  consumed  by  tire. 
Dissensions  arose  among  them,  a  mutiny  broke 
out,  and  their  governor  w  as  murdered.  The  In- 
dians became  distrustful  of  the  Frenchmen  and 
withheld  supplies,  and  the  latter  determined  to 
desert  Port  Royal.  Constructing  a  frail  hrigan- 
tine,  they  departed  for  home,  with  scanty  sup- 
plies. Tempest-tossed  on  the  ocean,  their  food 
was  exhausted,  and  their  vessel  floated,  a  mere 
wreck,  on  the  waters.  One  after  another  died 
and  fell  into  the  sea.  and  the  survivors  were 
about  to  eat  the  last  victim  when  a  green  shore 
greeted  their  e.\  es.  and  a  small  Vessel  saved  them 
from  death.  It  is  helievetl  they  were  on  the 
shores  of  England,  for  it  is  known  that  some 
of  these  French  adventurers  were  taken  before 
Queen  Elizabeth,  and  gave  her  the  tirst  infor- 
mation concerning  that  beautiful  middle  region 
of  America  which  Raleigh  afterwards  tried  to  col- 
-  aBalagh.)  Laudonniere  anchored  bis 
ship,  landed  where  Ribault  had  set  up  the  a  tins  of 
France,  and  erected  a  fort  on  the  sout  h  hank  of  the 
river,  which  he  named  Carolina.  Rumors  came 
officii  mines  in  the  interior,  and  a  violent  gold- 
fever  raged.  Disappointment  cured  the  fever. 
hut  idleness  and  improvidence  were  the  rule  in 
the  colony.  There  were  too  many  ••gentlemen" 
w  ho  would  not  soil  their  hands  with  labor.  At 
length  there  was  a  mutiny,  and  some  of  the  sol- 
diers and  sailors  seized  two  of  the  vessels,  sailed 
for  the  West  Indies, and  turned  pirates.  The  rich 
soil   was  neglected,  starvation   was  threatened, 

and  Laudonniere  determined  to  return  to  France. 
From  Sir  John  Hawkins  (see  Drake,  Sir  Francis), 

who  sailed  into  the  St.. John,  he  bought  a  ship, 
and  was  about  to  embark  for  Europe  with  the 
whole  company,  when  Rihanlt  appeared  with  a 
squadron  of  seven  ships,  with  supplies,  and  a 
fresh  colony  of  men,  women,  and  children.  He 
arrived  near  the  dose  of  August,  1565.  A  few- 
days  afterwards  Pedro  Meiientlez.  a  Spanish  of- 
ficer, appeared  off  the  mouth  of  the  st.  John 
with  five  ships,  who  told  Laudonniere  that  he 
v.  as  sent  by  his  master,  Philip  of  Spain,  to  hang 
and  destroy  all  Protestants  whom  he  should  find 
on  laud  or  sea:   that  he  should  execute  his  or- 


HUGUENOTS  IN  BRAZIL  & 

ders  to  the  Letter,  and  that  if  any  Soman  Cath- 
olics were  among  the  Huguenots  they  shook!  be 
well  treated.  The  captains  of  tlie  French  ves- 
sels cut  their  cables  and  pnt  to  sea.  chased  by 
the  Spaniards,  who  coald  not  overtake  them, 
and  returned  to  the  coast  farther  south.  The 
Frenchmen  returned  to  the  St.  John,  where  In- 
dians bronght  the  news  that  the  Spaniards  had 
landed,  and  were  building  fortitications.  Ri- 
baulf,  who  was  in  chief  command,  believing  the 
.Spaniards  meant  to  march  overland  and  attack 
Fort  Carolina,  with  three  ships  manned  by  sail- 
ors and  soldiers  went  to  sea  to  drive  their  ene- 
mies from  the  coast.  Meanwhile  Menendez  had 
sent  a  galleon  to  Cuba  for  a  reinforcement  of 
Spanish  i loops.  The  spot  fortified  by  Menen- 
dez was  the  site  of  St.  Augustine.  Fla.  During 
Ribault's  absence  the  Spanish  marched  over  the 
country,  captured  Fort  Carolina,  butchered  a 
greater  portion  of  the  Huguenots  there,  and 
banged  some  of  them  upon  trees,  with  the  in- 
scription over  them,  '-Not  as  Frenchmen,  but 
as  Lutherans."  The  number  of  Huguenots  mur- 
dered there  was  one  hundred  and  forty -two. 
Ribault's  vessels  meanwhile  had  been  wrecked 
below  St. Augustine, and  while  making  his  way 
towards  Fort  Carolina,  with  about  three  hun- 
dred men,  they  were  caught  by  the  Spaniards 
and  massacred.  Landonniere  and  a  few  others 
eseaped  from  the  St.  John, and  so  ended  the  Hu- 
guenot colony.  (See  Cvligiii.)  A  fiery  French- 
man. Chevalier  Dominic  de  Gonrges,  a  Roman 
Catholic,  determined  to  avenge  this  outrage. 
He  Bold  his  property  to  obtain  money  to  fit  out 
an  expedition  to  Florida,  lie  kept  his  destina- 
tion a  secret,  even  from  his  followers.  He  ar- 
rived in  Florida  in  the  spring  of  1568,  and  was 
joined  by  the  natives  in  an  attack  upon  two 
forts  on  the  St.  John  occupied  by  the  Spaniards 
below  Fort  Carolina.  The  strong  places  were 
captured,  and  the  whole  of  the  Spaniards  were 
slaughtered,  excepting  a  few  whom  De  Gonrges 

hanged  upon  trees,  under  the  words.  "Not  as 
Spaniards  and  mariners,  but  as  traitors,  rob- 
bers, and  murderers.''  Menendez  firmly  planted 
a  colony  ;it  St.  Augustine.  In  1596  Henry  IV.. 
of  France,  issued  an  edict  at  Nantes 
of  Nantes)  that  secured  full  toleration,  civil  and 
religions,  for  the  Huguenots,  and  there  was  com- 
parative rest  for  the  Protestants  until  the  death 
of  Cardinal  Mazarin,  in  1661.  Then  the  Hngne- 
uots  began  to  be  persecuted,  and  in  li'>~r>  Louis 
\1Y.  revoked  the  Edicl  of  Nantes,  The  tires  of 
intolerance  were  kindled,  and  burned  so  furi- 
ously that  at  least  live  hundred  thousand  l'lol- 
eslants  look  refuge  in  foreign  lands.  In  170.") 
there  was  not  a  single  organized  congregation 
of  Huguenots  in  all  France.  Many  came  t.i 
Ann-i  K  a  some  to  South  Carolina,  some  to  New 
York,  and  a  few  to  Massachusetts.  Rhode  Island, 

and  Virginia.  They  formed  excellent  social  ele- 
ments wherever  they  settled,  ami  many  leading 
patriots  In  our  old  war  for  independence  were 
descended  from  them.  Throe  of  the  presidents 
of  the  Continental  Congress  Henrj  Laurens, 
John  Jay,  and  Glial  ISoudinot  weie  of  Hugue- 
not parentage. 

Huguenots  in  Brazil.     The  benevolent  Ad 


6  HULL 

rniral  De  Coligni  formed  a  project  in  1555  to  es- 
tablish a  colony  of  Huguenots,  or  French  Prot- 
estants (see  HuguenoU)  in  Brazil,  where  they 
might  have  freedom  in  divine  worship;  also  to 
promote  the  interests  of  his  nation.  Two  ships, 
furnished  by  Henry  II..  of  France,  were  placed 
under  the  command  of  the  Chevalier  De  Yilla- 
gaglion,  who  sailed  with  a  colony  of  Protestants 
from  Havre-de-Grace  in  May.  They  arrived  on 
the  coast  of  South  America  in  September,  at 
the  harbor  of  (present)  Rio  Janeiro.  There  on 
an  island  an  attempt  was  made  to  build  a  fort, 
but  it  was  washed  away  by  the  sea.  Some 
Protestant  ministers  were  invited  from  Geneva. 
At  a  synod  held  at  Geneva  in  that  year,  of  which 
Calvin  was  president,  it  was  resolved  to  send 
two  ministers  to  Brazil :  they  finally  sent  four- 
teen missionaries  in  1556.  Three  ships  wore 
fitted  out  at  the  roval  expense  to  convey  more 
Protestants  to  Brazil,  under  the  command  of 
Yillagagnon,  who  had  embraced  the  Reformed 
religion,  but  abandoned  it  and  returned  to  the 
bosom  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  His 
treatment  of  the  colony  under  his  charge  caused 
its  ruin,  and  nearly  all  of  the  emigrants  returned 
to  France.  But  for  the  treachery  of  Yillaga- 
gnon Rio  Janeiro  might  now  have  been  the  capi- 
tal of  a  French,  instead  of  a  Portuguese,  empire. 
Hull,  Isaac,  was  bom  at  Derby.  Conn.,  March 
!».  1775;  died  in  Philadelphia,  Feb.  13,  1843.  At 
the  age  of  nineteen  he  commanded  a  merchant 
Ship  which  sailed  to  London.  He  entered  the 
navy  as  lieutenant  in  1798,  and  lose  to  captain 


in  1806.  He  was  in  the  Constitution,  and  distin- 
guished himself  iu  the  West  Indies  and  in  the 
Mediterranean.  He  sailed  in  the  Constitution  in 
July,  1812,  and  had  a  remarkable  chase  bj  a 
British  nqnadrou.  (See  Constitution,  Famous  AV- 
Ireoi  o/  tin.)     In  August  he  encountered  the 

<i  in  nn  n.  and  made  her  a  captive.      (8 

tution  unit  Cuiiritic  \     I'm  this  exploit  Congress 


HULL 


657       HULL'S  EVACUATION  OF  CANADA 


voted  Captain  Hull  a  gold  medal.  Afterwards 
he  was  a  naval  commissioner,  and  commodore 
of  the  navy-yards  at  Boston,  Portsmouth,  and 
Washington.  He  Berved  in  the  American  navy, 
■float  and  ashore,  thirty-seven  years.  His  re- 
mains rest  in  Laurel  Hill  Cemetery,  and  over 
them  is  a  beautiful  altar-tomb  of  Italian  marble 
— a  copy  of  the  tomb  of  Scipio  Barbate  at  Rome. 
It  is  chastely  ornamented,  and  surmounted  by 
an  American  eagle,  iu  the  attitude  of  defending 
tin'  national  flag,  upon  which  it  stands. 


Ul'LL  »   MONIMEXT. 

Hull,  Wiu.iam,  was  born  at  Derby,  Conn.. 
Jane  24,  it:.:::  died  at  Newton.  Mass..  Not. 29, 
I8B6.     Be  graduated  at   Vale  College  in  17/2, 

studied    divinity    a    year,   then    became    a    stu- 
dent at   the  Litchfield  Law  School,  and  was  ad- 


mitted to  the  bar  in  ITT."..  He  soon  afterwards 
became  captain  in  Webb's  regiment,  and  joined 
the  Continental  army  at  Cambridge.  He  be- 
haved  bravely  at  Dorchester  Heights,  White 
Plains,  Trenton,  ami  Princeton,  and  after  the 

battle   at    the    latter   place   be   was   promoted   to 

rhrongh  all  the  most  oonspienou  bat- 
L— 42 


ties  in  the  North,  Hull  was  active  and  coura- 
geous, and  a  participant  in  the  capture  of  Corn- 
wallis.  He  served  as  inspector  under  the  Baron 
de  Steuhen,  vras  promoted  to  lieutenant-colonel 
in  1779,  and  soon  afterwards  to  colouel.  Hull 
practised  law  with  reputation  at  Newton  after 
the  war,  was  a  leading  member  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Legislature  in  both  houses,  and  was  a 
noted  man  iu  wealth  and  reputatiou  in  that 
state  wheu  he  became  major-general  of  militia. 
He  commanded  a  portion  of  the  troops  which 
suppressed  Shay's  Rebellion  (which 
see).  In  1793  he  was  a  commission- 
er to  Canada  to  treat  with  the  In- 
dians ;  and  on  his  return  from  Europe, 
iu  1798,  he  was  made  a  judge  of  the 
Court  of  Common  Pleas.  From  1805 
to  1812  he  was  governor  of  Michigan 
Territory,  where,  after  a  fruitless  and 
brief  campaign  for  the  invasion  of 
Canada,  as  commander  of  the  Army 
of  the  Northwest,  he  was  compelled  to 
surrender  Detroit  and  the  territory  into 
the  possession  of  the  British.  (See 
Canada,  Invasion  of.)  For  this  act  he 
was  tried  by  a  court-martial,  sentenced 
to  death,  pardoned  by  the  President, 
and  afterwards  published  sucb  a  thor- 
ough vindication  of  his  conduct  that 
his  name  and  fame  now  appear  iu  his- 
tory untarnished. 
Hull's  Evacuation  of  Canada.  Hull's  tinny, 
which  had  crossed  the  Detroit  River  into  Cana- 
da, lay  almost  inactive  between  Sandwich  and 
Fort  Maiden.  The  young  officers  of  the  army 
became  exceedingly  impatient,  and  almost  muti- 
nous, because  Hull  cont inually  restrained  them, 
and  was  nnwilliug  to  send  out  detachments  on 
offensive  expeditions.  He  had  given  Van  Home 
so  lew  men  wherewith  to  escort  Captain  Brush, 
with  his  cattle  and  provisions  (see  Van  Home's 
Ih/ial).  that  when  the  army  heard  of  the  disas- 
ter to  the  troops  there  was  plain  and  loud  talk 
at  headquarters  that  startled  the  general.  "Send 

live  hundred  men  at  once,"  said  MeArthur  and 
(ass.  "to  escort  Brush  to  headquarters."  "1 
cannot   Spare  more  than   one  hundred."  replied 

Hull.  The  mutinous  spirit  was  then  so  threat- 
ening that  Hull  called  a  council  of  officers,  when 
it  was  agreed  to  march  immediately  upon  Fort 
Maiden.  The  troops  were  delighted.  Prepara- 
tions went  on  vigorously,  mill  tin  order  to  march 
for  Amherstbnrg  was  momentarily  expected. 
when,  near  the  close  of  tin'  day.  an  order  was 
promulgated  for  the  army  to  rtrrosn  the  riirr  to 
an  order  to  abandon  Canada.  This 
order  was  in  consequence  of  intelligence  just 
received  that  a  Large  force  of  British  regulars, 
Canadian  militia,  and  Indians  were  approach- 
ing from  the  east,  under  Governor  sir  Isaac 
Brock.  Sullenly  the  humiliated  army  obeyed 
their  cautious  coniniandci',  and  on  the  night  of 
Aug.  7  and  the  morning  of  the  8th  they  crossed 
the  Detroit  River,  and  encamped  upon  the  roll- 
ing plain  in  the  real  Of  Port  Detroit.  Major 
Denny  was  left  on  the  Canada  side  with  one 
hundred  and  thirty  convalescents  and  a  corps 
of  artillerists,  to  occupy  Sandwich  and  afford 


HILL'S  INVASION  OF  CANADA         G 

••  all  possible  protection  to  the  well-disposed  in- 
habitants." The  chief  object  of  the  evaluation 
wag  to  secure  a  permanent  communication  be- 
tween his  army  and  the  sources  of  his  supplies 
in  the  Ohio  settlements. 

Hull's  Invasion  of  Canada.  When  General 
Hull  arrived  near  Detroit  with  his  army  (July 
6, 1312),  he  encamped  at  Spring  Wells,  opposite 
Sandwich,  where  the  British  were  casting  up 
iutrenchments.  His  troops  were  anxious  to 
cross  the  Detroit  River  immediately  and  invade 
Canada,  but  Hull  had  orders  to  await  advices 
from  Washington.  The  troops  became  almost 
mutinous.  The  general  was  perplexed, hut  was 
relieved  by  receiving  a  despatch  from  the  Sec- 
retary of  War  telling  him  to  "commence  opera- 
tions immediately."  He  could  not  procure  boats 
enough  to  carry  over  a  sufficient  force  to  land 
in  the  face  of  the  enemy  at  Sandwich,  so  he  re- 
sorted to  strategy.  Towards  the  evening  of 
July  11  all  the  boats  were  sent  down  to  Spring 
"Wells,  in  full  view  of  the  British,  and  Colonel 
HcArthur,  with  his  regiment,  marched  to  the 
same  place.  After  dark  troops  and  boats  moved 
up  the  river  unobserved  to  Bloody  Run,  above 
Detroit.  The  British,  finding  all  silent  at  Spring 
Wells,  believed  the  Americans  had  gone  down 
to  attack  Maiden,  eighteen  miles  below,  so  they 
left  Sandwich  and  hurried  to  its  defence.  At 
dawn  there  were  no  troops  to  oppose  the  pas- 
sage of  the  Americans,  and  Hull's  troops  passed 
the  river  unmolested.  Colonel  Cass  hoisted  the 
American  dag  at  Sandwich,  and  the  American 
troops  encamped  near.  On  the  same  day  Hull 
issued  a  stirring  proclamation,  in  which  he  set 
forth  the  reasons  for  the  invasion,  and  assured 
the  inhabitants  that  all  who  remained  at  home 
should  be  secure  in  person  anil  property.  He  did 
not  ask  them  to  join  him,  but  to  remain  quiet. 
This  proclamation,  and  the  presence  of  a  consid- 
erable army,  caused  many  Canadian  militia  to 
deserl  their  standard.  To  the  Americans  the 
conquest  of  Canada  appeared  like  an  easy  task. 
(See  Canada,  Attempted  Conquest  of.) 

Hull's  Surrender.    (See  Detroit,  Surrender  of.) 

Hull's  Trial.  General  William  Hull,  on  hie 
release  at  Montreal,  on  parole  (see  Detroit.  Sur- 
render of ),  returned  to  his  farm  at  New  ton.  Mass., 
from  which  he  was  summoned  to  appear  before 
a  court-martial  at  Philadelphia  on  the  25tfa  of 
February.  1813,  of  which  General  Wade  Hamil- 
ton was  appointed  president.     The  members  of 

the  OOnrl  were  three  brigadier-genera  Is,  nine 
colonels,  and    three    lieutenant-colon.  Is.      A.  J. 

Dallas,  of  Pennsylvania,  was  judge -advocate. 
This  court  was  suddenly  dissolved  by  the  Pres- 
ident, withont  giving  any  reason  for  the  act: 
and,  almost  a  year  afterwards,  Hull  was  sum- 
moned  before  another,  convened    at    Albany, 

N.  V.,  June  ::.  1-1  I.  composed  Of  three  briga- 
diers, fonr  colonels,  and  ti\<    I ieuteiiant-colonels, 

with  Dallas  as  judge-ad rocate.  Geaexal  Dear- 
bora  was  appointed  president  of  the  court.  To 
his  neglect  of  duly  to  inform  Hull  of  an  armis- 
tice he  had  entiled  into  w  ith  the  British  land  so 

allowed  Brook  to  go  unopposed  to  Fori  Maiden 
with  troops)  was  charged  bj  the  aooused  and  bis 


3  HUMPHREYS 

friends  as  the  chief  cause  of  the  disaster  at  De- 
troit. The  defendant  might  justly  have  object- 
ed to  that  officer  as  his  chief  judge,  for  the  ac- 
quittal of  Hull  would  have,  been  a  condemna- 
tion of  Dearborn.  But  Hull  was  anxious  for 
trial,  and  he  waived  all  feeling.  He  was  charged 
with  treason,  cowardice,  neglect  of  duty,  and 
unofficerlike  conduct  from  April  9  until  Aug.  16, 
1812.  He  was  tried  on  the  last  two  charges 
only.  Colonel  Cass  was  his  chief  accuser.  The 
specifications  under  the  charge  of"  Cowardice" 
were:  "1.  Not  attacking  Maiden,  and  retreating 
to  Detroit.  2.  Appearance  of  alarm  during  the 
cannonade.  3.  Appearance  of  alarm  on  the  day 
of  the  surrender.  4.  Surrendering  of  Detroit." 
The  specifications  under  the  last  charge  were 
similar  to  those  under  the  first.  After  a  Bession 
of  eighty  days,  the  court  decided  (March  20. 
1814)  that  he  was  not  guilty  of  treason,  but 
found  him  guilty  of  cowardice  and  neglect  of 
duty,  and  sentenced  him  to  be  shot  dead,  and 
his  name  stricken  from  the  rolls  of  the  army. 
The  court  strongly  recommended  him  to  the 
mercy  of  the  President,  on  account  of  his  age 
and  his  Revolutionary  services.  On  the  25th 
of  April,  1814,  the  President  approved  the  sen- 
tence of  the  court-martial,  and  on  the  same  day 
the  following  order,  bearing  the  signature  of 
Adjutant -general  Walhach,  was  issued:  "The 
rolls  of  the  army  are  to  be  uo  longer  disgraced 
by  having  upon  them  the  name  of  Brigadier- 
general  William  Hull.  The  (uncial  Court-mar- 
tial, of  which  Genera]  Dearborn  is  president,  is 
hereby  dissolved."  For  about  twelve  years  Hull 
lived  under  a  cloud.  His  applications  to  the  War 
Department  at  Washington  for  copies  of  papers 
which  would  vindicate  him  were  denied,  until 
John  C.  Calhoun  became  Secretary  of  War,  when 
he  promptly  furnished  them.  "With  these  <■<  n- 
eral  Hull  set  about  writing  his  vindication, 
which  was  contained  in  a  pamphlet  of  a  little 
more  than  three  hundred  pages,  entitled  Me- 
moirs of  the  Campaign  of  the  Norttnoeetern  Army 
of  tli  e  United  State*.  It  wrought  a  great  change 
in  the  public  mind.  It  was  seen  that  he  had 
been  misjudged  by  his  impetuous  young  oftieers; 
that  his  motives  in  making  the  surrender  were 
humane  and  just,  and  that  his  assuming  the 
whole  responsibility  of  tin-  act  was  heroic  in  the 
extreme.  To  Mr.  Wallace,  one  of  his  aids,  he 
said,  when  they  parted  at  Detroit:  "God  bless 
you.  my  J  oung  friend  !  You  return  to  your  fam- 
ily without  a  stain  :  as  for  myself.  1  have  sacri- 
ficed a  reputation  dearer  to  me  than  life:  but  I 
bave  saved  the  inhabitants  of  Detroit,  and  my 
heart  approves  the  act.*'  Colonel  Cass,  later  in 
life,  declared  it  to  be  his  conviction  that  the 
main  defect  of  General  Hull  was  ••  the  inibecili- 

t>  of  age."    To-day,  the  character  of  General 

William  Hull,  purified  of  unwarranted  stains, 
appears  in  history  without  a  blemish  in  the  eye 
of  just  appreciation. 

Humphreys,  A\i»i:i  w    LTOCTXHf,  1.1.  D,  was 
bora  in  Pennsylvania  In  L818,aod  graduated  as 

West   Poinl   in  1881.      He  distinguished  himself 

in  Florida  (see  Semimolt  War)  in  1832,  and  re- 
signed in  1836.  He  re-entered  thearmj  as  lieu- 
tenant of  topographical  engineers  In  1838 


HUMPHREYS  61 

1845  to  1849  lie  assisted  in  the  coast  survey,  and 
in  1853  took  charge  of  the  office  of  Explorations 
and  Surveys, in  the  War  Department.  He  be- 
came a  member  of  General  McClellan's  start'  in 
March,  1862,  and  soon  afterwards  was  made 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers.  Ho  fought  at 
Fredericksburg  and  Cbancellorsville ;  became 
General  Meade's  cbief-of-staff  from  July,  1863, 
io  November,  1864, aud  commanded  the  Second 
Corps  from  November,  1864,  to  June,  1866,  He 
was  breveted  major-general  for  meritorious  ser- 
vices in  the  siege  of  Petersburg  and  the  pursuit 
and  capture  of  General  Lee. 

Humphreys,  David,  LL.D.,was  born  at  Der- 
by. Con n. ..July,  17.">2  ;  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
Feb. 21,  1818.  He  graduated  at  Vale  College  in 
1771,  ami  was  for  a  short  time  tutor  in  the  fami- 
ly of  Colonel  l'hillipse,  of  Phillipse  Manor,  X.  V. 


DAVID   in  MIMIKKYS. 

lie  entered  the  army  as  captain  early  in  the  war 
for  independence-,  and  in  <  iclober.  1777.  w  as  ma- 
jor of  a  brigade,  lie  was  aid  to  General  Put- 
nam in  1778,  and  earlj  in  1780  "as  made  aid  to 
Washington.  Having  distinguished  himself  at 
Yorktown.be  was  made  the  bearer  of  the  capt- 
ured British  standards  to  Congress,  when  that 

body  voted  him  an  elegant  sword.  Al  tin  close 
of  the  war  he  accompanied  Washington  to  Mount 
Vernon. and  in  July.  1784,  went  to  Fran 
retary  of  legation  to  Jefferson,  accompanied  by 
KoBOiUBZko.  In  17-7  he  was  appointed  colonel 
of  a  regiment  for  the  Western  service,  but  when 
it  w  as  reduced,  in  1788,  he  again  went  to  Mount 

Vernon,  where  be  remained  with  Washington  nn- 

lil  sent  a-  minister  to  Portugal  in  1790.  He  was 
BSStei  of  ceremonies  in  regulating  the  etiquette 
of  the  republican  court  of  the  first  President. 
Appointed  Minister  to  Spain  (I7'.i7>.  he  contin- 
ued   there    until     1802,   and    concluded    treaties 

with  Algiers  ami  Tripoli.     Colon.  1  Humphreys 

was  extensively  engaged  in  agriculture  and 
manufactures  after   his  return   to  America,  and 

in  L812  he  took  command  of  the  militia  of  Con- 
necticut.    Colonel    Humphreys  was  a   poet   of 
considerable   genius;    also  a   dramatic  writer. 
He  wrote  a  life  of  General  Putnam  in  1798. 
Hundred,  A.  was  a  territorial  division,  having 

for  its  chief  object  the  I e  convenient  and  elli- 

« it  in  administration  of  justice.     The  name  was 


9  HUNT 

originally  derived  from  the  fact  that  each  of 
these  divisions  was  to  contain  one  hundred  free 
families.  In  England,  to  each  hundred  belonged 
a  court  baron,  similar  in  its  nature  and  extent 
of  jurisdiction  to  a  county  court.  Our  towus 
are  the  equivalents  Of  the  ancient  hundreds. 

Hundred  Associates— New  France.  Car- 
dinal Richelieu,  in  1627,  annulled  a  charter  of 
the  '-Trading  Company  of  New  France,"  then 
held  by  the  Sieurs  De  Caen, who  were  Huguenots, 
and  in  pursuance  of  his  plans  for  the  suppres- 
sion of  these  Protestants  and  the  aggrandize- 
ment of  his  monarch,  organized  a  company  un- 
der the  name  of  the  Hundred  Associates,  to 
whom  he  gave  the  absolute  sovereignty  of  the 
whole  of  New,  France,  then  claimed  to  include 
the  American  territory  from  Florida  to  Hud- 
sou's  Bay.  They  were  given  complete  monopo- 
ly of  the  trade  in  that  region,  excepting  in  the 
whale  and  cod  fisheries.  The  charter  required 
the  company  to  settle  four  thousand  Soman 
Catholics  there  within  fifteen  years,  to  main- 
tain and  permanently  endow  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic Church  in  New  France,  and  to  banish  all  Hu- 
guenots or  Protestants  from  the  colony.  Cir- 
cumstances frustrated  this  magnificent  scheme 
of  temporal  and  spiritual  dominion  in  America. 
Canada  was  conquered  by  the  British  in  1629, 
but  was  restored  by  the  treaty  of  St.  Germain- 

en-Laye  |  March  27,  1632),  the  whole  of  Canada, 
Cape  BretOll, and  Acadia  being  restored  to  the 
French.  The  scheme  of  the  Hundred  Associates 
was  not  revi\  ed. 

Hunker,  a  name  given  to  a  conservative  in 
politics  in  the  United  States;  one  opposed  to 
progress;  an  "old  fogy."  It  was  one  of  the 
names  applied  to  opposing  sections  of  tin-  Dem- 
ocratic party.     The  other  name, at  the  time,  was 

"  Barnburner"  (which  see  I. 

Hunt,  Hknky  .Jackson,  was  born  in  Ohio 
abort   1821,  and  graduated  at  West  point  in 

1839.  He  served  in  the  war  with  Mexico,  and 
in  M.i\.  1861,  was  made  major  of  artillery.  In 
September  he  became  aid  to  (ieneral  McClel- 
lan,  with  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  in  September, 
Isti-J,  was  made  brigadier-general  of  volunteers. 
In  the  battle  of  Hull's   1,'iin   he  was  engaged   in 

command  of  the  artillery  on  the  extreme  left. 

He  was  chief  of  Staff  of  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac in  the  campaign  on  the  Peninsula,  and  con- 
tinued with  that  army  as  one  of  its  most  effi- 
cient  and   useful   officers  until   the  close  of  the 

war.  In  March,  1865,  he  was  breveted  major- 
general  of  the  United  states  Army. 

Hunt,  Rev.  Robkrt,  the  fust  pastor  of  the 
Virginia  Colony,  lie  went  out  with  Newport 
ami  the  fust  settlers  as  chaplain,  having  been 
recommended  by  Richard  Ilaklnyt.  (See  II, ih- 
/('///,  Richard.)  lie  is  supposed  to  have  been  a 
rector  ill  Kent.  He  was  a  peace-maker  amid 
the  dissenters  of  the  lirst  colonists.  Mr.  Hunt 
held  the  lii .-it  public  mti  lee  at  Jamestown,  un- 
der an  awning,  but  soon  afterwards  a  barn-like 
structure  was  ereoted  for  worship.  In  the  win- 
ter of  1608  a  lire  burned  Mr.Hunt's  little  library, 
and  the  next  year  he  died  He  was  succeeded 
for  a  brief  season  by  Rev.  Mr.  Glover,  who  soou 


HUNTER 


060 


HUELBUT 


died.  He  bad  accompanied  Sir  Tliomas  Gates 
to  Virginia. 

Hunter,  David,  was  born  in  Washington,  D.  C, 
July  21,  1802,  and  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
1822.  He  was  appointed  colonel  of  cavalry  in 
May,  1861,  and  commanded  the  main  column  of 
the  Union  troops,  as  brigadier,  iii  the  battle  of 
Bull's  Run,  and  was  severely  wounded.  In  Au- 
gust he  was  made  major-general  of  volunteers; 
served  under  Fremont  in  Missouri,  and  super- 
seded him  in  November.  In  the  spring  of  1862 
lie  was  in  command  of  the  Department  of  the 
South.  He  commanded  the  Department  of  West 
Virginia  in  the  summer  of  1864,  where  he  was  ac- 
tive for  B  while.  For  his  various  services  lie 
was  breveted  major-general  in  tin;  United  States 
Army  in  March,  1865, and  retired  in  June,  1866. 

Hunter,  Robert  Mercer  Taliaferro,  was 
born  in  Essex  County,  Va.,  April  21,  1809,  and 
was  educated  at  the  University  of  Virginia.  He 
became  a  member  of  the  House  of  Delegates 
when  twenty-four  years  of  age,  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  1837  to  1841,  and  from 
1845  to  1847.  From  1839  to  1841  he  was  speak- 
er. Mr.  Hunter  was  always  one  of  the  most 
persistent  supporters  of  the  doctrine  of  state  su- 
premacy and  of  the  slave-labor  system,  advocat- 
ing with  vehemence  all  measures  calculated  to 
enforce  the  practical  operations  of  the  former 
and  to  nationalize  the  latter.  In  1?47  he  became 
a  United  States  Senator,  and  remained  such  by 
re-election  until  July,  1861,  when  he  was  ex- 
pelled from  that  body  for  treason  against  the 
government.  He  became  the  Confederate  "Sec- 
retary of  State,"  and  afterwards  a  member  of  the 
Confederate  Congress.  After  the  war  he  was 
arrested  and  held  for  a  while  as  a  prisoner  of 
state,  but  was  released  on  his  parole  and  par- 
doned by  President  Johnson  in  1887. 

Hunter's  Emancipation  Proclamation.  In 
the  spring  of  l-ti-J  General  David  Hunter  was 
in  command  of  tin-  "  Department  of  the  South." 
Hi-  declared  martial  law  in  his  department. 
Giving  a  free  interpretation  to  his  instructions 
from  the  War  Department,  he  took  measures  fo] 
organizing  regiments  of  negro  troops :  and  to  fa- 
cilitate the  business  of  recruiting  he  issued  a 
general  order  (April  25,  1862)  which  proclaimed 
the   absolute   freedom   of  all   the   slaves  within 

his   depart nt,  declaring    that    "slavery   and 

martial  law,  in  a  free  country,  are  incompati- 
ble.'1 This  was  a  step  too  far  in  advance  of 
public  sentiment,  then, and  of  the  government 
polioyofthat  period;  bo  President  Lincoln  an- 
nulled the  order,  and  President  Davis  outlawed 

Generals  Hunter  and  Phelps.    General  Mitchell 

took  Hunter's  place. 

Hunters'  Lodges.  When  the  insurrection 
broke    OUt    in    Canada    in    1837,  the    Americans 

strongly  sympathized  with  the  insurgents,  re- 
garding them  as  patriots  seeking  for  political 

freedom.  This  sympathy  was  most  vehement 
alollg    the    frontier    between    the    I'lliled    Stales 

and  Canada.  Men  banded  in  secret  organiza- 
tions with  a  view  to  give  material  aid  to  cbe  in- 
snrgenta,  and  tins  was  given  pretty  freelj   by 

bodies   of  excitable    cill/ells,  led    h.\    slll'll    lllell    as 


Van  Rensselaer,  who  took  possession  of  Navy 
Island  in  the  Niagara  River,  belonging  to  Cana- 
da, or  William  Johnson,  who  was  called  the  "  Pi- 
rate of  the  Thousand  Islands,"  and  was  outlawed 
by  the  governments  of  the  Uuitcd  States  and 
Great  Britain.  These  secret  organizations  were 
called  "Hunters'  Lodges."  Among  their  mem- 
bers were  many  Canadian  refugees,  and  William 
Lyon  Mackenzie,  the  chief  agitator  in  Upper  Can- 
ada, who  had  been  driven  from  the  province,  or- 
ganized an  "Executive  Committee"  at  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.,  for  the  purpose  of  directing  the  invasion 
of  Canada.  These  "  Hunters'  Lodges  "  organized 
invading  parties  at  Detroit, Sandusky, Oswego, 
and  Watertown,  in  northern  New  York,  and  in 
Vermont.  At  one  time,  Van  Rensselaer  and 
Johnson  had  under  them  about  2(100  men.  at  an 
island  a  little  below  Kingston,  U.  C.  It  is  said 
that  these  "  Hunters'  Lodges"  within  the  Amer- 
ican lines  numbered,  at  one  time,  nearly  1200, 
with  a  membership  of  80,000  souls.  They  were 
kept  up  after  the  insurrection  was  crushed  and 
its  leaders  were  hanged,  imprisoned,  or  exiled. 
The  "Huuters'  Lodges"  were  suppressed  by  or- 
der of  President  Tyler  in  1-12. 

Huntington,  Ebenkzer,  was  born  at  Nor- 
wich, Conn.,  Dec.  20.  17.")4  ;  died  there,  June  17, 
1834.  He  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  177.'.. 
and  joined  the  patriot  army  as  lieutenant  in 
Wyllys's  regiment.  He  served  under  Heath, 
Parsons,  and  Watts,  and  commanded  the  regi- 
ment of  the  latter  in  Rhode  Island  in  177-  as 
lieutenant-colonel.  At  Yorktown  he  command- 
ed a  battalion  of  infantry,  and  served  on  Gen- 
eral Lincoln's  staff  until  the  end  of  the  war. 
when  he  was  made  a  general  of  the  Connecticut 
militia.  Huntington  was  named  by  Washing- 
ton for  brigadier-general  in  1796.  In  1810-11 
and  1817-19  he  was  a  member  of  Congress.  Hi, 
father,  Jabez.  was  an  earnest  patriot,  devoting 
his  live  sons  as  soldiers  in  the  cause  of  freedom, 
and  was  active  himself,  serving  on  the  Commit- 
tee of  Safety  during  the  war. 

Huntington,  Jedkdiaii.  was  bom  at  Nor- 
wich. Conn..  Aug.  4.  1713:  died  at  New  London, 
Sept.  2.">.  1-13.  He  gradnated  at  Harvard  Col- 
lege in  1703.  II.'  was  an  active  Son  of  Liberty, 
and  joined  the  army  at  Cambridge,  April  20. 
177.".:  was  made  brigadier-general  in  May.  1777; 
joined  the  Continental  army  near  Philadelph 
in  the  fall  of  1777:  and  in  177-  was  „i,  the 
court-martial  that  tried  General  Lee.  After 
the  war  he  held  several  civil  offices,  among 
them  collector  of  customs  at  New  London, 
which  he  filled  during  four  administrations. 
General  Huntington  was  a  member  of  the  fust 
Board  of  Foreign  Missions. 

Hurlbut,  SlDHBI  \m.i-ii-.  was  born,  at 
Charleston.  S.C.,  March  21.  1-1.".:  became  a  law- 
vet:  served  in  the  Florida  War  :  and  iii  1846 
tied  in  Illinois.  He  was  appointed  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers  in  May,  1861  ;  commanded 
at  Fort  Donelson  after  ite  capture ;  a  No  a  divis- 
ion at  the  battle  of  Shiloh  |  which  BM 
was  made  major  -  general  in  September,  1808. 
lie  served  under  Sherman  in  Mississippi;  suc- 
ceeded Banks  in  command  of  the  Department 


HUKON-IROQUOIS 


661 


HUTCHINGS 


of  the  Gulf;  and  in  1860  was  sent  as  minister  to 
Colombia,  South  America. 

Huron  -  Iroquois.  Tlie  name  Iroquois  was 
given  by  the  French  to  the  most  interesting  of 
all  the  dusky  nations  in  North  America.  They 
prefixed  the  name  Huron,  because  their  lan- 
gnage  indicated  the  Hurons— who  were  seated 
■est  (be  shores  of  Georgian  Hay — to  ho  a  part 
of  tin-  [roquois  family,  and, like  them,  were  iso- 
lated in  the  midst  of  the  Algonqnins  when  dis- 
covered by  the  French,  i  See  Unions.)  The 
Huron- Iroquois  have  been  considered  in  the 
article  on  the  "Iroquois  Confederacy"  (which 
see).  The  "Six  Nations,"  as  they  were  called  at 
the  period  of  the  Revolution,  now  number  about 
13,600,  distributed  as  follows:  7000  in  Canada, 
at  the  following  places:  Bay  of  Quints,  on  the 
Grand  River,  on  the  Thames,  at  Sault  St.  Louie, 
at  St.  Regis,  .ind  at  the  Lake  of  the  Two  Moun- 
tains. The  6600  in  the  United  States  are  most- 
ly  in   the   State   of  New    York,  where    there    are 

over  5000.  The  remainder  are  at  Green  Bay 
and  t  be  Qnapaw  agency. 

Husband,  Hermann,  a  leader  of  the  North 
Carolina  "  Regulators,"  was  born  in  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  died  near  Philadelphia  in  L795.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends  by  birth 
and  profession.  Removing  to  Orange  County, 
If.  C,  be  became  a  member  of  the  Legislature 
of  that  colony,  and  a  leader  among  the  oppo- 
nents of  the  royal  government  called  Regula- 
tors! which  sec,,  m  1768, organized 

for  the  forcible   redress  of  public 

grievances.     When,  on   Maj    1 1, 

1771,  a  battle  begai the  Alle- 

mance  Creek  between  one  thou- 
sand men  under  Governor  Tryon 
and  two  thousand  Regulators  (in 
which  the  latter  were  defeated), 

Husband  declared  that  the  peace 

principles  of  bis  sect  would  not 
allow  him  to  Bght.  He  bad  not 
objected  to  the  arming  of  the 
people, but  when  they  were  about 

to  use  their  arms  he  rode  away, 

and  was  never  afterwards  seen  in 
thai  region  until  the  struggle  for 
independence  was  over.  He  had 
made  his  way  to  Pennsylvania, 
where,  in    1771,  be    published  an 

account  of  tin-  Regulator  move- 
ment. Husband  was  a  member 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Legislature 

in  177-'.  and  w  as  e el  ncd  in  t  lie 

Whiskej  [nsurrecl  ion  (which  see) 
in    1794,  w  nli  Gallatin,  Brecken- 

ridge,  and  ol  be  I  s,  as  a  committee  of  safely.     For 

this  offence  hi'  suffered  a  short,  imprisonment  at 

Philadelphia.      He  died  on  his  way  home. 

Hutchings,  William,  one  of  the  latest  sur- 
vivors of  the  Continental  soldiers  (which  see), 
Was  DO]  □  at  Xbl  k.  Me..  <  ><t .  6,  I7lil  ;  died  May  "-', 
1886.       He    and    Lemuel    Cook    (  which 

other  of  the  later  jurvivors,  were  born  the  same 

year,  and  died  the  same  month.  They  Were  the 
last  sin  \  Ivors  of  the  soldiers  in  the  old  war  for 
independence.      His    father   lived    until   ho  was 


ninety-one  years  old.  When  William  was  four 
years  old  the  family  removed  to  "Plantation 
Number  Three,"  at  the  mouth  of  the  Penobscot 
(now  Castine).     There,  on  a  farm,  which  his  de- 


scendants occupied,  he  continued  to  live  until 
bis  death,  excepting  a  short  interval  of  time. 
lb-  was  a  witness  to  the  stirring  scenes  of  the 
Massachusetts  expedition  to  Penobscot  (which 
see)  in  1771),  and  aided  (by  compulsion)  the  Brit- 
ish in  the  construction  of  Fort  George,  on  the 
peninsula.  After  tlie  destruction  of  the  British 
licet,  his  father,  who  refused  to  take  the  oath  of 


Bsv  una  of  torn  okobq 


allegiance  to  the  crown,  retired  to  New  Castle, 
where    be   remained  until  the  close  of  the  war. 

At,  the  age  of  fifteen,  having  acquired  a  man's 
stature, William  Hutchings  entered  the  Conti- 
nental army.  He  enlisted  in  a  regiment  of  Mas- 
sachusetts militia,  commanded  by  Colonel  Sam- 
uel McCobb,  Captain  Benjamin  Lemont's  com- 
pany,as  a  volunteer  for  six  months.  That  was 
in  the  spring  of  17S0  or  17S1  ;  and  he  was  bon- 
orabh  discharged  abont  Christmas,  the  same 
Near,  at  Cox's  Head,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kenne- 


HUTCHINSON  AND  THE  KING  6 

bee  River.  He  received  an  annual  pension  of 
121.60  until  1865,  when  an  annual  gratuity  of 
|300  was  granted  by  Congress  to  each  of  the 
five  Revolutionary  soldiers  then  supposed  to  be 
living.  Only  four  of  the  number  lived  to  re- 
ceive tliis  gratuity.  William  HutchingB  and 
Lemuel  Cook  were  the  last.  Mr.  Hutchinga 
was  a  devout  member  of  the  Methodist  Church 
for  nearly  seventy  years,  and  for  many  of  his 
latter  years  he  was  an  advocate  and  professor 
of  total  abstinence  from  intoxicating  drinks. 
Iu  1865,  when  over  one  hundred  years  of  age, 
he  received  an  invitation  from  the  city  author- 
ities of  Bangor  to  join  in  the  celebration  of  the 
Fourth  of  July  there.  He  accepted  it.  A  rev- 
enue cutter  conveyed  him  from  Castine  to  Ban- 
gor. The  guns  of  Fort  Knox,  on  the  Penobscot, 
gave  him  a  salute  of  welcome  as  he  passed.  At 
Bangor  multitudes  rushed  to  get  a  glimpse  of 
the  veteran  as  he  was  escorted  through  the 
streets.  Senator  Hamlin  delivered  an  oration 
on  that  occasion,  and  at  the  close  Mr.  Hutch- 
inga responded  at  some  length  to  a  toast.  "My 
friends  told  me,"  he  said,  '•  that  the  effort  to  be 
here  might  cause  my  death  ;  but  I  thought  I 
conld  never  die  any  better  than  by  celebrating 
the  glorious  Fourth." 

Hutchinson  and  the  King.  So  ea^cr  was 
the  king  to  see  Governor  Hutchinson,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, on  his  arrival  in  England  in  July, 
1774,  that  he  was  hurried  by  Lord  Dartmouth 
to  the  presence  of  his  majesty  without  time  to 
Change  his  clothes,  lie  gave  the  king  much 
comfort.  He  assured  him  that  the  Port  Bill 
was  a  wise  and  effective  method  for  bringing 
the  Boston  people  into  submission;  that  it  had 
occasioned  extreme  alarm  ;  that  no  colony  would 
comply  with  their  request  for  a  genera]  suspen- 
sion of  Commerce;  and  that  Rhode  Island  had 
accompanied  its  refusal  with  a  sneer  at  the  self- 
islmess  of  the  Bostouians.  The  king  had  heard 
anil  believed  that  the  Boston  clergy  preached 
toleration  for  all  kinds  of  immoralities  for  tin 
sake  of  liberty,  and  scores  of  other  tales,  which 
Hutchinson  did  not  deny;  and  for  two  hours 
the  conversation  went  on,  until  the  king  was 
satisfied  that  Boston  would  be  unsupported  in 
its  rebellious  attitude  by  the  other  colonies. 
••The  author  of  this  intelligence,"  Baya  Ban- 
croft,"  became  at  once  a  favorite,  was  offered 
the  rank  of  a  baronet,  and  was  consulted  as  an 
oracle  by  Gibbon,  the  historian,  ami  other  poli- 
t  icians  at  court." 

Hutchinson  and  the  Massachusetts  As- 
sembly (  1770  .).  Thomas  Hutchinson,  a  native 
of  Boston,  a  colonial  councillor,  and  lieiitcnant- 

governor  of  Massachusetts,  was,  on  the  recall  of 
Governor  Bernard  in  1769,  made  governor  of  the 
province.  He  was  already  unpopular  because 
of  his  opposition  to  all  movements  tending  tow- 
ards popular  freedom.  When,  in  May,  1770,  he 
called  a  meeting  of  the  Assembly  at  Cambridge, 
that  body  insisted  that, by  the  terms  of  the  char- 
ter, the  General  <  louri  could  only  be  held  at  Bos- 
ton. A  dispute  arose  that  consumed  much  of 
the  time  of  two  sessions, and  it  was  October  be- 
laaemblj  would  agree  to  proceed  with 


62  HUTCHINSON 

!  needed  business,  and  then  under  protest,  after  a 
day  spent  in  solemn  humiliation  and  prayer. 
Then  they  made  a  bitter  complaint  against  the 
governor  because  he  had  withdrawn  from  the 
castle  in  Boston  harbor  the  company  in  the  pay 
of  the  province  and  given  the  fortress  up  to  the 
regulars.  They  also  complained  of  the  unusual 
number  of  ships  of  war  in  Boston  harbor;  all 
of  which  they  charged  to  misrepresentations  at 

court  by  Governor  Bernard,  as  well  as  the  in- 
cumbent. They  appointed  Dr.  Franklin  as 
agent  of  the  province  in  England.     And  then 

began  thai  series  of  contests  between  Hutchin- 


son and  the  people  which  speedily  caused  his 


exile  from  his  native  land. 

Hutchinson,  Anni..  was  born  at  Alford,  Lin- 
colnshire. England,  in  1591  ;  died  in  Westrhester 
County,  N.  V..  August,  1643.  She  was  a  daugh- 
ter  of  Rev.  Francis  Marbury,  Rector  of  St.  Mar- 
tin. Vintry.  and  other  London  parishes.  The 
preaching  of  John  Cotton  and  her  brother-in- 
law,  John  Wheelwright,  greatly  interested  her. 
and  she,  with  her  husband,  followed  them  to 
Boston  in  the  autumn  of  1634,  where  she  was 
admitted  to  membership  in  the  church.  Being 
a  woman  of  strong  mind,  fluent  in  speech,  bold 
in  defence  of  her  convictions,  she  soon  acquired 
great  influence  in  the  church.  She  called  meet- 
ings of  the  women  of  the  church  to  discuss  doc- 
trines and  sermons,  and  she  expressed  views  on 
religious  matters  which  had  offended  some  of 
her  fellow-passengers  on  the  voyage,  she  was 
tolerated  for  a  while,  but  finally  the  contro- 
versy between  her  supporters  and  opponents 
became  a  public  controversy  (1636).  Governor, 
Vane, Cotton.  Wheelwright,  and  the  whole  Bos- 
ton church  excepting  live  members  were  her 
Supporters,  w  bile  the  country  clergy  and  church- 
es were  united  against  her.  The  dispute  per- 
meated every  department  of  the  colony  and  in- 
fluenced public  action  in  civil,  military,  and  ec- 
clesiastical affairs.  On  Aug.30,  H'>:i7,  an  eccleai- 
astica]  Bynod  at  Newtown  condemned  her  opin- 
ions, and  she  was  summoned  before  the  General 
Court  to  answer.  After  a  trial  of  two  days"  du- 
ration, she  and  some  of  her  adherents  were  sen- 

tenoed  to  banisl nt  from  the  territory  of  Mas- 
sachusetts. She  went  to  Rhode  Island,  where  a 
deputation  sent  by  the  church  at  Boston  vainly 
tried  to  reclaim  her.  Her  husband  died  in  UU'i, 
when  she  removed,  with  her  surviving  family, 
into  the  territory  of  New  Netherland  to  avoid 

persecution.  The  Indians  and  Dutch  were  then 
at    war.      The   former  invaded    her   retreat    ami 

murdered  her,  her  son.  and  son-in-law,  and  ear- 
ned oil'  her  little  granddaughter, Anna  Collins. 
Some  of  her  neighbors  also  suffered, eighteen  of 

them  being  killed,  and  their  cattle,  put  into 
barns,  were  burned.  The  place  of  tin1  tragedy 
was  on  IVIhani  Neck.  The  region  was  called 
Anne's  llocek.  or  Point.  Several  women  and 
children    wen    saved    in    a    boat.       When    Mrs. 

Hutchinson's  little  granddaughter  was  deliver- 
ed to  the  Dutch  at  New  Amsterdam, four  yean 

afterwards,  according  to   the   terms  ,.i 
to  be  sent  to  her  friends  in  Boston,  she  had  for- 
gotten her  own  language, and  did  not  wish  to 
leave  her  Indian  friends. 


HUTCHINSON 


663  HUTCHINSONIAN  CONTROVERSY,  THE 


Hutchinson  in  the  Massachusetts  Council. 
Thomas  Hutchinson,  appointed  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts,  having  received  com- 
pensation for  bis  losses  (see  Hiot  in  Boston),  took 
:i  seat  in  Governor  Bernard's  Council  (January, 
1767),  where  he  had  no  right.  The  Massachu- 
setts Assembly  resented  this  usurpation,  this 
"lust  of  power,"  in  intruding  into  an  elective 
body  to  which  he  had  not  been  chosen.  The 
Council,  by  unanimous  vote,  denied  the  preten- 
sions of  the  intruder,  for  the  language  of  the 
charter  was  too  char  to  admit  of  a  doubt;  yet 
Bernard  urged  the  interposition  of  the  British 
government   to  keep  him   there.      This  conduit 

of  the  crown  officers  greatly  irritated  the  people. 

Hutchinson  Letters,  The.  Early  in  1773. 
letters   written   by  Governor  Hutchinson   and 

Others  of  the  crown  officers  in  Massachusetts  to 
Mr.  Whately,  one  of  the  under  secretaries  of  the 
government,  were  )iut  into  the  hands  of  Dr. 
Franklin,  agent  for  Massachusetts,  by  Dr.  Hugh 
Williamson,  of  Philadelphia.  In  these  letters 
the  popular  leaders  were  vilified,  the  liberal 
clauses  of  tin'  colonial  charter  were  condemned. 
the  punishment  of  Bostouians  bj  restraints  upon 
their  commercial  privileges  was  recommended, 
and  "an  abridgment  of  what  are  called  English 
privileges"  in  America,  by  coercive  measures. 
was  strongly  urged.      Franklin   saw-  in  these 

letters  evidences  of  a  conspiracy  against  his 
country  by  enemies  in  its  bosom,  and  lie  sent 
them  to  Thomas  Cnshing,  Speaker  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Assembly.  They  were  finally  pub- 
lished, and  created  intense  excitement  through- 
out the  colonies.  The  tempest  of  indignation 
which  they  raised  was  fearful  to  Hutchinson 
and    his    friends.       When    a    committee    waited 

upon  him  for  an  explicit  answer  as  to  the  au- 
thenticity of  his  own  letters,  he  replied,  "They 
are  mine,  hut  were  quite  confidential."  This 
was  not  satisfactory,  and  the  Assembly  adopted 
a  petition  to  the  king  for  his  removal.  The 
writers  of  the  letters  were  Thomas  Hutchinson, 
Andrew  (diver  (Lieutenant -governor1,  Charles 
Paxton,  Thomas  MotVatt,  Robert  Auchronty,  Na- 
thaniel Rogers,  and  George  Rome. 

Hutchinson,  Thomas, Governor  of  Massachu- 
setts, was  horn  in  Boston, Sept. 9, 1711 ;  died  at 
Brompton,  near  London.  .lime  :!.  1780.  He  was 
a  graduate  of  Harvard  University  (1797),  and, 
after  engaging  unsuccessfully  in  commerce, 
studied  law,  and  began  its  practice  in  Boston. 

That  city  sent  him  to  London  as  its  agent  ill 
important  business;  and  he  represented  that 
citv  in  the  General  Court  for  ten  years.  In 
17.vj  he  was  chosen  jndge  of  probate;  was  a 

councillor  from  1749  to  17<">t>;  was  lieutenant- 
governor  from  1758  to  1771  :  and  was  made 
ohief-jnstice  of  the  province  in  1768.  At  that 
time  he  held  four  high  offices  under  the  king's 
appointment,  and  he  naturally  sided  with  the 
crow  n  in  the  rising  disputes,  and  became  very 
obnoxious  to  the  republicans.  When,  in  1769, 
Governor  Bernard  was  recalled,  Hutchinson  be- 
came- acting-governor  of  Massachusetts,  and  was 
commissioned  governor  in  1771.  He  was  con- 
tinually engaged  in  controversies  with  the  pop- 


ular Assembly,  and  often  with  his  Council.  The 
publication  of  some  of  his  letters  (1773),  which 
proved  that  he  had  been  for  years  urging  upon 
Parliament  the  necessity  for  the  strict  euforce- 


THOMAS    HI  Ten 

ment  of  power  over  the  colonies,  raised  a  storm 
of  indignation,  and  his  recall  was  demanded. 
This  indignation  was  increased  by  his  action 
concerning  the  landing  of  cargoes  of  tea  in  IJos- 
ton  (see  Botton  Tea-party ), and  he  sailed  for  Eng- 
land. .June  1.  1774,  where  he  was  rewarded  with 
a  pension.  He  never  returned  to  his  native 
country.  He  wrote  and  published  a  history  of 
Massachusetts  from  the-  Bret  settlement  until 
1730.  The  official  residence  of  the  governor  of 
Massachusct  ts  was  called  the  "  Province  House." 


TIIE    PROVINCE    1IOISE. 


It  was  standing  a  few  years  ago,  in  the  rear 
ii  Washington  Street,  in  front  of  Milk 
Street.  It  was  a  large  brick  building,  three 
stories  in  height,  and  was  formerly  decorated 
with  the  kind's  arms,  richly  gilded.  A  cupola 
surmounted  the  roof.  In  front  of  the  house  was 
a  lawn,  with  an  iron  fence,  and  on  each  side-  of 
the  gate  was  a  large  oak-tree.  The  ground 
sloped,  and  in  front  were  about  twenty  stone 
steps.  The  king's  alius  are  in  possession  of  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society. 

Hutchinsonian  Controversy,  Tin..  The  Mas- 
sachusetts theocracy,  actuated  by  the  spirit  of 
the  English  persecuting  bishops  and  of  the  Court 
of  High  Commission,  persecuted  relentlessly,  as 
heretics  and  schismatics,  the  persons  who  occu- 


HUTCHIXSONTAX  COXTROVERSY,  THE   664 


IDAHO 


pied  towards  them  the  position  which  they  bad 
held  towards  their  own  persecutors.  With  the 
influx  of  new-comers  from  Englaud,  new  opin- 
ions flowed  into  Massachusetts  from  the  seeth- 
ing caldron  of  disputations  in  the  mother-coun- 
try. Among  the  new-comers  was  Anne  Hutch- 
inson, who  was  independent  in  tbonght  and  bold 
in  the  expression  of  opinion — a  religions  enthu- 
siast, whose  care  of  a  numerous  family  did  not 
prevent  her  taking  a  prominent  part  in  the 
Chnreb,  and,  at  meetings  of  the  women,  which 
she  instituted,  freely  discussing  religious  doc- 
trines and  criticising  sermons.  She  maintained 
the  leading  tenet  of  the  Reformation  (justifica- 
tion by  faith  alone),  involuntary  faith,  and  the 
free  grace  of  God.  She  declared  that  it  was  this 
faith,  and  not  iu  the  repetition  of  acts  of  devo- 
tion or  in  acts  of  morality,  that  made  the  true 
religious  person.  This  doctrine  of  justifica- 
tion by  faith  was  accepted  by  the  theocracy  a> 
sound  orthodoxy,  but,  as  Mrs.  Hutchinson  put 
it,  it  struck  a  vital  blow  at  the  constitution  of 
the  Church  in  Massachusetts,  for  it  mercilessly 
smote  the  self-esteem  and  influence  of  the  lead- 
ers. Their  "sanctifioation,"  tins  smart  woman 
alleged,  in  which  they  prided  themselves — their 
sanctimonious  carriage  and  austere  lives — fur- 
nished no  evidence  whatever  of  their  "justifi- 
cation"— their  change  of  heart  and  acceptance 
with  God.  The  only  evidence  of  justification, 
she  said,  was  an  internal  evidence  and  conscious- 
ness on  the  part  of  believers  that  the  Holy  Ghost 
dwelt  within  them.  The  clergy  were  embar- 
rassed, for  they  preached  justification  by  faith 
and  the  internal  and  .supernatural  assurance  of 
election  to  salvation,  but  they  also  held  that 
BUCll  assurances  were  false  and  deceptive,  unless 
accompanied  by  out  ward  evidence  of  sanctity  in 
life  and  conversation.  Hence  their  austerity. 
While  the  Boston  churches,  under  the  influence 
of  Mrs.  Hutchinson,  inclined  to  embrace  her  doc- 
trines, ex-Governor  Winthrop  aud  most  of  the 
clergy  throughout  the  colony  deuouueed  her  as 


an  antinomian,and  the  pretended  personal  union 
with  the  Holy  Ghost  as  no  belter  than  blasphe- 
my.   The  governor  and  Cotton  and  Wheelwright 

(see  Hutchinson,  June)  supported  her  views,  while 
most  of  the  magistrates, ex-Governor  Winthrop, 
and  the  clergy  of  the  colony  were  her  stern  and 
active  opponents.  They  were  cautious,  howev- 
er, how  they  condemned  their  favorite  doctrine 
of  faith  and  free  grace;  but  they  zealously  up- 
held the  necessity  of  a  system  of  worship  and 
austere  self-denial  which  they  had  crossed  the 
Atlantic  to  establish.  Mrs.  Hutchinson,  irritated 
them  by  classifying  the  two  parties — her  friends 
as  ••  under  the  covenant  of  grace,"  and  her  op- 
ponents "  under  the  covenant  of  works:"  and 
because  Mr.  Wheelwright  made  the  distinction 
in  a  .sermon,  he  was  arraigned  for  sedition,  and 
found  guilty.  The  governor  and  a  few  others 
offered  a  protest,  but  the  General  Court  refused 
to  receive  it.  Disputes  ran  high,  and  the  whole 
colony  was  ablaze  with  excitement.  Men  of  op- 
posite opinions  sometimes  came  to  blows;  fam- 
ilies were  divided,  and  society  was  fearfully  rent. 
In  the  midst  of  the  turmoil,  Winthrop  was  elect- 
ed (  1637 )  governor,  and  the  orthodox  party 
claimed  a  triumph.  The  Hntchinsonians  were 
beaten,  but  not  subdued.  The  theological  ques- 
tions raised  by  Mrs.  Hutchinson  were  referred 
to  a  synod — a  conference  of  delegates  from  all 
the  churches.  That  body  pronounced  the  wom- 
en's meeting  in  Boston  "disorderly:"  for  the 
feminine  church  members,  though  "heirs  of  sal- 
vation," had  no  power  in  the  earthly  theocracy. 
They  coudemued  the  Hntchinsonians  as  schis- 
matics, and  the  General  Court  proceeded  to  end 
the  controversy  by  the  wretched  argument  of 
force.  Mrs.  Hutchinson  and  Wheelwright,  and 
several  others,  were  sentenced  to  banishment. 
It  being  winter,  the  former  was  allowed  to  re- 
main at  Eoxbury.  vigilantly  watched,  until 
spring;  and  about  sixty  of  her  most  active  ad- 
herents were  disfranchised  and  deprived  of  their 
fire-arms. 


Iberville,  Pi  i:  i  :i:i:  u:  MciVNi.born  at  Montreal. 
July  If,.  1661;  died  in  Havana,  W.  1..  July  9, 
1706.  He  was  one  of  eleven  brothels  who  fig- 
ure in  some  degree  in  French  colonial  history. 
Entering  the  French  navy  at  fourteen,  he  be- 
came  distinguished  in  the  annals  of  Canada  for 
his  operations  against  the  English  in  the  north 
and  east  of  that  province.     In  1698  be  was  sent 

from    France    to   the   Gulf  of  Mexico  with   two 

frigates  (Oct.  82),  to  occupy  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi  and  the  region  neglected  after  the 
death  of  La  8alle.  On  finding  thai  stream,  he 
received  from  the  Indians  a  Letter  left  bj  De 
Tonty,  in  1686,  for  La  Salle.  There  be  built  Fort 
Hiloxi,  garrisoned  it,  and  made  his  brother  Bien- 
ville the  king's  lieutenant  In  May.  1699,  he  re- 
turned to  France,  but  reappeared  at  Fort  Hiloxi 
in  January,  1700.  On  visiting  France  and  re- 
turning   ill    1701,  lie    found   the   colony    reduced 

■  .  and  transferred  the  settlement  to 
Mobile,  and  begau  t  be  colonization  of  Alabama. 


Disease  had  impaired  his  health,  and  the  gov- 
ernment Called  him  away  from  his  work  as  the 
founder  of  Louisiana,  i  See  Louitiana.)  Be  was 
engaged  in  the  naval  service  in  the  West  Indies, 
where  he  was  destroyed  by  yellow  fever  at  Ha- 
vana. 

Idaho  (Id-ah-oi  was  created  a  territory  by 
act  of  Congress  approved  March  :>.  1863,  from 
portions  of  Dakota,  Nebraska,  and  Washington 
ten  itories  (which  see),  and  embracing  the  pres- 
ent territory  of  Montana  and  nearly  all  of  Wyo- 
ming.     Within    its   domain    the    COBUr   d'Alene 

mission  was  established,  in  1842.  The  perma- 
nent settlement  of  the  territory  did  not  begin 
until  the  discover]  of  gold,  in  I860.  This  metal 
is  found  at  the  head-waters  of  all  the  riwrs.  and 
the  territorj  is  very  rich  in  developed  and  un- 
developed beds  of  the  precious  metals.  These 
drew  large  numbers  of  settlers  from  California. 
Oregon,  and  settlements  eastward.    Its  capital 

i  ity. 


Idiots.  Institutions  for  idiots  are  of  recent 
origin  in  our  country.  In  1818,  Mr.  Galhmdet 
admitted  an  idiot  boy  into  tbe  Deaf  aud  Dumb 
Asylum  at  Hartford, and  bis  mind  was  strength-' 
ened.  Tbe  first  asylum  for  idiots  was  opened 
in  a  wing  of  the  lVrkins  Institute,  in  Boston, 
late  in  1848.  In  New  York,  in  1851,  the  "New 
York  Asylum  for  Idiots"  was  created,  and  was 
permanently  located  at  Syracuse,  N.  T.,  in  1865. 
Tbe  number  of  idiots  in  the  United  states  in 
1870  was  24,527.  All  but  1645  were  boru  in  tbe 
United  stales. 

Illinois  Indians.  Tins  family  of  tbe  Algon- 
quin nation  comprised  several  clans — Peorias, 
Moingwenas,  Easkaskias,  Tamaroas,  and  Cabo- 
kias.  At  a  very  early  period  they  drove  a  Da- 
kota tribe,  whom  they  called  the  Arkansas,  to 
the  country  on  the  Southern  Mississippi.  These 
WeFC  the  Qnapaws.  In  1640  they  al st  exter- 
minated the  YViniieliagoes:  and  soon  afterwards 
they  waged  war  with  the  [roqnois  and  Sioux. 
Tlnir  domain  was  between  Lakes  Michigan  ami 
Superior  and  the  Mississippi  River.     Marquette 

found  some  of  them  (the  Peorias  and  Moingwe- 

mh)  near  Dee  Moines,  wist  of  the  Mississippi,  in 
L678;  also  the  Peorias  ami  Easkaskias  on  the 
Illinois  River.  The  Tamaroas  and  Cahokias 
were  on  the  Mississippi.  The  Jesuits  found  the 
chief  Illinois  town  cousistiug  of  eight  thousand 
people,  in  nearly  four  hundred  large  cabins,  cov- 
ered with  water-proof  mats,  with,  generally,  four 

(iTOS  to  a  cabin.  In  1679  they  were  badly  de- 
feated by  the  Iroquois,  losing  about  thirteen 
hundred,  of  whom  nine  hundred  were  prison- 
ers; and  they  retaliated  by  assisting  the  French. 

under  Dels  Barre  and  De  Nonville,  against  the 

Five   Nations.      The    Illinois  were  converted   to 

Christianity  by  Father  Marquette  and  other  mis- 
sionaries, and  in  the  year  17<MI  Chicago,  their 
great  chief,  v  isitcd  France,  w  here  be  w;as  much 
Stressed,  His  son, of  the  same  name,  maintained 
great  influence  in  the  tribe  until  his  death,  in 
1764.  When  Detroit  was  besieged  by  the  Fox- 
is,  in  1712,  the  Illinois  went  to  its  relief,  ami  in 
the  war  that  followed  they  Buffered  severely. 
Some    of  them    were    with    the   French   at    Foil 

Duqueeue;  but  they  refused  to  join  Pontiac  in 
bis  conspiracy.  (See  Pontine.)  With  the  Mi- 
amis,  they  favored  the  English  in  the  war  of  the 
Revolution,  and  joined  in  the  treaty  at  Green- 
ville in  1796.     i  See  Oremtille.)     By  the  provi- 

si I'  treaties,  the}    ceded   their  lands,  and  a 

greater  portion  of  them  went  to  a  country  west 
of  the  Mississippi,  within  the  present  limits  of 
Kansas,  where  they  remained  until  1867,  when 
they  were  removed  to  a  reservati if  seventy- 
two  thousand  acres  southwest  of  the  t.iiapaws. 
In  1879  tbe  whole  Illinois  nation  had  dwindled 
to   fortj   BOUls.      This  tribe,  combined   with   the 

Piankeshaws,  numbered  only  one  bun 

died  and  sixtj   in  all. 

Illinois,  POSITIOM  "i  I  1861).  This  young 
state,  with  a  population  of  1,700,000, had  a  loyal 
governor  (Richard  Yates)  at  the  beginning  of 
1891.  The  Legislature  assembled  at  Springfield, 
the  home  of  the  Republican  President  elect,  on 
Januaix  7.      The  governor's   message  was  tem- 


8TATE   SEAL  OF   ILLINOIS. 


ILLINOIS,  TERRITORY  OF 

Iterate,  but  firm.  He  summed  up  what  be  be- 
lieved to  be  tbe  sentimeut  of  tbe  people  of  Illi- 
nois in  tbe  words  of  General  Jackson's  toast 
thirty  years  before — "Our  Federal  Union:  it 
must  be  preserved!''  Delegates  to  tbe  Con- 
gress were  appointed,  and  throughout  tbe  war 
that  ensued  the  men  of  Illinois  were  seen  almost 
everywhere  battling  in  defence  of  the  life  of  the 
Republic. 

Illinois,  State  of,  was  first  explored  by  Mar- 
quette and  Joliet  (which  see),  French  mission- 
aries from  Canada,  in  1763,  who  were  followed 
by  La  Salle  and  Hennepin  (which  see).  Twenty 
years  later  mission  stations  were  established  at 
Kaskaskia.Cahokia.and  Peoria;  and  early  in  tbe 
18th  century  a  French  monastery  was  established 
at  Kaskaskia.  By  the  treaty  of  1763,  tbe  "  Illi- 
nois country,"  as  it 
was  called,  passed 
under  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  English. 
By  the  treaty  of 
1783  it  was  ceiled  to 
the  United  States, 
and  it  formed  a  part 
of  the  Northwest 
Territory  (which 
see).  Tbe  country 
conquered  by  Gen- 
eral Clarke,  in  1778- 
79  (see  Clarke*  Ex- 
petlition),  the  Virginia  Assembly  erected  into  a 
county,  which  they  called  Illinois.  It  embraced 
all  territory  ninth  of  the  Ohio  claimed  as  wit  bin 
the  limits  of  Virginia, and  ordered 500  men  to  bo 

raised  for  its  defence.  In  1809,  when  the  pres- 
ent boundaries  of  Indiana  were  defined,  Illinois 
included  Wisconsin  and  a  part  of  Minnesota, 
and  in  1810  contained  more  than  12,000  inhabi- 
tants. Among  the  prominent  events  of  the  War 
of  1813-15  in  that  region  was  the  massacre  at 
Chicago  (which  see).  After  that  war  the  popu- 
lation rapidly  increased,  and  on  Dec.  3,  1818, 
Illinois,  within  its  present  limits,  was  admitted 
into  the  Union  as  a  state.  The  census  of  1820 
showed  a  population  in  that  state  of  more  than 
.-..-..iilMl  souls.  The  Black  Hawk  War  (which  sec) 
inclined  in  Illinois  in  1832.  There  I  he  Mormons 
established  themselves  in  1840,  at  Nauvoo  (see 
Mormons);  their  founder  was  slain  by  a  mob  at 
Carthage,  in  184  1,  and  soon  afteru  ards  a  gener- 
al exodus  of  this  people  occurred.  A  new  state 
constitution  was  framed  in  1847,  and  in  July, 
1870,  the  present  constitution  was  adopted.  The 
Illinois  Central  Railroad,  completed  in  1856,  litis 
been  a  source  of  great  material  prosperity  for 
the  state.  During  the  late  Civil  War,  Illinois 
furnished  to  the  national  government  (to  Dec. 
1,1864)  197,364  troops. 

Illinois,  Tk.kkitoky  of.  During  the  last  ses- 
sion of  the  Tenth  Congress,  1809,  the  Territory 
of  Illinois  was  erected,  and  Ninian  Edwards  was 
appointed  its  governor.  The  inhabited  portions 
of  this  territory,  including  the  (present)  states 
of  Illinois  and  Wisconsin,  were,  cbietly  near  the 
Mississippi  River,  Opposite  the  mouth  of  tbe 
Missouri.      Tbe  old   village  of  Ka-skaskia   was 


IMPEACHMENT  61 

made  the  seat  of  government.     The  population 
tlii'ii  was  about  ten  thousand. 

Impeachment  of  President  Johnson.  On 
Jan.  7,  1807.  Mr.  Ashley,  representative  iu  Con- 
gress  from  Ohio,  rose  in  his  place  and  charged 
the  ••Acting  President  of  the  United  States" 
with  the  commission  of "  high  crimes  and  misde- 
meanors, for  which  he  ought  to  be  impeached." 
He  charged  him  with  usurpations  and  violations 
of  law  :  1.  "In  that  he  has  corruptly  used  the 
appointing  power;  2.  In  that  he  has  corruptly 
used  the  pardoning  power;  3.  In  that  he  has 
corruptly  used  the  veto  power;  4.  In  that  he 
has  corruptly  disposed  of  public  property  of  the 
United  States;  and,  5.  In  that  he  has  corrupt- 
ly interfered  in  elections,  and  committed  acts 
which,  in  contemplation  of  the  Constitution, 
are  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors."'  For  more 
than  a  year  afterwards  Congress  bore  with  the 
opposition  and  unseemly  acts  of  the  President. 
Their  patience  became  exhausted.  On  Feb.  22, 
1868,  the  House  of  Representatives,  by  a  vote 
of  126  to  47,  "Resolved,  That  Andrew  Johnson, 
President  of  the  United  States,  be  impeached 
of  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors."  A  commit- 
tee presented  nine  articles  of  impeachment :  1. 
Unlawfully  ordering  the  removal  of  Secretary 
Stanton,  in  violation  of  the  Tenure-of-Office  Act 
(which  see);  2.  Unlawfully  appointing  Lorenzo 
B.  Thomas  as  Secretary  of  War  ad  interim  .•  :!. 
Substantially  the  same  as  the  2d  ;  4.  Conspiring 
with  Thomas  and  other  persons  to  prevent,  by 
threats,  Mr.  Stanton  from  holding  office ;  ."•.  Con- 
spiring to  hinder  the  execution  of  the  Tenure-of- 
Office  Act;  6.  Conspiring  to  take  forcible  pos- 
session of  tin-  War  Department;  7  and  8  sub- 
stantially the  same  as  5  and  6;  9.  Charged  that 
he  had  tried  to  induce,  by  false  representations, 
the  commander  of  the  Department  of  Washing- 
ton to  violate  the  laws  and  to  obey  the  orders 
of  the  President  only.  Managers  were  appoint- 
ed, and  on  March  3  the]  presented  two  other 
charges:  1.  Seditions  speech  while  on  a  polit- 
ical tour  (see  l'risidint  Johnson's  Tony),  trying  to 
excite  the  hostility  of  the  people  against  Con- 
i.l.2.  Thai  at  Washington  he  had  de- 
clared that  Congress  was  not  a  legal  body,  au- 
thorized to  exercise  legislative  powers.  The 
trial  was  began  on  March  30,  before  the  Senate, 
sitting  as  a  High  Court  of  Impeachment,  Chief- 
justice  Chase  presiding.  The  examination  of 
witnesses  ended  April  22.  The  arguments  of 
counsel  were  concluded  May  5,  and  twenty  days 
were  consumed  in  debates  iu  the  Senate.      The 

votes  of  fifty-four  senators  preaenl  were  taken  on 
the  verdict, of  whom  :{.">  were  for  conviction,  and 
19  for  acquittal,  As  two  thirds  of  the  votes 
cessary  for  conviction,  the  President 
w  as  acquit  ted  by  one  vote. 

Impediments  to  Burgoyne's  March.  From 
Bkeoesborougfa  mow  Whitehall),  at  the  head  of 
Lake  Cbamplain,  to  the  Hudson  River,  the  con- 
quering Bnrgoj  lie  inarched  through  a  very  roogh 
and  thickly  wooded  conutry,  tnterseoted  bj  nu- 
merals streams  and  dotted  with  moraMea.  There 
* aa  a  tingle  militarj  road, over  which,  between 
Fori  Anne  (on  the  route) and  Fori  Edward,  then 


IMPRESS,  THE 

were  full  fifty  bridges  and  causeways.  These 
Schuyler  destroyed  as  he  fell  back  towards  the 
Hudson,  and  felled  great  trees  across  the  road, 
with  thefr  branches  intertwining,  at  places  where 
it  was  difficult  to  turn  aside.  All  the  stock  was 
drawn  off,  and  the  New  England  militia  were 
summoned  to  the  rescue. 

Impending  Crisis,  The  state  elections  iu  1858 
and  1859  satisfied  the  opponents  of  the  rapidly 
growing  Republican  party  that  then-  was  im- 
pending a  great  change  in  national  politics. 
The  political  leaders  in  the  slave-labor  states, 
who  had  been  interested  in  a  scheme  for  forming 
an  empire  whose  corner-stone  should  be  negro 
slavery  and  its  bounds  the  Golden  Circle  (which 
see),  perceived  the  peril.  They  believed  they 
would  not  be  able  to  elect  another  President  of 
their  choice.  They  were  in  full  alliance  with 
the  Democratic  party  of  the  North,  then  in  pow- 
er, but  they  saw  signs  of  disintegration  going  on 
in  that  party,  caused  by  disgust  with  the  work- 
ings of  the  Fugitive  Slave  Law  and  the  attempt 
to  nationalize  slavery.  A  large  portion  of  that 
party,  led  by  Senator  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  showed 
a  proclivity  towards  independent  action,  and 
even  of  affiliation  with  the  Republican  party,  on 
the  subject  of  slavery.  The  hopes  of  the  friends 
of  the  slave  system  of  the  further  undivided  sup- 
port of  the  Northern  Democracy  vanished.  Iu 
view  of  this  impending  crisis,  the  Southern  pot , 
iticians,  who  wished  to  dissolve  the  Onion, 
deemed  it  expedient,  it  is  averred,  to  absolutely 
destroy  all  unity  in  the  Democratic  party,  ami 
make  it  powerless,  when  the  Republicans  might 
elect  their  candidate  for  President  in  the  fall  of 
1860.  Then  would  appear  a  sufficient  pretext 
for  a  revolution — the  election  of  a  sectional  Pres- 
ident. This  danger  to  the  slaveholders'  interest 
might  be  magnified  by  a  sectional  war-cry  that 
would  "fire  the  Southern  hcait."and  produce  a 
"solid  South''  in  favor  of  secession,  a  dissolu- 
tion of  the  Union,  and  Hie  construction  of  a  new 
republic  or  kingdom  within  the  Golden  Circle. 
lerted  that  with  this  view  politicians 
who  were  afterwards  Confederate  leaders  in  the 
late  Civil  War  entered  the  Democratic  nomina- 
ting ((invention  held  at  Charleston,  S.  C.  late 
in  April,  1860.  (See  Democratic  Convention  at 
t  'liavleston.) 

Impress,  The— Treaty  of  1806.  Proofs  of 
the  snfferiugs  of  American  seamen  from  the  op- 
erations of  the  British  impress  s\stem  were  con- 
tinually received,  and  so  frequent  and  llagrant 
were  these   outrages,  towards  the  close  of  1805) 

that  Congress  took  action  on  the  subject.     It 

was  felt  that  a  crisis  was  reached,  when  the  in- 
dependence of  the  I'nited  Shitcs  must  be  vindi- 
cated, or  the  national  honor  would  be  imperilled. 
There  was  ample  cause  not  only  for  retaliatory 

measures  sgsdnsl  Great   Britain,  but  even  Cot 

war.      A   Non-importation  Act    (which  see)  was 

pasted.     It    was  resolved  to  try  aegotiationa 

once  more.     William  Pinkney.  of  .Maryland,  was 

appointed  I  May,  1808)  minister  extraordinary  to 
England,  to  become  aaaociaied  w  itfa  Monroe,  the 

resident  minister,  in  negotiating  I  treaty  that 
should  settle  all  disputes  between  the  two  gov- 


IMPRESSMENT  6 

erninents.  He  sailed  for  England,  and  negotia- 
tions were  commenced  Aug.  7.  As  the  Amer- 
ican commissioners  were  instructed  to  make  no 
treaty  which  did  not  secure  the  vessels  of  their 
countrymen  on  the  high  seas  against  press- 
gangs,  that  topic  received  the  earliest  attention. 
The  Americans  contended  that  the  right  of  im- 
pressment, existing  by  municipal  law,  could  not 
tic  exercised  out  of  the  jurisdiction  of  Great 
Britain,  and.  consequently,  upon  the  high  seas. 
The  British  replied  that  no  subject  of  the  king 
could  expatriate  himself — "once  an  English- 
man, always  an  Englishman" — and  argued  that 
to  give  up  that  right  would  make  every  Ameri- 
can vessel  an  asylum  for  British  seamen  wishing 
to  evade  their  country's  service.  Finally,  the 
British  commissioners  stated  in  writing  that  it 
was  not  intended  by  their  government  to  exer- 
cise this  claimed  rigid  on  board  any  American 
vessel,  unless  it  was  known  it  contained  British 
deserters.  In  that  shape  this  portion  of  a  trea- 
ty then  conclnded  remained,  and  was  unsatis- 
factory because  it  was  based  upon  contingen- 
cies and  provisions,  and  not  upon  positive  trea- 
ty stipulations.  The  American  commissioners, 
then,  on  their  own  responsibility,  proceeded  to 
treat  upon  other  points  in  dispute,  and  an  agree- 
ment was  made,  based  principally  upon  Jay's 
treat]  of  1794.  The  British  made  some  conces- 
sions as  to  the  rights  of  neutrals.  The  treaty 
was  more  favorable  to  the  Americans,  on  the 

whole,  than  .lay's,  and,  for  the  reasons  which  in- 
duced him,  the  American  commissioners  signed 

it.  It  was  satisfactory  to  the  merchants  and 
most  of  the  people;  ye1  the  President,  consult- 
ing only  his  Secretary  of  state,  and  without  re- 
ferring if  t«  the  Senate,  rejected  it. 

Impressment.  The  British  government 
claimed  the  right  for  commanders  of  British 
ships  of  war  to  make  up  any  deficiency  in  their 
crews  bj  pressing  into  their  service  British- 
born  seamen  found  anywhere  not  within  the 
immediate  jurisdiction  of  some  foreign  state. 
As  many  British  seamen  were  employed  on 
board  of  American  merchant-vessels,  the  exer- 
cise of  this  claimed  right  might  (and  often  did) 
seriously  cripple  American  vessels  at  sea.  To 
distinguish  between  British  ami  American  sea- 
men was  not   an  BBS]   matter,  and  many  British 

captains,  eager  to  till  up  their  crews, frequently 
Impressed  native-born  Americana.  These  were 
sometimes  dragged  by  violence  from  on  board 

their  own  vessels  anil  condemned  to  a  life  of 
slavery  as  seamen  in  British  ships  of  war. 
is  were  among  the  causes  of  the  War 
of  1813  I"),  or  second  war  for  independence. 
When  Jonathan  Russell,  minister  at  the  British 
court,  attempted  to  negotiate  with  that  govern- 
ment (  August,  1812)  fora  settlement  of  disputes 
between  the  Americans  and  British,  and  pro- 
posed the  withdrawal  of  the  claims  of  the  latter 
to  the  right  of  impressment  and  the  release  of 

Impressed  seamen,  Lord  Castlereagh,  the  Brit- 
ish Minister  for  foreign  Affairs,  refused  to  listen 
to  such  a  proposition.  He  even  expressed  sur- 
prise that,  "as  a  condition  preliminary  even  to 
a  suspension  of  hostilities,  the  government  of 
the  United  states  should  have  thought  fit  to 


7  IMPRESSMENT  IN  BOSTON 

demand  that  the  British  government  should  de- 
sist from  its  ancient  and  accustomed  practice  of 
impressing  British  seamen  from  the  merchant- 
ships  of  a  foreign  state,  simply  on  the  assurance 
that  a  law  was  hereafter  to  he  passed  to  pro- 
hibit the  employment  of  British  seamen  in  the 
public  or  commercial  service  of  that  state." 
The  United  States  had  proposed  to  pass  a  law 
making  such  a  prohibition  in  case  the  British 
government  should  relinquish  the  practice  of 
impressment  and  release  all  impressed  sea- 
men. Castlereagh  acknowledged  that  there 
might  have  been,  at  the  beginning  of  the  year 
1811,  sixteen  hundred  bona  fide  American  citi- 
zens serving  by  compulsion  in  the  British  navy. 
Several  hundreds  of  them  had  been  discharged, 
and  all  would  he,  Castlereagh  said,  upon  proof 
made  of  their  American  birth  ;  hut  the  British 
government,  he  continued,  could  not  consent 
"to  suspend  the  exercise  of  a  right  upon  which 
the  naval  strength  of  the  empire  mainly  de- 
pended, unless  assured  that  the  object  might  be 
attained  in  some  other  way."  There  were  then 
upwards  of  six  thousand  eases  of  alleged  im- 
pressment of  American  seamen  recorded  in  the 
Department  of  State,  and  it  was  estimated  that 
at  least  as  many  more  might  have  occurred,  of 
which  no  information  had  been  received.  Cas- 
tlereagh had  admitted  on  the  floor  of  the  House 
of  Commons  that  an  official  inquiry  had  reveal- 
ed the  fact  that  there  were,  in  1811,  thirty-five 
hundred  men  claiming  to  be  American  citizens. 
Whatever  may  have  been  the  various  causes 
combined  which  produced  the  war  between  the 
United  States  and  Great  Britain  in  1812-15, 
when  it  was  declared,  the  capital  question,  and 
that  around  which  gathered  in  agreement  a  lar- 
ger portion  of  the  people  of  the  Republic,  was 
that  of  impressment.  The  contest  was,  by  this 
consideration,  resolved  into  a  noble  struggle  of 
a  free  people  against  insolence  and  oppression, 
undertaken  on  behalf  of  the  poor,  the  helpless, 
and  the  stranger.  It  was  this  conception  of  the 
essential  nature  of  the  conflict  that  gave  vigor 
to  every  blow  of  the  American  soldier  and  sea- 
man, and  the  watch-words  "Free  Trade  and  Sail- 
ors' Rights"  prevailed  ou  laud  as  well  as  on  the 
sea. 

Impressment  in  American  Ports.     In  1707 

Parliament,  by  act,  forbade  the  impressment  of 
seamen  in  American  ports  and  waters  for  priva- 
fceei  inn  service,  unless  of  such  sailors  as  had  pre- 
viously deserted  from  ships  of  war. 

Impressment  in  Boston  (1747).  Commodore 
Snowies,  while  in  Boston  harbor,  in  November, 
1747,  finding  himself  short  of  men,  sent  a  press- 

gang  into  the  town  one  morning  which  seized 
and  carried  to  the  vessels  several  of  the  citizens. 
This  violence  aroused  the  populace.  Several  of 
the  naval  officers  on  shore  were  seized  by  a  mob 
and  held  as  hostages  for  their  kidnapped  coun- 
trymen. They  also  surrounded  the  Town  House, 
where  the  Legislature  was  in  session,  and  de- 
manded the  release  of  the  impressed  men.  The 
governor  called  out  the  militia,  who  reluctantly 
obeyed.  Then,  alarmed,  he  withdrew  to  the 
castle.     Knowles  offered  a  company  of  mariues 


INAUGURATION  BALL 


GGS  INAUGURATION  OF  PRESIDENT  GRANT 


to  sustain  his  authority, and  tbreateued  to  bom- 
bard tbe  town  if  bis  officers  were  not  released. 
The  populace  declared  that  tbe  governor's  flight 

was  abdication.  Matters  became  so  serious  that 
tbe  influential  citizens,  who  bad  favored  tbe  pop- 
ulace, tried  to  suppress  tbe  tinunlt.  The  As- 
sembly ordered  the  release  of  tbe  officers,  and 
Snowies  sent  back  most  of  tbe  impressed  men. 
The  authorities  attributed  the  outbreak  to  "  ne- 
groes and  persons  of  vile  condition."  This  was 
tbe  first  of  a  series  of  impressments  of  American 
citizens  by  British  officers  which  finally  led  to 
war.      (See  Second  War  for  Independence.) 

Inauguration  Ball.  On  the  evening  of  tbe 
inauguration  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  a  grand  ball  was 
given  in  honor  of  tbe  occasion,  in  a  large  tem- 
porary building  near  the  City  Hall,  in  Wash- 
ington. Several  foreign  ministers,  and  beads 
of  departments,  with  their  families,  were  pres- 
ent. Tbe  dancing  began  at  eleven  o'clock.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Lincoln,  iu  whose  honor  tbe  ball  was 
given. appeared  soon  afterwards.  Tbe  President 
entered  tbe  room  with  Mayor  Berret,  of  Wash- 
ington, and  Mrs.  Lincoln  entered  leaning  ou  tbe 
arm  of  Senator  Douglas.  Tbe  incident  was  ac- 
cepted as  a  proclamation  of  peace  and  friendship 
between  tbe  two  late  rivals  for  tbe  Presidency. 
Joy  and  gayety  prevailed.  Of  all  the  company 
present,  the  most  honored  and  tbe  most  bur- 
dened was  Abraham  Lincolu.  With  that  brill- 
iant pageant  ended  tbe  poetry  of  Abraham  Lin- 
coln's life;  after  that,  it  was  spent  in  the  sober 
prose  of  dutiful  endeavor  to  save  and  redeem 
the  nation. 

Inauguration  of  Jefferson  Davis.  Mr.  Davis 
was  at  bis  home,  not  far  from  Vicksbnrg,  when 
apprised  of  his  election  as  President  of  the  Con- 
federacy formed  at  Montgomery,  February,  1861. 

He  hastened  to  that  oity,  aud  bis  journey  was 
a  continuous  ovation.  He  made  twenty-live 
speeches  on  the  way.  Members  of  tbe  conven- 
tion, and  the  authorities  of  Montgomery  met 
bim  eight  miles  from  the  city.  He  arrived  at 
tbe  Alabama  capital  at  eight  o'clock  at  night. 
Cannons  thundered  a  welcome,  aud  the  shouts 
of  a  multitude  greeted  him.  Formally  received 
at  the  railway -station,  he  made  a  speech,  in 
which  be  briefly  reviewed  tbe  then  position  of 
tbe  South,  aud  said  the  time  for  compromises 
bail  passed.  "We  are  now  determined,"  he 
said,  "  to  maintain  our  position,  and  make  all 
irho  oppose  ut  smell  Southern  ponder  and  feel  Sonth- 
iiii  steel.  .  ■  .  We  will  maintain  our  rights  and 
our  government  at  all  hazards.  We  ask  noth- 
ing we  want  nothing — and  we  will  have  no 
coin  plica  tions.  If  the  other  states  join  our  Con- 
federacy, they  can  freely  come  in  on  our  terms. 
Our  separation  from  the  old  Union  is  complete, 

and  no  compromise,  no  reconstruction,  can  now 

be  entertained."  Tbe  inaugural  ceremonies  took 

place  al   noon,  Feb.  18,  On  a  platform  erected  in 

front  of  the  portico  of  the  State  House  n.nis 
and  Stephens,  with  Rev.  Dr.  Marly,  rode  in  an 
open  barouche  from  tbe  Exchange  Hotel  to  the 
Capitol,  followed  by  ■  multitude  of  state  officials 
ami  citi/ciis.  The  oath  of  office  was  adminis- 
tered to  Davis  bj  Howell  Cobb,  President  of 


the  "Congress,"  at  the  close  of  his  inaugural 
address.  Iu  tbe  evening,  in  imitation  of  tbe 
custom.  President  Davis  held  a  '•  levee"  at  Es- 
telle  Hall,  and  the  city  was  brilliantly  lighted 
up  by  bonfires  aud  illuminations. 

Inauguration  of  President  Buchanan. 
.James  Buchanan,  fifteenth  President  of  tbe 
United  States,  was  inaugurated  on  March  4, 
ls.JT.  Tbe  day  was  clear  and  pleasant.  Tbe 
number  of  spectators  of  the  scene  from  abroad 
was  immense,  there  being,  it  was  said,  repre- 
sentatives from  every  stale  in  tbe  Union.  Tbe 
President  elect  moved  iu  a  barouche  fromWil- 
lard's  Hotel,  escorted  by  military  under  General 
Quit  may.  Mr.  Buchanan  was  accompanied  in 
his  carriage  by  President  Pierce,  and  Senators 
Bigler  and  Foote,  of  the  Committee  of  Arrange- 
ments. Democratic  clubs,  fire  companies  from 
New  York  and  Philadelphia,  and  a  great  con- 
course of  citizens,  with  various  volunteer  mili- 
tary companies,  formed  tbe  procession.  Chief- 
justice  Taney  administered  1  be  oath  of  office. 

Inauguration  of  President  Fillmore.  (See 
Fillmore,  Millard.) 

Inauguration  of  President  Grant.  The 
turbulent  administration  of  President  Johnson 
closed  on  March  4,  1869,  and  Ulysses  8.  Grant 
was  inaugurated  the  eighteenth  President  of 
tbe  United  Slates.  On  the  same  day,  tbe  retir- 
ing President  issued  a  long  address  to  his  coun- 
trymen in  vindication  of  bis  course  as  chief 
magistrate  of  tbe  Republic.  He  recited  tbe  most 
prominent  acts  of  bis  administration,  declaring 
the  necessity  lor  them:  and.  having  done  ibis, 
be  assailed  tbe  majority  of  tbe  Congress  with 
bis  usual  vehemence  of  tone,  accusing  them  of 
acting  in  "  utter  disregard  of  tbe  Constitution," 
accusing  them  of  "preventing  the  return  of 
peace."  and  •■making  tbe  liberties  of  tbe  people 
aud  the  rights  and  power  of  the  President  ob- 
jects of  constant  attack."  He  charged  them 
with  the  commission  of  nearly  every  ait  of  op- 
pression enumerated  in  the  indictment  against 
George  III.,  of  England,  contained  in  tbe  Decla- 
ration of  Independence,  ami  added.  -This  cata- 
logue of  clinics,  long  as  it  is.  is  not  yet  com- 
plete." General  Grant  was  honored  at  bis  in- 
auguration with  a  large  civic  and  military  dis- 
play, and  an  immense  gathering  of  citizens  from 
all  parts  of  tbe  Union.  The  ecu-monies  took 
place  at  the  eastern  front  of  the  Capitol,  as  usu- 
al, at  a  little  past  noon,  when  Chief-justice  Chase 
administered  tbe  oath  of  office.  His  inaognral 
address  foreshadowed  tbe  course  of  his  adminis- 
tration. He  declared  his  intention  to  have  on 
all  subjects  a  policy  to  recommend,  but  none  to 

enforce  ;  to  alw av  i  express  Ins  view ■  clearly  to 
I  ,  and  to  exercise  the  constitutional  pow- 

er of  the  veto  whenever  his  judgment  bade  bim 
interfere-  j  to  treat  tbe  mouieutons  snbji 

hag  out  of  the  recent  civil  war  with  calmness, 
and"  without  prejudice,  hate,  or  sectional  pride." 
He  declared  that,  to  protect  tbe  national  honor. 
every  dollar  of  the  public  debt  should  be  paid  in 
gold,  unless  other*  ise  stipulated  in  the  inn  tract. 
He  recommended  the  adoption  of  some  plan  for 

the  payment  of  the  debt. and  for  tbe  resumption 


INAUGURATION  OF  HARRISON  669       INAUGURATION  OF  JOHN  ADAMS 


of  specie  payments.  In  foreign  policy  lie  pro- 
posed to  deal  with  nations  with  equal  justice  as 
with  individuals.  He  called  attenliou  to  the 
Indians,  and  said  be  would  favor  any  course  that 
would  tend  to  their  civilization,  Cbristianiza- 
tion,  and  ultimate  citizenship.  He  expressed  a 
hope  that  the  question  of  suffrage  might  be 
speedily  settled  by  the  adoption  of  t  lie  Fifteenth 
Amendment  to  the  Constitution  (which  sue). 

Inauguration  of  President  Harrison.  The 
city  of  Washington  was  thronged  with  people 
from  every  part  of  the  Union  to  witness  the  In- 
auguration of  President  Harrison,  on  March  4, 
1841.  lb-  was  then  a,  month  beyond  the  age  of 
sixty-eight  years, yet  there  was  remarkable  vig- 
or in  bis  movements  for  one  who  bad  experi- 
enced so  much  of  the  rougher  circumstances  of 
lift's  career.  Be  was  ace panied  to  the  Capi- 
tol by  ex  President  Van  Buren,  in  a  carriage, 
and  on  a  platform  at  the  eastern  entrance  to 
the  building  he  delivered  bis  inaugural  address, 
in  a  clear  voice,  frequently  interrupted  by  cheers. 
When  it  was  concluded,  Chief-justice  Taney  ad- 
ministered the  oath  of  office,  and  then  succes- 
sive cannon-peals  announced  to  the  multitude 
that  the  ninth  President  of  the  United  states 
was  duly  installed  into  office.  His  inaugural 
speech  was  well  received  by  all  parties,  and  an- 
other ''era  of  good  feeling"  seemed  about  to 
dawn. 

Inauguration  of  President  Hayes.  The  1th 
Of  March,  1*77,  fell  on  Sunday.  President-elect 
Rutherford    Ii.   Hayes    was    in    Washington,  the 

guest  of  Senator  .John  Sherman.  There  bad 
been  threats  made  by  the  Opposition  of  taking 
forcible  possession  of  the  Presidential  office  and 
inaugural  ing  Samuel  J.  Tihlen,  the  rival  candi- 
date b>r  President.  It  was  thought  best  by  the 
friends  of  the  President  -elect  not  to  postpone 
the  administering  of  the  oath  of  office  to  him 
until  Monday,  as  bad  been  done  in  other  cases 
when  the  time  for  inaugurating  a  new  President 

fell  on  Sunday.  Mr.  Hayes  therefore  look  the 
oath  of  office  privately,  in  Senator  Sherman's 

house  on  Sunday,  and  on  the  following  day  the 

public  inauguration  ceremonies  were  performed 

at  the  usual  place  on  the  cast  front  of  the  <  lapi- 

tol.  in  the  presence  of  an  Immense  multitude  of 
people.  The  oath  of  office  was  administered  by 
Chief-just  ice  Wait. 

Inauguration  of  President  Jackson.  There 
were  incidents  of  peculiar  interest  connected 
with  the  inauguration  of  Andrew  .Jackson,  t  be 
seventh  President  of  the  United  states.  Presi- 
dent Adams  bad  convened  the  Senate  on  the 

Doming  of  March  t.  1829,  and  at  twelve  M. 
that  body  adjourned  for  ( hour.    During  that 

time     the     President-elect    entered     bhl 

obamber,  having  been  escorted  from  <iadsb\'s 
Hotel  by  a  few  surviving  officers  and  soldiers  of 

the   old    war  for  independence.      These   having 

addressed  him  at  the  hotel,  and  in  the  Senate- 

chamber,  in  the  presence  of  the  chief  officers  of 

government,  foreign  ministers,  and  many  ladies, 

be  made  a  feeling  reply,  as  follows  :    "  1,'especled 

Friends:  Your  affectionate  address  awakens  sen- 

timeiits  and  recollections  which  I  feel  with  sin- 


cerity and  cherish  with  pride.  To  have  around 
my  person,  at  the  moment  of  undertaking  the 
most  solemn  of  all  duties  to  my  country,  the 
companions  of  the  immortal  Washington,  will 
afford  me  satisfaction  and  encouragement.  That 
by  my  best  endeavors  I  shall  be  able  to  exhibit 
more  than  an  imitation  of  his  labors,  a  sense  of 
my  own  imperfections  and  the  reverence  I  en- 
tertain for  his  virtues  forbid  me  to  hope.  To 
you,  respected  friends,  the  survivors  of  that  he- 
roic band  that  followed  him  so  long  and  so  val- 
iantly on  the  path  to  glory,  I  offer  my  sincere 
thanks,  and  to  Heaven  my  prayers,  that  your  re- 
maining years  may  be  as  happy  as  your  toil  and 
your  lives  have  been  illustrious."  The  whole 
company  then  proceeded  to  the  eastern  portico 
of  the  Capitol,  where,  in  the  presence  of  a  vast 
assembly  of  citizens,  the  President-elect  deliv- 
ered his  inaugural  address  and  took  the  oath  of 
office,  administered  by  Chief-justico  Marshall. 

Inauguration  of  President  Jefferson.  On 
the  morning  of  March  4,  1801,  Jeft'ersou  was  es- 
corted by  a  body  of  militia  and  a  procession 
of  citizens  to  the  Capitol,  where  the  Senate  had 
met  in  special  session,  called  some  months  be- 
fore by  the  President.  Aaron  Burr,  already 
sworn  in  as  Vice-President,  gave,  up  the  chair 
to  .Jefferson,  taking  a  seat  at  his  right  band. 
On  his  left  sat  John  Marshall,  then  chief-justice, 
ready  to  administer  the  oath  of  office.  The  late 
speaker  and  cx-l'resident  Adams  were  not  pres- 
ent, the  latter  having  left  for  homo  that  morn- 
ing on  account  of  sickness  in  his  family.  Jeffer- 
son delivered  a  carefully  written  inaugural  ad- 
dress, in  which  be  pleaded  for  harmony.  "Every 
difference  of  opinion,"  he  said,  "is  not  a  differ- 
ence of  principle.  Brethren  of  the  same  prin- 
ciple, we  are  called  by  different  names.  We  are 
all  Republicans;  we  are  all  Federalists." 

Inauguration    of  President   John   Adams 

(1797).  The  Senate  adjourned  to  the  chamber 
of  the  House  of  Representatives,  with  Jefferson 
at  their  head,  where  a  brilliant  assemblage  of 
ladies  had  gathered  to  witness  the  inaugura- 
tion of  the  second  President  of  the  Republic,  in 
the  old  state  House,  Philadelphia.  In  front  of 
the  speaker's  chair  sat  the  chief-justice  (Jay), 
with  three  other  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court. 
The  new  Vice-President  and  the  secretary  of 
the  Senate  took  scats  on  their  right;  on  tho 
left  sai  the  speaker  and  clerk  of  the  House. 
The  doors  being  opened,  a  crowd  instantly  Idled 
tin;  galleries.  When  Washington  entered  he 
was  greeted  with  sliouts  of  applause  from  all 
sides.  I '■•ing  now  a  private  citizen,  he  took  a 
seat  in  front  of  the  judges.  The  President-elect 
entered,  attended  by  the  heads  of  departments 
and  the  marshal  of  the  district,  and  was  re- 
ceived with  shouts  as  he  ascended  to  the  chair. 
In  a  few  minutes  be  arose  and  read  an  elaborate 
inaugural  address,  when  tho  oath  was  adminis- 
tered by  the  chief-justice.  Then  he  took  his 
seat  for  a  few  minutes,  arose,  bowed  to  all 
around,  and  retired.  The  Vice-President  fob 
lowed,  and  he,  in  turn,  was  followed  by  the  ex- 

President.  It  was  the  last  time  Washington 
ami  Jefferson  met.     Washington  was  greeted 


INAUGURATION  OF  JOHN  Q.  ADAMS     670 


INAUGURATION  OF  MONROE 


■with  prolonged  shouts  in  and  out  of  the  House, 
unci  that  evening  (March  4,  1797)  he  was  sumpt- 
uously entertained  hy  the  merchants  and  oth- 
ers of  Philadelphia.  He  departed  for  Mount 
Vernon  a  tew  days  afterwards. 

Inauguration  of  President  John  Q.  Adams. 
At  about  halt-past  twelve  o'clock  on  the  4th  of 
March,  18-25,  Mr.  Adams  entered  the  Capitol,  ac- 
companied by  ex-President  Monroe  aud  his  fam- 
ily, by  the  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  in  their 
robes  of  office,  and  the  members  of  the  Senate, 
preceded  bj  the  Vice-President, with  a  Dumber 
of  the  members  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 
Mr.  Adams,  dressed  in  a  plain  suit  of  black,  as- 
cended to  the  speaker's  chair.  The  doors  of  the 
hall  of  Representatives,  in  which  the  people  had 
assembled,  being  closed,  Mr.  Adams  read  his  in- 
augural addressand  immediately  afterwards  look 
the  oath  of  office,  administered  by  Chief-justice 
Marshall. 

Inauguration  of  President  Johnson.  On 
the  death  of  President  Lincoln,  Andrew  John- 
son, the  Vice-President, succeeded  him  in  office, 
in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  Consti- 
tution. At  that  time  he  occupied  rooms  at  the 
Kirkw  ood  House,  in  Washington.  On  the  morn- 
ing of  the  death  of  Mr.  Lincoln  (April  15,  18C5), 
the  cabinet  ministers,  excepting  Mr.  Seward, 
who  was  very  ill,  addressed  a  note  to  the  Vice- 
President,  officially  notifying  him  of  the  decease 
of  the  President,  and  that  the  emergency  of  the 
government  demanded  that  he  should  immedi- 
ately enter  upon  the  duties  of  the  Presidency. 
Mr.  Johnson  appointed  ten  o'clock  that  morn- 
ing, when  he  would  be  ready  to  take  the  oath 
of  office  at  his  rooms.  That,  oath  was  duly  ad- 
ministered at  the  appointed  time  by  Chief-jus- 
tice Chase,  in  the  presence  of  the  cabinet  min- 
isters .Hid  several  members  of  Congress.  Then 
the  President  delivered  a  brief  speech  to  tin- 
gentlemen  present.  There,  in  the  midst  of  uni- 
versal and  unparalleled  excitement,  the  author- 
ity of  the  nation  was  quietly  transferred  tooth- 
er hands  a  lew  hours  after  the  death  of  Presi- 
dent Lincoln.  Mr.  Johnson  requested  -Mr.  Lin- 
coln's cabinet  (which  see)  to  remain,  and  the 
government  went  on,  without  a  shock  to  its 
steady  movement. 

Inauguration  of  President  Lincoln.  Mr. 
Lincoln  arrived  in  Washington  in  the  earl] 
morning  of  Feb.  -J:'>.  1861,  schemes  to  prevent  his 
reaching  there  having  been  frustrated.  (Bee 
Lincoln,  I'loi  to  Assassinate.)  On  March  I.  1861, 
Mr.  Lincoln  was  Inaugurated,  under  oiroum- 
stancea  ofpeeuliar  interest,    in  expectation  of 

open  violence  on  the  part  of  conspirators 
againsi  the  life  of  the  Republic  and  its  ad- 
herents, General  Scott  had  made  ample  provi- 
sion for  tie-  preservation  of  order  by  the  strong 

arm   of  military  power.      This  fact   was  known. 

ami  no  disorder  occurred.  Chief-justice  Taney 
administered  the  oath  of  office  as  quietl]  as  on 
any  former  occasion.  It  was  done  at  the  east- 
ern front  of  the  Capitol, and  from  the  platform 
there  erected,  Mr.  Linoolu,in  a  clear.  Arm  voice, 
delivered  his  Inaugural  address.  In  it  he  ex- 
pressed  the  must   kindly  feelings    tow  aids   the 


people  of  all  parts  of  the  Union,  and  his  deter- 
mination to  administer  the  government  impar- 
tially for  the  protection  of  every  citizen  and  of 
every  interest.  "I  have  no  purpose,"  lie  said, 
"directly  or  indirectly,  to  interfere  with  the  in- 
stitution of  slavery  in  the  states  where  it  ex- 
ists. I  believe  I  have  no  lawful  right  to  do  so, 
and  I  have  no  inclination  to  do  so."  He  then 
discussed  the  political  structure  of  our  govern- 
ment, showing  that  union  was  older  than  the 
Constitution:  that  it  was  necessarily  perpetu- 
al ;  that  there  is  no  inherent  power  in  the  whole 
or  in  part  to  terminate  it,  and  that  the  secession 
of  a  state  was  an  impossibility.  He  declared 
that  he  should  use  the  powers  intrusted  to  him 
for  the  protection  of  the  Union.  "In  this,"  he 
said,  "there  need  be  no  bloodshed  or  violence; 
and  there  shall  he  none,  unless  it  be  forced  upon 
the  national  authority."  He  expressed  a  firm 
determination  "to  hold,  occupy,  and  possess  the 
property  and  places  belonging  to  the  govern- 
ment, aud  to  collect  the  duties  and  imposts." 

Inauguration  of  President  Madison.  On 
the  4th  of  March,  1809,  James  Madison,  the 
fourth  President  of  the  United  States,  was  in- 
augurated at  Washington  city.  He  was  then 
fifty-eight  years  of  age.  The  ceremony  was  per- 
formed ill  the  hall  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives, in  the  presence  of  the  Senate,  the  mem- 
bers of  the  late  House,  the  heads  of  depart- 
ments, foreign  ministers,  and  an  assemblage  of 
citizens.  The  President  was  dressed  in  a  full 
suit  of  clothes  of  American  manufacture,  from 
the  wool  of  merino  sheep,  raised  in  this  country 
from  a  rlook  brought  from  Spain  by  Colonel 
Humphreys.  His  coat  was  from  the  manufac- 
tory of  Colonel  Humphreys,  and  his  waistcoat 
and  breeches  from  that  of  Chancellor  Living- 
ston, presents,  respectively,  of  those  gentlemen. 
Gedrge  Clinton  was  inaugurated  Vice-President 
at  the  same  time.  The  oath  of  office  was  ad- 
ministered to  Madison  by  ( 'hief- justice  John 
Marshall.  In  the  evening  the  citizens  ofWush- 
ington  and  the  members  of  Congress  indulged 
in  a  ball  or  dancing  assembly  in  honor  of  the 
occasion. 

Liauguration  of  President  Monroe  [1817). 
The  President-elect,  accompanied  by  the  Vice- 
President,  1).  1).  Tompkins, left  the  residence  of 

the  former, attended  by  a  vast  concourse  ofoitl- 
/ens.  on  horseback,  under  the  guidance  of  a  mar- 
shal appointed  for  the  occasion, ami  proceeded  to 
the  Senate-chamber  in  the  Capitol,  where  the  oath 
of  office  was  administered  to  the  Vioe-Presideut 

before  the  Senate,  then  in  session.  This  done, 
the   Senate   adjourned,  and  the   President,  Vice- 

Presideut,  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court. and  the 
senators  present,  accompanied  bj  ex  President 
Madison,  proceeded  to  an  elevated  portico  tem- 
porarily erected   for  the  purpose,  where,  in    the 

presence  of  a  vast  assemblage  of  oJtiseus  and 
strangers,  including  government  officers  and 
foreign  ministers,  he  delivered  his  Inaugural 
address.  Then  the  oath  of  office  was  adminis- 
tered bj  Chief  justice  Marshall  i  March  1.  1-17  >, 
and  the  new  President  entered  upon  his  impor- 
tant duties.      The  tone  "f  ins  inaugural  address 


INAUGURATION  OF  PIERCE 


671         INAUGURATION  OF  VAN  BUREN 


was  so  patriotic  and  conciliatory  that  it  was  re- 
ceived with  almost  universal  satisfaction. 

Inauguration  of  President  Pierce.  A  disa- 
greeable .storm  of  sleet  and  rain  prevailed  at 
Washington  city  on  the  day  of  the  inauguration 
of  Franklin  Pierce  as  President  of  the  United 
States,  March  4,1853.  It  was  estimated  that 
the  population  of  Washington  and  Georgetowu 
had  been  increased  full  twenty  thousand  with- 
in a  week  of  that  event.  The  military  array  on 
that  occasion  was  on  a  scale  grander  than  auy 
that  hail  preceded  it.  General  Pierce  rode  to 
the  Capitol  in  a  barouche,  with  President  Fill- 
more and  Senators  Bright  and  Hamlin.  The 
Vice  President-elect  was  too  ill  to  he  present, 
and  died  a  little  more  than  a  month  later  April 
1?.  L853).  The  usual  proceedings  of  inaugurat- 
ing a   Vice-President  were   dispensed    witli,  and 

the  President's*  party,  diplomatic  corps,  and  gov- 
ernment officers  proceeded  directly  to  a  plat- 
form at  the  eastern  entrance  to  the  Capitol, 
when-  General  Pierce  took  the  oath  of  office, 
administered  by  Chief-justice  Taney,  and  then 
delivered  his  inaugural  address.  Salvos  of  ar- 
tillery announced  the  conclusion  of  the  cere- 
monies, and  the  new  President  repaired  to  the 
White  House,  or  presidential  mansion.  The 
oath  of  office  was  afterwards  administered  to 
Mr.  King  at  Matanzas  by  the  United  states  con- 
sul.   Then  he  retired  to  his  residence,  near  Sel- 

ma,  Ala.,  w  here  he  died. 

Inauguration  of  President  Polk.  The  weath- 
er, on  the  4th  of  Ma  nil.  1846,  w  hen  .lames  Knox 
Polk  was  iuangu rated  President  of  the  United 

Slates,  was  inclement;  ye(  an  immense  multi- 
tude of  his  fellow-citizens  were  in  Washington 

to  witness  t  lie  ceremony.       It   was  lowers    in  the 

morning,  and  towards  noon, before  the  proces- 
sion reached  tin'  Capitol,  rain  began  to  fall, 
which  diminished  the  intended  exhibition  and 

display  on  the  occasion.  The  inaugural  proces- 
sion moved  about  eleven  A.M.,  from  the  quar- 
ters of  the  President-elect  at  Col. •man's  Hotel, 
under  the  direction  of  General  BioCall  and  his 
aids.  It  «a>  ..imposed  of  military  corps  and 
civilians.  The  President-elect  and  Mr.  Tyler 
i-ode  together  in  an  open  barouche.  They  pro- 
ceeded to  the  Senate -chamber,  where  the  Vice- 
President,  George  M.  Dallas,  had  taken  the  oath 
of  office.  Theme  all  proceeded  to  a  platform  at 
the  eastern  entrance  to  the  Capitol, where  Mr. 
Polk  delivered  his  inaugural  address.     Chief- 

justice  Taney  then  administered  the  oath  of  of- 
fice, and  during  the  afternoon  the  n.w  President 
received  the  congratulations  of  his  fellow -citi- 
/.us.  In  the  evening  he  and  his  wife  attended 
the  two  inauguration  balls  given  in  the  city. 

Inauguration  of  President  Taylor.  Tlie4th 
of  March,  1849,  falling  on  Snuday.Zaobary  Tay- 
lor, the  twelfth  President  of  the  United  states, 
was  inaugurated  on  Monday,  the  5th.  There 
was  a  greater  number  of  people  present  at  that 
oeremony,  from  all  parts  of  the  Union,  than 
there  had  ever  been  before  on  a  like  occasion. 
Tin'   hells  of  the  city  of  Washington   rang  out 

merry  peals  on  that  morning,  and  the  streets  re- 
sounded with  martial  music.     At  nine  o'clock 


one  hundred  citizens,  who  officiated  as  marshals, 
proceeded  in  a  body  to  Willard's  Hotel,  for  the 
purpose  of  paying  their  respects  to  General  Tay- 
lor. The  President-elect,  dressed  in  a  plain  black 
suit,  was  borne  in  a  carriage  to  the  Capitol,  ac- 
companied by  ex -President  Polk,  R.  C.  Win- 
throp,  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives, 
and  Mayor  Seaton,  of  Washington.  The  car- 
riage was  drawn  by  four  horses.  The  Senate 
was  convened  at  eleven  o'clock,  when  Mr.  Pill- 
more  took  the  oath  of  office  as  Vice-President, 
in  the  presence  of  the  judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court  and  foreign  representatives.  At  a  little 
past  twelve  o'clock  President-elect  Taylor  ap- 
peared and  took  a  seat,  and,  after  a  pause  of  a 
few  minutes,  the  whole  company  proceeded  to  a 
platform  at  the  eastern  entrance  to  the  Capitol, 
where,  at  one  o'clock,  the  new  chief  magistrate 
delivered  his  inaugural  address,  in  the  presence 
of  an  immense  multitude  of  his  fellow-citizens. 

'Then  Chief-justice  Taney  administered  the  oath 
of  office.  These  ceremonies  were  ended  bj  sal- 
vos of  artillery,  and  the  President  proceeded  im- 
mediately to  the  White  House  (the  presidential 

mansion),  where  he  received  the  friendly  salutes 

of  thousands  of  citizens. 

Inauguration  of  President  Tyler.  In  ac- 
cordance with  the  provisions  of  the  Constitu- 
tion, the  Vice-President,  John  Tyler,  succeeded 
to  the  office  of  the  deceased  President  Harrison. 

Mr. Tyler  was  at  Williamsburg,  Va.,  at  the  time. 
The  cabinet  jointly  sent  a  letter  to  him,  by  the 
hand  of  Fletcher  Webster,  acquainting  him  of 
the  death  of  the  President  By  great  despatch 
both  ways  the  Vice-President  arrived  at  the 
capital  at  four  o'clock  on  April  6(1845),  and  at 
twelve  M.  he  was  waited   upon   by  the  cabinet, 

when  he  took  the  oath  of  office  as  President, 
administered  by  Judge  ('ranch,  of  the  circuit 
Court  of  the  District  of  Columbia.  After  the 
funeral  of  the  dead  President,  Mr.  Tyler  issued 
an  inaugural  address  to  the  people,  through  the 
press,  which  gave  general  satisfaction.  He  re- 
tained the  cabinet  of  President  Harrison  (which 

Inauguration  of  President  Van  Buren  took 
place  at  the  national  Capitol.  March  I,  1~:>7.  It 
was  a  beautiful  day  at  Washington,  ami  the 
President-elect  took  his  seat,  with  his  venerable 

predecessor,  in  a  phaeton  made  of  wood  from  the 
frigate  Conetitution,and  presented  to  Jackson  by 

the  democracy  of  New  York.  They  were  escort- 
ed  from    the   President's   house    to  the  Capitol, 

through  Pennsylvania  Avenue,  by  a  body  of 
cavalry  ami  infantry,  and  accompanied  by  an 
immense  concourse  of  citizens.     After  reaching 

the  Senate -chamber,  Mr.  Van  Hureii.  attended 
by  the  ex-l'residcnt,  the  members  of  the  Senate, 
of  the  cabinet,  and  the  diplomatic  corps,  led  the 
way  to  the  rostrum  erected  at  the  ascent  to  the 
eastern  portim  of  the  Capitol,  w  here  he  delivered 
his  inaugural  address  iii  clear  and  impressive 
tones,  and  in  an  easy  and  eloquent  manner.  At 
the  elose  of  the  address  the  oath  of  office  was 

administered  by  Chief-justice  Taney.      The  tone 

of  his  inaugural  address  satisfied  the  people  that 

in  the  administration  of  Van  Buren  there  would 


INAUGURATION  OF  WASHINGTON       072       INC  AS  OF  PERU,  EMPIRE  OF  THE 


l>e  no  change  in  policy  from  tbat  of  President 
Jackson. 

Inauguration  of  President  'Washington 
who  was  elected  the  first  chief- magistral e  of 
the  United  States  under  the  national  Constitu- 
tion, w  it h  John  Adams  as  Vice-President.  Pres- 
idential electors  were  chosen  by  the  people  in 
the  autumn  of  1788,  who  met  in  electoral  col- 
lege on  the  first  Wednesday  in  February.  1789, 
and  chose  the  President  and  Vice  -  President. 
His  election  was  announced  to  him  by  Charles 
Thomson,  who  had  been  sent  to  Mount  Vernon 
for  the  purpose,  with  a  letter  from  John  Lang- 
don,  pro  tempore  President  of  the  Senate.  Thom- 
son arrived  on  April  14.  1~>'J.  Washington  ac- 
cepted the  office,  and  towards  evening  the  same 
day  rode  rapidly  to  Fredericksburg  to  bid  fare- 
well to  his  aged  mother.  On  the  morning  of 
the  16th,  accompanied  by  Thomson,  Colonel 
Humphreys,  and  his  favorite  body-servant,  he 
began  his  journey  towards  New  York,  every- 
where on  the  way  greeted  with  demonstrations 
of  reverence  and  affection.  He  was  received  at 
New  York  with  great  honors,  and  on  the  30th 
of  April  he  took  the  oath  of  office  as  President 
of  the  United  States,  administered  by  Robert  R. 
Livingston,  Chancellor  of  the  State  of  New  Yolk. 
The  ceremony  took  plane  in  the  open  outside 
gallery  of  the  old  City  Hall,  on  the  corner  of 
Wal.l  and  Nassau  Streets,  in  the  presence  of 
both  Houses  of  Congress  and  a  vast  multitude 
of  citizens.  He  was  dressed  in  a  plain  suit  of 
dark-brown  cloth  and  white  silk  stockings,  all 
of  American  manufacture.  He  never  wore  a 
wig.  His  ample  hair  was  powdered  and  dressed 
in  the  fashion  of  the  day,  clubbed  and  ribboned. 
After  taking  the  oath  and  kissing  the  sacred 
volume  on  which  he  had  laid  his  hands,  he  rev- 
erently closed  his  eves,  and  in  an  attitude  of  de- 
votion said.  "So  help  me.  God!"  The  chancel- 
lor said.  "  It  is  done  !''  And  then,  turning  to  the 
people,  he  shouted.  ••  Long  live  George  Washing- 
ton, the  first  President  of  the  United  States." 

The  shout  was  echoed  and  re-echoed  by  the 
populace,  when  Washington  and  the  members 
of  Congress  retired  to  the  Senate  -  chamber, 
whire  the  President  delivered  a  most  impres- 
sive inaugural  address.  Then  he  and  the  mem- 
bers went  in  procession  to  St.  Paul's  Chapel, 
and  there  invoked  the  blessings  of  Almighty 
God  upon  the  new  government. 

Iricas.  These  ancient  rulers  of  Peru  first  be- 
came known  to  Europeans  by  rumor,  and  then 
by  conquest,  early  in  the  sixteenth  century. 
Their  empire  extended  from  Quito,  in  Ecuador, 
on  the  north,  to  Tueuman,  in  the  Argentine  Ice- 
pnblio, on  the  south,  and  eastward  to  the  sum- 
mit of  the  Ancles  and  beyond.      The   first   Inea, 

tradition  aaj  s.  w  a-  Maneo  Capac.  w  ho  appeared 

on  an  Island  in  Lake  Titieaea.  He  founded 
1  .1    thai    WSS    the-    seat    of  the   I  ii.  ,i    eni- 

i'ae   introduced   a   knowtodg 

aits  sad  pi ted  civilization.      His  advent   is 

■apposed  to  in-  at  about  the  time  whan  the 
Northmen  discovered  America  (sea  NoHkmm\ 
at  the  beginning  of  the  eleventh  century.    The 

empire,  extended  by  eonqaest  and  annexation, 


iucluded  many  nations.  Of  these,  the  Quick- 
nas  were  dominant,  for  from  that  tribe  the 
[ncas  sprang.  Their  last  conquest  was  the 
annexation  of  Quito,  which  produced  a  civil 
war  that  made  the  Spanish  conquest  of  the 
whole  empire  in  1532  an  easy  matter.  It  was 
done  by  a  few  Spaniards  led  by  an  illiterate 
and  cruel  adventurer  named  Pizarro.  (See  Pi- 
zarro.)  The  kingdom  was  destroyed  and  the 
dynasty  of  the  Incas  was  blotted  out.  The  Iu- 
cas  claimed  to  have  descended  from  the  suu, 
and  worshipped  that  luminary.  They  culti- 
vated the  arts,  indulged  in  poetry, kept  records 
by  means  of  knotted  cords,  were  diligent  agri- 
culturists, and  ruled  despotically,  yet  wisely. 
The  supreme  Inca  had  wives  and  concubines, 
and  his  eldest  son  by  his  sister  or  other  nearest 
of  kin  was  his  successor.  The  inhabitants  were 
divided  into  groups  of  ten  thousand,  over  whom 
a  governor  Inca  ruled,  and  all  industry  was  reg- 
ulated by  the  state  with  as  much  liberty  as  pos- 
sible. Every  individual  had  a  right  to  as  much 
land  as  would  support  life.  They  had  just  laws, 
the  arts  flourished,  and  the  Incas  left  monuments 
of  skill  and  industry  in  aqueducts  and  a  great 
highway  upon  the  Andes  that  excite  the  wouder 
of  the  traveller  to  this  day. 

Incas  of  Peru,E.MPii;K  of  THE.ovKnTirnowx. 
Among  the  conquerors  of  the  West  India  islands 
and  Central  America  were  Francisco  Pizarro  aud 
Diego  de  Almagro.  The  success  of  Cortes  in- 
spired these  men  to  attempt  greater  conquests. 
Pizarro  was  with  Vasco  Nunez  de  Balboa  i see 
Nttnas)  when  the  latter  discovered  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  and  there  received  hints  of  the  opulent 
countries  farther  south  on  the  coast  of  that 
ocean.  He  and  Almagro  associated  themselves 
with  a  wealthy  priest  at  Panama  (Hernando  de 
Luque).  and  took  a  joint  oath  that  tiny  would 
never  forsake  each  other  until  they  had  fully 
conquered  that  country.  Pizarro  first,  and  Al- 
magro afterwards,  sailed  for  Peru  :  and  both 
were  repulsed  and  compelled  to  leave  the  coun- 
try. Pizarro  then  went  to  Spain,  and  received 
from  the  monarch  a  commission  as  governor 
and  captain-general  of  all  the  country  which  be 
had  discovered,  and  was  vested  with  supreme 
authority.  I'izarro  returned,  and.  joining  his 
associates  at  Panama,  they  fitted  out  i: 
sels.  with  one  hundred  ami  eighty  soldiers,  and 
sailed  in  February.  1531, to  conquer  the  empire 

of  the  Incas.  Tiny  march,  d  steadily  along  the 
Coast  alter  landing,  plundering  the  principal 
settlements,  but  wen-  kept  at  bay  six  months 
on  the  Hay  of  Guayaquil  by  the  valor  of  the  in- 
habitants. They  were  reinforced  by  one  hun- 
dred and  thirty  men  soon  afterwan 
the   mouth   of  the    River   Piuro   Pizai  I 

lished  the  first  Spanish  colony  in  Pan.    With 

a  small  train  of  followers  (sixty-two  I 

one  hundred  and   six    foot,  telling  them    his  ob- 

j. .  t  was  •■  to  propagate  the  Soman  Catholic 

faith, and  not  to  injure  any  one  "  .  PisaiTO  push- 
ed foi  w  aid  towards  ( 'a  \  a  ma  lea.  one  of  tin-  seats 

of  the  Ima  power,  mar  whicb  Atahaalpe,  the 
reigning  monarch  of  Peru,  was  encamped  with 
a  considerable  bodj  of  soldiers.     The  l 
a  deputation  to  weleos  I  be  latter, 


IXCAS  OF  PEBU,  EMPIRE  OF  THE       673 


INDEPENDENCE 


feigning  warm  friendship  for  Atahualpa,  and 
assuming  the  character  of  an  ambassador  from 
a  powerful  monarch,  entered  t  he  town,  and  in- 
vited the  Inca  to  an  audience  the  next  day.  that 
Pizarro  might  renew  Ids  assurances  of  friend- 
ship. Meanwhile  the  treacherous  Spaniard  dis- 
posed his  troops  BO  as  to  Seize  tin-  Inca  and  carry 

him  to  camp  a  prisoner.     Atahualpa  appealed 

in  great  pomp  and  Bplendor,  sitting  on  a  throne 
Overlaid  with  plates  of  gold  and  silver,  gar- 
nished with  precious  stones  anil  adorned  with 
plumes.  He  was  borne  upon  the  shoulders  of 
attendants,  ami  was  followed  by  several  officers 
of  his  court  and  bands  of  singers  and  dancers. 
At  the  same  time  the  plain  became  tilled  with 
about  thirty  thousand  troops.  As  the  I  Ilea  ap- 
proached. Father  VaUerdc,  chaplain  of  the  ex- 
pedition, advanced  with  a  crucifix  in  one  hand 
and  a  breviary  in  the  other, and  expounded  the 
doctrines  of  the  Christian  faith,  lie  told  the 
luea  of  the  Pope  and  his  gift  to  the  monarch  of 
Spain  (d'all  lauds  in  the  West  (see  Popji  Gift)) 
required  him  to  become  a  Christian;  to  ac- 
knowledge tin'  supreme  jurisdiction  of  the 
Pope;  and  to  acknowledge  the  King  of  Spain 
as  his  law  fill  sovereign.  Atahualpa  rejected 
all  these  proposals  with  scorn  and  iudiguation, 
and  asked  the  priest  where  he  had  heard  of  the 
light  of  a  foreigner  to  take  possession  of  the 
country  of  the  Ineas.  ••  In  this  book,"  said  Val- 
verde,  handing  Atahualpa  the  breviary.  The 
Inca  held  ii  to  his  ear.  and.  casting  it  upon  the 
ground  in  disdain,  said.  '•  This  is  silent  ;  it  tells 
me  nothing."  The  enraged  monk  ran  to  his 
countrymen  and  cried  OUt,"To  arms.  Christians! 

to  aims !  The  word  of  God  is  insulted.  Avenge 
this  profanation  on  these  impious  .!■ 
■ano  gave  the  word,  and  a  furious  assault  be- 
gan. The  astonished  Peruvians  lied  without 
making  any  resistance,  Pizarro  pressed  for- 
ward on  horseback  through  the  crowd  of  no- 
bles, and.  draggiug  the  luea  to  the  ground,  car- 
ried him  away  a  prisoner  to  the  quarters  of  the 
.Spaniards.  The  Peruvians  were  pursued  and 
slaughtered  with  great  barbarity  until  night 

fell  upon  the  scene.  Almiit  live  thousand  of 
them  were  killed.  The  Inea  found  that  gold 
was  the  object  of  this  pretended  friendly  em- 
bassy, and  he  offered,  as  a  ransom,  to  till  the 
room  in  which  he  was  confined  with  vessels  of 
gold  to  a  sextain  height  They  were  brought, 
and   amounted  in   value,  when   melted  clown,  to 

$17,500,000.  After  this  immense  sum  was  di- 
vided among  the  victors  the  [uca  demanded  his 
release.  Pizarro  had  determined  to  have  the 
kingdom,     lie  made  charges  agaiusl  Atahualpa 

-some  true.  s. ane  false;  among  others,  thai  he 
had  incited  his  subjects  to  take  up  arms  agalllBt 
the  Spaniards,  and  that  he  was  an  idolater.     For 

these  offences  he  was  tried  and  condemned  to 
he  burned  alive.     Amazed, the  inca  begged  for 

his  life,  and  to  he  sent  to  Spain.  Pizarro  si- 
lenced his  entreaties  by  ordering  an  immediate 
execution  of  the  sent,  nee.  At  that  critical  mo- 
ment father  Yaherde.  intent  upon  effecting  the 
conversion  of  this  heathen,  promised  him  a  niit- 
igatiou  of  the  horrid  death  if  lie  would  become 
a  Christian.  Atahualpa  thereupon  desired  to 
L— 43 


be  baptized.  This  done,  instead  of  being  burn- 
ed, he  was  strangled  at  the  stake  (Aug. 29, 1533). 
"An  evidence  of  God's  mercy."  said  a  Spanish 
historian.  Pizarro  now  forced  his  way  to  Cuz- 
co — the  Holy  City — <  November,  1533),  the  an- 
cient capital,  which  contained  a  magnificent 
Temple  of  the  Sun  and  nearly  two  hundred 
thousand  inhabitants.  Pizarro  took  possession 
of  it  in  the  name  of  the  King  of  Spain,  and  the 
amount  of  gold  and  silver  which  he  found  there 
nearly  equalled  that  of  the  ransom  of  Ata- 
hualpa. The  empire  of  the  Ineas  was  now  over- 
turned, and  Pizarro  founded  Lima,  nearer  the 
sea,  as  the  capital  of  Pern. 

Independence,  FlKOT  PBOPOSrriON  ix  Con- 
QBB8S  rOB.  In  a  debate  in  the  Continental 
Congress  (  February.  l??ti  i  on  the  subject  of 
opening  the  American  ports  to  commerce,  the 
power  of  a  nationality  became  a  topic.  Soger 
Sherman  wished  first  to  procure  a  protective 
treaty  with  some  foreign  power.  Benjamin 
Harrison  said,  indicating  a  desire  for  indepen- 
dence, "We  have  hobbled  on  under  a  fatal  at- 
tachment to  Crcat  Britain.  I  feel  that  attach- 
ment as  much  ss  any  man.  but  I  feel  a  stronger 
j  one  for  my  country."  His  colleague.  George 
Wythe,  said, " It  is  too  true,  our  ships  may  be 
taken  unless  we  provide  a  remedy;  but  we  may 
authorize  vessels  to  arm.  and  we  may  give  tst- 
ters-of-marqm  and  reprisal.  We  may  also  invite 
foreign  powers  to  make  treaties  of  commerce 
with  us;  but  before  this  measure  is  adopted  it 
is  to  be  considered  in  what  character  we  shall 
-  subjects  of  Great  Britain  t  as  rebels? 
No;  we  must  declare  ourselves  a  free  people." 
Then  he  moved  a  resolution  "That  the  colonies 
have  a  right  to  contract  alliances  with  foreign 
powers."  A  timid  member  said.  "Why,  this  is 
independence."  Seven  colonics  decided  to  con- 
sider the  motion,  but  nothing  more  was  done  at 
that  time.  This  was  between  three  and  four 
months  before  Lee  offered  his  resolution  for  in- 
dependence (w  Inch  see). 

Independence  in  the  British  Parliament 
The  Declaration  of  Independence  had  lost  Amer- 
ica many  friends  in  England,  for  it  aroused  the 
national  spirit  against  the  attempt  to  dismem- 
ber the  British  empire.  But  there  were  still 
warm  friends  to  the  American  cause  among 
members  of  the  House  of  Commons.  The  king, 
having  heard  of  Howe's  success  on  Long  Island, 

felt  assured  of  soon  suppressing  the  rebellion; 

and  in  his  opening  speech  on  the  assembling  of 
Parliament  (October.  177<i).  expressed  a  desire 
to  restore  "to  the  Americans  the  blessings  of 
law  and  liberty."  of  which  their  fanatical  bail- 
ers had  deprived  them.  A  warm  debate  ensued, 
in  which  Charles  James  Fox  boldly  took  ground 
in  favor  of  the  independence  of  the  Americans. 
"The  administration.''  he  said.  "  deserve  noth- 
ing but  reproach  for  Inning  brought  the  Amer- 
icans into  such  a  situation  that  it  is  impossible 
for  them  to  puisne  any  other  conduct  than  what 
they  have  pursued.  In  declaring  independence, 
they  have  done  no  more  than  the  English  did 
against  .lames  II.  .  .  .  Put  if  this  happy  time  of 
'  law  and  liberty  '  is  to  be  restored  to  Americans, 


INDEPENDENCE,  L0NGING8  FOR        674       IXDEPFXDEXCE,  RESOLUTION  OF 


why  \\:ts  it  ever  disturbed ?  It  reigned  there 
till  thf  abominable  doctrine  of  gaining  money 

by  taxes  infatuated  the  heads  of  our  statesmen. 
Why  did  you  destroy  the  foil  work  of  so  many 
ages  in  order  to  re-establish  it  l>y  the  bayonets 
of  disciplined  Germans  1  If  we  are  rednced  to 
the  dilemma  of  conquering  or  abandoning  Amer- 
ica. I  am  for  abandoning  America."  The  sagac- 
ity and  fearlessness  of  Fox,  then  Only  twenty- 
seven  yearB  of  age,  made  him  the  most  impor- 
tant member  of  the  House  of  Commons,  and  his 
speech  above  alluded  to  was  highly  lauded  by 
Burke  and  Gibbon.  Yet  be  was  not  a  states- 
man— ouly  a  great  speaker.  He  was  licentious, 
dissipated,  and  without  strong  moral  convic- 
tions, and  loved  to  be  talked  about. 

Independence,  Longincjs  rot;.  During  the 
long  quarrel  between  Great  Britain  and  her 
colonies,  to  177fi,  the  latter  had  honestly  dis- 
claimed any  desire  for  political  independence 
of  Great  Britain.  They  felt  a  pride  in  being  a 
part  of  the  British  empire;  but  when  the  king 
aud  Parliament  had  declared  the  colonists  reb- 
els, the  royal  governor  had  abdicated,  fleets  aud 
armies  had  come  to  compel  them  to  submit  to 
oppressive  laws,  and  German  mercenaries  had 
been  hired  to  fight  and  crush  them,  their  re- 
spectful petitions  treated  with  disdain,  and  sub- 
mission had  become  B  synonym  of  slavery, 
there  was  a  spontaneous  desire  and  bold  ex- 
pression for  independence  throughout  the  colo- 
nies. A  few  men  like  Samuel  Adams  had  de- 
sired it  from  the  beginning:  now,  early  in  177(i, 
Samuel  Adams  found  the  people  with  him. 
Washington  and  other  military  leaders  did  not 
hesitate  to  express  their  wishes  for  indepen- 
dence. "When  1  took  command  of  the  army 
(.Inly,  1775),"  Washington  wrote,  "  I  abhorred 
the  idea  of  independence;  but  I  am  now  fully 
convinced  nothing  else  will  save  us."      Thomas 

Paine's  Common  Sense  (which  see)  gave  powerful 
impetus  to  the  idea.  Legislative  bodies  soon 
began  to  move  in  the  matter.  The 
Continental  Congress  was  firm  at 
heart,  bnt  timorous  in  action.  In 
January  (1776)  l>r.  Franklin  tried  to 
gel  a  day  set  for  the  consideration 
of  his  plan  for  a  confederation,  but 

the  privilege  was  denied.  Their  con- 
stituents everywhere  were  ahead  of 
the  representatives;  but  in  February, 

when  it  was  proposed  to  Congress  t" 
send  out  an  address  disclaiming  all 
ideas  nf  independence,  there  was  a 
general  expression  of  disgust  and  re- 
sentment. It  was  presented  by  Wil- 
son, "f  Pennsylvania,  in  a  long,  i  1 1 — 
written  draught  of  an  address  to  his 
constituents.  Harrison  and  Wythe, 
of  Virginia,  both  spoke  warmly 
■gains!  it,  and  the  latter  offered  a 
brief  resolution  (see  Independence, 
Fimi  Proposition  in  Congress  for  i, 
which  made  timid  members  start  in 
alarm, fori!  meant  independence;  but  the  resold 
t  ion  was  adopted.  As  the  spring  advanced  other 
measures  having  the  same  tendency  were  adopt- 
ed bj  Cougress.    The  Commits 


respondence  (which  see)  appointed  Silas  Deane 

a  political  and  commercial  agent  to  operate  in 
France  and  elsewhere;   and  finally  a  resolution 

for  independence  was  passed  (June,  1776)  bj  the 
Congress.     Of  the  colonial  authorities,  those  of 

North  Carolina  were  the  first  to  act  officially  in 
the  matter.  The  Provincial  Congress  author- 
ized (April  2->,  177ti)  their  delegates  in  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  "to  concur"  with  others  in 
'■  declaring  independence."  On  the  next  day  the 
people  of  Massachusetts  did  the  same.  Those 
of  Rhode  Island  and  Virginia  instructed  their 
representatives  to  propose  independence      The 

delegates  from  Connecticut  were  instructed  to 
assent  to  it.  The  Provincial  Congress  of  New 
Hampshire  issued  similar  instructions.  The 
delegates  of  New  Jersey  were  left  to  act  as  they 
pleased.  The  New  York  Congress  took  no  ac- 
tiou.  Neither  did  the  authorities  of  Pennsyl- 
vania give  any  instructions  in  the  matter.  The 
Maryland  convention,  at  the  close  of  May,  for- 
bade their  delegates  voting  for  independence: 
but  at  the  close  of  June  they  were  in  accord 
with  Virginia.  Delaware.  South  Carolina,  and 
Georgia  took  no  official  action  on  the  subject. 
By  the  first  of  June  (177(1)  a  great  majority  of 
j  the  colonists  were  longing  for  independence. 

Independence  of  the  United  States,  AC- 
KNOWLEDGMENT or.  itv  European  Powers. 
France, by  treaty, acknowledged  their  indepen- 
dence in  February,  177* ;  Holland  in  April,  1782; 
Sweden  in  February,  1783;  Denmark  in  Febru- 
ary. Spain  in  March,  and  Russia  in  July.  1782; 
and  Great  Britain  in  17~:i.    (See  Treaty  of  PeaoeJ) 

independence,  Resolution  of  Congress 

ON.  Virginia  had  instructed  her  representa- 
tives   in    Com; less    to    propose    independence. 

On  the  7th  of  June,  177o.  KM.  hard  Hciirv  Lee 
offered  in  that  body  the  following  resolution: 
"That  these  Fuited  Colonies  ari',  and  of  right 
ought  to  be.  free   and  independent    states,  and 


(From  ii  rlgnaua 


VS     | |       Ml 

an  old  in  <i>  of  Philadelphia  ) 


that    all    political    connection    between    IIS    and 

lb.'  State  of  Great  Britain  Is,  and  ought  to  be, 
totally  dissolved."     It  was  instantlj  seconded 

b\   John  Adams.      To  shield  him  anil   I 


"  INDEPENDENT  EEFLECTOE,"  THE     € 

ministerial  wrath  as  arch-rebels,  the  Secretary 
df  Congress  was  directed  to  omit  their  nanus  in 
the  entry  ou  the  journal,  and  that  record  simply 
declared  that  "  certain  resolutions  respecting  in- 
dependence being  moved  and  seconded,"  it  was 
resolved  that  the  farther  consideration  of  them 
should  he  postponed  until  the  next  day.  The 
postponement  was  extended  to  the  2d  of  July, 
on  which  day  it  was  adopted  by  a  vote  of  eleven 
Colonies  in  the  affirmative.     The  representatives 

of  Pennsylvania  were  divided,  four  of  the  seven 
delegates  voting  in  favor  of  it,  and  three  against 
it.  The  two  delegates  from  Delaware, present, 
wen  divided.  At  that  time  the  meeting-place 
of  the  Continental  Congress  was  in  a  large  room 
on  the  lower  floor  of  the  state  House  in  Phila- 
delphia, which  lias  since  been  known  as  "Inde- 
pendence Hall."  (8ee  Declaration  of  Indepenr 
ill  nee, ) 

"Independent  Reflector,"  Tim,  was  estab- 
lished as  a  weekly  magazine,  in  tin'  city  of  New 
York.  Iiy  .lames  Parker.  It  was  neatly  printed 
on  foolscap  paper,  and  contained  moral  and  po- 
litical essays,  but  do  current  news.  Its  first 
number  was  issued  on  Thursday,  Nov.  30,  17S3, 
and  it  continued   about   two  years.      Its  papers 

were  contributed  by  a  Booietj  of  literary  gentle- 
men in  and  near  New  York, the  principal  ofwhom 
were  William  Livingston,  President  Aaron  Burr, 
John  Morio  Scott,  William  Alexander  (Lord 
Stirling  ).  and  William  Smith,  who  died  chief- 
justice  of  Canada.  Ii  anally  gave  great  offence 
to  the  crown  officers  in  the  colonies,  and  their 
threats  so  Intimidated  Parker  that  he  refused 
to  print  it  any  longer,  and  it  was  discontinued. 

The  WTitet  had  spared  no  part]  social,  politi- 
cal, or  religious  and  the  editor-in-chief  I  the  un- 
known William   Livingston)  was  denounced  in 

privateoi roles  as  an  infidel  and  libertine,  and  from 

the  pulpit  as  the  Gog  and  MagOg  of  the  Apoca- 
lypse.    The  mayor  of  the  city,  who  hail  tilt  the 

■eorohing  heat  of  the  Reflector,  t& intended  the 

grand  jury  to  present  it  as  a  libel  and  nuisance, 
and  the  editor  was  publichj  chained  with  pro- 
fanity, irreligion,  and  sedition.  In  the  spring  of 
17.r>:k  Livingston  istill  unknown)  violently  as- 
sailed the  Episcopalians  in  the  Reflector.  The 
occasion   was  tin'  effort   I  which  was  successful) 

of  establishing  King's  (now  Colombia)  College 

tinder  the  Control  of  the  Kpiscopalians.  Lh- 
IngStOD  was  one  of  the  small  minority  of  the 
trustees,  and  it  was  his  pen  that  furnished  the 
papers  nnder different  signatures  in  the  Reflector, 
in  which  (March,  17.">:i)  he  opened  his  batteries 
upon  the  Anglican  ('lunch.  Violent  opposition 
immediately  appeared,  in  which  the  pens  of 
Johnson,  Barolaj  .  Ancbmnty,  and  other  church- 
men were  employed.  The  Reflector  was  discon- 
tinued Nov. -J-.'.  I?:.::,  at  its  fifty-second  number. 
For  his  services  in  opposing  the  pretensions  of 
the    Kpiscopalians,    the    Synod    of   Connecticut 

voted  thanks  to  Livingston  ;  and  in  Gaines's  New 
York  Mercury  be  was  lampooned  in  a  poem  of 

two    hundred    lines,   in    which    the    anonymous 

writer  tbus  alluded  to  the  mysterious  editor  of 
the  Reflector: 

ok  him  n  TindaB,  same  think  him  n  Ckvbb, 
.-.in.,-  think  i.  in  .1  Ranter,  tost  spout*  from  his  Tub; 


5  INDIAN  CESSIONS  OF  LAND 

Some  think  him  a  Newton,  some  think  him  a  Lock', 
Some  think  him  a  Stone,  some  think  him  a  Stock — 
But  a  Stock,  he,  at  least,  may  thank  nature  for  giving, 
And  if  he's  a  Stone,  I  pronounce  it  a  Living." 

Indian  Allies  of  the  Americans  (1814).  In 
March,  1814,  a  couucil  of  the  Northern  Indian 
tribes  was  convened  at  Dayton,  O.,  at  which 
those  present  were  required,  as  an  earnest  of 
their  peaceful  intentions, to  take  up  arms  against 
the  British,  with  the  pay  of  seventy-five  cetits  a 
day  to  each  warrior.  Another  council,  more  nu- 
merously attended,  gathered  at  the  old  cotuicil- 
gronnd  of  Greenville  (June  aud  July,  1814),  when 
the  Indian  boundary-lines,  as  they  existed  be- 
fore the  war,  were  confirmed.  After  that  the 
Wyandots.  Delaware*,  Senecas,  Shaw  noese,  aud 
most  of  the  Mianiis  joined  in  the  war-dance  and 
took  up  arms  as  required.     A  large  body  of  the 

barbarian  allies  s< assembled  at  Detroit;  but 

after  one  or  two  inroads  into  Canada,  thej  were 
dismissed  as  troublesome, expensive, and  useless. 

Indian  Allies  of  the  Confederates.  West  of 
Arkansas  lie  the  Indian  territories,  where,  in 
1861,  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War. dwelt  the 

semicivilized  nations  of  Cherokees,  Chootawa, 

and  Chickasaws.  then  numbering  about  forty 
thousand  souls.  There  were  also  some  Creeks 
ami  Senecas  and  Shawnoese  on  a  visit  there  at 
the  same  time.   A  brother  of  Governor  Rector,  of 

Arkansas,  was  then  the  government  agent  among 

the  Cherokees.  The  Confederate  government 
formed  at  Montgomery  directed  Governor  Hec- 
tor to  endeavor  to  attach  these  half-barbarians 
to  the  insurgent  cause.  To  this  work  the  goi  eru- 
or's  brother  addressed  himself.     When,  in  June, 

1861, Jefferson  Davis  ordered  three  regiments  to 

be  formed  of  these  Indians,  he  commissioned  Al- 
bert Pike,  a  poet  of  some  pretensions  and  a  native 
of  New  England,  to  make  a  treaty  with  them. 
Pike  met  them  in  council  in  their  own  country, 
lie  succeeded  with  the  less  ci\  ili/ed  Cboctaws 
and  Chickasaws.  Iiy  a  treaty  made  they  were 
allowed  two  delegates  in  the  Congress  at  Mont- 
gomery. Pike  was  also  commissioned  a  briga- 
dier-general, and  led  two  regiments  in  the  Con- 
federate army.  A  third  regiment  was  raised  be- 
fore the  close  of  L861.  With  these  half-savages 
Pike  fought  ill  the  battle  at  Pea  Ridge  (which 
see),  and  there  they  were  hopelessly  dispersed. 

Indian  Bureau  (1786).  (See  Commieeionera 
qf  Indian  Affaire.)  In  August,  1786,  the  Indian 
Bureau  was  reorganized  by  ordinance,  and  made 
subordinate  to  the  Department  of  War.  Two 
superintendents  were  appointed, one  for  the  dis- 
trict north  of  tin'  Ohio,  the  other  for  the  region 
south  id' that  river,  whose  functions  were  to  see 
that  the  regulations  of  Congress  were  enforced  ; 

to  keep  the  Indians  quiet  by  doing  them  justice 

ami  to  prevent  their  enoroaohments ;  also  to  pre- 
vent that  misconduct  on  the  part  of  the  frontier 
settlers  by  which  Indian  hostilities  were  gener- 
ally provoked. 

Indian  Cessions  of  Land  (1803).  Ohio  hav- 
ing become  a  state  of  the  Union  (1802),  proposi- 
tions were  made  for  four  other  states  out  of  the 
northwestern  territory  (which  see).    At  a  treaty 

held  with  Governor  Harrison,  of  the  Indian  l .  r- 


INDIAN  CESSIONS  OF  LAND  6: 

ritory,  Aug.  13, 1603,  a  large  extinguishment  was 
made  of  [udian  titles  north  of  the  Ohio.  Iu 
consideration  of  the  protecting  care  of  the  Unit- 
ed States,  of  $580  in  cash,  of  an  increase  of  their 
annuity  to  $1000,  of  $300  towards  building  a 
church,  and  of  annual  payment,  for  aeven  years, 
of  J100  to  a  Roman  Catholic  priest,  the  remnant 
of  the  Kaskaskia  tribe,  reduced  to  a  few  hun- 
dred persons — the  feeble  representation  of  the 
once  powerful  confederacy  of  the  Illinois — ceded 
to  the  I'nited  States  (excepting  a  small  reserva- 
tion), all  the  vast  tract  lying  within  the  lines 
beginning  at  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  River, 
descending  the  Mississippi  t<>  the  mouth  of  the 
Ohio,  ascending  the  Ohio  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Wabash,  and  from  a  point  up  that  stream  west- 
ward to  the  Mississippi, embracing  all  the  south- 
ern portion  of  the  State  of  Illinois.  By  two 
treaties  made  at  Yincenncs ( Aug.  18 and 27)  with 
the  Delawares  and  Piaukeshaws,  and  at  St. 
Louis  (Nov.  3),  in  1804,  with  the  Sacs  and  Foxes 
(which  see),  by  Governor  Harrison,  of  Indiana, 
the  Indian  title  to  large  additional  tracts  in 
that  region  was  extinguished.  The  Delawares 
and  Piaukeshaws,  in  consideration  of  small  ad- 
ditional annuities,  ceded  all  the  country  south  of 
Yincenncs  to  the  falls  of  the  Ohio,  at  Louisville. 
The  Sacs  and  Foxes,  in  consideration  of  an  an- 
nuity in  goods  to  the  value  of  $1000,  ceded  a 
great  tract  on  both  sides  of  the  Mississippi  of 
uear  80,000  square  miles,  extending  on  the  east 
bank  from  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  River  and 
thence  to  the  Wisconsin,  and  including  on  the 
west  a  considerable  part  of  the  (present )  state 
of  Missouri,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Gasconade 
northward.  In  the  summer  of  1>(C>  large  tracts 
of  land  in  Ohio  and  Indiana  were  ceded  to  the 
United  states  by  Western  Indians.  By  a  treaty 
made  by  Governor  Harrison,  of  Indiana  (July  4), 
at  Port  Industry,  on  the  Mauinee,  with  the 
Wyandots,  Ottawas,  Chippewas,  Munsees,  Dela- 
wares, Shaw  noose,  and  Potawatomiee,  they  re- 
linquished all  claim  to  the  tract  of  land  in  Ohio 
known  as  "The  Connecticut  Reserve,"  in  con- 
sideration of  a  perpetual  annuity  of  $1000,  in 
addition  to  $16,000  already   paid   or  seemed    to 

some  of  their  tribes  by   the  Co ■cticut    Land 

Company,  the  purchasers  for  Connecticut  of  thai 
tract.  By  another  treaty  (Aug.  21,  1805)  with 
the  Delawares,  Potawatomiee, Miamis,  Eel  Elv- 
er Indians,  ami  Weas,  the  Indian  title  was  extin- 
guished to  all  that  part  of  the  (present)  State 
of  Indiana  within  fifty  miles  of  the  Ohio,  except 
a  narrow  tract  along  the  west  hank  of  the  Wa- 
baah;  and  thus,  in  connection  with  former  ces- 
sions, was  opened  to  settlement  the  whole  north- 
ern  banks   n!    the  Ohio,   from    its   soui.e   to    it- 

mouth.     In  1808  there  were  again  cessions  <>i 

large  traits  of  land  by  the  Indians  BOUtfa  of  the 

ohm  Biver.     The  Cboctaws  (which  » 

that  wide  tract  Intervening  between  tin-  settle 

incuts  about  Natchez  and  those  on  the  Toillbig- 
bee,   including    all    the    southern    portion    Of  the 

(present)  State  .>i  Mississippi,  for  $60,000,  t..  be 
appropriated  to  the  discharge  of  debts  due  to 
certain  trader-.,  a  gratnitj  of $000  each  to  time 
of  the  principal  ohiefs,  besides  an  annuity  of 
>.'»<>  daring  their  chieftaincy,  ami  goods  of  tin 


t!  INDIAN  COMMISSIONS 

value  of  S3000  to  be  annually  furnished  to  the 
nation.  The  Ottawas,  Chippewas,  Wyandots, 
and  Potawatomiee  ceded  a  great  tract  of  terri- 
tory north  of  the  Maumce  River,  from  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Auglaize  eastward,  extending  up  the 
Detroit  River  and  Lake  Huron  so  as  to  include 
a  third  part  or  more  of  the  peninsula  of  Mich- 
igan, for  810,000,  payable  in  goods,  and  an  an- 
nuity of  $3400. 

Indian  Cessions  of  Lands  i\  1618.  By  a 
treaty  negotiated  in  September,  1-17,  and  again 
in  1818,  the  Wyandots.  Delawares,  Senecas,  and 
Shaw  noese,  with  some  bands  of  the  l'otaw  ato- 
mies, Ot  taw  as,  and  Chippewas,  ceded  all  their 
remaining  lands  in  Ohio  —  about  four  million 
acres,  embracing  the  valley  of  the  Maumce. 
For  this  cession  >14,U(MI  were  paid  to  the  several 
tribes,  in  various  proportions,  in  the  name  of 
damages  Buffered  from  the  British  in  the  late 

war:  $500  to  the   Delawares:  $10, I  annually 

to  the  Wyandots.  Senecas,  Shaw  noese,  and  Ot- 
tawas forever;  ami  $3300  annually  for  fifteen 
years  to  the  l'otaw  atomies  and  united  Chippe- 
was and  Ottawas.  About  three  hundred  thou- 
sand acres  were  reserved  in  various  tracts,  and 
assigned  to  different  hands,  families,  and  indi- 
viduals, under  the  idea  that  the  Indians  iiii-^lit 
adopt  the  habits  of  civilization  and  become 
farm)  re.  An  annuity  of  $1000  had  already  been 
granted  (in  1816)  for  twelve  yean  to  the  united 
Chippewa-.  Ottawas,  and  Potawatomiee  of  the 
Illinois  and  Milwaukee  reservations,  in  consid- 
eration of  a  tract  twenty  miles  wide,  including 
the  site  of  Chicago,  and  extending  back  from 
Lake  Michigan  southwesterly  to  the  Kankakee 
and  Fox  rivers.  Some  considerable  co-ions 
were  also  obtained  in  Illinois  and  Indiana  from 
the  Potawatomiee, Weas, Miamis, and  Delaw ares. 
The  -Ian-  ol  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  also  re- 
ceived large  accessions  to  their  territories  by  a 
cession  in  1818  by  the  Cfaickasaws  of  all  the 
tract  of  land  included  between  the  Mississippi 
and  the  northern  course  of  the  Tennessee  Biver. 
The  Chickasaw  villages  were  mostlj  lower  down 

the  Mississippi,  this  tract   having  1 n   used   as 

hunting-grounds.  In  consideration  for  this  im- 
portant cession,  the  I'nited  States  agreed  to  pay 
to  the  Choctaw  nation  (besides  reservations 
made  to  certain  child's)  $70,000  annually  for  fif- 
teen years.  This  whole  tract  was  already  cov- 
ered by  old  Virginia  and  North  Carolina  land* 
grants, which  the  government  paid  for,  but  in- 
dividuals profited  by. 

Indian  Commissioners.  (8ee  Gommtsriotieri 
of  Indian    I 

Indian  Commissions.  The  importance  of 
keeping  on  good  terms  with  the  Indians,  and 
especially  wiih  the  Six  Nations, was  felt  at  the 

beginning  of  the  war  for  independence.      Three 

boards  for  the  management   of  Indian  affairs 

were  constituted:  one  for  the  six  Nations  and 
other  Northern  tribes,  a  second  tor  the  I  Inio- 
kees  and  Clicks,  ami  a  third  for  the  inlcrveii- 
iug  nations;  and  $500  was  voted  for  the  educa- 
tion  of  Indian   youths  at   Wheel. nk's  school   at 

Hanover,  N.  II.     Louis,  a  half-  breed  • 

and  Indian  blood,  was  given  a  commission  as 


INDIAN  COMMONWEALTH  PEOPOSED    677 


INDIAN  HOSPITALITY 


colonel,  and  faithfully  adhered  to  tbe  American 
cause. 

Indian  Commonwealth  Proposed.  In  a  mes- 
sage to  Congress,  Jau.  IT.  1825,  President  Mon- 
roe suggested  the  propriety  of  removing  all  the 

scat  tend  Indian  tribes  in  the  United  Stales  and 
concentrating  them  in  one  nation  west  of  the 
Mississippi  Eiver.  Measures  were  taken  to  car- 
ry this  plan  into  effect.  Treaties  were  made 
with  the  Osage  and  Kansas  Indians  extinguish- 
ing their  titles  to  territory  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  so  a  territory  was  provided  for  those 
Indians  w  ho  might  be  induced  to  emigrate  from 
the  states  on  the  east  side  of  that  river,  Bnt 
they  were  generally  unwilling  to  remove,  and 
such  a  scheme  has  never  been  carried  out.     The 

nearest  approach  to  it  was  the  establishment  of 
the  Indian  Territory.     (See  Indian  Territory.) 

Indian  Congress  in  Georgia.  In  1774  Sir 
James  Wright,  royal  governor  of  Georgia,  called 
a  congress  of  the  principal  heads  of  tin'  Creek 
and  Cherokee  Indians,  who  were  induced  to  cede 
to  the  British  crown  several  million  acres  of 
valuable  land  in  the  most  healthful  and  fer- 
tile portion  of  the  province  for  the  payment 
of  debts  which  the  barbarians  owed  to  white 
traders. 

Indian  Corn.  When  the  English  settlers 
first  went  to  Virginia,  they  found  the  Indians 
cultivating  maize,  and  the  Europeans  called  it 
■•Indian  corn."  It  proved  to  be  a  groat  bless- 
ing to  the  emigrants  to  our  shores,  from  Maine 

to  Florida.  Indian  corn  appears  among  the  ear- 
liest   exports    from   America.      Bo  early   as   17-1* 

the  two  Carolinas  exported  about  ion, nun  bash- 
eta  a  year.  Poi  several  yean  previous  to  the 
Revolution  Virginia  exported  000,000  bushels 
annually.  The  total  amount  of  this  grain  ex- 
ported annually  from  all  the  English-American 
colonies  at  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution  was 
between  660,000  and  560,000  bushels.  At  the 
beginning  of  this  century  the  annual  export  was 
8,000,000  bushels.  But  its  annual  product  was 
not  included  in  the  census  reports  of  our  coun- 
try until  1640,  when  the  aggregate  yield  was 
nearly  400,000,000  bushels.  The  largest  produc- 
tion we  have  ever  had  was  in  1855,  when  it  was 
1,000,000, i   hush, -Is,   valued    at    $400,000, 

While  Captain  Miles  Standish  and  Others  of  the 

Pilgrims  (which  see)  were  seeking  a  place  to 

land,  they  found  some  inai/.e  in  one  of  the  de- 
serted huts  of  the    Indians.      Afterwards  Saino- 

set,  the  friendly  Indian,  and  others,  taught  the 
Pilgrims  how  to  cultivate  the  grain,  for  it  was 
unknown  in  Europe,  and  this  supply,  serving 

them  for  seed,  saved  the  little  colony  from  Star- 
vation the  following  year.  The  grain  now  first 
received  t  he  name  of"  Indian  corn."  Mr.  School- 
craft  tells  us  that    Indian  corn  entered  into  the 

mythology  of  the  barbarians  in  the  region  of 

the  upper  lakes.  Iii  legend  the  Indians  tell  us 
that  a  youth,  on  the  Verge  of  manhood,  went 
into  the  forest  to  fast,  where  he  built  himself  a 
ledge  and  painted  his  face  in  sombre  colors  ;  and 
then  he  asked  the  Master  of  Life  for  some  pre- 
cious trifi  tbat  should  benefit  his  race.  Being 
weak  from  fast  Ing,  he  lay  down  in  his  lodge  and 


gazed  through  its  opening  into  the  blue  depths 
of  the  heavens,  from  which  descended  a  visible 
spirit  in  the  form  of  a  beautiful  young  man 
dressed  in  green,  and  having  green  plumes  on 
his  bead.  This  embodied  spirit  bade  the  young 
Indian  to  rise  and  wrestle  with  him  as  the  only 
way  to  obtain  the  coveted  blessing.  Four  days 
the  wrestliugs  were  repeated,  the  youth  feeling 
each  time  an  increasing  moral  and  supernatural 
energy,  while  his  bodily  strength  declined.  This 
mysterious  energy  promised  him  the  final  vic- 
tory. On  the  third  day  his  celestial  visitor  said 
to  him:  "To-morrow  will  be  the  seventh  day 
of  your  fast,  and  the  last  time  I  shall  wrestle 
with  yon.  You  will  triumph  over  me  and  gaiu 
your  wishes.  As  soon  as  you  have  thrown  me 
down,  strip  off  my  clothes  and  bury  me  on  the 
Spot  in  soft.  Irish  earth.  When  you  have  done 
this,  leave  me,  but  come  occasionally  to  visit  the 
place  to  keep  the  weeds  from  growing.  Once 
or  tw  loe  cover  me  with  fresh  earth."'  The  spirit, 
then  departed,  but  returned  the  next  day:  and, 
as  he  had  predicted,  the  youth  threw  him  on 
the  ground.  The  young  man  obeyed  his  visit- 
or's instructions  faithfully,  and  very  soon  was 
delighted  to  see  the  green  plumes  of  the  heav- 
enly stranger  shooting  up  through  the  mould. 
He  carefully  weeded  the  ground  around  them, 
and  kept  it  fresh  and  soft,  and  in  due  time  his 
eyes  were  charmed  at  beholding  a  full-grown 
plant  bending  with  fruit  that  soon  became  gold- 
en  just  as  the  frost  touched  it.  It  gracefully 
waved  its  long  leaves  and  its  yellow  tassels  in 
the  autumn  wind.  The  young  man  called  his 
parents  to  behold  the  new  plant.  '- It  is  M<  n- 
ilnmiii."  said  his  father;  "it  is  the  grain  id' the 
Qreat  Spirit.-'  They  invited  their  friends  to  a 
feast  on  the  excellent  grain,  and  then'  were 
great  rejoicings.  Such  is  the  legend  of  the  or- 
igin of  Indian  corn,  or  maize. 

Indian  Hospitality.  Everywhere  Europeans 
landing  on  the  shores  of  America  were  treated 
with  greal  kindness  by  the  natives,  who  saw 
them  for  the  fust  time;  and  such  might  have 
been  the  pleasing  intercourse  with  the  barbari- 
ans until  now  but  for  the  cruelty  and  injustice 
with    which    the   hospitality    of  the    aborigines 

was  frequently  required.    When  Amides  and 

Harlow,  sent  out  to  America  by  Sir  Walter  K'a- 
leigb,  visited  Roanoke  Island,  they  Were  hospi- 
tably entertained  by  the  wife  of  a  brother  of 
the  Hatteras  king,  in  the  absence  of  her  hus- 
band, who  had  been  on  board  their  ships.  When 
these  navigators  were  alarmed  by  the  appear- 
ance of  sonic  hunters,  she  caused  several  of  her 
nun  to  go  out  and  take  away  ami  break  their 
bows  and  arrows;  and  when,  in  alarm,  the  Eng- 
lish wen-  preparing  to  leave  in  their  boat,  she 
carried  them  supper  half  cooked  in  pots,  at  the 
same  time  ordering  several  men  and  thirty 
women  to  act  as  a  guard  to  them  through  the 
night,  sitting  on  the  sandy  beach.  She  also 
scut  them  some  fine  mats  to  screen  them  from 
the  weather.  This  kindness  was  afterwards  so 
requited  by  cruelties  by  men  under  Qrenville, 
Fane,  and  other  Englishmen,  that  destruction 
was  brought  upon  a  colony  planted  on  F'oanoke 
Island. 


INDIAN  LANDS,  CESSIONS  OF  6 

Indian  Lands,  Cessions  of,  m  the  South. 
The  people  of  Tennessee  had  regarded  the  tract 
of  couutry  on  the  southern  course  of  the  Ten- 
uessee  River  as  yielded  up  by  the  late  treaty 
with  the  Creeks;  but  the  Cherokees  claimed  it 
towards  the  east,  and  the  Choctaws  and  Chick- 
asaws  towards  the  west.  A  treaty  signed  at 
Washington  (March  28,  1816),  which  recognized 
the  Cherokee  claim,  offended  the  Tennesseeans. 
In  consequence  of  loud  complaints,  a  new  treaty 
was  made, by  which  the  Cherokees  relinquished 
their  claim  to  lands  on  the  south  side  of  the  Ten- 
nessee to  the  parallel  of  Huntsville.  By  two 
other  treaties  the  Choctaws  and  Chickasaws 
relinquished  all  claim  to  territory  east  of  the 
Tombigbee,  excepting  the  valley  of  Bear  Creek, 
a  small  tributary  of  the  Tennessee.  By  these 
treaties  a  larger  portion  of  Alabama  and  a  large 
tract  in  southern  Tennessee  were  laid  open  to  set- 
tlement. The  Chickasaws,  besides  gratuities  to 
certain  chiefs,  received  a  consideration  of  §4500 
down,  and  an  annuity  of  §12,000  for  ten  yean; 
the  Choctaws,  $10,000  down,  and  an  annuity  of 
86000  for  twenty  years ;  the  Cherokees,  $5000 
down,  and  an  annuity  of  $6000  for  ten  years. 
The  latter  also  received  $5000  in  consideration 
of  their  relinquishment  of  any  claims  of  theirs 
to  any  part  of  South  Carolina. 

Indian  Policy,  A  New.  On  the  accession  of 
General  Grant  to  the  Presidency,  the  "Indian 
Problem,"  so  called,  or  that  of  the  best  policy 
to  lie  pursued  towards  the  wild  Indian  trilies  of 
this  continent,  was  pressed  upon  the  attention 
of  Congress.  An  "  Indian  war"  seemed  to  be 
an  ever-present  evil.  "The  best  way  for  the 
government  is  to  make  them  poor  by  the  de- 
struction of  their  stock,  and  then  settle  them 
on  lands  allowed  them,"  said  a  distinguished 
army  officer.  Another  distinguished  army  offi- 
cer said,  "The  only  good  Indian  is  a  dead  In- 
dian." With  such  a  spirit  had  much  of  the 
government  policy  towards  the  barbarians  been 
pervaded.  Injustice,  dishonesty,  aud  violence 
had  been  meted  out  to  them,  and  the  conse- 
quence was  they  became  the  implacable  euemies 
oft  lie  white  people.  President  Grant  was  dis- 
posed to  try  a  policy  of  humanity  and  justice. 
He  recommended  the  appointment  of  a  number 
of  members  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  or  Quak- 
ers, as  Indian  agents.  The  members  of  that 
society  have  always  been  noted  as  friends  <>f 

the  Indians  (see  Friendly  Axxociatioit)  and  all  suf- 
fering people,  and  for  general   Uprightness  and 

peaceful   principles.     Congress  approved   the 

proposition,  and  on  April  11,  1889,  on  the  nomi- 
nation of  the  President,  appointed  sixteen  of 
them  snch  agents.  The  new  system,  or  policy, 
promised  the  happiest  results.  Than  has  been 
a  rapid  advancement  in  the  arts  of  peace  among 
many  Indian  nations.     In  1>7.">  the  Indian  Com- 

missioner  reported  t  liat.  out  of  a  barbarian  popu- 
lation of  two  hundred  and  seventy-nine  thou- 
sand, more  than  forty  thousand  men  and  boys 
snpported  themselves  by  the  labor  of  their  own 
hands.  II.  also  repotted  that  ten  thousand  In- 
dian children  weir  attending  schools,  it  seems 
evident  that  the  true  policy  is  to  abolish  the 
whole  Diaohinerj  of  Indian  reservations,  raper- 


8  INDIAN  TERRITORY 

intendents,  agents,  etc.,  make  every  Indian  a 
citizen  of  the  state  or  territory  in  w  Inch  he  may 
reside,  give  him  all  the  rights  aud  duties  of  cit- 
izenship, aud  hold  him  individually  responsible 
to  the  laws.  Only  in  this  way  can  our  barba- 
rian brethren  be  civilized. 

Indian  Reservations.  Many  years  ago  the 
United  States  government  adopted  the  policy 
of  placing  Indian  trilies  on  reservations  of  land, 
with  a  view  to  winning  them  from  the  hunting 
and  nomadic  state  to  that  of  permanent  resi- 
dents and  cultivators  of  the  soil.  In  1876  there 
were  about  one  hundred  of  these  reservations, 
upon  which  about  one  huudred  and  eighty  thou- 
sand of  the  barbarians  were  seated.  The  aggre- 
gate area  of  these  reservations  is  about  one  hun- 
dred and  sixty-eight  thousand  square  miles.  Of 
these,  thirty-one  are  east  of  the  Mississippi  Riv- 
er, and  nineteen  on  the  Pacific  slope.  The  re- 
mainder are  between  these.  There  are  about  for- 
ty thousand  Indians  who  have  no  lands  awarded 
by  treaty,  but  they  have  reservations  set  apart 
for  them  upon  the  public  lands  of  the  United 
States,  fifteen  in  number,  aggregating  about  six- 
ty thousand  square  miles. 

Indian  Slaves  first  BBWI  to  Europe.  Fer- 
dinand and  Isabella,  on  hearing  of  the  murder 
of  Spaniards  by  natives  of  the  West  India  Isl- 
ands, ordered  that  whoever  should  be  found 
guilty  of  that  crime  should  be  sent  to  Spain  as 
slaves.  Bartholomew  Columbus,  with  whom  his 
brother  Christopher  left  the  command  in  Santo 
Domingo,  gave  much  latitude  in  his  interpreta- 
tion of  the  order,  and  when  be  sent  bach  some 
vessels  that  brought  provisions  from  Spain,  he 
sent  three  hundred  natives  of  both  sexes  for 

sla\es. 

Lidian  Territory.  By  act  of  Congress,  June 
30,  1834,  "all  that  part  of  the  United  States 
west  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  not  within 
the  states  of  Missouri  and  Louisiana,  or  the  Ter- 
ritory [now  the  state]  of  Arkansas,  shall  be  con- 
sidered the  Indian  country."  It  has  been  re- 
duced in  area  by  the  successive  formation  of 
states  and  territories,  until  now  it  is  bounded 
north  by  Colorado  and  Kansas,  east  by  Missouri 
and  Arkansas,  south  by  Texas,  and  west  by 
Texas  and  New  Mexico,  and  contains  an  area 
of  69,000  square  miles.  A  narrow  strip  of  ter- 
ritory west  of  the  one  hundredth  meridian  was 

ceded  to  the  United  states  bj  Texas,  and  is 
olassed  geographically  with  the  Indian  Terri- 
tory.    The  population  is  estimated  at  68,152,  of 

whom  9407  are  white  people,  6S78  colored,  and 
59,367  Indians.     Of  the  latter,  mails  85,000  wen 

on   reservations  or  agencies  in   1*7:1.  and  34,400 

were  rovers.    The  territory  includes  seventeen 

Indian   reservations,  besides  considerable  unas- 

signed  land.  The  tribes  eonaUfl  of  the  Chero- 
kees, ChoetaWS,  Chickasaw  s.  (  neks.  Semi  Hides, 
Sacs    and     Poxes  ;     Potawatoniies,    Shawnoesc, 

Osage,  Kaws,  Kiowss,  Oomancbes,  Apaches,  Ar- 
apahoe*, aud  Cheyenne*;  the  Qnapaws,  the  con- 
federated Peorias,  Kaskaskiaa,  Piankesbaws, 
Weas,  and  Miamis;  the  Ottaw  as.  W\  andots.  ami 

Seneeas;  the  affiliated  bunds  ofWicbitas,  EEee- 

chies.  Y\  ';i, •■.<•>.  T:iw  iii  anii  •>,  Caddoes,  lour  is.  Del- 


INDIAN  TRUST  FUND,  ROBBERY  OF     679 


INDIAN  WAR  IN  MINNESOTA 


awaivs  and  Penetethka  Comanches.  In  the  lat- 
ter part  of  1873  the  Modocs  (a  remnant  of  Cap- 
tain Jack'8  band)  and  about  400  Kiekapom  and 
Patau  atomies,  from  the  borders  of  Texas  and 
Mexico,  were  removed  to  the  Indian  Territory. 
The  territory  is  well  watered  and  wooded,  and 
has  much  fertile  land  suitable  for  raising  ce- 
reals and  cotton,  while  the  climate  is  mild  and 
salubrious,  but  dry.  In  W:S  the  Indian  pop- 
ulation cultivated  '217,790  acres  of  land,  and 
raised  92,574  bushels  of  \\  beat,  1,599,924  bushels 
of  corn,  60,750  bushels  of  oats,  196,470  bushels 
of  potatoes,  138,746  tons  of  bay,  with  considera- 
ble quantities  of  barley,  beans,  pease,  rice,  sugar, 
turnips,  and  70IIO  bales  of  cotton;   they  also 

produced  3,930,460  feel  Of  sawed  lumber.  A 
portion  of  the  territory  is  tine  grass  land,  well 
fitted  for  raising  live-stock.  The  several  Indian 
tribes  possessed  in  l^'.i, in  the  aggregate,  the  fol- 
lowing live-stock  :  212,155  horses,  322,854  homed 
cattle,  13,100  sheep,  and  130,446  swine.  The 
aggregate  value  of  the  live-stock  was  $9,408,178 
Tin-  territory  also  produces  iron,  coal,  marble, 
sandstone,  ami  brick-clay.  Buffaloes, w ild  horses. 

and  wild  turkeys  ate  abundant.  There  are 
eleven  agencies  in  the  territory,  viz..  Cherokee. 

Choctaw  (including  also  the  Chickasa 

Kaw,  Kiowa, Neosho  (the  Osages), Qnapaw,  Sac 

and  Fox  (including  absentee  Bbawnoi 

nole,  upper  Arkansas  (Cbeyennes  and  Axapa- 
ud  Wichita.    The  agents  represent  the 
United  States,  bul  each  tribe  has  its  own  inter- 
nal government    In  certain  instances,  where 

White  men  are  concerned,  the  jurisdiction  of  the 

United  States  courts  extends  over  the  territory. 
The  subject  of  ■  territorial  government  for  the 
Indian  country  has  long  b.-en  discussed, but, as 

there  are  two  opposing  parties  who  take  cogni- 
zance of  the  matter,  no  decision  has  yet  been 
reached.      It   is  the  policy  of  the  United  States 

to  settle  the  various  Indian  tribes  in  this  region 

upon  separate  reservations,  as  far  as  possible, 

where  they  may   be  free  from  the  encroachment 

of  the  whits  people,  and  under  the  genera]  su- 
perintendence and  protection  of  the  govern- 
ment ;  but  already  about  two  thousand  live 
hundred  "  pale  laces  "  have  intruded  and  seated 

themselves  in  the  territory.  The  Methodists, 
Presbyterians,  ami  Baptists  have  each  several 

missions  in  the  territory,  and  one  or  more  are 

maintained  by  the  Friends,  Moravians,  and  Bo- 
man  Catholics;  and  in  1873,  there  were  over 
seven  thousand  church  members  among  the  In- 
dians. 

Indian  Trust  Fund,  BOBBSBT  ok  thk.  At 
the  close  of  1860  if  was  discovered  that  Indian 
Trust    Funds,  in    bonds,  in   the   custody   of  the 

Beoretarj  of  the  interior  {Thompson)  had  been 

Stolen.  They  wen  in  the  special  custody  of 
Qoddard  Bailey,  a  South  Carolinian,  and  a  rela- 
tive of  the  Secretary  of  War,  Floyd.     The  latter 

had  been  chiefly  Instrumental  in  getting  op  a 

military  expedition  to  Flab,  in  which  full 
16,000,000  had  been  squandered,  at  a  critical 
time  in  the  alt'airs  of  lb.'  nation,  and  helped  the 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  embarrass  the  na- 
tion by  injuring  the  public  credit.    The  troops 

in  Utah  were  stationed  at  '•Camp  Floyd,"  and 


the  secretary  had  contracted  with  the  firm  of 
Russell  &  Co.  for  the  transportation  of  supplies 
To  that  post,  for  this  service  they  were  to  re- 
ceive $1,000,000  a  year.  Floyd  accepted  from 
them  drafts  on  his  department,  before  the  service 
was  performed,  to  the  amount  of  over  §2,000,000. 
These  acceptances  were  so  manifestly  illegal 
that  it  was  difficult  to  itegotiatc  them.  The 
contractors  became  embarrassed,  and  hit  upon 
a  scheme  for  raising  money  more  rapidly.  Rus- 
sell induced  Bailey  to  exchange  Indian  Trust 
Fund  bonds  for  Floyd's  illegal  acceptances,  it 
is  believed,  with  the  connivance  of  the  secreta- 
ry. They  were  hypothecated  in  New  York  and 
money  raised  on  them.  When  the  national 
treasury  became  embarrassed,  late  in  1860,  uu- 
der  the  manipulations  of  Cobb,  these  bonds  de- 
preciated, and  the  holders  called  on  Russell  for 
additional  security.  Bailey  supplied  him  with 
more  bonds,  until  the  whole  amounted  to  $870,- 
000.  As  the  time  approached  for  his  being  called 
upon  for  the  abstracted  coupons  on  these  bonds, 
payable  Jan.  1, 1861,  Bailey  was  driven  to  a  con- 
fession. Thompson  was  then  in  North  Carolina 
as  commissioner  of  the  "  sovereign  state  of  Mis- 
sissippi." conspiring  with  the  disunionists.  Bai- 
ley confessed  to  him  in  a  letter,  which  he  ante- 
dated Dec.  1.  pleading  for  himself  that  his  mo- 
tive had  been  to  save  the  honor  of  Floyd,  com- 
promised by  his  illegal  advances.  Thompson 
returned,  and,  after  a  consultation,  it  is  said, 
with  Floyd,  revealed  the  matter  to  the  Presi- 
dent, who  was  astonished.  Thompson,  who 
knew  all  about  it,  conducted  tin'  farce  of  dis- 
covering the  thief.  In  due  time  Bailey  made  a 
public  confession.  The  grand  jury  at  Washing- 
ton   indicted   Floyd    on    three    counts,    namely, 

malversation  in  office,  complicity  in  the  abstrac- 
tion of  thi'  bonds,  and  conspiracy  against  the 
government.  Floyd  lied.  Kuinor  magnified  the 
amount  of  money  thus  stolen  to  millions,  and 
the  Impression  went  abroad  that  plunder  was 
the  business  of  the  cabinet.  The  blow  to  the 
public  credit  was  staggering.  A  congressional 
committee  of  investigation  mildly  expressed  the 
opinion  that  Floyd's  conduct  "could  not  be  rec- 
onciled with  purity  of  motives  and  faithfulness 
to  public  trusts."  He  was  then  the  honored 
guest  of  the  authorities  at  Richmond.  \'a. 

Indian  'War  in  Minnesota  (1862).  At  mid- 
summer, Little  Crow,  a  sainth  -looking  savage 
in  Civilized  costume,  leader  of  Sioux  warriors, 
began  war  on  the  white  people,  and  in  August 
ami  September  butchered  inhabitants  at  three 
points  in  Minnesota,  and  at  posts  beyond  the 
boundary  of  that  state.  For  nine  days  the  Sioux 
besieged  Fort  Kidgely.  Fort  Aberorombie  was 
aUo  besieged,  and  twice  assaulted;  and  in  that 
region  the  Indians  murdered  about  live  hundred 
white  inhabitants,  mostly  defenceless  women 
and  children.  Genera]  H.  11.  Sibley  was  seut 
with  a  body  of  militia  to  crush  the  Indians. 
He  attacked  a  large  force  under  Little  Crow  at 
Wood  Lake,  and  drove  them  into  Dakota,  mak- 
ing live  hundred  of  their  number  prisoners. 
Tried  by  court-martial,  three  hundred  of  them 
were  sentenced  to  be  hanged.  The  President 
interfered,  and  only  thirty-seven  of  the  worst 


INDIAN  WAR  IN  NORTH  CAROLINA     680 


INDIAN  WAR  IN  VIRGINIA 


offenders  wen-  executed,  Feb.  28,  1863.  The 
•'Sioux  War"  was  not  ended  until  the  summer 
of  1863,  when  General  Pope  took  command  of 
that  department,  picketed  the  line  of  settle- 
ments in  the  far  Northwest  with  two  thousand 
soldiers,  and  took  vigorous  measures  to  disperse 
the  hostile  bands.  Generals  Sibley  and  Solly 
moved  against  1hen1  in  June,  1863,  fought  the 
savages  a1  different  places,  and  finally  scattered 

them  among  the  wilds  of  the  eastern  slopes  of 
the  spurs  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Indian  War  in  North  Carolina  (1711).  The 
Indians  in  northeastern  North  Carolina  beheld 
with  jealousy  and  discontent  the  spreading  Eu- 
ropean settlements  in  their  land  along  the  re- 
gions of  Albemarle  and  Pamlico  sounds  and  up 
the  streams.  The  remnants  only  of  once  pow- 
erful tribes  remained,  of  whom  the  Tnscaroras 
were  the  most  numerous.  These  had  been  driv- 
en into  the  forests,  and  there  had  nursed  their 
revenge  until  it  became  too  strong  to  be  repress- 
ed, and,  led  by  the  dominant  tribe,  they  struck 
a  sudden  blow  for  the  extermination  of  the  white 
people.  German  settlements  under  Count  Graf- 
fenreidt  were  first  smitten, at  midnight  (Oct.  2, 
1711),  and  one  hundred  and  thirty  men,  women, 
and  children  wen;  slaughtered,  and  for  scores 
of  miles  the  country  was  lighted  up  with  the 
flames  of  burning  dwellings.  For  three  days 
they  scourged  the  settlers  near  the  sounds  with 
the  hatchet  and  the  torch,  and  left  a  terrible 
pathway  of  blood  and  cinders.  Those  who  es- 
caped the  massacre  called  upon  their  brethren 
of  the  southern  colony  for  aid,  when  Colonel 
Barnwell,  with  a  party  of  South  Carolinians  and 
friendly  Indians,  marched  to  their  relief.  He 
drove  the  Tnscaroras  to  their  fortified  town  iii 
(the  present)  Craven  County,  and  there  made  a 
treaty  of  peace  with  them.  The  white  people 
soon  violated  it,  and  war  began  again.  Again 
the  South  Carolinians  were  called  upon  for  help. 
Hack  to  the  rescue  of  their  brethren  went  the 
Carolinians,  with  a  large  body  of*Indians,  all 
led  by  Colonel  Moore.  The  barbarians  ware 
soon  defeated, and  at  their  fort  in  Greene  Coun- 
ty he  made  (March,  1713)  eight  hundred  of  the 
Tnscaroras  captives,  when  the  remainder  lied, 
and  joined  their  kindred  in  the  North.  (See 
TuSCarorOS.)      A  treaty  of  peace  was  made  with 

tin   Corees  in  l~r»r»,  and  North  Carolina  never 

suffered  from  Indian  hostilities  afterwards. 

Indian  War  in  Oregon.  Settlers  in  Oregon 
and  in  Washington  Territory,  in  1856,  Battered 
much  from  parties  of  barbarians,  w  ho  went  in 
bands  to  minder  and  plunder  the  white  people. 
The  savages  were  so  well  organised  at  one  time 

that  it  was  thought  the  white  settlers  would 
be  compelled  to  abandon  the  country.  Major- 
general  Wool,  stationed  at   San  Francisco,  went 

to  Portland. Or  .and  there  organized  a  campaign 

against    the    Indians.      The   latter  had  formed  a 

powerful  combination,  bat  Wool  bronghl  hos- 
tilities to  a  close  during  the  summer  of  1656. 
The  bad  conduct  of  Indian  agents,  and  possibl] 
encouragement  given  the  Indians  by  employes 
of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  were  the  chut' 

I   the  tumble. 


Indian  War  in  South  Carolina  (1703).  Be- 
fore tin'  settlement  of  Georgia  was  begun, below 
the  Savannah  River,  the  South  Carolinians  were 
often  annoyed  by  Indian  depredations,  incited 
by  the  Spaniards  in  Florida.  In  1703,  the  Appa- 
lachian Indians  (a  tribe  of  the  Mobilian  family), 
in  league  with  the  Spaniards,  were  attacked  by 
Governor  Moore  and  a  body  of  white  men  and 
Indians.  Their  chief  village  was  desolated  : 
nearly  eight  hundred  of  the  Appalachians  were 
made  prisoners,  and  their  whole  territory  was 
made  tributary  to  the  white  people.  A  few- 
years  later  a  secret  general  Indian  confederacy 
was  formed  to  exterminate  the  white  people  by 
a  single  blow.  Within  forty  days,  in  the  spring 
of  1715,  the  Indian  tribes  from  the  Cape  Fear  to 
the  St.  Mary  and  back  to  the  mountains  had 
coalesced  in  the  Conspiracy,  and  before  the  peo- 
ple of  Charleston  had  any  intimation  of  danger, 
one  hundred  white  victims  had  been  slain  in  the 
remote  settlements.  The  Creeks.  Yamasees.  and 
Appalachians  ID  the  South  had  confederated  with 
the  Cherokees,  Catawhas,  and  Congarees  in  the 
West,  in  all  about  six  thousand  strong,  while 
more  thiiu  one  thousand  warriors  issued  from 
the  Neuse  region  to  avenge  their  misfortunes 
in  t  he  war  of  1712-13.  (See  Indian  War  in  Xorth 
Carolina.)  The  people  were  filled  with  terror 
Governor  Craven  acted  with  the  utmost  wisdom 
and  energy.  He  declared  the  province  to  he 
under  martial  law,  and  at  the  head  id'  twelve 
hundred  men,  black  and  white,  he  marched  to 
meet  the  foe.  The  Indians  were  at  first  victo- 
rious, but  after  several  bloody  encounters  the 
Southern  warriors  were  driven  across  the  Sa- 
vannah River  (May.  1715),  and  halted  not  until 
they  found  refuge  under  the  Spanish  guns  at 
St.  AogUBtine.  The  Cherokees  and  their  north- 
ern neighbors  had  not  yet  engaged  in  the  war, 
and  they  wearily  returned  to  their  hunting- 
grounds,  deeply  impressed  with  a  sense  of  the 
greatness  and  strength  of  the  white  people. 

Indian  War  in  Virginia  (167 5).  For  trilling 
offences  the  white  people  in  Virgiuia  colony 

were  in  the  habit  of  punishing  the  Indians  cru- 
elly. Retaliations  followed,  and  in  1675  Mary- 
land and  Virginia  joined  in  fitting  out  an  expe- 
dition to  confront  various  tribes  who  had  joined 
for  the  purpose  of  avenging  the  death  of  many 
warriors,  some  of  them  through  rank  treachery. 
The  expedition,  composed  of  one  thousand  men, 

was  led  by  Colonel  John  Washington  (great* 

grandfather  of  the  patriot),  whose  men  mur- 
dered a  number  of  Indian  child's  who  came  out 
for  a  parley.      For  this  Washington  was  blamed, 

and  was  publicly  reprimanded  in  the  Virginia 

Assembly   by  Covcrnor  Berkeley,  w  ho  said.  "  If 

the]  [the  Indians]  had  killed  mj  grandfather 
and  my  grandmother,  my  father,  my  mother, 
and  all  my  friends.  \  ,t.  if  the\   had  conietotreat 

in    peace,  they  should  have   gone   in  peace." 

Dreadful  desolations  by  the  Indians  followed. 
In  the  following  winter  they  penetrated  Vir- 
ginia almost   to  Jamestown,  animated   mote  by 

revenge  than  eagerness  for  plunder,      lief,. re 

spring  sixty  of  the  colonists  had  fallen  victim. 

in  this  season  of  distress  Berkelej  seemed  very 

Inefficient,  and  this  fact   called   forth   the  ener- 


INDIAN  WAR  WITH  THE  DUTCH       681 


INDIANA  TERRITORY 


gies  of  Bacon  to  save  the  colony  from  further 
injuries  by  the  barbarians.  (See  Bacon's  Rebell- 
ion.) 

Indian  'War  with  the  Dutch  in  New  Neth- 
erland.  The  oppressions  of  Kieft  (which  s,.,. 
aroused  the  surrouuding  Indians  to  war.  Elev- 
en petty  tribes  —  some  on  the  main,  some  ou 
Long  Island  -united  to  make  war  in  the  spring 
of  H)4:i.     They  desolated  the  scattered  farms 

which  extended   thirty   miles   from   Manhattan. 

Massacre,  plunder,  and  burning  prevailed  ev- 
erywhere, aud  in  all  directions  the  terrified  Eu- 
ropeans wen;  seen  flying  to  New  Amsterdam  for 
their  lives.  Satiated  with  revenge,  the  Indians 
made  peace.  An  Indian  war  broke  out  agaiu  in 
September  the  same  year.  First  a  tribe  above 
the  Highlands  attacked  and  plundered  a  Dutch 
canoe  coming  from  Fort  Orange  (Albauj  i.  8ome 
other  tribes  joined  them  in  plundering  farms  on 
Long  Island  and  a  set  I  lenient  in  New  Jersey, 
back  of  Newark  Bay.  It  was  in  this  war  that 
Mis.  Hutchinson  and  her  family  perished.  (See 
Hutchinson,  Anne.)  This  war  continued,  at  iu- 
tervals,  for  more  than  a  year.  During  the  lat- 
ter years  of  Sluy\  esant's  administration,  war 
with  the  Indians  raged  in  (present  I  Ulster  Coun- 
ts .at  Bsopusi  now  Kingston  l,and  vicinity.  Stny- 
vesant's  better  policy  finally  pacified  them,  and 
peace  prevailed  while  the  Dutch  ruled. 

Indiana  was  fust  explored  by  French  mis- 
sionaries and  traders,  and  Vincennes  w  as  a  mis- 
sionary station  so  early  as  1700.  Indiana  con- 
stituted a  part  of  New  France  (which  seel,  and 
afterwards  of  the  Northwest  Territory.     In   L70S 

some  French  Cana- 
dians discovered  the 

Wabash,  and  estab- 
lished several  trad- 
ing-posts on  us 
banks — among  oth- 
ers. Vlllcelllies.  Fil- 
t  le    is    know  n   of  the 

early  settlers  until 
the  country  was 
ceded  to  the  Bug- 
lish.  in  1763.  The 
treaty  of  its?  in- 
cluded Indiana  in 
the  United  States.  A  distressing  Indian  war 
broke  out  in  1788,  but  by  victories  over  the  bar- 
barians, bj  General  Wilkinson  (171)1)  ami  Gen- 
era] Wayne  I  1794),  a  dangerous  confederacy  of 

the  tribes  was  broken   up.      Another   was   aflcr- 

wards  attempted  bj  Tec t  ha.  but  was  defeated 

by  the  result  of  the  batik-  of  Tippecanoe  |  which 

see  i.  On  .inly  t,  1800,  the  territorial  govern- 
ment of  Indiana  was  organized,  with  William 
Ileinx  Harrison  as  governor.  It  then  included 
Michigan  and  Illinois.  The  former  was  let  off 
in  1806,  and  the  latter  in  1809,  when  Indiana 
was  reduced  to  its  present  dimensions.  At  that 
time    the    population    was    about     94,000    souls. 

When  war  with  Great  Britain  broke  out,  in  1812, 
a  fresh  impulse  was  given  to  Indian  depreda- 
tions, which  lnwl  never  fairly  ceased,  but  the  bar- 
barians were  beaten,  and  were  quiet  after  the 
oloM  of  that  oontesti     On  June  39,  ItilC,  a  cou- 


sT.iri.   DEAL  I 


MIIANA. 


vention  adopted  a  state  constitution  for  Indiana, 
and  on  Dec.  11  it  was  admitted  into  the  Union 
as  a  state.     Rapid  and  continued  emigration 

ensued.  This  w  a-  great  Ij  increased  by  the  open- 
ing of  the  F.iie  Canal  i  which  see).  During  the 
Civil  War  Indiana  furnished  to  the  National 
army  196,147  soldiers. 

Indiana,  Attempt  to  introduce  Slavery 
in.  In  1803  a  movement  was  made  in  Congress 
for  suspending  for  a  limited  term,  in  the  case  of 
Indiana  Territory,  the  provision  of  the  Ordi- 
nance of  1787  i  which  Bee)  prohibiting  slavery 
northward  of  the  Ohio  River.  A  committee,  of 
which  John  Randolph,  of  Virginia,  was  (hair- 
man,  reported  strongly  against  the  proposition, 
believing  that  "in  the  salutary  operation  of  this 
salutary  and  sagacious  restraint  the  inhabitants 
of  Indiana  would,  at  no  distant  day,  find  ample 
remuneration  for  a  temporary  privation  of  labor 
and  immigration."  At  the  next  session  (1804) 
the  subject  was  brought  up  and  referred  to  a 
new  committee,  of  which  Rodney,  the  new  1  >em- 
ocrat  ic  representat  ive  from  1  'claw  are,  w  as  chair- 
man. This  committee  reported  in  favor  of  such 
suspension,  so  as  to  admit,  for  ten  years,  the  in- 
troduction of  slaves  born  within  the  territory 
of  the    United   States,   their   descendants   to   he 

lice,  masculine  at  the  age  of  twenty-five  yean, 

and   feminine  at    twenty-one  years.      No  action 

was  bad,  hut  the  subject  was  afterwards  before 

Congress  several  times  on  tin!  urgent  applica- 
tion of  inhabitants  of  Indiana  for  the  privilege 
of  introducing  slavery  into  the  territory. 

Indiana.  POSITION  01  (1861)i  This  flourish- 
ing state,  carved  out  of  the  Northwest  Territory 

(which  see),  and  containing  over    1,360,000   in- 
habitants,  was    intensely    loyal    to    tic 
There  was  no  special  occasion  for  the  revelation 

of  this  loyalty  until  the  attack  on  Fort  Sumter 
(which  see), when  it  was  aroused  to  intense  ac- 
tion. Its  governor  (Oliver  1'.  Morton)  was  able, 
energetic,  ayd  steadfast  in  support  of  the  na- 
tional authority  during  the  war,  and  the  sons 
of  Indiana  were  seen  on  almost  every  battle- 
field of  that  contest.  One  of  the  earlier  battles 
of  that  war  was  fought  bj  an  Indiana  regiment 
ise.'  Honiiirif;  and  its  colonel  (Wallace!  took  a 
high  rank  in  the  Union  army  as  an  energetic 

leader. 

Indiana  Territory.  In  the  year  1800  the 
"Connecticut  Reserve,"  in  the  northeastern  por- 
tion of  Ohio,  having  been  sold  to  a  company  of 
speculators,  measures  were  taken  to  extinguish 
certain  claims  on  the  part  of  the  United  States 
and  the  State  of  Connecticut.  The  speculators 
found  their  bargain  to  be  pecuniarily  unprofit- 
able, ami  likely  to  prove  a  serious  embarrass- 
ment. Full  one  thousand  settlers  wen  already 
on  tin'  "  Reserve."  Hitherto  a  continuation  of 
the  Connecticut  title  to  these  lands  by  the  Unit- 
ed States  had  been  intercut ially  acknowledged, 
and  Connecticut  had  given  no  quitclaim  deeds, 

therefore  it  was  to  the  interest  of  the  speculators 
to  obtain  from  the  United  States  a  dinot  con- 
firmation. On  the  other  hand,  it  was  an  object 
for  the  United  States  to  extinguish  Connecti- 
cut's claim  of  jurisdiction.     Congress  passed  an 


INDIANS  6! 

act  (April  2~.  1800)  authorizing  the  issue  of  let- 
ters-patent couveyiug  tin-  title  oftheae  lauds  to 
the  governor  of  Connecticut,  for  the  benefit  of 
those  claiming  under  her,  aud  similar  letters- 
patent  were  issued  by  Connecticut,  relinquish- 
ing all  claim  to  jurisdiction.  So  the  "  Beserve  " 
was  aunexed  to  the  Northwest  Territory, which 
was  presently  divided,  by  act  of  Congress  (May 
7).  into  two  separate  jurisdictions,  the  western 
one  being  called  the  Territory  of  Indiana,  after 
one  of  the  old  aute-Revolutiouary  laud  compa- 
nies. St.  Vincent,  or  Vincennes,  was  made  the 
capital,  and  William  Henry  Harrison  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  the  territory. 

Indians.  Believing  the  earth  to  be  a  globe, 
Columbus  expected  to  find  India  or  Eastern  Asia 
by  sailing  westward  from  Spain.  The  first  land 
discovered  by  him— one  of  the  Bahama  Islands 
— he  supposed  to  be  a  part  of  India,  and  he 


*i 


A  NORTH   AMERICAN  INDIAN. 

called  the  inhabitants  Indiana.  This  name  was 
afterwards  applied  to  all  the  nations  of  the  adja- 
cent islands  and  the  continent.  Origin. — There 
is  no  positive  knowledge  concerning  the  origin 
of  the  aborigines  of  America  :  their  own  tradi- 
tions widely  vary,  and  conjecture  is  unsatisfy- 
ing. Beoenl  investigations  favor  a  theory  that, 
if  they  be  not  indigenous,  they  came  from  two 
ureal  Asiatic  families;  the  more  northern  tribes 
of  our  continent  from  the  lighter  Mongolians, 
who  crossed  at  Bebring'a  Strait,  and  the  more 
southerly  ones,  in  California.  Central  ami  South 
America,  from  the  darker  Malays,  who  first  peo- 
pled Polynesia,  in  the  southern  Paciflo  Ocean,  and 

finally  made  their  way  to  our  continent,  gradu- 
ally spreading  over  it  from  the  Pacific  to  the  At- 
Language  fails  to  connect  an\  of  them 

with   the  Asiatn     families,  but    their   traditions, 

Implement*,  and  1 let  of  life  point  to  scon 

a  relationship.     It  has  been  suggested  that  the 


2  INDIANS 

Mandans  and  Chinooks,  who  are  almost  white, 
are  desceudants  of  a  Welsh  colony  said  to  have 
been  lost  in  the  wilds  of  North  America  seven 
hundred  years  ago.  Unity. — There  seems  to  lie  a 
phj  sieal  identity  of  race  throughout  most  of  the 
continent.  Their  skin  is  generally  of  a  dark 
reddish- brow  u,  or  cinnamon,  color;  they  have 
long,  black,  and  straight  hair,  prominent  cheek- 
bones, and  broad  faces;  eyes  deep-set,  full  aud 
rounded  lips,  broad  and  prominent  noses,  scanty 
beard;  their  heads  are  generally  square,  and 
their  stature  about  the  same  as  that  of. other 
races  of  the  same  latitude.  Their  muscular  de- 
velopment is  not  great,  and  their  hands  and 
feet  are  small ;  their  skin  is  thinner,  softer,  and 
smoother  than  that  of  Europeans;  the  expres- 
sion of  the  men  is  often  noble,  and  many  of  the 
women  are  handsome.  Haughty  in  deportment, 
taciturn,  stoical,  cunning,  persevering,  revenge- 
ful, brave  and  ferocious  in  war;  cruel  towards 
enemies  and  faithful  towards  friends;  grateful 
for  favors,  hospitable  and  kind,  the  Indians  of 
North  America  ate  undoubtedly  capable  of  great 
and  rapid  development  under  the  genial  influ- 
ence of  civilization.  Their  mental  temperament 
is  poetic  and  imaginative  in  a  high  degree,  and 
it  is  often  expressed  in  great  beauty  and  elo- 
quence of  language  ;  but  in  their  present  social 
condition,  their  animal  propensities  greatly  pre- 
ponderate over  the  intellectual.  The  tribes 
south  of  California  have  always  been  noted  for 
mental  development  much  superior  to  those  of 
more  northern  latitudes.  1'nisititx. — War,  hunt- 
ing, and  fishing  are  the  chief  pursuits  of  the 
men  of  the  more  barbarous  tribes:  agriculture 
of  the  semi-civilized.  Among  the  savages  found 
in  North  America  by  Europeans,  the  w  omen  per- 
formed almost  all  the  manual  labor  and  burden- 
bearing.  They  carried  on  their  limited  agricult- 
ure, which  consisted  in  the  production  of  mai/e 
or  Indian  corn,  beans,  squashes,  potatoes,  and 
tobacco.  They  manufactured  the  implements 
of  war,  and  for  hunting  and  fishing;  made  mats, 
and  skin  and  feather  clothing,  canoes. ornaments 
of  the  teeth  and  claws  of  beasts,  and  of  shells 
and  porcupine -quills;  performed  all  domestic 
drudgery,  and  constructed  the  lodges  of  the 
bark  of  trees  or  the  hides  of  beasts.  Rude  fig- 
ures of  animate  anil  inanimate  objects  carved 
in  wood  or  stone,  or  moulded  in  clay,  and  pict- 
ure-writing on  the  inner  bark  of  trees  01  the 
skins  of  beasts,  or  cut  upon  rocks,  w  ith  rude  or- 
namented pottery,  was  the  extent  of  their  ac- 
complishments in  the  aits  of  design  and  of  lit- 
erature. The  picture  -  writing  was  sometimes 
used  in  musical  notation,  and  contained  the  bur- 
den oftheil  BOflgS-  HiIk/hhi. — They  believed  iu 
a  good  and  Supreme  Being,  and  in  an  Evil  Spir- 
it, and  recognized  the  existence  of  inferior  good 
and  evil  spirits.  They  believed  in  a  future  state 
of  existence,  and  there  were  no  infidels  among 
them.  Superstition  BWayed  them  powerfully, 
and  charlatans,  called  "  medicine  -  men."  weie 
their  physicia  ns.  priests,  and  prophets,  who.  on  all 

occasions. used  Incantations,  christian  mission- 
aries have  labored  among  them  ill  many  places, 
from  the  tune  the  Spaniards  and  1'niu  hineii  set- 
tled in  America  until  now.  and  have  done  much 


INDIANS 


683 


INDIANS 


to  enlighten  them.  Government. — There  was  not 
a  semblance  of  a  national  government  among 
the  aborigines  when  the  Europeans  Game,  ex- 
cept that  of  the  "  Iroquois  Confederacy  "  (which 
Their  language  was  varied  by  more  than 
a  hundred  dialects,  and  they  were  divided  into 
many  distinct  families  or  tribes,  under  a  kind 
of  patriarchal  rule.  Each  family  had  its  armo- 
rial sign,  called  a  totem,  enchae  an  eagle,  a  bear, 
or  a  deer,  by  which  it  was  designated.  Tin;  civil 
head  of  a  tribe  was  called  a  sachem,  and  the 
military  leader  a  chief.  These  official  honors 
were  gained  sometimes  by  inheritance,  but  more 
frequently  by  personal  merit.  Snch  was  the 
Simple  government,  seldom  disobeyed,  that  con- 
trolled about  a  million  of  dusky  inhabitants  of 
t  he  present  domain  of  the  United  States,  which 
extends  over  nearly  t  wenty-flve  degrees  of  hit  i- 
tnde  and  about  sixty  degrees  of  longitude,  (iio- 
graphioai  Distribution. — There  seem  to  have  been 
onls  eight  radically  distinct  nations  known  to 
the  earlier  settlers  -namely, the  Algonqnin,  Hu 
ron-Iroqnoia,  Cherokee,  Catawba,  Uohee,  Hatch 
ez,  Mobilian  or  Floridian,  and  Dakota  or  Sioux. 
More  recently,  other  distinct  nations  have  been 
discovered  namely,  the  Athabasca*,  Sahaptins 
Chinooks.  Shosbones,  and  Attakapas.  Others 
will  doubtless  be  found.  The  Algon(|iiins  were 
a  large  family  occupying  all  Canada,  -New  Kng 
land,  a  part  of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  :  all 
New  Jersey,  Delaware, Maryland,  and  Virginia; 

eastern  North  Carolina  above  Cape  l'ear.a  large 
pari  of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  and  all  north 
and  west  of  those  states  east  of  the  Mississippi. 
mquiltB.)  Within  the  folds  of  this  nation 
were  the  Huron  -  Iroquois,  OOOUpying  a  greater 
portion  of  Canada  south  id'  the  Ottawa  Kiver 
and  the  region  between  Lake  <  Utario  and  lakes 
Erie  ami  Huron,  nearly  all  of  the  State  of  New 
York,  and  a  part  of  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  along 
the  southern  shores  of  Cake  Erie.  Detached 
from  the  main  body  were  the  TuBoaroras  and  a 
few  smaller  families  dwelling  in  southern  Vir- 
ginia and  the  upper  pai  I  of  Nmt  h  Carolina.    Five 

families  of  the  Hnron-Iroqnois,  dwelling  within 

the  limits  of  the  State  of  New  York,  formed  the 
famous  "Iroquois  Confederacy"  (which  see)  of 

Five  Nations.  The  Cherokoea  inhabited  the  fer- 
tile and  picturesque  region  where  the  mouutain- 

ranges  that  form  the  water-sheil  between  the  At- 
lantic and  the  Mississippi  melt  into  the  low  lands 
that  bonier  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  (See  Cl„;;,l:us.) 
The  CatawbSS  were  their  neighbors  on  the  east, 
and  dwelt  upon  the  borders  of  the  Yadkin  and 
Catawba  rivers,  on  both  sides  of  the  boundary- 
line  between  North  and  South  Carolina 

1  Ik-  Qohees  were  a  small  family  in  the 

pleasant  land  alone;  the  Oconee  and  the  head- 
waters of  the  Ogeecbee  and  Chattahoochee,  in 

Georgia,  and  touched  the  (  lielokees.  They  were 
Onlj  a  remnant  of  a  once  powerful  tribe,  when 
the  Europeans  came,  and  they  claimed  to  be 
more  ancient  than  the  surrounding  people.  (See 
|  The   Natchez  occupied  a  territory  on 

the    eastern    side    of  the    Mississippi,  extending 

northeastward  from  the  site  of  the  city  ofNatch- 

ez  along  the  Pearl  River  to  the  headwaters  of 


the  Uchees,  and,  like  others  of  the  Gulf  region, 
they  worshipped  the  sun  and  tire,  and  made  sac- 
rifices to  the  source  of  terrestrial  light.  (See 
Natohat.)  The  Mobiliana  or  Floridians  occupied 
a  domain  next  in  extent  to  that  of  the  Algon- 
quins.  It  stretched  along  the  Atlantic  coasts 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Cape  Fear  River  to  the 
extremity  of  the  Florida  peninsula,  and  west- 
ward along  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  about  six  hun- 
dred miles  to  the  Mississippi  Kiver.  They  also 
held  jurisdiction  Up  that  stream  as  far  as  the 
mouth  of  the  Ohio.  The  domain  included  parts 
of  South  Carolina,  the  whole  of  Florida,  Ala- 
bama, and  Mississippi,  all  of  Georgia  not  occu- 
pied by  the  Cherokees  and  Gcnees,  and  portions 
of  Tennessee  and  Kentucky.  The  nation  was 
divided  into  three  confederacies,  each  powerful 
and  independent,  like  our  separate  states.  They 
were  known  respectively  as  the  Muscogee  or 
Creek  (the  most  powerful),  the  Choitan,  and  the 
Chickasaw.  The  heart  of  the  Creek  family  was 
in  Alabama.  (Sec  Mobilian*.)  Under  the  gen- 
eral title  of  Dakotas  or  Sioux  have  been  grouped 
a  large  number  of  tribes  west  of  the  Great  Cakes 
and  Mississippi,  with  whom  the  earlier  French 
explorers  came  in  contact.  These,  speaking  di- 
alects of  the  same  language,  apparently,  were 
regarded  as  parts  of  one  nation.  They  inhab- 
ited the  domain  stretching  northward  from  the 
Arkansas  Kiver  to  the  western  tributary  of  Cake 
Winnepcg,  and  westward  along  all  that  line  to 
the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  They 
have  been  arranged  into  four  grand  classes:  1. 
The  YVinnehagoes,  situated  between  Cake  Michi- 
gan and  thi'  Mississippi,  within  the  domain  of 
the  Algonqnins;  2.  The  Aseinniboins,  or  Sionx 

proper,  who  formed  the  more  northerly  pari  of 
the  nation  ;  :!.  The  Mintietaree  group,  in  Minne- 
sota ;  and  4.  The  Soul  hern  Sioux,  who  were  seat- 
ed in  the  country  between  the  Platte  and  Arkan- 
sas riven.  (See  Dakotas.)  The  Sahaptins  in- 
clude the  N.z  l'eices  and  Walla  Wallas,  extend- 
ing  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean,   in    Oregon    and    Washington    Territory. 

(See  SoAoptfeM.)  Beyond  these  are  the  more 
powerful  Chinooks.  now  rapidly  melting  away. 
They  embraced  numerous  tribes,  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Columbia  Kiver  to  the  Grand  Dalles.  |  See 
Chinooks.)  The  Shoshones  comprise  tribes  in- 
habiting the  territory  around  the  head -waters 
id'  the  Columbia   and  Missouri  rivers;   the  Co- 

manohes,  extending  from  the  head- waters  of 

the  Brazos  to  those  of  the  Arkansas ;  families  in 
Utah  and  Texas,  and  several   tribes  in  Califor- 

SfofAMet.)    The  Attakapaeand  Chi- 
temachas,  in  Texas,  have  laugnagea  that  enter 

into  no  known  group.  Present  Condition  (1876). — 
It  is  estimated  thai  thepresenl  ludian  population 
in  the  Republic  is  about  300,000,  of  w  bom  a  little 
more  than  two  thirds  are  partially  or  absolutely 

under  the  control  of  the  national  government. 
To  the  more  docile  tribes  have  been  allotted  res- 
ervations of  land  belonging  to  the  pnblic  do- 
main, guaranteed  to  their  use  by  treaties.  These 
reservations  are  almost  one  hundred  in  number, 

and  their  aggregate  area  is  about  170,000  square 

miles.      They  are  mostly  west  id' the,  Mississippi 


the  Chickasaw.     They  claimed  to  be  older  than    River.     There  ate  about  40,000  Indians  on  res- 


INDIANS  EMPLOYED  IN  THE  WAR      684         INDIA-RUBBER  MANUFACTURE 


ervations  of  public  land  not  guaranteed  to  tbem 
by  treaty.  These  occupy  about  60,000  square 
miles.  The  remainder  are  wild  tribes  of  sav- 
ages. The  Future. — The  expensive  and  compli- 
cated machinery  for  the  management  of  our 
Indian  affairs  stands  much  in  the  way  of  the 
elevation  of  the  dusky  race  in  the  scale  of  civil- 
ization, and  is  productive  of  much  evil  by  cre- 
ating irritation,  jealousy,  and  universal  lack  of 
faith  in  the  white  race.  These  irritations  keep 
a  large  portion  of  the  Indians  in  a  state  of  chron- 
ic hostility,  and  whole  tribes  utterly  refuse  all 
Overtures  of  our  government  to  accept  its  pro- 
tection and  fostering  care.  It  is  estimated  that 
the  number  of  the  people  of  potentially  hostile 
Indians  is  full  64,000.  Among  many  tribes,  the 
introduction  of  agriculture,  schools,  and  church- 
es has  been  attended  with  the  happiest  results; 
and  it  is  estimated  that  one  sixtli  of  our  re- 
strained Indian  population  now  subsist  by  the 
labor  of  their  own  hands.  Recent  official  inves- 
tigations show  that  the  popular  belief  that  the 
Indian  race  is  dying  out  is  undoubtedly  errone- 
ous. They  seem  to  unite  kindly  with  other 
races,  and  the  half-breeds  show  a  healthy  and 
vigorous  offspring. 

Indians  employed  in  "War  by  White  Peo- 
ple. The  Ficnch  coalesced  with  the  Indians  in 
warfare  from  the  beginning  of  the  planting  of 
colonics  in  America.  Large  numbers  of  the  bar- 
barians became  converts  to  Christianity,  and  the 
Jesuit  priests  had  almost  unlimited  control  over 
them.  They  were  the  dreadful  scourge  in  the 
hands  of  French  leaders,  temporal  and  spiritual, 
that  smote  the  English  frontiers.  They  were 
warm  allies  of  the  French  in  the  Seven  Fears' 
War,  and  the  English  also  employed  many  of 
their  race  against  the  foe.  When  the  war  for 
independence  broke  out,  the  British  sought 
them  for  allies;  the  Americans  only  sought  to 
secure  their  neutrality.  Pitt  denounced  the 
employment  of  savages  in  a  speech  in  Parlia- 
ment in  1777,  when  that  employment  was  de- 
fended by  one  of  the  Secretaries  of  State,  Baying, 
■■  It  is  perfectly  jnstifiable  to  use  all  the  means 
that  God  and  Nature  have  put  into  our  hands." 
Pitt  replied,  after  reiterating  the  words  with 
scorn,  "I  know  not  what  idea  that  lord  may  en- 
tertain of  God  and  Nature,  but  I  know  that  such 
abominable  principles  are  equally  abhorrent  to 
religion  and  humanity.  ...  I  call  upon  that 
right  reverend  bench  [pointing  to  the  bishops], 
the  holy  ministers  of  the  Gospel,  and  pious  pas- 
tors of  the  Church — I  conjure  them  to  join  in  the 
holy  work  [of  disavowing  these  principles],  and 
to  \  indicate  the  religion  of  our  God."  The  ap- 
peal was  in  vain.  The  bishops  voted  with  the 
ministry  ;  and  Lord  George  Germain,  the  Coloni- 
kry,  gave  Bpecial  instructions,  received 
from  the  king,  to  employ  Indiana  in  fighting  re- 
publicans. Brant,  the  great  Mohawk  chief,  a 
brother- iu -law   of  sir  William  Johnson,  who 

had    been   in    England   (177.".   76),  been   there   ea 

rested  bj  the  king,  the  ministry,  ami  the  aris- 
tocracy, and  espoused  the  royal  oanse,  was  Bin- 
ployed    to   had    those   of  the    Six   Nations  who 

would  follow  him.  The  beat  of  the  British  lead- 
en in  America  were  opposed  to  a  coalition  with 


the  savages  in  war,  bi  t  it  was  a  pet  project  of 
Governor  Tryon,  the  king,  and  his  pliant  minis- 
ters. La  Corne  St.  Luc,  a  bitter  partisan,  had 
declared, "We  must  let  loose  the  savages  upon 
the  frontier  of  these  scoundrels  to  inspire  terror, 
and  to  make  them  submit  f  and  in  the  spring  of 
1777.  Tryon  wrote  to  Germain  that  he  and  La 
Corne  were  "perfectly  agreed  in  sentiment  re- 
specting the  employment  of  Indians,"  and  com- 
mended him  to  the  ministry  as  a  proper  leader 
of  them.  La  Corne  had  pledged  to  the  ministry 
his  "honor  and  his  life"  that  he  would  raise  a 
corps  of  Canadians  and  Indians  and  "be  in  the 
environs  of  Albany  in  sixty  days  after  he  landed 
at  Quebec."  The  British  employed  the  Indians 
in  their  armies  all  through  the  war  for  indepen- 
dence. So  in  the  wars  in  the  Northwest  and 
Southwest  that  succeeded  that  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, and  in  the  War  of  1H12-15.  (See  Uattle  at 
the  River  Raisin.') 

Indians,  Failure  of  Negotiations  with 
(1793).  The  British  fur-traders  ami  British  of- 
ficials in  the  Northwest  continually  stimulated 
the  tribes  in  that  region  to  oppose  the  extension 
of  the  frontier  settlements  in  that  direction.  A 
commission  appointed  in  1793  to  negotiate  with 
the  hostile  northwestern  tribes  arrived  at  Fort 
Niagara  May  17.  accompanied  by  a  deputation 
of  Quakers  and  Heckewelder.  the  famous  Mora- 
vian missionary.  They  were  kindly  received  by 
t  he  governor  of  Upper  Canada  (Simcoe  ),  They 
went  up  Lake  Erie,  and  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Detroit  River  they  met  a  deputation  of  Indians 
who  came  from  a  council  then  in  session  at  the 
rapids  of  the  Mauniec.  This  deputation  came 
to  impure  whether  the  commissioners  were  em- 
powered to  consent  to  the  Ohio  River  as  a  boun- 
dary. They  replied  that  it  was  impossible,  as 
many  settlements  had  already  been  made  north 
of  the  Ohio,  on  lands  ceded  by  the  Indians.  The 
commissioners  offered  large  presents  id' money, 
in  addition  to  remuneration  already  made,  for 
the  peaceable  possession  of  the  ceded  territory. 
When  the  deputation  reported  to  the  council,  a 
long  debate  ensued.     The  council,  under  the  in- 

Buence  of  British  emissaries,  refused  to  negoti- 
ate unless  tin-  Ohio  should  be  considered  the 
boundary  of"  the  United  States.  War  followed. 
(See  Waynfft  Indian  Campaign.) 

Indians  sold  for  Slaves  in  South  Carolina. 
To  obtain  money  to  carry  on  a  war  against  the 

Indians,  Governor  Weal  and  his  council  offered 

I  1680)  a  price  tor  e\  erj  Indian  captive,  and  then 
sold  all  who  were  brought  in  to  West  Indian 

slave-dealers,  w  ho  again  disposed  of  them  profit- 
ably to  West  Indian  planters.  When  this  nefa- 
rious business  was  brought   to  the  notice  of  the 

proprietors,  it  was  promptly  put  a  stop  to. 

India-rubber  (caoutchouc)    Manufacture. 

This  inspissated  juice  of  trees  and  plants  found 
in  the  BaSt  Indies.  Mexico,  and  Central  and 
South  America,  was  fust  brought  into  notice 
in  Commerce  at  about  the  middle  of  the  last 
century.     It  came  from  India,  and  Dr.  Priestley. 

in  bis  work  on  Perspective  Drawing,  published 
in  1770,  speaks  of  tin'  tubstanoe  as  g l  for  eras- 
ing pencil-mark*      It  was  hence  called  "  India- 


INDIGO  PLANT,  THE 


685    INOCULATION  OF  CONTINENTAL  ARMY 


rubber."  In  1813,  Jacob  Hummel,  of  Philadel- 
pbia,  obtained  a  patent  for  "  gum  elastic  var- 
ni.sli,"  and  in  H19  a  water-proof  cloth  called 
"macintosh"  was  made  by  the  use  of  tins  gum 
in  Glasgow,  Scotland,  by  a  man  named  Mcin- 
tosh. The  natives  of  Para,  Brazil,  where  the 
caoutchouc-tree  abounds,  made  water-proof  shoes 
in  a  rude  manner  of  the  gum  more  than  sixty 
years  ago,  and  some  of  them  were  introduced 
into  our  country  by  T.C.Wales, a  Boston  mer- 
chant, in  1883.  He  afterwards  sent  easts  to  Bra- 
ail,  and  had  well-shaped  shoes  made;  and  so 
the  business  of  furnishing  '•  gum-shoes "  was  be- 
gan in  the  United  States.  That  substance,  in 
various  forms,  is  now  used  very  extensively  in 
the  United  Slates  for  a  variety  of  purposes,  un- 
der the  name  of  India-rubber,  gutta-percha,  etc. 
In  1874  there  were  14,746,000  pounds  of  oaout- 
ehone  imported  into  the  United  States.     Edwin 

Chaffee,  of  Boxbmy,  Mass.,  made  an  important 
discover;  in  tin-  preparation  of  the  gum  for  use, 

and  he  and  others  formed  the  "Roxbory  India- 
rubber  Company''  in  1833,  with  a  capital  of 
$400,000.  The  next  most  important  improve- 
ment was  made  by  Charles  Goodyear  (which 
see)  iii  '•  vulcanizing"  oaoutobouc,  for  which  lie 
obtained  a  patent  in  1844.  In  1870  there  were 
fifty-six  establishments  in  the  United  siates  for 
the  manufacture  of  caoutchouc.  Gutta-percha 
is  a  BUOStance  similar  to  caoutchouc,  hut  is  real- 
ly not  identical  with  it.  It  was  first  brought 
to  notice  here  aboul  1845,  when  a  company  was 
formed  in  Brooklyn,  X.  Y.,  for  its  manufacture. 

It  is  one  of  the  most  Useful  articles  used  in  mil 
industrial  aits. 

Indigo  Plant,  Tin:,  was  introduced  into  South 
Carolina  in  1743.    That  year  Miss  Lucas  brought 

to  Charleston,  from  t  he  West  Indies,  some  indigo 
seed.   The  cultivation  of  this  plant  being  i sid- 

ered  important,  the  seed  w.is  used  as  an  experi- 
ment.   The  trial  proved  so  very  satisfactory  that 

seed  w  as  imported  from  the  West  indies,  and  sev- 
eral Carolina  planters  turned  their  attention  to 
the  cultivation  of  indigo,  and  studied  the  art  of 
extracting  the  dye.  In  1748,  the  British  Parlia- 
ment, to  encourage  the  growth  of  indigo  in  the 
English-American  colonies,  offered  a  bounty  of 
sixpence  a  pound  on  all  that  should  he  raised 
on  American  plantations,  and  imported  directly 
into  Cieat  Britain  from  the  place  of  its  growth. 
There  had  been  sent  to  England,  in  17  17,  from 
Carolina.  200,000  pounds  of  indigo.  At  thai  time 
deal  Britain  was  consuming  600,000  pounds  of 
French  indigo  a  year,  which,  at  five  shillings  a 
pound,  cost  the  nation  $750,000.  These  statis- 
tics induced  Parliament  to  grant  the  bounty. 

Inferior  Courts.  The  old  scheme  of  county 
courts  for  the  adjudication  of  Smaller  civil  eases. 
and  of  <  oillls  of  Sessions,  composed  of  the  jus- 
tices of  the  peace  id' each  oouuty,  for  the  trial 
of  petty  crimes,  was  retained  throughout  the 

states,  as  was  also  the  system  of  separate  tribu- 
nals for  probate  of  wills,  administration  of  the 
estates  of  deceased  persons,  and  guardianships 
of  minors.  In  i  he  forms  of  legal  processes,  "  The 
state,''  "  The  Commonwealth,"  or  "The  People" 
was  substituted  for  "  The  King ;"  and  the  forms 


and  practices  of  the  courts  were  made  to  con- 
form to  English  technicalities. 

Ingalls,  EUFUS,  was  born  at  Denmark,  Me., 
Aug.  23,  1820.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
l-4:>,  entering  the  Rifles,  but  was  transferred  to 
the  Dragoons  in  1^45.  He  served  in  the  war 
with  Mexico,  and  was  on  the  staff  of  General 
Harney  on  the  Pacific  coast.  (See  Harney,  11". 
S.)  In  April,  1861,  he  went  with  Colonel  Brown 
to  reinforce  Fort  Pickens;  ami  in  July  was  or- 
dered   to    the  Army   of  the   Potomac,  where   he 

was  upon  the  staff  of  General  McClellan,  with 

the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel.  He  was  chief- 
quartermaster  of  that  army  from  1862  to  1866, 
and  was  made  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in 
May,  1863.  He  was  in  most  of  the  bat  ties  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac  from  that  of  South  Moun- 
tain to  the  surrender  of  Lee  at  Appomattox. 

Ingersoll  CHARLES  J  ABED,  author  and  states- 
man, was  born  in  Philadelphia, Oct. 3,  L782;  died 
there,  Jan.  14, 1802,  He  became  a  lawyer,  and 
was  attached  to  the  legation  of  Bufns  King 
when  he  was  minister  to  France.  After  trav- 
elling in  Enrope,  he  returned,  and  published  a 
poem  in  1800,  and  a  tragedy  in  1801.  In  1810 
he  published  a  political  satire,  called  fiichiqiiin 
the  Jesuits  Letters.     In  1813  he  was  in  Congress, 

and  from  1815  to  1829  he  was  Fnitcd  States  Dis- 
trict Attorney.  He  was  again  in  Congress  from 
1841  to  1S47,  when  he  was  a  Democratic  lead- 
er. President  Polk  nominated  him  minister  to 
France,  but  the  Senate  did  not  confirm  the  nom- 
ination. He  wrote  a  history  of  the  second  war 
between  the  Fnitcd  States  and  Great   Britain. 

Inglis,  CHARLES,  D.D.,  was  born  in  17114  :  died 
in  Nova  Scotia  early  in  1816.  From  l?til  to  the 
Revolution  he  was  assistant  rector  of  Trinity 
Church,  New  York,  and  was  rector  from  1777  to 
17-:;.  If-  adhered  to  the  royal  cause,  and  de- 
parted for  Nova  Scotia  with  the  loyalists  who 
lied  from  New  York  cit\  in  1783.  His  letters 
evinced  considerable  harsh  feeling  towards  the 
American  patriots  as  "fomenters  of  rebellion." 
Dr.  Inglis  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Nov  a  Sco- 
i  la  in  1788,  and  in  1809  became  a  member  of  t  he 
Governor's  council.  He  published  an  answer  to 
Panic's  Common  Smsr  (which  seel,  which  made 
him  obnoxious  to  the  patriots,  and  they  confis- 
cated his  estate.  His  son  John  was  made  bish- 
op of  Nova  Scotia  in  L825;  and  his  grandson, 
General  Sir  John  Eardley  Wilmot  Inglis,  was 
the  brave  defender  id'  Luiknow,  and  died  in 
Germany  in  1862. 

Inmaii,  Henry,  a  portrait-painter,  was  bom 

at  Ftica,  N    Y.,  Oct.  20,  1801  :  died  in  New   York, 

dan.  17,  Hiti.  lb-  was  a  pupil  of  John  Wesley 
Jarvis,  a  portrait-paiuter,  to  whom  he  was  ap- 
prenticed for  seven  yean.  He  painted  land- 
scapes and  historical  pictures,  but  portraits 
were  his  chief  subjects.  In  1844  he  went  to 
Englaud,  Where,  becoming  the  guest  of  Words- 
worth, the  poet,  hi'  painted  his  portrait.  He 
also  painted  the  portraits  of  other  distinguished 
men  while  in  England.  He  had  beguu  paint- 
ing an  historical  picture  for  the  national  Capi- 
tol at  the  time  of  his  death. 
Inoculation  of  the  Continental  Army.   Dur- 


INSANE,  THE 


636  INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS  PROPOSED 


ing  the  encampment  of  the  Continental  army  at 
Morristown,  in  the  winter  of  1776-77, Washing- 
ton caused  all  tlie  new  recruits  who  joined  the 
army  there  to  be  inoculated  for  the  small-pox. 
That  dreadful  disease  had  terribly  smitten  the 
American  army  in  Canada  in  the  spring  and 
early  summer  of  1776,  and  prostrated  in  death 
one  of  the  best  of  the  American  officers,  General 
Thomas.  Iu  the  Hudson  Highlands,  opposite 
West  Point,  the  whole  army  encamped  there 
wen-  inoculated,  together  with  the  women  and 
children,  excepting  those  who  had  had  the  dis- 
ease. "Of  live  hundred  who  have  been  inocu- 
lated here,"  wrote  Ur.  Thacher,  "  four  only  have 
died."  He  mentioned  a  system  of  treatment 
adopted  there.  It  was  then  customary  to  pre- 
pare the  system  for  inoculation  by  doses  of 
calomel  and  jalap.  An  extract  of  butternut, 
made  by  boiling  the  inner  bark  of  the  tree,  was 
substituted,  and  found  to  be  more  efficacious 
and  less  dangerous  than  the  mineral  drug.  Dr. 
Thacher  considered  it  "a  valuable,  acquisition 
to  the  materia  medico."  Vaccination  for  the  kine- 
poz  had  not  then  been  introduced  into  our  coun- 
try.    (See  Small-pox.) 

Insane,  Tm:.  Places  of  refuge  for  the  com- 
fort of  the  insane  are  well  supported  by  state 
aid  in  our  country.  In  all  our  institutions  for 
the  insane  a  most  humane  system  is  employed. 
The  first  asylum  for  this  unfortunate  class  es- 
tablished in  this  country  was  founded  at  Will- 
iamsburg. Ya.,  in  1773.  and  was  the  only  one  in 
the  United  States  until  1818,  when  the  Bonier- 
ville  Mass.)  Institution  was  incorporated.  That 
was  followed  in  1831  by  the  Bloomingdale  Asy- 
lum, New  York;  and  in  l<-24  by  an  asylum  at 
Hartford.  In  1>76  there  were  sixty-six  institu- 
tion's for  the  care  of  I  lie  insane  in  our  country, 
in  which  about  sixteen  thousand  persons  were 
under  treatment.    The  total  number  of  insane 

persons  in  the  United  Stales  in  1870  W88  about 
thirty-eight  thousand.  This  number  is  a  much 
less  percentage  than  in  any  Other  country. 

Insurrection  in  New  Hampshire  1 1786).  <  >n 
Sept. 20, 1786, about  two  hundred  men.  armed  in 
different  modes,  surrounded  the  General  Assem- 
bly at  Exeter  and  held  the  «hole  body  prison- 
ers several  hours ;  but  the  citizens,  appearing  in 
arms,  crushed  the  insurrection  there  in  its  in- 
fancy. The  object  Of  the  insurrection  was  to 
force  the  Assembly  to  adopt  a  paper-money 
system  for  which  a  convention  of  delegates  from 
about  thirty  towns  in  the  state  had  petitioned. 
The  insurgents  were  insolent  in  their  demands. 

Just  at  t«  ilight  a  drum  was  beard  at  a  distance, 
ami  the  cry  of"  Buses  for  government !  Bring  up 
tin'  artilleiN  !"  when  the  moii.  terrified,  scattered 

in  all  directions.  They  rallied  the  next  day.  but 
the  governor  having  called  out  the  stale  tones. 

the b  was  dispersed  without  bloodshed. 

Inter  -  colonial  and  Foreign  Emigration. 
When  the  French  dominion  in  America  was 
ended,  ami  the  cause-,  for  war  dismissed  there- 
by, and  the  Indian  tribes  on  tin-  frontiers  were 

quieted,  emigration  began  to  spread  westward 

in  New  England,  and  also  from  the  middle  col- 
onies   over    the    mountains    westward.       Manx 


went  from  the  other  colonies  into  South  Caro- 
lina, where  immigration  was  encouraged,  be- 
cause the  white  people  were  alarmed  by  the 
preponderance  of  the  slave  population.  Boun- 
ties w.re  offered  to  immigrants,  and  many  Irish 
ami  Germans  settled  in  the  opper  districts  of 
that  province.  Enriched  by  the  labor  of  nu- 
merous slaves.  South  Carolina  was  regarded  as 
the  wealthiest  of  the  colonies.  Settlers  also 
passed  into  the  new  province  of  East  Florida. 
A  body  of  emigrants  from  the  Roanoke  settled 
in  West  Florida,  about  Baton  Rouge:  and  some 
Canadians  went  into  Louisiana,  for  they  were 
unwilling  to  live  under  English  rule.  A  colony 
of  Greeks  from  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean 
settled  at  what  is  still  known  as  the  inlet  of 
New  Smyrna,  in  Florida.  And  while  these 
movements  w  ere  going  on  there  were  evidences 
of  a  rapid  advance  in  wealth  and  civilization  in 
the  older  Communities.  At  that  time  the  pop- 
ulation and  production  of  Maryland.  Virginia, 
and  South  Carolina  had  unprecedented  increase, 
and  it  was  called  their  golden  age.  Commerce 
rapidly  became  more  diffused.  Boston,  which 
almost  engrossed  trade  in  navigation,  now  be- 
gan to  find  rivals  in  New  York.  Baltimore,  Nor- 
folk, Charleston,  and  little  seaports  on  the  New 
England  coasts  ;  and  its  progress,  which  had 
been  arrested  by  these  causes  twenty-live  years 
before,  stood  still  twenty-five  years  longer. 

Interior  Department,  The.  was  established 
in  the  spring  of  1~4'J.  It  was  the  first  estab- 
lishment of  a  new  branch  of  the  government 
since  1798,  when  the  Navy  Department  was 
created.  Its  chief  is  called  Secretary  of  the 
Interior,  and  is  a  cabinet  officer.  The  fust  in- 
cumbent of  the  office  was  Thomas  Ewing.  of 
Ohio,  appointed  by  President  Ta\  lor.  The  de- 
vice of  the  seal  of  the  Interior  Department  is 
an  eagle,  jiisi  ready  to  soar,  resting  on  a  sheaf 
of  grain,  with  arrows  and  an  olive-branch  in  its 
talons,  and  over  it  the  words  "  PriwiMMENT  OF 

tin-:  Intrbior."     (See  Executive  Departments.) 

Internal  Improvements.  In  1806  the  sys- 
tem of  internal  improvements  by  grants  from 
the  national  Treasury  was  firs!  begun.  The 
-ii  ii  i  nf  $30,000  was  appropriated  tow  aids  lay- 
ing out  a  public  road  over  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains from  Cumberland, Md., to  the  Ohio  River. 
The    President    was   also   authorized   to   expend 

|6600  in  opening  a  road  from  Athens,  Ga., tow- 
ards New  Orleans;  also  the  sum  of  $6000  upon 
each  of  two  other  roads  -  one  the  old  road  from 
Nashville  to  Natchez,  the  other  through  the  ter- 
ritory just  ceded  by  the  Indians,  from  Cincin- 
nati to  the  Mississippi  opposite  St.  Louis.      ^See 

l.i  it  i  'anal.) 

Internal  Improvements  Proposed.  Jeffer- 
son, previous  to  the  commercial  troubles  during 
his  administration,  had  suggested  the  appropri- 
ation of  the  surplus  revenue,  then  rapidly  accu- 
mulating. t<>  internal  improvements,  A  like 
healthful  state  of  the  national  finances  was 
promised  at  the  beginning  of  Monroe's  admin- 
istration. The  experience  nf  the  war  period  in 
the  immense  OOSt  of  transportation,  fur  lack  of 

facilities,  now  suggested  the  expedienoj  of  mak- 


INTERNATIONAL  ETIQUETTE  6 

ing  good  highways  or  other  means  for  the  tran- 
sit of  merchandise.  Madison  had  called  atten- 
tion to  the  subject,  and  recommended  the  con- 
struction of  "mob  roads  and  canals  as  could 
best  be  executed  under  the  national  authority" 
as  objects  of  a  "  wise  and  enlarged  patriotism." 
These  recommendations  were  reiterated  by  Mon- 
roe in  his  first  annual  message  (Dec.  2,  1817); 
and  he  suggested  that  if  any  obstacle  should  be 
found  in  the  want  of  express  constitutional  au- 
thority, that  might  be  easily  remedied.      A  bill 

was    introduced   into   Congress   appropriating 

8600,000  for  the  general  purpose  of  internal  im- 
provements; but  this  bill,  and  another  contin- 
uing the  Cumberland  Road, or  national  turnpike 


7  INTERNATIONAL  EXHIBITIONS 

rious  charges  made  against  the  United  States 
government  to  that  of  the  French  by  Adet,  were 
that  the  Americans  had  made  a  treaty  with  Al- 
giers without  waiting  for  French  intervention  ; 
that  the  government  had  hidden  away  the 
French  tlag  which  had  been  sent  to  it  (see 
Flags,  Exchange  of),  instead  of  suspending  it  in 
the  hall  of  the  House  of  Representatives ;  and 
that  t  lie  American  government  allowed  to  be  pub- 
lished certain  almanacs,  or  registers,  in  which 
tin;  minister  from  Great  Britain  was  placed  be- 
fore those  of  France  and  Spain,  which  latter 
country  had  recently  become  the  ally  of  France. 
International  Exhibitions.  The  following 
table  gives  statistics  of  the  seven  great  iuterua- 


that  led  over  the  Allejrl les  from  east  to 

west,  failed  t"  pass,  the  objections  being 
taken, among  ot hers,  that  as  yet  then  was 
no  surplus  in  I  he  Treasury.   The  sum  of  $350,000 
was  appropriated  for  completing  the  part  of  the 

Cumberland  Road  already  begun.      While  < 'di- 
gress thus  hesitated   the  Slate    Legislature!   bail 

already  begun  to  act.  Virginia  had  just  estab- 
lished an  •■Internal  Improvement  Fund,"  the 
project  of  the  Brie  Canal  had  been  revived  in 
New  fork,  and  similar  improvements  began  to  be 
considered  in  Pennsylvania  and  North  Carolina. 
International  Etiquette.     Among  other  se- 


tidiial  exhibitions  which  have  taken  place  with- 
in twenty-live  years  ending  in  l~7(l : 


N 

NllllttHT  of 

Vlllton. 

Number  >'f 

London 

Km  York 

1861 
MM 

is:,:", 
1S62 
1807 
1878 

1*76 

18,917 

28,653 

42,584 

5,162,330 
6,211,103 
10,200,000 
7,264,687 

111 
900 

210 

ISO 

169 

London 

Vienna    

Philadelphia  .. 

INTERNATIONAL  LAW  6 

International  Law,  First  AcCEPTAirCB  of, 
isv  China.     In  1888  Anson  Bariingame,  United 

Stales  Minister  to  China,  arrived  home, charged 
by  the  Chinese  government  with  a  roving  coin- 
mission  to  make  treaties  with  the  United  States 
and  the  European  powers.  On  July  28,  1868, 
supplementary  articles  to  a  treaty  made  in  1858 
•were  signed  at  Washington,  and  soon  afterwards 
were  ratified  by  the  Cbiuese  government.  This 
was  the  first  acceptance  by  that  government  of 
the  principles  of  international  law.  The  treaty 
provided  for  eutire  liberty  of  conscience  and 
worship  for  Americans  in  China,  and  for  the 
Chinese  in  America;  for  joint  efforts  to  sup- 
press  the  coolie  trade:  for  the  mutual  enjoy- 
ment of  the  rights  of  travel  in  the  two  coun- 
tries; for  education;  for  the  establishment  of 
schools;  and  for  other  mutual  privileges  which 
•were  allowed  to  the  most  favored  uatious.  Mr. 
Burlingaiue  was  engaged  in  his  noble  mission 
in  Europe  when  he  suddenly  died.  (See  Bur- 
Ungame,  Anson.) 

Inter-oceanic  Canal.     In  1825  the  Federal 

Republic  of  Central  America  made  a  contract 
with  a  company  formed  at  New  York  for  the 
purpose  of  effecting  a  navigable  water  commu- 
nication between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans. 
The  proposed  route  was  through  Nicaragua,  one 
of  the  states,  by  the  River  St.  John,  into  Nica- 
ragua Lake,  whence,  from  its  western  extrem- 
ity, a  canal  was  to  be  cut  for  about  seventeen 
miles  to  the  Pacific.     (See  Darkn  Ship  Canal.) 

Litrepid,  Dkstiuction  or  THE.  The  ketch 
Intrepid,  used  in  the  destruction  of  the  Philadel- 
phia (which  see),  had  been  converted  into  a 
floating  mine  for  the  purpose  of  destroying  the 
piratical  cruisers  in  the  harbor  of  Tripoli.  In 
a  room  below  deck  one  hundred  barrels  of  gun- 
powder were  placed,  and  immediately  above 
theui  a  large  quantity  of  shot,  shell,  and  ii  regu- 
lar pieces  of  iron  were  deposited.  Combustibles 
were  placed  in  other  parts  of  the  vessel.     <>n 

the  night  of  Sept.:!,  1804,  the  Intrepid  was  towed 
into  tin;  harbor  by  two  boats,  the  whole  under 
the  command  of  Captain  Bomers,  attended  by 
Lieutenant  Wadsworth.  of  the  CoHStUuHon,  and 
Mr.  Israel,  an  ardent  young  man  who  got  on 
board  the  Intrepid  by  stealth.  These,  with  a 
few  men  to  work  the  torpedo-vessel,  and  the 
crews  of  the  boats,  constituted  the  company  en- 
gaged in  the  perilous  enterprise.  The  Intrepid 
entered  tin-  harbor  at  nine  o'clock  in  the  even- 
ing.   The  night  was  very  dark.     Many  eager 

exes  were  turned  towards  the  spot  where  her 
shadowy  form  was  last  seen.  Suddenly  a  fierce 
and  lurid  li^ht  streamed  up  from  tin-  dark  wa- 
ters like  volcanic  fires  and  illuminated  the  sur- 
rounding objects  with  its  lurid  glare  rooks, 
flotilla, castle, town, and  the  broad  bosom  of  the 
harbor.  This  was  followed  by  an  instant  ex- 
plosion, and  lor  a  few  moments  flaming  masts 
and  sails  and  fiery  bomb-shells  rained  upon  the 

waters,  when  suddenly  all  was  agaiu  dark. 
Anxiously  the  companions  of  the  intrepid  men 
who  went  into  the  harbor  awaited  their  re- 
turn.    They  never  came  back.      What   was  the 

cause  of  the  premature  explosion  that  destroy- 


8  INVASION  OF  CANADA 

ed  vessels  and  meu  will  never  be  known.  The 
belief  was  that  the  ketch  was  captured  by  the 
Tripolitans  on  the  watch,  and  that  Somen,  pre- 
ferring death  to  miserable  captivity,  had  him- 
self applied  a  lighted  match  to  the  powder.  A 
line  monument  of  white  marble,  erected  to  the 
memory  of  the  slain  men  and  the  event — tirst 
placed  at  the  navy-yard  at  Washington  city — 
now  stands  at  the  western  front  of  the  national 

Capitol. 

Invasion  of  Canada,  Prf.iwratioxs  for,  at 
ISrilALo  (181-2).  After  the  battle  at  Queens- 
ton  (which  see)  General  Van  Rensselaer,  dis- 
gusted by  the  conduct  of  his  militia  there,  re- 
signed bis  command,  and  was  succeeded  by 
General  Alexander  Smyth,  of  Virginia,  who 
made  his  headquarters  at  Buffalo.  He  had  in- 
sisted that  the  proper  place  for  invading  Can- 
ada was  between  Fort  Erie  and  Chippewa;  and 
for  that  service  he  gathered,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Black  Rock,  about  four  thousand  troops,  late 
in  the  fall  of  1812.  He  made  such  grandilo- 
quent proclamations  of  his  intentions  that  the 
British  were  prepared  to  meet  the  invaders. 
He  issued  orders  (Nov.25)  for  the  whole  army 
to  be  ready  to  march  at  a  moment's  warning, 
and  gave  directions  for  forming  the  troops  in 
battle  order  on  the  Canada  shore.  Boats  and 
scows  snffloient  to  carry  three  thousand  men, 
with  artillery,  at  one  time,  were  made  ready  for 
service  by  Colonel  Winder  on  the  evening  of  the 
27th,  when  Smyth  issued  his  final  order  for  Colo- 
nel Boerstler  to  cross  over  with  a  competent 
force,  at  three  o'clock  in  the  morning, to  destroy 
a  bridge  live  miles  below  Fort  Erie,  capture  the 
guard  there,  kill  or  take  the  artillery  horses. 
and,  with  the  captives,  if  any,  return  to  the 
American  shore.  Captain  King,  of  the  artil- 
lery, was  ordered  to  cross  higher  up  the  river 
and  storm  British  batteries  there.  Smyth's 
proclamations  had  warned  the  British  of  the 
impending  invasion,  and  they  were  prepared  for 
it  at  every  point  between  Fort  Erie  and  Chip- 
pewa. Owing  to  blunders,  the  early  morning 
expeditions  aoroBS  the  river  in  the  darkness 
were  failures,  with  only  partial  BUOOBSS.  Two 
British  batteries  were  captured,  and  some  Brit- 
ish field-pieces  were  destroyed, but  many  of  the 

Americans   were   made    prisoners.      The   bridge 

had  been  only  partially  destroyed.  It  was  sun- 
rise (Nov.  88)  when  the  troops  at  Black  Book 

were  embarked,  and  in  that  position  the  impa- 
tient soldiers,  shivering  in  the  cold  air.  waited 
from  morning  until  evening,  and  nothing  was 
>reii  of  Smyth  during  the  day.  Meanwhile  the 
British  were  collected  in  folic  on  the  opposite 
shore,  under  Lieutenant-colonel  Cecil  Bisabopp. 
When  all  was  in   readiueSS  an  order  came  from 

tin-  general  to  "disembark  and  din 

wearied  and  worried  troops  wire  great)]  exas- 
perated. A  council  of  war  was  called.  They 
could  not  agree.  Daring  the  next  three  days 
Smyth  issued  pompous  orders  about  crossing. 

(  in  No\  .  30  he  said  in  an  order.  '•  While  embark- 

ing,  the  music  will  play  maitial  airs.     Peaks! 

Doodlt  will  be  the  signal  to  gat  under  wax.  .  .  . 

The  landing  will  be  effected  in  despifc 

none.      The  whole   arm]   has  seen  that  cannons 


INVASION  OF  CUBA 


689 


INVASION  OF  EASTERN  MAINE 


arc  to  ho  little  dreaded.  .  .  .  Hearts  of  War!  to- 
morrow will  bo  memorable  in  the  annals  of  the 
United  States."  To-morrow  came,  but  not  the 
promised  achievement.  The  troops  had  em- 
barked, and  were,  crossing  the  stream,  when 
General  Peter  T>.  Porter,  at  the  head  of  the  flo- 
tilla, a  quarter  "f  a  mile  from  the,  shore,  re- 
ceived orders  lor  the  whole  army  to  disembark 
and  repair  to  their  quarters.  This  order  was 
accompanied  by  a  declaration  that  the  invasion 

of  Canada  was  indefinitely  abandoned.  The 
regulars  were  ordered  into  winter-quart  STB,  and 
the  militia  and  volunteers  were  ordered  to  their 
homes.  The  volunteers  begged  to  bo  sent  into 
Canada  under  General  Porter,  promising  the 
speedy  capture  of  Fori  Erie, bnl  Smyth  evaded 
their  request.     They  felt  themselves  betrayed 

by  a  mere  blusterer  without  Courage,  and  a  de- 
ceiver  without    honor.      It   was    evident    to   all 

that  lie  was  afraid  of  Lieutenant  -  colonel  Bis- 

thopp.     Their  anger  and  disgust   were  increased 

by  Smyth's  ungenerous  charges  against  General 

Porter,  whom  the  volunteers  and  militia  all 
loved.  The  latter  attributed  the  abandonment 
of  the  invasion  of  Canada  to  Sun  th's  cowardice. 

Confidence  in  Smyth's  military  ability  was  de- 
stroyed, and   three   months   afterwards   he    was 

deposed  without  trial  and  expelled  from  the 
army. 

Invasion  of  Cuba  from  the  United  States. 

Their  had  been   more  or  less  dJSOOntenl   in  Cuba 

since  ihi'  beginning  of  the  present  century,  and 
after  tin-  French  republic  was  proclaimed  in 
1846  projects  for  its  annexation  to  the  United 

States  were  prevalent.  Fears  were  entertained 
that  it  mighl  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  Eng- 
lish or  French,  and  the  people  of  the  United 
States, especially  in  the  slave-labor  states,  were 

much  concerned  in  the  matter.  The  latter  de- 
sued  ils  annexation  to  the  United  Stales  be- 
cause such  a   measure  would  extend  the  ana  ui' 

slavery.  In  1848  Presidenl  Polk  authorized  the 
American  minister  at  Madrid  to  oiler  the  Span- 
ish government  |100, ,000  for  the  island.    The 

proposition  was  peremptorily  rejected.  In  1849 
Narcisso  Lopez,  a  native  of  Venezuela,  8.  A.,  w  ho 

had  lived  long  in  Cuba,  where   be   had   been   ill 

the  Spanish  military  sen  ice.  came  to  the  United 

States   with   a   number  of  Cubans,  having   been 

implicated  in  a  revolutionary  movement.     He 

declared  that  the  Creole  population  were  reads 
for  revolt  and  annexation  to  the  United  States. 

BecmitS  were  collected  ill  the  I'llited  Stales  for 
a  descent  upon  the  island  in  1849,  but  the  meas- 
ure was  defeated  by  the  authorities  here.  A 
second  attempt  was  made  in  I860, and  a  landing 
wa>  effected  at  Cardenas,  Cuba.  It  resulted  in 
failure,  and  the  party  was  driven  to  sea.  In 
August,  1861,  I. ope/  sailed  from  New  Oilcans  iii 
a  steamer  with  live  hundred  men,  and  lauded  at 
Morillo,  in  the  Vuelta  Ah  j  ..  Il  had  been  as- 
serted that  on  the  np,  CC  of  Ibis  expedi- 
tion on  the  coast  there  ild  be  a  general  up- 
rising of  the  Creole  pop  i. Hon;  but  it  did  not 
take  place.  The  inva1  i-  were  met  b\  Span- 
ish troops,  and  man]  oi  i  be  former  were  killed 
in  engagements.  Fiftj  nf  those  captured,  with 
Colonel  Crittenden,  oi  K      tucky,  were  shot  in 


Havana.  The  survivors  were  soon  afterwards 
paroled,  with  their  leaders,  and  Lopez  was  bal- 
loted in  Havana  on  Sept.  1.  Some  of  his  com- 
panions were  shot ;  others  were  transported, 
and  subsequently  pardoned.  There  was  con- 
siderable irritation  of  feeling  on  the  part  of  the 
Cuban  authorities  for  some  time  afterwards 
The  American  steamship  Black  Harriot-  was  fixed 
upon  by  a  Spanish  vessel  of  war,  and  she  was 
seized  in  the  harbor  of  Havana  (  Feb.  °S,  l-.">4), 
and  the  ship  and  cargo  were  declared  confiscat- 
ed. This  event  sejioiisly  threatened  war  be- 
tween the  liiited  States  and  Spain,  but  the 
matter  was  finally  amicably  settled  between 
the  two  governments. 

Invasion  of  Eastern  Maine  (1^14).  Com- 
modore Hardy  sailed  secretly  from  Halifax  early 
in  .Inly,  1814,  with  a  considerable  land  and  na- 
val force,  and  captured  Eastport  without  much 
opposition.  (See  Bastpart,  Capture  of.)  This 
easy  conquest  encouraged  the  British  to  at- 
tempt the  seizure  of  the  whole  region  between 
Passamaqnoddy  Hay  and  the  Penobscot  River. 
A  Strong  squadron,  under  Admiral  Griffith,  bear- 
ing about  four  thousand  troops,  Led  by  Governor 

Sir  John  Cope  Sherbrooke,  of  Nova  Scotia,  capt- 


SIK    JOHN    COI-K    SIIERUK1IOKK 

unci  Casiine,  on  Penobscot  Pay,  and  also  Bel- 
fast, and  went  U)i  the  Penobscot  Pi ver  to  1  lamp- 
den,  a  few  miles  below  Bangor,  to  capture  or  de- 
stroy the  American  corvette  John  Adams,  which, 

Caugbl  in  that  stream,  had  gone  up  SO  far  to  es- 
cape from  the  British.  The  militia,  called  to 
defend  llainpdcn   and  the  Adamt,  fled  when  the 

British  approached,  and  the  object  of  the  latter 
was  accomplished.    Captain  Morris, commander 

of  the  Adamt,  burned  her  to  prevent  her  falling 

into  the  hands  of  the  British.  The  latter  press- 
ed on  to  BangOT,  where  they  tarried  about  thirty 
hours,  destroyed  several  vessels  at  the  mouth  of 


INVASION  OF  KENTUCKY  6 

the  Kendnskeag,  and  plundered  property  valued 
--.'".duo.  Then  they  returned  to  Hamp- 
den au<l  there  repeated  their  destructive  work. 
Then  the  troops  and  lleet  descended  t he  Penob- 
scot, and.  after  capturing  Machias,  returned  to 
Halifax.  General  Gosselin  was  left  to  hold  the 
conn  try.  which  he  did  with  dignity  and  humanity. 


VIEW  AT  THE   MOUTH   OF   THE   KKNDCSKSAG 


Invasion  of  Kentucky  (1861).  On  Sept.  4, 
1861,  the  Confederates,  under  General  (Bishop) 
Polk,  entered  Kentucky  and  seized  and  fortified 
Columbus,  in  western  Kentucky.  On  the  next 
day  a  Confederate  force  under  Felix  K.  Zollicof- 
fer  (formerly  a  member  of  Congress)  entered 
Kentucky  from  East  Tennessee,  At  the  same 
time  Simon  B.  Buckner.  who  had  been  placed  in 
command  of  the  professed  "  neutral"  Kentucky 
State  Guard  (which  see),  and  bad  formed  a  Con- 
federate camp  in  Tennessee, j list  below  the  Ken- 
tucky line,  entered  the  latter  state,  and,  acting 
in  concert  with  Polk  and  Zollieoffer,  attempted 
to  seize  Louisville.  He  was  foiled  by  the  vigi- 
lance of  General  Robert  Anderson  (late  of  Fort 
Sumter),  who  was  in  command  there,  with  Gen- 
eral W.T.Sherman  as  his  lieutenant.  Buckner 
fell  back  to  Bowling  Green,  on  the  Nashville 
atul  Louisville  Railroad, and  there  established  a 
cami)  as  :l  nucleus  of  a  powerful  Confederate 
force  that  was  gathered  soon  afterwards.  These 
movements  ended  the  neutrality  of  Kentucky. 
Her  loyal  sons  flew  to  arms,  and  from  that  time 
she  ranked  among  the  loyal  states  of  t  lie  Union. 

Invasion  of  Maryland  (1814).  While,  stir- 
ring events  were  occurring  on  the  New  England 
coast  and  the  Northern  frontier,  others  of  equal 
importance  occurred  in  the  vicinity  of  Chesa- 
peake Bay  and  the  national  capital.  There 
were  premonitions  of  impending  danger  in  that 
region  early  in  1H14.  News  reached  the  gov- 
ernment that  four  thousand  British  troops,  des- 
tined for  the  United  states,  had  landed  at  Ber- 
muda. This  news  was  followed  by  the  arrival,  In 
I.ynn  Haven  Bay.  of  Admiral  Cockburn,  the  ma- 
rauder, with  a  strong  naval  force,  to  begin  the 
work  indicated  in  Admiral  Cocliianc's  order  t» 
"destroy  the  seaport  towns  and  ravage  the 
country."  In  April  news  came  of  the  downfall 
of  Napoleon  and  of  his  abdication,  which  would 
release  British  veterans  from  service  in  Europe. 
Notwithstanding  the  national  capital  was  then 
almost  defenceless,  the  passags  of  British  ships 
op  the  Potomac  might  be  disputed  only  bj  the 


0  INVASION  OF  MARYLAND 

guns  of  Fort  Washington,  a  few  miles  below-  the 
city,  and  there  was  little  force  to  obstruct  the 
passage  of  land -troops  across  Maryland  from 
the  Chesapeake,  the  apathy  of  the  government 
was  very  conspicuous.  On  the  1st  of  July  of- 
ficial intelligence  reached  the  President  that 
"a  fleet  of  transports,  with  a  large  force,  bound 
to  seme  port  in  the  Unit- 
ed States,  probably  on 
the  Potomac."  was  about 
to  sail  from  Bermuda. 
In  the  military  district 
of  which  the  District  of 
Columbia  formed  a  part 
there  were  only  a  little 
more  than  two  thousand 
effective  men,  under 
General  Winder,  and 
these  were  scattered  at 
points  some  distance 
from  each  other.  There 
w  as  a  company  of  ma- 
rines at  the  barracks  at 
Washington,  and  a  com- 
pany of  artillery  at  Fort  Washington.  With 
all  this  knowledge  of  weakness  and  impending 
danger,  the  Secretary  of  War,  whose  opinions 
governed  the  President  and  cabinet,  could  not 
be  persuaded  that  the  capital  was  likely  to  re- 
ceive any  harm.  The  government  organ  {Nation- 
al Intelligencer)  boasted  that  any  British  force 
that  might  come  could  be  easily  driven  away. 
The  foil]  of  this  boast  w  as  soon  made  manifest  by 
sad  events.  General  Winder  continually  warned 
the  government  of  danger :  and  when  danger 
actually  appeared  he  was  placed,  by  official  or- 
ders, at  the  head  of  fifteen  thousand  militia  for  the 
defence  of  the  capital.  This  army  was  on  paper 
only.  The  militia  lay  hidden  in  official  orders ; 
and  when,  at  the  middle  of  August,  a  powerful 
British  land  and  naval  force  appealed  in  Chesa- 
peake Bay.  Winder  had  only  a  handful  of  men 
with  which  to  defend  the  capital.  The  call  for 
the  militia  was  tardily  answered,  for  they  feared 
the  loss  of  their  slaves  if  the  masters  should 
leave  the  plantations.  There  was  widespread 
alarm  over  Maryland  and  Virginia.  At  that 
juueture  Commodore  Barney,  with  an  armed 
schooner  and  fifteen  barges, was  in  the  Patux- 
ent  BiVBT,  near  its  mouth.  He  fled  up  the 
stream  to  avoid  attack  bj  British  vessels,  The 
latter  landed  a  strong  force,  under  General  Boss, 
and  poshed  on  towards  Washington.  Winder 
issued  stirring  appeals  for  the  military  to  tutu 
out,  and  asked  General  Smith,  of  Baltimore,  to 
turn  out  his  brigade.  The  British  pursued  Bar- 
ney and  caused  the  destruction  of  his  flotilla. 
Pressing  on  towards  the  capital,  they  were  met 
bj   troops  under  Winder  at   Bladensbnrg,  w  hen 

a  severs  engagement  ensued,  which  resulted  in 

victor]  lor  the  Invaders.  Then  they  matched 
on  Washington,  set  tire  to  its  public  buildings, 
and  gave  the  town  up  to  plunder.  Only  the 
Patent  Office  building  was  saved.  Tin  reset  Is 
and  other  public  propel  t  \  at  the  nav\  -\  aid  were 

destroyed  by  the  Amerioans  t<>  prevent  them 

felling  into  the  hands  of  the  British.  The  total 
value  <d  the  properlN  annihilated  by  the  Anni- 


INVASION  OF  MARYLAND 


091 


INVASION  OF  MEXICO 


icans  and  British  at  that  time  was  estimated  at 
about  12,000,000.  "Willingly,"  said  the  London 
Statesman, "  would  we  throw  a  veil  of  oblivion 
over  our  transactions  at  Washington.  The  Cos- 
sacks spared  Paris,  but  we  spared  not  the  capi- 
tal of  America."  While  ROSS  was  crossing  Mary- 
land to  the  national  capital  a  British  licet,  un- 
der Commodore  Gordon,  went  up  the  Potomac 
and  plundered  Alexandria,  on  the  Virginia  shore. 
The  British  retreated  to  their  ships  after  deso- 
lating the  capital,  and.  flushed  with  success,  they 

attempted  to  capture  Baltii <-.     Boss  landed 

with  nine  thousand  troops  at  North  Point,  twelve 
miles  from  Baltimore,  on  Sept.  12, and  proceeded 
to  march  on  the  town,  when  he  was  confronted 
by  an  American  force  under  Genera]  Strieker 
and  driven  back.  Ross  was  killed,  and  his  troops 
lied  to  their  ships.  At  the  same  time  the  Brit- 
ish fleet  sailed  up  Patapsco  Hay"  and  bombarded 
Fori  Mc  Henry,  that  guarded  Baltimore  harbor. 

They  were  repulsed,  and  ships  and  troops,  dis- 
comfited, left  the  Chesapeake  to  operate  on  the 
more  sunt  hern  regions  of  the  American  coast. 

Invasion  of  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania 
i  L863  i.  After  the  battle  at  ChancelloraviUa 
(which  sec)  Lee's  army  was  strong  in  material 
and  moral  force.     Recent  BnccossflB  had  greatly 

inspirited    it.       It    was    reorganized    into    three 

army  corps,  commanded  respectively  by  Gener- 
als 1 gstreet,  A.  1'.  Hill,  and   Ewell.     At  no 

time,  probably,  during  the  war  was  the  Confed- 
erate army  more  complete  in  numbers,  equip- 
ment, and  discipline,  or  furnished  with  more  am- 
ple materials  for  carrying  on  the  conflict,  than 
it  was  at  the  middle  of  June,  1863,  when  Lee  in- 
vaded Maryland.  According  to  Confederate  of- 
ficial returns,  there  were  at  hast  five  hundred 
thousand  men  on  the  army  rolls,  and  more  than 
three  hundred  thousand  "  present  and  lit  for 
duty."  Richmond  seemed  secure  from  harm. 
Vickshnig  and  Port  Hudson,  on  the  Mississippi, 
seemed  impregnable  agalUSl  any  National  forces 
that    mighl    he   employed    against    them.      |  See 

Vlcktbwrg  ami  Port  Hudson.)  Their  European 
friends  gave  them  great  encouragement,  for 
there  were  strong  manifestations  of  desires  for 
the  acknowledgment  of  the   independence  of 

the  "  Confederate  States  of  America."  Feeding 
Strong,  the  Confederate  authorities  ordered  l.ee 

to  invade  Maryland  ami   Pennsylvania.     His 

force  was  now  almost  equal  to  that  of  Hooker, 
and  in  better  spirits  than  was  the  Army  id'  the 
Potomac  So  early  as  May  BO,  Hooker  suspected 
■nob  a  movement  would  he  undertaken,  and  so 
informed   the    Secretary   of  War.      Earlier  than 

this  Clement  C.  Barclay,  of  Philadelphia,  who 
had   rare    opportunities    for   information,   had 

warned  the  authorities  of  Washington.  Balti- 
more, and  Harrisinirg  of  impending  danger,  hut 

they  were  slow    to  helicve    l,ee  would   repeat  the 

folly  of  the  previous  year.  Lee's  Brsl  move- 
ment  ill  that  direction   was  to  gel   Hooker  from 

the  Rappahannock  by  feints  and  a  real  flanking 
movement.  There  was  considerable  preliminary 
cavalry  skirmishing  early  in  June,  and  Bnally  a 
cavalry  reconnoissance  by  Pleasanton  revealed 

the  t.iet  ..i  Lee's  grand  movement.  Hooker  sup- 
posed he  would  follow  bis  route  of  the  previous 


year,  and  was  watching  and  guarding  the  ford9 
of  the  Rappahannock,  when  Lee  projected  his 
right  wing,  under  Ewell,  through  the  Blue  Ridge 
into  the  Shenandoah  Valley  at  Straebnrg.    Ho 

pushed  down  the  valley  to  Winchester,  where 
General  Milroy  was  in  command  of  nearly  ten 
thousand  men,  on  the  evening  of  June  13,  hav- 
ing marched  seventy  miles  in  three  days.  It 
was  a  bold  movement.  Milroy  called  in  his 
outposts  and  prepared  to  fight,  but  before  day- 
light he  resolved  to  retreat.  He  spiked  his  can- 
nons, drowned  his  powder,  and  was  about  to 
depart,  when  the  Confederates  fell  upon  him. 
Then  began  a  race  towards  the  Potomac,  but 
they  were  stopped  by  a  force  some  miles  from 
Winchester,  scattered,  and  many  of  them  made 
prisoners.  The  garrison  at  Harper's  Ferry  lied 
across  the  river  to  Maryland  Heights.  Inform- 
ed of  Lee's  movement,  Hooker  moved  rapidly 
northward,  intent  upon  covering  Washington, 
while    his    cavalry    watched    the    passes   of  the 

Blue  Ridge.    The  National  authorities,  as  well 

as  those  of  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania,  were 
thoroughly  aroused  by  a  sense  of  danger.  The 
President  called  (June  15)  upon  the  states  near- 
eel  the  capital  for  an  aggregate  of  one  hundred 
thousand  militia;  and  the  governor  of  Pennsyl- 
vania called  out  the  .iiiiro  militia  of  t  he  state. 
Lee  had  about  a  week  the  start  of  Hooker  in 
the  race  for  the  Potomac.  On  the  loth  fifteen 
hundred  Confederate  cavalry  dashed  across  the 
Potomac  at  Williamsport  in  pursuit  of  Milrox's 
wagon-train;  swept  up  the  Cumberland  Valley 
to  Chainhersbiiig,  in  Pennsylvania;  destroyed 
the  railroad  in  that  vicinity;  plundered  the  re- 
gion of  horses,  cattle,  and  other  supplies;  and. 
with  fifty  kidnapped  negroes,  going  back  to 
Hagerstown,  waited  for  Lee.  The  information 
procured  by  the  raiders  satisfied  Lee  that  he 
should  not  meet  with  much  opposition,  and  he 
pressed  forward.  Ewell'S  corps  crossed  the  Po- 
tomac at  Williamsport,  near  Shepherdstown.  on 

Jnue  "21  and  22, and  swept  on  to  Chambersburg, 
and  thence  to  the  Susquehanna,  opposite  Co- 
lumbia, levying  contributions  on  tin:  people. 
The  greatest  alarm  everywhere  prevailed.  It 
was  believed  that  Harrisburg  and  Philadelphia 

would  soon  he  entered  by  the  Confederates,  and 
millions  of  valuable  things  were  sent  north 
from  the  latter  city  for  safety.  Even  New  York 
seemed  menaced.    The  remainder  of  Lee's  army 

crossed  the  Potomac  on  the  24tfa  and  25 tb,  anil 
pressed  on  after  Ewell  towards  the  Susquehan- 
na. Booker's  army,  now  full  one  hundred  thou- 
sand strong,  crossed  the  river  at  Edwards's  Per- 
ry. Regarding  Harper's  Ferry,  at  that  moment, 
of  little  account,  he  asked  for  the  abandonment 
of  that    vicinity  by  eleven    thousand   National 

troops.    The  general-in-chief  (Halleck)  would 

not  consent,  and  Hooker,  at  his  own  request'  was 
at  once  relieved  of  his  command,  and  w  as  super- 
seded by  General  George  G.  Meade  on  June  28. 

Invasion  of  Mexico  (1846).  After  the  bat- 
tle at  K'esaea  de  la  Palina  (which  see)  the  Mex- 
icans   trembled    for    the    safety    of   Matamoras. 

Arista  sent  a  deputation  to  General  Taylor  to 
ask  for  an  armistice  until  the  two  governments 
should  arrange  the  dispute.     Taylor  would  not 


INVASION  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA         692 


INVASION  OF  VIRGINIA 


trust  tbe  treacherous  Mexican,  and  refused. 
During  the  conference  Arista  had  removed  a 
large  quantity  of  ammunition  and  stores  from 
Matamoras,  and  during  the  succeeding  night 
(May  17)  he  retreated,  with  all  the  troops  which 
he  had  rallied,  to  the  open  country  towards 
Monterey.  Informed  of  this,  Taylor  crossed  the 
Rio  Grande  (May  18)  with  his  army,  and  for  the 
first  time  the  American  flag  was  unfurled  over 
undisputed  Mexican  soil.    (See  Mexico,  War  with.) 

Invasion  of  South  Carolina  (1779).  Gen- 
eral Prevost,  after  the  subjugation  of  Georgia 
(February,  1779),  crossed  the  Savannah  River 
(April  27)  with  two  thousand  regulars  and  a  large 
body  of  Tories  and  Creek  Indians,  and  marched 
for  Charleston.  General  Lincoln  had  recruited 
his  broken  army  (see  Brier  Creek,  Battle  of),  and 
was  then  in  the  held  with  about  five  thousand 
men,  preparing  to  recover  Georgia.  He  hast- 
ened from  the  Savannah  River  to  the  relief  of 
Charleston.  Prevost  marched  so  slowly  that 
when  he  reached  Charleston  the  people  there 
were  prepared  for  its  defence.  They  had  cast 
up  tntrenchments  across  Charleston  Neck.  On 
the  morning  of  the  11th  Prevost  demanded  the 
immediate  surrender  of  the  town.  It  was  prompt- 
ly refused;  and  that  night,  hearing  of  the  ap- 
proach of  Lincoln,  the  invaders  decamped,  and 
started  for  Savannah  by  way  of  the  sea-islands 
along  the  coast.  For  more  than  a  month  some 
British  detachments  lingered  upon  John's  Isl- 
and, near  Charleston,  and  after  a  severe  engage- 
ment at  Stono  Ferry,  ten  miles  below  Charles- 
ton (June  20),  Prevost  established  a  mili- 
tary post  on  Lady's  Island,  between  Port 
Royal  and  St.  Helen's  Island,  and  then  re- 
treated to  Savannah.  Prevost  plundered 
and  cruelly  treated  the  inhabitants  on  his 
way  to  Charleston. 

Invasion  of  Virginia  (1781).  The  ma- 
rauding expedition  of  Arnold  up  the  James 
River,  early  in  1781  (see  Arnold  in  Vir- 
ginia), was  followed  by  a  more  formidable 
invasion  in  the  latter  part  of  March.  Gen- 
eral Phillips,  of  Burgoyne's  army,  who  had 
been  exchanged  for  Lincoln,  joined  Arnold 
at  Portsmouth,  with  two  thousand  troops 
from  New  York,  and  took  the  chief  com- 
mand. They  went  up  the  James  and  Ap- 
pomattox rivers,  took  Petersburg  (April  26, 
17-1  >.  ,iiid  destroyed  four  thousand  hogs- 
heads of  tobacco,  which  had  been  collected  there 
for  shipment  to  France  on  account  of  the  Con- 
gress. There  were  virtually  no  troops  in  Virginia 
to  oppose  this  invasion,  for  all  that  were  really  lit 
for  service  had  been  sent  to  tin-  army  of  Greene, 
iii  the  Carolinas.  Steuben  had  about  ii\,-  hun- 
dred half-Starved  and  naked  troops,  whom  he 
w.-is  training  for  reoruits.     These  were  mostly 

without   arms,  .and   retreated  before   Phillips  to 

Richmond.  Lafayette,  who  had  halted  at  An 
napolis,  now  hurried  forward,  and.  bj  R  forced 
march  of  two  hundred  miles,  reached  Richmond 
twelve  honrs  before  Phillips  and  Arnold  ap- 
peared on  tl pposite  Bide  of  the  river,  Joined 

ii\  Btenben,  the  marquis  here  checked  the  In- 
vadcis,  who  retired  i<>  <it\  Point,  at  the  junc- 


tion of  the  James  and  Appomattox.  After  col- 
lecting an  immense  plunder  in  tobacco  and 
slaves,  besides  destroying  ships,  mills,  and  ev- 
ery species  of  property  that  fell  iu  his  way, 
Phillips  embarked  his  army,  and  dropped  some 
distance  down  the  river.  When,  soon  after- 
wards, Cornwallis  approached  Virginia  from  the 
South,  he  ordered  Phillips  to  meet  him  at  Pe- 
tersburg. Before  the  arrival  of  the  earl  (May 
20),  General  Phillips  died  (May  13)  at  Peters- 
burg. On  May  24  Cornwallis  crossed  the  James 
and  pushed  on  towards  Richmond.  He  seized 
all  the  fine  horses  he  could  find,  with  which  he 
mounted  about  six  hundred  cavalry,  whom  he 
sent  after  Lafayette,  then  not  far  distant  from 
Richmond,  with  three  thousand  men,  waiting 
for  the  arrival  of  Wayne,  who  was  approaching 
with  Pennsylvania  troops.  The  marquis  fell 
slowly  back,  and  at  a  ford  on  the  North  Anne 
he  met  Wayne  with  eight  hundred  men.  Corn- 
wallis had  pursued  him  as  far  as  Hanover  Court- 
house, from  which  place  the  earl  sent  Lieuten- 
ant-colonel Simcoe,  with  his  loyalist  corps,  the 
"  Queen's  Bangers,"  to  capture  or  destroy  stores 
in  charge  of  Steuben  at  the  junction  of  the  Ra- 
venna and  Fluvanna  rivers.  In  this  he  failed. 
Tarleton  had  been  detached,  at  the  same  time,  to 
capture  Governor  Jefferson  and  the  members 
of  the  Virginia  Legislature  at  Charlottesville, 
whither  they  had  fled  from  Richmond.  Only 
seven  of  them  were  made  captives.  Jefferson 
narrowly  escaped  by  fleeing  from  his  house  (at 
Mouticello)  on  horseback,  accompanied  by  a  sin- 


MONTICKLLO. 

gle  servant,  and  hiding  in  the  mountains.  He 
had  left    his  dwelling  only  ten   minutes   before 

one  of  Tarleton's  officers  entered  it.  At  Jeffer- 
son's plantation,  near  the  Point  of  Forks,  Corn- 
wallis committed  the  most  wanton  destruction 
of  property,  cutting  the  throats  of  young  horses 
not  tit  for  service,  slaughtering  the  cattle,  and 
burning  the  barns  with  remains  of  pre v ions 
crops,  laving  waste  growing  ones,  burning  all 
the  fences  on  the  plantation, and  carrj  ing  away 
about  thirty  slaves.  Lafayette  now  turned  upon 
the  earl,  when   the  latter,  supposing  the   forces 

of  tbe  marquis  to  be  much  greater  than  they 
were,  retreated  in  haste  down  the  Virginia  pen- 
insula to  Williamsburg,  blackening  his  path- 
way with  lire.      It   is  estimated  that  during  the 


INVESTIGATING  COMMITTEE  69 

invasion — from  Arnold's  advent  in  January 
until  Cornwallis  readied  Williamsburg  late  in 
June  —  property  to  the  amount  of  §15,000,000 
was  destroyed,  and  thirty  thousand  slaves  were 
carried  away.  The  British,  in  their  retreat,  bad 
been  closely  followed  by  Lafayette,  Wayne,  and 
Steuben,  and  were  not  allowed  a  minute's  rest 
until  they  reached  Williamsburg,  where  they 
were  protected  by  their  shipping. 

Investigating  Committee,  First,  in  Con- 
QKB86.  The  lirst  Investigating  committee  ap- 
pointed by  Congress  was  iu  the  case  of  the  de- 
feat of  St.  Clair  (which  see).  It  was  a  special 
committee,  empowered  to  Bend  for  persons  and 
papers.  Their  call  upon  the  War  Department 
for  all  papers  relating  to  the  affair  firs!  raised 

the  question  of  the  extent  of  the  authority  of  the 
House  ill  such  matters.   The  Cabinet  unanimous- 

Ij  agreed  that  the  House  had  no  power  to  call  on 

the  head  of  any  department  for  any  public  paper 
except  through  tbe  President,  in  whose  discretion 

it  rested  to  furnish  such  papers  as  the  public  good 
might  seem  to  require  and  admit,  and  that  all 
such  calls  must  be  made  by  a  special  resolution 
of  the  House,  the  power  to  make  them  being 
an  authority  which  could  not  be  delegated  to 
any  committee.     This  decision  of  the  cabinet 

established  the  method  ever  since  practised  of 

calling  upon  the  President  for  public  papers. 

Iowa  was  originally  a  part  of  the  vast  terri- 
tory of  Louisiana,  ceded  to  the  United  Stales  in 
1803.  The  first  sit  I  lenient  by  l'.iil  opeans  was 
made  by  Julian  Du  Btupie,  who,  in  1788,  ob- 
tained a  grant  of  a  large  tract,  including  the  site 
of  the  city  of  l>u- 
buque  and  the  min- 
eral lands  around  it. 
There  he  built  a  fort, 

and  manufactured 

leadand  trailed  w  illi 
Indians  until  his 
death,  in  1810.  The 
territory  was  placed 
under  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  Michigan  in 
1834,  and  in  1836 
under  that,  of  Wis- 
consin. It  was  erect- 
ed into  a  separate  territory  .ii 12,  i  - 

(duded  all  the  country  north  of  Missouri  between 
the  Mississippi  and  the  Missouri  and  the  British 
line.  This  comprised  a  greater  part  of  Minne- 
sota and  the  whole  of  Dakota,  with  an  area  of 

ninety-four  thousand  square  miles.  The  gov- 
ernment was  established,  at  Iowa  City,  in  1839. 
In   1844  a  state  constitution  was  formed,  but  an 

application  for  admission  into  the  Union  was 
denied.     The  admission  was  effected  Dee.  38, 

1846,  and  in  H.">7  the  capital  was  established  at 

Des Moines.     The  present  constitution  of  Iowa 

was  trained  by  a  eoiivent  ion  at  lows  City  early 
in    1867,  and    was   ratified    Aug.  3.      The   clause 

confining  the  privilege  of  the  elective  franchise 
to  white  citizens  was  stricken  out  by  act  of  tbe 
Legislature,  and  was  ratified  by  the  people  in 

[868.      During  the  Civil  War  Iowa  contributed 

diers  to  the  army  id'  tin-  Bepubtto. 


BTAT8  8EAL  OF  IOWA. 


IKELAND 

Iowa,  Position  of  (1861).  This  state,  lying 
westward  of  the  Mississippi  Kiver,  with  a  popu- 
lation of  nearly  700,000  and  a  loyal  governor  (S. 
J.  Kirkwood),  was  quick  to  perceive  the  needs 
of  the  national  government  in  its  struggles  with 
its  enemies,  and  was  lavish  in  its  aid.  When  tbe 
President  called  for  troops  (April,  1861)  the  gov- 
ernor said,  "In  this  emergency  Iowa  must  not, 
and  does  not.  occupy  a  doubtful  position.  For 
the  Union  as  our  fathers  formed  it,  and  for  the 
government  they  framed  so  wisely  and  so  well, 
the  people  of  Iowa  are  ready  to  pledge  every 
fighting-man  in  the  state  and  every  dollar  of 
her  money  and  credit."  That  pledge  was  re- 
deemed by  sending  over  75,000  men  to  the  front — 
or  one  tenth  of  the  entire  population. 

Ireland  and  the  United  States.  Ireland, 
which  had  been  more  oppressed  by  British  rule 
than  the  American  colonies,  had,  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  contest  between  the  latter  and  Great 
Britain,  shown  peculiar  subserviency  to  its  po- 
litical master.  When  news  of  the  affairs  at  Lex- 
ington and  Bunker's  Hill  reached  that  country, 
the  Irish  Parliament  voted  that  they  ••  heard  of 
the  rebellion  with  abhorrence,  and  were  ready 
to  show    to  the   world   their  attachment    to  the 

sacred  person  of  the  king."    Taking  advantage 

of  this  expressed  loyalty,  Lord  North  obtained 
lease  to  send  four  thousand  able-bodied  men  to 
America  as  a  part  of  the  British  army.  The 
Strongest  and  best  of  the  Irish  army  were  se- 
lected, and  eight  regiments  were  shipped  for 
America.     This  left  Ireland  almost  defenceless. 

Its  Parliament  offered  to  organize  a  national 

militia,  which   Lord  North  refused  to  accept, 

and  instead  of  a  militia,  organized  and  con- 
trolled by  the  British  government, self-formed 
bauds  of  volunteers  spraug  up  all  over  Inland. 
North  saw  his  blunder,  and  had  a  militia  bill 
enacted;  but  it  was  too  late;  the  Irish  Parlia- 
ment preferred  the  volunteers,  supported  by  the 

Irish  themBelveS.  Meanwhile  the  eloquent,  pa- 
triotic, and    incorruptible   Henry   Grattan    had 

bci ie  a  member  of  the  Irish  Parliament,  and 

he  was  principally  the  agent  I  hat  kindled  the 
lire  of  patriotic  zeal  iu  li  eland  that  was  burning 
BO  brigbtlj  in  America.  In  1771).  though  only 
thirty-three  years  id'  age,  he  led  the  Irish  Par- 
liament in  demanding  reforms.  He  moved  an 
amendment  to  the  address  to  the  king,  that  the 
nation  could  be  saved  only  by  free-trade,  and  it 
was  adopted  by  unanimous  vote.  New  taxes 
were  refused.  The  ordinary  supplies  usually 
granted  for  two  years  were  granted  for  six 
months.  Throughout  the  little  kingdom  an 
inextinguishable  sentiment  of  nationality  was 
aroused,  and  very  soon  Ireland  had  an  army 
of  fifty  thousand   volunteers.      Alarmed   by   the, 

threatening  attitude  of  Ireland,  Parliament,  in 

1781,  conceded    to   the    dependent   kingdom   its 

claims  to  commercial  equality. 

Ireland,    BBVOLDTIONAHT    MOVEMENTS     in. 

The  combined   armies   of  Prance  and   Spain,  in 

1780,  kept  the  British  government  on  the  alert, 

and  they  were  Compelled  to  keep  afloat  an  im- 
mense naval  force.  To  guard  against  an  expect- 
ed  invasion,  eighty  thousand  volunteers  were 


IRISH  COLONY  IN  SOUTH  CAROLINA     694  IROQUOIS  CONFEDERACY,  THE 

enrolled  in  Ireland.     With  arms  in  their  bands,  ers  of  the  league  by  ties  of  honor  and  general 

tlie  Irish  felt  disposed  to  assert  their  own  rights,  interest.     Each  had  an  equal  voice  in  the  Gen- 

and  began  to  put  in  operation  the  American  plan  eral  Council  or  Congress,  aud  possessed  a  sort 

of  non-importation  agreements.    This  movement  of  veto  power,  which  was  a  guarantee  against 

obtained  for  them  commercial  concessions  from  despotism.     After  the  Europeans  came,  the  sa- 

the  British  government,  which  kept  them  quiet,  chein.  or  civil  head  of  a  tribe,  affixed  his  totem  — 

Irish  Colony  in   South   Carolina.      Multi-  such  as  the  rude  outlines  of  a  wolf,  a  bear,  a  tor- 

tudes  of  laborers  and  husbandmen,  oppressed  toise.  or  an  eagle — to  every  public  paper  he  was 

required  to 


It  was  like  a  monarch  affix- 
ing his  seal.      Each  of  the 
. — y^^^\s^  original    Five    Nations   was 
f  J  divided    into    three    tribes, 

— \~>-  _     ^}  those  of  the  Mohawks  being 

^  .       '  designated  as   the   Tortoise 

No  L  or  Turtle,  the  Bear,  and  the 

Wolf.      These    totems    con- 
sisted of  representations 
those  animals.      These  were 


l&M 


by  landlords  and  ecclesiastics  in  Ireland,  and 
unable  to  procure  a  comfortable  subsistence, 
embarked  for  South  Carolina  in  1736.  These 
were  Protestants,  and  known  as  Scotch -Irish 
(which  see).  They  received  a  grant  of  land  on 
the  Santee  River,  where  they  formed  a  settle- 
ment, and  called  it  Williamsburg. 

Iroquois  Confederacy,  The,  was  originally 
composed  of  live  related  families  or  nations  of  li 
dians,  in  the  present  State  of  New  York.     These  I 

were   called,   respectively,   Mohawks,   Oneidas,    sometimes  exceedingly  rude, '^. 
Onondagas,  Cayugas,  and   Senecas.      Tradition    but  were  sufficient  to  denote     ^^■*^^3»*' 
says  the  confederacy  was  founded  by  Hiawat-    the  tribe  of  the  signer;   as,  N    ._, 

ha,  the  incarnation  of  Wisdom,  at  about  the  No.  1,  appended  to  the  signa- 
begiuning  of  the  fifteenth  century.  He  came  turc  of  Little  Hendrick,  a  Mohawk  chief,  repre- 
froin  his  celestial  homo  and  dwelt  with  the  sents  his  totem — a  turtle;  No.  2,  appended  to 
Onondagas,  where  he  taught 
the  related  tribes  the  knowl- 
edge of  good  living.  Fierce 
warriors  approached  from  the 
north,  slaying  everything  hu- 
man in  their  path.  Hiawatha 
advised  a  council.  It  was  held 
on  the  bank  of  Onondaga  Lake. 
Representatives  of  each  nation 
were  there.  Under  his  direc- 
tion a  league  was  formed,  and 
each  canton  was  assigned  its 
appropriate  place  in  it.  (See 
Hiawatha.)  They  gave  it  a 
name  signifying  "  they  form 
a  cabin."  and  they  fancifully 
called  the  league  "  The  Long 
House."  The  eastern  door  was 
kept  by  the  Mohawks,  and  the 
western  by  the  Senecas,  and  the 
greal  council-fire  was  with  the 
Onondagas,  at  their  metropolis, 
a  few  miles  south  of  the  site  of 
the  city  of  Syracuse.  Bj  com- 
mon consent,  a  chief  of  the  On- 
ondagas, called  Atatarho,  was 
made  the  first  president  of  the 
league.  The  Mohawks,  on  the 
east,  were  called  "  the  door." 
The  confederacy  embraced 
within  its  territory  the  present 
State  of  New  York  north  and 
wc-i  of  the  Kaatzbergs  and 
south  of  the  Adirondack  group 
of  mountains.  The  several 
nations    were    subdivided    into 

tribes,  each  having  a  heraldic 
insignia,  or  t»t<  m.  Through  the 

-stem  they  maintained  a  tribal  union, 
and  exhibited  a  remarkable  example  of  an  al- 
most   pure  democracy   in   government.      Each 

canton  or  nation  was  a  distinct  republic,  in- 
ch pendent  of  all  others  in  relation  to  its  do- 
mestic a  Hairs,  but   each   was  bound  to  the  oth- 


a  tin'  lima  lie  wmi 

ii  battle     w  li'-n  m 
hi  in  bun  i"  "H<-r  h  in  ill.'  symbol 
i.'UUd  hull  uiUiUk  but  uuap- 


IROQUOIS  CONFEDERACY,  THE  695  IROQUOIS  CONFEDERACY,  THE 


t lie  signature  of  Kanadagea,  a  chief  of  the  Bear 
tribe,  represents  a  bear  lying  on  his  back;  and 
No.  :s  is  the  signature  of  Great  Hendrick  (which 
see),  of  the  Wolf  tribe,  the  rude  representation  of 
that  animal  appearing  at  the  end  of  his  signature. 


As  each  confederated  nation  was  divided  into 
tribes, there  were  thirty  or  forty  saeheins  in  the. 
League.  These  bad  inferior  officers  under  them, 
and  the  civil  power  was  widely  distributed. 
Office  was  the  reward  of  merit  alone;  ma  1  feasance 
in  it  brought  dismissal  and  public  scorn.  All 
public  services  were  compensated  only  by  public 

esteem.    The  powers  and  duties  of  the  President 

of  tin-  League  were  similar  to  those  conferred 
ami  imposed  npon  the  chief  magistrate  of  our 
Republic  He  had  authority  to  assemble  a  con- 
gress of  representatives;  had  a  cabinet  of  six 
advisers,  and  in  the  council  he  was  moderator. 
There  was  do  ooeroive  power,  excepting  public 
opinion,  lodged  anywhere.  The  military  dom- 
inated the  civil  power  in  the  League.  The  chiefs 
derived  their  authority  from  the  people,  and  they 
sometimes,  like  the  Romans,  deposed  civil  offi- 
cers. The  : >  h;i<  composed  wholly  of  volun- 
teer-., ami  conscription  was  impossible.  Everj 
uble-bodied  man  was  bound  to  do  military  duty, 
and  he  who  shirked  it  incurred  everlasting  dis- 
grace. The  ranks  were  always  full.  The  re- 
cruiting-stations were  the  war-dances.  What- 
ever Was  done  ill  civil  OOUncils  was  subjected 
to  review  by  the  soldiery,  who  had  the  righl  to 
call   councils  when    they    pleased,  and    approve 

or  disapprove  public  measures.     The  matrons 

formed  a  third  and  powerful  part]  in  the  legis- 
lature <>(' the  League.     They  had  a  right  to  sit 

ill  the  OOUncils,  aud  there  exercise  the  \eto  pow- 
er OU  the  subject  of  a  declaration  of  war,  and  to 
propose  and   demand   a  Cessation   Of  hostilities. 

They  were  pre-eminently  peace-makers.  It  was 
no  reflection  upon  the  courage  of  warriors  If,  at 

the  call  of  the  matrons,  they  withdrew  from  the 
war-path.      These    women   wielded    great    inllu- 

encB  in  the  councils,  bnt  they  modestly  dele- 
gated the  duties  of  speech-making  to  some  mas- 
culine orator.  With  these  barbarians,  woman 
was  man's  co-worker  in  legislation  a  thing  un- 
heard of  among  civilized  people.  80  much  did 
the  [roqnois  reverence  the  "inalienable  rights 
of  man."  that  they  never  made  slaves  of  their 
fellow-men.  not  even  of  captives  taken  in  war. 
By  unity  they  wire  made  powerful :  and  to  pre- 
vent degeneracy, members  of  a  tribe  were  not 
allowed  to  Intermarry  with  each  other.  Like 
the  Bomans,  they  caused  their  commonwealth 
to  expand  by  annexation  ami  conquest.  Had 
they  remained  undiscovered  by  the  Europeans 
a  century  longer,  the  confederacy  might  have 


pftwchable.  because   h<-  «■;*  entirely   clothed   with   hissing 
hake!      Here  li  11 Id  storj  of  Medni 

railed  in  the  forests  of  the  new  fouuil  world. 


embraced  the  whole  continent,  for  the  Five  Na- 
tions had  already  extended  their  conquests  from 
the  Great  Lakes  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  were 
the  terror  of  the  other  tribes  east  and  west. 
For  a  long  time  the  French  in  Canada,  who 
taught  them  the  use  of  tire-arms,  maintained  a 
doubtful  struggle  against  them.  Champlain 
found  them  at  war  against  the  Canada  Indians 
from  Lake  Huron  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law  rente. 
He  fought  them  on  Lake  Champlain  in  1C09; 
and  from  that  time  until  the  middle  of  that  cen- 
tury their  wars  against  the  Canada  Indians  and 
their  French  allies  were  tierce  and  distressing. 
They  made  friends  of  the  Dutch,  from  whom 
they  obtained  tire-arms;  and  they  were  alter- 
nately at  war  and  peace  with  the  French  for 
about  sixty  years.  The  latter  invaded  the  can- 
tons of  the  League,  especially  after  the  Five  Na- 
tions became  allied  with  the  English,  who,  as 
masters  of  New  York,  used  their  dusky  neigh- 
bors to  carry  out  their  designs.  The  Iroquois, 
meanwhile,  carried  their  conquests  almost  to 
Nova  Scotia  on  the  east,  and  far  towards  the 
Mississippi   on  the   west,  and  subdued   the  Sns- 

qnehannas  in  Pennsylvania.  In  Kill)  they  sub- 
dued and  dispersed  the  Wyandots  in  the  Huron 
country.  (See  FFyoauoat.)  Some  of  the  fugi- 
tives took  refuge  among  the  Chippewas;  oth- 
ers tied  to  Qnebec,  and  a  few  w  ere  incorporated 
in  the  Iroquois  confederacy.  The  Wyandots 
were  not  positively  subdued,  and  claimed  and 
exercised  sovereignty  over  the  Ohio  country 
down  to  the  close  of  the  last  century.  Then 
lie  Five  Nations  made  successful  wars  on  their 
eastern  and  western  neighbors,  and  in  1655 
they  penetrated  to  the  land  of  the  Catawbas 
and  Cherokees.  They  conquered  the  Miami* 
and  Ottawas  iii  1(>">7,  and  in  1701  made  incur- 
sions as  far  as  the  Roanoke  and  Cape  Fear  riv- 
ers, to  the  land  of  Iheir  kindred,  the  TnBCaroras. 
(See  Tu»oarora$.)  So  determined  were  they  to 
subdue  the  Southern  tribes,  that  when,  in  1744, 
thej  ceded  a  part  of  their  lands  to  Virginia, 
the]  reserved  a  perpetual  privilege  of  a  war- 
path through  the  territory.  A  French  invasion 
in  1603,  and  again  in  1696,  was  disastrous  to  the 
League,  which  lost  one -half  of  its  warriors. 
Then  they  swept  victoriously  southward  early  in 
th(  I  31  li  century,  and  took  in  their  kindred,  the 
Tnscaroras, in  North  Carolina, when  the  confed- 
eracy became  known  as  the  Six  Nations.  In  1713 
the  French  gave  np  all  claim  to  the  Iroquois, 
and  after  that  the  confederacy  was  generally 
neutral  in  the  wars  between  France  and  Eng- 
land  that    extended   to   the    American    colonies. 

Under  the  influence  of  William  Johnson,  the 

English  Indian  agent,  they  went  against  the 
French  in  17.">.">.  and  some  of  them  .joined  Pon- 
tine in  his  conspiracy  In  l?t;::.     (See  Pontine.) 

When    the   Revolution    broke   out.   in    177."..  thc> 

[roqnois,  influenced  by  the  Johnson  family,  ad- 
hered to  the  crown,  excepting  the  One  id  as.     Led 

by  Brant  and  savage  Tories,  thej  desolated  the 

Mohawk,  Cherry,  and  Wyoming  valleys.  The 
country  of  the  Western  [roqnois,  in  turn,  was 
desolated  b\  General  Sullivan  in  177;».  and  Brant 

retaliated  fearfully  on  the  frontier  settlements. 
At   the  close  of  the   war,  the  hostile  Iroquois, 


IRVINE  6£ 

dreading  the  vengeance  of  the  exasperated ' 
Americans,  took  refuge  in  Canada,  excepting 
the  Oneidas  and  Tusearoras.  By  treaties,  all ' 
the  lands  of  the  Six  Nations  iu  New  York  passed 
into  the  possession  of  the  white  people,  except- 
ing some  reservations  on  which  the  dusky  in- 
habitants yet  reside.  Iu  the  plenitude  of  their 
power,  the  confederacy  numbered  about  15,000  ; 
the;  now  number  about  13,000,  distributed  at 
various  points  in  Canada  and  the  United  States. 
There  are  about  50011  iu  the  State  of  New  York, 
their  ancient  domain.  (See  Huron -Iroquois.) 
Like  the  other  barbarians  of  the  continent,  the 
Iroquois  were  superstitions  and  cruel.  They 
believed  in  witches  as  firmly  as  did  Cotton  Ma- 
ther and  his  Puritan  brethren  iu  New  England, 
and  they  punished  them  in  human  form  as  fierce- 
ly as  did  Henry  the  Eighth,  or  the  rulers  and  the 
Qospel  ministers  at  Salem  in  later  times.  Their 
"  medicine  men  "  and  "  prophets"  were  as  expert 
deceivers  as  the  priests,  oracles,  and  jugglers  of 
civilized  men.  They  tortured  their  enemies  in 
retaliation  for  kindred  slain  with  almost  as  re- 
fined cruelty  as  did  the  ministers  of  the  Holy  In- 
quisition the  enemies  of  their  opinions:  and 
they  lighted  fires  around  their  more  eminent 
prisoners  of  war,  in  token  of  their  power,  as 
bright  and  hot  as  those  kindled  by  enlightened 
Englishmen  around  Joan  of  Arc  as  a  sorceress, 
or  Bishops  Latimer  and  Ridley  as  believers  iu 
what  they  thought  to  be  au  absurdity. 

Irvine,  WILLIAM,  was  born  at  Fermanagh,  Ire- 
land, Nov.  3,  1741 ;  died  in  Philadelphia,  July 
29,  1804.  He  was  a  surgeon  of  a  ship -of -war, 
came  to  t  he  United  States  after  the  Peace  of  1763, 
and  practised  medicine  at  Carlisle,  Penn.  He 
was  an  active  pat  riot,  and  raised  and  command- 
ed a  Pennsylvania  regiment  in  1770;  was  made 
a  captive  at  Three  River-,  Canada;  exchanged 
in  May,  1778 ;  served  under  Wayne,  and  in  1781 
was  stationed  at  Fort  Pitt,  charged  with  the 
defence  of  the  northwestern  frontier.  He  was  a 
member  of  Congress  from  1786  to  1788,  and  took 
a  civil  and  military  part  in  the  task  of  quelling 
tin-  Whiskey  Insurrection.  He  was  again  a  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  1793  to  1795. 

Irving,  Washington,  i.l.d.,  was  born  in  the 

dty  of  New  York.  April  :'..  17-:!:  died  at  Tarry- 
town,  X.  Y.,  Nov.  28,  1859.  His  father  was  a 
Scotchman,  his  mother  an  Englishwoman.  He 
engaged  in  literature  while  yet  a  youth,  and 
was  in  I'.mope  for  his  health  from  1804  to  1806. 

In  1807  hi'  published,  in  connection  with  his 

brother    Petei    and    .lames    K.    Pauhh,.. 

fundi,  and    in   1808,  when   hi'   was   twenty- live 

years  of  age,  his  Ixiiickirlxxhr'x  Hittorv  of  Sctc 

York.    After  editing  a  magazine  doling  the  War 

Of  1-1-    1"'.  le    win!   to  Europe,  where  be  resided 

seventeen  yean;  when,  after  the  failure  of  a 
mercantile  bouse  in  New  York  with  which  he 
was  c leoted,  be  was  left  to  rely  on  his  liter- 
ary labors  for  support,  lie  spent  his  nine  part- 
ly in  England,  Prance, Germany,  and  Spain, and 

I li-bed  Ins  1,1,   of  Columbia  in  1825,  whloh 

was  followed  by  the  Conqumt  ofQramoda  and  the 

Alkambra.     Ft 1829  in  l-:'>l  he  was  Mcrotarj 

of  the  American  legation  iu  London,  and  ra- 


ft' IRVING 

ceived  from  George  IV.  the  fifty -guinea  gold 
medal  awarded  for  emiueuce  in  historical  com- 
position. He  returned  to  New  York  iu  1838, 
and  prepared  and  published  several  works ;  and 


SUINGTON    IRVING. 


from  1838  to  1--41  contributed  to  the  Knicker- 
bocker Magazine.  From  1-4*2  to  1846  lie  was  min- 
ister to  Spain,  and  on  his  return  to  New  York  he 
published  a  revised  edition  of  all  his  works  in 
fifteen  volumes,  which  had  a  very  large  sale. 
His  last  work  was  a  Life  of  Washington,  in  five 
volumes,  completed  a  few  months  before  his 
death.  Mr.  Irving  never  married.  The  honor- 
ary degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by- 
Harvard  University,  Oxford  University,  in  Eng- 
land, and  Columbia  College,  in  New  York.  Mr. 
Irvine's  remains  rest  near  the  summit  of  a  gen- 
tle slop,-  in  the  cemetery  attached  to  tin-  ancient 
Dutch  church  at  the  entrance  to  •Sleepy  Hol- 


low," nearTarrytown.N.Y.    They  lie  by  the  side 
Of  those  of  bis  mother.      In  a  row  lie  the  remains 
of  his  father,  mother,  brothers,  and  si-: 
old  Church, Which  he  made  famous  by  the  story 
of  lchabod  Crane  la  leader  iu  the  psalm-singing 

then  on  Bundays)  in  his  Ltgmi efSlmpu  Hollow, 

remains  the  same  as  when  it  was  built  in  1880, 

ami   is  the   oldest    church  edilit \tant   in   the 

Slate  of  New  York.  OveC  the  Sleepv  Hollow 
brook,  near  il.  is  the  bridge  where  Itrom  Hones. 
the  supposed  ••headless   bonenMUl,"   burled  the 

pumpkin  at  the  (Tightened  lchabod.  and  drove 
him  from  the  neighborhood  and  Katrine,  ran 

Tassel]  forever. 


ISABELLA  6 

Isabella,  Queen  of  Castile  and  Leon,  was 
bom  at  Madrigal,  iu  Old  Castile,  April  23, 1451 ; 
died  Nov.  26, 1504.  Until  her  twelfth  year  Isa- 
bella lived  in  retirement  with  her  mother,  a 
daughter  of  John  II.,  of  Portugal.     At  the  age 


ISABELLA  Of 


of  eleven  years  she  was  betrothed  to  Carlos, 
brother  of  Perdiuaud  (whom  she  afterwards 
married),  theu  forty-sis  years  old.  I  lis  death 
prevented  the  union.  Other  candidates  for  her 
band  were  proposed,  but,  being  a  young  woman 
of  spirit,  sin'  rejected  them.  Bex  half-brother 
Henry,  on  the  throne,  oontraoted  a  marriage  for 
her,  for  state  purposes,  with  the  profligate  Don 
Pedro  Giron,  Grai  id-master  of  the  Order  of  Cala- 
trava.  "I  will  pluuge  a  dagger  in  Don  Pedro's 
heart,"  said  the  maiden,  "before  I  will  submit 
to  the  dishonor."  The  grand-master  « 1  i * ■< I  as 
suddenly  as  Carloaswhiu Ms  way  to  the  nup- 
tials, probably  from  the  effeots  of  poison.  Hen- 
ry now  made  an  arrangemeul  by  which  Isabella 
was  recognized  as  heir  to  Castile  and  Leon,  with 
the  right  to  choose  her  own  bneband,  subjeel  to 
the  king's  approval,  she  chose  Perdinand, 
Prince  of  Arag who  signed  the  marriage  con- 
tract at  Cervera,  Jan.  7,  1469,  guaranteeing  to 
his  betrothed  all  the  essential  rights  of  sover- 
eignty in  Castile  ami  Leon.  King  Henry,  of- 
fended because  his  sister  would  not  marry  the 
King  of  Portngal,  sent  a  force  to  seize  her  per- 
BOU.  She  escaped  to  Valladolid,  whither  Ferdi- 
nand  hastened   ill  disguise,  and    they   were   mar- 

ried, Oct.  19, 1469, in  the  cathedral  there.  Civil 
wai  ensued.  The  king  died  late  in  1474,  and  Isa- 
bella  was  declared  qneen  of  Castile  and  Leon; 
hut  her  authority  was  not  folly  recognised  until 
after  a  war  with  the  King  of  Portngal,  who  was 
affianced  to  Jnana,  the  rival  of  Isabella  for  the 
throne.  After  thai  ber  career  was  brilliant,  she 
appeared  in  anus  at  the  head  of  her  troops  in  her 
wars  with  the  Moors,    from  a  conviction  thai  it 

was  for  the  safety  of  the  Woman  Catholic  relig- 
ion, sin-  reluctantly,  it  is  said,  gave  ber  consent 
to  the  establishment  of  the  Inquisition ;  and  for 

this    act I    ber    lit- 1  >     seal    for    the    Church, 

amounting  at  times  to  fanatical  cruelty,  she  is 


7  ISABELLA 

known  in  history  as  Isabella  the  Catholic.  Fer- 
dinand was  now  king  of  Aragon,  and  their  king- 
doms were  united  aud  formed  a  strong  empire, 
and  the  consolidated  Christian  power  of  the 
Spanish  peninsula  was  effected.  The  two  mon- 
arohs  were  one  in  love,  respect,  and  interest. 
They  ruled  as  separate  sovereigns,  each  having 
an  independent  council,  and  sometimes  holding 
their  courts  at  points  distant  from  each  other  at 
the  same  lime;  hut  they  were  a  unit  in  the  gener- 
al administration  of  the  consolidated  kingdoms, 
all  acts  of  sovereignty  being  executed  in  the 
name  of  both,  all  documents  signed  by  both, 
and  their  profiles  stamped  together  on  the  na- 
tional coins,  while  the  royal  seal  displayed  Un- 
united arms  of  Castile  and  Aragon.  The  relig- 
ious seal  of  Isabella  was  inflamed  when  Colum- 
bus, in  his  application  for  aid,  declared  thai  one 
great  object  of  his  ambition  was  to  cany  the 
Gospel  to  the  heathen  of  undiscovered  lands. 
But  public  affairs  at  fust  so  engrossed  the  at- 
tention of  the  monarebs  that  the  suit  of  the 
uavigator  did  not  prevail  for  a  Long  time.  Fi- 
nally he  was  summoned  before  Hie  monarchs. 
and    pleaded   his   cause    In  person.      The   queen's 

seal  was  so  inflamed  that  she  resolved  to  give 

him  aid.  "Our  treasury,-'  said  Perdinand,  "  has 
beeU  1 1 inch  drained  by  the  war  to  war- 
rant us  in  the  undertaking."    The  qneen  said, 

"I  will  undertake  the  enterprise  for  my  own 
crown  of  Castile;   and,  if  necessary,  v\  ill  pledge 

my  jewels  for  the  money."    Theu  she  lit  ted  out 

the  expedition  that  .sailed  from  I'alos  iu  the  au- 
tumn of  1492.  (See  Columbus.)  Afterwards  she 
opposed  the  enslaving  tlie  natives  of  the  West- 
ern Continent ;  and  when  Columbus  sent  a  cargo 

of  Captives  to  Spain,  she  ordered  them  to  lie  car- 
ried back  to  their  own  count  rv.     With  Cardinal 


xi Q 


CATHEDRAL. 


Xiincncs  she  effected  B  radical  reform  in  the 
Church,  as  she  had  in  the  State;  and  criminals, 
high  or  low,  the  clergy  and  common  offenders, 

felt  the  sword  of  justice  fall  w  ith  equal  severity. 
Masculine  in  intellect,  feminine  in  her  moral 
qualities,  pious  and  loving,  Isabella's  virtues — 
as  \  in ues  were  estimated  then  and  then 


ISLAND  NUMBER  TEN  GS 

a  favorite  theme  for  the  praise  of  Spanish  writ- 
ers. In  persou  she  was  beautiful — well  formed, 
clear  complexion,  light  blue  eyes,  and  auburn 
hair.  She  bad  one  sun  and  four  daughter-.  Hit 
youngest  daughter.  Catharine,  became  the  wife 
of  Henry  VIII.  of  England. 

Island  Number  Ten.  This  island  lies  in  a 
sharp  bend  of  the  Mississippi  River,  about  forty 
mill's  below  Columbus,  and  within  the  limits 
of  Kentucky.  It  was  considered  the  key  to  the 
navigation  of  the  lower  Mississippi  To  this 
island  some  of  the  troops  and  munitions  of  war 


3  ISLAND  NUMBER  TEN 

a  floating  battery  of  ten  guns,  formed  of  three 
gunboats  lashed  together,  side  by  side,  followed 
by  three  others  separately.  The  day's  work  was 
barren  of  any  decisive  result  The  island  shores 
were  lined  with  batteries.  So  the  siege  went 
on,  with  varying  fortunes,  until  the  first  week 
in  April,  when  Beauregard  telegraphed  to  Rich- 
mond that  the  ''Federal  guns"  had  "thrown 
three  thousand  shells  and  burned  fifty  tons  of 
gunpowder"  without  damaging  his  batteries  or 
killing  one  of  his  men.  The  public  began  to  be 
impatient,  but  victory  was  near.    General  Pope 


were  transferred  when  General  Polk  evacuated 
Columbus  (which  see),  and  all  the  troops  there 
were  in  charge  of  Beauregard.  On  the  8th  of 
March  (1862)  he  sent  forth  a  proclamation  in 
which  he  called  for  bells  with  which  to  make 
oannODS,  ami  then  was  a  liberal  response.  '•  In 
some  cities,"  wrote  a  Confederate  soldier,  "ev- 
ery church  gave  up  its  bells.  Court-houses, 
public  institutions,  and  plantations  sent  them. 
And  the  people  furnished  large  quantities  of  old 
brass-  andirons,  candlesticks,  gas-lixt  ures.  and 
even  door-knobs."  These  wen-  all  sent  to  New 
Orleans  to  be  used  in  cannon-founderies.  There 
tiny  were  found  by  (uncial  Butler,  sent  to  Bos- 
ton, ami  sold  at  auction.  Beauregard  had  thor- 
oughly fortified  the  island,  and.  after  the  capt- 
ure Of  New  Madrid.it  became  an  object  of  great 

interesl  to  both  parties,  for  it  was  besieged  bj 

the  Nationals.  For  this  purpose  Commodore 
Poote  left  Cairo  (March  14.  L862)  with  a  power- 
ful licet  of  gun  and  mortar  boats.  There  were 
seven  of  the  former  iron-clad  and  one  not  ar- 
mored, ami  ten  of  the  latter.  On  the  night  of 
tin  1 . . 1 1 1  PootC  was  at  Island  Number  Ten.  and 
the  next  morning  (Sunday)  he  began  the  siege 
with  a  bombardment  by  the  rilled  cannons  of  his 

flag-Ship,  the  Bottom,  This  was  followed  by  I  he 
mortal  -  boats,   moored   at    propel    points   along 

tin    river  shore,  from  which  tons  of  iron  ware 

hurled  upon  the  island  and  the  batteries  on  the 
Kentucky  banks  opposite.  All  day  long  the  ar- 
tillery duel  was  kept  up  without  much  injury 
to  either  party.  Meanw  Idle  a  battery  of  Illinois 
artillery  had  been  landed  on  the  Missouri  shore, 
in  a  position  to  assail  the  Confederate  llotilla 
mat  the  island.  The  uexl  day  a  kremendons 
attack  mi  ihe  Confederate  works  was  made  by 


was  chafing  with  impatience  at  New  Madrid. 
He  wished  to  cross  the  river  to  the  peninsula 
and  attack  the  island  in  the  rear,  a  movement 
that  would  insure  its  capture.  The  opposite 
shore  was  lined  with  Confederate  batteries,  and 
it  would  be  madness  to  attempt  a  crossing  until 
these  were  silenced.  General  Schuyler  Hamil- 
ton proposed  the  construction  of  a  canal  across 
the  neck  of  a  swampy  peninsula  of  sufficient  ca- 
pacity to  allow  the  passage*  of  gunboats  and 
transports,  so  as  to  effectually  Hank  Island  Num- 


ber Ten  and  insure  its  capture.  It  was  under- 
taken under  the  supervision  of  Colonel  Biasell, 
and  was  successfully  performed.  In  the  mean- 
time daring  feats  against  the  shore  bat  t  .lies  bad 

been  performed  :  and  during  B  terrible  thunder- 
storm on  the  night  of  April  :t  Captain  Walke 
ran  l>_\   the  Confederate  batteries  with  the  gun- 


ISLAND  NUMBER  TEN  6 

boat  Carondelet,  assailed  by  all  of  them,  lier  po- 
sition being  revealed  by  the  flashes  of  lightning. 
It  was  the  first  vessel  that  ran  by  Confederate 
batteries  on  the  Mississippi  River.  She  had  not 
tired  a  gun  during  her  passage,  but  the  discharge 
of  three  assured  to  anxious  Commodore  Foote 
the  safety  of  the  Carondelet  after  the  dangerous 
voyage.  Perceiving  the  perilous  fate  that  await- 
ed them  after  the  completion  of  the  canal  the 
Confederates  sunk  steamboats  in  the.  channel  of 
the  river  to  prevent  the  gunboats  descending  it, 
and  they  unsuccessfully  attempted  to  escape 
from  the  island.  After  the  Carondelet  had  passed 


i lit-  batteries,  Beanregard  was  satisfied  that  the 

siege  must  speedily  end  in  disaster  to  his  com- 
mand ;  so,  after  turning  over  the  eounuand  on 
the   island   to  General   McCall,  and   leaving  the 

troops  on  the  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  ahores  in 
charge  of  General  McCown,  he,  with  a  consider- 
able number  of  his  best  soldiers,  departed  for 
Corinth  to  cheek  a  formidable  movement  of  Na- 
tional troops  I  hrough  middle  Tennessee  towards 
northern  Alabama.  (See  Milrhil'n  Expedition.) 
The  \  i gonitis  operations  of  Pope  after  he  passed 

tbrongh  the  w onderfnl  canal  hastened  the  crisis. 
McCall  and  his  troops,  in  their  efforts  to  escape 
from    till)    island,    were    intercepted    by    Tope's 

forces  under  Generals  Stanley,  Hamilton,  and 
Paine;  and  on  April  -.  1862,  bland  Number  Ten, 
with  the  troops,  batteries,  and  supports  on  the 

main,  was  surrendered.     Over  7000  men  became 

prisoners  of  war ;  and  the  spoils  of  \  ietory  w  ere 

123  cannons  and  mortars, 7000  small-arms,  many 
hundred    horses    and    mules,    four    steamboats 

afloat,  and  a  very  large  amount  of  ammunition. 

The  fall  of  Island  Number  Ten  was  a  calamity 

to  the  Confederates  which  they  never  retrieved. 
It  caused  wide-spread  alarm  in  the  Mississippi 
valley,  for  it  appeared  probable  that  Memphis, 
one  of  the  strongholds  of  the  Confederates  on 
the  Mississippi, where  they  had  immense  work- 
shops and  armories,  would  soon  share  the  fate 
of  Col  ii  m  I  ins,  and  that  National  gunboats  would 
speedily  patrol  the  great  river  from  Cairo  to 
New  Orleans.  Martial  law  was  proclaimed  at 
Memphis,  and  only  by  the  wisdom  and  firmness 
of  tin'  mayor  wire  the  troops  and  panic-stricken 
citizens  prevented  from  laying  the  town  in  ash- 
es. Preparations  for  flight  were  made  at  Vioks- 
burg,  and  Intense  alarm  prevailed  at  New  Or- 


d  ISOLATION  OF  THE  CAPITAL 

leans  among  the  disloyal  population.  It  seemed 
as  if  the  plan  devised  by  Fremont  (see  Fremont's 
Plan),  and  now  partially  executed,  was  about  to 
be  successfully  carried  out.  Curtis  had  already 
broken  the  military  power  of  the  Confederates 
west  of  the  Mississippi  (see  Pea  Ridge),  ami  a 
heavy  National  force,  pressing  on  towards  Ala- 
bama and  Mississippi,  had  just  achieved  a  tri- 
umph on  the  banks  of  the  Tenuessee,  a  score  of 
miles  from  Corinth.     (See  SMloh.) 

Isle  of  Sable.  The  Marquis  de  la  Roche 
(which  see)  sailed  from  France  with  a  commis- 
sion to  conquer  Canada  in  1598.  He  took  with 
him  a  colony  of  convicts  from  the 
prisons,  and  landed  forty  of  them  on 
the  Isle  of  Sable,  and  then  he  sailed 
for  Acadia,  or  Nova  Scotia.  He  finally 
returned  to  France,  without  making 
a  settlement  or  having  the  power  to 
cany  the  miserable  outcasts  whom 
he  had  left  on  the  desolate  island.  He 
did  not  return  to  America.  The  Freuch 
king,  hearing  of  the  fate  of  these  con- 
victs, sent  Chetodel,  who  had  been 
De  la  Roche's  pilot,  to  take  them 
away.  It  was  at  the  end  of  seven 
years  after  their  arrival  that  this 
succor  came,  when  only  twelve  sur- 
vived,  and  were  carried  home.  The 
king  saw  them  just  as  they  had  em- 
barked, in  their  seal-skin  dresses  and 

long  beards.  He  gave  each  of  them  fifty  crowns, 
and  a  pardon  for  bis  crimes. 

Isolation  of  the  Capital.  On  the  night  of 
the  fearful  riot  in  Baltimore  (April  19,1861)  (see 
Massachusetts  Troops  in  Baltimore), Marshal  Kane 
and  ex-Governor  Lowe  went  to  the  mayor  and 
Governor  Hicks  for  authority  to  commit  further 
outrages.  Kane  said  he  had  information  that 
other  Union  troops  were  on  the  way  by  railroad 
from  Harrisburg  anil  Philadelphia,  and  he  want- 
ed authority  to  destroy  the  bridges  on  those 
roads.  The  mayor  cheerfully  gave  them  power 
so  far  as  his  authority  extended,  but  the  gov- 
ernor refused.  So,  without  his  sanction.  Kane 
and  the  mayor  went  to  the  office  of  Charles 
Howard,  President  of  the  Hoard  of  Police,  and 
received  orders  for  the  destruction  of  bridges 
on  roads  entering  Baltimore.  A  gang  of  men 
was  sent  out  who  destroyed  the  Canton  Bridge, 
a  short  distance  from  the  city.  When  a  train 
from  the  north  approached,  it  was  stopped,  the 
passengers  were  turned  out.  the  cars  were  tilled 
by  the  mob,  and  the  engineer  was  compelled  to 

inn  his  train  bach  to  the  long  bridges  over  the 
Gunpowder  and  Bush  creeks,  arms  of  Chesa- 
peake Pay.  These  bridges  were  tired  and  a  large 
portion  of  them  consumed.    Another  party  went 

up  the  Northern  Central  Railway  from  Haiti- 
more  to  Cockeysville,  fifteen  miles  north, and  de- 
stroyed two  wooden  bridges  there,  and  smaller 
structures  on  the  road.  The  telegraph-VI  ires  on 
all  the  leading  lines  out  of  Baltimore,  excepting 
the  one  that  kept  up  a  communication  with  the 
insurgents  at  Harper's  Ferry,  were  destroyed, 
and  thus  all  communication  by  telegraph  and 
railway  between  Washington  and  the  loyal 
states  was  cut  off. 


ITALIANS  AND  AMERICA 

Italians  and  America.  The  three  powers 
•which  formerly  possessed  nearly  all  of  America 
owed  their  first  discoveries  to  Italians:  Spain  to 
Columbus,  a  Genoese;  England  to  the  Cabots, 
Venetians;  and  France  to  Verazzaui,  a  Floren- 


roo 


IUKA  SPRINGS,  BATTLE  NEAR 


repulsed  by  less  than  1000  men,  under  Colonel 
Leggett.  He  was  repulsed  at  Jackson  the  next 
day,  and  again,  on  Sept.  1.  at  Britton's  Lane, 
after  a  battle  of  four  hours  with  Indiana  troops, 
under  Colonel  Dennis.    At  the  latter  place  Arm- 


DESTKCCTION   OF  THE 


tine.  Yet  it  is  remarkable  that  the  Italians, 
unequalled  at  the  period  of  the  discovery  in 
maritime  power,  knowledge,  and  experience  in 
navigation,  have  never  acquired  an  inch  of 
ground  for  themselves  in  America. 

Iturbide,  AUGUBTIN  de,  Emperor  of  Mexico, 
was  born  in  Valladolid, Mexico,  in  17^4  :  died  in 
July,  1824.  Leading  in  a  scheme  for  overthrow- 
ing the  Spanish  power  in  Mexico  in  1821,  lie  took 
possession  of  the  capital  with  troops  in  Septem- 
ber in  the  name  of  the  nation,  and  established  a 
regency.  He  was  declared  emperor.  May  18, 
1822,  but  rivals  and  public  distrust  caused  him 
to  abdicate,  and  he  went  to  Europe  in  1823.  Au 
insurrection  in  his  favor  in  Mexico  induced  him 
to  return  in  1824, when  lie  was  seized  and  shot. 
His  widow  was  granted  a  pension  of  $8000  a 
year  on  condition  that  she  should  reside  in  the 
United  States.  She  lived  a  long  time  in  Phila- 
delphia, and  finally  went  to  Europe.  Iturbide's 
yonngesl  son  died  in  Paris  in  1873,  where  he 
kept  a  public-house. 

Iuka  Springs,  Batti.k  nkaii.  After  the  c vac- 
ua i  ion  of  Corinth  i  which  Bee)  General  Roeeerans 
was  placed  in  command  of  the  forces  under  Pope, 
w  ho  had  gone  to  Virginia  i  see  Army  o/  firyinui), 
to  occupy  northern  Mississippi  and  Alabama,  in 
the   vicinity  of  Corinth,  and  eastward  to  Tus- 

oumbia.  His  foreee  were  known  as  the  Arm; 
of  the  Mississippi,  with  headquarters  at  Cor- 
inth. Then  were  do  more  stirring  events  in 
the  region  of  General  Graufa  command  (under 
whom  was  Roaecrana)  than  guerilla  operations, 
from  June  until  September.  At  the  beginning 
of  September  the  Confederates  under  Price  and 
Van  Dora  moved  towards  the  Tenaeaaee  Kiwi, 
and,  when  Bragg  moved  into  Tannest 
attempted   to  out  off  communications  between 

Grant  and  Buell.    General  Armstrong  (Confed- 
erate), with  over  5000  horsemen,  struck  theNa- 
Ing.  30,  1888   al  Bolivar,  with  the  in- 
tention of  severing  the  railway  there.     He  was 


(See  p. 


strong  left  179  men,  dead  and  wounded,  on  the 
field.  Iuformed  of  this  raid,  at  Tuscumbia, 
Roseorans  hastened  to  Iuka,  a  little  village 
celebrated  for  its  fine  mineral  springs,  about 
fifteen  miles  east  of  Corinth,  where  a  large 
amount  of  stores  had  been  gathered.  There, 
with  Stanley's  division,  he  encamped  at  Clear 
Creek,  seven  miles  east  of  Corinth,  and,  at  the 
same  time,  Price  moved  northward  from  Tupelo 
with  about  12,000  Confederate  troops.  Trice 
struck  Iuka  (Sept.  10)  and  captured  the  Nation- 
al property  there.  Grant  at  once  put  two  col- 
umns in  motion  to  crush  Price — one,  under  Rose- 
orans, to  attack  his  flank  and  rear,  and  another, 
under  General  Ord,  to  confront  him.  These 
movements  began  on  the  morning  of  Sept.  IS 
Ord, with 5000  men.  advanced  to  Burnsville.  fol- 
lowed by  Genera]  Rosa  with  more,  while  Roae- 
crana moved  with   the  separated  divisions  of 

Stanley  and  C.  S.  Hamilton,  about  9 '  Strong, 

during  a  drenching  rain,  to  San  Jacinto,  t  u  enty 
miles  southward  of  Iuka.  On  the  next  morn- 
ing (Sept.  19)  they  pushed  on  towards  Iuka. 
Mi/nei's  cavalry  driving  a  Confederate  guard. 
Early  in  the  afternoon  Hamilton,  listening  for 
the  sound  ofOrd's  gnna, and  skirmishing  brisk- 
ly by  the  way.  had  leached  a  point  within  two 
miles  of  Iuka  on  densely  wooded  heights.  There 
he  formed  aline  of  battle.  He  sent  forward  his 
skirmishers,  w  ho  were  driven  back,  and  a  se- 
vere battle  immediately  followed.  The  Elev- 
enth Ohio  battery  was,  after  a  severe  Btrnggle, 
placed  in  position  on  the  creel  of  the  hill.  With 
ibis  battery.a  few  regiments  of  low  a.  Missouri, 
Minnesota,  and  Indiana  troops  fought  more  than 
three  times  their  number  of  Confederates,  led  by 
Price  in  person.  finally,  when  Colonel  Eddy, 
of  an  Indiana  regiment,  was  mortally  wounded, 
the  remainder  of  his  regiment  was  hurled  bai  k 
in  disorder,  lea\  Ing  the  almost  disabled  batter] 
to  lie  seized  by  the  ( 'onfederates.  For  the  pos- 
session of  these  gnna,  desperate  ohai 
countercharges  wen  made,  until,  at  length,  the 


IZARD  701 

Confederate  soldiers  dragged  the  gnns  off  the 
field.  All  of  the  horses  and  seventy-two  of  the 
artillerymen  bad  been  killed.  The  battle  raged 
warmly  elsewhere,  when  the  Confederates  were 

driven  to  the  shelter  of  the  hollows  near  the  vil- 
lage. Darkness  ended  the  battle  of  Inka.  The 
National  loss  was  marly  800,  killed,  wounded, 
and  missing  ;  that  of  the  Confederates  was  near- 


IZAED 


ly  1400.  Ord.  meanwhile,  whom  Grant  had  sent 
to  assist  Bosecraus,  bad  been  watohiug  the  move- 
ments of  Confederates,  who  were  making  feints 
mi  Corinth.  Expecting  to  renew  the  battle  at 
luka  in   the   morning,  Stanley  pressed   forward 

tut  the  purpose,  bnl  f< 1  that  Price  had  tied 

southward  under  cover  of  the  darkness,  leaving 
behind  the  captured  nuns  of  the  Eleventh  Ohio 
battery.  Price  was  pursued  all  day,  but  escaped. 
Izard,  Obobok,  was  born  in  Smith  Carolina 
in  1777:  diedal  Little  Bock, Ark., Nov. 22, 1828. 


He  was  a 

his  ednea 
teieii   the 


son  of  Ralph  bard.     Having  finished 

linn  and  made  a  tour  in  Europe,  he  en- 
I'niteil  States  Army,  in   1794,81  lieu- 


tenant of  artillery.  He  was  appointed  aid  to 
General  Hamilton  in  1799,  and  resigned  in  1803. 
He  was  appointed  colonel  of  artillery  in  the 
spring  of  1812,  and  brigadier-general  in  March, 
1813.  He  was  in  command  on  Lake  Chainplain 
and  on  the  Niagara  frontier,  in  1814,  with  the 
rank  of  major-general.  From  1825  until  his 
death  ho  was  governor  of  Arkansas  Territory. 

Izard  on  the  Niagara  Frontier. 
Early    in    September.  1814,  General 
■_,.—  Izard, in  command  on  Lake  Cham- 

|S^=S  plain,  moved  towards  Sackett's  Har- 
bor, under  the  direction  of  the  Secre- 
tary of  War,  with  about  4000  troops, 
where  he  received  a  despatch  from 
Genera]  Brown  at  Fort  Erie  (Sept. 
10),  urging  him  to  move  on  to  bis 
support,  as  be  bad  not  more  than 
2"(  ineffective  men.  The  Bret  division 
of  Izard's  troops  arrived  at  Lew  iston 
on  Oct. 5.  He  moved  up  to  Black 
Rock,  crossed  the  Niagara  Liver 
(Oct.  10-11),  and  encamped  two  miles 
north  of  Fort  Erie.  Ranking  Gen- 
eral Brown,  he  took  the  chief  com- 
mand of  the  combined  forces,  then 
numbering,  with  volunteers  ami  mi- 
litia, about  8000  men.  He?  prepared 
to  march  against  Drnmmoud,  who,  after  the  sor- 
tie at  Fori  Erie  (which  see),  had  moved  down 
to  Qoeenston.  Izard  moved  towards  Chippewa, 
but  vainly  endeavored  to  draw  Drummoml  out. 
He  had  some  skirmishing  in  an  attempt  to  de- 
stroy a  quantity  of  grain  belonging  to  the  Brit- 
ish, in  which  he  lost  twelve  men  killed  and  tif- 
ty-four  wounded;  the  British  lost  many  more. 
Drnmmond  fell  back  to  Fort  George  and  Bur- 
lington  Heights.  Perceiving  further  operations 
in  that  region  to  be  useless, and, perhaps, peril- 
ous, Izard  crossed  the  river  and  abandoned  Can- 
ada.   Knowing  Fort  Erie  to  be  of  little  service, 

he  caused  it  to  be  mined  and  blown  up  (Nov.  f>). 
It  has  remained  a  ruin  until  now. 

Izard,  Ralph,  an  active  Revolutionary  pa- 
triot, was  born  near  Charleston,  8. C,  in  1742: 
died  there.  May  30,  1804.  He  was  educated  at 
Cambridge.  England,  and  in  17(i7  married  a 
daughter  of  Peter  Delancy,  of  Nevi  York.  They 
spent  some  time  in  Europe,  and  Mr. Izard  was 
appointed  by  Congress  commissioner  to  the 
court  of  the  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany,  and  re- 
sided in  Talis,  where  he  took  sides  with  Ar- 
thur I.ee  against  Silas  Deane  and  Franklin. 
iSee  Deane,  3Uae.)  He  returned  home  in  1780; 
procured  for  General  Greene  the  command  of 
the  Southern  Army,  and  pledged  his  large  es- 
tates tor  the  purchase  of  ships  of  war  in  Ell- 
rope.  !!<■  was  in  Congress  from  17-1  to  17-:;. 
anil  in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States  from 
17-!'  to  1795.  Two  years  afterwards  Ik;  was 
prostrated  by  paralysis.  His  intellect  was  mer- 
cifully spared. and  he  lived  in  comparative  com- 
fort about  eight  years,  without  pain,  when  a  sec- 
ond shock  ended  his  life,  at  the  age  of  sixty-two 
wars.      A  tablet   was  placed   to   his  memory   in 

the  parish  church  of  St.  James,  Goose  Greek, 

near  his  paternal  seat, "The  Llms." 


JACKSON 


702 


JACKSON,  BATTLE  AT 


Jackson,  Andrew,  LL.D.,  the  seventh  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  was  born  in  Mecklen- 
burg Counts.  X.  ('..  March  L5, 1 7 1  >7  ;  died  at  "The 
Hermitage,"  twelve  miles  from  Nashville, Tenn., 
June  8,  1845.  His  lather  died  live  days  after 
Iris  birth,  and  a  month  later  his  mother  moved 
across  the  line  between  North  and  South  Caro- 
lina, into  the  Waxhaw  Settlements.  This  cir- 
cnmstance  led  to  the  common  error  of  giving  to 
South  Carolina  the  credit  of  being  the  state  of 
his  nativity.     His  parents  had  come  from  the 


unnrsw  jackson  in  ish. 

north  of  Ireland,  in  1766,  and  were  of  the  Booteb- 
Iii-h.  A  i  fourteen  years  of  age,  young  Andrew 
joined  the  revolutionary  forces  In  South  Caro- 
lina. In  that  sen  Ice  he  bad  two  brothers  hilled. 
lie  was  with  Sumter  in  the  battle  at  Hanging 
Book      which   see),  and   in   1781    he  was  made  a 

prisoner  Hs  was  admitted  to  the  practice  of 
the  law  in  western  North  Carolina  In  1786;  re- 
moved to  Nashville  in  IT--;  was  United  States 
attorney  for  tuut  district    in   L790 J  member  of 


the  convention  that  framed  the  state  constitu- 
tion of  Tennessee  iu  1796;  was  a  member  of  the 
United  States  Senate  in  171)7.  and  judge  of  the 
Tennessee  Supreme  Court  from  1798  to  1804. 
From  1798  until  1814  he  was  major-general  of 
the  Tennessee  militia,  and  conducted  the  prin- 
cipal campaign  against  the  Creek  Indians,  which 
resulted  in  the  complete  subjugation  of  that  na- 
tion in  the  spring  of  1814.  His  victory  at  New- 
Orleans  (Jan.  8,  1815)  gave  him  great  renown; 
aud  iu  1817  he  successfully  prosecuted  the  war 
against  the  Seminoles  (which  see).  In 
1819  he  resigned  his  military  commission. 
and  was  governor  of  newly  acquired  Flor- 
ida in  1831-23.  He  was  again  United  States 
Senator  in  182.'5-:24.  also  in  1838,  and  in 
1838  he  was  eleeted  President  of  the  Unit- 
ed States.  His  warfare  on  the  United 
States  Hank  (which  see)  during  his  presi- 
dency resulted  in  its  final  destruction. 
Jackson's  remains  repose  under  a  temple- 
form  tomb,  in  the  garden  of  "The  Hermi- 
tage,'1 his  residence,  about  twelve  miles 
from  Nashville,  Tenn.  Four  biographies 
of  him  have  been  written:  one  by  J.  11. 
Eaton,  in  1818;  a  second  by  William  Cob- 
bett.  in  1834  :  a  third  by  Amos  Kendall,  in 
1844;  and  the  last  by  James  PartOU,  in 
three  volumes,  in  1859.  President  Jackson 
posat  aeed  greal  firmness  and  decision  of 
character;  was  honest  and  true;  not  al- 
ways correct  in  judgment;  often  rash  in 
expressions  and  actions ;  misled  sometimes 
by  his  hot  anger  into  acts  injurious  to  his 

reputation;  of  unflinching  personal  cour- 
age; possessed  of  a  tender,  sympathiz- 
ing nature,  although  somet  hues  appearing 
fiercely  leonine;  and  a  patriot  of  purest 
stamp.  He  retired  from  public  life  for- 
ever in  the  spring  of  ls:s~.  His  adminis- 
tration of  eight  years  was  marked  by  greal 
energy,  and  never  were  the  affaire  of  the 
Republic  in  its  domestic  and  foreign  rela- 
tions more  prosperous  than  at  the  dose 
of  his  term  of  office.  In  1852,  an  equestrian 
statue  of  Jackson,  in  bronze,  by  Clark 
Mills,  was  erected  at  Washington,  a(  the 

expense  of  the  nation,  and  a  OOpy  <'f  it  oc- 
cupies a  place  in  a  public  square  in  New 
Oilcans. 

Jackson  (Miss.),  P..\i  n  r  at.   While  the 
troops  of  General  Graut  wereskirmishingal 
Raj  in I  (which  see),  he  learned  that  Gen- 
eral Joseph  E.  Johnston, one  of  the  ablest 
of  th.'  Coii federate  generals,  waa  honrlj  expected 

at  Jackson,  t  In-  capital  of  Mississippi.    To  make 
Mire  nt  that  place,  and  to  leave  no  enemy  in  his 

rear,  Grant  pushed  on  towards  Jackson.  Mcpher- 
son entered  Clinton  early  in  the  afternoon  of  May 

itbonl  opposition,  and  began  tearing 
up  the  railway  between  that  town  and  the*  apitaL 

Sherman  was  also  marching  on  Jackson,  while 
Met  lei  mind  was  at  a  point  near  Raymond.    The 

night  was  tempestuous.  In  the  moi  ning,Shei  man 


JACKSON  703 

mid  McPherson  pushed  forward,  and  five  miles 
from  Jackson  they  encountered  and  drove  in  the 
Confederate  pickets.  Two  and  a  half  miles  from 
the  city  they  were  confronted  by  a  heavy  Con- 
federate force,  chiefly  Georgia  and  South  Caro- 
lina troops  under  General  Walker.  General 
Crocker's  division  led  the  van  of  the  Nationals, 
and  a  hat  lie  began  at  eleven  o'clock,  while  a 
6hower  of  rain  was  falling.  The  Confederate 
infantry  were  in  a  hollow,  with  their  artillery 
oil  the  crest  of  a  hill  beyond  them.  Crocker 
pressed  the  Confederates  out  of  the  hollow  and 

up  the  slopes  to  their  artillery.     Still  onward 

the  Nationals  pressed  in  the  face  of  a  severe  lire, 

when  the  Confederates  broke  and  fled  towards 
the  city,  closely  pursued  for  a  mile  and  a  half 


JACKSON 


(Sec  p.  702.) 


to  their  earthworks.     Under  a  heavy  storm  of 

grape  and  canister  shot  poured  upon  their  works, 

the  Nationals  reformed  for  the  purpose  of  mak- 
ing an  assault :  hut  there  was  do  occasion,  for 
the  garrison  had  evacuated  the  fort.  They  left 
behind  them  seventeen  oannons,and  tents  enough 
to  shelters  whole  division.  The  commissary  and 
quartermaster's  stores  were  in  flames.  The  city 
was  taken   possession  of  by  the  Nationals,  and 

the  stars  and  stripes  were  unfurled  over  the  State 

House  by  the  Kilty-ninth  Indiana  regiment.  Fil- 
tering Jackson  thai  night, Grant  learned  that 
Johnston  had  arrived,  taken  charge  of  the  de- 
partment, and  had  ordered  General  J.  C.  Pom- 
barton  to  march  immediately  out  of  Vickaburg 
and  attack  the  National  rear. 

Jackson,  Ci.aiiioknk  P.,  born  in  Kentucky, 
April  I.  1807;  dhd  at  Little  Rock,  Ark.,  Deo.  6, 
1S08.    lie  became  conspicuous  as  a  leader  of  the 

Secessionists  and  Confederates  during  the  late 
civil  war,  as  he  was  in  the  efforts  of  pro-slavery 


men  to  make  Kansas  a  slave- labor  state.  In 
1822,  young  Jackson  went  to  Missouri ;  was  a 
captain  in  the  Black  Hawk  War  (which  see); 
served  several  years  in  the  State  Legislature, 
and  was  elected  governor  of  Missouri  by  the 
Democrats  in  1800.  In  1855  he  led  a  band  of 
lawless  men  from  Missouri,  who,  fully  armed,  en- 
camped around  Lawrence,  in  Kansas,  where  he 
took  measures  to  prevent  a  legal  polling  of  votes 
at  au  election  for  members  of  t  he  Territorial  Leg- 
islature, late  in  March.  His  followers  threaten- 
ed to  haug  a. judge  who  attempted  to  secure  an 
honest  vote,  and  by  threats  compelled  another 
to  receive  every  vote  ottered  by  a  Missourian. 
When  the  Civil  War  broke  out,  Jackson  made 
strenuous  efforts  to  place  Missouri  on  the  side 
of  secession  aud  rebellion,  but 
was  foiled  chiefly  through  the 
efforts  of  General  Nathaniel 
Lyon.  He  was  deposed  by  the 
V-  "5>r.  Missouri  State  Convention,  in 

July,  1861,  when  he  entered 
the  Confederate.'  military  ser- 
vice as  a  brigadier-general, 
lie  was  a  refugee  in  Arkansas 
at  the  time  of  hie  death. 
Jackson,  Fha»<  is  James, 

Mission  (if.    Fiskiue  w  as  BUC- 

ceeded  as  minister  to  the  Unit- 
ed States  by  Francis  James 
Jackson, an  experienced  diplo- 
matist, and  w  ho  had  lately 
figured  discreditably  in  the 
affair  of  tin-  Beiznre  of  the 
Danish  fleet  by  JSritish  men- 
of-war  at  Copenhagen.  He 
had  become  known  as  "Copen- 
hagen Jackson,"  whose  con- 
duct  did    not    commend  him 

to  the  gOOd-Will   of  the    people 

of  the  United  states.  The  im- 
pression was  that  he  had  Come 
with  explanations  of  the  cause 

of  the  rejection  of  Erskine's 
arrangement.  The  Secretary 
of  State,  finding  he  had  noth- 
ing to  offer,  addressed  Jack- 
son in  a  letter  in  which  a  tone  of  discontent  was 
conspicuous,  declaring  the  surprise  and  regret 
of  the  President  that  he  had  no  explanations  to 
oiler  as  to  the   non-rat  ideation   of  the    Fiskine 

arrangement,  or  authority  to  substitute  any  new 

arrangement  for  it.  The  object  id'  the  letter. 
probably,  was  to  draw  out  from  Jaekson  an  ex- 
plicit admission,  as  a  basis  for  an  appeal  to  the 
nation,  that  he  had  no  authority  to  treat  except 
upon  the  ground  of  Canning  s  three  conditions — 
namely,  1.  The  repealing  as  to  Great  Britain, 
but  the  keeping  in  force  as  to  France,  and  all 
countries  adopting  her  decrees,  so  long  as  these 
decrees  were  emit inued,  all  American  non-im- 
portation and  lion-intei  course  acts:  •_>.  Tin'  re- 
nunciation by  the  United  states,  dining  the 
present  war,  of  any  pretensions  to  carry  on  any 
trade  with  the  colonics  of  belligerents  not  al- 
lowed in  time  of  peace:  and  :5.  The  allowing  Brit- 
ish ships  of  war  to  enforce,  by  capture,  the  Amer- 
ican uon- intercourse  acts  with  France  and  her 


JACKSON  7 

allies.    (See  Ersline,  Xegotiations  tvith.)    Jackson 
declared  tbat  the  rejection  of  that  part  of  the  ar- 
rangement of  Erskine  relating  to  the  affair  of 
t  be  (  hisapeake  aud  Leopard  (which  see),  was  ow- 
ing partly  to  the  offensive  terms  employed  in 
the  American   note  to  Erskine  concerning  it. 
This  note  had  offended  the  old  monarch,  with 
whom  Admiral  Berkeley  was  a  favorite.     In  it, 
Secretary  Smith  said  (April  17,  1809),  "I  have  it 
in  express  charge  from  the  President  to  state 
that,  while  he  forbears  to  insist  on  a  further 
punishment  of  the  offending  officer,  he  is  not  the 
less  sensible  of  the  justice  and  utility  of  such 
an  example,  nor  the  less 
persuaded  that  it  would 
best  comport  with  what 
is  due  from  his  Britan- 
nic majesty  to  his  own 
honor."    Jackson's  man- 
ner was  offensive.      He 
bad   an   unbounded  ad- 
miration for  the  govern- 
ment he  represented,  and 
a  profound  contempt  for 
the  Americans  as  an  in- 
ferior people.  He  treated 
the  officers  of  the  Unit- 
ed States  government 
with  the  same  haughty 
bearing  that  be  did  those 
of  weak    and    bleeding 
Denmark-,  and  after  one 
or   two   personal    inter- 
views, Secretary   Smith 
refused  to  have  any  fur- 
ther  intercourse   with 
him  except  in  writing. 
The   insolent   diplomat 
was  offended,  and  wrote 

an  impudent  letter  to  the  Secretary.  He  was 
informed  that  no  more  communications  would 
be  received  from  him,  when  Jackson, disappoint- 
ed and  angry,  left  Washington  with  every  mem- 
ber of  the  diplomatic  family,  and  retired  to  New 
York-.  The  United  States  government  request- 
ed his  recall,  and  early  in  1810  he  was  summoned 
to  England.  No  other  minister  was  sent  to  the 
United  States  for  about  a  year. 

Jackson,  (Jkxkhal,  iinkd  FOB  CONTEMPT OT 
Court.  Jackson,  like  a  true  soldier,  did  not  re- 
lax his  vigilance  after  the  victory  that  saved 
Louisiana  from  British  conquest.  He  main- 
tained martial  law  in  \e\v  Oilcans  rigorously, 
even  after  rumors  of  a  proclamation  of  peace 
reached  that  city.  When  an  official  announce- 
ment of  peace  was  received  from  Washington, 
he  was  involved  in  a  contention  with  the  civil 

authorities,  who  had  opposed  martial  law  as 
unnecessary.  In  the  Legislature  of  Louisiana 
was  ■  powerful  motion  opposed  t<>  him  person- 
ally, and  when  the  officers  and   troops  were 

thanked  b\  tbat  body  (Feb.  2,  1815),  the  name 
Of  Jackson  was  omitted.     The  people  were  ver\ 

Indignant.  A  seditious  publication  sooa  ap- 
peared, which  increased  tlicir  indignation,  and 
SS  tins  was  a  public  matter,  calculated  to  pro- 
duce disaffection  in  tbe  army,  Jackson  caused 
-t  of  the  author  and  his  trial  by  martial 


4  JACKSON 

law.  Judge  Dominic  A.  Hall,  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States,  issued  a  writ  of  ha- 
beas corpus  in  favor  of  the  offender.  Jackson 
considered  this  a  violatiou  of  martial  law,  aud 
ordered  the  arrest  of  the  judge  aud  his  expul- 
sion beyond  the  limits  of  the  city.  The  judge, 
in  turn,  when  the  military  law  was  revoked 
(March  13,  1815)  in  consequence  of  the  procla- 
mation of  peace,  required  Jackson  to  appear  be- 
fore him  and  show  cause  why  be  should  not  be 
punished  for  contempt  of  court.  He  cheerfully 
obeyed  the  summons,  and  entered  the  crowded 
court-room  in  the  old  Spanish-built  court-house 


THE   OLD   COIKT-HOI  SK. 

in  citizen's  dress.  He  had  almost  reached  the 
bar  before  he  was  recognized,  when  he  was  greet- 
ed with  huzzas  by  a  thousand  voices.  The  judge 
was  alarmed,  and  hesitated.  Jackson  stepped 
upon  a  bench,  procured  silence,  and  then. turning 
to  the  trembling  judge,  said.  '-There  is  no  dan- 
ger here — there  shall  be  none.  The  same  band 
thai  protected  this  city  from  outrage  against 
tbe  invaders  of  the  country  will  shield  aud  pro- 
tect this  court,  or  perish  in  the  effort.  Proceed 
w  ith  your  sentence."  The  agitated  judge  pro- 
nounced him  guilty  of  contempt  of  court,  and 
lined  him  $1000.  This  act  was  greeted  by  a 
storm  of  biases.  The  genera]  immediately  drew 
a  cheek  for  the  amount,  banded  it  to  tbe  mar- 
shal, and  then  made  his  way  tor  the  court-house 

door.  The  people  were  intensely  excited.  They 

lifted  the  hero  upon  their  shoulders,  bore  him  to 
the  streei,  and  there  an  immense  OTOWd  Bent  up 
I  shout  that  blanched  the  cheek  of  Judge  Hall. 
He  was  placed  in  a  carriage,  from  which  the  peo- 
ple took  the  horses  and  dragged  it  themselves  to 
bis  lodgings, where  he  addressed  them,  urging 

them  to  show  their  appreciation  of  the  blessings 

of  liberty  and  a  free  governmeni  by  a  willing 
submission  to  the  authorities  of  their  country. 

Meantime.  $1000  had  been  collected  by  volim- 
tar\  subscriptions  and  placed  to  bis  credit  in  a 
bank.     The  general  politely  refused  to  accept  it. 


JACK SOX 

and  begged  liis  friends  to  distribute  it  among;  the 
relatives  of  tbose  who  had  fallen  in  the  late  i>;it- 
tles.  Nearly  thirty  years  afterwards  (1843),  Con- 
gress tefnnded  the  sum  with  interest. amounting 
in  all  tofWOO. 

Jackson,  Ckxkisal,  HONORS  TO,  at  Nr.w  Oit- 
ti  am,  i  in  .hin. 21.  1815,  Jackson,  with  the  main 
body  of  his  army,  entered  New  Orleans.  They 
were  met  in  the  suburbs  by  almost  the  entire 
population,  who  greeted  the  victors  as  their 
saviors.  Two  days  afterwards  there  was  an  im- 
posing spectacle  in  the  city.  At  Jackson's  re- 
quest, the  apostolic  prefect  ofLonisiana  appoint- 
ed Jan.  23a  day  for  the  public  offering  of  thanks 
to  God  for  the  victory  just  won.  It  was  a  beau- 
tiful winter  morning  on  the 
\  erge  of  t  he  t  ropics.  The  re- 
ligious ceremonies  were  to  be 

held  ill  the  old  Spanish  cathe- 
dral,   which     was    decorated 

with  evergreens  for  the  oc- 
casion. In  the  centre  of  the 
public  square  in  front  of  the 
cathedral,  a  temporary  trium- 
phal arch  was  erected,  sup- 
ported by  six  Corinthian  col- 
umns, and  festooned  by  flow  - 
crs  and  evergreens.    Beneath 

t  his  arch  st 1  t  wo  beaut  iflll 

little  girls,  each  upon  a  pedes- 
tal, anil  holding  in  her  hand 
a  civ  ic  crown  of  laurel.    Near 

then  stood  two  damsels,  one 
personifying  Libert// ,t  he  other 
Justice.  From  the  arch  to  the 
church,  arranged  In  two  row  a, 

stood   beautiful  girls  dic--,-,l 

in  white,  each  covered  with  a 
blue  gauze  veil,  with  a  silver 

star  on  her  brow.  These  per- 
sonated the  several  slates  anil 

territories  of  the  Union.  Each 

carried  a  basket  tilled  with 
flowers,  and  behind  each  w  as 

a  lance  stuck  in  the  ground, 

and  bearing  a  shield  on  which 

was  Inscribed  the  name  and  legend  of  the  state 

or  territory  which  she  represented.   These  were 

linked  by  festoons  of  e\  cl'-l  cells  that  extended 
from  the  arch  to  the  door  of  the  cathedral.  At 
the   appointed    time,  Jackson,   accompanied   by 

the  officers  of  his  staff,  passed  into  the  square, 

and,  amid  the  roar  of  artillery,  was  conducted 
to  the  raised  floor  of  the  arch.  As  he  stepped 
upon  it,  the  two  little  girls  leaned  gently  for- 
ward and  placed  the  laurel  crown  upon  his  head. 
At  the  same  moment,  a  charming  Creole  maiden 

(Miss  Kerr  I,  as  the  representative  ofLonisiana, 

stepped  forward,  and.  w  itfa  modesty  in  voice  and 

manner, addressed  a  few  congratulatory  words 

to  the  general,  eloquent  with  expressions  of  the 
most  profound  gratitude.  To  these  words  Jack- 
son made  a  brief  reply,  and  then  passed  on  tow- 
ards the  church,  the  pathway  strewn  with  (low- 
ers b\  the  gentle  representatives  of  the  states. 

At    the  cathedral   entrance   he  was  received  by 

the  apostolic  prefect  i  abbeda  Bourg)  in  his  pon- 
tifical robes,  supported  by  a  college  of  priests  in 
I.— 45 


ro.j 


JACKSON 


their  sacerdotal  garments.  The  abbe"  addressed 
the  general  with  eloquent  and  patriotic  dis- 
course, after  which  the  latter  was  seated  con- 
spicuously near  the  great  altar,  while  the  Te 
Dunn  Laudanuu  was  chanted  by  the  choir  and 
the  people.  When  the  pageant  was  over,  the 
general  retired  to  his  quarters  to  resume  the 
stern  duties  of  a  soldier;  and  that  night  the  city 
of  New  Orleans  blazed  with  a  general  illumina- 
tion. On  the  spot  where  the  arch  was  erected, 
in  the  centre  of  the  public  square  in  front  of  the 
cathedral,  has  been  erected  a  bronze  equestrian 
statue  of  Jackson,  by  Clark  Mills,  a  copy  of  one 
made  for  the  government  to  adorn  the  public 
grounds  in  Washington  city. 


**&*"  -  W^**^ 


ST.VTI  K    or    JACKSON 


FRONT    OF    THE    CAT1IKDK.U..    ShVV 


Jackson,  JAMKS,  was  born  in  Devonshire, 
l'.ng.,  Sept. 21,  17.">7  :  died  in  Washington,  March 
I.'.  1806.  lie  came  to  Savannah,  Qa.,  in  1772, 
and  studied  law.  He  entered  the  military  ser- 
vice, and  was  brigade-major  of  the  Georgia  mi- 
litia in  177-.  lie  took  part  in  the  defence  of 
Savannah  :  and  when  the  British  seized  it  at  the 
close  of  IT7-.  he   lied  to  South  Carolina,  where 

he  joined  General  .Moultrie.     His  appearance 

w  as  so  w  retched  w  hile  in  his  flight,  that  he  was 
arrested,  tried,  ami  condemned  as  a  spy,  and  was 

about  t<>  be  executed,  when  a  reputable  citizen 

of  Georgia,  who  knew  him.  saved  him.  Jackson 
(OUght  a  duel  in  March,  17-11.  killing  his  antag- 
onist and  being  severely  wounded  himself.  He 
joined  Colonel  Elijah  Clarke,  and  became  aid  to 
Sumter.  With  Pickens,  he  shared  in  the  vic- 
torj  at  the  CowpeUS.  He  afterwards  did  good 
Ben  ice  as  commander  of  a  legionary  corps,  and 

was  presented  with  a  dwelling  in  Savannah  by 
the  Georgia  Legislature.  In  1786  he  was  made 
brigadier -general,  and  governor  of  Georgia  in 


JACKSOX,  SACK  OF  7 

1788,  bnt  the  latter  office  be  declined.  From  1789 
to  1791  General  Jackson  was  a  member  of  Con- 
gress, ami  United  States  Senator  from  1793  to 


JAMES   JACKSON. 


1801 


1793,  and  from  1801  to  1806.     From  1798 
he  was  governor  of  the  state. 

Jackson,  Sack  of.  Jackson  is  tlie  capital  of 
the  state  of  Mississippi,  and  before  the  Civil 
War  was  one  of  the  most  beautiful  towns  in  all 
that  region.  It  is  upon  the  Pearl  River,  at  the 
intersection  of  two  railways.  After  Grant  lefl  it 
(see  Jackson^ Battle  at), General  Joseph  B.John- 
ston, the  Confederate  leader,  made  his  headquar- 
ters there.  After  the  fall  ofTicksburg  (which 
see),  Johnston  hovered  menacingly  in  Grant's 
rear.  Sherman  had  pushed  out  to  press  him 
hack.  Grant  sent  Sherman  reinforcement-,  giv- 
ing that  leader  an  army  fifty  thousand  Btrong. 
With  these  he  crossed  the  Bi<;  Black  River, dur- 
ing a  great  drought.  In  dust  and  great  heat 
the  thirsty  men  and  animals  went  on  to  Jack- 
son, Johnston  retiring  before  them  and  taking 
position  behind  his  breastworks  there.  Sher- 
man invested  Jackson  (July  10),  each  Hank  rest- 
ing on  the  Pearl  River,  lie  planted  a  hundred 
cannons  on  a  hill,  and  opened  on  the  town  (July 
IV  | :  bnt  his  trains  being  behind,  his  scanty  am- 
munition was  soon  exhausted.  In  the  assault, 
General  Lauman  pushed  his  troops  too  near  the 
Confederate  works,  anil  in  the  course  of  a  few 
minutes  live  hundred  of  his  men  were  killed  or 
wounded   by  sharpshooters   and  the  grape  and 

canister  from  twelve  cannons.  Two  hundred  of 

his  men  were  made  prisoners.  Under  cover  of 
a  fog,  Johnston  made  a  sortie  (July  13),  bnt  with 
no  beneficial  result,  and  on  the  night  of  July  16- 
17  he  withdrew  with  his  twenty -five  thousand 

men,  hui  lied  across  the  Pearl  Kiver,  luirncd  the 
bridges  behind  him,  and  retreated  to  Motion. 
Sherman  did  not  pursue  far.  his  object   being  to 

drive  Johnston  away  and  make  Vicksbnrg  se- 

■  inc.  For  I  his  purpose  he  broke  np  the  railways 
for  many  miles,  and  destroyed  everything  m 
JtOksOn  that  might  he  Useful  to  the  Confeder- 
ates, and,  moic,  the  soldiers  shamefully  sacked 
and  plundered  the  city.  They  ransacked  the 
houses,  taking  whatever  of  value  or  otherwise 
pleased  them,  and  destroyed  what  they  were 
unable  to  appreciate  or  remove.    Pianos  and  ar- 

iiirnitiirc   were  demolished;    hooks  in 


5  J AC K SOX 

libraries  were  torn  up  or  trampled  under  foot; 
pictures  were  thrust  through  with  bayonets; 

windows  were  broken  and  doors  torn  from  their 
hinges.  Furniture  and  beds,  costly  and  other- 
wise, were  dragged  into  the  street  and  burned, 
and   buildings   were  set  on   fire  and  destroyed. 

It  was  •  of  the  most  shameful  exhibitions  of 

barbarism  of  which  the  Union  soldiers  were  oc- 
casionally guilty,  and  soiled  with  an  indelible 
stain  the  character  of  the  National  army.  When 
Sherman  fell  back  to  Vicksbnrg,  he  was  follow- 
ed by  a  <;reat  multitude  of  negroes  of  both  sexes 
and  of  all  ages. 
Jackson,  Thomas  Jonathan  ("Stonewall"), 

was  born  at  Clarksburg.  Va.,  Jan. 21,  1824  ;  died 
at  Gniney's  Station.  Va..  May  10. 1863.  He  grad- 
uated at  West  Point  in  1846,  entering  the  Sec- 
ond Artillery.     He  served  in  the  war  with  Mex- 


THOMAS   J.  ("STUNEWALL  ")   JACKSeX. 

ico,  was  breveted  captain  and  major,  and  re- 
signed in  1852  with  health  impaired,  becoming 
professor  in  the  Military  Institute  at  Lexington, 
Va.  He  entered  the  Confederate  service  as  colo- 
nel in  April,  1861,  and  commanded  the  "Army 
of  Observation"  at  Harper's  Ferry.  His  Brat 
engagement  was  at  Falling  Waters  (which  seel 
Jackson  commanded  a  brigade  in  the  battle  of 

Hull's  Kim.  where  he  received  the  name  of 
'•Stonewall"  (which  see').  As  brigadier  and 
major  general,  he  became  the  chief  assistant  of 
General  Fee  in  his  campaigns,  and  was  acciden- 
tally shot  by  his  own  men,  while  rcconnoit  line; 
during  the  battle  of  Chancellorsville  (which 
gee). 

Jackson,  Wn.it  am.  horn  in  Cumberland.  Fug., 
Maid,  0.  lT.v.t;  dud  in  Philadelphia,  Dec.  17,  L88& 
lie  wasbrongbl  to  Charleston,  S.  C.,  an  orphan, 
at  an  early  age.  At  the  breaking-out  of  the  war 
for  independence  he  entered  the  military  ser- 
vice, lie  finally  became  aid  to  General  Lin- 
coln, and  was  made  a  prisoner  at  Charleston  in 
1780  lb-  was  secretary  to  Colonel  John  Lan- 
i.  N-.  special  minister  to  Prance,  and  was  in 
Washington's  military   family   as  aid.  with  the 

rank  of  major.  Jackson  was  Assistant  Secreta- 
ry of  War  under  Washington,  and  was  secretary 
to  the  convention  that  framed  the  national  Con- 
stitution in  1787.  Prom  1789  to  1799  he  was 
aid  and  private  secretarj   to  President  Wash- 


JACKSON'S  CABINET 


707  JAMES  I.,  KING  OF  ENGLAND 


ington,  and  after  spending  some  time  in  Europe, 
lie  married  Elizabeth  Willing,  of  Philadelphia, 
in  1795.  Major  Jackson  was  surveyor  of  the 
port  of  Philadelphia  from  17'Jti  to  1801,  and  was 


WILLIAM    JA'   K-.N 

secretary  to  the  Qeueral  Society  of  the  Cincin- 
nati. 

Jackson's  Cabinet.  The  whole  of  Presi- 
dent Adams's  cabinet  bsviug  resigued,  Presi- 
dent Jackson  nominated  for  his  constitutional 
advisers  bis  political  friends  namely:  Martin 
Van  Biiien.  of  N'\\  fork,  Secretary  of  State; 
Samuel  1».  Ingham,  of  Pennsylvania,  Seen  tarj 
of  the  Treasury  ;  John  II.  Eaton,  of  Tennessee. 
Secretary  of  War;  John  Branch,  of  North  Caro- 
lina, Secretary  of  the  Navy:  and  John  McPher- 
miii  Berrian,  of  Georgia,  Attorney-general.  It 
having  been  determined  to  make  the  Postmas- 
ter-general a  cabinet  officer,  William  T.  Harry, 

of  Kentucky,  was  called  to  the  cabinet  OS  BUCll. 

The  Senate  being  in  session, these  nominations 
were  immediately  confirmed,  .lames  A.  Hamil- 
ton, of  New  York,  performed  the  duties  ofSecre- 

tarj  of  Slate  until  Mr.  Nan  P.nren  could  close 
his  duties  as  Governor  of  New  York,  on  which 
lie  had  just  entered. 

Jamaica,  Isn  RPOSTOOM  0».  The  island  of 
Jamaica  is  a  colony  of  Great  Britain,  and  was 

of  great  commercial  importance  when  the  out- 
break between  the  Euglish  American  colonies 
and  the  mother  country  occurred.  In  Decem- 
ber its  legislature  interposed.    They  affirmed 

the    rights    of    the    colonies,    enumerated   their 

grievances,  and,  enforcing  their  claims  to  re- 
dress, implored  the  king  to  become  the  media- 
tor for  peace,  and  to  recognise  the  title  of  the 
Americans  to  the  benefits  of  the  English  Consti- 
tution. They  disclaimed  any  intention  of  join- 
ing the  American  confederated  colonies,  for  they 
were  too  weak,  being  only  a  small  colony  id' 
«  bite  inhabitants,  with  more  than  two  hundred 
thousand  slaves.     Their  petition  was  received 


by  the  king,  but  no  heed  to  it  was  given.  The 
name  of  Jamaica  is  an  Indian  or  native  word. 
Oviedo  mentions  a  river  SO  called  by  the  na- 
tives of  Santo  Domingo.  The  Spaniards  spelled 
it  Haymaca. 

James  I.,  KING  OF  ENGLAND,  ETC.,  was  bom 
in  Ediuburgb  Castle,  June  19,  1566;  died  in  the 
Palace  of  Theobald,  March  27,  1625.  He  was 
son  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  and  Henry  Lord 
Darnley.  Of  him  Charles  Dickens  writes  •  ■■  He 
was  agly, awkward, and  snaffling, both  in  mind 
and  person.  His  tongue  was  much  too  large  for 
his  mouth,  his  legs  were  much  too  weak  for 
his  body,  and  his  dull  goggle-eyes  stared  and 
rolled  like  an  idiot's.  He  was  cunning,  covet- 
ous, wasteful,  idle,  drunken,  greedy,  dirty,  cow- 
ardly, a  great  swearer,  and  the  most  conceited 
man  on  earth.  His  figure — what  was  common- 
ly called  rickety  from  his  birth  —  presented  the 
most  ridiculous  appearance  that  can  be  imag- 
ined, dressed  in  thick-padded  clothes,  as  a  safe- 
guard agaiust  being  slabbed  (of  which  he  lived 
in  constant  fear),  of  a  grass-green  color  from 
head  to  foot,  with  a  hunting-horn  dangling  at 
bis  side  instead  of  a  sword,  and  his  hat  and 
feather  sticking  over  one  eye  or  hanging  on  the 
back  of  his  head,  as  he  happened  lo  toss  it  on. 
He  used  to  loll  on  the  necks  of  his  favorite 
courtiers,  and  slobber  their  faces,  ami  kiss  and 
pinch  their  chicks:  and  the  greatest  favorite 
he  ever  had  used  to  sign  himself,  in  his  letters 
to  his  royal  master,  'his  majesty's  dog  and 
slave.'      He  was  the  worst  rider  ever  seen,  and 

tl ght    himself  the   best.      He   was   one   of  the 

most  impertinent  talkers  (of  the  broadest 
Scotch  I  ever  heard,  and  boasted  of  being  un- 
answerable in  all  manner  of  argument.  He 
wrote  some  of  the  most  turgid  and  most  weari- 
some treatises  ever  read    -among  others,  a  1 k 

upon  witchcraft,  in  which  he  was  a  devout  be- 
liever and  thought  himself  a  prodigy  of  author- 
ship. He  thought,  and  said,  that  a  king  had  a 
i  ighl  lo  make  and  unmake  what  laws  he  pleased, 
and  ought  to  be  accountable  to  nobodj  on  earth. 
This  is  the  plain,  true  character  of  the  person- 
age whom  the  greatest  men  about  the  court 
praised  and  flattered  to  that  degree  that  I  doubt 
if  there  be  anything  more  shameful  in  the  an- 
nals of  human  nature!"  James  was  the  sixth 
king  of  Scotland  of  that  name,  and  came  to  the 
throne  of  Englaud, after  experiencing  many  vi- 
cissitudes, March  24, 1603.  In  1589  he  married 
Anne,  daughter  of  the  King  of  Denmark.  His 
gross,  ill  manners  and  bad  personal  appearance 
made  an  unfavorable  impression  on  the  English 
people.  He  had  trouble  with  Parliament  and 
with  the  religionists  of  his  realm  from  the  be- 
ginning of  his  reign.  Glad  to  get  rid  of  troub- 
lesome Buhjeote,  he  readily  granted  charters  for 
settlements  in  America  :  and  in  ltd ■>  two  •■  her- 
etics" were  burned  in  England, the  last  execu- 
tion of  that  kind  that  occurred  in  that  country. 
His  son  Henry,  Prince  of  Wales,  died  the  game 
year,  and  his  daughter  Elisabeth  was  married 
to  the  Elector  Palatine  in  1613.  His  treatment 
of  Sir  Walter  Kaleigh,  whom  he  caused  to  be  be- 
headed (October,  1618),  was  disgraceful  to  hu- 
man   nature;    his  foreign   policy,  also,  was  dis- 


JAMES  II..  KING  OF  ENGLAND  71 

graceful  to  the  English  name.  Fickle,  treach- 
erous, conceited,  and  arbitrary,  liis  whole  life 
was  an  example  to  be  avoided  by  the  good. 
Dickens's  portrayal  ofhia  peraonal  character  is 
a  fair  picture  of  his  roigu  so  tar  as  the  king  was 
OOQOerued.  It  was  during  that  reign  that  a 
new  translation  of  the  Bible  was  authorized 
(1604) — the  English  version  yet  in  use.  The 
vile  Duke  of  Buckingham  was  James's  special 
favorite  lor  a  long  time:  and  he  and  the  queen 
were  suspected  of  causing  the  kiug's  last  ill- 
ness, by  poison. 

James  II.,  King  of  ENGLAND,  was  the  seventh 
-   Otiand  of  that  name.     He  was  born  in 

the  Palace  of  St.  James,  London.  Oct.  15,  1633; 
died  at  St.  Germain,  Fiance,  Sept.  16,  1701.  Dur- 
ing the  civil  war,  in  which  his  father  lost  his 
head,  .lames  and  his  brother  Gloucester  and  sis- 
ter Elizabeth  were  under  the  guardianship  of  the 
Duke  of  Northumberland,  and  lived  in  the  pal- 
ace. When  the  overthrow  of  monarchy  ap- 
peared inevitable,  in  1648,  he  tied  to  the  Neth- 
erlands, with  his  mother  and  family,  and  he  was 
in  Paris  when  Charles  I.  was  beheaded.  He  en- 
tered the  French  service  (1651),  and  then  the 
Spanish  (1655),  and  was  treated  with  much  con- 
sideration by  the  Spaniards.  His  brother  as- 
cended the  British  throne  in  1660  as  Charles  II.. 
and  the  same  year  James  married  Anne  Hyde, 
daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Clarendon.  She  died 
in  1671.  and.  two  years  afterwards,  James  mar- 
ried Maria  Beatrice  Eleanor,  a  princess  of  t In- 
House  of  Este,  of  Modena.  twenty-five  years 
younger  than  himself.  While  in  exile  James 
bad  become  a  Romau  Catholic,  but  did  not  ac- 
knowledge it  until  1671.  He  had  Income  a  com- 
mander in  the  British  navy,  but  the  test-act  of 
1673  caused  him  to  leave  all  public  employ- 
ments. Being  sent  to  Scotland  as  head  of  the 
administration  there,  he  treated  the  Covenant- 
ers with  great  cruelty.  When  Charles  died, 
James  became  king  (Feb.  6, 1685).     The  prime 

object  of  bis  administration  was  to  overthrow 
the  Constitution  of  England  and  give  the  con- 
trol of  the  nation  to  Roman  Catholics.  His  rule 
was  vigorous  —  oftentimes  tyrannous  —  and  in 
less  than  three  years  almost  the  whole  of  his 
subjects  detested  him.  The  foreign  policy  of 
iinneiit  was  made  subservient  to  that 
of  Fiance.  Finally,  the  announcement  that  the 
queen  had  given  biith  to  a  son  brought  on  a 
political  crisis.  The  people  had  been  restrained 
from  revolution  by  the  belief  that  the  govern- 
ment  would  soon  fall  into  the  bands  of  his  el- 
dest daughter,  who  had  married  the  Protestant 
Prince  William  of  Orange.  Now  that  event 
seemed  remote,  and  William  was  invited  bj 
leading  men  of  the  realm  to  invade  England. 
He  did  S,,  in  November,  1788,  when  the  kin"; 
was   abaiid d    by  every  but    the   Woman 

Catholics  even  by  his  daughter  Anne,*  ho  was 
afterwards  Queen  of  England.  James  fled  to 
Prance,  where  be  was  received  bj  Louis  XIV. 
with  open  arms.  He  made  efforts  to  regain  his 
kingdom,  but  failed. 

James  River.     (Sec   Amphibious  Engagtmmi 
on  tiki  .In mil- j 


I  JAMESTOWN 

James,  Thomas.  ARCTIC  DISCOVERIES  of.  In 
1631  Thomas  James  was  sent  out  by  an  associa- 
tion at  Bristol  to  search  for  a  northeast  passage 
to  India.  With  twenty-one  men,  in  the  ship 
Henrietta  Maria  (named  in  honor  of  the  queen), 
he  sailed  May  3.  On  the  29th  of  June  he  spoke 
the  ship  of  Captain  Fox,  who  had  been  sent  on 
the  same  errand  by  the  king,  and  furnished  with 
a  letter  to  the  Emperor  of  Japan,  if  he  should 
And  that  country.  Neither  James  nor  Fox  dis- 
covered the  coveted  "  passage,"  but  the  former 
made  valuable  discoveries  in  Hudson's  Hay. 
James  was  a  man  of  science,  and  in  his  Journal 
be  recorded  his  observations  on  rarities  he  had 
discovered,  "  both  philosophical!  and  mathemat- 
ical!."  James  and  his  crew  Buffered  terribly,  for 
they  passed  a  winter  in  those  high  latitudes,  and 
returned  in  UY.V2. 

Jamestown.  On  the  13th  of  May,  1607,  more 
than  one  hundred  Englishmen  landed  on  a 
slightly  elevated  peninsula  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  "Biver  of  Powhatan,"  Virginia,  forty  or 
fifty  miles  from  its  mouth,  chose  the  spot  for  the 
capital  of  a  new  colony,  cleared  the  trees  from 
the  ground,  and  began  the  building  of  a  village, 
which,  in  compliment  to  their  king  (James  I.), 
they  named  Jamestown.  They  also  gave  his 
name  to  the  river.  The  spot  is  more  of  an  isl- 
and than  a  peninsula,  for  the  marshy  isthmus 
that  connects  it  with  the  mainland  is  often  cov- 
ered with  water.  The  Rev.  Robert  Hunt,  the 
pastor  of  the  colony,  preached  a  sermon  and  in- 
voked the  blessings  ofGod  upon  their  undertak- 
ing. Then,  in  the  warm  sunshine,  and  among 
the-  shadowy  w  ooils  and  the  delicious  perfume 
of  flowers,  the  sound  of  the  metal  axe  was  first 
heard  in  Virginia.  The  fust  tree  was  felled  for 
a  dwelling  on  the  spot  tiist  settled, permanent- 
ly, by  Englishmen  in  America.  The  Indians 
were  at  first  hostile,  and  the  settlement  built  a 
stockade.  Their  tirst  church  edifice  there  was 
very  simple.  "When  I  tirst  went  to  Virginia," 
says  Captain  Smith,  "I  well  remember  we  did 
hang  an  awning  (which  was  an  old  sail)  to 
three  or  four  trees  to  shadow  us  from  the  sun; 
our  walls  w  ere  rails  of  wood,  our  seats  unhewed 
trees,  till  we  cut  planks  ;  our  pulpit  a  bar  of 
wood  nailed  to  two  neighboring  trees;  in  foul 
weather  we  shifted  into  an  old,  rotten  tent,  for 
we  had  few  better.  .  .  .  This  was  our  church 
till  we  built  a  homely  thing,  like  a  barn,  set 
upon  crotchets,  covered  with  rails,  sedge,  and 
earth;  so  were  also  tin-  walls.  The  best  of  our 
houses    were    of  the    like    ellliosit\,  but.  for    till' 

most  part, of  far  worse  workmanship,  that  could 

neither  well  defend  wind  nor  rain.  Vet  we  had 
dailj  common  prayer  morniugandevening,e\  ery 
Sunday  two  sermons,  and  every  three  months 
communion  till  our  minister  died.-'  The  church 
•the  homely  thing,  like  a  barn"  was  binned 
while  Captain  Smith  was  a  prisoner  among  the 

Indians  (see  I'tHtihoiita*).  and  he  found  th< 
this  building  a  house  lor  the  President  of  the 
Council.  When,  not  long  after,  he  was  installed 
in  that  office,  he  ordered  the  "building  of  the 
pal. ue  to  lie  stayed,  as  a  thing  needless,"  and 
the  church  to  be  rebuilt  at  once.  Commission- 
els  under  the  new  chaitcr  usee  London  (  oni)>any) 


JAMESTOWN  709 

arrived  at  Jamestown  in  the  spring  of  1610.  Of 
the  four  hundred  and  ninety  persons  left  there 
by  Smith  the  previons  antnniu, only  sixty  re- 
mained alive.  They  had  refused  to  follow  the 
admonitions  of  Smith  to  provide  food  for  the 
winter,  hut  relied  upon  the  neighboring  barbari- 
ans  to  supply  them.  When  Smith  departed, the 
Indians  showed  hostility  and  withheld  corn  and 
game.  They  matured  a  plan  for  tin-  destruc- 
tion of  the  settlers  at  Jamestown,  when  Poca- 
hontas, like  an  angel  of  mercy,  hastened  to  the 

settlement  under  cover  of  darkness,  warned  them 
of  their  danger,  put  them  on  their  guard,  and 
saved  them.  Terrible  had  lpeen  the  sufferings 
of  the  colonists  through  the  winter.  More  than 
four  hundred  had  perished  by  famine  and  sick- 
ness in  the  space  of  six  months.  It  was  long 
after  referred  to  hy  the  survivors  as  "  the  starv- 


JAMESTOWN 

Pocahontas  was  baptized  and  married  a  few 
years  later.  (See  Pocahontas.)  The  tire  that 
consumed  the  first  church  also  destroyed  a  large 
portion  of  the  town  and  surrounding  palisades. 

[There  seems  to  have  been  another  destructive 
lire  there  afterwards,  for  Smith,  speaking  of  the 
arrival  of  Governor  Argall,  in  1617,  says:  "In 
Jamestown  he  found  but  five  or  six  houses,  the 
church  down,  the  palisades  broken,  the  bridge 
[across  the  marsh]  in  pieces,  the  well  of  fresh 
water  spoiled,  and   the  store -house   used   for  a 

,  church."  When,  in  1619,  Governor  Yeanlly  or- 
ganized a  representative  government  in  Vir- 
ginia, and  soon  afterwards  families  were  estab- 
lished in  the  colony  (see  Women  in  Virginia), the 
settlement  at  Jamestown  grew  rapidly,  and 
remote  settlements  were  planted.  Suddenly  a 
great  calamity  overtook  the  colony.      Powhatan 


ing  time."  The  settlers  were  iii  the  depths  of 
despair  when  the  commissioners  arrived.  Sir 
Thomas  Gates,  who  was  acting-governor,  saw 
no  other  way  to   s;ive    the   lives  of  the  starving 

men  than  to  abandon  the  settlement,  sail  to 
Newfoundland,  aild  distribute  them  among  the 

fishermen  there.  They  were  embarked  in  four 
pinnaces,  but,  at  dawn,  the,  met  I. oni  Deta- 
il are,  with  ships,  supplies,  and  emigrants,  at  the. 
mouth  of  the  river.  All  turned  back,  and,  land- 
ing at  deserted  .1.1  lllest  ow  n ,  I  hey  stood  ill  silent 
prayer  and  thanksgiving  on  the  shore,  and  then 
foiiowiil  Rev.  Mr.  Buckle  (who  had  bu< led 

Mr.  Hunt)  to  the  church,  where  he  preached  :i 
sermon  in  the  evening  twilight.  The  congre- 
gation sang  anthems  of  praise,  and  were  lis- 
leind  to  by  crouching  savages  in  the  adjacent 
woods.      In    that     Uttlfl    (diapel    at    Jamestown 


was  (had.  and  his  successor,  Opechaneanough, 
always  hostile,  planned  a  blow  for  the  extermi- 
nation ofthe  white  people.  It  tell  with  terrible 
force  late  in  March.  1622,  and  eighty  plantations 
were  reduced  to  eight.  The  settlers  at  James- 
town escaped  the  calamity, through  the  good 
offices  of  ( 'banco,  a  friendly  Indian,  who  gave 
them  timely  warning  ofthe  plot,  and  they  wen- 
prepared  for  defence.  Jamestown  became  a 
refuge  from  the  storm  for  the  Western  settle- 
ments. (See  Opechanoanough.)  Sickness  and 
famine  ensued,  and  the  colony  was  greatly  re- 
duced in  number,  for  many  left  through  fear, 
l!  so, in  recovered,  and  increased  in  strength.  A 
new  and  substantial  church  was  built,  with  a 
heavy  brick  tow  er,  probably  between  the  \ears 
1680  and  1626.  Dining  Paeon's  rebellion,  in 
1676,  Jamestown— " the  ouly  village  in  all  Vir- 


JAMESTOWN  COLONY  SAVED 


710  JAPAN  INTERNATIONAL  INTERCOURSE 


ginia" — was  entered  by  that  loader,  after  driv- 
ing away  the  governor,  and,  in  a  council  of  war, 
it  was  determined  to  burn  the  town,  a  rumor 
having  reached  BaoOD  that  the  royalist  troops 
were  coming  upon  him.  The  torch  was  applied 
just  at  twilight,  and  the  Virginia  capital  was 
laid  in  ashes.  Nothing  remained  the  next  morn- 
ing but  the  brick  tower  of  the  church  and  a  few- 
solitary  chimneys.  (See  Bacon's  Rebellion.)  The 
remains  of  that  tower  may  still  he  seen  there. 
They  are  about  thirty  feet  high,  the  walls  three 
feet  thick,  all  of  imported  brick.  Around  it  lie 
the  ruined  monuments  of  the  dead  buried  in  the 
church-yard.  .Jamestown  was  never  rebuilt.  It 
has  remained  in  desolation  over  two  hundred 
years. 

Jamestown  Colony  Saved.  Pocahontas, 
then  about  thirteen  years  old,  having  discov- 
ered a  plot  among  her  people  to  destroy  the 
English  colony  at  Jamestown,  went,  on  a  dark 
and  dreary  night,  to  the  president  (John  Smith) 
and  disclosed  the  design,  so  that  the  settlers 
there  were  on  their  guard.  Some  accident  gave 
the  barbarians  such  an  elevated  idea  of  the 
power  and  wisdom  of  tin;  white  people  that 
hatred  was  changed  to  respect.  An  Indian,  ap- 
parently dead  from  the  effects  of  the  fumes  of 
charcoal,  was  restored  by  the  application  of  a 
little  vinegar  and  alcohol.  This  struck  the  In- 
dians with  astonishment,  as  a  miracle.  The 
barbarians  bad  not  yet  seen  gunpowder.  At 
about  that  time  a  small  quantity  accidentally 
exploded  and  killed  two  or  three  Indians.  Pow- 
hatan and  some  of  his  people  came  to  Smith 
with  presents,  and  offered  the  colonists  unfeign- 
ed friendship. 

Jamestown,  SlKOE  OF  (10761.  Governor 
Berkeley,  who  had  been  driven  from  Jamestown 

by  Bacon  (see  Huron's  Rebellion),  collected  a  force 
of  nearly  one  thousand  Aceomaeians,  by  liberal 
promises  of  pay  and  plunder,  and  returned,  in 
two  ships  and   sixteen   sloops,  and  entered    his 

rapital.     Bacon  collected  a  new  force  and  laid 

siege  to  Jamestown  (September,  167(5).  His 
numbers  were  inferior  to  those  of  the  governor, 
ami.  fearing  a  sortie  while  completing  fortifica- 
tions across  the  neck   of  the  peninsula,  he  scut 

out  horsemen  to  bring  the  wives  of  several  «t' 
the  principal  men  of  the  colony,  who  were  in 
Jamcstow  ii  with  the  governor.  These  he  placed 
in  full  view  of  their  husbands,  in  the  morning, 
on  the  tup  of  a  small  work  he  had  cast  up  in 
the  night,  and  kept  them  there  until  be  had 
completed  bis  works,  ns  a  defence  against  the 
shots  of  the  enemy.  When  the  work-  wen'  fin- 
ished and  the  ladies  were  removed,  Berkeley's 
men  made  a  sally,  but  were  repulsed.  The  got  - 
ernor  could  not  depend  upon  his  troops,  and 
made   a    hasty    retreat    by   night,  in    his    ve— el-. 

Bacon  entered  the  town  the  next  morning,  and, 
to  prevent  the  governor's  return,  be  laid  James- 
town in  ashes.     It  consisted, besides  the  cbnroh 

and  state-house,  of  about  eighteen  houses,  most- 
ly built  of  brick. 

Jamestown,  Ski i:m i-ii    mm:   (1781 
wallia  prepared  to  cross   the  James  River  at 
Jamcstow  ii,    when    he     found     the     republican 


troops  pressing  him  hard  (see  Steuben  in  Vir- 
ginia),  for  Sir  Henry  Clinton  had  ordered  him 
to  send  three  thousand  of  his  troops  to  New 
York.  On  July  6  Wayne  sent  out  a  detachment 
to  capture  a  British  field-piece,  and  they  boldly 
resisted  the  attack  of  a  large  portion  ofCorn- 
wallis's  army  as  the  former  fell  back  to  Lafay- 
ette's main  force  near  the  Green  Spring  Planta- 
tion. There  a  sharp  skirmish  ensued,  in  which 
the  marquis  had  a  horse  shot  under  him,  and 
each  party  lost  about  one  hundred  men.  The 
blow  was  so  severe  that  Cornwallis  hastened 
across  the  river  (.Inly  It),  and  marched,  without 
further  molestation,  to  Portsmouth. 

Japan,  INTERNATIONAL  INTERCOURSE  WITH. 
Japan,  like  China,  had  always  been  a  sort  of 
sealed  kingdom  to  the  commerce  of  the  world. 
The  foundation  of  the  states  of  California  and 
Oregon,  on  the  Pacific  coast,  suggested  the  great 
importance  of  commercial  intercourse  with  Ja- 
pan, because  of  the  intimate  relations  which 
must  soon  exist  between  this  coast  and  the 
East  Indies.  This  consideration  caused  an  ex- 
pedition to  be  fitted  out  by  the  United  States 
government  in  the  summer  of  1852  to  carry  a 
letter  from  the  President  (Mr.  Fillmore)  to  the 
sovereign  of  Japan  soliciting  the  negotiation  of 
a  treaty  of  friendship  and  commerce  between. 
the  two  nations,  by  which  the  ports'  of  the  lat- 
ter should  be  thrown  open  to  American  vessels 
for  purposes  of  trade.  For  this  expedition  sev- 
en ships  of  war  were  employed.  They  were 
placed  under  the  command  of  Commodore  M.  ('. 
Perry,  a  brother  of  the  victor  on  Lake  Erie, 
The  diplomatic  portion  of  the  mission  was  also 
intrusted  to  Commodore  Perry.  He  did  not 
sail  until  November  (1852).  The  letter  which 
he  bore  to  the  emperor  was  drafted  by  Mr. Web- 
ster  before   his   decease,  but    countersigned    by 

Edward  Everett,  his  successor  in  office.  Perry 
carried  out  many  useful  implements  and  inven- 
tions as  presents  to  the  Japanese  government. 
including  a  small  railway  and  equipments,  tele- 
graph, etc.  He  was  instructed  to  approach  the 
Emperor  of  Japan  in  the  most  friendly  manner; 

to  use  no  violence  unless  attacked;  but  if  at- 
tacked, to  let  the  Japanese  feel  the  full  weight 
of  his  power.  Perry  delivered  his  letter  of  cre- 
dence, and  waited  some  months  for  an  answer, 
without  being  permitted  to  land  on  the  shores 

of  the  empire.  Meanwhile  he  visited  and  sur- 
veyed the  Loo  Choo  Islands.  In  February .  1854, 
he  returned  to  the  ]>ay  ol  Jeddo.  and  finally  effect- 
ed a  Lauding  and  commenced  negotiations, which 

were  happily  successful.  The  treaty  then  made 
stipulated  thai  ports  should  be  thrown  open  to 
American  commerce,  to  a  limited  extent,  in  dif- 
ferent Japanese  islands;  that  steamers  from 
California  to  China  should  be  furnished  with 
supplies  of  coal  ;  ami  that  American  sailors 
shipwrecked  on  the  Japanese  coasts  should  re- 
ceive hospitable  treatment.  Bo  Japan  was  first 
opened  to  friendly  relations  with  the  Ameri- 
cana Before  this  treat]  the  Patch  had  mo- 
nopolised the  trade  of  Japan.  Subsequently  a 
peculiar  construction   of  the  treaty  on  the  pari 

of  the  Japanese  authorities,  in  relation  to  the 
permanent  residence  of  Americans  there,  threat* 


JAPANESE  EMBASSY 


711 


JAYS  MISSION  TO  ENGLAND 


ened  a  disturbance  of  tin-  amicable  relations 
which  had  been  established.  Tin'  matter  was 
adjusted,  sud  in  I860  the  Brat  embassy  from  Ja- 
pan visited  the  United  States.  It  was  an  im- 
posing  array  of  Japanese  officials.  There  was 
great  opposition  in  the  empire  to  this  inter- 
conrse  with  "the  barbarians."  Civil  war  en- 
sued. A  rapid  change  now  marked  public  opin- 
ion in  Japan  in  regard  to  foreigners;  and  from 
that  time  the  intimate  relations,  social  and  com- 
mercial, between  the  United  States  and  Japan 
ha\e  constantly  increased, with  results  wonder- 
tally  beneficial  to  both  countries. 

Japanese  Embassy.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  year  1872  the  government  of  Japan  sent  an 
embassy  t<>  the  United  states  to  inquire  abont 
the  renewal  of  former  treaties.  It  consisted  of 
twenty-one    persons,  composed   of  the   heads  of 

the  several  departments  of  the  Japanese  gov- 
ernment and  their  secretaries.  Among  them 
was  an  imperial  prince  Mr.  Mori  —who  came 
to  represent  Japan  at  Washington  as  charge^ 

d'affaires.  Also  twelve  students.  The  mission 
arrived  at  Washington  at  the  beginning  of 
March.     Mr.  Mori  was  the  first   minister  over 

sent    by  his  govei -nt    lo  reside   in  a  foreign 

country. 

Jasper,  Si.ia.i  urr.  Daring  the  hottest  of 
the  attack  of  the  British  Meet  on  Fort  Sullivan 
(see  Charleston,  Defence  of), the  South  Carolina 
flag  that  waved  over  it  fell  to  the  ground  out- 
side of  i  he  fort,  its  staff  baving  been  cut  in  two 
by  a  cannon-ball.  Sergeaut  William  Jasper, of 
Moultrie's  regiment, a  native  of  Sontb  Carolina, 
ami  about  twenty-sii  yean  of  age,  seeing  the 

flag  fall,  leaped  down   from   one  of  the  embra- 

Bures, seized  the  ensign,  climbed  back,  fixed  the 

(idols   to    a    spouge-Staff,  inted    the    parapet. 

Stuck  the  improv  ised  Bag-Staff  ill  the  sand  ot  one 

of  the  bastions,  and  returned  to  bis  place  in  the 
ton.     a  lew  days  afi erwarda  Governor  But- 

ledge  tool,  his  ovi  D  BWOrd  from  his  side  and  pre- 
sented it  to  Jasper.  He  also  offered  him  a  lieu- 
tenant's commission,  w  Inch  the  yonng  man  i 1- 

eslly  declined  because  he  OOllld  neither  read  nor 

w  rite,  sa>  ing,  "  I  am  not  lit  to  keep  officers'  oom- 
]>:■■■>     1  am  inn  a  sergeant."     He  was  given  a 

sort  of  roving  ■ mission  by  Colonel  Moultrie, 

and,  with  li\ '  B1I   men,  he  often  brought   in 

prisoners  before  his  oommandei  was  aware  of 
his  absence.  An  earnest  Whig  lady  of  Charles- 
ton     Mis.  Susannah    Elliot      presented  Jasper's 

regiment  with  a  stand  of  colors  wrought  with 

her  own  hands.  They  were  shot  down  at  the 
assault  on  Savannah  |  177'J).  and  in  trying  to  re- 
place thcin  on  the  parapet  of  a  redoubt  Jasper 
was  mortally  wounded,  but  brought  them  oil'. 
A  county  in  Georgia  and  a  square  in  Savannah 
bear  his  ii. line 

Jay,  John,  was  born  in  New  York.  Deo.  12, 
171.-.-.  did  at  Bedford,  N.  Y.,  May  17.  L829.  He 
was  of  Huguenot  descent.    Graduated  at  King's 

(Columbia)  College  in  1764,  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1768,  ami  formed  a  partnership  with 
Robert  u.  Livingston.  In  1771  he  was  a  dele- 
gate in  the  first  Continental  Congress,  and  the 
same  year  he  married  a  daughter  of  William 


Livingston,  of  New  Jersey.  In  that  Congress, 
though  the  youngest  member  but  one.  he  took 
a  conspicuous  part,  being  the  author  of  the 
'•Address  to  the  People  of  Great  Britain."     His 


facile  pen  was  often ployed  in  framing  docu- 
ments in  the  Congress  of  177.">.  Early  in  177(i 
Mr.  Jay  left  Congress  and  engaged  in  the  public 
affairs  of  his  own  state,  being  a  leading  member 
of  the  Provincial  Congress  in  177f>.  He  wrote 
the  able  address  of  the  convention  at  Eishkill 
in  December,  I77ii:  reported  a  bill  of  rights  to 
the  New  fork  Constitutional  Convention  in 
March,  1777:    and   was   the   chief  author  of  the 

first   constitution  of  the  state  of  New   York. 

After  assisting  in  putting  in  motion  the  ma- 
chinery   of    his    stati'    government,   and    being 

made  a  judge,  he  entered  Congress  again,  late 
in  1778, and  became  presideul  of  that  body.  In 
September.  177'.l.  he  was  sent  to  Spain  to  nego- 
tiate a  loan.  Mr.  Jay  was  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners for  negotiating  a  treaty  of  peace  with 
Great  Britain  (vt  bioll  see  \.     He  returned  to  New 

York  in  1784, and  was  Secretary  for  foreign  Af- 
fairs from  that  year  until  the  organization  of 
the  government  under  the  national  Constitu- 
tion. Mr.  Jay  was  associated  with  Hamilton 
and  Madison  in  writing  the  scries  of  articles  in 
support  of  the  Constitution  known  collectively 
as  The  Federalist,  Washington  appointed  Jay 
the  first  chief-justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  Slates.  In  1794  he  went  on  a  mis- 
sion to  England  i  see  Jajft  Treaty)]  and  from 
1796  to  1801  he  was  Governor  of  the  state  of 
New  York,  under  whose  administration  slavery 
was  abolished.  This  was  the  last  public  office 
held  by  Mr.  Jay. 

Jay's  Mission  to  England.  On  the  7th  of 
April,  1791.  a  motion  was  made  in  the  House  of 
Representatives  that  all  commercial  intercourse 
with  Great  Britain  ami  her  subjects  be  suspend- 


JAY'S  TREATY 


ri-2 


JAY'S  TREATY 


ed,  so  far  as  respected  all  articles  of  the  growth 
or  manufacture  of  Great  Britain  or  Irelaud,  un- 
til the  surrender  of  the  Western  posts  and  due 
compensation  for  all  losses  and  damages  grow- 
ing out  of  British  aggressions  on  our  neutral 
rights  should  he  made.  This  motion,  if  adopt- 
ed, would  lead  directly  to  war.  Its  adoption 
seemed  probable,  and  Washington, to  avert  the 
calamitous  consequences,  proposed  to  send  a 
special  minister  to  England  to  negotiate  an 
amicable  settlement  of  the  existing  disputes. 
There  were  grave  charges  of  violations  of  the 
treaty  of  17^:>  made  by  the  two  parties  against 
each  other.  Washington  desired  to  send  Ham- 
ilton on  the  mission.  Violent  opposition  to  this 
was  made  by  his  political  enemies,  whose  hatred 
and  jealousy  were  intense.  Keating  Hamilton 
might,  not  have  the  confirmation  of  the  Sen- 
ate. Washington  nominated  John  Jay  (April  16), 
which  nomination  was  continued  April  19.  The 
special  minister  arrived  in  England  in  June. 
where  he  was  received  with  great  courtesy  by 
the  British  government.  He  negotiated  a  treaty 
which  was  not  wholly  satisfactory  to  his  coun- 
trymen, closing  his  labors  on  Nov.  19.  (See  Jay's 
Treaty.) 

Jay's  Treaty.  In  April,  1794,  John  Jay  was 
sent  to  the  British  court,  as  envoy  extraordi- 
nary, to  negotiate  a  treaty  that  should  settle 
all  existing  disputes  between  tin;  two  govern- 
ments Hi-  arrived  in  London  in  June,  and 
was  received  graciously  by  the  ministry.  Lord 
(irenville,  then  at  the  head  of  foreign  affairs, 
expressed  great  anxiety  to  bring  the  negotia- 
tions to  a  successful  issue.  There  was  a  wide 
difference  of  views  concerning  matters  in  dis- 
pute. The  Americans  complained  that,  con- 
trary to  the   provisions  of  the   treaty   of  peace 

i  17-:'.'.  a  large  number  of  negroes  had  been  car- 
ried Off  by  the  evacuating  armies;  and  for  this 
loss  compensation  was  demanded  for  the  own- 
ers. They  complained,  also,  of  the  detention  of 
the  Western  posts,  which  was  the  main  cause  of 

the  hostility  of  the  Northwestern  tribes.  The; 
also  alleged  numerous  violations  of  their  neu- 
tral rights,  especially  on  the  high  seas,  such  as 
the  impressment  of  seamen  and  the  exclusion 
of  American  shipping  from  the  trade  of  the 
British  West  Indies.  There  wire  other  com- 
plaints on  the  part  of  the  Americans;  but  the 
matters  i «  immediately  provocative  of  war 

were   the    disputed   questions   of  neutral   rights 

and  the  detenti f  the  Western  posts.  Deem- 
ing it  wise  to  adjust  these  two  important  diffi- 
culties, Jay  thought  it  best  to  yield,  tempora- 
rily, other  considerations,  or  leave  them  for  fut- 
ure adjustment,  and  he  was  induced  to  rign  a 
'.'■•..  r.t,  1794) defective  in  some  respects 
and  objectionable  in  others.  It  provided  for 
the  collection  of  British  debts  in  the  United 
states  contracted  before  the  Revolution,  bnt  it 

did    not    secure    indemnity    to    those    who    lost 

slaws,  it  secured  indemnity  for  unlawful  capt- 
ures on  t  lie  lii  nil  seas,  and  the  evacuation  of  the 

military  posts  on   the   frontiers  yet  held  by  the 

British.  These  were  to  be  surrendered  on  June 
l,  l7(.Mi,  the  present  residents  t<>  have  the  option 
of  removing  or  of  becoming  American  citizens. 


There  was  to  he  a  mutual  reciprocity  of  inland 
trade  and  intercourse  between  the  North  Amer- 
ican territories  of  the  two  nations,  including 
the  navigation  of  the  Mississippi;  but  it  did 
not  extend  to  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  nor  to 
the  admission  of  American  vessels  into  the  har- 
bors of  the  British  Ninth  American  colonies,  nor 
to  the  navigation  of  the  rivers  of  those  colonies 
below  the  highest  port  of  entry.  These  were 
the  principal  features  of  the  first  ten  articles  of 
the  treaty,  which  were  to  he  perpetual.  Eigh- 
teen others,  of  the  nature  of  a  treaty  of  com- 
merce, were  limited  to  two  years.  They  pro- 
vided for  the  admission  of  American  vessels  into 
British  ports  in  Europe  and  the  East  Indies  on 
terms  of  equality  with  British  vessels;  but  no 
terms  were  made  concerning  the  East  India 
coasting  trade,  or  the  trade  between  Europe 
and  the  British  West  Indies.  There  were  re- 
strictions upon  the  American  trade  to  the  Brit- 
ish West  Indies;  and  British  vessels  were  to  be 
admitted  to  American  ports  on  terms  of  the 
most  favored  nations.     Privateers  were  to  give 

bonds  to  respond  to  any  damages  they  might 
commit  against  neutrals,  and  other  regulations 
of  that  sit  vice  were  made.  The  list  of  contra- 
hand  articles  was  clearly  defined.  No  vessel 
attempting  to  enter  a  blockaded  port  was  to  be 
captured  unless  she  had  first  been  notified  and 
turned  away.  Neither  nation  was  to  allow  en- 
listments within  its  territory  by  any  third  na- 
tion at  war  with  the  other:  nor  were  the  citi- 
zens or  subjects  of  either  to  be  allowed  to  ac- 
cept commissions  from  such  third  nation,  or  to 
enlist  in  its  service,  on  penalty  of  being  treat- 
ed as  pirates.  Ships  of  war  of  the  contract- 
ing parties  were  to  be  mutually  admitted  in  a 
friendly  manner  into  the  ports  of  each  other, 
such  vessels  to  be  free  from  any  claim  of  search, 
but  were  to  depart  as  speedily  as  might  be. 
Other  and  Stringent  regulations  were  made 
concerning  privateers.  In  case  of  rupture  or 
war,  the  citizens  or  subjects  of  either  nation 
resident  in  the  territories  of  the  other  wire  to 
be  allowed  to  remain  and  to  continue  their 
trade  so  long  as  they  behaved  peaceably.  They 
might  be  ordered  off,  in  case  of  suspicion,  on 
twelve  months'  notice,  or  without  any  notice, 
if  detected  in  violations  of  the  laws.  No  re- 
prisals wire  to  be  ordered  by  either  party  till 
satisfaction  had  fust  been  demanded.  Fugi- 
tives from  justice  charged  with  minder  or  forg- 
ery were  to  lie  mutually  given  up.  This  treaty 
was  laid  before  the  Senate  early  in  June,  17'.>.">, 
anil  its  ratification  was  agreed  to  on  the  14th. 
The  ratification  was  completed  by  Washington's 
Bignat  ure  to  it  on  Aug.  18. 

Jay's  Treaty  before  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. When  the  President  had  pn>- , 
claimed  the  treaty  as  the  law  of  the  land,  he, 
according  to  promise,  sent  a  Copy  of  it  (March 
•J,  17%)  to  the  House.  Its  appearance  was  the 
beginning  of  a  violent  debate  in  that  body, 
which  turned  upon  the  question  whether  the 
Ibmse    possessed   discretionary   power    to   cany 

lbs  treat]  Into  execution  or  not  at  its  pleasure. 

The  debate  arose  on   a   motion  of  Edward   l.i\- 

lugston,oi  New  York, calling  upon  the  President 


JAY'S  TREATY,  OPPOSITION  TO         713       JAY'S  TREATY  OUT  OF  CONGRESS 


for  li L.i  instructions  to  Jay  and  other  papers  re- 
lating to  the  treaty.  After  about  thirty  speech- 
es, in  a  debate  of  three  weeks,  which  grew  wann- 
er and  wanner  the  longer  it  lasted, the  resolu- 
tion was  adopted  (March  "24 1  by  a  vote  of  sixty- 
two  to  thirty-seven.  The  President  consulted 
his  cabinet,  and  they  unanimously  decided  that 
the  House  had  no  right  to  make  such  a  call,  as 
they  were  not  a  part  of  the  treaty-making  pow- 
er. They  also  decided  that  it  was  not  expedi- 
ent for  the  President  to  furnish  the  papers,  for 
the  call  should  he  considered  as  an  unfounded 
claim  of  power  on  the  part  of  thfl  House  to  in- 
terfere with  the  privileges  Of  the  President  and 
Senate.  The  President  therefore  declined  to 
comply  with  the  request  of  the  House,  giving 
his  reasons  in  a  special  message.  Resolutions 
asserting  the  majesty  of  the  House  were  intro- 
duced (April  6),  and  were  supported  by  Madison. 
These  resolutions  were  adopted  by  a  vote  of 
fifty-seven  to  thirty-five,  and  the  subject  of  the 
"British  treat]  "  was  a  staple  topic  of  debate 
for  some  time  afterwards.  Finally  (April  ;5(>) 
the  Boose  passed  a  resolution  —  fifty-one  to 
forty-eight— that  it  was  expedient  to  pass  laws 

for  carrying  the  treaty  into  effect. 

Jay's  Treaty,  OPPOSITION   TO.     The  leaders 
of  the  Democratic  partj  bad  opposed  the  treaty 

from  its  inception,  and  the  Democratic  societ  ics 
(  w  blOh  see)  and  newspapers  had  resolved  to  op- 
pose and  attack  it  whatever  might  be  ite  pro- 
visions. The  treaty  was  concluded  ;it  London 
on  Nov.  19,  171)1.  It  reached  the  President  in 
March,  IT1.".".,  alter  t  lie  adjournment  of  Congress. 

The  Senate  was  convened,  in   special  session,  I" 

consider  it, early  in  June.  1796.  Alter  a  debate 
for  a  fortnight,  in  secret  session,  a  vote  of  twen- 
ty to  ten  precisely  a  constitutional  majority — 
advised  (June  84)  the  ratification  of  the  treaty, 
excepting  the  article  which  related  to  the  re- 
nunciation by  the 'Americans  of  the  privilege 
of  transportation  of  sugar,  molasses,  coffee,  co- 
coa, and  cotton  in  the  West  India  trade.  Cot- 
ton was  then  just  promising  to  be  of  vast  im- 
portance in  the  carrying-trade  (see  Cotton  in  tha 
United  Statei),  and  such  an  article  was  wholly 
inadmissible.     The  President  had  determined, 

before  the  meeting  of  the  Senate,  to  ratify  the 
treaty  ;  and  w  hen  it  was  laid  before  the  cabinet 
all  agreed  with  him  excepting  the  Secretary  of 
State  (  Edmund  Randolph,  of  Virginia  ),  who 
raised  the  point  that  by  the  rat  ideation,  before 
an  obnoxious  British  Order  in  Council  (which 
see)  concerning  neutrals  should  be  repealed, the 

British  claim  to  the  right  of  search  and  Impress- 
ment (which  see)  would  be  conceded  by  the 
Americana     Hamilton,  who  had  been  consulted, 

advised  the  ratification,  but  to  withhold  the  ex- 
change of  ratifications  until  that  order  should  be 
repealed.  The  Senate  hail  removed  the  seal  of 
secreoj  from  their  proceedings,  but  had  forbid- 
den any  publication  of  the  treaty  itself.  State- 
ments concerning  the  provisions  of  the  treaty 

soon  appeared.  The  I  (cinoc rat  ie  societies  (w  Inch 
see)  and  new  sp;ipci  s  li.nl  resolved  to  oppose 
and  attack  the  treaty  whatever  might  be  its 
provisions.      They   had   opposed   the   mission   to 

negotiate  It.     Aftei  it  was  received  Randolph 


revealed  enough  of  its  character  to  give  a  foun- 
dation for  many  attacks  upon  it  in  the  news- 
papers. It  was  denounced  as  a  pusillanimous 
surrender  of  American  rights.  Iu  order  to  pre- 
vent misrepresentations,  and  to  elicit  the  ex- 
pressions of  the  people,  Washington  caused  the 
whole  treaty  to  he  published.  He  had  been 
anticipated  by  an  unfaithful  Senator  from  Vir- 
ginia (Stevens  Thomson  Mason),  who  caused  to 
be  published  a  full  abstract  of  it  in  the  Aurora, 
a  violent  opponent  of  the  government.  A  day 
or  two  afterwards  a  perfect  copy  was  furnished 
by  Mason.  Concerning  this  transaction  a  writ- 
er said : 

"  Ah.  Thomson  Mason  !  long  thy  f.ime  shall  rise 
wall  Democratic  incense  to  the  skies. 
Long  shall  tin-  world  admire  thy  manly  soul. 
Which  seemed  the  haughty  Senate's  base  control: 
Came  boldly  forward  with  thy  weighty  name, 
And  gave  the  treaty  up  for  public  - 

A  mail,  seditious  cry  went  over  the  land  from 
the  opposition.  In  several  cities  mobs  threat- 
ened personal  violence  to  the  supporters  of  the 
treaty.  Hamilton  was  stoned  at  a  public  meet- 
ing in  New  York,  while  speaking  in  the  open 
air.  "  These  are  hard  arguments,"  he  said,  as  a 
stone  grazed  his  forehead.  The  British  minister 
at  Philadelphia  was  insulted  ;  ami  in  (  hai  hstou 
the  British  Bag  was  trailed  in  the  dust  of  the 
Jay  was  denounced  as  a  traitor;  and 
in  Virginia  disunion  was  recommended  as  a  cure 
for  political  evils.  The  Democratic  societies 
and  orators  put  forth  claims  for  sympathy  for 

France.  •■She  has  a  government  congenial  to 
our  own.  Citizens,  yonr  security  depends  on 
Prance.  Let  us  unite  w  ith  her  and  stand  or  fall 
together!"  shouted  opposition  orators  through- 
out the  Country.  The  Democrats  adorned  their 
hats  w  ith  the  French  cockade.  Jay  was  burned 
in  effigy  in  many  places,  and  longings  tin  the 
guillotine  were  freely  expressed  in  public  as- 
semblies. For  many  years  afterwards  Jay's 
treaty  was   made   an    efficient   war-club    in    the 

hands  of  the  Republican  or  Democratic  leaders. 

Jay's  Treaty  out  of  Congress.  While  de- 
bates concerning  the  treaty  were  rife  ill  Con- 
gress, mii  apprehension  spread  among  the  peo- 
ple, especially  tin*  mercantile  class,  that  war 
with  Great  Britain  would  be  the  consequence 
of  the  rejection  of  the  treaty.  This  thought  in- 
Spired  serious  alarm,  and  petitions  began  to 
pour  into  Congress  from  all  portions  of  the  coun- 
try in  favor  of  its  ratification.  Insurance  could 
no  longer  be  obtained  against  capture  on  the 
high  seas.  Very  speedily  counter-  petitions 
(lowed  in,  and  the  whole  country,  especially  the 
business  Communities,  was  fearfully  agitated. 
Brand,  the  British  charge  d'affaires,  added  fuel 
to  the  flame  by  intimating  that  if  the  House 
should  refuse  to  pass  laws  for  the  execution  of 
the  treaty, the  Western  posts  would  not  be  given 
up.  This  again  aroused  violent  debates  in  the 
House  :  and  so  the  war  of  words  went  on  in  and 
out  ofCongreai the  chief  speaker  among  the  I  re- 
publicans against  the  treaty  being  Albert  <hll- 
lalin,  and  in  favor  of  it,  Fisher  Ames  —  until 
tli.'  close  of  April  (1796),  when  the  resolution 
declaring  it  expedient  to  pass  the  laws 


JEALOUSY  OF  CHARTERED  COLONIES   Til 


JEALOUSY  OF  WASHINGTON 


Bary  for  carrying  the  treaty  into  effect  Was 
pawed,  and  the  agitation  soon  ceased. 

Jealousy  of  Chartered  Colonies.  Tbe  first 
ministry  of  George  L,  annoyed  by  obstacles 
which  the  colonial  charters  opposed  to  absolute 
imperial  control,  attempted  (1~1">)  to  "regulate 
tbe  chartered  governments."  The  excitement 
raised  by  the  bill  for  this  purpose  caused  the  min- 
istry to  drop  it ;  but  they  sent  orders  to  tbe  colo- 
nial governors  not  to  consent  to  any  laws  which 
would  affect  British  trade,  unless  with  clauses 
suspending  their  operations  till  they  received 
the  royal  assent.  In  Rhode  Island.  Connecti- 
cut, and  tbe  Carolinas, SUCh  assent  was  not  nec- 
essary to  the  enactment  of  laws;  and  hence  the 
disposition,  so  repeatedly  exhibited,  to  strip 
those  provinces  of  their  charters.  Five  years 
later  (17"in)  an  agent  sent  to  England  by  the 
people  of  the  Carolinas  represented  the  "con- 
fused, negligent,  and  helpless  government  of  the 
proprietaries."  Taking  advantage  of  this,  the 
old  act  for  regulating  the  "chartered  govern- 
ments" was  revived.  It  was  again  abandoned, 
hut  an  order  for  vacating  the  Carolina  charters 
was  issued.  Pending  the  process  the  administra- 
tion of  tbe  Carolinas  was  assumed  by  the  crown. 
It  was  at  this  time  that  Jeremiah  Dnmmer, 
agent  of  the  Province  of  Massachusetts,  pub- 
lished in  Loudon  his  Defence  of  (he  yen-  England 
Charter*. 

Jealousy  of  old  Army  Officers.  When  the 
army  was  organized  for  war  in  1812, military  of- 
ficers of  th«'  Revolution  were  chosen  to  fill  tbe 
higher  places,  and  they  generally  failed,  not 
only  on  account  of  incapacity,  but  because  of 
their  jealousy  of  each  other,  and  of  younger  offi- 
cers. Unfortunately  for  the  country.  President 
Madison  appointed  John  Armstrong  Secretary 
of  War  at  the  beginning  of  1813.  He  was  un- 
fitted for  his  place  by  his  temperament  and  im- 
perious manner,  and  was  always  offended  by  a 
suggestion,  as  if  it  were  an  impertinent  inter- 
ference, lb-  snubbed  the  patriotic  Jackson  (see 
?BHffMsm),  and  drove  Harrison  from  the  army; 
and  in  the  summer  of  1813  lie  called  the  incom- 
petent Wilkinson  from  the  Golf  region  to  take 
the  place  of  Dearborn  in  command  of  the  foxes 
on  the  northern  frontier.  The  change  was  of 
no  value  to  the  cause.  Dearborn  w  ithdrew  from 
the  service  before  Wilkinson's  arrival,  leaving 
the  command  at  Fort  George  with  General  Boyd, 
the  senior  officer  on  that  frontier.  Trouble  soon 
ensued.  Armstrong  was  as  much  infatuated 
w  it  h  the  idea  of  conquering  Canada  as  his  pred- 
eeeeson  had  been  :  and  he  conceived  a  plan 
for  an  invasion  by  the  united  forces  of  the  ar- 
mies of  the  Centre  ami  the  North.      He  ordered 

Wilkinson  to  Beckett's  Harbor  to  make  arrange- 
ments tor  it.  Wilkinson  differed  with  arm- 
strong  about  the  plan,  and  bitter  enmity  be- 
tween t  bein  was  soon  aroused.  The  firry  spirit 
of  the  Secretary  of  War  could  not  brook  contra- 
diction.    There  was  another  imperious  and  hot 

Spirit  then  in  the  field  General  Wade  Hamp- 
ton ,  of  South  Carolina,  one  of  Marion's  partisan 
officers  III  the  Revolution.  He  had  succeeded 
llloomlield    in    command    of   the    Army    of   the 


North,  on  Lake  Champlain  and  its  \  icinity.  He 
was  a  thorough -going  aristocrat.  His  landed 
possessions  were  princely  in  extent,  and  be 
counted  his  slaves  by  thousands.  He  hated 
Wilkinson  intensely.  When  that  officer,  on  his 
arrival  at  Albany,  sent  his  first  order  to  Hamp- 
ton, the  anger  of  the  fiery  Southerner  was  fierce- 
ly kindled.  He  wrote  to  Armstrong  an  insolent 
letter,  insisting  that  his  was  a  separate  and  in- 
dependent command,  and  tendering  his  resigna- 
tion in  the  event  of  his  being  ordered  to  act  un- 
der Wilkinson.  The  latter,  at  the  same  time, 
was  as  jealous  of  Armstrong,  who.  he  feared, 
might  trample  upon  his  prerogatives;  and  on 
the  -i4tli  of  August  I  1813)  he  wrote  io  the  Secre- 
te ry  of  War:  '•  I  trust  you  will  not  interfere 
with  my  arrangements,  or  give  orders  within 
the  district  of  my  command,  but  to  myself,  be- 
cause it  would  impair  my  authority  and  distract 
the  public  service.  Two  heads  on  the  same 
shoulders  make  a  monster."'  This  w  as  reasona- 
ble; but  Armstrong  was  highly  offended,  and 
he  finally  went  to  Saekctfs  Harbor  to  regulate 
matters  himself,  and  actually  established  the 
War  Department  there  for  a  while.  The  jeal- 
ousies and  bickerings  of  these  old  officers  of  the 
Continental  army  were  highly  detrimental  to 
the  public  service. 

Jealousy  of  Washington.  After  the  affair 
at  Trenton  the  whole  country  rang  with  the 
praises  of  Washington,  and  the  errors  of  Con- 
gress in  not  heeding  his  advice  in  the  construc- 
tion of  the  army  were  freely  commented  upon. 
That  body  was  now  inferior  in  its  material  to 
the  first  and  second  Congresses,  and  was  cursed 
with  diqnes  and  factions;  and  there  wire  pro- 
tests among  the  members,  who  shook  their  heads 
in  disapprobation  of  the  popularity  and  power 
with  which  Washington  was  invested.  To  a 
proposition  to  give  him  power  to  name  gener- 
als John  Adams  vehemently  protested,  saying: 
"In  private  life  I  am  willing  to  respect  and 
look  up  to  him:  in  this  House  I  feel  myself  to 
lie  the  superior  of  Ceneral  Washington."  On 
Feb. 84, 1T77.  w  hen  mere  •■  ideal  reinforcements" 
were  voted  to  Washington,  after  an  earnest  de- 
bate, in  which  "some  of  the  New  England  dele- 
gates and  one  from  New  Jersey  showed  a  will- 
ingness to  insult  him."  the]  expressed  an  "ear- 
neat  desire  that  he  would  not  only  curb  and 
confine  the  enemy  within  their  present  quar- 
ters, but.  by  th<>  divine  blessing,  totally  subdue 
them  before  they  could  be  reinforced."  To  this 
seeming  irony  Washington  calmly  responded: 
"What  hope  can  there  be  of  my  effecting  BO  de- 
sirable a  work  at  t  his  i  ime  |  The  «  bole  of  our 
number  in  New  Jersey  lit  for  duly  is  under 
three  thousand."  The  resolution  was  carried 
by  a  bari'  majority  of  the  state-  pre* 
ginia  and  four  New  England  states.  Tin1  jeal- 
ous men  were  few;  the  friends  and  admirers 
were  many.  William  Hooper,  of  North  Caroli- 
na, wrote  to  Robert  Morris:  "When  it  shall  be 
consistent  w  Ufa  policy  to  give  the  history  of  that 
man  [Washington]  front  his  first  introduction 
into  our  service;  how  often  America  has  been 
rescind  from  ruin  by  the  mere  strength  of 
his  genius,  conduct,  and  OOOTagC  :  encountering 


JEFFEESON  AND  DICKINSON 


715      JEFFERSON  ELECTED  PRESIDENT 


every  obstacle  that  want  of  money,  men,  arms, 
ammunition,  could  throw  in  liis  way;  an  impar- 
tial world  will  say.  witli  yon,  he  is  the  greatest 

man  on  earth.     Misfortunes  are  the  elements  in 

which  he  shines;  they  are  the  groundwork  on 
which  his  picture  appears  to  the  greatest  ad- 
vantage. He  rises  superior  to  them  all;  they 
serve  as  forts  to  bis  fortitude, aud  as  stimulants 
to  briug  into  view  those  great  qualities  which 
his  modesty  keeps  concealed." 

Jefferson  and  Dickinson.    Thomas  Jefferson 
and    John    Dickinson    were    patriots    of   purest 

mould,  but  of  different  constituents  in  temper- 
ament. The  first  was  bold,  impassioned,  and 
aggressive  ;   the  second   « as  cob 

tious,  calm,  and  disposed  to  act  Oil 

the  defensive.  When  the  procla- 
mation of  King  George  [II.  (which 
see)  arrived  in  America,  Jefferson 

took  lire,  and  exclaimed,  "  There  is 

not  in  the  British  empire  a  man  who 
more  cordially  Loves  a  union  with 
Great  Britaiu  than  I  do ;   hut,  by 

the  (oid  that  made  me,  I  w  ill  cease 
to  exist  before  I  "ill  yield  to  a  con- 
nection on  such  terms  as  the  British 
Parliament  propose :  and  in  this  I 

speak  the  sentiments  of  America." 
lint  Dickinson  still  adhered  to  the 
belief  that  tin-  petitiou  ho  Lad 
drafted  (see  8eoond  Petition  in  the 

King)  had  not  hcen  rejected,  and 
that  proofs  of  a  conciliatory  dis- 
position would  he  manifest  in  his 
speech  at  the  opening  of  the  session 
of  Parliament.  In  this  he  was  dis- 
appointed ;  hut  his  caution  made 
him  so  i Servative  that   w  hell  the 

question  of  independence  was  \  uted 

upon  he  was  opposed  to  the  meas- 
ure. 

Jefferson  Caricatured.  Carica- 
ture was  very  little  known  m 
America     befon    the    clove    of    the 

eighteen!  h  century,  except  ingsuoh 

as    came    over    from    England   and 

Prance.  It  was  sometimes  attempt- 
ed here  wit h  good  effect.  < me  of 
the  best  issued  iu  the  Tinted  stales  in  the  last 
decade  of  that  eentnry  was  one  aimed  at  Jeffer- 
son. It  forms  a  frontispiece  to  a  pamphlet 
entitled  Observations  mi  the  Dispute  between  the 
United  States  and  France,  by  Robert  G.  Harper, 
without  date,  in  possession  of  the  writer.  It 
was  probably  issued  in  the  summer  of  1?'.)~,  at 
the  time  when  the  public  mind  was  much  ex- 
oited  by  the  publication  in  American  newspa- 
pers of  Jeffersofi'a  letter  to  Mazzei  (which  Bee). 
It  alludes  to  Jefferson's  alleged  "infidelity"  in 
theological  opinions,  aud  his  attachment  to  the 

c -e  of  the  French  Revolutionists,  who  in  the 

■■  Reign  of  Terror"  had  developed  into  a  terrible 
scourge.  Upon  an  "Altar  to  Gallic  Despotism," 
entwined  hy  a  serpent,  before  which  Jefferson 
is  kneeling  in  devotion,  are  laid  various  papers, 

so  marked  as  to  indicate  his  lack  of  orthodoxy 

in  theology  -"Godwin,"  "Age  of  Season,"  "J.J, 
Rousseau,"   "Helvetius,"  "Voltaire,"  and   the 


Aurora  and  Chronicle,  the  two  latter  Democratic 
newspapers.  Around  the  altar  are  seen  hags 
of  offerings,  marked  "Portugal  Oranges  Bribe," 
"  American  Spoliations,"  "  Spain,''  '•  Venice," 
•'  Sardinia,"  "  Dutch  Reserves,"  "  Flanders." 
Hack  of  these  is  seen  the  black  demon  of  the 
French  Revolution,  about  to  seize  a  dagger. 
Over  all  is  the  American  eagle  soaring,  with  a 
scroll  marked  ''Constitution — Independence — 
l'.  S.  A."  in  one  talon,  which  it  has  snatched 
from  the  altar  on  which  Jefferson  had  placed 
it,  while  the  other  talon  is  defending  the 
scroll  from  the  enraged  worshipper  who  is  try- 
ing to  seize  it.      From  Jefferson's  hand   is  fall- 


CAKICATI'RE    OF   JEFFER 


log  a  letter  upon  which  are  the  words  ''To 
Mazzei." 

Jefferson  elected  President  (1800).  The 
leaders  of  tin-  two  great  parties  nominated  their 
respective  candidates  in  1800,  the  Federalists 
choosing  to  he  voted  for  John  Adams  and  Charles 
Cotesworth  Pinokney;  the  Democrats,  Thomas 
Jefferson  and  Aaron  Burr.  There  was  a  breach 
in  the  Federal  party,  owing  to  extended  dislike 

of  Adams,  and  the  Democrats  used  the  Alien 
and  Sedition  Laws  with  powerful  effect  against 
him.    'fhe  Federalists  were  defeated.    Jefferson 

and  BllIT  had  each  seventy-t  hive  votes  in  the 
electoral  colleges;  and,  according  to  the  provi- 
sions of  the  Const  it  ut  ion,  the  election  w  as  car- 
ried into  the  House  of  Representatives.  (See 
Election  for  President  and  Vioe-Preeident.)    There 

exciting    scenes    occurred.       Two   or  three    iiiein- 

heis,  too  .sick  to  appear  otherwise,  were  brought 

to  the  house  on  beds.      For  seven  days  the  hal- 


JEFFERSON 


716 


JEFFERSON 


loting  went  on.  After  it  was  ascertained  that  a 
Democrat  was  elected,  tin-  Federalists  all  voted 
for  Burr,  as  being  less  objectionable  than  Jeffer- 
son ;  but  the  friends  of  tin-  latter  were  stronger 
than  all  opposition,  and  he  was  elected.  The 
whole  federal  party  were  mortified  and  humil- 
iated by  the  triumph  of  Jefferson,  their  arch  en- 
emy. He  was  inaugurated  March  4,  1801,  and 
appointed  James  Madison  Secretary  of  State; 
Henry  Dearborn,  Secretary  of  War;  Levi  Lin- 
coln, Attorney-general;  and  before  the  meeting 
of  Congress  in  December  he  appointed  Albert 
Gallatin  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  Robert 
Smith  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 

Jefferson,  Thomas,  LL.D.,  the  third  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  was  born  at  Shadwell, 
Va.,  April  2,  1743;  died  at  Monticello,  July  4, 
1820.  He  was  educated  at  the  College  of  Will- 
iam and  Mary  ;  studied  law  under  George  Wythe, 


and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1767.  From 
1709  to  1775  Mr.  Jefferson  was  an  active  member 
of  the  Virginia  House  of  Burgesses.  In  that 
body  he  introduced  a  bill  empowering  masters 
to  manumit  their  slaves.  On  the  1st  of  January, 
1771,  be  married  Martha  Bkelton,  a  rich  and 
beautiful  young  widow  of  twenty -three,  lb- 
was  a  member  of  the  Committee  of  Correspond- 
ence of  Virginia, which  he  assisted  in  forming, 
and  was  engaged  in  active  public  life  until  his 
retirement  from  the  presidency  of  the  United 
Slates  in  1809,  when  he  was  sixty-four  yean  of 
■ge.     In  177  1  he  wrote  his  famous  Siunmarn  I'ictr 

nf  the  /.'ii/liix  of  British  ^merieo,  which,  it  is  be- 
lieved, procured  for  him  a  place  in  the  list  of 
American  traitors  denounced  by  the  British  Par- 
liament. He  had  taken  an  active  part  against 
tin-  Boston  Port  Bill    which  see).    Mr. Jefferson 

took  his  seat  in  the  Continental  CongTOM  in 
.Inn.  .  177.".,  w  hen  he  was  thirty- 1  wo  yean  ..lane. 

in  t li.it  body  he  served  on  the  most  important 
committees  and  in  draw  in",  up  state  papers.  <  >n 
the  committee  to  draft  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 


pendence, to  Mr.  Jefferson  was  assigned  the  duty 
of  writing  that  important  paper,  which  he  ad- 
vocated and  signed.  True  to  the  proclivities 
of  his  nature  in  favor  of  human  liberty,  lie  in- 
troduced a  clause  censoring  slavery,  which  was 
stricken  out.  In  October,  1776,  he  retired  from 
Congress  to  take  part  in  his  own  state  affaire, 
and  for  two  years  and  a  half  he  was  employed 
in  revising  the  laws  of  Virginia  and  procuring 
some  wise  enactments,  such  as  abolishing  the 
laws  of  primogeniture,  giving  freedom  to  con- 
victs, etc.  During  the  entire  war  for  indepen- 
dence Jefferson  was  very  active  in  his  own  state, 
I  serving  as  its  governor  from  June,  1779,  to  1781. 
At  the  time  of  his  retirement  from  the  chair, 
Cornwallis,  invading  Virginia,  desolated  Jeffer- 
son's estate  at  Elk  Hill,  and  he  and  his  family 
narrowly  escaped  capture.  Mr.  Jefferson  was 
again  in  Congress  in  1783.  and.  as  chairman  of 
a  committee,  reported  to  that  body  the  defini- 
tive treaty  of  peace  with  Great  Britain.  As- 
sisting the  suggestions  of  Gooverneur  Morris, 
he  proposed  and  carried  a  bill  establishing  our 
(present)  decimal  system  of  currency.  In  178"> 
he  succeeded  Dr.  Franklin  as  minister  at  the 
French  court,  where  he  remained  until  1789, 
when  he  returned  and  took  a  seat  in  Washing- 
ton's cabinet  as  Secretary  of  State.  In  Fiance 
he  had  published  his  Notes  on  Virginia,  and  he 
had  there  become  thoroughly  imbued  with  the 
spirit  of  the  French  Revolutionists  previous  to 
the  bloody  era  of  1793.  Not  finding  at  home  the 
same  enthusiastic  admiration  of  the  French  peo- 
ple in  their  struggle  against  "the  conspiracy  of 
the  kings,"  he  became  morbidly  suspicious  of  a 
monarchical  party  intheUnired  Btatesthat  might 
overthrow  the  government  lb-  formed  and  led 
an  active  party  called  "  Republican  "  or  "  Dem- 
ocratic," and  there  was  much  acrimonious  feel- 
ing s. engendered  between  that  and  the  Fed- 
eral party,  of  which  Colonel  Alexander  Hamil- 
ton   was  the    active   leader.      Mr    Jefferson    was 

elected  Vice- President  of  the  United  States  when 
Washington    was  elected   President   a   second 

term.  In  1800  he  was  elected  I'n  sident.  and 
served  eight  years,  retiring  in  March.  1609,  w  hen 
he  withdrew  from  public  life  and  retired  to  his 

seat  at  Monticello,  near  Charlottesville,  Va. 
Among  the  important  events  of  his  administra- 
tion were  the  purchase  ofl.ouisiana.an  explo- 
ration of  the  continent  from  the  Mississippi 
River  t..  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  difficulties  with 
Fiance  and  Great  Britain  on  account  of  their 
violation  of  the  lights  of  neutrals.  Mr.  ,b  tier- 
son  was  tin.  founder  of  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia (1819)  at  Charlottesville, Vs.,  and  was  Ita 
rector  until  his  death,  which  occurred  on  the 
same  day,  anil  almost  at  the  same  hour,  as  that 
on  which  John  Adams  died,  w  bo  was  his  associ- 
ate in  drafting  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 
ami  signing  it, just  titty  years  before.  Jefferson 
was  :i  keen  politician,  though  no  speaker;  a 
man  of  great  learning  and  fine  scholar!]  as  well 

as  scientific  attainments,  and  in  conversation 
extremely  attractive.    His  house  was  the  resort 

of  learned  men  of  his  own  country  and  of  F.u- 
rope.  In  person  he  was  tall  and  slender,  w  lib 
Baud]    hair,  florid  complexion  ill  his  youth,  and 


JEFFERSON'S  ESCAPE  FROM  TARLETON  717 


JENKINSON 


brilliant  gray  eyes,  a  little  inclining  to  brown. 
He  was  buried  in  a  family  cemetery  mar  his 
house  at  Monticello,  and  over  hia  grave  is  a 
granite  mouameut,  bearing  the  inscription,  writ- 
ten by  Limself,  and  found  among  bis  papers  af- 
ter bis  death,  "Here  lies  buried  Thomas  Jef- 
i  i:i!so.\,  author  of  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence, of  the  Stat- 
ute of  Virginia  for 
Religions  Free- 
dom, and  father  of 
the  University  of 
Virginia."  Mr. 
Jefferson  regarded 
slavery  as  a  moral 
ami  political  evil, 

and  did   niiK'li    to 
alleviate  its  hard- 
^^ ^fc^^BEj^i^^  f       ships.     His  corre- 
spondence  with 
men  of  all  classes 
was  voluminous, 
for  lie  was  a  fluent  writer  and  had  a  very  wide 
acquaintance.    Few  men  have  exerted  as  much 

influence  in  establishing  the  free  institutions 
ill'  the  United  States  as  Thomas  JefferSOU.  He 
adopted  lor  tin-  motto  of  his  private  seal  that 
of  Oliver  Cromwell  -"Rebellion  to  tyrants  is 
obedience  to  God." 

Jefferson's  Escape  from  Tarleton.  When 
in  the  early  summer  of  1781,  Coruwallis  was 
overrunning  a  portion  of  Virginia,  he  sent  Tarle- 
ton with  his  cavalry  to  capture  the  Virginia 
Assembly  silting  at  Charlottesville,  and  also 
Governor  Jefferson,  who  lived  two  miles  from 
that  place.  On  the  way  Tarleton  destroyed 
twelve  wagon-loads  of  clothing  intended  for 
Greene's  army  in  Ninth  Carolina.  Within  ten 
miles  of  Charlottesville  Tarleton  detached  Cap- 
lain  McLeod,  with  a  party  id'  horsemen,  to  capt- 
ure Governor  Jefferson   at  Monticello,  while   he 

pressed  forward.  On  his  way  he  captured  some 
members  of  the  Legislature,  but  when  be  ar- 
rived at  Charlottesville  the  remainder,  fore- 
warned, had  lied  and  escaped.  Mil. mil's  expe- 
dition to  Monticello  was  quite  as  unsuccessful. 
Jefferson  was  entertaining  several  members  of 
the  Legislature,  including  the  presiding  officers 
of  both  houses,  when  the  British  cavalry  were 
seen  coming  up  the  winding  road  towards  the 
mansion.  Jefferson  immediately  sent  away  his 
family,  while  he  and  the  others  escaped  on  horse- 
back. Jefferson  had  not  been  gone  ten  minutes 
when  McLeod  rode  up  and  found  the  house  de- 
serted. 

Jefferson's  Policy.  Soon  after  his  inaugu- 
ration, Jefferson  indicated  his  policy  in  a  lel- 
|.  i  In  Nathaniel  Macon,  in  Congress,  a-  fol- 
lows: ••  1.  Levees  arc  done  away  with.  '2.  The 
first    communication  to  the  next  Congress   "ill 

be,  like  all  subsequent  ones,  by  llle.-sage.  to 
which  no  answer  will  be  expected.  3.  Diplo- 
matic establishments  in  Europe  will  be  reduced 
to  three  ministers.    4.  The  compensation  of  col 

lectori  depends  on  yon  [Congress],  and  not  on 
Ute.  5.  The  army  is  undergoing  a  chaste  refor- 
mation.    C.  The  navy  will  be  reduced  to  the 


legal  establishment  by  the  last  of  this  month 
[May,  1801].  7.  Agencies  in  every  department 
will  be  revived.  8.  We  shall  push  yon  to  the 
Uttermost  in  economizing.  9.  A  very  early  rec- 
ommendation has  been  given  to  the  Postmaster- 
general  to  employ  no  traitor,  foreigner,  or  Rev- 
olutionary Tory  iu  any  of  his  offices."  Three 
days  after  his  inauguration  he  wrote  to  Monroe : 
"  I  have  (irmly  refused  to  follow  the  counsels  of 
those  who  have  desired  the  giving  of  offices  to 
some  of  the  Federalist  leaders  in  order  to  recon- 
cile them.  1  have  given,  and  will  give,  only  to 
Republicans  under  existing  circumstances."  The 
doctrine,  "To  the  victor  belong  the  spoils," 
which  has  been  accepted  as  orthodox  in  the  pol- 
itics of  our  Republic  ever  siuce,  was  then  first 
promulgated. 

Jeffries,  Sit:  GEORGE,  COKDUCT  OF.  Sir  George 
Jeffries  was  Lord  Chief-justice  of  England  un- 
der Charles  II.,  and  was  of  a  bloodthirsty  and 
cruel  disposition,  (blighting  in  the  severe  pun- 
ishment of  the  enemies  of  the  king.  After  the 
rebellion  of  the  Duke  of  Monmouth  (1685)  was 
crushed  he  held  courts  in  the  insurgent  districts 
which  are  known  in  history  as  the  "  Bloody  As- 
sizes.'' The  partisans  of  Monmouth  in  arms 
were  full  six  thousand  in  number,  many  of  them 
persons  of  great  respectability.  Tiny  wen 
brought  before  the  court  of  the  chief-justice  by 
Scores.  He  Beamed  to  delight  in  convicting  and 
punishing  them.  He  caused  three  hundred  and 
twenty  to  be  hanged  or  beheaded,  and  more 
than  eight  hundred  to  be  sold  as  slaves  in  the 
West  Indies  and  Virginia.      Many  of  the  latter 

were  given  to  court  favorites  that  they  might 
Bell  them  on  speculation  or  extort  money  for  their 
pardon  from  those  who  had  any  to  give.  In 
i  his  nefarious  business  Lord  Effingham,  Gov- 
ernor of  Virginia,  engaged ;  and  many  men  of 

Culture,  as  will  as  good  mechanics,  were  sent  to 
Virginia  to  be  sold  as  slaves,  and  so  added  ex- 
i  client  social  materials  for  society  in  that  colo- 
ny. '•Take  can,"  wrote  King  Charles  to  Ef- 
lingham,  "that    they  continue  to  serve  for  ten 

years  at  least,  and  that  they  be  not  permitted 

in  any  manner  to  redeem  themselves  by  money 
or  otherwise  until  that  term  be  fully  expired." 
The  assembly  refused  to  make  laws  to  that  end  ; 
and  when,  in  1689,  the  Smarts  were  driven  from 
the  throne  of  England,  these  people  were  par- 
doned, and  the  Virginians  received  them  with 
open  arms  as  brethren.     (See  Stare*,  White,  in  the 

Colonics.) 

Jenkinson,  CHARLES,  was  an  admit,  untiring, 
and  most  active  politician.  He  was  private  sec- 
retary to  Ford  Utile  when  he  was  the  English 
premier,  and,  when  be  resigned.  Jenkinson  be- 
came the  principal  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 
He  was  an  Oxford  scholar,  and  becoming  per- 
sonally acquainted  with  George  III.,  when  he 
was  Prince  of  Wales,  became  devoted  to  his  ser- 
vice, lb'  had  gieal  tact  in  dealing  with  deli- 
cate personal  matters,  and  so  was  tilted  to  please 
all,  or,  rather,  not  to  offend  any.     He  was  chiefly 

instrumental  in  pnshing  forward  the  English 
ministry  in  their  schemes  for  taxing  the  Eng- 
lish-American colonists,  and  was  really  the  au- 


JENKINSON'S  FERRY  718 

tlior  of  Towneheud's  obnoxious  bills  and  Gran- 
ville's Stamp  Act.  He  held  a  place  with  Lord 
North  at  the  Treasury  Hoard  in  1768,  and  was 
the  chief  instigator  of  that  minister's  bills  for 
asserting  the  absolute  authority  of  the  Parlia- 
ment over  the  American  colonies. 

Jenkinson's    Ferry,   BATTLE    at.      General 

Steele,  at  Little  Pock,  Ark.,  tried  to  co-operate 
with  the  Red  River  expedition,  but  was  unable 
to  do  so  effectually,  for  he  was  confronted  by  a 
heavy  body  of  Confederates.  He  started  south- 
ward March  23,  1864)  with  8000  troops,  horse 
and  foot.  He  was  to  be  joined  bj  General  Thay- 
er at  Arkadelphia  with  5000  men,  but  this  was 
not  then  accomplished.  Steele  poshed  on  for 
the  purpose  of  flanking  Camden  and  drawing 
out  Price  from  his  fortifications  there.  Early 
in  April,  Steele  was  joined  by  Thayer,  and  on 
the  evening  of  the  15th  they  entered  Camden  as 
victors.  Seriously  menaced  by  gathering  Con- 
federates. Steele,  who,  by  the  retreat  of  Hanks 
(see  lied  L'iirr  Expedition),  had  been  released  from 
dotj  elsewhere,  moved  towards  Little  Pock,  lie 
crossed  i  be  Washita  on  the  night  of  April  26.  At 
Jenkinson's  Terry,  on  the  Sabine  River,  be  was 
attacked  by  an  overwhelming  force  led  by  E. 
Kirby  Smith  in  person.  Steele's  troops, though 
nearly  famished,  fought  desperately  during  a 
mosi  sanguinary  bat  He  that  ensued.  Three  times 
the  Confederates  charged  heavily,  and  were  re- 
pulsed. The  battle  was  fought  by  infant r\  alone. 
and  the  Nationals  finally  drove  their  adversaries 

and  gained  a  complete  victory.  Then  they  (Kiss- 
ed the  river  and  moved  on  tow  aids  Little  Rock. 
In  the  struggle  at  Jenkinson's  Ferry  the  Confed- 
erates lost  over  30(H)  men,  including  more  than 
300  officers.  The  Nationals  lost  700  killed  and 
wounded.  Steele's  broken  army  reached  Little 
Rock  on  May  2. 

Jenks,  JOSEPH,  an  early  American  inventor, 
was  horn  near  London;  died  at  Lynn.  Mass..  in 
1683.  He  came  to  America  in  1645, and  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  the  lirst  luass  -  founder  on 
this  continent.  On  May  0.  1648,  he  secured  a 
patent  from  the  Massachusetts  Legislature  for  a 
water-mill  and  for  a  saw-mill.  In  1652  he  made 
the  dies,  i I  is  said,  for  the  silver  coinage  —the 
"pine-tree"  money  of  that  province.  In  1054 
he  made  a  lire-engine  for  Boston,  and  in  1665  he 
received  a  patent  for  an  improved  method  of 
manufacturing  scythes.  In  1667  be  had  an  ap- 
propriation for  the  encouragement  of  w  ire-draw- 
ing. 

Jersey  Prison-ship.  (See  Prima  and  Friaoa- 
xhijiK.) 

Jesuit  Missionaries  among  the  Six  Na- 
tions. There  were  twenty-four  different  Jesuit 
missionaries  among  the  si\  Nations  between 
10.77  and  1769.  Their  names  and  places  of  sel- 
ls follows:  Paul  Ruguenean,  at  Onon- 
daga, from  July.  1667,  to  March,  1668.  Isaac 
Jognes, prisoner  among  the  Mohawks  from  Au- 
gust, Mil-',  to  August,  li'ii::  :  a  missionary  to  the 
same  nation  in  1646,  and  killed  in  October  of  the 
same  year.  Francis  Joseph  Le  Meraier,  at  On« 
from  May  ir.  1666,  to  March  DO,  1666. 

Fi.un  is  Dupci al  On la-a.fioin  1667  to  |u.-. 


JESUTT  MISSIONARY,  FIRST 

;  Simon  Le  Moyne,  at  Onondaga,  July,  1654  ;  with 

the  Mohawks  from  Sept.  16,  1655,  Until  Nov.  D 
of  the  same  year;  then  again  in  1656,  until  Nov. 
;.:  again  there  (third  time)  from  Aug. 26,  1657, 
until  May.  1658  ;  at  Onoudaga,  from  July.  1661, 
until  September,  1662;  ordered  to  the  Seneeas 

iu  July,  1663,  but  remained  at  Montreal.  He  died 
in  Canada  in  1666.  Francis  Joseph  llrcssani.  a 
prisoner  among  the  Mohawks  from  April  30  to 
Aug.  19,  1044.  Pierre  Joseph  Mary  Chanmont. 
at  Onondaga  from  September,  1655,  until  March 
20,  1658.  Joseph  Anthony  Toncet.  was  a  prison- 
er among  the  Iroquois  from  Aug.  20  to  Oct  3, 
1652;  started  for  Ououdaga  Aug.  28,  1657,  but 
was  recalled  to  Montreal.  Rene"  Menard  was 
with  Le  Mercier  at  Onondaga  from  1656  to  1658, 
and  afterwards  among  the  Cay  ugas.  Julien  Gar- 
nier.  sent  to  the  Mohawks  in  May.  1668, passed  to 
Onondaga,  and  theme  to  the  Seneeas,  and  was 
engaged  iu  this  mission  until  1683.  Claude  Da- 
blou,  at  Onondaga  a  few  yean  after  1655,  and 
was  afterwards  among  the  tribes  of  the  Upper 
Lakes.  Jacques  Fremiti,  at  Onondaga  from  1656 
to  1658;  was  sent  to  the  Mohawks  in  July.  1667  : 
left  there  for  the  Seneeas  in  October,  1668,  where 
he  remained  a  few  years.  Pierre  Pafeix.  at  On- 
ondaga from  1656  to  1658;  chaplain  in  Oobt- 
cellc's  expedition  in  1665;  sent  to  the  Ca\  ugas  iu 

1071,  thence  to  Seneca,  where  he  was  in  1679. 
Jacques Bruyas, sent  to  the  Mohawks,  July,  1667, 

and  to  the  Oneiilas  in  September,  where  he  spent 
four  Mars,  and  thence  returned  to  the  Mohawks 
in  1672;  was  at  Onondaga  in  1679,  1700, and  1701. 
Fticnnc  de  Carhcil, sent  to  Cayuga  in  K 
was  absent  in  1071-->;  returned,  and  remained  un- 
til 1684.  Pierre  Milet,  was  sent  with  De  Carhcil 
to  the  Cayngas  in  1668,  and  left  in  1684  ;  waa  at 
Niagara  in  1688,  and  was  taken  prisoner  at  Cata- 
raqua  in  1689.  Jean  Pierron,  was  sent  to  the 
Mohawks  in  July,  1607;  went  among  the  Cayn- 
gas in  October.  1668,  and  was  with  the  Seneeas 
after  107-J,  where  he  was  in  1679.  Jean  de  Lain- 
berville  was  at  Onondaga  in  1671-72;  was. sent  to 
Niagara  in  10>7.  Francis  Boniface  wasseut  to 
the  Mohawks  in  1668, aud  was  time  after  167:?. 
Francis  Vaillant  de  (iueslis  succeeded  Boniface 
anion;;  the  Mohawks  about  1074  :  accompanied 
the  expedition  against  the  Seneeas  in  10-7  :  was 
sent  to  New  York  in  December,  1687, aud  to  the 
Seneeas  iu  1703.  Pierre  de  Maicuil  w  as  at  Onon- 
daga in  June.  1709,  w  here  he  surrendered  himself 
to  the  English  in  cousequeuce  of  war  breaking 
out  between  the  latter  and  the  French. and  was 
courteously  treated  at  Albany.      Jacques  d'lleit 

wasamougthe  Ououdagaa  in  1708, and  the  Sene- 
eas in  1709.  Autuouj  Gordon,  founded  St  l.'<  uis. 
in  170'.l,  with  a  colony  from  St.  Louis.  There 
were  t  w  o  "  Sulpicians  "  B8  missionaries  in  north- 
ern New  York  at  the  middle  of  the  last  century 
—namely,  Francis  Piquet,  who  founded  Oswe- 

gatobie  (Ogdensbnrg     iu  1748,  and  abandoned  it 

in  1760;  he  was  succeeded  at  Oswegatchie  by 
Pierre  Paul  Francis  de  la  Garde. 

Jesuit  Missionaries  in  Arizona  and  Cali- 
fornia.     Bee  dritona  and  Cal[fornim, 

Jesuit    Missionary,   FIRST,   in    OHIO.       The 

unit  belli  shores  of  I  he  Oie.it   Lakes  weic  Visited 


JESUIT  MISSION'S  IN  NORTH  AMERICA  719  JESUIT  MISSIONS  IN  NORTH  AMERICA 


by  the  Roman  Catholic  missionaries  some  time 
before  they  appeared  in  the  Ohio  country.  That 
was  about  1747.  w  hen  Father  Armando  de  la  Ri- 
chardie  began  a  mission  temporarily  at  Sandus- 
ky, and  made  the  place  his  permanent  residence 
in  17."il.  Be  was  a  Jesuii  priest.  None  of  the 
Recollets  with  La  Salle  ever  visited  the  south- 
ern shores  of  Lake  Erie.  It  is  possible  that  Fa- 
ther Peter  Portier  may  have  made  excursions 
among  the  Huron  camps  before  him. 

Jesuit  Missions  in  North  America,  Early. 
In  1539,  the  Society  of  Jesus,  or  Jesuits,  was  es- 
tablished bj  Ignatius  Loyola.  Its  members  were, 
by  its  rules,  uever  to  become  prelates.  Their 
vows  were  to  be  poor, chaste, and  obedient, and 
in  constant  readiness  to  no  on  missions  against 
heresy  and  heathenism.  Their  grand  maxim 
was,  1 1  j  *  -  widest  diffusion  of  influence,  and  the 
closest  internal  unity.  Their  missions  soon 
spread  to  every  pari  of  the  habitable  globe  then 
known.  They  planted  the  cross  in  Europe,  Asia, 
Africa,  and  America,  and  on  the  islands  of  the  sea; 
and  w  hen  Champhutl  had  opened  the  way  tor  the 
establishment  of  French  dominion  in  America, 
to  t  In-  Jesuits  w  ;is  assigned  the  task  of  bearing 
the  Christian  religion  to  the  dusky  inhabitants 
of  New  France  (which  Bee).     More  persevering 

and  more  effective  than  the  votaries  of  commerce 
and  trade,  the . Jesuits  became  the  pioneers  of  dis- 
covery ami  settlements  in  North  America.  Their 
paramount   object    was  the  conversion  of  the 

heathen  and  an  extension  of  the  Church  ;  their 
secondary,  yet  powerful, object  was  to  promote 
the  power  and  dominion  of  France  in  America. 
Within  three  yean  after  the  restoration  of  Can- 
ada to  the  French  (see  Kirk,  or  Eertk,  David), 
there  werf  fifteen  .Jesuit  priests  in  tin'  province 
rhe  first  most  noted  .Jesuit  missionaries 

wen'  Brebenf  and  Daniel,  who  were  bold, aggres- 
sive, ami  self-sacrificing  tothe  last  degree.  Then 

came  the  more  gentle  Lallemaude,  who,  with 
others,  traversed  the  dark  wilderness  with  a 
party  of  Unions  who  lived  far  to  the  westward. 

on  the  borders  of  one  of  the  Great  Lakes.     Thej 
Buffered  incredible  hardships  and  privations 
eating  the  coarsest  food,  sleeping  on  the  bare 
earth,   and    assisting    their    red    companions    in 
dragging  their  canoes  at  rough  portages.     On  a 

bay  of  Lake  Huron  they  erected  the  lirst  house 
of  the  Society  among  the  North  American  In- 
dians. That  little  chapel,  whicli  they  called  the 
cradle  of  the  Church,  was  dedicated  to  St.  .Jo- 
seph, tin'  husband  of  the  Blessed  Virgin.    They 

told  to  the  wild  children  of  the  forest  the  story 
of  the   love   of  Christ    and    his   ci  iieilixinn.  and 

awed  them  with  the  terrors  of  perdition.  For 
fifteen  yean  Brebenf  carried  on  his  missionar] 
lahors  among  the   Hnrons,  scourging  his  Bean 

twice  a  day  with  thongs;  wearing  an  iron  gir- 
dle aimed  at  all  points  with  sharp  projections, 
and  over  this  a  bristly  hair-shirt,  which  contin- 
ually "mortified  the  flesh;"   fasted  frequently 

and  long;  kept  his  pious  vigils  late  into  the 
night,  and  by  penitential  Bate  resisted  every 
temptation  of  the  tlesh.  As  missionary  stations 
multiplied  in  the  western  wilderness,  the  cen- 
tral spot  was  called  St. Mary.  It  was  upon  the 
outlet  of  Lake  Superior  into  Lake  Huron.  There, 


in  one  year,  three  thousand  Indians  received  a 
welcome  at  the  hands  of  the  priest.  This  mis- 
sion awakened  great  sympathy  in  France.  Ev- 
ery where  prayers  were  uttered  for  its  protection 
ami  prosperity.  The  king  sent  magnificently 
embroidered  garments  for  the  Indian  converts. 
The  pope  expressed  his  approbation,  and  to  cou- 
firm  and  strengthen  these  missions  a  college  in 
New  France  was  projected.  The  pious  young 
Marquis  de  Gaenache,  with  the  assent  of  his  par- 
ents, entered  the  order  of  Jesuits,  and  with  a 
portion  of  their  ample  fortune  he  endowed  a 
seminary  for  education  at  Quebec.  Its  founda- 
tion was  laid  in  1635, just  before  the  death  of 
Cbamplail).  That  college  was  founded  two  years 
before  the  first  high  seminary  of  learning  was  es- 
tablished in  the  Protestant  colonies  in  America 
by  John  Harvard.     (See  Harvard  College.)     At 

the  siuiie  time,  the  Duchess  d'Acquilloli,  aided 
by    her    uncle.   Cardinal     Richelieu,   endowed    a 

pnblic  hospital  at  Quebec, open  to  the  afflicted, 

whether  white  or  red  men,  Christians  or  pagans. 
It  was  placed  in  charge  of  three  young  nuns,  the 
youngest  t  wenty  -  two,  and  the  oldest  twenty- 
nine  yean  of  age,  who  came  from  Paris  for  the 

purpose.      iSee   I'lHttlinc  Coiimil.)      In  1640,  Ho- 

chelaga  (Montreal)  was  taken  possession  of  as  a 

missionary  station,  with  solemn  religious  cere- 
monies, and  the  Queen  of  Angels  was  petitioned 
to  take  the  island  of  Montreal  under  her  pro- 
tection. Within  thirteen  yean  the  remote  wil- 
derness was  visited  by  forty  -  two  .Jesuit  mis- 
sionaries, besides  eighteen  other  devoted  men. 
These  assembled  two  or  three  times  a  year  at 
St.  Mary's;  the  remainder  of  the  time  they  were 
scattered  through  the  forests  in  their  sacred 
work.  A  plan  was  conceived  in  1638  of  estab- 
lishing missions  among  the  Algonquins,  not  only 
on  the  north,  but  on  the  south  of  the  Cleat  Lakes, 
and  at  Green  Bay.  The  field  of  labor  opened 
to  the  view  of  the  missionaries  a  vast  expanse 
of  wilderness,  peopled  by  many  tribes,  and  they 
prayed  earnestly  for  recruits.  Very  soon  In- 
dians from  very  remote  points  appeared  at  the 
mission  stations.  The  hostilities  of  the  Five 
Nations  had  kept  the  French  from  navigating 
lakes  Ontario  and  Brie;  finally,  in  1640,  Brebeuf 
was  sent  to  the  Neutral  Nation  (which  see)  on 
the  Niagara  River.  The  further  penetration  of 
the  country  south  of  the  Lakes  was  then  denied, 
but  a  glimpse  of  the  marvellous  field  soon  to  be; 
entered  upon  was  obtained.  In  September  and 
October,  Kill,  Charles  Kaymbault  ami  Isaac 
.Jogues  penetrated  to  the  Falls  of  St.  Mary,  in 
the  strait  that  forms  the  outlet  of  Lake  Superi- 
or, where  they  heard  of  the  Sioux.  They  yearn- 
ed to  penetrate  the  country  of  this  famous  peo- 
ple-. This  favor  was  denied  the  missionaries, 
father  Raj  inbanlt  returned  to  Quebec  and  died, 
hut  Father  Jogues  was  destined  to  endure  many 
trials  ami  adventures  of  missionary  life.  On  his 
way  from  Quebec  to  the  Hnrons  he  was  capt- 
ured by  a  roving  band  of  Mohawks,  and  he  who 
was  one  of  the  Ant  to  carry  the  cross  into  Mich- 
igan was  now  the  fust  to  bear  it  to  the  villages 
of  the  Five  Nations.  At  the  villages  on  the  way 
from  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  Mohawk  domain, 
Father  Jogues  was  compelled  to  submit  to  the 


JESUIT  MISSIONS  IN  NORTH  AMERICA  720 


JOGUES 


horrors  of  running  the  gauntlet  (which  see) ;  yet 
lie  neverrepiued,  but  rejoiced  in  his  tribulations, 
and  was  made  happy  by  the  conversion,  here 
and  there,  of  one  of  the  savages,  whom,  on  one 
occasion,  he  baptized  with  droits  of  dew.  As  he 
roamed  through  the  forests  of  the  Mohawk  val- 
ley,  he  carved  the  name  of  Jesus  and  the  figure 
of  a  cross  on  the  trees,  and  with  a  chant  took 
possession  of  the  country  in  the  name  of  Christ. 
He  was  ransomed  by  the  Dutch  at  Albany,  sailed 
for  France,  but  soon  returned  to  Canada.  An- 
other missionary  (Bressari),  who  suffered  horri- 
bly, was  also  ransomed  by  the  Dutch.  In  the 
.summer  of  1646  the  Jesuits  established  a  mis- 
sion among  the  barbarians  of  Maine,  and  so 
French  outposts  were  established  on  the  Ken- 
nebec and  the  upper  lakes  fourteen  years  after 
these  missionary  labors  were  begun.  There  was 
then  a  lull  in  hostilities  between  the  French  and 
the  Five  Nations,  and  Father  Jogues  went  to  the 
Mohawks  as  ambassador  from  Canada.  His  re- 
port caused  an  effort  to  establish  a  mission 
among  them,  and  he  alone  understanding  their 
language,  was  sent,  but  lost  his  life  among  the 
Mohawks,  who  hung  his  head  upon  the  palisades 
of  a  village,  and  cast  his  body  into  the  Mohawk 
River.  In  1648,  warriors  from  the  Mohawk  val- 
ley fell  upon  the  Unions,  and  the  Jesuit  missions 
among  them  were  destroyed,  and  priests  and 
converts  were  murdered  after  horrible  tortures. 
Finally,  in  1654,  when  peace  between  the  French 
and  the  Five  Nations  had  been  restored,  1  'at her 
Le  Moyne  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  the  Ouon- 
dagas,  when  he  was  cheered  by  the  Bight  of 
many  lluroiis  holding  on  to  their  faith.  Le 
Moyne  was  allowed  to  establish  a  mission  in  the 
Mohawk  valley.  Very  soon  the  Ohondagas  re- 
ceived father  Dablon  and  his  companions  kind- 
ly, and  chiefs  and  followers  gathered  around  the 
Jesuits  with  songs  of  welcome.  A  chapel  was 
built  in  a  day.  "  For  marbles  and  precious  met- 
als,'' Dablon  wrote,  "we  employed  only  bark; 
but  the  path  to  heaven  is  as  open  through  a 
roof  of  bark  as  through  arched  ceilings  of  silver 
and  gold."  In  the  heart  of  barbarian  New  York 
the  solemn  services  of  the  Church  of  Rome  were 
held  as  securely  as  if  it  were  in  Paris.  Fifty 
French  people  settled  near  the  missionary  sta- 
tion, and  very  soon  then-  were  Christian  labor- 
ers among  the  Cayugas  and  Oneidas.  A  change 
came.  War  was  again  kindled,  and  Jesuits  anil 
settlers  were  obliged  to  tlee  from  the  bosom  of 
the  Five  Nations.  After  that,  the  self-sacrificing 
Jesuits  penetrated  the  w. •stern  w  ilderness  to  the 

Mississippi  River,  carrying  the  cross  as  the  em- 
blem of  their  religion,  and  tin-  lilies  of  France  as 
token-,  of  political  dominion.  In  these  labors 
they  were  assisted  by  the  votaries  of  commerce. 

Seeds  of  civilization  were  planted  here  and 
there,  until  harvests  wen'  beginning  t<>  blossom 

all    along   the   Lakes   and   the   Mississippi    to  thi' 

Gulf  of  Mexico,     (See  Allonet,  Marquette,  Joltet, 

I.ti  Sail,,  lliini, pin.  I'onti.)  The  dieooveries  of 
tlie-e  priest!  and  traders  gave  to  Fiance  a  claim 
to  that  magnificent,  domain  of  millions  of  square 
miles, extending  fr Acadia  along  the  si.  Law- 
rence and  the  Fakes,  and  the  establishment  of 
French  dominion  in  Louisiana,  on  the  borders 


of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  has  been  truthfully 
said,  "The  history  of  these  [Jesuit J  labors  is 
connected  with  the  origin  of  every  celebrated 
town  in  the  annals  of  French  America  :  not  a 
cape  was  turned  or  a  river  entered  but  a  Jesuit 
led  the  way." 

Jesuits  Banished  from  New  York.  The  As- 
sembly of  New  York,  in  170(1.  passed  an  act  re- 
quiring every  "ecclesiastical  person  receiving 
his  ordination  from  the  Pope  or  See  of  Koine," 
then  residing  in  the  province,  to  depart  from  it 
before  the  1st  of  November.  It  referred  to  them 
as  "Jesuits  and  popish  priests,"  and  charged 
them  with  inciting  the  Indians  to  make  war  on 
the  English,  and  of  seducing  them  from  their  al- 
legiance. Massachusetts  passed  a  similar  law, 
and  gave  the  same  reasons  for  it. 

Jesup,  Thomas  SIDNEY,  was  horn  in  Virginia 
in  1788;  died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  June  10,1860. 
He  entered  the  army  in  1808,  and  was  Hull's  ad- 
jutant-general in  1813.  For  his  good  conduct 
at  the  battle  of  Chippewa  he  was  breveted  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, also  colonel  for  his  services  in 
the  battle  of  Luudy's  Lane,  or  Niagara,  in  which 
he  was  severely  wounded.  After  the  war,  he 
was  adjutant-general  and  quartermaster-general 
of  the  United  States  Army  |  1818)  with  the  rank 
of  brigadier,  and  was  breveted  major-general  in 
1828.  In  1886  he  was  in  command  id' the  army 
in  the  Creek  nation,  and  at  the  close  of  the  year 
he  commanded  the  army  in  Florida.  He  was 
wounded  by  the  Seminoles  in  January,  1838. 

Jews  Disfranchised.  In  1738,  William  Smith, 
the  defender  of  Zenger  when  tried  for  libel  (see 
/nii/ir's  Trial),  and  an  earnest  advocate  of  the 
freedom  of  the  press, practically  denied  the  free- 
dom of  conscience  by  obtaining  the  passage  of 
a  law  by  the  Legislature  of  New  York  disfran- 
chising the  Jews.  A  few  had  settled  in  New 
Amsterdam,  under  the  liberal  rule  of  the  Hutch. 
In  IT:;:!,  among  emigrants  who  went  to  the  new 
colony  of  Georgia  were  forty  Jews.  Fearing  to 
alarm  the  bigotry  of  the  English  public,  on 
whose  bounty  the  trustees  depended  (sec  Qear* 
gia,  Colony  of),  they  disclaimed  any  intention 
of  making  it  a  "Jews'  colony,"  and  gave  ex- 
press orders  to  Oglethorpe  not  to  give  them  any 

encouragement.    The  Jews  remained  quietly, 

luiill  a  synagogue, and  gave  many  good  citizens 
to  Georgia,  but  they  were  there  disfranchised 
during  the  colonial  period. 

Jogues,  Isaac,  a  French  missionary,  was  l.orn 
at  Orleans,  Jan.  10,  1607;  killed  at  Canghna- 
waga, N.  Y.,  Oct  18, 1646,  lie  became  a  Jesuit 
at  Rouen  in  1624  :  was  ordained  in  1636;  and,  at 
his  own  request,  was  immediately  sent  to  Can- 
ada, lie  was  a  most  earnest  missionary  among 
the  Indians  on  hot  h  sides  of  t  he  Fakes.  Caught, 
tortured,  anil  made  a  slave  bj  the  Mohaw  ks.  In- 
remained  with  them  until  1643.  w  hen  he  BBOapt  d 
to  Albany,  and  was  taken  to  Manhattan.  Re- 
turning to  Europe,  he  was  shipwrecked  on  the 

English  coast.  He  returned  to  Canada  iii  1646, 
w  here  he  oonclnded  ■  treaty  between  the  French 
and  the  Mohawks.     Visiting  Lake  George,  ba 

named  it  SI.  Sacrament,  and,  descending  the 
Hudson    Kiver    to  AU>aii\,he    went    among   the 


JOHN  ADAMS.  CRUISE  OF  THE 


7-21 


JOHN  BROWNS  RAID 


Mohawks  ;is  a  missionary,  who  seized  liim  and 
put  liim  to  death  as  a  sorcerer. 

John  Adams,  CBUISE  OF  thk.  The  naval 
operations  on  the  sea  111  1*14.  though  not  so  im- 
portant as  in  the  two  preceding  years  in  sunn 
respects,  yet  fully  sastained  the  character  of 
the  American  war- marine.  The  John  Adams 
frigate  bad  been  cat  down  to  a  corvette  of  28 

mnis  in  1813,  and  w  as  the  tirst  that  6gored  after 

?i  ,iii        i       .     .    i  government,  l>nf  simply  to  amend  and  repeal. 

tin-  opening  <>t   1-11.     Bbe  started  on  »  crniae   r  ._.**. 


He  had  come  to  believe  himself  to  be  the  des- 
tined liberator  of  the  slaves  in  the  Republic. 
With  a  few  white  followers  and  twelve  slaves 
from  Missouri,  he  went  into  Canada  West,  and 
at  Chatham  a  convention  of  sympathizers  was 
held  in  May,  1H.">9.  whereat  a  •Provisional  Con- 
stitution and  Ordinances  for  the  People  of  the 
United  States"  was  adopted  —  not,  as  the  in- 
stnunent   declared,  "lor  the  overthrow  of  any 


opening  oi  i-u.  sne  siaixea  on  a  crmse 
from  Washington  in  January,  and  on  the  night 
of  the  l-th  passed  the  British  blockading  squad- 
ron in  I. \iiii  Haven  Bay,  put  to  sea,  and  ran  to 
the  northeast  to  cross  the  track  of  the  West  In- 
dia merchantmen,  she  made  a  few  prizes,  aud 
on  March  25  she  captured  the  Iudiaman  Wood- 
bridge,  While  taking  possession  of  her.  the  com- 
mander of  the  Adam*  (Captain  Charles  Morris) 
observed  t  went  \  -live  merchant- vessels,  \\  ith  two 
ships  of  war.  bearing  down  upon  her  with  a  fair 
wind.  Morris  abandoned  his  prize,  and  gave  the 
Adanu  wings  for  llight  from  danger.  In  April 
she  entered  tlie  harbor  of  Savannah  for  supplies. 
and  on  May  5  sailed  for  the  Manilla  Reef,  to 
watch  for  the  Jamaica  convoy,  but  the  fleet 
passed  her  in  the  night.      She  gave  chase  in  the 

morning,  but  was  kept  at  bay  by  two  vessels 
of  war.     she  crossed  the  Atlantic,  and  on  July 

I!  w  as 

by  British  vessels,  but  always  escaped.  For 
nearly  two  months  the  weather  was  foggy, cold, 
and  damp,  because  the  ocean  was  dotted  with 
icebergs.  Her  crew  sickened,  and  Captain  Mor- 
ris determined  to  go  into  port.  He  entered  Pe- 
nobscot Bay. and  was  nearly  disabled  by  striking 
a  rock  Lug  17.  1-1  I  .  and  made  his  way  up  the 
Penobscot  River  to  Hampden.  British  vessels 
followed,  and   to    prevent    her   falling    into    the 

hands  of  his  enemy.  Morris  burned 
Hampden,  Britith  at. 

John  Brown's  Raid.  There  seemed  to  be  a 
peculiar  serenity  and  calmness  in  the  public 
mind  about  public  affairs  in  the  fall  of  1859. 
The  discussions  about  slavery  had  almost  ceased. 

the  Mormons  were  quiet, difficulties  with  Para- 

\  .  had  been  amicably  settled,  troubles 

Willi  the  Indians  on  the  Pacific  coast  weie  .haw 

log  to  a  close,  and  the  operations  of  Walker  in 

i    were   losing    much   of  their   interest. 


It  was  a  part  of  the  scheme  for  promoting  the 
uprising  of  the  slaves.  Brown  spent  the  sum- 
mer of  1859  in  preparations  for  his  work.  He 
hired  a  farm  a  few  miles  from  Harper's  Ferry, 

where  he  was  known  by  the  name  of  Smith. 
One  by  one  his  followers  joined  him  there,  and 
stealthily    gathered    pikes   and   other   weaj s, 

with  ammunition,  for  the  purpose  of  Bret  arm- 
ing the  insurgent  slaves  of  Virginia.    On  a  very 

dark  night,  Brown,  with  seventeen  white  men 
and  five  negroes,  stole  into  the  village  of  Har- 
per's Ferry,  put  out  the  street-lights,  seized  the 
government  armory  and  the  railway  -  bridge 
there,  and  quietly  arrested  and  imprisoned  in 
the  government  buildings  every  citizen  found 
in  the  street  at  the  earlier  hours  of  the  next 
morning,  each  one  ignorant  of  what  else  hail 
happened.      These  invaders  had  seized  Colonel 

",'""■'     Washington,  living  a  few  miles  from  the  Ferry, 
lithe  Irish  coast,  where  she  was  chased        .,,     ."  ",    ,  .... 

with    his    arms   and   horses,  and    liberated   his 

slaves:  and  at  eight  o'clock  on  Monday  morn- 
ing, Oct.  17.  Brown  and  his  followers  (among 
whom  were  two  of  his  sonsi  had  full  possessiou 
of  the  village  and  the  government  works,  lb- 
had  felt  assured  that  w  hen  the  first  blow  should 
be  struck  the  negroes  of  the  surrounding  conn- 
try  would  rise  and  flock  to  his  standard,  that 
a  general  uprising  of  the  slaves  throughout  the 
Union  would  follow,  and  that  he  would  win  the 
satisfaction  and  the  honors  of  a  great  liberator. 
When  asked  what  was  his  purpose, and  by  what 
authority  he  acted,  he  replied,  "To  fiee  the 
-hues:  and  by  the  authority  ofGod  Almighty." 
News  of  this  affair  went  sw  iftly  abroad,  and  be- 
fore night  a  large  number  of  Virginia  militia 
had  gathered  at  Harper's  Ferry.     Struggles  be- 

tween  these  and  Brown's  followers  ensued,  in 
which  the  two  sons  of  the  former  perished.  The 
invaders  were  finally  driven  into  a  fire-engine 
house,  where  Brown  bravely  defended  himself. 


It  was  only  the  calm  that  precedes  a  tempest.   With  one  son  dead  by  his  side  and  the  other 


Suddenly  as  a  peal  of  thunder  in  the  genial  ;i 
of  « ).  toiler,  a  rumor  went  out  of  Baltimore  th;  t 
the  Abolitionists  had  seized  the  government  ar- 
mory ami  arsenal  at  Harper's  Ferry,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  tin-  Shenandoah  and  Potomac  rivers,  anil 
that  a  general  insurrection  of  the  slaves  in  Vir- 
ginia was  imminent.  The  rumor  was  mostly  true. 
John  Brown, an  enthusiast,  fanatical  and  brave 
who  had  fought  pro-slavery  men  in  Kansas, and 
was  known  as  "  Ossawattamie  Brown,"  then  in 
the  sixtieth  year  of  his  age,  had  espouse. 1  the 
cause  of  the  Abolitionists  (those  who  advo- 
cated the  abolition  of  slavery)  in  early  life,  and. 
filled  with  zeal  for  the  cause,  had  suddenly  ap- 
peared at  Harper's  Ferry  with  a  few  followers, 
t..  iii. lu.e  the  sla\e>  of  Virginia  to  rise  in  In- 

si rie. n  and  assert    their  right  to  freedom. 

I. -46 


shot  through  the  body,  he  felt  the  pulse  of  his 
dying  child  with  one  hand,  held  his  rifle  with 
the  other,  and  issued  oral  commands  to  his  men 
with  all  the  composure  of  a  general  in  his  mar- 
quee, telling  them  to  be  linn,  and  sell  their  lives 
as  dearly  as  possible.  They  held  their  citadel 
until  Monday  evening,  when  Colonel  Robert  E. 
Fee  arrived  with  ninety  I'nited  States  marines 
and  two  pieces  of  artillery.  The  do. us  of  the 
engine-house  were  forced  open,  and  Brow  n  and 
his  followers  were  captured.  The  bold  leader 
was  speedily  tried  for  murder  and  treason,  was 
found  guilty  (Oct.  89),  and  on  Dec.  I!.  1859,  w  as 
hanged.  Meanwhile  the  wildest  tales  of  the 
raid  had  gone  over  the  land.  The  governor  of 
Virginia  (Henry  A.  Wise)  was  almost  crazy  with 
excitement,  and  declared  himself  ready  to  make 


JOHN  PAUL  JONES  75 

war  on  all  the  free-labor  states  ;  ami  he  declared, 
in  a  letter  to  the  President  (Nov. 25),  that  he  had 
authority  for  the  belief  that. a  conspiracy  to  res- 
cue Brown  existed  in  Ohio.  Pennsylvania,  New 

York,  and  other  states.  Attempts  were  made 
to  implicate  leading  Republicans  in  a  scheme 
tor  liberating  the  slaves.     A  committee  of  the 

United  States  Senate,  with  .lames  M.  Mason,  au- 
thor of  the  Fugitive  Slave  Law  of  1850,  as  its 
chairman,  was  appointed  to  investigate  the  sub- 
ject. The  result  was  the  obtaining  of  positive 
proof  that  Brown  had  no  accomplices,  and  only 
about  twenty-five  followers.  Although  Brown's 
mad  attempt  to  free  the  slaves  was  a  total  fail- 
ure, it  proved  to  lie  one  of  the  important  events 
which  speedily  brought  about  the  result  he  so 
much  desired. 

John  Paul  Jones  and  the  Earl  of  Selkirk. 
In  1779,  while  .Jones  was  cruising  up  and  down 
the  east  coast  of  Scotland,  between  the  Solway 
and  the  Clyde,  he  tried  to  capture  the  Earl  of 
Selkirk,  in  order  to  secure  a  notable  prisoner 
for  exchange.  He  had  been  an  early  friend  of 
Jones's  father.  His  seat  was  at  the  month  of 
the  Dee;  and  there,  in  his  boyhood,  our  hero 
had  gambolled  under  the  shadow  of  its  majestic 
oaks.  He  anchored  his  vessel  (the  Banger)  in 
the  Solway  at  noon,  and  with  a  few  men,  in  a 
single  boat,  he  went  to  a  wooded  promontory  on 
which  the  earl's  fine  estate  lay,  where  he  learned 
that  his  lordship  was  not  at  home.  Disappoint- 
ed, he  ordered  his  men  back  to  the  boat,  when 
his  lieutenant,  a  large  and  fiery  man,  proposed 
to  go  to  the  mansion  and  plunder  it  of  tin'  fam- 
ily plate.  Jones  would  not  listen  to  the  propo- 
sition, for  the  memory  of  old  associations  made 
bis  heart  tender  towards  Lady  Selkirk,  who  had 
been  very  kind  to  him.  Again  he  ordered  his 
men  back,  but  they  and  the  lieutenant,  eager 
for  prize-money,  in  defiance  of  his  expostulations, 
went  to  the  house  and  demanded  the  plate.  The 
frightened  Lady  Selkirk  surrendered  it  with  her 
own  hands.  When  the  prizes  of  the  Banger  were 
sold,  Jones  bought  this  plate,  and  sent  it  back 
to  Lady  Selkirk  with  a  letter  in  which  he  ex- 
pressed his  regret  because  of  the  annoyance  she 
had  sn tiered. 

John  the  Painter.  While  Silas  Deane,  com- 
missioner of  the  Continental  Congress,  wa-  m 
Paris  1T77  I. a  Stranger, advanced  in  years. called 
upon  him  one  day,  and  requested  a  strictly  pri- 
vate interview,  it  was granted,  when  the  stran- 
ger told  Deane  that  be  was  a  native  of  Scotland, 
but  was  an  American  citizen,  and  had  lived  at 
Amboy.in  New  Jersey, when  he  bad  a  comfort- 
able house.     The  British  troops  stationed  there. 

inspecting  him  of  being  a  Whig,  had  grastlj 
abased  him,  and   Anally  burned  his  bouse   to 

ashes.  He  told  Deane  he  had  resolved  on  re 
Venge;  thai  be  hail  determined  to  kill  Kin:.' 
ml  had  come  to  Europe  for  the  pur- 
pose He  bad  been  to  England,  had  laid  his 
plans,  and  was  ready  to  execute  them.  He 
tbongbl  it  right  to  acquaint  Deane,  the  United 
States  minister,  with  his  scheme.  He  said  he 
passed  by  the  name  of  "John  the  Painter."  Mi. 
Deane  opposed  the  assassination  of  the  king  as 


>2  JOHNSOX 

cowardly  and  unjust.  He  was  innocent  of  wrong 
in  the  matter.  If  he  must  have  revenge,  he 
should  take  it  in  a  manly,  generous  way :  he 
should  go  into  the  American  army,  and  meet 
his  enemy  as  a  soldier,  and  not  as  a  vulgar  as- 
sassin :  and  if  he  could  so  meet  King  George,  at 
the  head  of  his  army,  he  could  kill  him  with 
propriety.  It  would  be  lawful  to  so  kill  his 
generals.  The  man  was  finally  persuaded  by 
Deane  to  abandon  his  regicidal  plan,  and  left. 
He  soon  returned,  thanked  Deane  for  persuading 
him  not  to  lay  violent  hands  on  "the  Lord's 
Anointed."  and  said  he  was  determined  to  seek 
revenge  by  burning  the  naval  stores  at  Ports- 
month.  England.  Deane  said  that  would  tend 
to  weaken  the  enemy  in  carrying  on  the  war, 
and  was  legitimate  business.  He  was  aston- 
ished at  the  wisdom  of  the  man's  plans.  Be 
warned  him.  however,  that  if  he  should  be 
caught  his  life  would  pay  the  penalty  of  his 
crime.  '•  I  am  an  old  man."  said  "John  the 
Painter,"  ''and  it  matters  little  whether  I  die 
now  or  five  years  hence."  He  borrowed  a  guinea 
from  Deane,  and  crossed  the  channel.  At  Ports- 
mouth he  took  lodgings  at  the  house  of  a  very 
poor  woman  on  the  outskirts  of  the  town.  While 
he  was  absent, she  had  the  curiosity  to  examine 
a  bundle  which  he  had  brought  with  him.  It 
contained  some  clothing  and  a  tin  box.  with 
some  sort  of  a  machine  inside.  John  wanted  a 
top  to  it.  and  had  one  made  by  a  tinman.  The 
same  evening  the  naval  storehouses  were  tired 
by  this"  infernal  machine."  and  $500,000  worth 
of  property  was  destroyed.  Strict  search  was 
made  for  the  incendiary  in  the  morning  at  ev- 
ery house  in  the  town.  The  old  woman  told 
them  of  John  the  Painter  and  his  mysterious 
tin  box.  The  tinman  reported  making  a  top  for 
it.  John  was  fixed  upon  as  the  incendiary. 
Xot  doubting  he  had  been  sent  by  the  enemy 
for  the  purpose,  and  that  relays  of  horses  had 
been  furnished  for  his  escape,  horsemen  were 
sent  out  on  every  road,  with  orders  to  pursue 
any  person  they  should  find  riding  very  fast. 
John,  meanwhile,  was  trudging  on  Coot  tow  aids 
London.  Men  came  up  to  him  and  asked  him 
if  lie  had  seen  any  person  riding  post -haste. 
••  Why  do  you  inquire  '"  asked  John.  He  was 
properly  answered. when  John  told  the  pursuers 
they  were  mistaken,  for  he — "John  the  Paint- 
er"—  was  the  incendiary,  and  gave  tlieni  his 
lea-, .us  for  the  act.  They  took  him  back  to 
Portsmouth,  where  he  was  recognized  by  the 
old  woman  and  the  tinman.  He  candidly  told 
ihein  that  he  should  certainly  have  killed  the 
king  had  not  Mr.  Deane  dissuaded  him.  and  that 


he  was  revenged, aud  was  ready  Iodic.  He  was 
tried,  condemned,  and  hung.  A  false  and  un- 
fair SOOOUnt  of  his  trial   was  published,  and  no 

mention  was  mad.'  of  Mr.  Deane's  ba\ 
the  life  of  the  king.      The  Ci  nth  man'*  Magtuku 
for    1 777    contains   the   English   account   of  the 
affair,  with  a  portrait.     The  above  is  compiled 

from  manuscript  notes  made  from  the  lips  of 
Deane  by   E&liaS  B linot. 

Johnson,  Amh:i  w.  l.i.  D.  seventeenth  Pres- 
ident of  the  I'nited  Stat,-,  was  born  at  Kileie.li, 
\  i   .  D . .    89,  1808.     He  learned  the  trade  of  a 


JOHNSON 

tailor,  and  taught  himself  to  road.  After  work- 
ing as  a  journeyman  in  South  Carolina,  he  went 
to  Greenville, Tenn.,  taking  with  him  his  moth- 
er, who  was  dependent  on  him.  There  he  worked 


;•_':: 


JOHNSON 


at  his  trade,  married,  and  was  taught  by  his 
wife  how  to  write:  became  alderman  and  may- 
or, a  member  of  the  Legislature  (1838  33  and 
1839),  presidential  elector  i  1840),  state  senator 
in  l-il.  and  member  of  Congress  from  1843  i<> 
1863.  From  1853  to  1857  he  was  governor  of 
Tennessee,  and  United  States  Senator  from  1857 
to  1863.  in  1862  he  was  appointed  military  gov- 
ernor of  Tennessee,  and  in  1864  was. lee  ted  Vice- 
President  of  the  United  states,  lie  succeeded 
Mi.  Lincoln  as  President  in  1865;  kept  tip  a  con- 
tinual warfare  with  Congress;  was  impeached, 
in  it  acqnitted,  in  1868,  aud  retired  from  office  in 
1869.  He  received  the  degree  ofLL.D,  from  the 
University  of  North  Carolina  in  1866,  and  died 
in  Carter  County,  Tenn  ,  July  31,  1875. 

Johnson,  FORT,  DB8TRUCTION  OF.  On  the 
Cape  Fear  River,  not  far  from  Wilmington,  was 
a  fortification  called  Foil  Johnson.  To  il  the 
royal  governor  (Joseph  Martin)  of  North  Caro- 
lina fled  (June  1  l.  L775)  when  the  indignanl 
people  began  to  rise  in  rebellion  againBt  royal 
rale.  From  thai  stronghold  he  sent  forth  a 
menacing  proclamation,  aud  soon  afterwards 
preparations  for  a  servile  insurrection  were  dis- 
covered. The  rumor  went  abroad  thai  Martin 
had  incited  the  slaves.  The  exasperated  people 
determined  todrive  him  from  the  fori  and  demol- 
ish it.  A  body  of  five  hundred  men,  led  by  John 
Ashe  and  Cornelius  Harnett,  marched  to  the  fort. 
Martin  had  lied  on  hoard  n  British  vessel  of  war 
in  the  river.  The  munitions  of  war  had  all  been 
removed  On  hoard  of  a  transport,  and   the  gar- 

rieou  also  had  tied.    The  people  burned  the  bar- 

ind  demolished  the  walls. 

Johnson,  Crv,  was  born  in  Ireland  in  1740; 

died   in    London,  March  .">,  1788.      He  married  a 

daughter  of  Sir  William  Johnson,  and   in    1771 

i   him   as   Indian   Agent.     He   served 

against  the  French  from  17.">7  to  1760.     At  the 

outbreak  of  the  Revolution  he  fled  to  Canada. 

and   thence   went    with   the   British   troops  who 

took  possession  of  New  York  citj  in  September, 


1776;  he  remained  there  some,  time,  and  became 
manager  of  a  theatre.  He  joined  Brant,  ami 
participated  in  some  of  the  bloody  outrages 
in  the  Mohawk  valley.  In  1771)  he  foughl  with 
the  Indians  against  Sullivan.  (See  Sullivan's 
Campaign.)    His  estates  were  confiscated. 

Johnson,  Ekverdt,  a  distinguished  lawyer, 
was  born  at  Annapolis,  Md.,  May  21.  1790  ;  died 
there,  Feb.  10, 1876.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1815.  After  serving  two  terms  in  his 
state  Senate,  he  was  United  States  Senator  from 
1845  to  1849,  w  hen  In-  became  United  States  At- 
torney-general under  President  Taylor.  Mr. 
Johnson  was  a  delegate  to  the  Peace  Conven- 
tion (which  see);  United  States  Senator  from 
1863  to  1868;  and  minister  to  Great  Britain  in 
1868  69,  negotiating  a  treaty  which  was  rejected 
bj  the  United  States  Senate. 

Johnson,  Richard  Mentor,  was  born  at  Bry- 
ant's Station,  Ky.,Oot.  17,  1781 :  died  at  Frank- 
fort, Ky..  Nov.  19,  1850.  II.'  graduated  at  Tran- 
sylvania University,  became  a  lawyer  and  state 
legislator,  and  raised  a  regiment  of  cavalry  in 
1812.  With  them  he  served  under  Harrison,  and 
was  in  the  ha  I  He  of  the  Thames  in  1813,  where 
he  was  dangerously  wounded,  from  1807  to 
L819and  1829  to  lsirr  he  was  a  member  of  Con- 
gress. He  was  United  stales  Senator  from  1818 
to  L829,  and  Vice-President  of  the  tinted  States 
from  is;{7  to  1841. 

Johnson,  RICHARD  W.,  was  born  in  Living- 
ston  County.  Ky.,  lib.  7.  l-i7.  and  graduated 

at  West  Point  in  1849.  He  was  a  captain  of 
cavalry  in  Hie  Civil  War  until  August,  1861, 
when  he  was  made  lieutenant-colonel  of  a  Ken- 
tucky cavalry  regiment,  in  October  In;  was 
made  a  brigadier,  and  served  under  Buell.  Ill 
the  summer  of  1862  he  commanded  a  division 
of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  ami  afterwards 
had  the  same  command  in  the  Army  of  the  Cum- 
berland.    In  the  bat  lies  at  Si  one's  1,'iver  and  near 

Chickamauga,  and  in  the  Atlanta  Campaign  ho 
was  a  most    useful   officer.     He  was  severely 

wounded  at  New  Hope  Church,  and  command- 
ed a  division  of  cavalry  in  the  battle  of  Nash- 
ville, in  December,  1864  He  was  breveted  ma- 
jor-general in  the  United  Slates  Army  for  "gal- 
lant services  during  the  war,"  and  retired  with 
full  rank  in  October,  1867. 

Johnson,  SAMTJKL,  LL.D.,WaS  born  at  Dun- 
dee, Scotland,  Dee.  15,  17:!:i;  died  near  Fa  leu- 
Ion.  N.  c.  Au-.  18,  1816.  He  was  brought  to 
North  Carolina  by  his  father  when  he  was  three 
years  of  age,  and  was  in  oil  il  office  there  under 
the  crown  until  he  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
patriots.  In  1771!  he  w  as  one  of  the  North  Car- 
olina Committee  of  Correspondence  and  an  ac- 
tive member  of  the  Provincial  Congress.  He 
was  chairman  of  the  Provincial  Council  in  177."), 
and  d urine;  1781  B2wasin  the  Continental  Con- 
gress. In  1788  he  was  governor  id'  the  state, 
and  presided  over  the  convention  thai  adopted 
the  national  ( 'oust  il  ut  ion.  From  1789  to  1793 
he  w  as  United  Slates  Senator,  and  from  1800  to 
1803  was  judge  Of  the  Supreme  Court. 

Johnson,  Sin  John,  son  of  Sir  William,  was 


JOHNSON 


724    JOHNSONS,  THE  INFLUENCE  OF  THE 


born  in  1742;  died  in  Montreal,  Jan.  4,  1830. 
He  was  a  stanch  loyalist,  and  in  1776  the  Whigs 
tried  to  yet  possesion  of  his  person.  He  fled  to 
Canada  with  about  seven  hundred  followers, 
where  be  was  commissioned  a  colonel,  and  raised 
a  corps  chiefly  among  the  loyalists  of  New  fork, 
known  as  the  Royal  Greens.  He  was  among 
the  most  active  and  bitter  foes  of  the  patriots. 
While  investing  Fort  Stanwix  (or  Schuyler),  in 
1777,  he  defeated  General  Herkimer  at  Oris- 
kauy  (which  see),  but  was  defeated  himself  by 
General  Van  Rensselaer  in  1780.  After  the  war 
Sir  John  went  to  England,  but  returned  to  Can- 
ada, where  he  resided  as  Superintendent  of  In- 
dian Affairs  until  his  death.  He  married  a 
daughter  of  John  Watts,  a  New  York  loyalist. 

Johnson,  Thomas,  was  born  in  Calvert  Coun- 
ty, Md..  in  17:52;  died  at  Rose  Hill,  near  Fred- 
erickton, Oct. 26, 1819.  He  was  an  eminent  law- 
yer, and  was  chosen  a  delegate  to  the  Second 
Continental  Congress  in  177.">.  He  had  the  hon- 
or of  nominating  George  Washington  for  the 
position  of  commander-in-chief  of  the  Conti- 
nental armies.  He  was  chosen  governor  of  the 
new  Stale  of  Maryland  in  1777.  and  was  Asso- 
ciate-justice of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States  from  1791  to  lT'JIi.  when  he  resigned,  lb- 
was  offered  the  position  of  Chief-justice  of  the 
District  of  Columbia  in  1801,  but  declined  it. 

Johnson,  William,  born  in Meath County,  Ire- 
land, in  1715;  died  near  Johnstown,  N.  Y..  July 
11,  1774.  He  was  educated  for  a  merchant,  but 
an  unfortunate  love  affair  changed  the  tenor  of 
his  life.     He  came  to  America  in  1738  to  take 


M    JOHNSON. 


charge  of  landed  property  of  his  uncle,  admiral 
Sir  Peter  Warren,  in  i  he  region  of  the  Mohawk 
\  alley,  and  seated  himself  there,  about  twenty- 
four  miles  w.st  of  Scheneotady, engaging  in  the 
Indian  trade.  Dealing  honestly  «  itfa  the  Indians 
and  learning  their  langnage,he  became  a  great 

Favorite  w  itfa  them.  He  conformed  to  their  man- 
ners, and.  in  time,  took  Mary,  a  sisler  of  I'.rant. 
the   famous  Mohawk   chief  to   hi,   home   at   his 

wife.    When  the  French  ami  Indian  War  broke 

out  Johnson  was  made  Bole  superintendent  of 
Indian  affairs,  and  his  great  inllneuee  kept  the 
Six    Nations  steadily  from  any  faVOlillg   of  the 


French.  He  kept  the  frontier  from  injury  un- 
til the  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  (1748).  In  1750 
he  was  a  member  of  the  Provincial  Council.  He 
withdrew  from  his  position  of  Superintendent 
of  Indian  Affairs  in  1753, and  was  a  member  of 
the  convention  at  Albany  in  1754.  He  also  at- 
tended grand  councils  of  the  Indians,  and  was 
adopted  into  the  Mohawk  tribe  and  made  a 
sachem.  At  the  council  of  governors,  convened 
by  Braddock  at  Alexandria  in  1755.  Johnson  was 
appointed  "sole  superintendent  of  the  Six  Na- 
tions," created  a  major-general,  and  led  an  ex- 
pedition intended  for  the  capture  of  Crown 
Point.  (See  Grown  Point,  Expedition  agafaut.) 
The  following  year  he  was  knighted,  and  the 
king  gave  him  the  appointment  of  Superinten- 
dent of  Indian  Affairs  in  the  North  ;  he  w  as  also 
made  a  colonial  agent.  He  continued  in  the  mil- 
itary service  during  the  remainder  of  the  war, 
and  was  rewarded  by  his  king  with  the  gift  of 
one  hundred  thousand  acres  of  land  north  of  the 
Mohawk  River,  which  was  known  as  "Kings- 
land,"  or  the  "  Royal  Grant."  Johnson  first  in- 
troduced sheep  and  blooded  horses  into  the  Mo- 
hawk valley.  Sir  William  Johnson  married  a 
German  girl,  by  whom  he  had  a  son  and  two 
daughters;  also  eight  children  by  Mary  (or 
Mollie)  Brant,  who  lived  with  him  until  his 
death.  Sir  William  lived  in  baronial  stj  le  and 
exercised  great  hospitality. 

Johnson,  William  Samill,  LL.D.,  D.C.L., 
F.K.s.,  was  born  in  Stratford  County,  Conn., 
Oct.  7,  1727  :  died  Nov.  11.  1819.  He  grad- 
uated at  Vale  College  in  1744:  became  a  law- 
yer, and  was  distinguished  for  his  eloquence. 
He  was  a  delegate  to  the  "Stamp  Act  Con- 
gress" (which  seei.  and  for  five  years  (from 
176i)  to  1771 1  he  was  agent  for  Connection!  in 
England.  He  corresponded  with  the  eminent 
Dr.  Johnson  several  years.  He  was  a  judge  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  Connecticut  and  a  com- 
missioner for  adjusting  the  controversy  be- 
tween the  proprietors  of  Pennsylvania  and  the 
Susquehanna  Company.  Jndge  Johnson  was  in 
Congress  (1784  to  17-7  .  and  was  also  a  member 
of  the  convention  that  framed  the  national 
Constitution,  in  which  he  was  the  first  to  pro- 
pose the  organization  of  the  Senate  as  a  distinct 
branch  of  the  national  Legislature.  He  was 
United  States  Senator  from  1789  to  171)1.  and. 
with  his  colleague,  Oliver  Ellsworth,  drew  up 
the  bill  for  establishing  the  judiciary  system  of 
the  United  States,  lb'  was  President  of  Colum- 
bia College  from  17-7  to  1800, 

Johnsons.  Tin  bin  BXCE  <>r  tiik.  in  the  Mo- 
hawk region, gave  the  Whigs  much  annoyance, 
and  finally  became  a  scourge.  Sir  William  died 
just  as  the  war  for  independence  was  kindling, 
and  his  mantle  of  partisanship  agaiuBt  the  Re- 
publicans was  Worn  by  bis  son  and  - 
Sn  John  Johnson.  Ecpialh  strong  in  bis  oppo- 
sition to  the  Wbigs  was  :l  son-in-law  of  Sii 
William,  Guj  Johnson,  who  sneoeeded  him  as 

Superintendent  of  Indian  Affairs,  having  been 
long  bis  deputy.  Guy  had  BUOh  inllneuee  over 
the  Indians,  that,  in  July,  1775.  a  large  bodj  of 
the    Mohawks,  notwithstanding    their   solemn 


JOHNSTON 


725 


JOHNSTON 


promise  of  neutrality,  followed  him  to  Montre- 
al, and,  in  the  presence  of  Governor  Carleton, 
pledged  an  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  crown,  and 

took  «i ] >  the  hatchet  against  the  Republicans.  Sir 
John  Johnson  had  many  retainers  on  his  domain, 
who  were  Scotch  Highlanders,  and  were  all 
Tories.  Suspected  of  disaffection  to  the  patriot 
cause,  Genera]  Schuyler  had  watched  him  closely 
and  taken  his  word  of  honor  to  refrain  from  hos- 
tilities. Satisfied  that  he  would  not  be  faithful, 
Schuyler  required  him  to  give  his  parole  (Jan- 
uary. 1776)  to  that  effect.  This  sat  so  lightly 
thai,  in  May,  Schuyler  sent  a  force  under  Colo- 
lie]  l'.li.is  Dayton  to  arrest  him.  The  baronet 
retired  to  the  forests  between  the  Mohawk  and 
the  Sacaudaga,  with  his  Tory  retainers,  and 
soon  afterwards  they  made  t  heir  way  to  Canada. 
In  wretched  plight,  after  great  suffering  in  the 
wilderness,  they  reached  the  St.  Lawrence,  some 
distance  above  Montreal,  when  Sir  John  was 
commissioned  a  colonel  in  the  British  service. 
lb-  raised  two  battalions,  including  one  thou- 
sand men  composed  of  his  Highlanders  and 
other  Tories,  and  named  his  corps  "The  Royal 
Greens."  With  these  and  Indian  followers, Sir 
John  carried  on  a  distressing  partisan  warfare, 
mostly  in  the  valley  of  the  Mohawk. 

Johnston,  Aim  t:t  Sidnf.y,  was  born  in  Ma- 
son County.  Ky.,  ill  1803;  killed  in  the  battle  of 
Shiloh  (which  see),  April  6,  1862.  lb'  graduated 
at  We-t  Point  in  L826;  served  in  the  IUack 
Hawk  War,  and  resigned  in  1834.  He  entered 
tin'  Texan  army  as  a  private  in  1836  and  was 
soon  made  a  brigadier, and  in  1838  became  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  army  and  Secretary  of 
War.  He  retired  to  private  life  in  Texas.  He 
served  in  the  war  w  iih  Mexico,  and  became  pay- 
master in  the  United  Slates  Army  in  1849.  In 
l -t .i i  i;i  he  commanded  the  Pacific  Department, 

and.  sympathizing    with     the    Secessionists,  he 

was  superseded  bj  General  Sumner  and  entered 

the  Confederate  scrv  ice.  in  command  of  the  Di- 
vision of  tb.'  West.  .\t  bis  death, in  the  battle 
of  Shiloh,  General  Beauregard  succeeded  him. 

Johnston,  BushbodB.,  was  born  in  Ohio,  Sept. 
B,  1-17.  and  graduated  at  West  Point  iii  1840. 
lie  served  in  the  Florida  and  Mexican  wars,  and 
was  professor  of  mathematics  in  military  acad- 
emies in  Kentucky  ami  Tennessee.  He  joined 
the  Confederate  annj  in  1861,  and  was  made  a 
brigadier-general  early  in  1862;  was  captured 
at  Fori  Douelson  (which  see),  but  soon  after- 
wards escaped;  was  wounded  in  the  battle  of 
Shiloh.  and  was  made  major-general  in  1864. 
He  w  as  in  command  of  a  cliv  ision  in  Lee's  army 

that  surrendered  at  Appomattox  Court-house. 

Johnston,  (.i:\ri:  vt.  .1.  P..  BtJBHKNDKH  or. 
With  the  surrender  of  Pee  (which  see),  the 
Civil  War  was  virtually  ended.  Although  he 
was  general-iii-chief,  his  eapit  ulal  ion  Included 
only  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia,  That  of 
Johnston,  in  North  Carolina,  and  smaller  bodies, 
were  yet  in  the  field.  When  Sherman,  who  con- 
fronted Johnston,  heard  of  the  victory  at  the 
Five  porks  (which  Bee)  and  the  evacuation  of 
Pete  rub  n  rg  ami  Richmond,  he  moved  on  Johns- 
ton (April  Id.  1865)  with  his  whole  army.     The 


latter  was  at  Smithtield,  on  the  Nense  River, 
with  full  thirty  thousand  men.  Jefferson  Da- 
vis and  the  Confederate  cabinet  were  then  at 
Danville,  on  the  southern  border  of  Virginia, 
playing  "Government,"  and  had  just  proposed 
to  Johnston  a  plan  whereby  they  might  secure 
their  own  personal  safety  and  the  treasures 
they  had  brought  with  them  from  Richmond. 
It  was  to  disperse  his  army,  excepting  two  or 
three  batteries  of  artillery,  the  cavalry,  and  as 
many  infantry  as  he  could  mount,  with  which  he 
should  form  a  guard  for  the  "  Government,"  and 
strike  for  the  Mississippi  and  beyond,  with  Mex- 
ico as  their  final  objective.  Johnston  spurned 
the  proposition,  and. deprecating  the  bad  exam- 
ple of  Lee  in  continuing  what  he  knew  to  be  a 
hopeless  war.  had  the  moral  courage  to  do  his 
duly  according  to  the  dictates  of  his  conscience 
and  his  nice  sense  of  honor.  1  le  refused  to  fight 
any  more,  or  to  basely  desert  his  army  far  away 
from  their  homes,  as  tin?  '•Government"  pro- 
posed, and  stated  frankly  to  the  people  of 
North  and  South  Carolina,  Georgia, and  Flori- 
da, included  within  his  military  department, 
that  "war  could  not  be  longer  continued  by 
them  except  as  robbers,"  and  that  he  should  take 
measures  to  stop  it  and  save  the  army  and  peo- 
ple from  further  cv  il.  and  "avoid  the  crime  of 

waging  a  hopeless  war."  Sherman  was  push- 
ing Johnston  with  great  vigor,  when  the  former 
received  a  note  from  the  latter  (April  14,  1865), 
asking  if  a  temporary  suspension  of  active  hos- 
tilities might  be  arranged  to  allow  the  "civil 
authorities  to  enter  into  the  needful  arrange- 
ments to  terminate  the  existing  war."  Sherman 
promptly  replied  that  he  would  do  so,  and  was 
willing  to  hold  a  conference.  He  said  that,  as 
a  basis  of  action,  he  would  undertake  to  abide 
by  the  terms  made  by  Crant  and  Pee  at  Appo- 
mattox Court-house.  Sherman  ami  Johnston 
met  at  Durham's  Station,  half-way  between  Ra- 
leigh and  Hillsborough. at  ten  o'clock,  April  17. 
Johnston  said  he  regarded  the  Confederate 
cause  as  lost,  and  admitted  that  Grant's  terms 
were  magnanimous  (see  Lee'*  Smrender) ',  but 
he  insisted  upon  conditions  involving  political 
guarantees,  which  Sherman  had  no  authority  to 
grant.  At  a  second  conference  the  next  day 
Sherman  consented  to  a  memorandum  of  agree- 
ment as  a  basis  for  the  consideration  of  the 
government,  which,  if  carried  out,  would  have 
instantly  restored  to  all  persons  engaged  in  the 
rebellion  every  right  and  privilege,  social  and 
political,  which  they  had  enjoyed  before  the 
war,  without  any  liability  of  punishment.  It 
was  adroitly  drawn  up  by  Breckinridge,  and 
was  signed  by  the  respective  commanding  gen- 
erals. The  national  government  instantly  re- 
jected it.  and  General  Grant  was  sent  to  Raleigh 
to  dec  hire  that  rejection,  which  he  did  April  24, 
and  proclaimed  that  the  truce  would  end  iii 
forty-eight  hours.  This  notification  was  ac- 
companied by  a  demand  tor  the  surrender  of 
Johnston's  army,  on  the  terms  granted  to  Pee. 
The  capitulation  was  agreed  upon  at  the  house 
of  James  Bennett,  near  Durham's  Station,  April 
26.      About    twenty-five    thousand    troops   were 

surrendered.    The  capitulation  included  all  the 


JOHNSTON 


726 


JOINT  HIGH  COMMISSION 


troops  in  Johnston's  military  department.  Geu- 1  Grant  and  Sherman.  He  was  also  in  command 
eral  Taylor  surrendered  at  Citronelle,  Ala.,  to  during  the  Atlanta  campaign  in  l*i>4  until  July, 
General  Cauby,  on  the  same  terms,  and  the  when  he  was  superseded  by  General  Hood.  In 
Confederate  navy  on  the  Tuwbigbee  River  was  1 1865  he  was  in  command  in  the  Carolinas,  and 
surrendered  by  Commander  Farrand  to  Kear-ad-  surrendered  his  army  to  Sherman  April  26,  1865. 
miral  Thatcher.  Wade  Hampton,  of  Johnston's  Johnstone's  Attempt  at  Bribery  ( 177~  i.  One 
surrendered  forces,  refused  to  comply  with  the  |  of  the  British  peace  commissioners,  in  1778,  was 

George  Johnstone,  an  advocate  of 
the    Americans    in    the   House   of 
Commons,  and  who  brought  letters 
of  introduction  to  Robert  Morris, 
Joseph  Reed,  and  other  hading  pa- 
triots.   Finding  the  commissioners 
could  do  nothing,  officially,  with 
Congress,  Johnstone  attempted  to 
gain  by  bribery  what  could  not  be 
acquired  by  diplomacy.    To  Morris 
and  others  he  wrote  letters,  urging 
the  expediency  of  making  arrange- 
ments  with    the   government,  and 
suggesting,  in  some  of  his  letters, 
that  those  persons  who  should  be 
instrumental  in  bringing  it  abont 
would  not  fail  of  high  honors  and 
rewards  from  the  government   An 
American    lady    in    Philadelphia. 
whose  husband  was  in  the  British 
service,  and  who  was  a  relative  of 
Ferguson,  the  secretary  of  the  com- 
mission, was  induced  by  Johnstone  to  approach 
Joseph  Reed  with  a  proposition.     Mrs.  Fergu- 
son was  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Graine,  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, a  bright  woman,  in  whose  prudence  and 
patriotism  the  Whigs  had  such  confidence  thai 
the  interchange  of  visits  among  them  and  the 
Tories  never  led  to  a  suspicion  that  she  would 
betray  the    cause   of  her    country.     Johnstone 
made  her  believe  he  was  a  warm  friend  of  the 
Americans,  and  he  entreated  her  to  go  to  (Jen- 
eral    Reed    and    say    to    him    that    if  he   could. 
conscientiously, exert  his  influence  in  bringing 
about  a  reconciliation, he  might  command  150,- 
000  ami  the  highest  post  in  the  governments 
"That,"  said   Mrs.   Ferguson,  "General    Reed 

would  Consider  tin-  otter  of  a  bribe."  John- 
stone disclaimed  any  such  intention,  and  Mis. 
Ferguson  carried  the  message  to  Reed  :is  soon 
as  the  British  left  Philadelphia.  Reed  indig- 
nantly replied,  "I  am  not  worth  purchasing, 
but,  SUCh  as  I  am.  the  King  of  England  is  not 
rich  enough  to  do  it."  These  facts  being  made 
known  to  Congress,  resolutions  wcie  passed 
(Aug.  11,  1778)  accusing  the  commissioner  of  an 
attempt  at  bribery  and  corruption,  and  declin- 
ing to  hold  any  further  communication  with 
him.     (8ee  Ftrguaam,  Elizabeth  Qramt.) 

Joint  High  Commission.  The  government 
of  the  United  States,  in  behalf  of  its  citizens, 
claimed  from  Great  Britain  damages  inflicted 
on  the  American  shipping  interests  bj  the  dep- 
redations of  the  Alabama  (which  sec)  and  other 
Anglo-Confederate  cruisers.  To  effeol  a  peace- 
ful solution  of  the  difficulty,  Beverdj  Johnson, 
of  Man  land,  was  sent  to  England  in  1668  to  ne- 
gotiate a  treaty  for  that  purpose.  Hi-  mission 
was  not  satisfactory.  The  treaty  which  he  ne- 
gotiated was  almost  universal)]  condemned  by 


CLACK   OF   JOHNSTON'S   SURRENDER  TO   SHERMAN". 

terms,  and  dashed  off  with  a  considerable  body 
of  cavalry  towards  Charlotte,  to  follow  the  fort- 
unes of  Jefferson  l)a\  is. 

Johnston,  JOSEPH  ECCLESTOH,  was  born  in 
Prince  Edward  County.  Ya..  iii  February.  1807; 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1829,  and  entered 
the  artillery.  He  served  in  the  war  with  the 
Florida  Indians,  and  in  the  war  with  Mexico,  in 
which  he  was  twice  wounded.  He  became  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  cavalry  in  1855,  and  quarter- 
master-general,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier,  in 


0,     He  joined   the   insurgents  in  the 
spring    of    1861,  and    became   a   genera]    in    the 

Confederate  army.      He  was  in  o land  at  the 

battle  of  Pull's  Kim,  ami  fought  gallantly  on 
tin-  Virginia  Peninsula,  until  wounded  at  the 
battle  of  Fair  Oaks,  or  Seven  Pines  (1862),  when 
he  n  a-  succeeded  ly  Lee.     lb-  was  In  command 


the  Mississippi    valley,  when-   he  opposed    bis  country  wen,  and  was  rejected  bj  i. 


JOLIET  7S 

ate.  His  successor,  J.  Lotbrop  Motley,  appoint- 
ed minister  at  the  British  court,  was  charged 
with  tbe  same  mission,  but  tailed  in  that  partic- 
ular, and  was  recalled  in  1870.  The  matter  was 
finally  settled  by  arbitration.  Much  correspond- 
ence succeeded  t lie  efforts  to  settle  by  treaty. 
Finally,  in  January,  1*71,  the  British  minister  at 
Washington  (Sir  Edward  Thornton),  in  a  letter 
to  Secretary  Fish, proposed, nuder  instructions 
from  his  government,  a  Joint  High  Commission, 
to  be  appointed  by  the  two  governments,  re- 
spectively, to  settle  disputes  of  every  kind  be- 
tween the  United  states  and  Great  Britain,  and 

so  establish  a  permanent,  friendship  between 
the  two  nations.  Mr.  Fish  proposed  that  the 
commission  should  embrace  in  its  inquiries  the 

matter  of  the  "  Alabama  Claims,"  so  that  noth- 
ing should  remain  to  disturb  amicable  relations. 
The  suggestion  was  approved, and  each  govern- 
ment appointed  commissioners.  The  l'resideni 
appointed  for  the  United  States  Hamilton  Kish, 

Secretary  of  State;  Samuel  Nelaou,  Associate- 
justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  ;  1«'. 
( '.  Sohenok,  Minister  to  England  ;  E.  Rock  wood 
Hoar,  late  United  States  Attorney-general, and 
(i.  II.  Williams.  United  8tatee  Senator  from  Ore- 
gon. Queen  Victoria  appointed  George  Fred- 
erics Samuel,  Earl  tie  Grey  and  Karl  of  Ripoil  ; 
Sir  Stratford  Henry  Northcote;  Sir  Edward 
Thornton,  her  representative  at  Washington; 
Sir  Alexander  McDonald, of  the  Privy  Council 
of  Canada  and  Attorney-general  of  that  prov- 
ince; and  Montague  Bernard,  Professor  of  Inter- 
national Law  in  Oxford  University.  The  com- 
missioners Brat  met  iii  Washington,  Feb.  27, 
1871.  Lord  Tenterden,  secretary  of  the  British 
commission,  ami  J.  C.  Bancroft  Davis,  assistant 

Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States,  were 
ehosen  clerks  of  the  Joint  High  Commission. 
The  commissioners  of  the  Uuited  states  were 
instructed  to  consider:  L  The  fisheries ;  2  The 
navigation  of  the  st.  Lawrence  River;  :i.  Re- 
oiprocal  trade  between  the  United  states  and 

the  Dominion  of  Canada  ;  1.  The  Northwest 
water  boundary  and  the  island  of  San  Juan; 
.">.  The  claims  of  the  United  States  against  Great 
Britain  for  compensation  for  injuries  committed 
by  Confederate  cruisers;  6.  claims  of  British 
igainst  the  Uuited  states  for  losses  and 
injuries  arising  out  of  acts  committed  during 
the  Civil  War.  A  treaty  was  agreed  to,  and 
was  signed  May  8,  1871,  which  pro\  ided  for  the 

settlement,  by  arbitral  ion,  by  a  mixed  commis- 
sion, of  all  claims  on  both  sides  for  injuries  by 
either  government  to  the  citizens  of  the  other, 
daring  the  Civil  War,  and  for  the  permanent 
settlement  of  all  questions  in  dispute  between 

the  two  nations.  Arbitrators  were  appointed, 
who,  at  Geneva, Switzerland, formed  what  was 

known  as  tl Tribunal   of  Arbitration,"  and 

reached  a  decision  in  which  both  parties  acqui- 
esced.     -  ^.  ■•   hihitiml  of  Arbitration.) 

Joliet,  Lome,  was  one  df  the  discoverers  of 
the  Mississippi  River.     He  was  born  in  Quebec 

in  1645,  w  here  his  father  was  a  smith  :  and  died 
about  the  year  1700.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Jesuit  college,  in  Quebec,  and  afterwards  en- 
gaged  in   the  fin-trade   in  the  Western  wildel- 


7  JONES 

ness.  In  1673  Inteudant  Talon,  at  Quebec,  with 
the,  sanction  of  Governor  Frontenac.  selected 
him  to  find  and  ascertain  the  direction  of  the 
course  of  the  Mississippi  and  its  mouth.  Start- 
ing from  Mackinaw,  in  May,  1673,  with  Fa- 
ther Marquette  and  live  other  Frenchmen,  they 
reached  the  Mississippi  June  17.  (See  Mor- 
quelle.)  They  studied  the  country  on  tbcirroute, 
made  maps,  and  gained  much  information.  Af- 
ter intercourse  with  Indians  ou  tbe  Lower  Mis- 
sissippi, near  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas,  who 
had  trafficked  with  Europeans,  they  were  satis- 
lied  that  the  Mississippi  emptied  into  tbe  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  and  made  their  way  back  to  Green 
Bay,  where  Joliet  started  alone  for  Quebec  to 
report  to  his  superiors.  His  cauoo  was  upset 
in  Laehine  Rapids,  above  Montreal,  and  his  jour- 
nals and  charts  were  lost,  but  he  wrote  out  his 
narrative  from  memory,  which  agreed,  in  essen- 
tials, with  that  of  Marquette.  Joliet  afterwards 
went  on  an  expedition  to  Hudson's  Bay,  in  the 
service  of  his  king,  and  was  rewarded  by  his  sov- 
ereign with  the  appointment  of  hydrographer 
to  his  majesty, and  was  favored  with  the  seign- 
iory of  the  island  of  Anticosti  in  1680.  La  Salle's 
pretentions  denied  him  the  privilege  of  making 
explorations  in  the  West. 

Joncaire,   or  Jonquiere   ( Marquis   de   la  ), 
JACQUES    PIKRBB    DE    TaKFAHEL,  Governor    of 

Canada  in  1749  52, was  born  at  La  Jonquiere, 
France,  in  1686;  died  in  Quebec,  May  17.  1752. 
He  entered  the  navy  in  1698,  and  in  17(K5  was 
adjutant  in  the  French  Army.  He  was  a  brave 
and  skilful  officer,  and  was  in  many  battles. 
He  became  captain  in  the  navy  in  1736, and  ac- 
companied D'Anville  in  his  expedition  against 
I.ouisburg  in  174.").  In  1747  he.  was  appointed 
Governor  of  Canada,  but,  being  captured  by  the 
British,  he  did  not  arrive  until  1741). 

Jones,  JACOB,  was  bom  near  Smyrna.  Del.,  in 
March,  1768;  died  in  Philadelphia, Aug. 3,  1850 


JACUII  Ji>\K>. 


He  graduated  at  the  University  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman  in 
IT* (it .      He    was   an    officer   of  the    Philadelphia 


JONES  728 

when  she  was  captured  at  Tripoli.  (See  Phila- 
delphia.) In  1810  lie  was  made  commander,  and 
when  the  War  of  1812-15  broke  out  be  was  in 
charge  of  t lie  aloop-of-war  Hasp,  in  which  ho 
gained  a  victory.  (See  Wasp  and  Frolic.)  He 
commanded  tbe  Macedonian,  in  Decatur's  squad- 
rou,  as  post-captain.  After  the  war  he  com- 
manded the  Mediterranean  squadron  :  was  a 
commissioner  of  the  Navy  Board  :  and  Governor 
of  tbe  Naval  Asylum  at  Philadelphia. 

Jones,  Jonx  PAUL,  was  horn  in  the  parish  of 
Kirkbean.  Scotland,  July  f>,  1747  ;  died  in  Paris, 
July  18,  1799.  Before  he  was  eighteen  years 
old  he  commanded  a  vessel  that  traded  with 
the  West  indies.     Jones  came  to  Virginia  in 


JUAEEZ 


JOHN   PAIL   JONES. 

1773.  inheriting  the  estate  of  his  brother,  who 
died  there.  Offering  his  services  to  Congress, 
lie  was  made  first-lieutenant  in  the  navy  in  De- 
cember, 1775,  when,  out  of  gratitude  to  General 
Jones,  of  North  Carolina,  he  assumed  his  name. 
Before  that  he  was  John  Paul.  He  was  a  bold 
and  skilful  sea-rover, gathering  up  many  prizes. 
Made  captain  in  the  fall  of  177(1,  be.  in  the  II- 
freA,  destroyed  the  Port  Royal  (N.  8.)  fisheries, 
capturing  all  the;  vessels  and  freight.  In  the 
summer  of  1777  he  sailed  in  the  Banger  to  En- 
rope,  and  in  February,  1778,  received  from  a 
French  commander  the  fust  salute  ever  given 
to  the  American  Hag  by  a  foreign  man-of-war. 
In  April  be  scaled  the  walls  of  Whitehaven,  in 
England,  on  the  borders  of  the  Irish  Sea,  and 
spiked  thirty-eight  cannons.  Cruising  to  in- 
tercept  the    Baltic    ileet.  he    fell    ill    with    British 

men-of-war  and  had  a  desperate  fight, winning 
a  victor}  (September,  1779  .his  vessel  being  the 
lioiihoiiiini  Richard.  (See  Bonhomme  Richard  and 
Congress  gave  him  a  gold  medal  and 
a    commission    as    commander   of   the    America, 

which  ship  was  sunn  presented  to  France. 
Jones  entered  the  service  of  Russia  ;i-  reai 
admiral  in  1787,  and,  in  consequence  of  a  vic- 
tory over  the  Turks,  he  was  made  vice-ad 
miial  and  knighted.  On  bis  death  in  Paris 
i  lie  National  Assembly  decreed  him  a  public 
funeral.  It  is  not  known  where  in  Palis  he 
w  as  buried. 

Jones,  Thomas:   \r  Catuby,  was  born  la 


Virginia  in  1789;  died  at  Georgetown,  D.  C, 
May  30,  1858.  He  entered  the  navy  in  L805. 
From  1808  to  1812  he  was  engaged  in  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  in  the  suppression  of  piracy,  amng- 
gling,and  the  slave-trade.  He  fought  the  Brit- 
ish llotilla  on  Lake  Borgne  (which  see)  late  in 
1814,  when  he  was  wounded  and  made  captive, 
lb-  commanded  the  Pacific  squadron  in  1842. 

Jonesborough,  Batti.k  at.  Sherman  began 
his  flanking  when  he  raised  the  siege  of  Atlanta 
(which  see),  on  the  night  of  Aug.  25, 1864.  Gen- 
eral Sloeuni,  with  theTweutieth  Corps, proc 1- 

ed  to  the  protection  of  the  sick,  wounded,  and 
stores  near  the  Chattahoochee,  and  Howard  and 
the  rest  of  the  army  moved  for  the  West  Point 
Railway.  General  Stanley's  corps  was  on  the 
extreme  left,  and  the  armies  of  How  ard.  Thom- 
as, and  Schnlield  pressed  forward  so  secretly 
that  Hood  was  not  informed  of  the  movement 
until  the  Nationals  were  destroying  that  road. 
This  was  done  (Aug.  2>)  for  twelve  miles,  and 
the  next  day  they  struck  the  Macon  road.  Scho- 
field  reached  the  road  at  Kough-and-lveady  Sta- 
tion, ten  miles  from  Atlanta.  Thomas  struck  it 
at  Couch's  ;  and  How  ard.  crossing  the  Flint  Riv- 
er half  a  mile  from  Jonesborough.  approached  it 
at  that  point.  There  he  was  met  by  one  half  of 
Hood's  army,  under  Hardee.  With  the  remain- 
der H I  was  holding  the  defences  of  Atlanta, 

but  he  was  too  weak  to  attempt  to  st  like  Scho- 
(ield.  There  was  a  severe-  light  at  the  passage 
of  the  Flint  River,  on  the  morning  of  Aug.  31, 
between  the  forces  of  Howard  and  Hardee. 
Howard's  army  was  disposed  with  Blair's  corps 
in  the  centre,  and  rude  breastworks  were  cast 
up.  The  contest  was  renewed  very  soon,  when 
Hardee  attempted  to  crush  Howard  before  he 
could  receive  reinforcements.  He  failed.  The 
Nationals  thus  attacked  were  veterans.  For 
two  hours  there  was  a  desperate  strife  for  vic- 
tory, which  was  won  by  Howard.  Hardee  re- 
coiled, and  in  his  hasty  retreat  left  four  hundred 
id'  bis  dead  on  the  field  and  three  hundred  of  his 
badly  wounded  at  Jonesborough.  His  loss  was 
estimated  at  twenty-live  hundred  men.  How- 
ards loss  was  about  live  hundred.  Meanwhile 
Sherman  had  sent  relief  to  Howard.  Kilpat- 
iiek  and  Garrard  were  very  active, and  General 
Davis's  corps  soon  touched  Howard's  left.  At 
tour  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  Davis  charged  and 
carried  the  Confederate  works  covering  Jones- 
borough on  tin'  north,  ami  captured  General  Go- 
ran and  a  greater  part  of  his  brigade.  In  the 
morning  Hardee  had  lied,  pursued  by  the  Na- 
tionals to  l.ovejnv's. 

Juarez,    BXNITO,    President    of    Mexico,    was 

born  in  Villa  Ixtlan,  Oaxaoa,  in  1807;  died  in 
the  city  of  Mexico,  Job  18,  1878.  He  was  de- 
scended from  the  ancient  Indian  lace.  Weil 
educated,  he  gained  distinction  as  a  lawyer. 
lie  was  a  legislator,  and  was  governor  of  his 
native  state  from  1848  to  1868.     Banished  bj 

Santa  Ana  in  1853,  he  lived  in  New  Oilcans  un- 
til 1856, when  he  returned, and  became  minister 
of  justice.      Experiencing  the   vicissitudes  of 

public  life  in  that  < II try,  be  was  elected  Pres- 
ident of  Mexico  in  June.  1861.     Then  came  the 


JUDGES,  APPOINTMENT  OF 


729       JUDICIARY,  THE,  AUTHORITY  OF 


French  usurpation  and  the  short-lived  empire 
of  .Maximilian  (which  see).  He  defeated  the 
imperial  forces  iu  1867,  and  caused  the  emperor 
to  be  shot.     In  October  Juarez  was  re-elected 

President,  and  for  five  years  Mexico  was  dis- 
tracted by  revolutions.  Peace  was  restored  in 
lr"7*2,  but  .Juarez,  then  President,  worn  down 
with  perplexities, died  of  apoplexy. 

Judges,  Appointment  of.  In  the  states  of 
Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island  the  judges  were 
appointed  annually  by  the  assemblies.  In  Geor- 
gia the  chief-j  list  ice  was  appointed  iu  the  same 
way,  the  county  judges  being  elected  annually 
by  the  people.  In  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  and 
Pennsylvania  the  judges  were  appointed  by  the 
Assembly  for  a  term  of  seven  years.  In  the 
other  States  they  were  to  hold  their  office  dur- 
ing e,„„i  behavior.     The  justices  of  the  peace, 

as  in  colonial  times,  were  invested  with  a  juris- 
diction as  judges  in  the  first  instance  for  the 
smallest  olaSS  of  ci\  il  cases. 

Judge's  Mission  at  Washington.  The  au- 
thorities of  Alabama  sent  Thomas  J.  Judge  to 
"negotiate  with  i  lie  government  of  the  1  united 

States  iu  reference  to  the  forts,  arsenals,  and 
custom -houses  "  in  that  state,  and  "  the  debt  of 
the   United   States."      He   was   introduced  by 

('lenient  C.  Clay,  Jr.,  then  Bitting  in  the  Senate 
of  the  United  States,  who  expressed  a  wish  that 

when  Jndge  should  have  an  audience  he  should 

present  Ins  credentials  and  enter  upon  the  pro- 
posed   negotiations.       The    President    refused    to 

receive  him  only  as  a  private  gentleman,  as  he 
had  done  Hayne,  of  South  Carolina  -see  Haynft 
Minion.),  and  the  Mate  of  Alabama  withdrew  in 
the  person  of  Mr.  Jndge. 

Judicial  Kidnapping.  In  the  reign  of  James 
II.  1685  "i  officers  of  the  crown  in  England 
carried  on  a  traffic  with  the  American  colonies 
more  profitable  than  the  African  slave-trade. 

Young  persons,  as  well  as  felons,  were  exten- 
sively arrested,  hurried  across  the  Atlantic,  and 
sold  iu  the  colonies  for  money.  This  kidnap- 
ping became  common  in  Bristol,  w  here  the  may- 
or, the  sheriil.  and  justices  of  the  peace  were  en- 
gaged in  it.  They  would  threaten  small  rogUBS 
and  pilferers  w  ith  banging,  and,  inspired  by  the 

terror  of  SUch  a  fate,  would  petition  for  trans- 
portation as  the  only  avenue  for  safety.     Then 

they  would  he  divided  a ug  the  members  of 

the  court, who  sold  these  criminals  to  planters 
in  America. 

Judiciary,  NATIONAL,  FIRST  ESTABLISHED. 
While  the  House  . . i"  Representatives  of  the  First 
Congress  was  employed  (1789)  in  providing 
means  for  a  sufficient  revenue,  the  Senate  was 
busy  in  organizing  a  judiciary.  A  bill  draft- 
ed iiy  Oliver  Ellsworth,  of  Connecticut,  which 
embodied  a  plan  of  a  judiciary,  was.  after  sev- 
eral amendments,  adopted  by  both  Houses  and 
became  a  law.    It  provided  for  a  8upreme  Court, 

having  •  chief-jUStice  and  live  associate-jus- 
tices, w  ho  were  to  hold  two  sessions  annually  at 
the  seal  of  the  national  capital.  Circuit  and 
district  courts  were  BUM)  est  ahlished,  which  had 

jurisdiction  over  certain  specified  cases.     Each 
made  a  district,  as  were  also  the  ter- 


ritories of  Kentucky  and  Maine.  The  districts, 
excepting  Kentucky  and  Maine,  were  grouped 
together  iuto  three  circuits.  An  appeal  from 
these  lower  courts  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  was  allowed,  as  to  points  of  law, 
in  all  civil  cases  where  the  matter  in  dispute 
amounted  to  two  thousand  dollars.  A  marshal 
for  each  was  to  be  appointed  by  the  President, 
having  the  general  powers  of  a  sheriff :  and  a 
district  attorney,  to  act  for  the  United  States 
in  all  cases  in  which  the  national  government 
might  be  interested,  was  also  appointed.  John 
Jay  was  made  Chief-justice  of  the  United  States. 

Judiciary,  Subversion  ok  the.  ix  America. 

The  judges  in  the  colonies  had  always  been  ap- 
pointed to  hold  office  "during  good  behavior." 
'1'he  custom  was  abolished  in  1701.  The  Brit- 
ish government  could  not  comprehend  the  jus- 
tice of  equality  of  political  rights  between  Eng- 
land and  the.  colonies,  and  on  Nov.  1^.  about  a 
month  after  Pitt's  retirement  from  office,  the 
Board  of  Trade  and  Plantations  reported  to  the 
king  that  the  existing  system  of  appointments 
was  subversive  of  all  true  policy  and  tended  to 
'•lessen  the  just  dependence  of  the  colonies 
upon  the  government  of  the  mother  country." 
It  pleased  the  king;  and  on  Dec.  1)  instructions 
went  forth  to  all  the  colonial  governments  lo 
grant  no  judicial  commissions  but  "during 
pleasure."  This  tenure  of  judicial  offices  made 
the  judges  creatures  of  the  king's  will  and  In- 
struments of  the  prerogative.  The  NYw  York 
Assembly,  regarding  this  as  a  step  towards  ab- 
solute despotism,  took  the  strong  ground  that 
these  later  instructions  should  he  changed  or 
they  would  grant  no  salary  to  judges  iu  their 
province.  Colden,  in  reporting  to  the  Hoard  of 
Trade,  gave  the  sources  of  opposition  to  be  three 
"popular  lawyers, edncated  in  Connecticut,  who 
had  strongly  imbibed  the  independent  princi- 
ples of  that  colony,  and  who  calumniated  the 
administration  in  every  exercise  of  the  prerog- 
ative, and  gained  the  applause  of  the  molt  by 
propagating  the  doctrine  that  all  authority  is 
derived  from  the  people."     These  three  lawyers 

wore  William  Livingston,  afterwards  Governor 

of  New  Jersey  ;  John  Mm  in  Scott,  leader  among 

the  "  Sons  of  Liberty  "  (which  see   in  New  York  ; 

and  William  Smith,  the  historian,  who.  in  the 
revolution  that  followed,  took  sides  with  the 
crown.  In  1762  the  Board  of  Trade  recom- 
mended, as  a  means  of  making  the  judges  still 
more  the  creatures  of  the  crown,  that  they 
should    receive    their    salaries    from    the    royal 

quit-rents.     The  suggestion  was  adopted.    The 

king,  in  the  royal  provinces,  instituted  courts, 
named  the  judges,  removed  them  at  pleasure, 

fixed  the  amount  of  their  salaries,  and  paid 
them  out  of  funds  independent  of  legislative 
grants. 

Judiciary,  THE,  AUTHORITY  OF,  QUESI I0NED. 

The  three  co-ordinate  branches  of  t  he  national 

government— the   Legislative,  Executive,  and 

Judicial— wore  subject  to  much  jenlous,\ .  criti- 
cism, and  opposition  at  the  beginning  of  the 
national  life  of  the   Republic.     The  Supreme 

Court  having  decided  that  states  were  liable  to 


JUfrSON 

be  sued  by  individuals — citizens  of  other  states 
— produced  much  discussion  and  opposition.  A 
process  of  that  sun  was  commenced  against  the 

State  of  Massachusetts.  Wbeo  the  writ  was 
served  on  the  governor,  he  called  the  Legislat- 
ure together.  They  resolved  to  take  no  notice 
of  the  suit,  at  the  same  time  recommending,  by 
resolution,  au  amendment  to  the  national  Con- 
stitution in  that  particular,  which  the  governor 
was  requested  to  transmit  to  the  legislatures  of 
other  states.  The  Legislature  of  Georgia  had 
a  similar  ease  before  them.  They  dealt  more 
harshly  w  ith  the  matter.  They  assumed  a  post- 
ure of  defiance  to  the  Supreme  Court,  and  pass- 
ed an  act  subjecting  to  death,  without  benefit 
of  clergy,  any  marshal  or  other  person  who 
should  presume  to  serve  any  process  issued 
against  that  state  at  the  suit  of  any  individ- 
ual. The  proposition  of  Massachusetts  was  fa- 
vorably responded  to.  and  ultimately  prevailed. 
Judson,  AnoN'ir.AM.  D.D.,  an  eminent  Baptist 
missionary  at  Burniah.  was  horn  at  Maiden. 
Mass..  Aug.  i>.  IT—:  died  at  sea.  April  12,  185P. 
He  graduated  at  Brown  University  m  L807, and 
Andover  Theological  Seminary  iu  1810.  He  was 
ordained  on  Feb.  6,  1812,  and,  with  his  wife, 
Anue  Hasseltine,  sailed  for  Calcutta  ou  the 
19th.  In  Bangoon,  Buriuah,  he  toiled  nearly 
forty  years,  gathering  around  him  thousands 
of  converts  and  many  assistants.  Americans  and 
Burmese.  He  translated  the  Bible  into  the 
Burmese  language,  and  had  nearly  completed  a 
dictionary  of  that  language  at  the  time  of  his 
death.  His  wife  dying  iu  1826,  he  married 
(April,  1834)  the  widow  of  a  missionary  (Mrs. 
Sarah  H.  Boardmam.  who  died  in   September, 

1845.  While  on  a  visit  to  the  United  States  in 

1846,  he  married  Miss  Emily  Chubbuck  "  Fanny 
Forester,"  the  poet  .  \\  ho  accompanied  him  hack 
to  Burmah.      His   first  wife,  Auue   Hasseltine, 


rso 


KALB 


was  the  first  American  feminine  missionary  iu 
the  East  Indies. 

Junius,  Letters  of.  Duriug  the  vehement 
quarrel  between  Great  Britain  and  her  colonies 
(1765-177")).  a  series  of  letters  addressed  to  King 
George  III.,  his  ministers,  and  other  distinguish- 
ed public  meu  in  England,  were  published  in 
the  Public  Jdvrrtisrr,  and  were  generally  signed 
••Junius"  or  "  Philo-Juniiis."  In  the  first  au- 
thorized collection  of  these  letters  there  were 
forty-four  by  ••Junius"  and  fifteen  by  ••  Philo- 
Junius.''  They  treated  of  public  men  and  pub- 
lic measures  of  that  day  in  a  style  that  pro- 
duced a  profound  impression  and  interest  iu 
the  public  mind,  and  excited  the  hottest  indig- 
nation of  those  who  felt  the  lash.  The  style 
was  condensed  but  lucid  :  full  of  studied  epi- 
grammatic sarcasm,  brilliant  metaphor,  and 
tierce  personal  attack.  The  government  and 
those  interested  in  the  matter  tried  in  vain  to 
ascertain  the  name  of  the  author.  It  was  evi- 
dent that  he  was  a  man  of  wealth  and  refine- 
ment, and  possessing  access  to  minute  informa- 
tion respecting  ministerial  measures  and  in- 
trigues. The  most  eminent  legal  advisers  of 
the  crown  tried  in  vain  to  get  a  clue  to  the  se- 
cret of  his  identity:  and  the  mystery  which  has 
ever  since  enveloped  the  name  of  the  author  of 
the  letters  of  "Junius"  has  kept  up  an  interest 
in  them,  which,  because  of  the  remol 
their  topics,  could  not  otherwise  have  been  kept 
-  DOC  afterwards  claimed  their  author- 
ship, but  without  a  particle  of  proof  in  favor  of 
the  claim.  The  names  of  more  than  fifty  per- 
sons have  been  mentioned  as  the  suspected  au- 
thors. Au  array  of  facts,  circumstances,  and  fair 
-  have  satistied  the  most  careful  in- 
quirers that  Sir  Philip  Francis  was  "Junius." 
The  letters  were  chiefly  vritleu  between  17G9 
and  177-2. 


Kalb  (Baron  de  \  John,  was  born  in  Alsace  '  Marshal  Broglie,  and  obtained  the  order  of  mili- 
(then  a  French  province, now  in  Germany ),  June  tary merit  in  1761.  The  next  year  In-  visited  the 
29,1721;  died  at  Camden,  S.C.,  Aug.  19, 1780.   He   English-American  colonies  as  a  scent  agent  of 

the  French  government,  to  ascertain  their  polit- 
ical temper.  He  was  a  brigadier  in  the  French 
army  when  (November,  177t>)  he  was  engaged 
by  Franklin  and  Desne  to  serve  iu  the  Conti- 
nental army.  He  accompanied  Lafayette  to 
America  in  1777.  and  w  as  appointed  major-gen- 
eral (Sept.l.").  1777  i  by  the  Continental  Congress. 
He  served  under  the  immediate  command  of 
Washington  until  after  the  evacuation  of  Phila- 
delphia (June.  177m:  then  in  New  Jersey  and 
Maryland  until  April,  17-0.  when  he  was  sent  to 
sist  Lincoln,  besieged  iu  Charleston,  lie  ar- 
red  too  late.  De  Kalb  became  chief  command- 
er in  the  south  after  the  fall  of  Charleston,  but 

was  soon  succeeded  bj  General  Gates,  when  he 

became  that   other's  second   iu  command.       In 

the  disastrous  battle  at  Sanders's  (ink.  mar 
Camden,  s.  C,  he  was  mortally  wounded,  and 
dud  three  days  afterwards.    De  Kali>\-  bodj  was 
cut.  red  the  Flench  iii  il  if  :ir>  service  in  17i:i.  and  in    pierced  with  eleven  wounds.     It  «raa  buried  at 
o  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  under  Camden.     A  marble  monument  was  elected  to 


B.IRUN    III   KALB. 


731 


KANSAS 


his  memory  in  front  of  the  Presbyterian  Chnrch 
at  Camden,  the  corner-stone  of  which  was  laid 
by  Lafayette  in  l&2b. 


KAI.Il  S    MoM  Uh.ST 


I'.i  i-iia  Kr.vr,  M.I>  ,was  l>orii  in  Phila- 
delphia, Feb.  :;.  1820;  died  at  Havana.  Feb.  16, 
1857,  He  was  educated  at  the  universities  of 
Virginia  and  Pennsylvania,  taking  liis  medical 
degree  in  l-t:s.  Ill-health  lad  to  his  entering 
the  navy,  and  he  sailed  as  physician  to  the  em- 
bassy i"  china  in  1843.  He  travelled  extensive- 
ly in  Asia  and  En  rope,  traversed  Greece  on  foot, 
explored  Western  Africa  to  some  extent,  was  m 
the  war  W  itll  Mexico,  and  in  May.  1850,  sailed  as 
surgeon  and  naturalist  under  Lieutenant  I  >e  Ha- 
ven, in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin.      Ho  com- 


manded a  similar  expedition  which  sailed  from 
New  fork  in  May,  1853.  The  expedition  suf- 
fered great  hardships,  and  the  survivors  return- 
ed in  October,  1855.  They  had  abandoned  their 
vessel,  and  had  travelled  eighty  miles  on  the  ice 
and  in  boats  to  a  Danish  settlement.  Daring 
that  voyage,  the  open  Polar  Sea,  whose  exist- 
ence was  snsppcted,  w.-k  discovered.  Gold  med- 
als were  awarded  him  by  Congress, the  Legislat- 
ure  of  New  York,  and  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society  of  London.  Hut  his  own  life  and  those 
of  most  nf  his  companions  were  sacrificed.  His 
health  failed,  anil  he  went  first  to  London  and 
then  to  Cuba,  w  here  he  died. 


Kane's  Arctic  Expedition.  Sir  John  Frank- 
lin, an  English  navigator, sailed  on  a  voyage  of 

discovery  and  exploration  with  two  vessels,  in 
May,  1~4.">.  Years  passed  by,  and  no  tidings  of 
him  or  his  companions  came.  Expeditions  were 
sent  from  England  in  search  of  him.  Public  in- 
terest in  the  fate  of  Sir  John  w  as  excited  in  Eu- 
rope and  America,  and  in  May.  1850,  Henry  Grin- 
nell,  an  opulent  merchant  of  New  York,  fitted 
out  two  ships  (Advance  and  Rescue)  and  placed 
them  in  charge  of  Lieutenant  De  Haven,  to  as- 
sist m  the  benevolent  effort.  These  vessels  re- 
turned, after  remarkable  adventures  in  the  po- 
lar seas,  in  the  autumn  of  1851,  without  success. 
lu  connection  with  the  United1  States  govern- 
ment, the  same  wealthy  merchant  lifted  out  an- 
other expedition  for  the  same  purpose  in  1-.":!. 
Two  vessels,  under  the  command  of  Dr.  Elisha 
Kent  Kane  (surgeon  of  the  first  expedition  |  sailed 
from  New  York  in  May.  Kane  and  his  party- 
made  valuable  discoveries,  among  oth< 
"open  polar  sea."  so  long  suspected  and  sought 
for  by  scientific  men  and  navigators.  But  they 
failed  to  find  Sir  John  Franklin.  The  compa- 
nies of  these  two  vessels  Buffered  much,  and  were 
finally  compelled  to  abandon  the  ships  and  make 
their  way  in  open  boats  to  a  Danish  settlement 
in  Greenland.  Their  long  absence  created  fears 
for  their  safety,  and  a  relief  expedition  was  >enr 
in  search  of  them.  They  returned  home  in  the 
vessels  of  the  latter  in  the  autumn  of  1855.  The 
late  ot  Sir  John  Franklin  and  his  crew  is  yet 
one  of  the  mysteries  of  the  sea.  The  object  of 
his  search  the  discovery  of  a  northwest  pas- 
sage from  Fnropo  to  India-yet  occupies  men's 
minds  and  the  efforts  of  scientific  men  and  navi- 
gators. The  search  has  been  going  on  for  more 
than  three  hundred  years.  The  question  wheth- 
er there  is  a  wafer  connection  in  the  polar  re- 
gions between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans, 
or,  rather,  between  Baffin's  Bay  and  Behring's 
Strait,  was  solved  in  October,  1853,  by  Captain 
MeClure,  of  the  British  ship  Investigator.  He 
passed  through  Behring's  Strait  ami  sailed  east- 
ward to  a  point  whence,  with  sleds,  he  travelled 
on  the  ice  to  another  point  eastward,  to  which 
Captain  Parry  and  other  navigators  had  pene- 
trated. Before  this  the  mute  whale  had  dem- 
onstrated the  scientific  fact  to  the  satisfaction 
of  naturalists.  The  same  species  ale  found  in 
Behring's  Strait  and  Baffin's  Bay;  and  as  the 
waters  of  the  tropical  regions  would  be  like  a 
sea  of  lire  to  them,  they  must  have  had  commu- 
nication through  polar  channels.  This  expedi- 
tion nut  with  many  perils  amid  the  ice-packs 
in  the  polar  seas,  and  the  vessels  wire  frozen  in 
from  late  in  September,  I860,  until  May.  1851, 
during  the  long  six  months'  night  of  the  Arctic 
regions.  One  of  the  vessels  was  placed  by  the 
currents  and  the  ioe-floes  in  a  careening  position, 
and  was  not  released  from  it  until  May.  1851, 
w  hen  she  was  cut  out  of  the  ice  by  the  crew. 

Kansas  was  a  part  of  the  Louisiana  purchase 
in  1803.  (8ee Louisiana.)  The  territories  of  Kan- 
sas and  Nebraska  (which  see)  were  established 
in  1854  bj  act  of  Congress,  which  really  repealed 
die  Missouri  Compromise  Act  (which  see).  This 
produced  gnat  agitation  throughout  the  couu- 


KANSAS  AND  NEBRASKA 


732 


KANSAS,  CIVIL  WAR  IN 


try.  and  great  commotion  among  the  settlers  in 
Kansas.  (See Kanaeu, Civil  Warin.)  On  Jan.  29, 
1861, Kausae  was  admitted  into  tlie  Union  as  a 
state.    During  the  war.  Kansas  famished  to  the 

National  Army  more  tliau  20,000  soldiers.     It 


cn-riXG-orT,  may,  186L     (See  p.  731.) 


is  rapidly  increasing  in  population  and  wealth, 
lis  population  in  1876  was  abonl  613,000.  Much 
uf  the  stale  is  a  line  grazing  country,  well  sun- 
plied  with  livers  and  watered  by  numerous 
creeks.  On  its  eastern  border  the  navigable 
Missouri  River  presents  a  water-front  of  almost 
one  hundred  and  fifty  miles.  Il  has  a  coal-bear- 
ing region  which  occupies  the  whole  of  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  state,  and  embraces  about  17,000 
square  miles.  Its  climate  is  beautiful, and,  prob- 
ably, DO  other  Western  state  has  so  many  bright, 
sonny  days.     The  rearing  of  cattle  is  a  promi- 


STATK   SI  II.    01    kUMS 

nent  industry .  Kansas  is  a  very  attractive  state 
for  enterpi  isiug  settlers,  and  promises  to  be  one 
of  the  tinest  portions  of  the  Union. 

Kansas  and  Nebraska.  It  was thonght  that 
tin-  Compromise  measures  of  1850  (see  omnibus 
BUT)  had  <|iiieted  the  agitation  of  the  slaver] 


question  forever.  A  member  from  Georgia  in- 
troduced the  following  resolution  in  Congress  in 
1852:  '"That  the  series  of  acts  passed  during  the 
first  session  of  the  Thirty-first  Congress,  known 
as  compromises,  are  regarded  as  a  final  adjust- 
ment and  a  permanent  settle- 
ment of  the  questions  therein 
embraced,  and  should  be  main- 
tained and  executed  as  such." 
Suddenly  the  agitation  of  the 
slavery  question  was  vehe- 
mently aroused.  In  January. 
1854, Senator  Stephen  A.Doug- 
las, of  Illinois,  presented  a  bill 
in  the  Senate  for  the  erection 
of  two  vast  territories  in  mid- 
continent,  to  be  called,  respec- 
tively. Kansas  and  Nebraska. 
It  provided  for  permitting  the 
inhabitants  of  these  territories 
to  decide  for  t  hemse]  ves  wheth- 
er slavery  should  or  should  not 
exist  within  their  domains. 
This  proposed  nullification  of 
the  Missouri  Compromise 
(which  see)  produced  rancor- 
ous controversies  in  and  out  of 
Congress,  and  the  people  of  the 
free-labor  state-  became  great- 
ly excited.  After  long  and  bit- 
ter discussions  in  both  Houses 
of  Congress,  the  hill  was  passed,  and  became  a 
law  by  receiving  the  signature  of  the  President, 
Ma.\  31,  1854.  From  that  day  the  question  of 
slavery  was  a  subject  of  discussion  and  sectional 
irritation,  until  it  was  abolished  in  1863.  The 
people  of  tin'  North  thought  they  perceived  in 
this  measure  a  determination  to  make  slavery 
national,  and  the  boast  of  Robert  Toombs,  of 
Georgia,  that  he  would  yet  "call  the  roll  of  his 
slaves  on  Bunker's  Hill,"  seemed  likely  not  to 
be  an  illusion. 

Kansas, Civil  Wak  in.  The  Kansas-Nebraska 
Acl  i  see  Kansat  <in<l  Nebraaka)  left  all  the  terri- 
tories of  the  United  States  open  to  the  establish- 
ment in  them  of  the  social  institutions  of  every 
state  in  the  Union,  that  of  slavery  among  others. 
It  was  a  virtual  repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compro- 
mise (which  sec).  The  question  immediately 
arose,  shall  the  domain  of  the  Republic  be  the 
theatre  of  all/res  or  all  store  labor, «  it-fa  the  corre- 
sponding civilization  of  each  condition  as  a  0OD- 
seqoence  .'  This  question  was  succeeded  by  posi- 
tive action  by  the  friends  of  each  labor  sWetn. 
Those  in  favor  of  the  slave  System,  viewing  the 
willingness  of  those  of  the  free-laboi 
accede  to  the  w  ishea  of  the  Southern  politicians 
so  as  to  secure  Southern  trade,  fell  confideul  that 
their  supremacy  was  secure.  Thai  part}  sound- 
ed the  trumpet  fi*r  battle,  and  the  Territory  of 

Kansas  was  the  chosen  battle-field.  The  Fugi- 
tive Slave  Law  i  which  see)  had  created  an  in- 
tense ami  w  ide-apread  dealing  of  hostility  to  sla- 
very in  the  lice  labor  States,  and  when  the  ad- 
vocates of  slavery  began  to  assert  their  exclusive 

right  to  the  gOVernmenl  of  Kansas,  and  tli 

down  the  gauntlet  before  their  opponents,  the 
latter gladlj  took  it  up.    Thej  resolved  to 


KANSAS.  (I  VII.  WAR  IN  7 

on  the  contest  with  the  peaceful  weapons  of  the 
ballot-box.  Suddenly,  emigration  began  to  llow 
in  a  .steady,  copious,  and  ever-increasing  stream 
from  the  tree-labor  states,  especially  from  New 
England,  into  the  new  territory.  It  soon  became 
evident  that  the  .settlers  from  those  states  in 
Kansas  would  soon  outnumber  and  outvote  those 
from  the  slave-labor  states.  The  dominant  pow  - 
er  in  polities  was  pro-slavery  in  its  proclivities. 
Alarmed  by  this  emigration,  if  proceeded  to  or- 
ganize physical  force  in  Missouri  to  counteract 
the  moral  force  of  its  opponents  if  necessary. 
Combinations  were  formed  under  various  names 
--•■Social  Band,"  "Friends'  Society,"  ''Blue. 
Lodge,"  •■  Tin'  Sons  of  the  South."  etc.  A  pow- 
erful organization  under  the  title  of  the  "  Emi- 
grant Aid  Society"  had  been  formed  in  Boston 
under  the  sanction  of  the  Legislature  of  Massa- 
chusetts immediately  after  the  passage  of  the 
Eausas  -  Nebraska  liill  (May,  1854);   and   the 

Southern  societies  just  mentioned  were  organ- 
ized to  oppose  this  "Emigrant  Aid  Society."  At 
a  meeting  at  West  port,  Mo.,  early  in  July,  1854, 
it  was  resolved  that  Missouxiaus  who  formed 
the  associations  represented  there  should  be 
ready  at  all  times  to  assist,  when  called  upon  by 
pro-slavery  citizens  of  Kansas,  hi  rcnioN  tug  from 

the  territory  bj  force  every  person  who  should 
attempt  to  settle  under  the  auspices  of  the  Emi- 
granl  Aid  Society.      Both  parties  planted  the 

•eedS  of  their  respective  systems  ill  Kansas. 
They  founded  towns:  those  from  the  free-labor 
states  founded  Law  rence,  Topeka.  BostOU,  Crass- 
hopper  falls,  Pawnee,  and  one  or  two  others. 
Those  from  the  slave-labor  states  founded  Ki<  k- 
apoo,  Doniphan,  Atchison,  and  others  on  or  near 
the  Missouri  River.  Immediately  after  the  pas- 
sage of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Kill,  hundreds  of 
Missouiians  went  to  Kansas  and  selected  a  tract 
of  land,  and  put  a  mark  upon  it  for  the  purpose 
of  establishing  a  sort  of  pre-emption  title  to  it, 
and  at  a  public  meeting  resolved,  "That  we  w  ill 
afford  protection  to  no  Abolitionist  as  a  settler 
of  this  territory  ;  that  we  recognize  the  institu- 
tion of  slavery  as  already  existing  in  this  terri- 
tory, and  advise  slaveholders  to  introduce  their 
property  as  soon  as  possible."  The  national  gov- 
ernment appointed  A.  II.  Boeder  governor  of  the 
new  territory.      He  arrived  in  October,  1854, 

ami  took  measures  for  the  election  of  a  territo- 
rial legislature.       With  the  close  of  this  election 

(March,  1866),  the  struggle  for  supremacy  in 

Kansas  between  the  friends  and  opponents  of 
the   slave   system    began   in   dead   earnest.      The 

pro-sla\er\  men  had  an  overwhelming  majority 
in  the  Legislature,  for  Missonrians  had  gone  over 

the   holder   by   hundreds  and  voted.      When,  in 

November,  1864,  a  delegate  to  Congress  for  Kan- 
sas was  elected,  of  uearlj  2900  votes  cast,  over 
1700  were  put  in  by  Missouiians  who  had  no 
right  there.  At  the  election  of  the  Legislature, 
there  were  only  Mln  legal  votes  in  the  Territo- 
ry of  Kansas;  bnl  there  were  6218  votes  polled, 

mostly  illegal  ones  bj  Missouiians.  Fully  1000 
men  cam.-  from  Missouri,  armed  with  deadly 
Weapons,  two  oanilOIIS,  tents,  and  other  para- 
phernalia of  war,  led  by  Claiborne  1'.  .lackson 
(Gove r  of  Missouri  in   I860),  and  encamped 


3  KANSAS,  CIVIL  WAR  IN 

around  the  little  town  of  Lawrence,  and  in  like 
manner  such  intruders  controlled  every  poll  in 
the  territory.  Then  a  reign  of  terror  was  begun 
in  Kansas.  All  classes  of  men  carried  deadly- 
weapons.  The  illegally  chosen  Legislature  met 
at  a  point  on  the  border  of  Missouri,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  enact  barbarous  laws  for  upholding 
slavery  in  the  territory.  These  Governor  Reed- 
er  vetoed,  and  they  were  instantly  passed  over 
his  veto.  He  was  so  obnoxious  to  the  pro-sla- 
very party  that,  at  the  request  of  the  hitter, 
President  Pierce  removed  him.  and  sent  Wilson 
Shannon,  of  Ohio,  to  till  his  place.  The  actual 
settlers  in  Kansas,  who  were  chictly  anti-slavery 
men,  held  a  convention  (  Sept.  5,  1855  ),  when 
they  resolved  not  to  recognize  the  laws  of  the 
illegal  Legislature  as  binding  npon  them.  They 
refused  to  vote  for  a  delegate-  to  Congress  at  an 
election  appointed  by  the  Legislature,  and  they 
called  a  delegate  convention  at  Topeka  on  Oct. 
19.  At  that  convention  Governor  Reeder  was 
elected  delegate  to  Congress  by  the  legal  votes 
of  the  territory.  On  the '23d  of  the  same  month, 
another  convention  of  legal  voters  assembled  at 
Topeka  and  framed  a  state  Constitution.  It 
was  approved  by  the  legal  vote  of  the  territory. 
It  made  Kansas  a  free  -  labor  state,  and  under 
this  Constitution  they  asked  for  admission  into 
the  Union,  as  such.  The  strife  between  freedom 
and  slavery  was  then  transferred  to  the  nation- 
al capital.  Reeder  made  a  contest  for  a  scut  in 
Congress  with  the  delegate  chosen  by  the  illegal 
\  ot<  s.  Meanw  bile,  elections  had  been  held  (.Jan. 
17,  1856)  in  Kansas  under  the  legally  adopted 
new  state  Constitution,  and  matters  seemed 
very  dark  for  the  pro-slavery  party  in  Kansas, 
w  Inn  President  Pierce,  in  a  message  to  Congress 
(Jan.  24, 1856),  represented  the  action  of  the  le- 
gal voters  in  the  territory  in  framing  a  state 
Constitution  as  rebellion.  All  through  the  en- 
suing siuing  violence  and  bloodshed  prevailed 
in  the  unhappy  territory.  Seeing  the  determi- 
nation of  the  actual  settlers  to  maintain  their 
rights,  armed  men  flocked  into  the  territory 
from  the  slave -labor  states  and  attempted  to 
coerce  the  inhabitants  into  submission  to  the 
laws  of  the  illegally  chosen  Legislature.  Final- 
ly, Congress  sent  thither  a  Committee  of  investi- 
gation. The  majority  reported  (July  1,  1856) 
that  every  election  had  been  controlled  by  citi- 
zens from  Missouri ;  that  the  action  of  the  legal 
voters  of  Kansas  was  valid,  and  (hat  the  state 
Constitution  was  the  choice  of  the  majority  of 
the  people.  The  canvass  for  a  new  President  was 
now  in  operation,  and  so  absorbed  public  atten- 
tion that  Kansas  had  rest  for  a  while.  James 
Buchanan  was  elected  by  the  Democratic  party. 
At  the  beginning  of  his  administration  the  Hied 
Scott  case  (  which  see)  greatly  intensified  the 
strife  between  the  pro-slavery  and  anti-slavery 
men.  especially  in  Kansas.  Mr.  Buchanan  fa- 
vored the  views  of  the  pro-slavery  men,  and  his 
strong  Support  gave  them,  in  Kansas,  renewed 
courage.  Then  the  Opposing  parties  were  work- 
ing with  energy  for  the  admission  of  Kansas  as 
a  slate,  with  opposing  ends  in  view.  The  pro- 
slavery  party,  in  convention  at  Lecomptou  ear- 
ly in  September,  1857,  framed  a  Constitution  in 


KANSAS.  CIVIL  WAR  IX 


rw 


KAUTZ'S  RAIDS 


which  was  a  clause  providing  that  the  "rights 
of  property  in  staves  now  in  the  territory  shall 
in  no  manner  he  interfered  with,-' and  forbade 
any  amendments  of  the  instrument  uutil  1*64. 
It  was  submitted  to  the  votes  of  the  people  on 
Dee.  81,  but  by  the  terms  of  the  eleetiou  law 
passed  by  the  illegal  Legislature,  no  oue  might 
vote  against  that  Constitution.  The  vote  was 
taken.  "For  the  Constitution  with  slavery,"  or 
"For  the  Constitution  without  slavery  :"  bo,  iu 
either  case,  a  Constitution  that  protected  and 
perpetuated  slavery  would  be  voted  for.  Mean- 
while, at  an  eleetiou  for  a  territorial  Legislature, 
the  friends  of  free  -  labor  were  successful,  and 
elected  a  delegate  to  Congress.  The  legally 
elected  Legislature  ordered  the  Leeompton  Con- 
stitution to  be  submitted  to  the  people  for  adop- 
tion or  rcjation.  It  was  rejected  by  over  10,000 
majority.  Notwithstanding  this  strong  popular 
condemnation  of  the  Leeompton  Constitution, 
President  Buchanan  sent  it  iu  to  Con- 
■>.  1858  .  wherein  was  a  large  Democratic  major- 
ity, with  a  message  in  which  he  recommended  its 
acceptance  and  ratification.  Iu  that  menage, 
referring  to  the  opinion  of  Chief-justice  Taney, 
tin-  President  said:  ';  It  has  been  solemnly  ad- 
judged, by  the  highest  judicial  tribunal  known 
to  our  laws,  that  slavery  exists  in  Kansas  by 
virtue  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  : 
Kansas  is.  therefore,  at  this  moment,  as  much  a 
slave  state  as  Georgia  or  South  Carolina."  The 
Constitution  was  accepted  by  the  Senate  by  a 
vote  of  thirty-two  against  twenty-five,  but  in 
the  House,  a  substitute  ottered  by  Senator  John 
J.  Crittenden,  of  Kentucky,  was  adopted,  which 
provided  for  the  resubmission  of  the  Leeompton 
Constitution  to  the  citizens  of  Kansas.  It  was 
done,  and  that  instrument  was  again  rejected 
by  10,000  majority.  The  political  power  in  Kau- 
now  iu  the  hands  of  the  opponents  of 
slavery;  and,  finally,  at  the  close  of  January, 
1861,  that  territory  was  admitted  into  the  Union 
as  a  free-labor  state,  and  the  thirty-fourth  mem- 
ber of  the  family.  During  the  political  excite- 
ment in  Kansas  there  was  actual  civil  war,  and 
some  blood  was  shed.  Early  iu  April,  1856,  aim- 
ed men  from  Southern  Slates,  under  Colonel  Bn- 
ford.  arrived  iu  Kansas.  The  United  States  mar- 
shal there  took  Buford's  men  into  the  pay  of  the 
government,  and  armed  them  with  government 
muskets.  Lawrence  was  again  besieged  (May  .">), 
and  on  the  Slst  the  inhabitants,  under  a  promise 
of  safety  to  persons  and  property,  were  induced 
to  give  up  their  arms  to  the  sheriff.  The  inva- 
ders immediately  entered  the  town,  blew  np  ami 
burned  the  hotel, destroyed  two  printing-offices, 
and  plundered  stores  and  houses.  The  free- 
labor  party  were  furnished  with  arms  from  the 
free  labor  states.  Collisions  occurred,  and  on 
.  light  took  place  at  Oesawatamie,  in 
which  the  anti-slavery  men  were  led  by  John 
Brown,  where  live  men  were  killed.  There  was 
another  skirmish  at  Black  Jack  (June  'J  .  w  In.  h 

resulted  in  the  capture  of  Captain  Pots  and 

thirty   of  bis   men.      Emigrants   from    the    free- 
labor  -tales. on  their  \\  ny  through  Missouri,  were 
turned  back  by  armed  parties 
slaver}' men  captured  a  fori  near  Leeompton,  oc- 


cupied by  Colonel  Titus  with  a  party  of  pro-sla- 
very men.  and  made  prisoners  the  commander 
and  twenty  of  his  men.  On  Aug.  25  the  acting- 
governor  (Woodiu)  declared  the  territory  in  a 
state  of  rebellion.  He  and  David  R.  Atchison, 
late  United  States  Senator  from  Missouri,  gath- 
ered a  considerable  force,  and.  on  Aug.  29,  a  de- 
tachment sent  by  the  latter  attacked  Oesawat- 
amie, which  was  defended  by  a  small  band  un- 
der John  Brown.  The  latter  was  defeated,  with 
the  loss  of  two  killed,  five  wounded,  and  sc\eu 
made  prisoners.  The  assailants  lost  five  killed, 
and  thirty  buildings  were  burned.  At  the  an- 
nual election  at  Leavenworth,  a  party  from  Mis- 
souri killed  and  wounded  several  of  the  anti- 
slaveiy  men,  burned  their  houses,  and  forced 
about  one  hundred  and  fifty  to  embark  for  St. 
Louis.  J.  \Y.  Geary,  who  had  been  appointed 
governor,  arrived  in  Kansas  early  in  September, 
and  ordered  all  armed  men  to  lay  down  their 
weapons;  but  Missouri  men,  in  number  about 
2000,  and  forming  three  regiments  of  artillery, 
marched  to  attack  Lawrence  under  the  com- 
mand of  a  member  of  the  Missouri  Legislature. 
Geary,  with  United  States  troops,  prevailed  upon 
them  to  desist,  and  near  the  close  of  the  year 
(1856)  he  was  enabled  to  report  that  peace  and 
order  prevailed  in  Ka 

Kansas  Indians,  Tkkatt  with  toe.  In 
June.  1825,  the  Kansas  Indians  ceded  to  the 
United  States  by  treaty  all  their  lands,  both 
within  and  without  the  limits  of  Missouri,  ex- 
cepting a  reservation  beyond  that  state,  on  the 
Missouri  River,  about  thirty  miles  square,  in- 
cluding their  villages.  In  consideration  for  this 
cession,  the  United  States  agreed  to  p 
year  for  twenty  years;  to  furnish  them  imme- 
diately with  300  head  of  cat' 
fowls,  three  yoke  of  oxen,  and  two  carts,  with 
Buch  farming  utensils  as  the  Indian  Superin- 
tendent might  deem  necessary  ;  also  a  black- 
smith, and  persons  to  aid  and  instruct  them 
in  their  agricultural  pursuits.  This  was  signed 
by  General  William  Clarke  and  twelve  Kansas 
chiefs. 

Kautz,  Arc.rsTrs  Y..ivas  bom  at  Baden, Ger- 
many, Jan.  5,  1-J-.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1858.  His  parents,  who  came  to  Amer- 
ica iu  the  year  of  his  birth,  settled  iu  Ohio. 
He  was  a  private  in  the  Ohio  volunteers  in  tin- 
war  with  Mexico.  In  May.  1861,  he  was  made 
a  captain  of  cavalry,  and  did  good  mh 
colonel  of  cavalry  iu  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and 
Virginia.  He  was  most  active  iu  the  campaign 
against  Petersburg  and  Richmond  in  1854 
Kant:'*  BmUk.)  Mustered  out  of  the  service  in 
1866,  In-  became  Judge-advocate  of  the  military 

division   of  tin-  Golf.      In   March,   l-<">-"'.   he   was 
breveted  major-general  for"  merit, 
.luring  the  Rebellion." 

Kautz's  Raids.  When,  early  in  May.  the 
Army  of  the  .lames  went  up  the  Appomattox, 
.1  A.  V.  Kautz.  with  three  thousand  Na- 
tional cavalry, moved  from  SnU'olk.on  the  south 
of  the. lames  River,  to  out  thcWeldon  Railwa> 
south  of  Petersburg,  over  which  Bi 
ng  troops  from  Charleston 


KEARNEY 


735  KEXESAW  MOUNTAINS.  EVENTS  NEAR 


Lee  in  Virginia.  Kautz  struck  the  road  at  Sto- 
ny Creek,  some  distance  son t li  of  Petersburg; 
where  be  unrned  the  railway  bridge.  Before  be 
readied  the  road  most  of  Beauregard's  forces 
had  passed  over  it.  and  filled  the  city  of  Peters- 
burg with  armed  men.  Kautz  made  a  circuit, 
and  joined  the  Nationals  ;it  Bermuda  Hundred. 
He  left  camp  Oil  May  12  on  another  similar  raid. 
Passing  np  near  Drewrv's  ISlntt',  he  moved  on  an 
arc  of  a  circle  by  Chesterfield  Court-house  and 
•track  the  Richmond  and  Danville  Railway 
eleven  miles  west  of  the  Confederate  capital. 
Hr  si  ruck  it  again  at  Powhatan;  menaced  the 
railway  bridge  over  the  Appomattox, which  was 
strongly  guarded;  swept  around  eastward  and 
struck  the  road  again  at  Chula  Station;  and 
then,  with  a  pari  of  his  command,  he  crossed  to 
the  Soathside  Railway  at  White  and  Black  Sta- 
tion, while  the  remainder  went  on  to  the  junc- 
tion of  tin;  Danville  and  South-ide  roads. 
Turning  eastward,  the  whole  troop  swept  down 
to  the  North  Carolina  line,  destroying  the  Wel- 
don   Road   at   Jarratt's  station,  and.  passing 

Prince  George's  Court  house,  took  to  City  Point 
one  hundred  and  fifty  prisoners,  of  whom  thir- 
teen were  officers. 

Kearney,  Lawrence,  United  states  Navy, 
was  born  at  Perth  Am  boy,  N.J.,  Nov.  30,1789; 
died  there,  Nov.  •.".•,  1868.  He  entered  the  navy 
in  l-i'T.  performed  important  services  on  the 
Ooasl  of  South  Carolina  and  adjoining  states 
during  the  War  of  1812-15,  and  after  the  war, 
in  command  of  the  schooner  Enterprise,  assisted 
with  efficiency  in  ridding  the  West  Indies  and 
Qnlf  of  Mexico  of  pirates,  lie  also,  in  the  War- 
riii,  drove  the  Creek  pirates  from  the  Levant  in 
1887,  and  broke  up  their  nests.  In  command 
of  the  East  India  sqnadron  in  1651,  he  secured 
from  the  Chinese-  authorities  tin-  recognition  of 
the  right  of  Americans  to  trade,  there,  and  the 
same  protection  and  facilities  to  our  merchants 
as  were  about  being  granted  by  treaty  to  Great 
Britain. 

Kearney,  Pint  if.  was  born  in  New  York  city, 
June  2,  1815;  killed  in  battle  near  Chantilly, 
\ 'a..  Sept.  1,  186$,  He  studied  law.  but,  prefer- 
ring tin'  military  profession,  entered  the  army 

at  tWenty-tWO  years  of  age  as  lieutenant  of 
dragoons.  Soon  afterwards  the  government 
sent  him  to  Europe  to  study  and  report  upon 
French  cavalry  tactics.  While  there  be  fought 
in  the  French  army  in  Africa  as  a  volunteer, 
and  returned  in  1-10  with  the  cross  of  the  Le- 
gion of  Honor.  Aid  to  General  Bcott  (1841-44), 
he  was  made  captain  in  the  United  States  Army, 
and  served  on  the  stall' of  Scott   in  the  war  with 

Mexico,  reeeiv  ing  great  npplaoae.  Near  the  city 
of  Mexico  he  lost  his  left  arm  in  battle.  After 
serving  a  campaign  on  the  Pacific  coast  against 
the  Indians,  he  went  to  Kurope,  and  served  on 
the  stall  of  the  French  general  Maurier  in  the 
Italian  War  I  1659).     lb-  received  from  the  French 

government  a  second  decoration  of  the  Legion 

of  Honor,  lie  hastened  home  when  the  Civil 
War  broke  out  ;  was  made  brigadier-general  of 
volunteers  Jnst  after  the  battle  of  Hull's  Run, 
Ud  commanded  a  In  igade  of  New  Jcisev   troops 


in  Franklin's  division,  Army  of  the  Potomac. 
He  commanded  a  division  in  Heintzel  man's 
corps,  and  behaved  gallantly  during  the  Penin- 
sular campaign.     Kearney  was  made  major-geu- 


FIIILIP   KEARNEY. 


eral  of  volunteers  in  July,  1302.  He  was  the  first 
to  reinforce  Pope,  and  was  engaged  in  the  bat- 
tles between  the  Rappahannock  and  Washing- 
ton, from  Aug. 25  to  Sept.  1. 

Kearney,  STEPHEN  Watts,  brother  of  Philip, 
was  born  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  Aug.  30,1794;  died 
in  St.  Lo„is.  Oct.  31,  1848.  When  the  War  of 
1812  l">  broke  out,  young  Kearney  left  his  stud- 
ies at  Columbia  College,  entered  the  army  as 
lieutenant  of  infantry,  and  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  battle  ofQneenston  Heights.  In  April, 
1813,  be  was  made  captain,  and  rose  to  briga- 
dier-general in  June,  1*40.  He  was  in  command 
of  the  Army  of  the  West  at  the  beginning  of  the 
war  with  Mexico,  and  with  that  army  inarched 
to  California,  conquering  New  Mexico  on  the 
way.  He  established  a  provisional  government 
at  Santa  IV.  pressed  on  to  California,  and  was 
twice  wounded  in  battle.  For  a  few  months  in 
1847  he  was  Governor  of  California  ;  joined  the 
army  in  Mexico;  in  March,  1848,  was  Governor, 
military  and  civil,  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  in  May  of 
the  same  year  was  made  Governor  of  the  city 
of  Mexico.  In  August,  1848,  he  was  breveted 
major-general. 

Keith,  GEORGE,  was  born  at  Aberdeen.  Scot- 
land ;  died  rector  of  Edburtou,  Sussex.  England, 

about  17111.  He  belonged  to  the  Society  of 
Friends,  or  Quakers;  came  to  East  Jersey,  was 

surveyor -general  in  1682,  and  in  1689  taught 

school  in  Philadelphia.  He  wrote  and  spoke 
ranch  in  favor  of  the  Quakers,  and  visited  New 
England  in  their  interest  ;  but  about  1091  lie 
est  a  I  dished  a  sect  who  called  themselves  ••Chris- 
tian Quakers.''  Keith  was  irritable,  quarrel- 
some, and  imperious.  He  finally  left  the  (.ma- 
kers altogether,  and  took  orders  in  the  Church 

of  Englaud. 

Kenesaw  Mountains  (Ga.),  F.v  i  \h  BTEAB. 
Genera]  Johnston,  pursued  by  General  Sherman, 
after  evacuating  Allatoona  Pass  (see  Allutouna 


KENT  ISLAND.  COLONY  ON 


73.5 


KENTON 


Pats  <i>ul  Marietta),  took  a  stand.  At  liis  back 
were  the  Big  and  Little  Kern-saw  mountains, 
within  three  miles  of  Marietta.  With  these,  ly- 
ing close  together,  Lost  and  Pine  mountains 
formed  a  triangle.  Confederate  batteries  cov- 
ered their  summits,  and  on  the  top  of  each  Con- 
federate signal-stations  were  placed.  Thousands 
of  men  were  busy  in  the  forest  casting  tip  in- 
trenchments  from  base  to  base  of  these  ragged 
hills  in  preparation  for  a  great  straggle.  Sher- 
man advanced  to  Big  Shanty,  and  there  made 
preparations  to  break  through  the  Confederate 
works  between  Kenesaw  and  Pine  mountains. 
Hooker  was  on  the  right  and  front  of  his  line, 
Howard  was  on  his  left  and  front,  and  Palmer 
between  it  and  the.  railway.  Under  a  heavy 
cannonade,  the  advance,  began,  June  14,  1864. 
The  Nationals  pushed  over  the  rough  country, 
lighting  at  almost  every  step.  That  night  the 
Confederates  abandoned  Pine  Mountain,  and 
took  position  in  the  intrenchmcnts  between 
Kenesaw  and  Lost  mountains.  Upon  the  latter 
eminence  the  Nationals  advanced  in  a  heavy 
rain-storm,  and  on  the  17th  the  Confederates 
abandoned  Lost  Mountain  and  the  long  line  of 
intrenchmenta  connecting  it  with  Kenesaw. 
Sherman  continual!;  pressed  them  heavily,  skir- 
mishing in  dense  forests,  furrowed  with  ravines 
and  tangled  with  vines.  From  the  top  of  Ken- 
esaw Johnston  could  see  the  movements  of  the 
Nationals,  and  from  batteries  on  its  summit 
could  hurl  plunging  shot.  The  antagonists  strag- 
gled on  ;  and  finally  General  Hood  sallied  out  of 
the  Confederate  intrenchmcnts  with  a  stroug 
force  to  break  through  Sherman's  line  between 
Thomas  and  Schotiehl.  He  was  received  w  it li  a 
terrible  return  blow, which  made  him  recoil  in 
great  confusion,  leaving,  in  his  retreat,  his  killed, 
wounded,  and  many  prisoners.  This  Btruggle 
is  known  in  history  as  the  battle  of  the  Kulp 
House.  This  repulse  inspirited  the  Nationals. 
On  the  '27 tli  (June)  they  made  a  furious  assault 
on  the  Confederate  lines  at  two  points  south  of 
Kenesaw  to  break  them,  separate  their  forces, 
and  destroy  their  army.  The  Nationals  were 
repulsed,  with  an  aggregate  loss  of  about  three 
thousand  men.  Among  the  killed  were  Generals 
C.  G.  Barker  and  1>  McCook,  and  many  valua- 
ble officers  of  lower  grade  were  wounded.  The 
h.ss  of  the  Confederates,  behind  their  breast- 
works, was  slight.  Sherman  now  disposed  his 
t  loops  so  as  to  seriously  threaten  Johnston's 
rear.  Turner's  Ferry  across  the  Chattahoochee 
was  menaced,  and  the  intended  effect  was  in- 
stantaneous.     On  the  night  of  July '2  Johnston 

abandoned  Kenesaw  and  all  his  intrenchmenta, 

and  when,  at  dawn  (July  IS  .  the  Nationals  stood 

on  the  crest  of  that  l mtain,  they  saw  the  (  on 

federates  flying  through  and  beyond  Marietta 
towards  the  Chattahoochee,  in  the  direction  of 
Atlanta.  Sherman  pursued,  hut  Johnston  es- 
caped acrOSS  the  Chattahoochee,  after  confront- 
in-  hi-  pursuers  at  a  line  of  intrenchmeiits  has 
tily  throw  n  up.  Before  the  Nationals  now  flowed 
a  deep  and  rapid  stream,  and  on  the  opposite 
side  thonsanda  of  men  were  piling  op  military 

w  in  Us  lii  Oppose  I  lien    passage.       (See     III, into.) 

Kent  Island  (Chesapeake  Bay),  COLOin  OK. 


In  May.  1631,  King  Charles  I.  granted  a  license 
to  William  Claybome  "to  traffic  in  those  parts 
of  America  for  which  there  was  already  no  pat- 
ent granted  for  sole  trade.'  With  the  intention 
of  monopolizing  the  Indian  trade  of  Chesapeake 
Pay.  Claybome  and  his  associates  planted  a 
small  colony  on  Kent  Island,  situated  in  the  cen- 
tre of  the  Province  of  Maryland,  soon  after- 
wards granted  to  Lord  Baltimore.  This  grant 
and  settlement  gave  much  trouble  to  the  pro- 
prietor of  Maryland  and  the  settlers  there  under 
his  (latent.     (See  Claybome.) 

Kent,  JAMBS,  LL.D..  an  eminent  jurist,  was 
born  at  Phillipstow  n.  Putnam  Co..  N.  Y..  .Inly 
31,1763;  died  in  New  York  city,  Dec.  12,  1-17. 
He  studied  law  with  Egbert  Benson,  and  be- 
gan its  practice  in  1787  at  Ponghkeepsie,  N.  Y. 


He  was  a  member  of  the  New  York  Legislature 
from  1790  to  1798,  and  became  professor  of  law 
in  Columbia  College  in  1793.  Deeply  versed  in 
the  doctrine  ofcivil  law.  he  was  made  a  master 
in  chancery  in  1796, city  recorder  in  1797,  judge 

of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1798,  chief-justice  in 
1S04.  and  was  chancellor  from  1-1  I  to  1823.  Af- 
ter taking  a  leading  part  in  the  State  Constitu- 
tional Convention  in  1821,  he  again  became  law 
professor  in  Columbia  College,  and  the  lectures 
lie  there  delivered  form  the  basis  of  his  able 
Commentaries  on  Hit  United  State*  Constitution, 
published  in  four  volume-.  Hi'  v.  a-  one  of  the 
clearest  legal  writers  of  his  day.  In  1828  he 
was  elected  President  of  the  New  York  Histori- 
cal Society.  l\<-  passed  his  later  \ ears  in  revis- 
ing and  enlarging  his  Commentaiiet  ami  in  giv- 
ing opinions  on  legal  BUUJectS. 

Kenton,  Simon,  a  Western  pioneer,  was  born 
in  Fauquier  County,  Ya.,  April  i>,  1756;  died  in 
Logan  Count]  .  <>..  April  '.".'.  1836.     Supposing  he 

had  killed  in  an  affray  a  rival  in  a  love  affair 

when  he  was  sixteen  yean  old,  he  licit  to  ihe 
wilderness  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 
w  hen  he  was  the  friend  and  companion  of  Dan- 
iel I!. nun  in  many  daring  feats.  He  was  m  ex- 
peditions against   the   Indians,  was  captured  by 

them,  and  taken  to  Detroit.  Escaping  from 
a  British  prison  there  in  177'.>,  he  distinguished 
himself  in  resist  illg  the  in\  aaioil  of  Kentucky  uj 


KENTUCKY  NEUTRALITY  7 

the  British  and  Indians  in  that  year.  Finally, 
after  an  expedition  against  the  barbarians  on 
the  Miami,  he  settled  (1784)  near  Maysville. 


He  accompanied  Wayne  in  his  expedition  in 
17<J4.  In  1805  In'  was  seated  Dear  tbe  Mud  Riv- 
ir,  o..  and  was  made  brigadier-general  of  mili- 
tia. In  L813  be  served  under  Governor  Shelby 
at  tbe  battle  of  tbe  Thames  (which  see).  Beg- 
gared  l\v  lawsuits  because  of  defective  titles  to 
lands,  be  lived  in  penury  many  years.  In  1^24 
he  appeared  at  Frankfort, Ky.. in  tattered  clothes, 
and  successfully  appealed  id  the  Legislature  to 

release  the  claim  of  the  state  to  lauds  which 
were  bis.  Congress  afterwards  allowed  him  a 
pension. 

Kentucky  Neutrality.  The  position  of  the 
inhabitants  of  Kentucky  at  the  breaking-out  of 
the  Civil  War  was  peculiar  and  painful.  The 
governor  hail  responded  to  the  President's  call 

lor  t ps  in  insulting  words,  and  was  followed 

by  fierce  denunciations  of  the  government  pol- 
icy by  the  LmiisriUi'  Journal,  tin;  leading  paper 

in  the  state.  These  were  followed  by  a  greal 
Union  meeting  in  Louisville  on  the,  evening  of 
April  18,  over  which  .lames  Guthrie  (see  Peace 

Convention)  and  other  leading  politicians  of  the 
state  held  controlling  influence.  At  that  meet- 
ing it  was  resolved  that  Kentucky  reserved  to 
herself  ••  the  right  to  choose  her  own  position  : 
and  that,  while  her  natural  sympathies  are  with 
those  who  have  a  common  interest  in  the  pro- 
tection of  slavery,  she  still  acknowledges  her 
loyalty    and    fealty    to    the    Government   of  the 

United  States,  which  she  will  cheerfully  render 
miti  thai  government  becomes  aggressive,  ii/ranniral. 
and  regardless  of  our  rights  in  slave  property." 
Thej  declared  thai  the  state,  were  the  peers  of 

the  national  government,  and  gave  the  world 
to  understand  that  the  latter  should  not  be  al- 
lowed to  use  "sanguinary  ox  ooercive  measure's 
to  bring  back  the  seceded  stales."  They  al- 
lude, l  to  the  "Kentucky  state  Guard"  (which 

sec)  as  the  •■  bulwark  of  the  safety  Of  the  com- 
monwealth, .  .  .  pledged  equally  to  fidelity  to 

ted    States   and   t<>    Kentucky."      This 
avowal    of  peculiar   neutrality  —  of  conditional 
I.— 47 


7  KENTUCKY,  POSITION  OF 

Unionism  —  delighted  the  enemies  of  the  Re- 
public. 

Kentucky  Neutrality  Violated.  Early  in 
the  summer  of  1861  the  Governor  of  Kentucky 
declared  that  arrangements  had  heen  made  that 
neither  National  nor  Confederate  troops  should 
set  foot  on  the  soil  of  that  state.  The  neutral- 
ity of  Kentucky  was  respected  many  mouths, 
aud  so  the  purposes  of  the  governor  of  that 
state  and  of  Tennessee  were  promoted,  for  it 
gave  them  time  to  prepare  for  war.  Pillow  had 
urged  the  seizure  of  the  bluflf  at  Columhus,  iu 
westeru  Keutucky,  as  an  aid  to  him  iu  his  at- 
tempt to  capture  Cairo  and  Bird's  Point,  hut  the 
solemn  assurance  of  tbe  Coufederate  govern- 
ment that  Kentucky  neutrality  should  he  re- 
spected restrained  him;  hut  ou  Sept.  4,  General 
(Bishop)  Polk,  with  a  considerable  force,  seized 
tbe  strong  position  at  Columbus,  under  tbe  pre- 
text that  National  forces  were  preparing  to  oc- 
cupy that  place.  The  Confederate  Secretary  of 
War  publicly  telegraphed  to  Polk  to  withdraw 
his  troops;  President  Davis  privately  tele- 
graphed to  him  to  hold  on,  sayiug,  "The  end 
justifies  the  means."  So  Columbus  was  held 
and  fortified  by  the  Confederates.  Geueral 
llxsses  S  Grant,  then  in  command  of  tbe  dis- 
trict and  Cairo,  took  military  possession  of  Pa- 
diicah.  iu  northern  Kentucky,  with  National 
troops,  and  the  neutrality  of  Keutucky  was  no 
longer  respected.  The  seizure  of  Columbus 
opened  the  way  for  the  infliction  upon  tbe  peo- 
ple of  that  state  of  the  horrors  of  war.  All  Ken- 
tucky, for  one  hundred  miles  south  of  the  Ohio 
River,  was  made  a  military  department,  with 
General  Robert  Anderson,  the  hero  of  Fort  Sum- 
ter, for  its  commander. 

Kentucky  Ordinance  of  Secession.  Gen- 
eral Albert  Sidney  Johnston,  formerly  an  officer 
in  the  United  States  Army,  was  in  command  of 
the  Coufederate  "Western  Department,''  which 
included  southern  and  western  Kentucky,  then 
held  by  the  insurgents,  and  the  State  of  Ten- 
nessee, with  his  headquarters  at  Nashville.  Un- 
der the  shadow  of  his  power  the  Secessionists 
of  Kentucky  met  in  convention  at  Russellville, 
the  capital  of  Logan  Couuty.Oct.29,1861.  They 
drew  up  a  manifesto  in  which  the  grievances  of 
Kentucky  were  recited,  and  the  action  of  tbe 
loyal  Legislature  was  denounced.    They  passed 

an  ordinance  of  secession,  declared  the  state  in- 
dependent, organized  a  provisional  government, 
chose  George  W.Johnson  Provisional  Governor, 
appointed  delegates  to  the  Confederate  Congress 
at  Richmond,  and  called  Bowling  Green  the 
state  capital.  Fifty-one  counties  were  repre- 
sented in  that  '■Sovereignty  Convention"  by 
about  two  hundred  men,  without  the  sanction 
of  the  people. 

Kentucky,  Position-  of  (1861).  This  was  a 
border  state  of  great  importance,  ha\  ing  a  pop- 
ulation, in  1860,  of  1,166,713,  of  whom  835,483 
were  slaves.  This  people  were  strongly  attach- 
ed to  the  Union,  hut  its  governor  (Beriah  Ma- 
goffin) and  leading  politicians  of  his  party  in 
the  state  sympathized  with  the  Secessionists. 
The  action  of  Kentucky  was  awaited  with  great 


KENTUCKY,  SETTLEMENTS  IN  7! 

anxiety  throughout  the  Union.  The  governor 
at  first  opposed  secession,  for  the  people  were 
decidedly  hostile  to  revolutionary  movements 
in  the  Gulf  region;  yet  they  as  decidedly  op- 
posed what  the  sophists  called  the  "coercion 
of  a  sovereign  state."  At  a  state  convention  of 
••  Union  and  Douglas  men."  held  on  Jan. 8, 1861, 
it  was  resolved  that  the  rights  of  Kentucky 
should  be  maintained  in  the  Union.  They  were 
in  favor  of  a  convention  of  the  free-labor  and 
Blave-labor  border  states  to  decide  upon  just 
compromises,  and  declared  their  willingness  to 
support  the  National  government,  unless  the  in- 
coming President  should  attempt  to  "coerce  a 
state  or  states."  The  Legislature,  which  assem- 
bled at  about  the  same  time,  was  asked  by  the 
governor  to  declare,  by  resolution,  the  "uncon- 
ditional disapprobation"  of  the  people  of  the 
state  of  the  employment  of  force  against  "se- 
ceding states'"  On  Jan. 22  the  Legislature  ac- 
cordingly resolved  that  the  Kentuckians,  united 
with  their  brethren  of  the  South,  would  resist 
any  invasion  of  the  soil  of  that  section  at  all  haz- 
ards and  to  the  last  extremity.  This  action  was 
taken  because  the  legislatures  of  several  free- 
labor  states  had  offered  troops  for  the  use  of  the 
National  government  in  enforcing  the  laws  in 
"seceding  States."  They  decided  against  call- 
ing a  convention,  and  appointed  delegates  to 
tie-  Peace  Congress.  A  little  later  the  public 
authorities  and  other  leading  men  of  the  state 
endeavored  to  give  to  it  a  position  of  absolute 
neutrality.     (See  Kentucky  Xeutrality.) 

Kentucky,  Settlkmexts  in.  The  precari- 
ous tenure  by  which  places  that  were  settled  in 
Kentucky  by  Boone  and  others  were  held,  while 
the  land  was  subjected  to  bloody  incursions  by 
barbarians,  was  changed  after  George  BogOTS 
Clarke's  incursions  into  Ohio  had  made  the 
tribes  there  no  longer  invaders  of  the  soil  south 
of  that  river.  The  number  of  "stations"  began 
to  multiply.  A  block-house  was  built  (April, 
1779)  on  the  site  of  the  eity  of  Lexington.  By 
a  law  of  Virginia  (May,  1779 1.  all  persona  who 
had  settled  west  of  the  mountains  before  June. 
1778,  were  entitled  to  claim  four  hundred  acres 
of  land,  without  any  payment;  and  they  had  a 
right  of  pre-emption  to  an  adjoining  one  thou- 
sand acres  for  a  very  small  sum  of  money,  while 
the  whole  region  between  t  lie  (ireelie  and  Ten- 
nessee riven  was  reserved  for  military  bounties. 

Settlements  quite  rapidly  increased  under  this 
liberal  Virginia  land  system,  and  fourteen  years 
after  its  passage  Kentucky  had  a  population 

that  entitled  it  to  admission  into  the  Union  as 

a  state. 

Kentucky  State  Guard.  This  corps  was 
organized  by  Governor  Magoffin  for  the  osten- 
sible purpose  of  defending  Kentucky — against 
what  .'  Simon  is  Bnokner,  a  captain  in  the 
United  States  Army,  and  then  evidently  in  the 
rvice  of  the  Confederate  government, 
w  a-  placed  at  tin-  bead  of  the  "  guard,"  using  bis 
position  effectively  in  seducing  large  numbers 
of  the  members  from  tbeir  allegiance  to  the  old 
Bag,  and  in  sending  recrnita  t<>  the  Confederate 
army.     At  the  sanx  time  the  governor  triad  to 


8  KENTUCKY,  STATE  OF 

induce  the  Legislature  to  appropriate  $3,000,000 
to  be  used  by  himself  and  Buckner  in  "arming 
the  state."  This  was  refused;  but  the  Lower 
House  approved  of  the  governor's  refusal  to  fur- 
nish troops  to  the  National  government.  He 
issued  a  proclamation  of  neutrality,  which  not 
only  forbade  t  he  United  States  and  the  Confeder- 
ate States  "  invading  the  soil  of  Kentucky."  but 
also  forbade  the  citizens  of  Kentucky  making 
"any  hostile  demonstrations  against  any  of  the 
aforesaid  sovereignties."  The  Legislature  re- 
quired the  "State  Guard  "to  swear  allegiance 
to  the  United  States,  as  well  as  to  Kentucky. 
As  Buckner  could  not  allow  his  '•  guard  "  to  take 
this  oath,  it  was  not  long  before  he  led  a  large 
portion  of  them  into  the  Confederate  camp,  and 
became  a  major-general  in  the  Confederate 
army.  Then  the  LouixriUe  Journal,  which  had 
denounced  the  President's  call  for  troops  in 
unmeasured  terms  of  severity,  cursed  the  com- 
mander of  the  "  Kentucky  State  Guard  "  as  one 
of  the  worst  of  traitors.  "You  are  the  Bene- 
dict Arnold  of  the  day!"  it  said.  "You  are  the 
Catiline  of  Kentucky  !  (Jo,  thou  miscreant  !" 
And  when,  in  February.  1863,  Buckner  w  as  made 
a  prisoner  at  Fort  Donelson,  and  sent  to  Fort 
Warren,  in  Boston  harbor,  many  of  those  who 
had  regarded  his  "State  Guard"  as  "the  bul- 
wark of  the  commonwealth "  were  clamorous 
for  his  delivery  to  the  civil  authorities  of  Ken- 
tucky to  be  tried  for  treason  against  the  state. 

Kentucky,  State  or.  In  177t>  Kentucky  was 
made  a  county  of  Virginia,  and  in  1777  the  fust 
court  was  held  at  Harrodsburg.  Conventions 
held  at  Danville  in  17S4-S5  recommended  a 
peaceable  and  constitutional  separation  from 
Virginia.  In  1786  an  act  was  passed  by  the  Vir- 
ginia Legislature  complying  with  the  desires  of 
Kentucky.  There  was  delay  in  consummating 
the  change.  Other  conventions  were  held  urging 
the  matter.  In  1790  Kentucky  became  a  sepa- 
rata territory,  and 
on  June  1.  IT'."-.',  it 
was  admitted  into 
the  Union  asa  state. 
Its  population  at 
that  time  was  about 
seventy- five  tbeu- 
f"^-*.  VI  •••  I  sand.  For  several 
years  much  uneasi- 
n.  —  was  t'.lt  among 

the   people    of  Ken- 
lucky  on  account  of 
snn:  seal  of  kkstitkt.  Iudian  .lepredat  ions 

ami  the  cloudiness 
of  the  political  skies,  for  the  great  questions  of 
the  free  navigation  of  the  Mississippi  Bivet  and 
tin1  ultimate  possession  of  Louisiana  were  un- 
settled. These  were  settled  satisfactorily  by 
the  purchase  of  Louisiana  in  1803.  During  the 
War  of  1819  Kentucky  took  an  active  part, 
sending  full  seven  thousand  men  to  the  field; 
ami  alter  that  war  the  slate  was  undisturbed 
by  any  stirring  events  until  the  breaking-out 
of  the  Civil  War  in  1861.  Its  progress  was  rap- 
id A  second  constitution  took  effect  in  1800, 
and  continued  in  force  until  the  adoption  of  the 

present  one  In  I860.     At  the  beginning  of  the 


KF.KXSTOWN,  BATTLE  AT 


739 


KICKAPOOS 


Civil  War  Kentucky  assumed  ;i  position  of  nea- '  Colonel  Boyd,  started  to  join  tlie  British  at  Au- 
trality.  bal  it  was  really  one  of  hostility  to  the  gusta  in  February,  1779,  desolating  the  upper 
Union.  The  governor  refused  to  comply  with  country  of  the  latter  state  on  the  way.  When 
the  President's  requisition  for  troops;  but  Lien-  within  two  days'  march  of  Augusta  they  were 
tenant  William  Nelson,  of  the  navy,  a  native  of  attacked  (Feb.  14),  at  Kettle  Creek,  by  Colonel 
the  state,  and  then  on  ordnance  duty  at  Wash-    Andrew  Pickens,  with  the  militia  of  Ninety-six, 


ington,  began  to  recruit  for  the  National  army ; 
and  towards  the  close  of  July,  1861,  he  estab- 
lished "Camp  Dick  BobiuBOD,"  in  Garrard  Coun- 
ty, for  the  organization  of  Kentucky  volunteers. 
These  flocked  to  this  camp  and  to  other  recruit- 
ing .stations.  A  great  majority  of  the  people 
wen-  loyal  to  the  Union,  but  the  governor  was 
not,  and  the  unfortunate  position  of  neutrality 
which  the  latter,  with  the  .Secessionists,  caused 
Kentucky  to  assume  brought  upon  her  the  mis- 
eries <>f  civil  war.     'Sic  Kentucky  Neutrality.) 

Steps  wcr«'  taken  for  the  secession  of  the  State, 
and  for  the  organization  of  a  Confederate  state 
government,  but  failed.  (See  Kentucky  Ordinance 
<».and  Kentucky,  Position  of.)  The  state 
was  warred  by  battles,  invasions,  and  raids,  and 
martial  law  was  proclaimed  by  President  Lin 
Coin, July  .">,  1864.      The  civil  authority  was  re 

Btored  Oct.  18,  1865. 
1869  7".  to  ratify  the  Fifteenth  Amendment  to 
the  national  Constitution. 

Kemstown,  Battle  at.      When  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac  was  transferred  to  the  Virginia 

peninsula.  carl.v  in  1862,  it  w  as  necessary  to  hold 
the-   Confederates   in   Check   in   tin-  Shenandoah 

valley  (where  tiny  wen'  led  by  "Stonewall" 
Jackson),  in  order  to  secure  Washington  city. 
General    Lander,  who   had   struck  Jackson   a 


and,  after  a  sharp  tight,  w  ere  defeated.  Boyd 
and  seventy  of  his  men  were  killed,  and  Beventy- 
live  were  made  prisoners.  Pickeus  lost  thirty- 
eight  men. 

Key,  FRANCIS  Scott,  author  of  The  Star-Span- 
gled Banner,  was  born  in  Frederick  County,  Bid., 
Aug.  1,  1779  ;  died  in  Baltimore,  Jan.  11,  1843. 
He  was  a  lawyer  and  poet,  and.  removing  to 
Washington,  1).  C,  he  became  district  attorney. 
A  collection  of  his  poems  was  published  after 
his  death.     (See  Star-Spangled  Banner.) 

Keyes,  ERASMUS  Dakwxn,  was  born  at  Stock- 
bridge.  Mass.,  May  29,  1811.  He  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1832,  entered  the  artillery,  and 
was  made  assistant  adjutant,  with  rank  of  cap- 
tain, in  18;iS.  Becoming  captain  in  1841, he  was 
appointed  instructor  of  artillery  and  cavalry  at 

,..'  "  V  ""■  '*'    "TJTi     West  Point  in  1S44.     He  did  service  against  the 

I  he    Legislature    relused  ..      _      ._  ,      ,      B,,      ,..     ., 

Indians  on  (he  Pacific  coast,  and  when  the(  lvil 

War  broke  out  he  was  appointed  (May,  1861  I 
colonel  of  infantry  and  brigadier-general  of  vol- 
unteers. At  the  battle  of  Bull's  Run,  in  July, 
he  commanded  the  First  Brigade  in  Tyler's  di- 
vision. Early  in  1862  he  was  appointed  com- 
mander of  the  Fourth  Corps  of  the  Army  of  tin' 
Potomac, and  won  the  rank  of  major-general  of 
volunteers  and  the  brevet  of  brigadier-general 
United  States  Army  by  his  conduct  in  tin'  pen- 
sharp  blow  at  Blooming  Gap  (which  see),  had  insular  campaign,  lie  resigned  May  (5, 1864. 
died, and  was  succeeded  in  command  bj  General  Key-stone  State.  A  popular  title  for  the 
Shields.  Banks  was  then  (February,  1882)  in  siate  of  Pennsylvania,  supposed  to  have  been 
command  of  the  Fifth  Corps  He  sent  Colonel  „n,,n  because  ,',fjls  central  position  among  the 
Gear]  to  reOCCUpy  Harper's  Ferry,  and  took  orjgjna]  thirteen  stales  at  the  time  of  the  for- 
command  there  in  person  late  in  that  month.  tll -t t ion  of  the  national  Constitution.  Jn  an 
He  pushed  Jackson   back  to  Winchester,  w  her.'     .,,.,. |,  farmed   by  the  thirteen  states   l'cnnsylva- 

he  was  posted  with  about  eight  thousand  men,  lli:l  WOuld,from  its  geographical  position, form 
when  Johnston  evacuated  Manassas,  early  in  (foe  key-stone.  The  early  certificates  of  mem- 
March.  Then  he  retired  up  the  valley,  pursued  berahip  of  the  Tammany  Society  have  an  arch 
by   Shields,  Who   produced   greal    Consternation  composed  of  the  states. 'of  which  Pennsylvania 

among  the  Secessionists,    shields  found  his  an-  ;8  ti„.  key-stone. 

tagonisi  too  strong  to  warrant  an  attack,  and  k^o      an  Algonquin  tribe  found  by  the 

fell  back  to  Winchester,  closely  pursued  bj  cav-  ^"h  missionaries  towards  the  close  of  the 

airy  under  Colonel  Ashby.     Banks  repaired  to  S(.V(.„tl.,,lltll  century,  on  the  Wisconsin   River. 

Manassas  after   its  evacuation,  leaving  Shields 


to  guard  the  Shenandoah  valley.  Near  Win- 
chester he  had  neaih  seven  thousand  men  (part 
of  them  cavalry)  ami  twenty -four  guns  well 
posted  half  a  mile  north  of  the  village  of  Kcrns- 
town  and  two  and  a  half  miles  south  of  Win- 
Chester.  <>n  March  29  Asbby'a  cavalry  drove 
in  Shiehls's  pickets.  Fnder  cover  of  night, 
Shields  pushed  on  some  troops,  under  Colonel 
Kimball,  to  Kenislovvu.  A  sharp  and  severe 
battle 


They  were  great  rovers;  were  closely  allied  to 
the  Miamis:  and  in  1 7 1 ".» joined  the  Foxes  in  an 
attack  upon  Detroit,  and  in  wars  long  after- 
wards. They  were  reduced  in  1747  to  about 
eighty  warriors,  and  when  the  English  conquer- 
ed Canada  in  1763  there  were  about  one  hun- 
dred  Kickapoos  on   the  Wabash.      They  joined 

Pontiaoin  his  conspiracy,  but  soon  made  peace; 

and  in  177'J  they  joined  George  Rogers  Clarke 
in    his   expedition    against   the    British    in    the 


d,    in     Which    Shields    was    badly    N,„ ,  h\v,.st.      showing  hostility    to   the   Anieii- 


wounded.     The  Confederates  vveie  repnlsed  at 

all  points,  and  Bed  up  the  valley,  closely  pur- 
sued by  Hanks,  who  remained  in  that  region  to 
watch  the  insurgents,  while  McClellan  should 
move  on  Richmond. 

Kettle  Creek,  B.vm.i.  <>r.    Nearlv  eight  hun- 
dred North   and   South  Carolina  Tories,  led  by 


cans,  their  settlement  on  the  Wabash  was  deso- 
lated in  1791  :  but  they  were  not  absolutely  sub- 
dued until  the  treaty  at  Greenville  in  1795, after 
Wayne's  decisive  victory,  when  they  ceded  a 

part  of  their  land  for  a  small  annuity.  In  the 
early  pail  id' the  present  century  the  Kickapoos 
made  other  cessious  of  territory;  and  in  1811 


KIDD 


Mil 


KIEFT 


they  joined  Teoumtha  and  fought  the  Ameri- 
cans at  Tippecanoe.  In  the  War  of  1812  they 
were  the  friends  of  the  English  ;  and  afterwards 
a  larger  portion  of  them  crossed  the  Mississippi 
and  seated  themselves  upon  a  tract  of  laud  on 
the  Osage  River.  Some  cultivated  the  soil, 
while  others  went  southward  as  far  as  Texas, 
iu  roving  bands,  plundering  on  till  sides.  For 
some  time  Texas  Buffered  by  these  iuroads;  but 
iu  1854  some  of  them,  peaceably  inclined,  settled 
in  Kansas,  when,  becoming  dissatisfied,  many  of 
them  went  off  to  Mexico, where  they  opposed 
the  depredations  of  the  Apaches.  Most  of  the 
tribe  find  a  home  in  tins  Indian  Territory  west 
of  Arkansas,  and  no  longer  count  themselves 
warriors. 

Kidd,  William,  executed  as  a  pirate  and 
murderer,  May  24,  1701,  was  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, and  was  born  about  1650.  He  entered  the 
merchant-marine  service  in  his  youth,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  a  privateersman  against 
the  French  in  the  West  Indies.  He  was  active 
against  the  pirates  that  infested  the  waters  near 
New  York,  out  of  which  port  he  sailed;  and  for 
his  services  the  Assembly  of  the  province  gave 
him  $750  in  1691.  In  1695  a  company  for  the 
suppression  of  piracy  by  privateering  was  or- 
ganized in  Eugland.  Among  the  shareholders 
in  the  enterprise  were  King  William  HI.,  the 
Earl  of  ISellomont  (afterwards  Governor  of  Mas- 
sachusetts and  New  York),  Robert  Livingston, 
of  New  York,  and  other  men  of  wealth  and  in- 
fluence. Oue  tenth  of  all  the  booty  gained  by 
privateering  was  to  be  set  aside  for  the  king, 
and  the  rest  was  to  he  divided  among  the  share- 
holders. A  new  ship,  of  287  tons,  was  bought, 
and  named  the  Adventure  <:<illc\j;  and  at  the 
suggestion  of  Livingston,  who  was  then  in  Eng- 
land, Captain  Kidd  was  appointed  her  com- 
mand, -r  and  admitted  as  a  shareholder.  His 
commission  bore  the  royal  seal  and  signature. 
On  the  3d  of  April,  1696,  he  sailed  from  Plym- 
outh, and  arrived  at  New  York  about  the  4lh 
of  July.  With  his  ship  well  provisioned,  and 
with  a  crew  of  one  hundred  and  fifty-four  men 
and  boys,  be  sailed  for  Madagascar,  the  chief 
rendezvous  of  the  pirates  who  infested  the  In- 
ilia  seas.  In  the,  eoone  of  a  year  or  mote  iu 
mors  reached  England  that  Kidd  had  turned 
pirate.  At  length  the  clamor  became  so  loud 
that  the  royal  shareholder  in  the  enterprise  and 
bis  associates  perceived  the  necessity  of  taking 
action, and  an  order  was  issued  to  all  the  Eng- 
lish colonial  governors  to  cause  the  arrest  of 
Kidd  wherever  he  might  be  found.  In  the 
spring  of  1699  he  appeared  in  the  West  Indies 
iu  a  vessel  loaded  with  treasure.  Leaving  her 
in  a  bay  on  the  coast  of  Hayti  in  charge  of  his 
fust  officer  and  a  part  of  tin-  ship's  company,  he 
sailed  northward  with  forty  men  iu  a  sloop,  en- 
tered Long  Island  Sound,  ami  at  Oyster  Hay 
took  on  board  James  Kinott,  a  New  York  law- 
yer,  and,  landing  him  on  Rhode  I  si  and,  sent  him 
to  the  Earl  of  Bellomont,  then  at  Boston  a- 1  lov- 
ernoT  of  Massachusetts,  to  inquire  how  be  (Kidd) 

would  be   received  bj   his  partner  in   the  enter- 
Darlng   EtUOtt'l    absence    Kidd    had   bul- 
led lonu  "I  his  treasure,  which  he  brought  with 


the  sloop,  on  Gardiner's  Island.  Bellomont's 
answer  was  such  that,  Kidd  went  to  Boston 
(July  1,  1699),  where  he  was  arrested,  sent  to 
England,  tried  on  a  charge  of  piracy  and  mur- 
der, found  guilty,  and  executed  (May  24,  1701), 
protesting  his  innocence.  It  is  admitted  that 
his  trial  was  grossly  unfair;  and  it  is  believed 
that  Kidd  was  made  a  scapegoat  to  bear  away 
the  sins  of  men  iu  high  places.  Earl  Bellomont 
Bent  to  Hayti  for  Eidd'e  ship,  but  it  had  been 
stripped  by  the  men  in  charge;  but  be  recov- 
ered the  treasure  buried  on  Gardiner's  Island: 
also  that  which  Kidd  bad  with  him  on  the 
sloop,  amounting  iu  the  aggregate  to  about 
$70,000.  He  and  Livingston  were  then  politi- 
cal enemies,  and  it  is  not  known  whether  the 
latter  got  any  share  of  the  plunder. 

Kieft,  William.  Little  is  known  of  Kieft, 
the  tilth  Dutch  Governor  of  New  Motherland, 
before  his  appearance  at  Manhattan  on  the  28th 
of  March,  1638.  He  seems  to  have  been  an  un- 
popular dweller  at  Rochelle,  Frame,  where  his 
effigy  had  been  hung  upon  a  gallows.  De  Yries, 
an  active  mariner,  who  knew  him  well,  ranked 
him  among  the  "great  rascals"  of  his  age.  lie 
was  energetic,  spiteful,  and  rapacious — the  re- 
verse of  Van  Twiller,  his  immediate  predeces- 
sor. (See  Van  Twiller.)  Kieft  began  his  ad- 
ministration by  concentrating  all  executive 
power  in  his  own  hands;  and  he  and  his  coun- 
cil possessed  such  dignity,  in  their  own  estima- 
tion, thai  if  became  a  high  crime  to  appeal  from 
their  decision.  He  found  public  affairs  in  the 
capital  of  New  Nethcrland  in  a  wretched  con- 
dition, and  lint  forth  a  strong  hand  to  bring 
order  out  of  confusion.  Abuses  abounded,  and 
his  measures  of  reform  almost  stripped  the  citi- 
zens of  their  privileges.  Dilapidated  Fort  Am- 
sterdam was  repaired  and  new  warehouses  for 
the  company  were  erected.  He  caused  orchards 
to  be  planted,  gardens  to  be  cultivated,  police 
ordinances  to  be  framed  and  enforced,  religion 
and  morality  to  be  fostered,  and  regular  relig- 
ious services  to  be  publicly  conducted.  A  spa- 
cious stone  church  was  built  within  the  fort, 
and  the  Connecticut  architect  hung  in  its  wooll- 
en towei  Spanish  bells  which  had  been  captured 
at  Porto  RiCO.  A  more  liberal  policy  in  reaped 
to  the  Ownership  of  land  (see  PatrOOns)  caused 
emigration  to  increase,  and  cavaliers  from  Vir- 
ginia and  Puritans  from  New  England  were 
Been  listening  to  Dominie  Bogardus  in  his  line 
pulpit  in  the  new  church.  (See  Bogardut.)  All 
that  Kieft   required  of  new  settlers  was  an  oath 

of  fidelity  and  allegiance  to  the  States-General 

of  Holland.      The  demands  tor  new  homesteads 

caused  Kieft  to  purchase  lower  Westchester  and 

a  Utfge  portion  of  Long  Island.      The  eiicioach- 

ing  Puritans  on  the  east  and  the  Swedes  on  the 
Delaware  gave  Kieft  much  concern,  especiallj 

the  latter,  for  Minuil.a  former  Dutch  governor, 

was  at  their  head.    Kieft  protested  againsl  their 

"  intrusion."  Minuit  laughed  at  him  and  dis- 
regarded his  threats.  verj  soon  the  energetic 
oharaoteT  of  the  governor,  manifested  in  well- 
doing, was  as  conspicuous  in  ill-doing.  lb-  al- 
lowed his  fellow -traders  with  the  Indians  to 
■tupefj    them   with   ruin   and   cheat    them;   and 


KILPATRICK 


741 


KILPATRICKS  RAID 


he  demanded  tribute  of  furs,  corn,  and  wampum 
from  the  tribes  around  Manhattan.  They  paid 
the  tribute,  but  (Mined  the  tyrant.     Kieft  saw 

their  power  and  was  afraid.  Some  swine  were 
stolen    from    colonists    on    Staten    Island,  when 

Kieft,  seeking  an  excuse  for  striking  terror  to 

the  hearts  of  those  he  had  wronged,  accused  the 
Partialis  of  the  crime,  and  sent  armed  men  to 
chastise  them.    The  Eiver  Indians  grasped  their 

hatchets  ami  refused  to  pay  tribute  any  longer. 

The  hatred  of  all  the  savages  was  aroused.  The 
people  of  New  Amsterdam  were  alarmed,  and 
quarrels  between  them  and  the  governor  were 
frequent  and  Stormy.  Be  wanted  to  make  war 
on  the  Indians.  The  people  refused  to  bear  a 
mnskel  or  favor  the  crime.  Unwilling  to  bear 
ill.-  responsibility,  Kieft  called  an  assembly  of 
"masters  and  heads  of  families"  in  Xew  Am- 
sterdam to  consult  upon  public  measures. 
Twelve  disoreel  men  were  chosen  (1641)  to  aot 
for  them;  and  this  was  the  firsl  representative 
assembly  in  New  Net herlaml.  (See  Bepreaenta- 
■  nmi  >ii.)  War  was  deferred,  and  the 
twelve  devised  a  plan  for  a  municipal  govern- 
ment for  New  Amsterdam.     Kieft  was  alarmed, 

for  he  diil    not    wish    his   own    power   abridged, 

ami  In-  made  promises  (bnt  to  be  broken)  of  con- 
cessions of  popular  freedom  mi  their  giving  him 

consent   to  chastise  the  Indians  in  Westchester. 

It  was  reluctantly  given,  when  the  perfidious 
governor  dissolved  thctn,  and  forbade  any  pop- 
ular assembly  thereafter.  In  1643  he  oaused  a 
erne]  massacre  of  fugitive  Indians  at  Boboken. 
(See  Boboken,  ifa$8acre  »'.i  A  tierce  war  was 
kindled.  The  friendly  Long  Island  tribes  join- 
ed their  injured  bret  hi  en,  and  the  Dutcfa  colony 

was  threatened  with  deatruotion.  Help  came 
from  a  Puritan,  and  the  Indians  were  subdued. 
Kief  l.  despised  b\  the  colonists  on  whom  he  had 

brought  ruin,  humbly  asked  them  to  form  a  rep- 
resentative council  again.    The  people  gladly 

did  10,  lor  they  had  lost  all  confidence  in  the 
governor,     fins  concession  was  a  pitiful  trick 

of  Kieft   to   foil  the    wrath  of  t  he    colonists.       He 

neglected  the  advice  of  the  popular  assembly, 
ami  sought  by  every  means  to  till  his  own  cof- 
fers with  gain  against  a  day  of  reckoning  whioh 
he  perceived  was  near.  The  representatives  of 
tin-  people, finding  his  rule  unendurable,  asked 

for  the    recall  of  Kieft    before  the  colony  should 

be  ruined.  Their  prayer  was  heeded,  and  the 
people  celebrated  his  departure  by  the  firing  of 
great  s«iiv  Some  pugnacious  burghers  threat- 
ened the  gover ■   with   personal   chast  iscincnt 

when  he  should  "take  off  the  coat  with  which 
he    was    bedecked    by    the    lords,   his    masters." 

The  propheo]  of  De  Vries  |  L643)  -••The  mur- 
ders in  which  you  [Kieft  )  have  shed  so  much 
innocent   blood  will   yet    he  a\  elided   upon  your 

own  head"  was  fulfilled.  Kieft  sailed  for  Hol- 
land (An.;.  Hi.  1647  .  in  the  ship  Prinows,  with 

moie   than   |100,000  of   ill-gotten    wealth.      The 

vessel, bj  mistake,  entered  the  Bristol  channel, 
struck  a  rook,  ami  was  w  recked  on  the  coast  of 
\\  ah-..     Kieft  w  as  drowned. 

Kilpatrick,  lit  cu  J  UDSON,  commander  of  cav- 
alry, was  horn  near  1  leckei  tow  u,  N.  .1.,  .Ian.  IT, 
1836, and  graduated  at  Weel  Point  in  1861,  entei- 


|  ing  the  artillery.  He  was  wounded  in  the  battle 
at  Big  Bethel  (June,  1861 ),  and  in  September  was 
made  lieutenant-colonel  of  cavalry.  His  effi- 
cient services  on  all  occasions  won  for  him  the 
office   of  brigadier-general   and   brevet   inajor- 


I1UG1I   JLDSON    KILI'ATKICK. 


general  of  volunteers,  and  tin!  command  of  a, 

division  of  cavalry  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac. 
He  was  very  active  in  the  campaign  against  At- 
lanta in  1864,  in  Sherman's  march  to  the  sea, 
and  in  his  march  through  the  Carolinas  to  the 
surrender  of  ,1  oh  list  on.  for  the  latter  campaign 
he  was  breveted  major-general  in  the  United 
stairs  Army.  Late  in  November,  1866, he  was 
appointed  envoy  extraordinary  to  Chili. 

Kilpatrick's  Raid.  On  Sunday  morning, 
Feb. 28, 1864, General  Kilpatrick,  with  five  thou- 
sand cavalry,  picked  from  his  own  and  the  di- 
visions of  Merritt  and  Gregg,  crossed  the  Rapid 
Anna,  swept  around  to  the  right  Hank  of  Lee's 
army  by  way  of  Spot  tsylvauiii  Court-house,  and. 
pushing  rapidly  towards  Richmond,  struck  the 
Virginia  Central  Railroad  at  Beaver  Dam  sta- 
tion, where  he  had  his  fust  serious  encounter  with 
tin-    Confederates,  under   the   Maryland    leader, 

Bradlej  T. Johnson, whom  he  defeated.  Then  he 
Struck  across  the  South  Anna,  cut  the  Freder- 
icksburg and  Richmond  Railway,  and  on  March 
1st  halted  within  three  miles  of  Richmond.  His 

grand  object  was  to  liberate  the  Union  captives 
from  Libbj  Prison  (which  see).  He  was  now 
within  the  outer  lino  of  its  defences,  at  which 
the  Confederates  had  thrown  down  their  arms 
and  lied  into  the  city.  At  Spottsyl vania  Court- 
house about  live  hundred  of  Kilpatrick's  best 
men,  led  by  Colonel  Ulric  Dahlgren,  a  dashing 

young  officer,  diverged  from  the  main  column 
for  the  purpose  of  striking  the  .lames  River  Ca- 
nal above  Richmond,  destroying  as  much  of  it, 
as  possible,  and.  crossing  the  .lames  River,  at- 
tack t  he  Confederate  capital  on  the  south  simul- 
taneously with  the  attack  of  Kilpatrick  on  the 
north.  The  object  was  to  liberate  the  Union 
prisoners  at  Belle  Isle,  on  the  .lames  River,  in 
front  of  Richmond.  Kilpatrick,  disappointed  in 
not  hearing  Dahlgren's  guns,  and  hard  pressed 
by  the  Confederates  as  he  attempted  to  pene- 
trate the  second  line  of  defences,  withdrew  after 


KILPATRICK'S  RAID  NEAR  ATLANTA    7f> 

a  sharp  light,  and  halted  six  miles  from  Rich- 
mond. He  was  panned  by  the  Confederates, 
with  whom  he  skirmished,  and  returned  to  his 
place  of  departure.  Meanwhile  Dahlgran,  mis- 
led by  a  negro  guide,  failed  to  cross  the  James 
River,  hut  struck  the  outer  line  of  fortifications 
on  the  northern  side  of  Richmond  at  dark,  Mai  eh 
•J.  In  a  conflict  that  ensued  the  Nationals  were 
repulsed,  and  they  retreated  towards  the  Chick- 
ahominy,  hotly  pursued.  Dahlgren  and  ahout 
one  hundred  of  his  men  became  separated  from 
the  rest.  On  the  evening  of  the  3d  the  young 
leader,  in  a  conflict  some  distance  from  Rich- 
mond, was  shot  dead,  and  one  huudred  of  his 
men  were  made  prisoners. 

Kilpatrick's  Raid  near  Atlanta.  General 
Sherman,  when  he  heard  of  Wheeler's  raid 
(which  see),  sent  Kilpatrick,  with  five  thousand 
cavalry,  during  the  night  of  Aug.  1~.  1864,  to 
strike  the  railway  at  West  Point,  and  break  it 
to  Fairborn,  and  then  to  tear  up  the  Macon  road 
thoroughly.  When  he  reached  the  Macon  road, 
near  Jouesborough,  he  was  confronted  by  lo»s's 
Confederate  cavalry.  These  he  routed,  and  drove 
through  Jouesborough,  and  just  as  he  began 
tearing  up  the  road  some  cavalry  came  up  from 
the  south,  and  compelled  him  to  desist  and  fly. 
He  swept  around,  and  again  struck  the  road  at 
Luvejoy's,  where  he  was  attacked  by  a  larger 
force.  Through  these  he  dashed,  capturing  and 
dest  roy  i  ng  a  -1-gunbatt  cry,  and.  sweeping  around, 
reached  headquarters  on  the  23d,  with  seventy 
prisoners. 

King  Cotton,  a  popular  personification  of  the 
cotton-plant,  a  staple  production  of  the  South- 
ern States  of  the  American  Union.  Its  suprem- 
acy in  commerce  and  politics  was  asserted  by 
the  politicians  of  the  cotton -growing  states. 
••  You  dare  not  make  war  upon  cotton  ;  no  pow- 
er on  earth  dare  make  war  upon  it.  Cotton  is 
King!"  said  Senator  James  Hammond,  of  South 
Carolina.  "Cotton  is  King  !"  shouted  back  the 
submissive  spindles  of  the  North.  A  Northern 
poet  sang: 

"Old  Cotton  will  pleasantly  reign 
When  other  kin^s  painfully  fall, 
And  ever  ami  ever  remain 
The  mightiest  monarch  of  all." 

A  senator  from  Texas  exclaimed  on  the  floor  of 

Congress,  just  as  the  Civil  War  was  kindling. 
I  t  ton  is  King,  and  he  waves  his  sceptre 
not  only  over  these  thirty-three  states,  but  over 
the  island  of  Great  Britain  and  over  Continen- 
tal Europe  :  and  there  is  no  crowned  head  there 
that  does  not  bend  the  knee  in  fealty,  and  ac- 
knowledge allegiance  to  that  monarch."  This 
boasting  was  caused  by  the  erroneous  estimate 
by  the  politioiaUS  Of  the  money  value  of  the  cot- 
ton crop  compared  with  the  Other  agricultural 

products  of  the  United  States.     It  was  asserted 

that  it  was  greater  than  all  the  latter  combined. 
The  census  of  i860  showed  that  tin'  wheat  crop 

alone  exceeded  ill  \alue  the  cotton  clop  hv  >">T.- 

000,000;  and  the  value  of  the  combined  eropa  of 
bay  and  i  ded  that  of  cotton  over 

1900,000,000.  The  sovereignty  of  cotton  was 
tested  by  the  civil  War    i-'.i  dd>     At  us  aloes 

l   pnet    R  . 


KING  GEORGE'S  HATRED 

'■Cotton  and  Corn  were  mighty  k\np=. 
Who  differed,  at  tunes,  on  certain  things, 

To  the  country's  dire  confusion; 
Corn  MM  peaceable,  mild,  and  just. 
But  Cotton  was  fond  of  saying,  -You  must!' 
Bo  after  he'd  boasted,  bullied,  and  cussed, 

He  got  up  a  revolution. 
But  in  course  of  time  the  bubble  is  bursted. 
And  Corn  is  King  and  Cotton — is  worsted." 

King  George  Misled.  The  ministry,  either 
blind  or  wicked,  misled  George  III.  into  the  be- 
lief that  a  few  regiments  could  subdue  Massa- 
chusetts, and  that  New  York  could  easily  be  se- 
duced to  the  support  of  the  crown  by  immuni- 
ties and  benefactions.  The  deceived  monarch, 
therefore,  ordered  letters  to  be  written  to  Gage, 
at  the  middle  of  April.  1T7.">.  To  take  ; 
of  every  colonial  fort  :  to  seize  and  secure  all 
military  stores  of  every  kind  collected  for  "  the 
rebels  :"  to  arrest  and  imprison  all  such  as  should 
be  thought  to  have  committed  treason;  to  re- 
lellion  by  force:  to  make  the  public 
safety  the  first  object  of  consideration,  and  to 
substitute  more  coercive  measures  for  ordinary 
forms  of  procedure,  without  pausing  to  require 
the  aid  of  a  civil  magistrate.  Four  regiments, 
at  tiist  destined  for  Boston,  were  ordered  to  New- 
York,  to  assist  in  the  progress  of  intrigue:  and 
■  i  lied  out  six  packages  of  pamphlets, 
containing  a  very  soothing  and  complimentary 
••  Address  of  ike  PeopU  of  Great  Britain  to  the  In- 
habitants of  Jmerica."  written  by  Sir  John  Dal- 
rytnple,  at  the  request  of  Lord  North.  The 
Americans  were  not  coaxed  by  this  persuasive 
pamphlet,  nor  awed  by  the  attempts  to  exe- 
cute the  sanguinary  orders  of  Lord  Dartmouth 
to  Gage.  (See  Lexington,  Concord,  and  Bunker* 
Hill.) 

King  George's  Hatred  of  Dr.  Franklin. 
Wright,  in  his  England  under  the  Honm  of  Hano- 
ver, Bays  that,  notwithstanding  the  king,  in  his 
speech  from  the  throne  (Dec 5,  \'~-'<  .  had  said. 
"I  have  sacrificed  every  consideration  of  my 
own  to  the  wishes  and  opinions  of  my  people 
I  make  it  tnv  humble  and  earnest  prayer  to  Al- 
mighty God  that  Great  Britain  may  not  feel  tin- 
evils  which  might  result  from  so  great  a  dis- 
memberment of  the  empire,  and  that  America 
may  be  far  from  those  calamities  which  have 
formerly  proved,  in  the  mother  country,  how  es- 
sential monarchy  is  to  the  enjoyment  of  consti- 
tutional liberty.  Religion,  language,  interests. 
affection  may — and  1  bope  will — yet  prove  a 
bond  of  permanent  union  between  the  t  e  o  coun- 
tries, ro  this  end  neither  attention  nor  dispo- 
sition shall  be  wanting  on  my  part,"  I 
tin  less  detest.-d  everything  American.  Tin-  ac- 
know  ledgment  of  the  independence  of  the  United 
States  was  wrung  from  him  by  dire  necessity. 
Brer  since  the  beginning  of  the  troubles  he  bad 
thoroughly  hated  Franklin  personally, to  w  bom. 
on  account  of  his  coolness  and  adroitness,  he  had 
given  the  name  of  "Arch  RebeL"  Tin 
ried  his  prejudices  so  far  that  Sir  John  l'ringle 
was  driven  to  resign  his  place  a-  President  of 
the  Boyal  Society  in  this  wise:  Tin'  kirn;  nn- 
justly  requested  thesocietj  to  publish,  with  the 
authority  of  its  name,  a  eon  trad  icl  ion  • 
title  opinion  <>f  the  rebellions  Franklin,  l'ringle 
replied  that  it  was  not  in  his  power  ; 


KING  GEOEGE'S  WAB 


.43 


KING  PHILIP'S  WAR 


I  lut  order  of  Nature,  and  resigned.  The  pliant 
Sir  Joseph  Hanks,  with  the  practice  of  a  true 
sonrtier,  advocated  the  opinion  patronized  by 
his  majesty,  and  was  appointed  President  of  the 
Bora!  Society. 

King  George's  War.  There  bad  been  peace 
bet  wren  Flame  and  England  Cor  about  thirty 
years  after  the  death  of  Queen  Aune,  during 
Which  time  the  colonists  in  America  had  en- 
joyed comparative  repose.  Then  the  selfish 
Strifes  of  European  monarchs  kindled  war  again. 
In  March,  1744,  France  declared  war  against 
Great  Britain,  and  the  colonists  cheerfully  pre- 
pared to  begin  the  contest  known  in  America  as 
Kin;j  George's  War;  in  Europe,  the  War  of  the 
Austrian  Succession.  A  contest  arose  between 
Maria  Theresa,  Empress  of  Hungary,  and  the 

.F.leetor    of   Bavaria,   for    the    Austrian    throne. 

The  King  of  England  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
empress,  while  the  King  of  France  took  part 
with  her  opponent.  Tins  caused  Prance  to  de- 
elaie  war  against  Great  Britain.  The  French 
had  built  the  Btrong  fort  of  Louisburg,  on  the 
bland  of  Cape  Breton,  after  the  treaty  of  Utrecht, 

and,  because  Of  its  Strength,  it  was  called  the 
Gibraltar  of  America.  When  war  was  pro- 
claimed, Governor  Shirley,  of  Massachusetts, 
perceiving  the  importance  of  thai  place  in  the 
coming  contest,  plans  for  its  capture  were  speed- 
ily laid  before  the  Massachusetts  Legislature. 

That  body  hesitated,  but  the  measure  was  linal- 
.1  upon  by  a  majority  of  only  one  vote. 
Rhode  Island,  New  Hampshire, and  Connecticut 
farniehed  their  proper  quota  of  troops.  New 
V,,rk  tent  artillery,  ami  Pennsylvania  provi- 
sions. Commodore  Warren  was  in  the  Wee! 
Indies   with   a    Beet,  and    was  expected   to  join 

the  provincials  in  the  expedition.  After  wait- 
ing some  time,  the  colonial  forces,  under  Sir 
William  Pepperell,  -ailed  i  \pril  1. 1745)  for  Lou- 
isburg. Warren  joined  them  at  Canseau  early 
in  May,  and  on  the  11th  tin-  oombi 1  land- 
force^,  four  thousand  strong, debarked  atGaba- 
B  i.v.a  -hort  distance  from  the  fortress.  The 
tnst  intimatiou  the  French  had  of  danger  near 

was   the  sudden   appearance  of  this   formidable 

armament.  Consternation  prevailed  in  the  fort 
ami  the  town.     A  regular  siege  was  begun  on 

the  31st  of  May.      Other  English  vessels  of  war 

arrived,  and  the  combined  Beet  and  army  pre- 
pared tor  attacl the  29th  of  June.     Unable 

to  make  a  successful  resistance,  the  fortress,  the 
town  id'  Louisburg,  and  the  Island  of  Cape  Bre- 

ton   were  surrendered  to  the   English  on   the 

88th.  Tins. •vent  mortilied  the  pride  of  Fiance, 
and  the  following  year  the  Duke  D'Anville  was 
,\  nil  a  powerful  naval  armament  to  recov- 
er the  lost  fortress,  and  to  destroy  English  set- 
tlements along  the  seaboard.  Storms  wrecked 
many  id'  his  vessels,  sickness  swept  away  hun- 
dreds of  his  men,  and  I )'  Vuville  abandoned  the 

enterprise  without  striking  a  i>h>w.  Anchoring 
at  Chebucto (now  Halifax  i.  D'Anville died  there 
b\  poison,  it  is  believed.  With  the  capture  of 
Louisburg  the  war  ended  in  the  colonies.  By  a, 
tie;, iv  made  at  Ms  la-Cbapelle, all  prisoners  and 
property  seized  by  either  party  were  restored. 
The  struggle  had  been  costly,  ami  fruit 


good  excepting  in  making  a  revelation  of  the 
strength  of  the  colonists. 

King  James  and  the  Puritans.  When  King 
James  of  Scotland  ascended  the  English  throne 
as  the  successor  of  Elizabeth,  he  was  regarded 
as  a  "  Presbyterian  king,"  and  the  Puritans  ex- 
pected not  only  the  blessings  of  toleration  and 
protection  for  themselves,  but  even  hope  for  su- 
premacy among  the  religionists  of  the  realm. 
Soon  after  his  accession,  James  called  a  confer- 
ence of  divines  at  Hampton  Court.  He  was 
chief  actor  at  that  conference,  in  the  role  of 
"brute  and  mountebank."  Some  of  the  Puri- 
tan divines  ranked  among  the  brightest  schol- 
ars in  the  land.  They  were  greatly  annoyed  by 
the  coarse  browbeating  of  the  Bishop  of  Lon- 
don and  the  coarser  jests  of  the  king.  The  ven- 
erable Archbishop  Wkitgift  was  present,  and 
bent  the  supple  knee  of  the  courtier  in  the  pres- 
ence of  royalty.  When  the  vulgar  king  said  to 
the  Puritan  ministers,  "  You  want  to  strip  Christ 
again;  away  with  your  snivelling,"  and  much 
more  to  that,  effect,  Whitglft,  the  primate,  ex- 
claimed,"  Your  majesty  speaks  by  the  special 
assistance  of  God's  Spirit."  And  the  Bishop  of 
London  fell  upon  his  knees  and  said,  "  I  protest 
my  heart  melts  within  me  for  joy  that  Almigh- 
ty Cod.  of  his  singular  mercy,  has  given  us  such 
a  king  as,  since  Christ's  time,  has  iiot  been." 
This  was  the  beglnulug  of  those  royal  and  pre- 
latical  revilings  and  persecutions  of  the  Puri- 
tans by  tlx'  Stuarts  and  the  hierarchy  which 
drove  the  Puritans,  In  large  numbers,  to  seek 
asylum  in  the  wilds  of  North  America. 

King,  Jonas.  1)1),  was  born  at  Hawley,  Mass., 
July  39, 1792;  died  while  a  missionary  at  Athens, 
Greece,  May  22,  L869.  He  graduated  at  Will- 
iams College  in  1816,  and  at  Andover  Semiua- 
i\  m  1819.  For  some  months  ho  was  engaged 
ill  missionary  work  in  South  Carolina;  and  he 
went  to  Palestine,  in  the  same  work  in  182C, 
where  he  remained  about  three  years.  Reach- 
ing Boston  iu  the  fall  of  1827,  he  was  employed 
as  missionary  in  the  Northern  and  Middle  States, 
and  in  July,  1828,  he  entered  upon  the  Greek 
mission.  A  year  later  he  married  a  Greek  maid- 
en, and  remained  in  that  country  until  his  death. 
Before  1867  he  had  translated  and  printed,  iu 
modern  Creek,  five  volumes  of  the  American 
Trad  Society's  publications.    He  also  published 

four  volumes  of  his  own  works  in  that  language. 
Mr.  King  was  one  of  the  most  efficient  workers 
in  the  missionary  field,  and  was  a  remarkable 
man. 

King  Philip's  War.  Massasoit  kept  bis  trea- 
ty of  friendship  with  the  Plymouth  Colony 
faithfully  until  his  death.  His  eldest  son,  Me- 
tacomet,or  Philip,  resumed  the  covenants  with 
i  he  Euglish  on  the,  death  of  his  father  and  kept 
them  inviolate  a,  dozen  years.  As  he  saw 
spreading  Battlements  reducing  his  domains, 
acre  by  acre,  his  hunting-grounds  broken  up, 
his  fisheries  diminished,  and  his  nation  men- 
aced with  servitude  or  annihilation,  his  patriot- 
ism was  so  violently  aroused  that  he  Listened 
to  his  hot  young  warriors,  who  counselled  war 
for  the  extermination  of  the  white  people.     His 


KING  PHILIP'S  WAR 

capital  was  at  Mount  Hope,  a  conical  hill,  three 
hundred  feet  high,  not  far  from  the  eastern 
shore  of  Narraganset  Bay.  There  he  reigned 
supreme  over  the  Pokanokets  and  Wampanoags, 


744 


KING  PHILIPS  WAR 


PORTRAIT   AND   SIGN  MANCAL  OF    KING   PHILIP. 


and  there  he  planned  a  confederacy  of  several 
New  England   tribes,   comprising    about   5000 
souls.      It  was  done   secretly  and  with  great 
skill.     John  Sassainon,  who  had  been  educated 
at  Harvard,  and  was  a  sort  of  secre- 
tary for  Philip,  betrayed  him.  and  the  === 
Wampanoags  slew  their  secret  enemy. 
Tor  this  act  three  of  them  were  ar- 
rested on  a  charge   of  murder  and 
were  hanged.     The  anger  of  the  na- 
tion   was    thereby    fiercely    kindled 
against   the  English,  and  they  could 
not  be   restrained   by    the    cautious 
Philip.    He  sent  his  women  and  chil- 
dren to  the  Narragansets  for  protec- 
tion, and  proclaimed  war.     He  struck 
the  first   blow  at  Swansey  (July  4. 
1676,  N.  B.),  thirty-five  miles  south- 
west of  Plymouth,  when  the  people 
were  just  returning  from  public  wor- 
ship, on  a  fast-day.     Many  were  slain 
or  captured.    The  surrounding  sett  le- 
nient-,   wen    aroused.      The    men   of 
Boston,  bone  and   foot,  under  Major 
Bavage,  joined  the  Plymouth  forces, 
ami  all  pressed  towards  Mount  Hope. 
Philip  and  his  warriors  hail  tied  to  a            ■*-"" 
•wampal  Poi  asset  (Tiverton).   There 
be  was  besieged  many  days,  but  Anally 
escaped   and  took  refnga  with  the 
Nipinueks,  an  interior  tribe  in  Masnsohnsflttit, 
who  espoused  his  oanse;  and,  with  l -_.* ►< »  war- 
riors, Philip  hastened  towards  the  white  settle- 
ments in  the  distant  valley  of  the  Connecticut. 


Meanwhile,  the  little  colonial  army  had  reached 
the  Narraganset  country  and  extorted  a  treaty 
of  friendship  from  Canonchet,  the  chief  sachem 
of  that  powerful  tribe.    The  news  of  this  discour- 
aged Philip,  and  he  saw  that  only  ill  energetic 
action  was  there  hope  for  him.    He  aroused  oth- 
er tribes,  and  attempted  a  war  of  extermination 
by  the  secret  and  efficient  methods  of  treachery, 
ambush,  and  surprise.    Men  in  fields,  families  in 
their  beds  at  midnight,  and  congregations  in 
houses  of  worship  were   attacked   and  massa- 
cred.    They  swept   along   the   borders   of  the 
English  settlements  like  a  scythe  of  death  for 
several  months,  and  it  seemed  at  one  time  as  if 
the  whole  European  population  would  be  anni- 
hilated.    From   Springfield  north  to  the  Ver- 
mont line  the  valley  of  the   Connecticut  was 
desolated.     Twenty  Englishmen  sent   to  treat 
with  the  Nipmneks  were  nearly  all  treacherous- 
ly slain  (Aug.  12, 16*75)  near  Brookfield.     They 
tired  that  village,  but   it  was  partially  saved 
by  a  shower  of  rain.     Early  in  September  (12) 
Deerfield  was  laid  in  ashes.      On  the  same  Sab- 
bath-day Hadley,  farther  down  the  river,  was 
attacked  while    the    people    were   worshipping. 
A  venerable-looking  man,  with  white  hair  and 
beard,  suddenly  appeared,  with  a  glit- 
C^yyV^     tering   sword,  and  led  the  people  to  a 
charge  that  dispersed  the  Indians,  and 
then  as  suddenly  disappeared.     (See 
Goffe,  William.)    Over  other  settlements 
the  scourge  swept  mercilessly.     Many 
valiant  young  incn.iinderCaptain  lieers. 
were  slain  in  Northfield  (Sept. 23), and 
!  others — "the  flower  of  Essex" — under  Captain 
Lathrop,  were  butchered  by  1000  Indians  near 
Deerfield.    Encouraged  by  these  successes.  Philip 
now   determined  to  attack  Hatfield,  the  chief 


Mot  M    ROPI 


White  settlement  above  Springfield.  The  Spring- 
field Indians  joined  him.  and  with  KMKl  warriors 
he   fell   upon    the   set  t  lenient   (Oct  29    ;    but    tilt" 

English  being  prepared,  he  was  repulsed  with 


KING  7 

great  loss.  Alarmed,  lie  moved  towards  Rhode 
Island,  where  the,  Narragansets,  in  violation  of 
their  treaty,  received  him  and  joined  him  on  the 
war-path.  Fifteen  hundred  men  from  Massa- 
clni-.i  is,  Plymouth,  and  Connecticut,  marched 
to  chastise  Caimiiehet  for  his  perfidy,  They 
found  the  treacherous  Indians  with  Philip,  3000 
in  number,  In  a  fort  within  a  swamp  (South 
Kingston,  R.  I.),  where  their  winter  provisions 
had  been  gathered,  Before  that  feeble  pali- 
■ade  the  English  stood  on  a  stormy  day  (Dec. 
19).      They  began   a    siege,  and   in   a   few  hours 

606    wigwams,  with    the    provisions,  were    in 

lames.  Hundreds  of  men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren perished  in  the  lire.  Full  1000  warriors 
Were    Slain    or    wounded,  and    several    hundred 

were  made  prisoners.  The  Euglisb  lost  86  kill- 
ed and  150  wounded.    Canonehel  was  slain,  but 

Philip  escaped  and  took  refuge  again  with  the 
Nipmucks.  During  the  winter  (1675-76)  he 
Vainly  asked  the  Mohawks  to  join  him.  hut 
tribes  cast  w  aid  of  Massachusetts  became  his  al- 
lien, in  the  spring  of  1676  the  work  of  deel  ruc- 
tion began.  In  t  he  course  of  a  few  weeks  t  lie  w  ar 
ex  I  ended  over  a  space  of  a  I  most  111  II I  miles.    \Ve\- 

nioiith,  Groton,  Mediiehl,  Lancaster,  and  Marl- 
■borougb,  in  Massachusetts,  were  laid  in  ashes. 
Warwick  ami  Providence,  in  Rhode  Island,  were 

burned,  and  isolated  dwellings  of  set  I  lers  w  ere 
everywhere  laid  waste.      About  600  inhabitants 

oi'  \.  w  England  were  killed  in  battle  <>r  mur- 
dered ;  twelve  or  thirteen  towns  were  destroyed 
entirely, and  about  600  bnildings, chiefly  dwell- 
ing-houses, wen-  burned.  The  colonists  had  con- 
tracted an  enormous  debt  for  that  period.  Quar- 
rels at  length  weakened  the  savages.  The  Nip- 
mucks  and  Narragansets  charged  their  misfort- 
unes to  the  ambition  of  Philip,  and  they  de- 
serted him.  Some  of  the  tribes  surrendered  to 
avoid  starvation  :  others  went  to  Canada,  while 

Captain  Church, >f  the  most  famous  of  the 

English  leaders, went  out  to  hunt  and  destroy 

tin-  fugitives.  Philip  was  chased  from  one  hid- 
ing-place to  another,  lie  retired  to  Mount 
Hope  (August,  L676)  discouraged.  A  few  days 
afterwards   his   wife   and   little  son   were   made 

pris ■>-.     He  was  now  crashed.     "My  heart 

breaks,"  he  said,  "1  am  ready  to  die."  A  faith- 
less Indian  shot  him  a,  few  days  afterwards,  and 
Captain  Church  cut  oil' his  head,  and  it  was  car- 
ried on  a  pole  into  Plymouth.  His  body  was 
•  I  hi  ■  ten-,  1,  and  his  wife  and  little  son  were  sold 
into  slavers  in  I'.ei  niiida.  So  perished  the  last 
Of  the  Wampanoag  princes,  and  so  was  broken 
forever  the  power  of  the  New  England  Indians. 

The  estimated  white  population  at  that  time 
was  not  more  than  60,000  souls;  and  from  the 
end  of  thai  war  began  the  uninterrupted  -row  Hi 

ngland. 
King,  Ri  it  B,  LL.D.,  was  born  at  Scarborough, 

Mi'.,  March  II.  1  ?.v>:  died  at  Jamaica,  I..  I.,  April 

lie    graduated    Bt    Harvard    iii    1777; 

studied   law    w  ith  Theophilus   Parsons,  .it    New 

bnryport,  and  in  177-J  became  aide-de-camp  on 

General  Glover's  staff,  in  the  expedition  against 

the  British  on  Rhode  Island.  In  17-.".  he  was 
an  earnest  advocate  of  the  absolute  freedom  of 
the  slaves,   to  be   .secured   b\    tile   operation  of  all 


>  KING  WILLIAM'S  WAR 

act  of  Congress,  making  such  freedom  a  funda- 
mental principle  of  the  Constitution.  In  1786 
Mr.  King  married  a  daughter  of  John  Alsop, 
au  opulent  merchant  in  New  York,  and  made 
that  city  his  future  residence.    He  and  General 


Schuyler  were  chosen  the  firsl  representatives 
of  New  York  in  the  national  Senate  in  1789,  un- 
der the  new  Constitution.  Mr.  King  was  a  lead- 
ing Federalist.  Prom  1798 to  1-^1)4  lio  was  Amer- 
ican minister  to  (ileal  Britain;  and  in  1818  ho 
was  sent  to  the  United  states  Senate  for  the 
third  time,  lie  w  as  an  able  leader  of  the  oppo- 
sition to  the  admission  of  Missouri  under  the 
terms  of  the  compromise  as  a  slave-labor  state. 
In  L825  lie  accepted  I  be  appoint  ment  of  minister 
to  England,  but  returned  in  feeble  health  the 
next  \ear. 

King,  William  Rrjrrus,  was  horn  in  Sampson 
County, N.  C,  April  7,1796;  died  at  Cahawba, 

Ala..  April  L8,  1853.  Ho  graduated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  North  Carolina  in  1803;  practised 
law,  and  served  In  the  Legislature  of  his  state. 
He  was  a  member  of  Congress  (1810-16),  and 
for  two  years  (1817-19)  was  secretary  of  lega- 
tion to  Russia  On  his  return  he  became  a 
cotton  -  planter  in  Alabama,  and  was  United 
Slates  Senator  from  1819  to  1846,  and  from  1847 
to  1852,  being  minister  to  France  during  the 
two  years  he  was  out  of  the  Senate.  Mr.  King 
was  elected  Vice-President  ofthe  United  states 

in  L852,  but  died  a  few  weeks  after  his  inaugu- 
ration. He  was  a  member  of  Congress  forty 
years,  uniformly  acting  with  the  Democratic 
party. 

King  William's  War.  The  first  inter-colo- 
nial war  in  America  was  so  called  because  it  oc- 
curred at  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  William 
and  Mary,  and  continued  Seven  years.  The  ac- 
cession of  these  Protestant  monarchs  caused  dis- 


KING  WILLIAM'S  WAR  746 

aster  to  the  more  northerly  English-American 
colonists, for,  the  French  king  having  espoused 

the  cause  of  James,  war  between  England  and 
France  soon  began,  and  extended  to  their  re- 
spective colonics  in  America.  When  the  dec- 
laration of  war  between  the  two  nations  reach- 
ed America,  the  Eastern  Indians  were  easily  ex- 
cited to  make  war  by  the  Baron  de  Castiue, 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Peuobscoi 
fun.  Bonn  de),  and  the  Jesuit  missionaries  among 
the  barbarians.  The  recent  revocation  of  the 
Edict  of  Nantes  had  kindled  fiercely  the  fires 
of  persecution  in  France  (see  Edict  of  Nantes), 
and  the  heat  was  felt  in  America.  Through 
these  Jesuits,  the  Indians  wen;  made  allies  of 
the  French,  and  the  two  races  were  frequently 
found  on  the  war-path  together,  accompanied 
by  a  father  confessor.  The  Indians,  remember- 
ing the  treachery  of  Major  Waldron,  at  Dover 
(see  Puritans  and  Indian*)  fearfully  slaked  their 
thirst  for  vengeance  there.  It  was  the  first 
town  attacked  f  July  7.  1689),  when  the  vener- 
able Major  Waldron  and  twenty  others  of  the 
garrison  were  killed  (see  Waldron)  and  twenty- 
nine  made  captives  and  sold  as  servants  to  the 
French  in  Canada.  Instigated  by  Father  Thury, 
a  Jesuit,  an  Indian  war-party  fell  (Aug.  12)  upon 
the  English  stockade  at  Petnmaquid, built  by  An- 


KINC  WILLIAMS  WAK 

Phipps.  who,  with  nine  vessels  and  eight  hun- 
dred men,  seized  Port  Royal,  in  Acadia,  and  ob- 
tained sufficient  plunder  there  to  pay  the  ex- 
penses of  the  enterprise.  In  June,  Port  Royal 
was  again  plundered  by  English  privateers  from 
the  West  Indies.  Then  the  colonies  of  New- 
England  and  New  York  joined  in  efforts  to  con- 
quer Canada.  A  land  and  naval  expedition  was 
arranged,  the  former  commanded  by  a  son  of 
Governor  Wintbrop,  of  Connecticut,  to  go  from 
New  York  by  way  of  Lake  Cliamplain  to  attack 
Montreal;  and  the  Utter, fitted  out  by  Massa- 
chusetts alone,  and  commanded  by  Sir  William 
Phipps,  to  attack  Quebec.  Phipps's  armament 
consisted  of  thirty-four  vessels  and  two  thou- 
sand men.  The  expenses  of  the  land  expedition 
were  borne  jointly  by  Connecticut  and  New- 
York.  Both  were  unsuccessful.  Borne  of  Win- 
throp's  troops,  with  Iroquois  warriors  under 
Colonel  Schuyler,  pushed  towards  the  St.  Law- 
rence and  were  repulsed  (August,  1690)  by  Fron- 
tenac.  The  remainder  did  not  go  farther  than 
the  head  of  Lake  Champlain.  Phipps  reached 
Quebec  at  about  the  middle  of  October,  lauded 
some  of  his  troop9  near,  but.  finding  the  city  too 
strongly  fortified  to  warrant  a  siege,  he  returned 
to  Boston  before  the  winter  set  in.  Having  no 
chart  to  guide  him,  Phipps  had  been  nine  w  ecks 


)KT    FKEDEH1CK    AT    l-LMMAOl  II) 


dros,  and  captured  the  garrison.  A  few  months 
later  Frontenae.  Governor  of  Canada,  sent  a  par- 
ty of  three  hundred  French  and  Indian  warriors 
from  Montreal  i  see  Frontenae)  to  penetrate  the 
country  towards  Albany.  On  a  gloomy  night 
in  the  winter  (Feb.  18,  1680),  when  the  snow  lay 
twenty  inches  deep  in  the  Mohawk  valley,  they 
fell  upon  the  frontier  tow  n  of  Schenectady,  mas- 
sacred many  of  the  people,  and  burned  the  vil- 
3ee  Schenectady.)  Early  in  the  spring, 
Salmon  Falls,  near  Piscatacpia,  was  surprised 
(March  28)  and  thirty  of  its  inhabitants  were 
killed;  and  the  attacking  party,  on  its  way 
homeward,  met  a  third  party  that   bad  come 

fir Quebec  and  joined  them  in  destroying  the 

fort  ami  settlement  at  Caaoo,  where  a  similar 

attack    had    been    repulsed   by   the   famous   Cap- 
tain chimb.     Other  Fast. in  villages  suffered. 

All     the    colonies   were    aroused    by   tie 

ties,  and  the  New  England  people  resolved  on 

n  laliaiion.     [i  M  uwachn 

setts  fitted  out  an  expedition  under  Sir  William 


cautiously  making  his  way  around  Acadia  and 
up  the  St.  Lawrence.  Massachusetts  was  com- 
pelled to  issue  bills  of  credit,  or  paper-money, 
to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  expedition,  t  See 
Bittt  <>/  Credit.)  Fierce  forays  by  tin'  French 
and  Indians  continued  along  the  New  England 
frontiers.  The  English  were  held  up  to  the  In- 
dians by  the  Jesuits  not  only  as  enemies,  bin  as 
heretics,  upon  whom  it  w  as  a  Christian  duty  to 
make  war.  'flic  Indians  wen-  encouraged,  too. 
to  make  forays  for  the  capture  of  women  and 
children,  for  whom  they  found  a  ready  market, 
as  servants,  in  Canada.  About  on.'  hundred 
persona  were  killed  or  made  captive  (July  "J". 
1684)  ai  Durham,  ten  miles  from  Portsmouth. 
Two  years  later  Baron  de  Castiue  and  a  large 
force  ofFrenob  and  Indians  captured  the  gar- 
rison at  Pemmaquid.  Haverhill,  thirty-three 
mile-  from  Boston,  was  attacked    Mai 

anil  forly  persona  were  killed  or  made  captive  : 

and  daring  the  ensuing  summer  more  remote 
settlements  suffered  greatly.     This  distressing 


KINGCRAFT  AND  REPUBLICANISM      747  KING'S  MOUNTAIN,  BATTLE  ON 


warfare  was  closed  the  same  year  by  the  treaty 
ofRyswick,Sept.20, 1097. 

Kingcraft  and  Republicanism.  Notwith- 
standing Louis  XVI.  yielded  to  bis  ministers 
in  the  matter  of  assisting  the  Americans,  he 
hated  republicans,  and  could  hardly  endure  the 
presence  of  Franklin,  while  Queen  Maria  An- 
toinette admired  him.  Lord  Stormont,  the  Eng- 
lish ambassador  at  Paris,  said  that  the  king 
would  sometimes  break  out  into  a  passion 
when  lie  heard  of  help  furnished  to  the  Amer- 
icans. In  April  and  May,  1777,  Joseph  II.,  of 
Austria,  was  six  weeks  in  Paris.  He  was  silent 
in  conversation  on  American  affairs,  or  took 
sid.s  againsl  them,  a  position  then  unpopular 
in  Paris  One  day  lie  excused  himself  to  a  lady 
who  was  a  friend  of  the  Americans  by  saying: 
"  You  know,  madam,  I  am  a  king  by  trade."  He 
would  not  permit  a  visit  from  Franklin  and 
Deane,  nor  consent,  to  meet,  them  in  his  walks. 

King's  (now  Columbia)  College,  one  of  the 
higher  institutions  of  learning  established  in 
the  English-American  colonies.  In  1746  an  act 
was  passed  by  the  Colonial  Assembly  of  New 

York  for  raising  £2250,  by  lottery,  "for  the 
encouragement  of  learning  and  towards  the 
founding  of  a  college."  The  sum  was  increased 
in  1751,  and  intrusted  to  ten  trustees,  one  of 
whom  was  a  Presbyterian,  two  were  of  the 
Dutch  Reformed  Church,  and  seven  were  Epis- 
copalians. Rev.Samuel  Johnson,  of  Stratford, 
Conn.,  was  invited,  in  17.">:'>,  to  become  president 
of  the  proposed  iiist  it  ut  ion,  and  a  royal  charter 
constituting  King's  College  was  granted  Oct.  31, 
17:>4.  The  organization  was  effected  in  May, 
17.">r>.  The  persons  named  in  the  charter  as  gov- 
ernors of  the  college  were  the  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  the  principal  civil  officers  of  the 
colony,  the  principal  clergymen  of  the  live  de- 
nominations of  Christians  in  the  city  of  New- 
Yolk,  and  twenty  private  gentlemen.  The  col- 
lege opened  July  17.  1754,  with  a  class  of  eight, 
under  Dr.  Johnson,  sole  Instructor,  in  the  ves- 
try-room of  Trinity  Church.  The  corner-stone 
of  the  college  building  was  laid  Aug.  2:5,  1756, 
on  the  block  now  hounded  hy  Murray, Church, 
and  Barclay  streets  and  College  Place.  It  faced 
the  Budson  River  and  "was  the  most  beauti- 
fully situated  of  any  college  in  the  world."    The 

til  si  commence nl  was  on  June  21, 1758,  when 

about  twenty  Students  were  graduated.     Ill  17(57 

a  grant  was  made  m  the  New  Hampshire  Grants 
of  twenty  tour  thousand  acres  of  land,  hut  it 
was  h.sl  by  the  separation  of  that  part  of 
Vermont  from  New  York.  (See  New  Hampshire 
Grants.)  In  17ic>  Rev.  Myles  Cooper  was  sent 
over  by  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  to  be- 
come a  "fellow  "  of  the  college.  lie  was  a 
strong  loyalist,  and  had  a  pamphlet  contro- 
versy witii  young  Alexander  1  lamilton,  one  of 
Ins  pupils.  Cooper  became  president  of  the 
college,  and  so  obnoxious  were  his  politics  that 

the  college  was  attacked  hy  the  "Sons  of  Lib- 
erty" and  a  mob  in  New  York  on  the  night  of 
May  1",  177.".,  and  he  was  obliged  to  tlee  for  his 
lite'.     Rev.  Benjamin  Moore  (afterwards  bishop 

of  the  diocese)  succeeded  him.     The  college  was 


prepared  for  the  reception  of  troops  the  next 
year,  when  the  students  were  dispersed,  the  li- 
brary and  apparatus  were  stored  in  the  City 
Hall,  and  mostly  lost,  and  the  building  became 
a  military  hospital.  About  six  hundred  of  the 
volumes  were  recovered  thirty  years  afterwards 
in  a  room  in  St.  Paul's  Chapel,  when  none  but 
the  sexton  knew  of  their  existence.  In  1784  re- 
gents of  a  state  university  were  appointed,  who 
took  charge  of  what  property  belonged  to  the 
institution  and  changed  its  name  to  Columbia 
College,  which  it  still  retains.  There  was  no 
president  for  several  years.  In  1787  the  origi- 
nal charter  was  confirmed  by  the  State  Legis- 
lature, and  the  college  was  placed  in  charge  of 
twenty-four  trustees.  On  May  21,  1787,  William 
Samuel  Johnson,  LL.D.,  son  of  the  first  presi- 
dent, was  chosen  to  till  his  father's  place,  and 
the  college  started  on  a  prosperous  career.  A 
new  charter  was  obtained  in  1810.  A  medical 
and  law  school  was  established,  and  in  1828  the 
Hon.  James  Kent  delivered  a  course  of  law  lect- 
ures in  the  college  that  formed  the  basis  of  his 
famous  Commentaries.  The  college  occupied  the 
original  site  until  1857,  when  it  was  removed 
to  its  present  location,  between  Madison  and 
Fourth  avenues  and  Forty-ninth  and  Fiftieth 
Streets.  The  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons constitutes  the  medical  department  of 
Columbia  College.  Connected  with  it  is  also 
a  "  School  of  Mines."  It  has  had  eleven  presi- 
dents from  1754  to  1876. 

King's  Ferry,  THE.  Between  Stony  Point 
and  Verplanck's  Point,  on  the  Hudson  River, 
just  below  the  lower  entrance  to  the  Highlands, 
was  an  important  crossing-place,  known  as  the 
Kings  Kerry.  It  was  by  this  ferry  that  the 
great  route  from  the 
Eastern  to  the  Mid- 
dle States  crossed 
the  Hudson.  It  was 
defended  by  two 
foils  Stony  Point 
on  the  west  side  and 
Fort  Lafayette,  at 
Verplanck's  Point, 
ontbeeast.  Sir  Hen- 
ry Clinton  resolved 
to  seize  this  ferry  and  its  defences.  On  the  re- 
turn of  the  expedition  of  Matthews  and  Collier 
from  Virginia,  Sir  Henry  ascended  the  Hudson 
with  the  same  squadron  and  six  thousand  sol- 
diers. He  landed  his  troops  on  both  sides  of  the 
river  (May  31,  1779),  a  few  miles  below  the  forts. 
The  works  on  Stony  Point  were  unfinished,  and, 
on  the  approach  of  the  British,  were  abandoned. 
Cannons  were  placed  on  its  outer  works  and 
brought  to  bear  on  the  fort  at  Verplanck's 
Point,  which,  invested  on  the  land  side,  was 
compelled  to  surrender  (June  1),  after  a  spirit- 
ed resistance.  So  the  direct  route  across  the 
river  from  tho  Eastern  States  was  closed  for  a 
short  time. 

King's  Mountain,  BATTLE  ox  (1780).  Major- 
Patrick  Ferguson  was  sent  by  Cornwallis  to  em- 
body the  Tory  militia  among  the  mountains  west 
of  tiie  Broad  River.  Many  profligate  men  joined 


KING'S  MOUNTAIN,  BATTLE  OH         746 

his  standard,  and  he  crossed  the  Broad  River  at 
the  Cherokee  Ford  (Oct.  1, 1780)  and  encamped 
among  the  hills  of  King's  Mountain,  near  the 
line  betweeu  North  and  South  Carolina,  with 
about,  fifteen  hundred  men.  Several  corps  of 
Whig  militia,  under  colonels  Shelby,  Sevier, 
Campbell,  and  others,  united  to  oppose  Fergu- 
son, and  on  the  7th  of  October  they  till  11(1011 
his  camp  among  a  cluster  of  high,  wooded,  grav- 
elly hills  of  King's  Mountain.    A  very  severe  eu- 


KINOSTON,  BURNING  OF 


it^y "'Sii  flf'^Mi^rii'ii 

mtimmWM 

^nfflpT;  ->j  ^W^^^M 

*j*J)uBm 

S£-ljBs8fe.  ^      ■*:-""• 

VIEW   AT   KING'S   MOUNTAIN   BATTLE-GROUND. 


gagement  ensued,  and  the  British  forces  were  to- 
tally defeated.  Ferguson  was  slain,  and  three 
hundred  of  his  men  were  killed  or  wounded. 
The  spoils  of  victory  were  eight  hundred  prison- 
ers and  fifteen  hundred  stand  of  anus.  The  loss 
of  the  Americans  was  twenty  men.  The  event 
was  to  Cornwallis  what  the  defeat  of  the  British 
near  Bennington  was  to  Burgoyne.  Among  the 
prisoners  were  some  of  the  most  cruel  Tories  of 
1  lir  western  Carolina*,  who  had  executed  the 
severe  orders  of 
Coin  wall  is.  Ten 
of  them,  after  a 
trial  by  "drum- 
bead  court -mar- 
tial." were  hung 
on  the  limb  of  a 

greal     tulip -tree. 

On  tht"  spot  where 
Ferguson  fell,  a 
small  monument 
w  aeereeted  to  com- 
memorate the  event 
ami  to  the  memory 
of  Mime  of  the  pa- 
triots Killed  in  the 

battle.     The  annihilation  <>!'  Ferguson's  corps 
(in  shed  the  spirits  of  the  loyalists. 

King's  Mountain,   I'. -  m     1111     IImiii 

ON.       TlW  died   of  I  he  dele.lt    of  the    Ihilish   was 

similar  upon  the  rsmente  of  Cornwallis  to 

thai  of  the  battle  of  Bennington  on  the  fate  of 


MONUMENT  ON   MM;  s   MOUNTAIN. 


Burgoyne.      It  changed  the  aspects  of  the  war 
in  the  South.      It   awed  the  Tories  and   encour- 
aged the  Whigs.     The  mustering  of  forces  be- 
yond the  mountains  to   oppose   his  movemeuts 
took  Cornwallis  by  surprise.     It  quickened  the 
North  Carolina  Legislature  into  more  vigorous 
action,  and  it  caused  a  general   uprising  of  the 
patriots  of  the  .South,  and   suddenly  convinced 
their  oppressor  that   his   march   through  North 
Carolina  to  the  conquest   of  Virginia  was  not 
to    be    a    mere    recre- 
ation.    Met  by  North 
Carolinians   at  Char- 
lotte, he  was  compelled 
to  fall  back  to  the  Ca- 
tawba, and  his  experi- 
ence   in    that    winter 
campaign  was  marked 
by   great   perplexities 
and   disasters.     (See 
King's  Mountain,  Battle 
on.  and  Guilford, Battle 
at) 

King's  Province.  In 

ltiS5  a  new  royal  com- 
mission was  named  for 
the  settlement  of  boun- 
dary disputes  betw  ecu 
Connect  ieut.  Rhode  Isl- 
and, and  Plymouth.  Its 
members  being  princi- 
pally   selected     from 

Massachusetts  and  Con- 
necticut, Rhode  Island 
objected  to  them  as 
not  disinterested:  and  when  they  proceeded  to 
bold  a  session  within  the  disputed  territory, the 
Rhode  Island  Assembly  met  near  by  and  forbade 
thcin  to  ''  hold  court  "  within  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  province.  The  commission  adjourned  to  Bos- 
ton, and  reported  to  the  king  (1686)  that  the  Nar- 
ragauset  country  (the  southwestern  continental 
half  of  the  present  State  of  Rhode  Island)  be- 
longed to  Connecticut;  this  domain  was  called 
the   Kind's    Province  for  a  while,  but  was  under 

the  jurisdiction  of  Joseph  Dudley,  the  temporary 
hi)  al  governor  of  Massachusetts.    He  proceeded 

to  organize  there  an  independent  government. 
and  changed  the  names  of  the  towns. 
Bolidation  of  Connecticut  and  New  Haven.) 

Kingston,  Burning  of  (1777).  Sir  Henry  Clin- 
ton's suoeess  in  capturing  forts  Clinton  and  Mont- 
gomery emboldened  him  to  send  a  marauding 
expedition  up  the  Hudson  to  make  a  diversion 
in  favor  of  Burgoyne,  hoping  thereby  to  draw 
many  troops  from  the  arni\  of  Gates  to  defend 
the  exposed  oonotrj  below  .  r.aih  on  the  morn- 
ing after  the  capture  of  the  forts  (Oct  7, 1777),  the 

boom  and  chain  were  severed,  and  a  tl\  ing  squad- 
ron of  light  aimed  vessels  under  Sir  .lame-  Wal- 
iffair  of  the),  bearing  the  whole 
of  Sir  Henry's  hi  ml -force,  went  np  the  it  \ .  i  to  de- 
vastate its  shores.  Sir  Henry  wrote  a  despatch  to 
Bnrgoj  ne  on  a  piece  of  tissue-paper,  saj  Ing,"  We 
are  here, and  nothing  between  iisiind  Gates, "and 
enclosing  it  in  a  small,  hollow  ballet, elliptical  in 
form,  gave  it  to  a  messenger  to  oonvej  to  the  de- 


KINNISON 

■pairing  general  (See  Clinton's  Despatch.)  Tbe 
messenger  was  arrested  in  Orange  County  as  a 
spy.  He  swallowed  the  ballet,  which  an  emetic 
compelled  him  to  disgorge.  The  message  was 
found  and  the  spy  was  hanged.  The  marauding 
force,  meanwhile,  spread  havoc  and  consterna- 
tion along  the  shores.  The  Legislature  of  the 
newly  organized  Stale  of  New  York  were  then 
in  session  at  Kingston,  Ulster  Co.  The  maraud- 
ers went  thither  and  Darned  the  village  (Oct.7), 

the  Legislature  having  escaped  with  their  pa- 
llets. Then  I  hey  crossed  over  to  the  village  of 
Bhinebeck  Flats,  and  after  destroying  much 
property  there,  went  up  to  Livingston's  Manor 
and  applied  the,  torch.  There  they  heard  of 
BurgOJ  ne's  defeat, when  the  marauders  hastened 
to  their  vessels  ami  returned  to  New  York.     So 

ended  the  efforts  to  carry  out  the  plan  of  the 
British  ministry  (which 

Kinuison,  David,  last  survivor  of  the  Boston 
Tea-party  (which  sect,  was  horn  at  Old  Kings- 
ton, near  Portsmouth,  R.  I.,  Nov.  17, 17:50;  died  in 
Chicago,  Feb.  24,  1851,  at  the  age  of  115  yean. 
With  a  few  neighbors,  a(  Lebanon,  Conn,  (where 
he  was  a  farmer  i,  he  went  to  Boston  to  assist  ill 
destroying  the  tea  destined  for  thai  port.  Dur- 
ing the  war  for  independence  he  was  in  activ 
Service,  in  the  Witter  part  of  which  he  was  a 
prisoner  among  the   Indians  more  than  a  year 


,49 


KITTANNING,  DESTRUCTION  OF 


Kirkland,  Samuel,  missionary  to  the  Indians, 
was  born  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  Dec.  1, 1744  ;  died  at 
Clinton,  Oneida  Co.,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  28,  1808.  He 
graduated  at  Princeton  iu  1705.     At  the  school 


-•    . 


\ 


I'M    1M> 


DA\  III    KIW1MIN. 

and  a  half.  He  lived  in  different  places  until 
the  breaking-out  of  the  War  of  1812— 15, during 
which  he  was  engaged  in  the  military  service  of 
his  country.  He  went  to  Chicago  in  1845.  Mr. 
Kinnisou  married  time  times,  and  was  the  father 
of  twenty-eight  children,  lie  learned  to  read 
when  he  was  past  sixt]  yean  of  age,  and,  until 

within  lour  yean  of  his  death,  he  earned  his 
Bring  by  the  work  of  his  own  hands. 


of  Rev.  E.  Wheelock,  he  learned  the  Mohawk 
langnage,  and,  by  sojourns  among  the  Seuecas, 
their  langnage  also.  After  the  affair  at  Lexing- 
ton, the  Provincial  Congress  of  Massachusetts 
requested  him  to  use  his  influence  to  secure  ei- 
ther the  friendship  or  neutrality  of  the  Six  Na- 
tions (which  see).  He  was  instrumental  in  at- 
taching the  Oneidas  to  the  patriot  cause.  He 
labored  with  that  nation  as  a  missionary  of  re- 
ligion and  patriotism  during  the  war,  when  the 
other  tribes  of  that  confederacy,  through  the  in- 
fluence of  Brant  and  the  Johnsons,  had  taken 
the  opposite  side.  1  le  accompanied  Sullivan  in 
his  expedition  against  the  Seneca.s  in  1779.  Mr. 
Kirkland  was  the  founder  of  Hamilton  College. 
Having  been  granted  by  the  government  a  tract 
of  land  two  miles  square  in  the  present  town  of 
Kirkland,  <  meida  Co.,  he  removed  there  in  1789. 
Kitchen  Cabinet.  An  appellation  in  com- 
mon use  daring  the  adminisi  ration  of  I 'resident 

Jackson,  of  which  Francis  P,  Blair  and  Amos 
Kendall  were  the  recipients.  Blair  was  the  ed- 
itor of  The  Olobe,  the  organ  of  tbe  administra- 
tion, and  Kendall  was  one  of  its  principal  con- 
tributors. These  two  men  were  frequently  con- 
sulted by  the  President  as  confidential  advisers. 
To  avoid  observation  when  they  called  on  him, 
they  entered  the  President's  dwelling  by  aback 
door.  On  this  account  the  Opposition  party, 
who  believed  tbe  advice  of  these  two  men  caused 

Jackson  to  till  nearly  all  the  offices  with  De - 

crats,  after  turning  out  the  incumbents,  called 
them  in  derision  the  ••  Kitchen  Cabinet." 

Kittanning,  DESTRUCTION  ok.  In  consequence 
of  repeated  injuries  from  the  white  people  of 
Pennsylvania,  the  Delawares  had  become  bitter- 
ly hostile  in  1758.  They  committed  many  dep- 
redations, and  early  in  September  Colonel  John 
A  i  nisi  mug  marched  against  the  Indian  town  of 
Kittanning, on  the  Alleghany  River,  about  forty- 
live  miles  northeast  from  Pittsburg.  He  ap- 
proached the  village  stealthily,  and  fell  upon  the 
barbarians  furiously  with  about  three  hundred 
men  at  three  o'clock  in  the  morning  (Sept.  8, 


KNIGHTS  OF  THE  GOLDEN  CIRCLE     750 


KNOXVILLE.  SIEGE  OF 


liie  Indians  refusing  the  quarter  widen 
was  offered  them,  Colouel  Armatrong  ordered 
their  Wigwams  to  l>e  set  OD  tire.  Their  leader 
Captain  Jacobs,  and  his  wife  and  son  were  killed; 
many  were  destroyed  in  their  burning  houses. 
and  those  who  were  slain  were  scalped.  Be- 
tween thirty  and  forty  Indians  were  destroyed, 
and  eleven  English  prisoners,  were  released. 

Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle.     These  were 

men  handed  tor  the  overthrow  of  the  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States.  They  wire  a  BBCrel 
society,  and  were  Bret  organized  for  action  in 
the  slave-labor  states.  They  were  pledged  to 
assist  in  the  accomplishment  of  the  designs  (if 
those  who  were  intent  upon  the  establishment 
of  an  empire  within  the  limits  of  the  Golden  Cir- 
cle (which  see).  It  was  the  soul  of  the  lilihus- 
tering  movements  in  Central  America  and  Cuba 
from  1850  to  1857  (see  Nicaragua);  and  when  these 
failed,  the  knights  concentrated  their  energies 
for  the  accomplishment  of  their  prime  object  — 
the  destruction  of  the  Union  and  the  perpetua- 
tion of  slavery.  The  subordinate  organizations 
were  called  "castles."  When  the 
movement  began,  these  knights  became  special- 
ly active  in  Texas.  When  the  disloyal  Peace 
faction  made  its  appearance  in  the  North,  an  al- 
liance between  the  leading  members  of  it  and 
the  Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle  was  formed, 
and  the  ••order"  became  very  numerous  and 
formidable  in  some  of  the  free-labor  states,  es- 
pecially in  the  West.  The  writer,  in  New  Or- 
leans, in  April,  1861,  heard  a  New  York  journal- 
ist tell  a  group  of  Secessionists  that  he  belonged 
to  a  secret  order  in  that  city,  50,000  strong,  who 
would  sooner  light  for  the  South  than  for  the 
North.  An  army  chaplain  was  told  by  a  Con- 
federate officerjnst  before  the  Draft  Riot  in  New- 
York  (which  see!.  "You  will  be  surprised  at  the 
number  of  friends  we  have  in  your  very  midst  ; 
friends  who.  when  the  time  comes,  will  destroy 
your  railroads,  your  telegraph-wires,  your  gov- 
ernment stores  and  property, and  thus  facilitate 
the  glorious  invasion  [Lee's]  now  breaking  yon 
in  pieces."  At  about  that  time  the  knights  in 
tlie  West  held  a  meeting  at  Springfield,  111.  (June 
10,  1863),  w  hen  it  w  as  resolved  to  make  the  draft 
a  pretext  for  revolution,  and  measures  were  ac- 
cordingly adopted.  It  was  arranged  that  New 
York  should  take  the  initiative.  The  plan  was 
for  each  state  to  assume  its  "  independent  sov- 
ereignty." The  government  having  failed  to  sup- 
press the  insurrection,  the  Union  was  dissolved 
into  its  original  elements,  each  of  which  w  as  left 
at  liberty  to  form  any  new  combination.  Mor- 
gan's Raid  in  Indiana  and  Ohio  (which  see  :  was 
a  pari  of  the  plan  of  that  revolution.  It  was 
supposed  that  the  Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle 
and  the  members  of  the  peace  faction  would  rise 
and  join  him  by  thousands.  In  this  he  was  mis- 
taken. 

Knowlton,  Thomab,  was  born  at  West  Box- 
ford.  Mass..  Nov.  :io.  1740;  .lied  Sept.  16,1776  Ha 
was  a  soldier  of  the  French  and  Indian  War,  and 

assisted  iii  the  reduction  of  Havana  in  1769.    lb 

was  in  the  Aahford  militia  at   Lexington, April 

19,  1775,  ami  was  selected  as  on.-  of  the  fatigue 


party  to  fortify  Bunker's  Hill.  In  action  there 
he  fought  bravely.  A  regiment  of  light  infan- 
try, which  formed  the  van  of  the  American  army 
at  New  York,  was  commanded  by  him,  and  he 
was  commissioned  lieutenant-colonel  of  a  regi- 
ment of  rangers  selected  from  the  Connecticut 
troops.  He  fell  iii  the  battle  of  Harlem  Plains, 
and  his  character  was  eulogized  by  Washington 
in  general  orders. 

Knox,  HENRY,  was  born  in  Boston.  July  25, 
1750;  died  at  Thomaston,  Me.,  Oct. 26,  1806.  He 
was  of  Scotch-Irish  stock.  Young  Knox  became 
a  thriving  bookseller  in  Boston,  and  married 
Lucy,  daughter  of  Secretary  Flucker.     He  be- 


BSSB1 

longed  to  an  artillery  company  when  the  Revo- 
lution began,  and  his  skill  as  an  engineer  ar- 
tillerist on  the  staff  of  General  Artemas  Ward 
attracted  the  attention  of  Washington.  In  No- 
vember i  1 T 7 .">  he  was  placed  in  command  of 
the  artillery, and  was  employed  successfully  in 
bringing  cannons  from  captured  forts  on  Lake 
Champlaiu  and  on  thl>  Canadian  frontier  to  Cam- 
bridge, for  the  use  of  the  besieging  army.  Knox 
was  made  a  brigadier-general  in  December,  lTTti. 
and  was  the  chief  commander  of  the  artillery  of 
the  main  army  throughout  the  whole  war.  being 
conspicuous  in  all  the  principal  actions.  Knox 
w  as  one  of  the  court  of  inquiry  in  Major  Andre's 
case:  was  in  command  at  West  Point  after  hos- 
tilities had  ceased,  and  arranged  for  the  surren- 
der of  New  York.  At  Knox's  suggestion,  the  So- 
ciety of  the  Cincinnati  (which  see'  was  estab- 
lished. He  was  Secretary  of  War  before  and 
after  Washington  became  President  of  the  Unit- 
ed states  (1781-1795), and  when  he  left  offiee  he 
settled  at  Thomaston,  where  he  administered 
the  most  generous  hospitality.  Swallowing  a 
chicken-bone  caused  his  death.  General  Knox 
was  frequently  called  into  civil  life. 

KnoxviUe,  sti  ,,i  ..i  1863).  In  making  efforts 
to  purge  Bast  Tennessee  of  Confederates,  Burn- 
side  scattered  his  forces  considerably.  Perceiving 

i  in-.  Bragg  sent  l.ongstreet  to  the  valley  of  Last 
Tennessee  with  a  strong  force  to  SCUM  Knox- 
viUe and  dine  out  the  Nationals.  He  advanced 
swiftly  and  secretly:  and  on  Oct.  SO  (1663)  he 
Struck  a  startling  blow  at  BlUTUSide's  outposts 
at  Philadelphia,  on  the  railway  southwest  <'t 
Loudon.  Burnside,  perceiving  his  peril,  con- 
centrated his  forces  at  Kuox\  ille.  behind  his  in 
treuchmeuta  there.       The  chief  of  the- 


KNYPHAUSEN 


751 


KOSCIUSZKO 


unfinished  work  on  a  hill  commanding  tlie  south- 
western approaches  to  the  town.  LoDgstreet 
followed  rapidly.  Wheeler  and  Forrest,  with 
their  cavalry,  dashed  up  to  the  heights  on  which 
this  work  was  situated  to  seize  the  hill,  and 
on  Nov.  16  attacked  the  Nationals  there,  where 
General  \V.  I'.  Sanders,  of  Kentucky,  was  in 
command.  The  National  troops  on  the  right 
were  driven  from  a  ridge  they  occupied,  and 
Longstreel  made  Ids  headquarters  near  the  bank 
of  the  Holston  River,  less  than  a  mile  from  the 
works  to  lie  assailed.  In  this  attack  General 
Sanders  was  killed,  and  the  National  loss  be- 
sides was  about  one  hundred  men.  Then  Long- 
street's  cavalry  were  sent,  to  cut  off  Huruside's 
supplies  and  line  of  retreat,  and  Knoxville  was 
closely  invested.  Longstreel  believed  starvation 
would  soon  compel  l!urnside  to  surrender.  He 
was  mistaken.  The  latter  made  sorties  from 
his  Btrong  int  renchments.  Finally  Longstreet 
threw  a  force  (Nov.  25)  across  the  Holston  to  seize 
the  heights  south  of  the  rivet  thai  commanded 
Knoxville.  In  a  sharp  conflict  that  ensued  the 
Confederates  were  defeated,  but  they  seized  a 
knoll  lower  down,  and  planted  a  battery  on  it 
that  commanded  the  fori  at  Knoxville.  At  that 
moment  Longstreel  received  news  of  Bragg'a 
defeat  at  Missionaries'  Bidge  (which  see),  and 
he   well    knew   that   troops    from   Grant   would 

M be    upon    his    rear.      So    he   determined  to 

storm  Knoxville  at  once,  before  aid  could  reach 
Burnside.  At  the  same  time  he  received  some 
reinforcements.  At  eleven  o'clock  on  a  dark 
ami  stormy  Saturday  night  (Nov.  28)  Long- 
streel proceeded  to  assail  the  principal  work, 
called  Fort  Sanders.  He  drove  in  the  National 
advance  ami  seized  the  rillc-pits,  and  the  next 
morning  opened  a  furious  cannonade,  which  was 

soon  followed  by  a  rush  of  the  Confederates, 

with  tremendous  \  ills,  to  storm  the  fort.  They 
were  the  flower  of  Longstreet's  army.  The 
Nationals  had  formed  a  net-work  of  wire  from 

stump  to  st p  in  front  of  the  fort,  and  ill  this 

tin-  storming-party  became  fearfully  entangled 

and  bewildered,  while  the  LJiins  of  the  fort, 
donble  shotted,  made  havoc  in  their  ranks.  The 
assailants  Anally  gained  the  ditch  and  attempt- 
ed to  scale  tin'  parapet,  ami  one  otlicer  reached 
the  summit  and  planted  a  Mississippi  Hag  there, 
but    Instantly    his   dead    body    and    the    Hag   fell 

into  the  ditch.    Verj  soon  three  hundred  of  the 

assailants  in  the  ditch  surrendered,  and  tho  as- 
sault ceased.  Heavy  columns  of  National  troops 
were  now  approaching  Longstreet's  rear,  under 
Sherman,  commanded  by  Granger,  Howard,  Da- 
vis, and  Blair.  Longstreet,  perceiviug  his  peril, 
raised  the  siege  (Dec.  3),  and  retreated  towards 
Virginia. 

Kiiyphausen  (Baron);  Dodo  Hbnby,  Hessian 
commander,  was  born  in  Al-aee  in  17:10;  died  in 
Berlin,  Prussia,  May  2,  L789.  He  began  his  mil- 
i  < ;  1 1  >  career  in  the  sen  Ice  of  the  father  of  Fred- , 
crick  the  Great.  Hi'  arrived  in  America  in  June, 
1778,  and  was  first  engaged  in  battle  here  in 
that  of  Long  bland  in  Angusl  following.  (See  ( 
Samoa  Mercenariet.)  Knyphansen  was  in  the 
battle  of  White  Plains;  assisted  in  the  capture 
of  Fort    Washington,  Which    was   named   by  its 


captors  Fort  Knyphansen  ;  was  conspicuous  in 
the  battle  of  Brandy  wine  in  1777,  and  in  Mon- 
mouth in  1778;  and  commanded  an  expedition 
to  Springfield  (which  see)  in  June,  1780.  In  the 
absence  of  Sir  Henry  Clinton  he  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  city  of  New  York. 

Kosciuszko,  Thaddkus,  was  born  in  Lithua- 
nia, Poland,  Feb.  12,  1756;  died  at  Soleure, 
Switzerland,  Oct.  16, 1817.  He  was  of  noble  de- 
scent, and  was  educated  at  the  military  acade- 
my at  Warsaw;  also  in  France  at  the  expense 


TlIADDEl'S   KOSCIUSZKO. 

of  the  Polish  government.  Ho  entered  the  Po- 
lish army  as  captain,  but  an  unhappy  passion 
for  the  daughter  of  the  Marshal  of  Lithuania 
caused  him  to  leave  his  country  and  offer  his 
services  to  the  Americans.  He  arrived  in  1776, 
with  a  note  of  introduction  and  recommenda- 
tion to  Washington  by  Dr.  Franklin.  "What 
do  you  seek  beret"  inquired  the,  chief.  "Iconic 
to  light  as  a  volunteer  for  American  indepen- 
dence,'' answered  Kosciuszko.  "  What  can  you 
do.'"  asked  Washington.  "Try  me,"  was  the 
quick  reply.  He  entered  Washington's  military 
family  (Oct.  18,  1776)  as  colonel  of  engineers. 
He  planned  the  fortified  camp  of  General  Gates 
at  Bemis's  Heights  in  1777,  and  was  the  prin- 
cipal engineer  in  constructing  the  works  at 
West  Point,  on  the  Hudson.  Attached  to  Greene's 
army  in  the  South,  he  was  the  engineer  in  tho 
siege  of  Ninety-six  (which  see)  in  June,  1781. 
For  his  services  in  the  Continental  army  he  re- 
ceived the  thanks  of  the  Congress,  tho  Order  of 
the  Cincinnati,  and  the  brevet  of  brigadier-gen- 
eral. Eeturning  to  Poland,  he  fought  against 
ih.  Russians  under  Poniatowski  in  1792;  but 
the  Polish  patriots  were  defeated,  and  Kosciusz- 
ko retired  to  Leipsic.  Another  rising  of  the  Poles 
occurred  in  1794,  when  Kosciuszko  was  placed  at 
the  lead  of  the  insurgents  as  dictator,  and  with 
five  thousand  peasants,  armed  mostly  with 
BCj  tin  s,  be  routed  nearly  twice  that  number  of 
Russians  at  Baclawice,  April  4.  Committing 
the  conduct  of  a  provisional  government  to  a 
national  council,  he  marched  against  his  ene- 
mies. In  Warsaw  he  was  besieged  by  a  com- 
bined army  of  Russians  and  Prussians.  These, 
after  several  bloody  conflicts,  were  compelled 


KOSSUTH  AT  NATIONAL  CAPITAL       752    KOSSUTH'S  VISIT  TO  UNITED  STATES 


by  the  Polish  chief  to  raise  the  siege.  Austria 
had  joined  t  he  assailants  of  the  Poles,  and  with 
an  army  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  men 
fell  upon  and  crushed  them  (Oct.  10)  at  Maoie- 
OWioe.  Kosciuszko  fooght  gallantly,  and  fell 
covered  with  wounds,  uttering  the  sadly  pro- 
phetic words,  afterwards  fulfilled,  Finis  I'olonur! 
He  was  made  captive,  and  was  imprisoned  at 
St.  Petersburg  until  the  accession  of  the  Em- 
peror Paul,  who  set  him  at  liberty,  and  offered 
Kosciuszko  his  own  sword.  It  was  refused,  the 
Polish  patriot  saying,  "1  have  no  need  of  a 
sword,  since  I  have  no  country  to  defend."  In 
1797  he  visited  tlie  United  States,  where  he  w  as 
warmly  welcomed,  and  received,  in  addition  to 
a  pension,  a  grant  of  land  by  Congress.  He  re- 
sided near  Fontaiucbleau,  iu  France;  and  when 
Bonaparte  became  emperor  in  1806,  he  tried  to 
enlist  Kosciuszko  iu  bis  schemes  in  relation  to 
Poland.  Kosciuszko  refused  to  lend  his  services 
except  on  condition  of  a  guarantee  of  Polish 
freedom.  He  went  to  live  at.  Soleure  in  1816, 
where  he  was  killed  by  a  fall  from  bis  horse 
over  a  precipice.  The  remains  of  this  true  no- 
bleman of  Poland  lie  beside  those  of  Sobieski 
and  Poniatowaki  in  the  cathedral  church  at 
Cracow.  An  elegant  monument  of  white  mar- 
ble was  erected  to  his  memory  at  West  Point  bj 
the  cadet  corps  of  1828,  at  a  cost  of  $5000. 

Kossuth  at  the  National  Capital  Louis 
Kossuth,  the  exiled  governor  of  Hungary,  ar- 
rived at  Washington  at  the  close  of  December, 
1851.  He  was  received  by  two  United  States 
Senators  and  the  marshal  of  the  district.  The 
Secretary  of  State  (Daniel  Webster)  waited  upon 
him;  so  also  did  many  members  of  Cougress. 
On  the  .">lst  he  was  presented  to  President  Fill- 
more by  Mr.  Webster,  who  received  him  cor- 
dially. On  .Jan.  5,  1858,  be  was  introduced  to 
the  Senate.  He  entered  the  Senate  chamber  ac- 
companied by  Senators  CaSS  and  Seward.  Gen- 
eral Shields  introduced  him.  The  Senate  ad- 
journed, and  the  members  all  paid  their  persona] 
respects  to  the  distinguished  exile.  He  then 
visited  the  House  of  Representatives,  where  he 
was  warmly  received  by  the  speaker  and  most 
of  the  members.  Then  he  was  introduced  to 
each  member  personally,  and  presented  to  an 
immense  crowd  of  ladies  and  gentlemen  who 
had  assembled.  A  congressional  banqnei  was 
given  him  at  the  National  Hotel,  at  which  W.  R. 
King,  President  Of  the  Senate,  presided.  Kossuth 
and  Speaker  lioyd  being  on  his  right  hand,  and 
Secretary  Webster  on  his  left    On  that  occasion 

Kossuth  delivered  one  of  his  most  effective 
speeches.  Mr. Webster  concluded  his  remarks 
with  the  following  sentiment:  "Hungarian  In- 
dependence, Hungarian  control  of  her  own  des- 
tinies, and  Hungary  as  a  distinct  nationality 
among  the  nations  of  Europe."  After  Kossuth's 
departure  there  were  debates  in  Congress  on 
propositions  for  the  United  states  to  lend  ma- 
terial aid  to  the  people  of  Hungary,  struggling 
for  national  Independence;  but  the  final  deter- 
mination was  that  the  United  States  should  not 

change  its  uniform  policy  of  neutrality  in  favor 
of  Hungary.     The  cordial  reception 


everywhere,  and  the  magnetic  power  of  his  elo- 
quence over  every  audience,  were  gratifying  and 
wonderful.  A  contemporary  wrote:  "The  cir- 
cumstances attending  the  reception  of  Kossuth 
constituted  one  of  the  most  extraordinary  spec- 
tacles the  New  World  had  ever  yet  beheld." 

Kossuth's  Visit  to  the  United  States.  In 
February,  1848,  the  French  people  drove  Louis 
Philippe  from  the  throne  of  France  and  formed 
a  temporary  republic.  A  revolutionary  spirit 
rapidly  spread  irs  influence  over  Europe,  and  in 
a  few  months  almost  every  country  on  the  Con- 
tinent was  in  a  state  of  political  agitation.  The 
monarchs  made  many  concessions  to  the  people. 
Hungary  attempted  to  cast  off  the  yoke  of  Aus- 
tria, but  did  not  succeed  because  of  the  crushing 
weight  of  a  Russian  army  acting  for  the  op- 
pressor. Louis  Kossuth.  Governor  of  Hungary, 
always  led  the  patriots  in  their  struggle  for  free- 
dom. He  was  one  of  the  most  extraordinary 
men  of  his  age.  On  the  failure  of  the  revolu- 
tionary movements  in  1849,  he  took  refuge  in 
Turkey.  The  Austrian  government  demanded 
his  extradition.  The  United  States  and  Fug- 
land  interfered,  aud  he  was  allowed  to  depart 
into  exile,  with  his  family  and  friends.  The 
Uuited  States  government  sent  the  war-steamer 
Mississippi  to  bring  him  hither,  and  early  in  the 
autumn  of  1851  he  embarked  for  this  country. 
While  in  exile  in  Turkey  and  iu  prison,  he  em- 
ployed his  time  in  studying  living  languages, 
and  he  was  enabled  to  address  the  people  of  the 
West  in  the  English, German,  French, and  Italian 
languages.  He  went  to  Great  Britain,  and  made 
a  tour  through  the  most  populous  cities  of  the 
kingdom.  He  arrived  at  New  York  Dec.  .">.  1851, 
accompanied  by  his  wife  and  Mr. and  Mrs.Pulsz- 
kv.  Here  he  addressed  public  meetings  aud 
deputations  in  various  Northern  cities,  and  in 
all  his  speeches  he  showed  a  most  intimate 
knowledge  of  American  history  aud  institutions. 
His  theme  was  a  plea  for  sympathy  and  sub- 
stantial aid  for  his  country,  Hungary.  He 
wished  to  obtain  the  acknowledgment  of  the 
claims  of  Hungary  to  independence,  and  the  in- 
terference of  the  United  States  and  (.teat  ISrit- 
ain,  jointly,  in  behalf  of  the  principle  of  non- 
intervention, which  would  allow  the  nations  of 
Europe  fair  play  in  their  renewed  struggle  for 
liberty.  He  constantly  asserted  that  grand  prin- 
ciple that  one  nation  has  no  right  to  interfere 
w  ith  the  domestic  concerns  of  another,  and  that 
all  nations  are  bound  to  use  their  efforts  to  pre- 
vent such  interference  The  government  of  the 
United  States,  to  which  he  appealed,  assuming 
its  traditional  attitude  of  neutrality  in  all  quar- 
rels in  Europe, declined  to  hud  aid.  excepting 

the  moral  power  of  expressed  sympathy.  Kos- 
suth called  for  private  Contributions  ill  aid  of 

the  struggle  of  his  people  for  Independence, and 

received  more  assurances  of  sympathy  than  dol- 
lars, for  then  teemed  to  be  a  reaction  in  Ku- 
rope,  and  the  chance  for  Hungarian  indepen- 
dence appeared  more  remote  than  ever.  He 
Lved  with  great  distinction  at  Wash- 
ington by  the  President  and  Congress,  and  re- 
turned to  Europe  in  July,  1858. 


LA  BOEDE 


753 


LA  COLLE  MILL,  BATTLE  AT 


L. 


La  Borde,  Maximilian,  son  of  a  French  em- 
igrant from  Bordeaux,  was  born  in  Edgefield 
District,  8.  <'.,  iu  1804.  In  1820  lie  graduated 
at  the  South  Carolina  College  and  began  the 
study  of  law,  hut  soon  abandoned  it  and  entered 
the  South  Carolina  Medical  College,  graduating 
in  1826.  For  thirteen  years  he  practised  the 
healing  art  in  Edgefield, occasionally  represent- 
ing his  district  in  the  Legislature.  In  1836  he 
was  editor  of  the  Edgefield  Advertiser,  and  two 
years  later  he  was  elected  Secretary  of  the  state 
of  South  Carolina.  His  line  scholarship  attract- 
ed public  attention,  and  in  1842  I. a  Borde  was 
called  to  the  chair  of  logic  and  belles-lettres  in 
his  alma  mater.  He  accepted  the  position,  and 
in  1-1")  he  was  transferred  to  the  chair  of  meta- 
physics. His  method  of  imparting  knowledge 
was  chiefly  oral,  but,  to  assist  others  who  pre- 
ferred the  use  of  text-books,  he  published  a 
manual  on  physiology  in  1855,  which  became 
very  popular  in  the  schools  of  the  South.  Be 
published  an  elaborate  History  of  flu  South  Caro- 
lina College,  with  Sketches  of  its  Presidents  and  Pro- 
fessors. 

Lacey,  John,  born  in  Bucks  County,  Penn., 
Feb.  1.  17.V>;  died  at  (Jew  Mills.  N.  J.,  Feb.  17. 
l-ll.  He  was  of  Quaker  descent,  bul  patriot- 
ically took  command  of  a  volunteer  company, 
and  became  a  captain  in  Wayne's  regiment,  with 

which  he  served  in  Canada.  Becoming  a  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  militia,  he  joined  Potter's  bri- 
gade  at  Whitemarah,  with  about  four  hundred 


life  and  became  active  in  the  civil  service  ofhis 
state,  being  a  member  of  the  Pennsylvania  As- 
sembly in  1778,  and  of  the  Council  in  1770.  He 
again  entered  the  military  service,  and  from  Au- 
gust, 1780,  to  October,  1781,  he  was  active  at  the 
head  of  a  brigade  of  militia.  Eemoviug  to  New 
Jersey,  he  was  for  many  years  a  county  judge 
and  a  member  of  the  Legislature. 

La  Colle  Mill,  BATTLE  at.  In  the  winter  of 
1813-14  an  American  force  under  General  Wil- 
kinson was  encamped  at  French  Mills  (now  Fort 
Covington),  in  Franklin  County,  N.  Y.  (See  Ex- 
pedition (hunt  the  St.  Lawrence.)  Early  iu  1814  a 
large  portion  of  this  force  was  withdrawn.  A 
part  were  marched  to  Plattsbnrg.  Soon  after- 
wards (Feb.  28, 1814)  a  party  of  British  soldiers 
advanced  and  destroyed  some  stores  which  the 
Americans  had  left  behind.  This  invasion  .alarm- 
ed the  whole  frontier.  Late  in  March,  General 
Wilkinson  attempted  another  invasion  of  Can- 
ada. He  advanced  op  the  western  shore  of  Lake 
Champlain  to  the  Canada  frontier  (March  30, 
1814)  with  about  four  thousand  picked  men. 
They  soon  encountered  British  pickets,  and 
drove  them  back.  In  the  afternoon  the  Amer- 
icans came  in  sight  of  La  Colle  Mill,  a  heavy 
stone  structure,  its  windows  barricaded  with 
timbers,  through  which  were  loop -holes  for 
musketry.  Tin-  British  garrison  at  the  mill 
consisted  of  only  about  two  hundred  regulars, 
under  Major  Hancock.  The  advance  of  Wilkin- 
son's troops  was  commanded  by  Colonel  Isaac 


I.A    COI.I.B    MII.I.    AM)    IIIJICK 


men.     Before  he  was  twenty-three  years  old  he 

w  a- made  a  brigadier-general,  and  was  engaged 
in  harassing  duty  while  the  British  had  com- 
mand Of  Philadelphia.  After  the  evacuation 
of  that  city  by  the  British,  he  left  the  military 
I.— 48 


Clark  and  Major  Forsyth.  (See  Ogdensburg.) 
The  artillery  was  under  Captain  McPhersoil, 
and  the  reserves  were  commanded  by  General 
Alexander  Macomb.  Following  Clark  and  For- 
syth was  Colonel  Miller's  regiment  of  six  lain- 


LACONIA 


754    LAFAYETTE  AT  WASHINGTON'S  TOMB 


dred  mem  Aware  that  reinforcements  for  the 
British  were  near,  Wilkinson  ordered  ao  imme- 
diate attack.  The  fire  upon  the  stone  citadel 
was  harmless,  while  the  whole  American  line 
was  exposed  to  a  galling  fire.     For  a  while  the 

fight  was  desperate,  when  M:ijor  Hancock  made 

a  sortie  from  the  mill,  and  after  a  forions  con- 
test they  were  driven  back.  Reinforcements 
came  to  the  garrison,  and  after  a  conflict  of  two 
horns  Wilkinson  was  compelled  to  withdraw 
and  abandon  the  invasion  of  Canada.  The  af- 
fair at  La  Colle  Mill  drew  upon  him  so  mnoh 
obloquy  and  ridicule  that  he  soon  resigned  his 
command  and  called  for  a  court-martial. 

Laconia.  the  name  given  by  Gorges  and  Ma- 
son to  the  portion  of  New  England  granted  to 
them, extending  from  the  Merrimack  to  the  Ken- 
nebec, and  from  the  ocean  to  the  St.  Lawrence. 
The  proprietors  induced  several  merchants  to 
join  them  in  their  adventure,  and  sent  out  a 
colony  of  fishermen,  a  part  of  whom  settled  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Piscataqua,  now  Portsmouth, 
N.  11.     Others  settled  on  the  site  of  Dover,  eijiht 

miles  farther  np  the  river.  The  Laconia  Com- 
pany did  not  prosper,  and  the  towns  were  little 
more  than  lish ing-stat ions.  (See  New  Hamp- 
shire.') 

La  Come  (Chevalier),  PrsRSE,  was  an  active 
Canadian  officer  from  17'Jo  to  1759, and  had  great 
influence  over  the  Indians  in  connection  with 
the  Jesuit  missionaries.  His  intimale  knowl- 
edge of  the  Indian  language  gave  him  great 
power,  and  he  was  one  of  the  most  formidable 
enemies  of  the  English  in  Nova  Scotia. 

Ladd,  WnxiAM,  was  born  at  Exeter,  N.  II.. 
May  in.  1778;  died  at  Portsmouth.  \.  11..  April 
9,  1841.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1797  :  be- 
came an  active  champion  of  peace,  and  took  an 
active  part  in  organizing  the  "American  Peace 
Society."  of  which  he  was  for  many  years  pres- 
ident. He  wrote  many  essays  in  favor  of  peace, 
ami  edited  the  Friend  of  Peace  and  Harbinger  of 
Peace  newspapers,  devoted  1<>  the  cause.  He 
went  so  far  as  to  deny  the  right  to  maintain 
defensive  war. 

Lafayette  at  Barren  Hill.  To  restrain  Brit- 
ish foragers  and  marauders,  who  were  plunder- 
ing the  countrj  for  some  distance  around  Phil- 
adelphia in  the  spring  of  ITT-.  Washington  sent 
out  from  Valley  Forge  General  Lafayette  with 
about  two  thousand  one  hundred  men  and  live 
pieces  of  artillery,  to  ont  off  all  communication 
between  Philadelphia  ami  the  country,  and  to 
obtain  information  concerning  a  rumored  inten- 
tion of  the  British  to  evacuate  that  city.  La- 
fayette crossed  the  Bobuylkill, and  took  post  at 
Barren  Hill,  about  half-way  between  Valley 
Forge  and  Philadelphia,  occupying  the  Lu- 
theran church  there  as  headquarters.  (ieiier- 
al  Howe  sent  Genera]  Grant  to  make  a  secret 

Dight    march    to   gain    the   rear  of  the   marquis 

and  the  next  morning  Howe  marched 


Howe  was  disappointed,  for  he  was  about  to  de- 
part for  England  under  a  partial  cloud  of  minis- 
terial displeasure,  and  he  hoped  to  close  his  ca- 
reer iu  America  by  some  brilliant  act. 


**^©f3  •■■ 


with    about 


LUTHERAN   CHl'KCII,  UAKKE.N   U1LL. 

Lafayette  at  the  Tomb  of  'Washington. 
Between  Washington  and  Lafayette  there  had 
grown  up  a  strong  mutual  affection  during  their 
intercourse  in  the  scenes  of  the  old  war  for  inde- 
pendence. When  at  the  seat  of  government  ill 
October,  1824,  while  on  a  visit  to  the  United 
States,  the  marquis  was  conducted  to  Mount 
Vernon  by  George  Washington  Parke  Custis, 
the  adopted  son  of  Washington,  with  whom 
George  W.  Lafayette  had  lived  in  the  mansion 
of  the  ureal  patriot  while  Lafayette  was  an  ex- 
ile from  Prance  and  in  a  prison.  He  was  con- 
veyed from  tin'  capital  in  a  barge, accompanied 
by  his  son,  John  C.  Calhoun.  Secretary  of  War, 
and  Mr.  Custis.  and  at  the  shore  at  Mount  Ver- 
non he  was  received  by  Lawrence  Lewis, Wash- 
ington's favorite  nephew,  and  the  family  of 
Judge  Bushrod  Washington,  who  was  then  ab- 
sent on  official  business.  After  visiting  the 
mansion,  where,  forty   yean  before,  he  took  his 

last  leave  of  the  beloved  patriot,  the  company 
proceeded  to  the  tomb  the  old  one,  on  tin-  brow 
of  the  bill), m  lien  Custis  presented  the  marquis 
with  a  ring  containing  a  lock  of  Washington's 

bait.     Be  received  it  with  emotion.    The  door 

thousand    men,  commanded   by  L of  the    vault    was  opened,  and   there    wete    dis 


Clinton  and  Knvpliausen.  to  capture  the  young 
Frenchman  ami  send  linn  to  England.  The  mar- 
quis ontgeneralled  the  British,  though  they  sur- 
prised him,  and  escaped   across  the  Schuylkill. 


played  the  leaden  caskets  which  contained  the 

oofflna  of  Washington  and  his  wife,  decorated 

with   flowers.     Lafayette  entered,  kissed  the 

casket,  and  lev. rent  l\   reined. 


LAFAYETTE  AT  VERSAILLES 

Lafayette  at  Versailles.  After  a  short  win 
ter  passage  from  Boston  to  Brest,  in  February 
1779.  Lafayette  joined  his  family  and  friends  in 
Ilia  native  land.  His  offence  in  sailing  for  Amer- 
ica in  defiance  of  the  king's  command  was  atoned 
for  by  a  week's  exile  to  Paris,  and  confinement 
in  the  bouse  of  his  father-in-law.  He  was  then 
received  at  Versailles,  when  the  king  gently  rep 
rimanded  him,  while  the  queen  eagerly  sought 
information  concerning  America  from  his  own 
lips.  His  fame  made  him  the  admired  of  court 
society  as  well  as  of  the  populace  of  the  French 
capital.  The  young  marquis  observed  with  alarm 
that  everybody  was  talking  of  peace,  while  Amer- 
ica was  struggling  with  armed  champions  of  roy- 
alty, and  he  felt  that  the  independence  of  the 
colonies  was  in  peril.  With  great  earnestness 
he  pleaded  for  aid  for  the  Americans,  and  was 

Successful,    i  S,r  French  Forces  and  Frank  Fleet.) 

Lafayette  in  Virginia.  Benedict  Arnold  led 
a  corps  of  British  and  Tories  into  Virginia  early 
in  17-1,  to  plunder  and  distress  that  state.  To 
afford  the  Virginians  assistance,  Lafayette  was 
sent  with  a  considerable  body  of  troops,  princi- 
pally drafts  from  the  .New  England  Slates,  and. 
in  conjunction  with  Generals  Wayne  ami  Sien- 
hen,  soon  drove  ( 'ornw  allis  who  succeeded  Ar- 
nold and  Phillips  (which  see)  in  invading  Vir- 
ginia tii-t  across  the  .lames  River  to  Ports- 
month,  and  thence  to  Yorktown. 

Lafayette,  Last  Visit  op,  to  the  United 
sum  s.  <>n  the  26th  of  January,  1-JI.  the  Sen- 
ate of  the  United  states  entertained  the  follow- 
ing resolutions:   "The   Marquis  de  Lafayette 

having  expressed  his  intention  to  revisit  this 
country.  Resolved, That  the  President  he  request- 
ed to  communicate  to  him  tin-  assurances  of 
grateful  ami  affectionate  attachment  still  cher- 
ished for  him  by  the  government  and  people  of 

the  Qui  ted  States.  Ami  be  it  further  Fesolred. 
That  whenever  the  President  shall  ho  informed 
of  the  time  when  the  marquis  may  he  ready  to 
embark,  a  national  ship  (with  suitable  accom- 
modations) he  employed  to  bring  him  to  the 
United  states."    The  two  houses  passed  a  joint 

resolution  of  similar  tenor,  and  he  was  invited 

to  come  as  the  nation's  guest.  He  declined  the 
oiler  of  a  ship-of-the-line  for  his  conveyance  to 

this  country.  With  his  Son,  George  Washing- 
ton Lafayette, and  his  secretary,  he  sailed  from 
Havre  tor  New  York,  when'  he  arrived  Aug.  15, 
l-.'l.  In  the  space  of  about  eleven  months  he 
made  a  tour  of  about  five  thousand  miles  t  hroiigh 
the  United  States,  visiting  the  principal  por- 
tions, and  was  everywhere  received  with  great 
enthusiasm.  His  journey  was  almost  like  a 
continued  triumphal  procession.  Congress, "in 
Consideration  of  his  important  services  and  ex- 
penditures dnring  the  American  Revolution," 
voted  him  |300,000  in  cash  and  a  township  of 
land;  and  when  be  was  ready  to  depart  for 
Prance,  an  American  frigate,  named,  in  compli- 
ment to  him,  Brandytoine  (  his  first  battle  in 
the  Revolution  having  occurred  on  Brandywine 
(reek,  Penn.),  was  sent  by  the  United  states 
government  to  convey  him  back.  On  his  arri- 
val at    Havre,  the  greatness  of  the  American   Ke- 


s  LAFAYETTE 

public,  which  he  had  just  left,  and  the  littleness 
of  the  restored  Bourbon  dynasty,  were  brought 
in  conspicuous  contrast.  A  great  concourse  of 
people  gathered  to  do  him  honor  on  his  return 
were  dispersed  by  the  police. 

Lafayette  (Marquis  de),  Makie  Jean  Paul 
ROCH  YVES  Gilbert  Motier,  was  born  at  Ca- 
vanao,  Auvergne,  France,  Sept.  6,  1757;  died  in 
Paris,  May  19,  1834.  Left  an  heir  to  an  im- 
mense estate  at  the  age  of  thirteen  years,  he 


LAFAYETTE    IN    1777.       (Fl'UUl  il  >  OJUcll  pliUt.) 

received  the  best  education  that  could  be  ob- 
tained, and  at  sixteen  married  a  granddaughter 
of  the  Duke  de  Xoailles.  He  entered  the  army 
as  a  captain  of  dragoons,  and  in  the  summer  of 
1776  he  heard  of  the  struggles  of  the  English- 
American  colonies.  He  immediately  resolved 
to  aid  them,  and,  secretly  fitting  out  a  vessel  at 
his  own  expense,  he  sailed  for  America  in  com- 
pany with  Baron  de  Kalb  and  ten  or  twelve 
other  foreign  military  officers  who  came  to  seek 
service  in  the  Continental  army,  and  landed 
near  Georgetown,  S.  C,  April  19,  1777.  They 
travelled  by  laud  to  Philadelphia,  where  La- 
fayette immediately  addressed  a  letter  to  Con- 
gress, asking  leave  to  servo  as  a  volunteer  in 
the  Continental  army  without  pay.  In  consid- 
eration of  his  zeal  and  his  illustrious  family  and 
connections,  that  body  gave  him  the  commis- 
sion of  major-general  (July  31, 1777),  and  Wash- 
ington invited  him  to  become  a  member  of  his 
military  family.  He  joined  the  Continental 
army  near  a  house  on  Neshauiiny  Creek  iu  Au- 
gust. At  that  time  ho  was  less  thau  twenty 
years  of  age.  From  that  time  until  the  (lose 
of  the  Revolution  he  was  the  bosom  friend  of 
the  commander-in-chief  and  the  untiring  ami 
effective  champion  of  the  patriot  cause  in  the 
field  and  at  the  court  of  his  native  country, 
lb-  was  ever  ready  to  defend  the  honor  of  the 
Americans.  In  177H  he  challenged  Lord  Car- 
lisle, one  of  the  British  commissioners,  to  fight 
a  duel.     (See  Manifesto  of  British  Conwiissioners.) 


LAFAYETTE 


;5C  LAFAYETTE'S  VOYAGE  TO  AMERICA 


When  the  Americans  had  secured  peace  and  in- 
dependence for  their  country,  he  returned  to 
France,  and  was  made  a  major-general  in  the 
French  army.  In  17S4  lie  again  visited  the 
United  States,  and  was  everywhere  received 
with  tokens  of  affection  and  respect.  He  be- 
came a  member  of  the  Notables  at  Paris  in 
1787,  when  lie  boldly  demanded  the  convocation 
of  the  States-General,  consisting  of  three  orders 
— namely,  the  clergy,  nobility,  and  commons — 
representatives  of  the  whole  nation.  They  had 
not  met  since  1014.  a  period  of  one  hundred  and 
seventy-three  years.  The  king  (Louis  XVI.) 
convened  them  on  May  6,  17^9.  There  were  308 
ecclesiastics,  285  nobles,  and  6:21  deputies  of  the 
third  estate,  or  the  "common  people."  Iu  July 
Lafayette  was  appointed  commander-in-chief 
of  the  National  Guard.  When  the  abolition 
of  titles  was  decreed,  he  dropped  his,  and  was 
known  only  as  General  Lafayette.  He  resigned 
his  command  in  1790,  and  in  1792  commanded 
one  of  the  armies  sent  to  guard  the  fron- 
tiers of  France  against  the  forces  of  mon- 
arotas  alarmed  by  the  republican  demon- 
strations in  France.  When  the  fierce 
Jacobins  seized  power  the  conservative 
Lafayette  was  denounced  and  his  arrest 
decreed.  He  crossed  the  frontier,  intend- 
ing to  take  refuge  in  Holland.  The  Aus- 
triaus  seized  him,  and  confined  him  in  a 
dungeon  five  years.  For  a  long  time  no 
intelligence  of  him  reached  his  friends. 
Meanwhile  his  wife  had  been  imprisoned 
at  Paris  during  the  "  Reign  of  Terror,"' 
but  had  been  set  at  liberty  on  the  down- 
fall of  Robespierre.  She  hastened  to 
Vienna,  obtained  a  personal  interview 
with  the  emperor,  and  gained  permission 
to  share  the  captivity  of  her  husband. 
Great  exertions  were  made  in  Europe  and 
America  to  obtain  his  release,  but  in  vain, 
until  Bonaparte,  at  the  head  of  an  army, 
demanded  his  release.  He  was  set  at 
liberty  Aug.  -25.  1797.  Towards  the  end  of  1799 
he  returned  to  his  estate  of  La  Grange,  fortj 
miles  from  Paris.  Bonaparte  tried  to  bribe 
him  with  offered  honors  to  enter  public  life 
again  as  senator.  He  refused  with  disdain  : 
and  when  the  vote  for  making  Bonaparte  first 
consul   for  life   was   taken,  Lafayette  voted   mi, 

and  told  the  ambitions  general  so  in  a  letter, 
which  ended  their  intercourse.  When  Bona- 
parte became  emperor,  Lafayette  took  a  seat 
in  the  Chamber  of  Deputies;  and  this  stanch 
champion  of  constitutional  government  refused 
tin-  ottered  hawble  of  a  peerage,  after  the  bat- 
tle of  Waterloo,  touched  with  sympathy  for  the 
fallen  monarch,  he  offered  him  facilities  for  es- 
caping to  America  :  but  the  emperor,  u  ho  could 
ire  Lafayette's  former  opposition,  re- 
fused t"  accept  the  offer,  and  became  a  prisoner 
on  St.  Helena.  In  the  French  legislature  La- 
fayette'a  voice  was  always  In  favor  of  liberal 
-  In  1634  the  Congress  of  the  United 
.  qnested  President  Monroe  to  invite 
Lafayette  to  America  as  a  guest  of  the  Repub- 
lic.      He   Came,  bill  declined  the  oiler  of  a  ship. 

With  his  son  and  a  pn\aie  secretary,  he  landed 


in  New  York  (Aug.  15, 1824),  visited  in  succes- 
sion the  whole  twenty -four  states,  and  was 
everywhere  received  with  demonstrations  of 
love  and  respect.  He  would  have  been  received 
with  equal  respect  and  enthusiasm  by  his  own 
people  on  his  return  had  not  the  government 
interfered.  During  the  revolution  of  1830, that 
drove  Charles  X.  from  the  throne.  Lafayette  was 
made  commander-in-chief  of  the  National  Guard, 
in  which  capacity  be  did  great  public  service.  He 
sacrificed  his  own  republican  preferences  for  the 
sake  of  peace  and  order,  and  placed  Louis  Phil- 
ippe on  the  throne.  He  died  the  acknowledged 
chief  of  the  constitutional  party  on  the  Continent 
of  Europe.  He  received  a  magnificent  public  fu- 
neral, when  his  remains  were  conveyed  to  their 
resting-place  in  the  cemetery  of  Pigpen,  a  pri- 
vate burial-ground  of  several  families  of  the 
nobility  of  Paris,  back  of  the  gardens  of  what 
was  once  a  nunnery,  but  a  boarding-school  for 
young  ladies  in  1C50.     The  monument  is  about 


LAFAYETTE 


eight  feet  square,  and  composed  of  dark  sand- 
stone, with  appropriate  inscriptions  iu  French. 

The  cross  wen   in  the  picture   stands  o\er  the 
grave  of  another. 

Lafayette's  Voyage  to  America.  When 
Lafayette  and  other  French  officers  were  ready 
to  embark  for  America  (1777).  lie  was  informed 
that  the  credit  of  the  Continental  Congress  w  as 
so  low  that  it  could  not  furnish  them  a  trans- 
port. The  young  enthusiast  replied,  "Then  1 
will  purchase  one  Myself."  He  bought  and  secret- 
ly freighted  a  vessel,  called  the  Victory,  to  cany 
himself,  the  veteran  Haron  de  Kalb,  and  ten  or 
t  w eh  c  other  French  officers  across  t he  Atlantic. 
While  the  vessel  was  iu  preparation  for  sailing, 
he  made  a  \isil  to  England,  where  he  was  in- 
vited to  visit   the   navv-vanls.      Too   honorable 

to  inspeet  tin'  armaments  of  a  people  whose  ar- 
mies he  was  about  to  fight  against,  In'  declined, 

but  thought  it  a  good  joke  to  be  introduced  to 
their  king,  He  was  then  only  nineteen  yean 
I  lie  RetDTf  sailed  first  to  a  Spanish 
pott,  where  Lafayette  received  orders  from  the 
king  io  en  c  up  Ins  expedition  :  but  he  disobej  - 
ed,  and  sailed  for  America.     The  w  omen  of  Pal  is 


LAFITTE  AND  THE  BARATARIANS      757 


LAKE  ERIE,  BATTLE  OF 


applauded  his  heroism ;  tbe  queen  gave  him  I 
tokens  of  her  admiration;  the  people  extolled 
him  for  his  strong  enthusiasm  in  a  good  cause  ; 
and  to  his  young  wife,  who  was  about  to  be- 
come a  mother  a  second  time,  he  wrote  from 
the  Victory:  "Prom  love  to  me,  become  a  good 
American  ;  the  welfare  of  America  is  closely 
bound  up  with  the  welfare  of  mankind." 

Lafitte  and  the  Baratarians.  After  the 
English  had  captured  the  Island  of  Guadeloupe, 
French  privateersmen  lost  their  last  rendezvous 
in  the  West  Indies,  and  soon  found  refuge  in 
Barataria  Bay,  jnai  west  of  the  mouths  of  the 
Mississippi  Biver.  They  had  adopted  the  flag 
of  the  then  new  insurgent  Republic  of  Cartha- 
gena,  and  professed  to  cruise  under  that  flag 
against  the  Spaniards;  but,  like  the  old  Buc- 
caneers (which  sec  i,  they  made  very  little  dis- 
crimination in  their  captures.  These  semi- 
pirates  found  a  market  at  New  Orleans  for  their 
plunder,  which  was  smuggled  in  and  sold  at 
very  low  prices.  The  leader  of  this  band  of 
outlaws    in    1-11    was    .lean    Lafitte,  a    shrewd 

Frenchman,  who  had  been  called  the  "  Pirate 
of  the  (lull."  He  and  his  band  had  been  out- 
lawed by  legal  proceedings,  though  his  crimes 
were  not  against  humanity — only  violations  of 
the  revenue  and  neutrality  laws  of  the  United 

States.  To  these  marauders  a  message  was 
sent  by  the  unwise  commander  of  the  British 
Gulf  squadron  from  Peusacola,  with  a  procla- 
mation of  his  intentions  to  conquer  Louisiana, 
and  offering  to  take  these  I'.aralai  ians  into  the 
British  service,  with  rank  and  pay  for  Lafitte 
and  other  chief  lenders  if  they  would  join  in  an 
attack  on  New  Orleans.  When  this  invitation 
was   put    into   the   hands   of  Lafitte,  he   feigned 

compliance;  but  as  soon  as  the  bearer  had  de- 
parted he  called  his  followers  around  him.  on 
the  border  of  the  sea,  and  said,  in  substance, 
"Comrades,  I  am  an  adopted  citizen  of  the 
United  states,  and  will  never  violate  the  con- 
fidence placed  in  me  by  serving  the  enemies  of 
this  country.  We  have  been  outlawed  ;  perhaps 
we  deserve  it  by  our  irregularities.  No  matter; 
I  am  ready  to  servo  my  adopted  country,  and 
ask  you  to  join  me.  What  say  yon,  comrades  f" 
His  brawny  followers  threw  up  their  hats  and 
exclaimed,  "We  will!  we  will!"  And  they  were 
afterwards  accepted  as  volunteers  in  the  de- 
fence of  New  Orleans.  Lafitte  immediately  sent 
the  despatches  received  from  the  British  com- 
mander to  tin'  Governor  of  Louisiana;  and  so 
the  people  were  forewarned  of  danger. 

Lafitte,  Jean,  was  horn  in  France  about  1780; 
died,  some  suppose,  at  sea  in  1817;  others,  at 
Sisal,  Yucatan,  in  1826.  In  1813-14  he  was  at 
the    head    of  a    band    of   BmilgglerS,   with    their 

headquarters  at  Barataria  Bay.  (8ee  Lafitte 
mut  the  Baratariana.)  After  the  War  of  1812  L5 
his  subsequent  career  is  very  obscure;  but  it  is 

believed  that  he  obtained  a  privateer's  commis- 
sion   from   either   New  Granada   or   Mexico,  and 

tunned  a  settlement  on  the  site  of  Galveston, 
i  :,  settlement  of  ontlaws  —  w  hich  was 

broken   np  l>.\    a    naval  force  under  Lieutenant 

Kearney  in  1821. 


Lake  Erie,  Battle  of.  Commodore  Perry, 
anxiously  waiting  for  men  to  man  his  little  fleet 
at  Erie,  was  partially  gratified  by  the  arrival 
there  of  one  hundred  men  from  Black  Rock,  un- 
der Captain  Elliott,  aud  early  in  August,  1813, 
he  went  out  on  the  lake  before  he  was  fairly 
prepared  for  vigorous  combat.  On  the  17th  of 
August,  when  off  Sandusky  Bay,  lie  fired  a 
signal  gun  for  General  Harrison,  according  to 
agreement.  Harrison  was  encamped  at  Seneca, 
and  late  in  the  evening  of  the  19th  he  and  his 
suite  arrived  in  boats  and  went  on  board  the  flag- 
ship Lawrence,  where  arrangements  were  made 
for  the  fall  campaign  in  that  quarter.  Harrison 
had  about  eight  thousand  militia,  regulars  and 
Indians,  at  Camp  Seneca,  a  little  more  than 
twenty  miles  from  the  lake.  AVhile  he  was 
waiting  for  Harrison  to  get  his  army  ready  to 
be  transported  to  Fort  Maiden,  Perry  cruised 
about  the  lake.  On  a  bright  morning,  Sept.  10, 
the  sentinel  watching  in  the  main-top  of  the 
Lawrence  cried.  ••  Sail,  ho!"  It  announced  the 
appearance  of  the  British  fleet,  clearly  seen  in 
the  north  western  horizon.  Very  soon  Perry's 
nine  vessels  (see  American  Fleet  on  Lake  Erie) 
were  ready  for  the  enemy.  At  the  mast-head 
of  the  Lawrence  was  displayed  a  blue  banner, 
with  the  words  of  Lawrence,  the  dying  captain, 
in  large  white  letters,  "  DON'T  CHCVB  DP  Tin: 
Ship."  (See  Perry's  Battle- flag.)  The  two 
squadrons  slowly  approached  each  other.  The 
British  squadron  was  commanded  by  Commo- 
dore Robert  II.  Barclay,  who  fought  with  Nel- 
son at  Trafalgar.  His  vessels  were  the  ship  De- 
troit, 1'.)  jjuns.  and  1  pivot  and  2  howitzers  ;  ship 
<thiiin  Charlotte.  17,  and  1  howitzer;  schooner 
Lady  Prevost,  13,  and  1  howitzer;  brig  Hunter, 
Ki;  sloop  Little  Hell.  :{;  and  schooner  Chippewa, 
1,  and  2  swivels.  The  battle  began  at  noon,  at 
long  range,  the  Scorpion,  commanded  by  young 

Sailing-master  Stephen  Ohaniplin,  then  less 
than  twenty-four  years  of  age,  firing  the  first 
shot  on  the  American  side.  As  the  fleets  grew 
nearer  and  nearer,  hotter  and  hotter  waxed  the 
fight.  For  two  hours  tbe  Lawrence  bore  the 
brunt  of  battle,  until  she  lay  upon  the  waters 
almost  a  total  wreck  —  her  rigging  all  shot 
away,  her  sails  cut  into  shreds,  her  spars  bat- 
tered into  splinters,  and  her  guns  dismounted. 
One  mast  remained,  and  from  it  streamed  the 
national  tlag.  The  deck  was  a  scene  of  dread- 
ful carnage,  and  most  men  would  have  hauled 
down  their  flag.  But  he  was  hopeful  in  gloom. 
His  other  vessels  had  fought  gallantly,  except- 
ing the  Niagara,  Captain  Elliott,  the  stanchest 
ship  in  the  licet,  which  hail  kept  outside,  and 
was  unhurt.  As  she  drew  near  the  Lawrence, 
Berry  resolved  to  fly  to  her,  and,  renewing  the 
fight, win  the  victory.  Putting  on  the  uniform 
of  his  rank,  that  he  might  properly  receive  Bar- 
clay as  his  prisoner,  he  took  down  his  broad 
pennant  and  the  banner  with  the  stirring 
words,  entered  bis  boat  with  his  brother  (four- 
teen years  of  a^c"),  and,  with  four  stout  seamen 
at  the  oars,  hi-  started  on  his  perilous  voyage, 
anxiously  watched  by  those  he  had  left  on  the 
Lawn  ncc.  Berry  stood  upright  in  his  boat,  with 
the  pennant  and  banner  partly  wrapped  about 


LAKE  ERIE,  BATTLE  OF  T 

him.  Barclay,  who  bad  been  badly  wounded, 
informed  of  Perry's  daring,  and  knowing  the 
peril  of  the  British  fleet  If  the  young  commo- 
dore should  resell  the  decks  of  the  Niagara,  or- 
il<-red  big  and  little  guns  to  he  brought  to  bear 
on  the  little  boat  that  held  the  hero.  The  voy- 
age lasted  fifteen  minutes.     Bullets  traversed 


3  LAKE  ERIE,  BATTLE  OF 

tie  of  Lake  Erie.  Assured  of  victory,  Perry  sat 
down,  and  resting  his  naval  cap  on  his  knee, 

wrote  to  Harrison,  with  a  pencil,  on  the  hack 
of  a  letter,  the  famous  despatch  :  "  We  have 
met  the  enemy,  and  they  are  ours — two  ships, 
two  brigs,  one  schooner,  and  one  sloop.-'  The 
name  of  Perry  was  made  immortal.     His  gov- 


THE   PERRY   VEIUL. 

ihe  boat,  grape-shot  falling  in  the  water  near  eminent  thanked  him,  and  gave  him  and  Elliott 

covered  the  seamen  with  spray,  and  oars  were  each  a  gold  medal.     The  Legislature  of  Penu- 

shivered  by  cannon-balls,  but    not   a   man   was  sylvania  voted  him  thanks  and  a  gold  medal  : 

hurt.       Perry   reached    the    Niagara    iu    safety,  and   they  gave    thanks   and   a   silver   medal    to 

Hoisting    his    pennant    over    her,  he    dashed  each  man  who  was  engaged  in  the  battle.     The 

through    the    Britisli    line,  and    eight    minutes  Americans  lost  t wenty-seveii  killed  and  ninety- 

afterwards  the  colors  of  the  enemy's  flag-ship  six  wounded.     The  British  loss  was  about  two 


were  -truck,  all  tral  two  of  the  Beet  Mirender- 

ing.     These  attempted  to  escape,  bo1  were  par- 

uied  and  brought  back,  late  in  the  evening,  by 

mi  commander  (Cham- 

plin)  had  fired  iIk/mW  and  Uut  gun  iu  the  hat- 


hundred  killed  and  six  hundred  made  prison- 
ers. A i  about  nine  o'clock  in  the  evening  of 
the  day  of  the  battle,  the  moon  shiniug  bright- 
ly, the  two  squadroni  weighed  nncboraud  sailed 
into  Put-in  Bay, not  far  from  Sandusky, out  of 


LAKE  ONTARIO,  OPERATIONS  UPON  759  LAKE  ONTARIO,  OPERATIONS  UPON 


which  the  American  fleet  had  sailed  that  morn- 
ing. The  last  survivor  of  the  battle  of  Lake 
Erie  was  John  Xonis,  who  died  at  Petersburg, 
Va.,  in  January,  1879. 

Lake  Ontario,  OPERATIONS  UPON,  in  1812. 
Commodore  Isaac  Chauncey  was  in  command  of 
a  Utile  squadron  of  armed  schooners,  hastily  pre- 
pared, on  Lake  Ontario  late  in  1812.  The  \esscls 
were  the  Oneida  ihis  flag-ship),  Conquest,  Growl- 
er, Pert,  Scourge,  Governor  Tompkins,  and  Hamil- 
ton,     lie  sailed  from   Sackett's  Harbor  iXov.  S) 

to  intercept  the  British  Bqnadron,  nnder  Com- 
modore Earl,  returning  to  Kingston  from  Fort 

'• u'-.  on  the  Niagara  River,  whither  they  had 

conveyed  troops  and  prisoners.  Channeey  took 
his  station  near  the  False  Ducks,  a  group  of  isl- 
ands oearly  due  west  from  Sackett's  Harbor.  On 
the  afternoon  of  No  v.  9  he  fell  in  with  Earl's  flag- 
ship, the  Royal  George.  He  chased  her  into  the 
Hay  of  Quints,  where  be  lost  sight  of  her  in  the 
darkness  of  night.  Ou  the  following  morning 
tNov.  lit)  he  captured  and  bnrned  a  small  armed 
schooner,  and  soon  afterwards  espied  the  Roy- 
al George  making  her  way  towards  Kingston, 
Chauncey  gave  chase  with  most  of  his  squad- 
ron (which  had  beeu  joined  by  the  Julia  ),  and  fol- 
lowed her  into  Kingston  harbor,  where  he  fought 
her  and  live  land-batteries  lor  almost  an  hour. 
These  batteries  were  more  formidable  than  he 
supposed.      A    brisk    breeze    having   arisen,  and 

the  night  coming  on,  Chauncey  withdrew  and 
anchored.  The  next  morning  the  breeze  had 
become  almost  a  gale,  and  Chauncey  weighed 

anchor  and  stood  out  lakeward.  The  Tomjikinn 
(Lieutenant    Brown),  the   Hamilton   (Lieutenant 

McPhersoo),  and  Julia  (Sailing-master  Trant) 
chased  the  Simeoe  oxer  a  reef  of  locks  (Nov.  11), 
and  riddled  her  bo  thai  she  sunk  before  she 
reached  Kingston.  Soon  afterwards  the  Ham- 
ilton captured  a  large  schooner  from  Niagara. 
This  prize  was  sent  past  Kingston  with  the 
Growler  (Sailing-master  Mix),  with  a  hope  of 
drawing  out  the  Royal  George;  but  Channeey 

had   so    bruised    her   that   she    was  compelled   to 

haul  on  shore  to  keep  tv sinking.     A  number 

of  her  crew  had  been  killed.  The  wind  had  iu- 
oreased  to  a  gale  on  the  nights  of  the  1  lili  and 
12tb,and  during  the  nighl  of  the  12th  there  was 
a  -now  storm.  Undismayed  by  the  fury  of  the 
elements,  Channeey  continued  bis  cruise,  for  his 
heart  was  Bel  on  gaining  the  supremacy  of  the 
Lakes.  Learning  thai  the  EarlofMoira  was  oil' 
tin'  Real  Ducks  islands,  he  attempted  to  capture 

her.  She  was  on  the  alert  and  escaped,  but  a 
schooner  that  she  was  convoying  was  made 
captive.  <>n  the  same  day  Chauncey  saw  the 
Royal  George  and  two  oilier  armed  vessels,  but 
tbe\  kept  out  of  bis  way.  In  this  short  cruise 
he  captured  three  merchant-vessels,  destroyed 
one  armed  Bchooner,  disabled  the  British  flag- 
ship, and  took  several  pi  isuners.  with  a  loss,  on 
Ilia  part,  of  one  man  killed  and  four  wounded. 
Among  the  latter  was  Sailing-master  Arundel, 
commander  of  (be  Pert,  who  was  badly  injured 
by  the  bunting  of  a  cannon.  lie  would  not 
leave  the  deck,  and  was  knocked  overboard  and 

drowned. 

Lake    Ontario,  OPERATIONS    UPON,  in    1813. 


After  the  capture  of  Fort  George  (which  see), 
Chauncey  crossed  the  lake,  looked  into  York, 
and  then  ran  for  Kingston  without  meeting  a 
foe.  He  retired  to  Sackett's  Harbor,  where  he 
urged  forward  the  completion  of  a  new  corvette, 
the  General  Pike,  '2C  guns.  She  was  launched 
June  12,  1813,  and  placed  in  command  of  Cap- 
tain Arthur  Sinclair.  It  was  late  in  the  sum- 
mer before  she  was  ready  for  a  cruise.  Mean- 
while, the  keel  of  a  fast-sailing  schooner  was  laid 
by  Eckford  at  Sackett's  Harbor,  and  named  the 
Sylph,  and  a  small  vessel  was  kept  constantly 
cruising,  as  a  scout,  off  Kingston,  to  observe  the 
movements  of  the  British  squadron  there.  This 
litt  le  vessel  ( Lady  of  the  Lake)  captured  the  Brit- 
ish schooner  Lady  Murray  (June  16),  laden  with 
provisions,  shot,  and  tixed  ammunition,  and  took 
her  into  the  Harbor.  Sir  James  L.  Yeo  was  in 
command  of  the  British  squadron  on  the  lake. 
He  made  a  cruise  westward,  and  on  the  7th  of 
July  appeared  with  his  squadron  off  Niagara. 
Chauncey  anil  Scotl  had  just  returned  from  the 
expedition  to  York  (which  see).  Chauncey  im- 
mediately went  out  and  tried  to  get  the  weath- 
er-gauge  of  Sir  James.  He  had  thirteen  vessels, 
but  only  three  of  them  had  been  originally  built, 
for  war  purposes.  His  squadron  consisted  id' 
the  Pike,  Madison,  Oneida,  Hamilton,  Scourge,  On- 
tario, Fair  American,  Governor  Tompkins,  Conquest, 
Growler,  Julia,  Asp,  and  Pert.  The  British  squad- 
ron now  consisted  of  two  ships,  two  brigs,  and 
two  large  Schooners.  These  bad  all  been  con- 
structed for  war,  and  were  very  efficient  in  ar- 
mament and  shields.  The  belligerents  manoeu- 
vred all  day,  and  when  at  sunset  a  dead  calm 
fell,  thej  took  to  sweeps.  When  darkness  came, 
the  American  Squadron  was  collected  by  signal. 
The  wind  finally  freshened,  and  at  midnight 
was  blowing  a  fitful  gale.  Suddenly,  a  rushing 
sound  was  heard  astern  of  most  of  the  fleet,  and 
it  was  soon  ascertained  that  the  Hamilton  and 
Scourge  had  disappeared.  They  had  been  cap- 
sized by  a  terrible  squall,  and  all  of  the  officers 
and  men.  excepting  sixteen  of  I  he  hit  ter,  had  per- 
ished. These  two  vessels  cat  lied  nineteen  guns 
between  them.  All  the  next  day  the  squadrons 
manoeuvred  for  advantage,  and  towards  evening 

Chauncey  ran  into  the  Niagara,  River.  All  that 
nighl  the  lake  was  swept  by  squalls.  On  the 
morning  of  the  '.Mb,  Chauncey  went  out  to  at- 
tack Sir  James,  anil  the  day  was  spent  in  fruit- 
less manoeuvres.  At  six  o'clock  on  the  LOth, hav- 
ing the  weather-gauge, Chauncey  formed  his  fleet 

in  battle  order,  and  a  conflict  seemed  imminent; 
bni  bis  antagonist  being  unwilling  to  fight,  the 
flaj  was  spent  as  others  bad  been.  Towards 
midnight  there  was  a  contest,  when  the  Crawler 
and  Julia,  separating  from  the  rest  of  the  licet, 
were  captured.  Returning  to  Sackett's  Harbor, 
Channeey  prepared  for  another  cruise  with  eight, 
\  easels.  Making  but  a  short  cruise,  on  account 
of  sickness  prevailing  in  the"  fleet,  he  remained 
in  the  Harbor  until  Aug.  28,  when  he  went  out 
in  search  of  his  antagonist.  He  first  saw  him 
on  Sept.  7,  and  for  a  week  tried  to  get  him  into 
action, but  Sir  James  strictly  obeyed  his  instruc- 
tions to  "risk  nothing."  On  the  1  lth,  Chauncey 
bore  clown  upon  Sir  James  oil' the  mouth  of  the 


LAKE  ONTARIO,  OPERATIONS  UPON    7C0 


LAMB 


Genesee  River,  and  they  had  a  running  fight  for 
three  hours.  The  Pike  was  somewhat  injured, 
but  the  British  vessels  suffered  most.  The  lat- 
ter fled  to  Kingston,  and  Chauncey  went  into 
Saekett's  Harbor.  On  the  18th  lie  sailed  for  the 
Niagara  for  troops,  and  was  chased  by  Yeo.  Af- 
ter a  few  days  Channeey  crossed  over  to  York 
w  itli  the  Pike,  Jfadtson,  and  SyZpft,  where  the  Brit- 
ish fleet  lay.  when  the  latter  lied,  followed  by  the 
American  vessels  in  battle  order.  The  baronet 
was  now  compelled  to  light  or  stop  boasting  of 
unsatisfied  desires  to  measure  Btreugth  with  the 
Americans.  An  action  commenced  at  a  little 
past  noon,  and  the  Pike  sustained  the  desperate 
assaults  of  the,  heaviest  British  vessels  for  twen- 
ty minutes,  at  the  same  time  delivering  destruc- 
tive broadsides  upon  her  foes.  She  was  assisted 
by  the  Tompkins,  Lieutenant  Finch  ;  and  when 
the  smoke  of  battle  floated  away,  it  was  found 
that  the  Wolfe  (Sir  James's  flag-ship)  was  too 
much  injured  to  continue  the  conflict  any  long- 
er. She  pushed  away  dead  before  the  wind,  gal- 
lantly protected  by  the  Royal  George.  A  general 
chase  towards  Burlington  Bay  immediately  en- 
sued. Chauncey  could  doubtless  have  captured 
the  whole  British  fleet,  but  a  gale  was  threaten- 
ing, and  there  being  no  good  harbors  on  the 
coast,  if  he  should  be  driven  ashore  certain  capt- 
ure by  land  troops  would  be  the  consequence. 
So  he  called  off  his  ships  and  returned  to  the 
Niagara,  where  he  lay  two  days  while  a  gale  was 
Bknrrying  oxer  the  lake.  The  weather  remain 
ing  thick,  after  the  gales  Sir. lames  left  Burling- 
ton Bay  for  Kingston.    Chauncey  was  returning 

to  Saekett's  Harbor,  whither  all  his  transports 
bearing  troops  had  gone,  and  at  sunset,  Oct.  5, 
when  near  the  Ducks,  the  Pike  captured  three 
British  transports — the  Confianoe,  Hamilton  (the 
Growler  and  Julia  with  new  names),  and  Mary. 
The  Si/ljih  captured  the  cutter  Drummond  and 
the  armed  transport  Ladij  (Sore.  The  number 
of  prisoners  captured  on  these  Ave  vessels  was 
two  hundred  and  sixty-four.  Among  the  prison- 
ers were  leu  armj  officers.  Sir  .lames  remained 
inactive  in  Kingston  harbor  during  the  remain- 
der of  the  season,  and  Chauncey  was  busied  in 
watching  his  movements  and  assist  ing  the  arms 
ill   its  descent  of  the  St.  Lawrence.      (See  Eipe- 

iliiion  down  the  St.  Lawrence.)  He  did  not, howev- 
er, sufficiently  blockade  Kingston  harbor  to  pre- 
vent marine  scouts  from  slipping  out  and  hover- 
ing near  Wilkinson's  Hoi  ilia  on  the  St. Lawrence. 
Lake  Ontario,  OPERATIONS  DPON,  in  1-11 
Commodore  Chauncey  was  unable  to  accom- 
plish much  with  his  squadron  during  1814.  Ear- 
ly in  the  season  he  was  taken  sick,  and  in  July 
hi-  squadron  was  blockaded  at  Saekett's  Harbor, 
and  it  was  the  last  of  that  month  before  it  was 
ready  for  sea.  On  the  lilst,  Chauncey  was  car- 
ried, in  a  convalescent  state',  on  board  the  Supc- 
Ins  flag-ship),  anil  the  squadron  sailed  on  a 

cruise.  It  blockaded  the  harbor  of  Kingston, 
and  Channeey  vainly  tried  to  draw  out  Sir  James 

Feo  for  o bat.      At   the  close  of  September, 

chauncey  was  Informed  thai  the  81  Lawrence, 
pierced  for  one  hundred  and  twelve  gnus,  which 
had  been  built  ai  Kingston,  was  read]  for  sea, 

when  the  commodore  prudently  raised  the  block 


ade  and  returned  to  Saekett's  Harbor.  The  Si. 
Lawrence  sailed  in  October  with  more  than  a 
thousand  men,  accompanied  by  other  vessels  of 
war  ;  and  with  this  big  ship  Sir  James  was  real- 
ly lord  of  the  lake.  The  Americans  determined 
to  match  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  at  Saekett's  Har- 
bor the  keels  of  two  first-class  frigates  were  laid. 
One  of  them  was  partly  finished  when  peace  was 
proclaimed,  early  in  1815.  She  may  yet  (1880)  be 
seen,  housed  over  on  the  stocks,  in  the  same  con- 
dition as  when  the  builders  then  left  her,  nearly 
seventy  years  ago.  Chauncey  expected  that  Yeo 
would  attack  his  squadron  in  the  harbor,  but  ho 
did  not  ;  and  when  the  lake  was  closed  by  ice, 
the  war  had  ended  on  the  northern  frontier. 

Lake  State.  A  name  popularly  given  to 
Michigan,  which  borders  upon  the  four  lakes  Su- 
perior, Huron,  Michigan,  and  Erie.  It  is  some- 
times called  the  "Wolverine  state,"  from  its 
formerly  abounding  with  wolverines. 

Lamar,  MlRABEAU  B.,  was  born  at  Louisville, 
Ga.,Aug.  16,17i».-i:  died  at  Richmond,  Texas,  Dec. 
19,  1S.7.I.  In  1>:>.">  he  went  to  Texas,  and  com- 
manded the  cavalry  in  the  battle  of  San  Jacinto. 
which  secured  the  independence  of  the  province. 
He  was  attorney-general  and  secretary  of  flic 
new  state,  and  was  elected  its  first  \  ice-president 
in  1896,  then  holding  the  rank  of  major-general. 
He  was  president  from  l-:i-  to  1841,  and  m  1846 
he  joined  General  Taylor  in  the  invasion  of  Mex- 
ico. In  1858  he  published  the  Columbus  Inquirer. 
a  "state  rights  "  journal.  Just  previous  to  his 
death  he  was  United  Stales  minister  to  Nicara- 
gua anil  Costa  Rica. 

Lamar's  Plan  of  a  Southern  League  of 
States.  Lucius  Q.  C.  Lamar,  a  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Mississippi,  proposed  as  early  as  No- 
vember, 1660, apian  for  a  Southern  Confederacy. 
He  proposed  that  the  State  of  Mississippi  should, 
after  passing  an  ordinance  of  secession.  •■  consent 
to  form  a  federal  union  with  all  the  slave-labor 
statis.  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico,  and  the  In- 
dian Territory  west  of  Arkansas,  under  the  name 
and  Style  of  the  United  States  of  America."  It 
proposed  to  continue  in  force  all  treaties  and 
laws  of  the  United  States  so  far  as  they  applied 
to  Mississippi  until  the  new  confederation  should 
be  organized.  It  provided  that  the  governor  of 
Mississippi  should  perform  the  functions  of  pres- 
ident of  the  new  United  States  w  ithin  the  limits 
of  that  state,  and  that  all  public  officers  should 
remain  in  place  until  the  new  government  should 
be  established,  ll  was  proposed  that  the  acces- 
sion of  nine  states  should  give  effect  t<>  the  pro- 
posed ordinance  of  confederation,  whan  it  should 

be  the  duty  of  (he  governor  of  Mississippi  to  or- 
der an  election  of  congressmen  and  presidential 

electors.  This  scheme  w  as  proposed  many  weeks 
before  I  he  Mississippi  ordinance  of  secession  was 
passed. and  Lamar  remained  in  the  national  Con 
gTOSS  until  Jan.  12,  1861.  Pot  his  seal  in  the  se- 
cession cans,,  he  was   rewarded   with   the  office 

of  diplomatic  agent  of  the  Confederates  at  the 

Russian  court. 

Lamb,  John,  an  artillery  officer  in  the  Revo- 
lution, was  born  in  New  York  city,  Jan.  1,  17;c> ; 

died  there.  Ma\   31,  1800.      Lamb  was  one  of  tin- 


LANCASTER.  TREATY  OF 


761 


LAND  GRANTS 


most  active  of  the  Sons  of  Liberty  (which  see), 
ami  when  the  war  for  independence  began  he 
entered  the  military  service.  He  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  artillery  in  Montgomery's  expedi- 
tion into  Canada,  and  during  the  siege  of  Que- 
bec (Dec.  31,  177,">)  he  was  wounded  and  made 
prisoner.  The  following  summer,  as  major  of  ar- 
tillery, he  was  attached  to  the  regiment  of  Knox; 


and  he  was  commissioned  colonel  of  the  New 

York  Artillery  Jan.  1,  1777.  After  doing  good 
■en  ioe  throughout  the  war,  he  ended  bis  milita- 
ry career  at  Yorktown.  At  aliont  the  close  of  the 
war  lie  was  elected  to  the  New  York  Assembly; 
and  Washington  appointed  him  (1789)  collector 
of  the  customs  at  the  port  of  New  York,  which 
Office  lie  held  until  his  death. 

Lancaster,  Tbbaty  of.  At  Lancaster,  Penn., 
a  treaty  was  made  in  1714  between  the  commis- 
sioners of  Mar}  land  and  Virginia  and  t  he  depu- 
ties of  the  Iroquois  Confederacy,  which,  since 
their  union  with  the  Tusoaroras  of Norl h  Caroli- 
na, had  been  called  the  Six  Nations.  That  treaty 
provided  for  the  cession  of  all  lands  that  were 
and  should  be  claimed  by  the  Indians  within 
the  province  of  Virginia,  for  the  consideration  of 
about  |2000.       Their  claimed  lands  in  Maryland 

were,  in  like  manner,  confirmed  to  Lord  Balti- 
more, with  definite  limits.  Thus  did  Great  Brit- 
ain  at  once  acquire  and  confirm  its  claims  to  the 
basin  of  the  I  Ihio,  and,  at   the  same  time,  secure 

protection  to  its  northern  frontier. 

Laud  Companies.  After  the  treaty  al  Fori 
Btanwix  (which  see),  the  banks  of  the  Eeuawha, 
Bowing  north  at  the  t  ">  ■  •  •  t  of  the  greal  Alleghany 

ridge  into  the  Obi. i,  began  to  attract,  settlers, 
and   application    was  soon   made   to  the   British 

government  by  a  company,  of  which  Dr.  Frank- 
lin, sir  William  Johnson,  Walpole  i  a  wealthy 
London  banker),  and  others  were  members,  for 
that  part  of  the  newly  acquired  territory  north 
of  the  Kenawha.  and  thence  to  the  Upper  Ohio. 
They  offered  to  refund  the  whole  amount  (about 
|50,000)  which  the  government  had  paid  the  In- 
diana (see  Treaty  at  Fori  Stamvix),  and  proposed 
the  establishment  ofa  new  ami  separate  colony 
there.  Thisprojeot  was  approved  by  Lord  Bills- 
borough,  Secretary  of  state  for  the  oolonies,  ami 
the  ministry  finally  agreed  to  it,  but  the  troubles 
between  the  parent  government  and  her  children 


in  America,  theu  rapidly  tending  towards  open 
war,  prevented  a  completion  of  the  scheme.  Such 
was  the  origin  of  the  "  Walpole,"  or  "  Ohio  Com- 
pany," the  "  Vandalia  Company,"  and  the  "  Indi- 
ana Company,"  founded  on  a  cession  said  to  have 
been  made  by  the  Indians  at  the  Treaty  of  Fort 
Stanwix.  These  schemes  of  laud  speculators 
were  dissipated  by  the  same  cause  that  arrested 
the  completion  of  the  Walpole  scheme. 

Land  Grants  in  Aid  of  Internal  Improve- 
ments. Millions  of  acres  of  the  public  lands 
of  the  United  States  have  been  granted  to  aid 
in  the  construction  of  roads,  canals,  and  rail- 
ways; and  also  for  educational  and  other  pur- 
poses. The  first  acts  of  Congress  for  the  pur- 
pose of  internal  improvements  were  two  for  the 
new  State  of  Ohio,  which  became  laws  on  April 
30,  1802,  and  March  :*>,  1803,  respectively.  Pre- 
vious to  that  there  had  been  donations  of  land 
in  favor  of  various  deserving  persons.  The 
grants  to  the  inhabitants  of  Ohio  were  for  the 
purpose  of  laying  out  public  roads  leading  to 
the  Ohio  River.  Other  grants  were  made  from 
time  to  time  for  improvements  in  the  North- 
west until  1824, when  (May  26)  Congress  author- 
ized the  State  of  Indiana  to  construct  a  (anal, 
giving  the  right  of  way,  with  ninety  feet  of  land 
on  each  side  thereof.  .Nothing  was  done  under 
tin-  act;  but  in  1827  (March  2j  two  acts  were 
passed,  giving  to  Indiana  and  Illinois  respec- 
tively certain  lands  in  aid  of  the  construction  of 
canals,  the  first  to  connect  the  navigat  ion  of  the 
Wabash  River  with  the  waters  of  Lake  Erie, 
and  tin-  second  to  connect  the  waters  of  the  Il- 
linois River  with  those  of  Lake  Michigan.  A 
quantity  of  land  equal  to  one  half  of  live,  sec- 
tions in  width  on  each  side  of  the  canals  was 
granted,  reserving  lo  the  Tinted  States  each  al- 
ternate section.  It  was  not  an  absolute!  grant 
of  land  in  fee,  for,  under  certain  rest  rictions,  the 
states  had  a  right  to  sell  the  awards,  and  from 
the  proceeds  they  were,  to  repay  the  govern- 
ment. On  the  same  day  (March,  1827)  there 
was  granted  to  Indiana  a  certain  strip  of  land 
formerly  held  by  the  I'ofawafoinie  Indians,  the 
proceeds  of  the  sale  thereof  to  be  applied  to 
building  a  road  from  Lake  Michigan,  via  Indian- 
apolis, to  some  convenient  point,  on  the.  Ohio 
River.  March  :!,  1827,  a  grant,  was  made  to 
Ohio  of  two  sections  of  land  along  this  entire 
line  of  a  road  to  be  constructed  from  Sandus- 
ky to  Columbus.  May  2:5,  1828,  a  grant  of 
400,000  acres  of  the  "relinquished  lands"  in 
certain  counties  in  Alabama,  was  made  in  aid 
of  the  improvement  of  the  Tennessee  and  other 
ivers  in  that  state.  In  this  grant  wo  find 
the  first  provision  for  indemnity  in  case  the 
grant  was  not  full  by  reason  of  prior  sales  or 
disposals  by  the  government.  Similar  grants 
were  made  from  time  to  time  for  like  purposes. 
March  2,  is:;:!,  the  state  of  Illinois  was  author- 
ized to  apply  the  lands  granted  by  the  act  of 
March  2,  1827,  for  canal  purposes  to  the  con- 
struction of  a  railway  instead.  This  was  the 
first  act  looking  to  the  construction  of  a  rail- 
way through  the  assistance  of  land  donations. 
The  railroad  system  was  then  in  its  infancy. 
The  state  did  not  avail  itself  of  the  privilege, 


LAND  GRANTS  7i 

but  subsequently  built  a  canal  March  2, 1835, 
a  grant  was  made  to  aid  the  construction  of  a 

railway  in  Florida.  .Sufficient  was  given  for 
the  way — thirty  feet  of  land  ou  each  side — and 
the  right  to  take  and  use  the  timber  for  one 
hundred  yards  on  each  side  for  the  construction 
and  repairs  of  the  road.  This  was  the  first 
grant  of  t lie  right  of  way  for  a  railroad,  the  pre- 
vious grant  having  been  for  a  canal.  July  2, 
1636,  au  act  granted  the  right  of  way  through 
such  portions  of  the  public  lands  as  remained 
unsold — not  to  exceed  eighty  feet  in  width — to 
the  New  Orleans  and  Nashville  Kailroad  Com- 
pany. This  road  was  never  completed.  Next 
came  a  grant  to  East  Florida  and  other  railroads 
which  were  never  constructed.  March  '■'<.  \~'-\~.  a 
grant  was  made  to  the  Atchafalaya  Railroad 
and  Banking  Company  in  Louisiana  similar  to 
that  to  the  New  Oilcans  and  Nashville  Kailroad. 
Am.  B,  1846,  an  act  granted  lands  in  aid  of  im 
provements  of  the  Dee  Moines  Biver  in  Iowa, 
and  the  Fox  and  Wisconsin  rivers  in  Wisconsin. 
These  rivers,  when  improved,  were  to  remain 
highways  for  the  United  states  government  for- 
ever, free  from  toll.  The  grant  to  the  then  Ter- 
ritory of  Iowa  for  the  improvement  of  the  Dee 
Moines  River  led  to  long  discussions  as  to  the 
extent  of  the  grant,  and  to  many  legal  decisions. 
Finally,  on  March  22,  1858,  the  consent  of  Con- 
-  given  to  apply  a  portion  of  the  grant 
to  the  construction  of  a  railway.  The  rivers 
were  not  improved,  but  the  railway  was  con- 
structed—  the  Keokuk,  Fort  Des  Moines,  and 
Minnesota  Kailroad.  Sept,  SO,  1  B50,  a  grant  was 
made  to  the  State  of  Illinois  of  every  alternate 
section  of  land,  designated  by  even  numbers,  for 
six  seel  ions  in  width,  on  each  side  of  a  railroad 
and  blanches  thereof.  This  road,  which  was 
built,  is  known  as  the  Illinois  Central.  Al- 
though this  was  not  the  first  concession  of  land 
to  a  railway  corporation,  it  granted  specific  sec- 
tions instead  of  one  half  of  a  certain  number  of 
sections,  and  may  he  considered  the  initiatory 
measure  of  the  system  since  adopted  in  making 
grants  in  favor  of  railways.  On  June  in.  l-.Y.'. 
a  donation  was  made  to  the  State  of  Missouri 
for  the  construction  of  certain  railroad- 1  herein, 
now  known  as  the  Hannibal  and  8t.  Joseph,  and 
the  Missouri  Pacific,  south  branch.  This  grant 
was  similar  in  character  and  extent  to  that  of 
tin;  Illinois  Central.  In  this,  as  in  the  case  of 
the  Illinois  Central,  there  was  a  provision  for 
the  reimbursement  of  the  United  States  for  all 

the  land  sold.  Fell.  (.l,  1853,  an  act  made  a  sim- 
ilar giant  to  Arkansas.  June  29,  1854,  an  act 
granted  aid  to  Minnesota  for  oolistructiug  a 
railroad  from  the  southern  line  of  that  linn  ter- 
ritory, via  St.  Paul,  to  its  eastern  line,  in  the 
direction  of  Lake  Superior.  For  this  purpose 
then  were  given  each  alternate  section  of  land, 

designated  by  odd  numbers,  for  six  sections  in 

width  on  each  side  of  said  road.     Tin-  act  was 

repealed  in  August  following.    At  various  times 

.    nits  of  land  tor  similar  purposes  WBW 

made   to  the  states  of  Iowa,  Florida.  Alabama, 

Louisiana,  Michigan, Wisconsin,  and  Mississippi. 

On  March  ".  !-•">»''.  I  graill  was  made  to  Minne- 
sota.   All  of  these  grants  made  in  I860  and  1  -  r.T 


32  LAND  SPECULATIONS 

were  similar  to  that  given  to  Missouri  in  1852. 
July  1,  1862,  the  ••  Union  Pacific  Railroad  Com- 
pany" was  created  for  the  purpose  of  construct- 
ing and  maintaining  a  railroad  and  telegraph 
line  from  the  Missouri  River  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
They  were  granted  the  right  of  way  through 
the  public  lands  to  the  extent  of  two  hundred 
feet  in  width  on  each  side  of  the  line  of  the  road, 
together  with  the  necessary  ground  for  stations, 
buildiugs.  etc.  They  were  also  grauted  in  aid 
of  the  construction  of  the  road  every  alternate 
section  of  public  land  to  the  amount  of  live  al- 
ternate sections  a  mile  on  each  side  of  the  road. 
excepting  mineral  lands  and  all  lands  already 
disposed  of  or  reserved.  Several  other  roads 
were  provided  for  on  the  same  conditions,  which 
are  now  known  as  the  Central  Pacific,  Central 
Branch  of  the  Union  Pacific,  Kansas  Pacific,  and 
Sioux  City  and  Pacific.  It  was  a  giant  often 
miles  of  laud  on  each  side  of  the  road.  By  au 
act  approved  July  2,  1SG4,  instead  of  live,  teu 
sections  were  granted,  making  the  area  twenty 
miles  on  each  side  of  these  roads.  The  term 
mineral  land  was  construed  not  to  mean  coal  or 
iron.  By  the  same  act  a  grant  of  twenty  miles 
of  land  was  made  to  the  Burlington  and  Mis- 
souri River  Railroad  Company  for  the  oonstrnc- 
I  tion  of  a  road  from  the  Missouri  River  to  some 
point  not  farther  west  than  the  one  hundredth 
meridian  west  longitude,  to  connect  with  the 
Union  Pacific  Road.  March  3,  1864,  a  grant  of 
laud  was  made  to  the  State  of  Kansas  to  assist 
iu  constructing  railroads  within  its  borders,  af- 
terwards known  as  the  Atcheson.  Topeka,  and 
Santa  Fe  :  Leavenworth,  Lawrence,  and  Galves- 
ton :  and  Missouri,  Kansas,  and  Texas  railroads. 
In  May.  ls(U.  similar  grants  were  made  to  the 
states  of  Minnesota.  Wisconsin,  and  Iowa,  and 
others  soon  followed  to  Arkansas.  Missouri.  Ala- 
bama, Iowa.  Michigan.  Minnesota,  and  Kansas 
The  North  Pacific  Railroad  Company  was 
ated  July  1,1864,  with  grants  similar  to  tl; 
the  Union  Pacific,  excepting  double  the  extent 
of  land,  through  the  territories.  July  27, 
grants  were  made  to  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific, 
and  the  Southern  Pacific,  on  terms  similar  to 
those  of  the  Union  Pacific.  March  :!.  1869,  land 
grants  were  made  to  tin-  Denver  Pacific  Kail- 
way  :  and  by  act  of  March  li.  1871,  similar  giants 
wen'  made  to  the  Southern  Pacific  (branch  line), 
and  Texas  and  Pacific  Many  of  the  grants 
made  in  the  earlier  years  of  the  svsteiu  wen 
enlarged,  but  only  four  giants  have  been  de- 
clared forfeited.  About  twenty  giants  have 
••lapsed"  by  reason  of  non-compliance  with  the 
terms  of  the  granting  acts.  The  Bj 
amount  of  land  granted  is  more  than  21 
acres,  but   the  amount  made  available  is  not 

i .■  than  187,000.000  acres.    By  the  aid  of  tins.' 

grants  about  15,000  miles  of  railroad  have  been 
built  Their  benefits  have  extended  to  all  parts 
of  tin'  country,  anil  cannot  be  estimated  li\  val- 
ues:  and  they  have  dispelled  all  ideas  looking 

to  a  removal  of  the  seat  of  government  from 

Washing!.  ,  iiiiunt,   /,'.  iimrn/ 

Land  Speculations.  i-t  pub- 

lic domain,  which,  in  consequence  of  the  ReVO- 


LAND  SPECULATIONS  76 

lution,  bad  passed  into  the  hands  of  particular 
states.  Dincb  of  which  had  been  ceded  to  the 
United  States  at  the   time   of  the   organization 

of  the  government  under  the  national  Constitu- 
tion. The  adoption  of  that  instrument,  and  the 
consequent  revival  of  prosperity,  created  vast 
land  speculations.  At  that  time  much  of  the 
public  lands  of  the  states  had  been  disposed  of. 
Massachusetts  retained  much  of  her  pa 
of  wild  lands  in  Maine,  while  her  more  valuable 
tracts  in  western  New  York,  obtained  by  com- 
promise, had  all  passed  into  the  bauds  of  indi- 
viduals. Of  the  7,000,000  acres  owned  by  New 
York,  exclusive  of  lands  yielded  to  Massachu- 
setts. 5,500,000  acres  had  been  disposed  of  at  a 
single  sale  in  1791  for  about  $1,000,000.  Oue 
individual  had  purchased  3,500,000  acres  at  the 
rate  of  eight  cents  an  acre,  payable  in  live  an- 
nual instalments,  without  interest.  A  large  por- 
tion of  this  land  was  cox  ered  by  the  sterile  rocks 

of  the  Adirondack  Mountains.  Almost  all  of  the 
large  tracts  of  land  which  the  confiscation  of 
the  proprietary  estates  had  cast  into  the  hands 

of  Pennsylvania  had  been  bought  up  by  laud 
speculators.  The  unlocated  land  warrants  id' 
Virginia  and  North  Carolina  wire  sufficient   to 

cover  the  public  lands  within  their  limits,  to- 
gether with  all  the  ceded  portions  of  Kentucky 
and  the  territory  south  of  the  Ohio.  The  vora- 
cious speculators  turned  to  the  lands  claimed 
by  Georgia  West  of  the  Chattahoochee  Fiver, 
and  between  that  stream  and  the  Mississippi. 
This  great  domain  was  occupied  by  Indians, 
whose  original  title  to  tin'  land  was  never  con- 
veyed away:  but   the  Legislature  of  Georgia, 

SSSnmiug  the  validity  of  tin-  claim  of  their  state, 
sold  the  pre-emption  right  t<>  a  vast  portion  of 
that  tract  to  speculators,  who  proceeded  to  sell 

out.  at  a  great  advance,  to  individuals  and  com- 
panies in  the  Middle  States  and  New    England. 

The  profits  thus  obtai 1  stimulated  others  to 

undertake  like  enterprises,  while  influences  al- 
leged t<>  have  been  exercised  on  the  legislators 
.1  perhaps  suggested  operations  upon 
Congress  by  similar  means.  In  1?'.».">  Messrs. 
Randall  and  Whitney,  the  first  a  citizen  of  Ma- 
ryland and  the  second  of  Vermont,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  some  Indian  traders  at  Detroit,  formed 
a  scheme  for  obtaining  from  Congress,  tor  the 

sum  of  $500,000,  the  right  to  purchase  of  the 
Indians  -.'11.111111.1  mil  acres  on  the  peninsula  of 
Michigan,  to  be  divided  into  forty  Bbai 
members  of  Congress  had  been  offered  shares  in 
the  speculation  on  condition  that  they  should 
aid  the  speculators  in  their  scheme,  to  be  ulti- 
mately purchased  if  they  did  not  chc 
tain  them.  Overtures  were  made  to  (Jibs,  of 
Virginia,  and  others.  Randall  boasted  that  he 
bad  already  secured  thirty  members.  Giles,  be- 
lieving a  large  majority  of  them  were  Federal- 
lived  to  keep  silence  and  detect  them 
by  their  votes;  but  another  member,  unwilling 
innocent  persons  should  so  Buffer,  revealed  the 
scheme  publicly  to  the  House.  Randall  was  ar- 
rested, and  was  put  upon  his  trial  for  attempt- 
ing to  corrupt  the  members  of  the  House.  His 
defence  was  that  be  had  been  misunderstood. 
He    was   found  guilty   of  a   high  contempt,  and 


3  LANDING  OF  THE  PILGEIMS 

was  sentenced  to  he  reprimanded  by  the  speak- 
er. He  was  held  in  custody  a  few  days,  when 
he  was  released  on  payment  of  fees.  A  little 
later  in  the  session  a  difficulty  growing  out  of 
the  Georgia  land  speculations  occurred  in  the 
House.  A  memorial  to  Congress  to  do  nothing 
recognizing  the  validity  of  the  sale  of  the  Indian 
lands  until  an  investigation  could  be  effected 
had  been  sent  to  Baldwin,  a  representative  of 
Georgia.  Senator  Gunu,  from  that  state,  deep- 
ly interested  in  the  speculation,  claimed  the 
right  to  see  the  memorial  before  its  presenta- 
tion, and  to  have  the  names  of  the  signers. 
Baldwin  refused.  Gunu  sent  him  a  challenge 
through  Frelinghnysen,  of  New  Jersey,  who  was 
also  concerned  in  the  speculation.  Baldwin  laid 
the  challenge  before  the  House,  and  Gunu  and 
Frelinghnysen,  adjudged  guilty  of  a  breach  of 
privilege,  were  compelled  to  address  letters  of 
apology  to  the  House. 

Landed  Property  in  Virginia.  In  1615  Gov- 
ernor Dale  procured  the  important  privilege  for 
the  people  of  Virginia  of  holding  landed  prop- 
arty  by  a  stable  tenure.  The  farmers  then  did 
init  possess  the  land  they  cultivated  by  a  tenure 
of  common  socage,  but  enjoyed  it  as  tenants  at 
will  of  the  crown.  Now  to  every  adventurer 
into  the  colony,  and  to  bis  heirs,  were  granted 
fifty  acres  of  land,  and  the  same  quantity  for 
every  person  imported  by  others. 

Lander,  FRKDKRICS  Wmt,  was  born  at  Sa- 
lem. Mass.,  Dee.  IT.  1822;  died  at  Paw  Pavv.Ya., 
March  "2.  1863.  He  studied  civil  engineering, 
and  was  employed  by  the  government  in  con- 
ducting explorations  across  the  continent.  He 
made  two  surveys  to  determine  the  practicabil- 
ity of  a  railroad  route  to  the  Pacific.  In  the 
last,  he  alone  of  all  the  party  returned  alive, 
lie  surveyed  and  constructed  a  great  overland 
wagon-road,  which  had  been  recently  completed 
when  the  Civil  War  broke  out.  when  he  was 
employed  on  Secret  missions  to  the  South.  On 
the  staff  of  General  McClellan  he  was  very  ac- 
tive in  the  vicinity  of  the  Upper  Potomac.  In 
a  skirmish  at  Edwards's  Ferry,  after  the  disas- 
ter at  Ball's  Bluff  (which  see),  he  was  wounded 
in  the  leg.  In  January,  1862,  he  was  on  active 
duty,  and  repulsed  a  large  Confederate  force  at 
Hancock.  Ya.  Before  his  wound  was  healed  he 
made  a  brilliant  dash  il'eb.  14. 1862)  on  Bloom- 
ing Gap  I  which  Bee),  for  which  the  Secretary  of 
War  gave  him  special  thanks.  His  health  was 
evidently  giving  way.  ami  he  applied  for  tem- 
porary relief  from  military  duty;  but.  impa- 
tient, he  prepared  to  make  another  attack  on 
the  Confederates,  when  he  suddenly  died  from 
congest  ion  of  the  brain. 

Landing  of  the  Pilgrims,  Time  ok  the.  The 
spot  chosen  by  a  party  of  explorers  for  the  per- 
manent landing-place  of  the  passengers  on  the 
Man/lOWar  was  selected  about  the  20th  of  De- 
oember,  1620,  where  New  Plymouth  was  built. 
From  about,  the  middle  of  December  until  the 
25th  the  weather  was  stormy,  and  the  bulk  of 
the  passengers  remained  on  the  ship,  while  some 
of  the  men  built  a  rude  shelter  to  receive  them. 
On  the  25th  a  greater  portion  of  the  passengers 


LAXE  764 

went  on  shore  to  visit  the  spot  chosen  for  their 
residence,  when,  tradition  says,  Mary  Chilton 
ami. John  Alden,both  young  persons,  first  sprang 
ttpou  Plymouth  Bock  from  the  boat  that  con- 
veyed them. 

Lane,  HENRY  S.,  was  born  in  Montgomery 
County.  Ky.,  Feb.  24,  L811.  Removing  to  In- 
diana, he  was  there  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  Legislature  in  1*:57.  He  served 
one  term  in  Congress  (1841-43),  and  was  lieufen- 
aut-colonel  of  volunteers  in  the  war  with  Mexi- 
co. In  18d0  he  was  elected  governor  of  Indiana, 
bat,  being  chosen  United  States  Senator,  he  soon 
afterwards  resigned  the  governorship.  Mr. 
Lane  served   in   the   Senate   a  full   term   of  six 

\r;ll's. 

Lane,  JAMES  H.,  brother  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  at  Law  reiieeburg,  Ind.,  June  22, 1814;  died 
at  Leavenworth,  Kan.,  July  11,  I860.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1840;  served  as  a  volun- 
teer in  the  war  with  Mexico,  commanding  a 
brigade  at  BuenaVista  (which  see);  and,  in  1648, 
«  a-  elected  lieutenant-governor  of  Indiana.  He 

served  one  term  in  Congress:  settled  in  Kansas, 
and  was  chosen  its  first  United  States  Senator, 
lb'  Berved  well  during  tin;  Civil  War,  and  was 
agaiu  elected  United  States  Seuator  in  1865. 

Lane,  JOSEPH,  was  born  in  Buncombe  Coun- 
ty, X.  C,  Dec.  14,  1801.  Going  early  to  Indiana, 
be  engaged  in  business  there,  and  was  frequent- 
ly a  member  of  the  Legislature  between  1823 
and  1846.  He  Berved  in  the  war  against  Mexico, 
in  which  he  gained  distinction,  rose  to  the  rank 
of  brigadier-general,  and  was  breveted  major- 
general.  In  1848  he  was  appointed  governor  of 
Oregon  Territory, organized  its  government,  was 
its  delegate  in  Congress  from  1851  to  1859,  and 
United  States  Senator  from  1859  to  1861.  He 
was  again  governor  in  1863.  Mr.  Lane  was 
nominated  for  Vice -President  in  1660  on  the 
Democratic  ticket,  with  John  C.  Breckinridge, 

Lane,  Snt  Ralph,  was  sent  from  England  with 
Sir  Richard  Grenville.by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh, to 
be  governor  of  Virginia,  in  1585.  Born  in  North- 
amptonshire, England,  about  1530;  died  in  Ire- 
land in  llitif.  lb'  was  son  nf  Sir  Ralph  Lane, 
and  Maud,  daughter  of  Lord  Parr,  uncle  of  Cath- 
arine Parr,  one  of  the  queens  of  Henry  VIII. 
He  was  equerry  in  the  court  of  Queen  Elizabeth, 
ami  commanded  troops  in  Ireland,  first  in  1569, 
and  again  in  1583-84.  After  his  return  from 
Virginia  he  was  colonel  in  the  expedition  of 
N'on  is  and  Drake  against  Portugal  in  1589,  and 

in  150]  was  muster  master  -general  in  Inland. 
He  was  knighted  by  the  lord-deputy  in  150:5. 
Lane's  administration  as  governor  of  Virginia 

was    fruitless   of  any   g I.      By   following   the 

example  of  Grem  ill*- 1 xasperated  the  Indians. 

Had  he  been  kind  and  wise  the  colony  might 
have  prospered;  but  he  and  bis  followers  were 
greedy  for  gold,  and  only  Harriott  the  historian 
acted   like  a   seiisihle  Christian.      (See  Harriott, 

Tkonuu.)  Lane  had  the  gold  fever  severely,  and 
all  1 1  listed  mote  to  fire- anna  than  to  friendship  to 

s,  i  ine  the  good-w  ill  of  the  Indians.  Sometimes 
tin   hitter  wcie  treated  w  itb  cruelty,  and  a  llame 


LAXGIIORXE  LETTER,  THE 

of  vengeance  was  kindled  and  kept  alive.  The 
Indians  deceived  the  English  with  tales  of  gold- 
bearing  regions  near,  and  that  the  source  of  the 
Roanoke  River  was  among  rocks  near  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  where  the  houses  were  lined  with 
pearls.  Lane  explored,  found  himself  deceived, 
and  returned.  The  Indians,  who  wanted  to  have 
the  English  dispersed  in  the  forest,  so  as  to  ex- 
terminate them  in  detail,  were  discomfited.  They 
looked  with  awe  upou  the  English  with  tire- 
arms,  and,  believing  more  were  coining  to  take 
their  lands  away  from  them,  they  determined 
to  slay  them.  Lane,  satisfied  that  then-  was  a 
wide -spread  conspiracy  against  the  colony, 
struck  the  first  blow.  He  invited  King  Wingi- 
na  and  his  principal  chiefs  to  a  friendly  confer- 
ence. They  came,  confidingly,  without  weap- 
ons. At  a  preconcerted  signal  Lane  and  his  fol- 
lowers fell  upon  and  murdered  the  king  and  his 
companions.  Thenceforth  both  parties  stood  on 
the  defensive.  The  condition  of  the  English  be- 
came desperate.  Their  supplies  became  exhaust- 
ed, and  none  could  be  got  from  the  natives; 
only  from  the  woods  and  waters  could  food  be 
obtained.  The  colony  was  on  the  verge  of  star- 
vation and  despair,  w  hen  Sir  Francis  Drake,  re- 
turning from  a  raid  upon  Spanish  towns,  came 
to  Roanoke  Island.  In  his  ship  the  colonists 
gladly  embarked  for  England.  (See  GrenviUe, 
Sir  Richard,  and  Drake,  Sir  Francis.) 

Langdon,  John,  LL.D.,  was  born  at  Ports- 
month,  X.  H.,  in  1739;  died  Sept.  18,  181ft  He 
was  a  BUCCessful  merchant,  and  took  an  early 
and  active  part  in  the  events  preceding  the  out- 
break of  the  war  for  independence.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Continental  Cougresa  I  177.".  ?('.-. 
but  in  June,  in  the  latter  year,  he  resigned  his 
seat  and  became  navy  agent.  He  was  speaker 
of  the  Assembly,  and  was  ready  t ake  any  rea- 
sonable sacrifice  to  promote  the  cause.  Wh-Ji 
means  were  needed  to  support  a  New  Hamp- 
shire regiment,  he  gave  all  his  "hard  money," 
pledged  his  plate,  and  applied  to  the  same  pur- 
pose I  he  proceeds  Of  seventy  hogsheads  of  to- 
baooo.  He  furnished  means  for  raising  a  bri- 
gade of  the  troops  with  which  Stark  gained  the 
victory  at  BenuillgtOO.  He  was  active  in  civil 
affairs,  also,  all  through  the  war.  serving  in  the 
Continental  Congress  and  his  State  Legislature. 
Ill  1785  he  was  President  of  New  Hampshire, 
ami  in  1787  was  one  of  the  iiamcrs  of  the  na- 
tional Constitution.  He  was  governor  of  his 
state  in  1788,  and  again  from  1806  to  1-11.  lie 
was  United  States  Senator  from  1789  to  1801. 
Mr.  Langdon  declined  the  otlice  of  Secretary  of 
the  Navv  (  1-11  I  and  of  Vice-President  of  the 
United  states  (1812). 

Langhorae  Letter,  Tnr.  A  renegadi 
man  named  Callender  had  appealed  in  Philadel- 
phia is  a  writer  in  opposition  to  Washington's 
administration.  Just  after  Monroe's  return  from 
France, be  published  a  volume  called  i  Biatorjy 
of  the  United  States  for  1796,  in  which  hi 

libelled  Hamilton  and  abused  Washington  and 
his  administration.      For  the  apparent    purpose 

of  obtaining   a    knowledge  of  tl licet  s  nf  tills 

abuse  upon  Washington's  mind,  and  of  drawing 


LANMAN  71 

from  hiin  something  of  which  advantage  might 

be  taken,  a  letter  was  addressed  to  him  (Sept. 
•j::.  1796), dated  Warren,  Albemarle  Co.,  Va,,  and 
.signed  "John  Langborne,"  condoling  with  him 
on  the  aspersions  OD  his  character,  but  suggest- 
ing that  he  ought  not  to  allow  them  to  disturb 
his  peace.  The  name  of  the  writer  was  ficti- 
tious. Without  suspect  hi",-  this,  Washington, 
with  his  usual  courtesy,  replied  to  the  letter, 
saving  that  he  deplored  the  attacks  on  the  gov- 
ernment, hut  that  as  to  himself, personally,  he 
hail  a  consolation  within  which  protected  him 
against  tin;  venom,  and.  in  spite  of  the  malig- 
nity of  his  enemies,  his  mind  remained  tranquil. 

Washington's  reply  t>>   Langborne  was  taken 

out  of  the  DOSt-office  by  a  messenger  from  Mon- 

ticello.  Jefferson's  residence,  and  investigations 
math-  by  John  Nicholas,  a  member  of  the  oppo- 
sition party,  but  a  warm  personal  friend  of  t  he 
ex -President,  CH8(  suspicion  on  Mr.  Jefferson  as 
the  writer  ("John  Langhorue ").  The  corre- 
spondence ended  with  Washington's  answer,  for 
the  penetration  of  the  writer  perceived  that 
nothing  was  to  be  drawn  from  that  mode  of 
attack.      Nicholas   afforded    such   evidence    that 

Washington  believed  his  first  Secretary  of  State 

had  written  it,  "  with  a  view  to  effect  some  ne- 
farious purpose." 

Lanman,  JOSEPH,  United  states  Navy,  was 
born  iii  Connecticut,  Jnlj  18,  1810,  and  entered 
the  navy  in  1825.  He  was  made  captain  in  1861, 
and  commodore  in  August,  1862.  He  command- 
ed the  frigate  Minnesota  in  the  North  Atlantic 
Squadron,  in  1-tH  ('>">.  and  had  the  command 
of  the  second  division  of  Porter's  squadron  in 

both   attacks  on    fort    Fisher  (which 

commanded  a  sqnadr in  the  coast  of  Brazil 

from  l-'.'.»  to  1871.  In  December,  1867, he  was 
made  rear-admiral. 

La  Salle,  Robert  ('  v\  i.i.ii'.i:  de,  a  French  ex- 
plorer, was  born  at  Rouen  in  November,  1643; 
died  m  Texas.  March  I'.".  L687.  In  early  life  be 
became  a  Jeanit,  and  therebj  forfeited  his  patri- 
mony. He  afterwards  left  the  order,  and  went 
to  Canada  as  an  adventurer  in  1666.     From  the 

Sillpicians,  seigneurs  of  Montreal,  he  obtained  a 
grant  of  land  and  founded  I.achine.  Tales  of 
the  wonders  and  riches  of  the  wilderness  in- 
spired him  with  a  desire  to  explore.  With  two 
Sillpicians,  hi'  went  into  the  wilds  of  western 
New  York,  and  afterwards  went  down  the  Ohio 

River  a-  Gar  as  the  site  of  Louisville.  Gov- 
ernor Frontenao  became  his  friend,  and  in  the 

autumn  of  1674  he  went  to  France  bearing  a 
letter  from  the  governor-general,  strongly  rec- 
ommending him  to  Colbert,  the  French  premier. 
Honors  mid  pri\  i leges  were  bestowed  upon  him 
at  the  Ficnch  court,  ami  he  was  made  Govern- 
or of  Fori  Frontenac,  erected  on  the  site  of 
Kingston, at  the  foot  of  Fake  Ontario,  which  he 
greatlj  strengthened,  and  gathered  Indian  set- 
tler-, around  it.  He  had  very  soon  a  squadron 
of  four  vessels  on  the  lake,  engaged  in  the  fur- 
trade,  and  For)  Frontenac  was  made  the  centre 
of  that  traffic,  in  which  he  now  largely  engaged 

and  sought  the  monopoly.  Conceiving  a  grand 
scheme  of  explorations  and  trade  westward,  per- 


5  LA  SALLE 

haps  to  China,  lie  went  to  France  in  1678  and  ob- 
tained permission  to  execute  it.  He  was  allow- 
ed to  engage  in  explorations,  build  forts,  and 
have  the  monopoly  of  the  trade  in  buffalo-skins, 
during  five  years,  but  was  forbidden  to  trade 
with  tribes  accustomed  to  take  furs  to  Montreal. 
Henri  de  Tonti,  a  veteran  Italian,  joined  him, 
and,  with  thirty  mechanics  and  mariners,  they 
sailed  from  Rochelle  in  the  summer  of  1678,  and 
reached  Fort  Frontenac  early  in  the  autumn. 
De  Tonti  was  sent  farther  west  to  establish  a 
trading-post  at  the  mouth  of  the  Niagara  Riv- 
er. He  proceeded,  also,  to  build  a  vessel  above 
the  great  falls  for  traffic  ou  Lake  Erie,  and 
named  it  the  Oriffin.  (Sec  Griffin,  The.)  It  was 
launched  in  the  summer  of  1679,  and  in  August 
La  Salle  sailed  with  De  Tonti  through  the  chain 
of  lakes  to  Green  Hay,  in  the  northwestern  por- 
tion of  Lake  Michigan.  Creditors  were  press- 
ing him  with  claims,  and  he  unlaw  fully  gather- 
ed furs  and  sent  them  back  in  the  Griffin  to  meet 
those  claims.  Then  he  proceeded,  with  his  par- 
ty, in  canoes,  to  the  mouth  of  the.  St.  Joseph 
River,  in  southwestern  Michigan,  where  he  es- 
tablished a  trading-house  and  called  it  Fort  Mi- 
ami. Ascending  the  St.  Joseph,  he  crossed  to 
the  Kankakee,  and  paddled  down  it  until  he 
reached  an  Illinois  village,  and.  in  January,  1680, 
he  began  the  establishment  of  a  trading-post  on 

the  site  of  the  present  Peoria,  111.,  which  he  Call- 
ed Fort  CreveocBur.  Disappointed  in  the  fail- 
ure of  the  Griffin  to  make  a  return  voyage  with 
supplies,  he  put  De  Tonti  iii  command  of  the  fort 
and  despatched  Hennepin  and  Acau  to  explore 
the  Illinois  to  its  month  and  the  Mississippi 
northward.  (See  Hennepin,  Louis.)  With  five 
companions,  La  Salle  started  back  for  Canada, 

and  from  the  month  of  the  St.  Joseph  he  crossed 
Michigan  to  a  river  flowing  into  the  Detroit, 
and  thence  overland  to  Lake  Erie.  From  its 
western  end  he  navigated  it  in  a  canoe  to  Ni- 
agara, wlnre  he  was  satisfied  that  the  Griffin 
had  perished  somewhere  on  the  lakes.  He  also 
heard  of  the  loss  of  a  ship  arriving  from  France 
with  supplies.  Settling  as  well  as  he  could  with 
his  creditors,  I, a  Salle,  with  a  fresh  party  of 
twenty  -  three  Frenchmen  and  eighteen  New 
England  Indians,  with  ten  women  and  children, 
began  a  ret  urn  journey  to  Fort  ( 're\  ceu-iir,  with 
Supplies.  De  Tonti  had  been  driven  away  by 
an  attack  on  the  Illinois  settlement  of  the  Iro- 
quois. The  desertion  of  his  men  had  compelled 
him   to  abandon   the  fort    and  return   to  Green 

Bay.  La  Salle  and  his  party  went  down  the  Il- 
linois to  its  mouth,  when  he  returned  to  gather 
his  followers  and  procure  means  for  continuing 
his  explorations.  Fate  in  December,  1681,  he 
started  from  Fort  Miami  with  his  expedition, 
coasted  along  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Mich- 
igan, ascended  the  Chicago  River,  crossed  to  the 
Illinois,  descended  to  the  Mississippi,  and  went 
down  that  stream  until  it  separated  into  three 
channels,  which  he  explored  to  the  Culf  of  Mex- 
ico.  Fa  Salle  named  the  gnat  stream  River 
Colbert,  in  compliment  to  his  patron  at  the 
court  of  Fiance.  (See  MimAesippi  River.)  De 
Tonti  explored  the  great  middle  channel.  (See 
Tonti.  Henri  de.)  Then  the  whole  company  nssem- 


LA  SALLE 

bled  at  a  dry  spot  near  the  Gulf, and  there  pre- 
parad  a  oroae  and  a  oolamn, affixing  to  the  lat- 
ter the  anna  of  France  and  this  inscription: 

■  I.i.i  i-  mi:  Great,  Kim;  of  Fkaxck  and  NA- 
VARRE, APRIL  9,1682."  He  also  buried  there 
a  leaden  plate,  with  a  Latin  inscription.  (See 
Proa  >■■  l  erbal.)  The  whole  company  then  signed 
a  proow  verbal,  in  the  following  order :  La  Metarie 
(notary),  De  la  Salle,  P.  Zeuobe  (Beoollet  mis- 
sionary), Henri  de  Tonti,  Francois  de  Bonsvou- 
det,  .lean  Bonrdon,  Sienr  d'Autray,  Jacques  Cau- 
olois,  Pierre  Yon,  Giles  Menoret,  .lean  Michel 
(surgeon),  Jean  Mas,  Jean  Dnglignon,  Nicholas 
de  la  Salle.  La  Salle  formally  proclaimed  the 
whole  valley  of  the  Mississippi  and  the  region  of 
its  tributaries  a  part  of  the  French  dominions, 
and  named  the  country  Louisiana,  in  compli- 
ment to  the  king.  So  was  fust  planted  the 
germ  of  the  empire  of  the  French  in  that  re- 
gion, which  flourished  in  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury. La  Salle  ascended  the  Mississippi  the 
next  year,  and  returned  to  Quebec  in  November, 
Leaving  Tonti  in  command  in  the  West,  with  di- 
rections to  meet  him  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi the  following  year.  Then  he  proceeded 
to  France  and  proposed  to  the  government  a 
settlement  in  Louisiana  and  the  conquest  of  the 
rich  mining  country  in  northern  Mexico.  A 
patent  was  granted  him,  and  he  was  made  com- 
mandant of  the  vast  territory  from  the  present 
State  id'  Illinois  to  Mexico,  and  westward  indefi- 
nitely. With  two  hundred  and  eighty  indiffer- 
ent persons,  he  sailed  from  France,  Aug.  1, 1684, 
with  four  ships;  but  disputes  between  Beau- 
jen,  the  navigator  of  the  squadron,  and  La  Salle 
proved  disastrous  to  the  expedition.  Touching 
at  Santo  Domingo,  they  entered  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 

ico,  and.  by  miscalculations,  passed  the  mouth  of 
the  Mississippi  without  knowing  it.  La  Salle 
became  satisfied  of  this  fact,  but  Beanjeu  sailed 

obstinately  on.  and  finally  anchored  oil'  the  en- 
trance to  Matagorda  Bay.  The  colonists  de- 
barked, but  the  store-ship  containing  most  of 
the  supplies  was  wrecked.  Beanjeu,  pleading  a 
lack  of  provisions,  deserted  La  Salle,  Leaving 
him  only  a  small  vessel.  He  east  up  a  fort. 
which  he  called  St.  Louis,  and  attempted  to  till 
tin-  soil;  hut  the  Indians  were  hostile.  Some 
of  the  Bottlers  were  killed,  others  perished  from 
mil  hardship,  and.  after  making  some 
explorations  of  the  country,  the  party,  at  the 
end  of  the  year,  "as  reduced  to  less  than  forty 

souls.     Leaving  balf  of  them,  including  women 

and  children.  La  Salle  set  out.  at  the  beginning 
of  Hi--,  to  make   his  way  to  the   [llinois.      His 

party  consisted  of  his  brother,  two  nephews, 

and  thirteen  others,  soiik'  of  w  hum  u  ere  sullen 

and  ripe  for  revolt.     Penetrating  the  present 

domain  of  Texas  to  the  Trinil\  River,  revolt 
broke  out.  and  the  two  ringleaders  killed  La 
Salle\  nephew,  in  a  sleall  hy  manner :  and  when 

tin-  great  explorer  turned  hack  to  look  for  him. 

they   shot    him   dead.      N'carh   all   of  llu»e  who 

wen-  hit  at  I'. nt  si.  Louis  wi-re  massacred  by 
the    Indians,  and    the    remainder    fell    into   the 

bands  of  (he  Spaniards,  -cut  to  drive  out  the 
French.  La  Salle,  loud  bj  tales  of  an  abun- 
dance  of  precious   metals    in    New   Mexico,  had 


766  LAST  BLOODSHED  IN  THE  REVOLUTION 

penetrated  that  country,  with  a  few  followers, 
before  leaving  Fort  St.  Louis,  but  he  was  disap- 
pointed. 

Las  Casas,  Bartolomk  de,  was  the  first  apos- 
tle to  the  American  Indians.  (See  Eliot,  John.) 
Born  at  Seville.  Spain,  in  1174  ;  died  in  Madrid, 
in  July,  1566.  His  father  was  a  companion  of 
Columbus  in  his  two  earlier  voyages,  and  in  the 
second  one  he  took  this  son,  then  a  student  at 
Salamanca, with  him.  Bartolonie' — or  Barthol- 
omew— accompanied  Columbus  on  his  third  and 
fourth  voyages,  and,  on  his  return,  entered  the 
Order  of  the  Dominicans,  that  he  might  become 
a  missionary  .among  the  natives  of  the  new- 
found islands  of  the  West.  He  went  to  Santo 
Domingo,  and  was  there  ordained  a  priest  in 
1510,  and  gave  the  name  to  the  island  in  com- 
pliment to  his  order.      Las  Casas  was  chaplain 

to  Velasquez  when  the  latter  conquered  Cuba, 

and  did  much  to  alleviate  the  Bufferings  of  the 
conquered  natives.  (See  Cuba.)  In  1515  he 
went  to  Spain  to  seek  redress  for  them,  and 
found  a  sympathizer  in  Cardinal  Xiinenes.  who 
became  Regent  of  Spain  the  following  year,  and 
sent  out  three  monks  to  correct  abuses.  Their 
services  were  not  satisfactory,  and.  returning  to 
Spain, Las  Casas  was  appointed  "  Universal  Pro- 
tector of  the  Indies."  Seeing  the  few  negroes 
who  were  in  Santo  Domingo  and  Cuba  growing 
robust  while  laboring  under  the  hot  sun.  he  pro- 
posed the  introduction  of  negTO  slaves  to  re- 
lieve the  more  effeminate  natives.  This  benev- 
oleiii  proposition  gave  rise  to  a  lucrative  traffic 
(see  Slave-trade)  and  a  perversion  of  the  purpose 
of  Las  Casas.  and  he  obtained  from  Charles  V. 
a  grant  of  a  large  domain  on  the  coast  of  Vene- 
zuela, for  the  purpose  of  collecting  a  colony  un- 
der his  own  guidance.  This  project  failed,  and 
in  1527  he  proceeded  to  labor  as  a  missionary 
among  the  Indians  in  Nicaragua,  Guatemala, 
Mexico,  and  Pern.  To  reward  him  for  his  be- 
nevolent Labors,  his  king  appointed  him  Bishop 
of  CuZCO.—  a  rich  see:  he  declined  it,  hut  ac- 
cepted that  of  Cbiapa,  in  Mexico.  The  Span- 
iards were  offended  hy  his  zeal  in  behalf  of  the 
Indians,  ami  an  officer  of  the  Spanish  court  un- 
dertook to  justify  the  conduct  of  the  Spaniards 
towards  the  natives.  Las  Casas.  in  self-defence, 
wrote  a  work  upon  the  natives,  which  contain- 
ed many  particulars  of  the  cruelties  of  the  Span- 
ish colonists.  Il  was  translated  into  several  Eu- 
ropean languages,  and  increased  the  hostilities 
of  the  colonists  and   offended  the  Chinch.      He 

returned  to  Spain  in  1551, after  about  fiftj  years 
of  benevolent  missionary  labor,  and  passed  the 

remainder  of  his  days  in  a  convent  at  Yallado- 
lid.  There  he  completed  his  General  History  of 
tin  Indiet,  which  has  never  hecn  published,  and 
several  other  works,  in  Latin  and  Spanish. 

Last  Bloodshed  in  the  Revolution.  Some 
Americans,  led  by  Captain  Wilmot,  a  brave  and 
daring  young  officer,  were  engaged  in  the  duty 
of  covering  John's  Island,  near  Charleston,  in 
September,  1?--'.  Be  was  always  impatient  of 
Inaction,  and  often  crossed  the  narrow  strain  or 
river  to  harass  British  foraging  parties  on  the 

Island.      While    on    one   of   llie.-e    excursion-,  in 


LAST  BATTLE  OF  THE  CIVIL  WAR      767  LAST  ROYAL  GOVERNOR  IN  MARYLAND 

Quaker,  visited  those  who  were  in  prison  in 
Boston  for  conscience'  sake,  after  she  had  once; 
been  banished.  Her  return  incurred  the  penal- 
ty of  death,  and  she  was  led  out  to  execution 
by  hanging,  on  Boston  Common,  with  two  men 
(Robertson  and  Stevenson).  On  the  scaffold  she 
was  reprieved  for  the  day,  ou  the  earnest  peti- 
tion of  her  son,  who  promised  to  persuade  her 
to  leave  the  colony.  She  went  home  with  him 
to  Rhode  Island,  under  a  sentence  of  banish- 
ment, but  soon  returned  to  visit  Friends  in  pris- 
on. She  was  arrested,  and,  the  next  day,  under 
a  strong  guard  of  soldiers,  and  with  the  beating 
of  drums  to  drown  her  voice,  she  was  taken  to 
the  Common  and  hanged.  Her  husband  had 
pleaded  most  piteously  for  her  life,  as  one  "  most 
dearly  beloved."  But  the  magistrates  and  min- 
isters were  deaf  to  every  appeal  for  mercy.  The 
next  year  William  Leddra,  who  had  been  ban- 
ished, returned,  and  was  hanged.  These  perse- 
cutions caused  an  amazing  addition  to  the  num- 
ber of  converts  to  Quakerism.  The  same  year 
monthly  meetings  were  established  in  several 
places  in  New  England,  and  not  long  after- 
wards quarterly  meetings  were  organized.  On 
hearing  of  the  death  of  Leddra,  Charles  II.  sent 
an  older  to  Endieott  to  stop  the  persecutions 
and  to  send  all  accused  persons  to  England  for 
trial.  This  order  was  sent  by  the  hand  of  Sam- 
uel  Shalt  nek.  a  banished  Quaker,  who  appeared 
before  Governor  Endieott  with  his  hat  on.  The 
incensed  governor  was  about  to  take  the  usual 
brutal  steps  to  send  him  to  prison,  after  order- 
ing an  officer  to  remove  Shattuek's  hat,  when 
the  latter  handed  the  magistrate  the  order  from 
the  throne.  Endieott.  was  thunderstruck.  He 
handed  back  Shattuek's  hat  ami  removed  his 
own  in  deference  to  the  presence  of  the  king's 
messenger.  He  read  the  papers,  and,  directing 
Shattuek  to  withdraw,  simply  remarked:  "We 
shall  obey  his  majesty's  Commands."  A  hurried 
conference  was  held  with  the  other  magistrates 
and  ministers.  They  dared  not  send  the  ac- 
cused persons  to  England,  for  they  would  be 
swift  witnesses  against  the  authorities  of  Mas- 
sachusetts; so  they  ordered  William  Sutton, 
keeper  of  the  Boston  Jail,  to  set  all  the  Quakers 
free.  So  ended  their  severe  persecution  in  New 
England ;  but  the  magistrates  continued  for 
some  time  to  whip  Quaker  men  and  women, 
half  naked,  through  the  streets  of  Boston  and 
Salem,  until  peremptorily  forbidden  to  do  so  by 
the  king. 

Last  Royal  Governor  in  Maryland.  Mary- 
land was  disposed  to  be  very  conservative  on 
the  question  of  independence.  Its  Convention 
voted  (May  20,  1776)  that  it  was  not  necessary 
to  suppress  every  exercise  of  royal  authority. 
Bat  several  intercepted  letters,  written  by  Gov- 
ernor Eden,  which  had  just  come  to  light,  caused 
Congress  to  recommend  his  arrest.  The  Balti- 
more Committee  volunteered  in  the  matter,  but 
became  involved,  in  consequence,  in  a  collision 
with  the  Provincial  Convention.  A  committee 
of  that  body  reported,  on  investigation,  that  the 
governor,  in  his  correspondence  with  the  British 
ministry,  had  not  acted  in  a  hostile  character; 
but,  at  the  same  time,  it  was  voted  to  signify  to 


company  with  Koseiuszko  (which  see),  he  fell 
into  an  ambuscade  and  was  killed.  This,  it  is 
believed,  was  the  last  life  sacrificed  in  battle  in 
the  old  war  for  independence. 

Last  Conflict  of  the  Civil  War.  On  May 
11.  1865,  Colonel  T.  11.  Barrett,  of  the  Sixty- 
second  United  States  Colored  Infantry,  was  in 
command  of  the  National  forces  at  Brazos  San- 
tiago, Texas.  He  sent  three  hundred  men  to 
the  mainland,  under  Lieutenant-colonel  Bron- 
son,  to  attack  some  Confederates  on  the  Rio 
Grande.  The  principal  object  of  the  Confeder- 
ates was  to  procure  horses  for  mounting  the  cav- 
alry. Early  on  the  morning  of  the  13th  they  at- 
tacked and  drove  the  Confederates  and  seized 
their  camp  and  some  horses.  Bronson  fell  back, 
when  he  was  reinforced,  and  the  Nationals,  un- 
der the  lead  of  Colonel  Barrett,  made  another  at- 
tack, drove  off  their  adversaries,  and  destroyed 
their  post.  The  Nationals  pursued  the  Confeder- 
ates. Besting, they  wen;  attacked  by  a  heavy 
body  of  Confederates,  cavalry  and  artillery, un- 
der the  command  of  General  Slaughter.  The  Bio 
Grande  was  on  Barrett's  left,  lie  had  no  artil- 
lery, and  was  compelled  to  fall  back,  lighting.  He- 
lost  forty-eigb.1  men,  made  prisoners.  The  Unit- 
ed States  colored  troops  for I  a  line  a  mile  in 

length,  protecting  both  Hanks  of  the  Nationals, 
and  resisted  every  attempt  of  the  Confederate 
cavalry  to  penetrate  it.  So  ended  the  battle 
of  Palmetto  Banche,  the  last  conflict  of  the  Civil 

War  in  the  field.      It  was  al t  sunset.  May  13, 

1885,  when  the  Sixty-second  Colored  Infantry 
tired  the  last  \olley  in  the  Civil  War.      In  that 

war,  which  resulted  in  the  destruction  ofnegro 

slavery  in  our  Republic,  the  lirst  blood  shed  was 
that  of  a  negro  (see  Pennsylvania™  in  Baltimore); 
they  were   aegro   troops    who    tirst   entered   the 

Confederate  capital  as  victors  (see  Richmond, 
Evacuation  o/), and  they  were  negro  troops  who 
tired  the  last  shot  in  the  war  which  emancipat- 
ed them  from  bondage. 

Last  Conflict  of  the  Revolution.  The  85th 
of  November  was  appointed  for  the  evacuation 
of  the  cits  of  New  Voik  by  the  British.     The 

latter  claimed  the  right  of  occupation  until 
noon.  Early  in  the  morning  Mrs.  Day,  who 
kept  a  boarding-honse  in  Murray  Street,  near 
th«'  Hudson  Biver,  ran  up  the  American  flag 
upon  a  pole  at  the  gable  end  of  her  house. 
Cunningham,  the  notorious  British  provost- 
marshal,  hearing  of  it,  sent  an  order  for  her 
to  pull  down  the  flag.  She  refused,  and  at 
about  nine  o'clock  he  went  in  person  to  compel 
her  to  take  it  down,  lie  was  in  full  dress,  in 
scarlet  uniform  and  powdered  wig.  She  was 
sweeping  at  the  door.  He  ordered  her  to  take 
down   the  flag,     she  refused.     He  seized  the 

halyards  to  haul  it  down  himself,  whereupon 
the  spunky  Whig  lads  fell  upon  him  with  her 
broom.  She  made  the  powder  fly  out  of  his 
wig  and  Anally  beat  him  off.  This  was  tin-  last 
Conflict  of  the  war. 

Last  Executions  of  Quakers  in  Boston.  In 
1660  ami  1661  the  last  executions  of  Quakers 
occurred  in  Boston.  Mary  Dyer  (which see),  the 
wife  of  a  citizen  of  Providence,  who  was  not  a 


LATITUDINARIAN  CHURCH  76 

Governor  Eden  that  the  public  safety  and  qniet 
required  him  to  leave  the  province,  which  Iil-  did. 

Latitudinarian  Church.  Some  Independents 
attempted  to  establish  a  "Latitudinarian" 
Church  at  Weymouth  in  1639,  on  the  principle 
of  admitting  to  membership  all  baptized  per- 
sons, without  either  requiring  a  profession  of 
faith  or  relation  of  experience.  The  theocratic 
government  of  Boston,  zealous  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  the.  purity  of  the  faith,  promptly  sup- 
pressed this  movement.  The-  intended  pastor 
(Lenthall)  was  forced  to  make  a  humble  apolo- 
gy, and  soon  found  it  expedient  to  take  refuge 
in  Rhode  Island.  Several  laymen  who  had  been 
active  in  the  matter  were  heavily  lined;  one 
was  whipped,  and  one  was  disfranchised. 

Latitudinarians  in  New  England.  A  new 
school  of  divines  sprang  up  among  Protestants 
towards  the  close  of  the  ltith  century,  who  at- 
tempted the  delicate  task  of  reconciling  reason 
with  revelation.  They  rejected  the  authority 
of  tradition.  They  declared  against  supersti- 
tion on  the  one  hand,  and  enthusiasm  on  the 
other,  but  were  tolerant  towards  those  who  dis- 
sented from  them.  They  were,  in  fact,  Low 
Churchmen  with  Armiuian  principles.  These 
principles  had  penetrated  Massachusetts  at  tin; 
beginning  of  the  18th  century,  as  evinced  by 
the  organization  of  the  Brattle  Street  Church 
in  Boston.  Their  practice  of  what  was  denom- 
inated the  "half-way  covenant" — of  admitting 
to  the  holy  communion  all  persons  not  immoral 
in  their  lives;  indeed,  to  all  the  privileges  of 
church-membership — shocked  the  Mathers  and 
others;  and  when,  presently,  Harvard  College 

passed  under  the  control  of  this  new  party,  the- 
ocracy in  New  England  expired,  and_the  abso- 
lute reign  of  theological  rule  was  at  an  end. 
The  result  on  the  intellectual  history  of  New 
England  was  important.  (See  Latitudinarian 
Church.) 

La  Tour  in  Acadia.  When  Acadia,  or  Nova 
Scotia,  was  returned  to  the  French  (1632),  it 
was  apportioned  into  provinces,  under  propri- 
etary governors.  To  Razille*,  commander-in- 
chief,  was  granted  the  southern  portion  of 
the  peninsula,  and   one   of  his  lieutenants   was 

Charles  l  .a  Tour,  to  whom  was  assigned  a  large 
portion  of  the  territory.  lb-  and  Seigneur 
D'Anlnay  Cbarissy  ('another  lieutenant),  who 
controlled   a   section   extending   westward    to 

the  Kennebec  River,  were  both  engaged  in 
Hade,  and  bitter  c|iiarrels   arose  between  them, 

nil  account  of  mutual  (alleged)  infringements 
of  righto.    After  the  death  of  Razille.  D'Anlnay, 

an  nilSCrnpulona  man,  attempted  to  assume  con- 
trol of  the  whole  country.  He  was  a  Roman 
Catholic;  La  Tour  was  a  Protestant.  Through 
the  powerful  influence  at  court  of  Cardinal  Riohe 
lien,  the  king  revoked  the  commission  of  La 
Toor, and  ordered  his  arrest.    The  latter  deuied 

t  he  allegal  ions  of  I  I'Auliiav  .  and  refused  to  sub- 
mit to  arrest  With  live  hundred  men  in  ves- 
sels, D'Anlnay  appeared  off  the  mouth  of  the 
St. John  River,  in  the  spring  of  L643,  and  block- 
aded I, a  Tour  in  his  fortified  trading-house.  A 
Ship   was  daily  expected    from    Rochelle,  with  a 


3  LA  TOUR  IN  ACADIA 

company  of  one  hundred  and  forty  emigrants, 
and  might  fall  into  the  power  of  the  blockading 
Squadron.  La  Tour  managed  to  give  to  the  ves- 
sel intimations  of  danger,  and  under  cover  of 
night  he  and  his  wife  were  conveyed  on  board 
of  her,  and  sailed  for  Boston,  to  seek  the  aid  of 
the  colony  of  Massachusetts  in  defence  of  their 
rights.  La  Tour  was  permitted  by  Governor 
Winthrop  to  fit  out  a  small  naval  and  military 
force  at  Boston.  He  chartered  five  vessels, 
mounting  forty  pieces  of  cannon,  and  procured 
eighty  volnuteers  for  the  Uwd-service  and  fifty 
sailors.  When  the  armament  appeared.  D'Anl- 
nay raised  the  blockade,  and  sought  refuge  un- 
der the  guns  of  his  own  fort  at  Port  Royal, 
where  two  of  his  vessels  were  wrecked.  La 
Tour  would  have  captured  that  stronghold,  had 
not  the  New-Englanders  left  him  before  then 
term  of  service  had  expired.  D'Anlnay  sent  a 
protest  to  Winthrop  against  this  violation  of 
neutrality,  and  a  copy  of  the  order  for  I. a  Tour's 
arrest.  A  treaty  of  peace  was  concluded  in  1644. 
Meanwhile  the  intrepid  Madame  La  Tour  was  in 
England,  obtaining  supplies  for  her  husband's 
fort.  On  her  return,  she  was  landed  at  Boston 
instead  of  the  St.  John,  as  agreed  upon.  She 
brought  action  against  the  captain  of  the  vessel. 
and  recovered  $10,000  damages,  with  which  she 
purchased  supplies  and  munitions  of  war  for  the 
fort.  It  was  put  in  a  condition  for  a  vigorous 
defence.  During  the  temporary  absence  of  her 
husband,  D'Anlnay  laid  siege  to  it.  Madame 
La  Tour  conducted  an  effective  defence,  attack- 
ing and  disabling  a  frigate  and  killing  or  wound- 
ing thirty-three  of  the  assailants.  The  baffled 
D'Anlnay  was  compelled  to  retire,  greatly  mor- 
tified. Pa  Tour,  meanwhile,  continued  to  re- 
ceive stores  and  munitions  from  New  England, 
notwithstanding  the  treaty  of  neutrality.  lu 
reprisal,  D'Anlnay  seized  and  confiscated  a  Bos- 
ton \  BSSel,  and  t  his  source  of'  supply  lor  Pa  Tour 
was  cut  oil'.  In  the  spring  of  1647  D'Anlnay. 
bearing  that  La  Tour  and  most  of  his  men  were 
absent  from  his  fori,  again  besieged  it.  Madame 
La  Tour  determined  to  hold  it  to  the  last  extrem- 
ity. For  three  days  the  assailants  wen-  kept  at 
bay.  On  Easter  Sunday  a  treacherous  Swiss 
sentinel  allowed  the  assailants  to  enter  the  out- 
er works.  The  brave  woman  rushed  to  the  ram- 
parts with  her  handful  of  soldiers,  and  would 
have   repulsed  the  besiegers  had  not   D'Aulnav. 

fearing  the  disgrace  of  another  defeat  at  the 
hands  of  a  woman,  offered  her  honorable  terms 
of  capitulation.  Anxious  to  Have  the  lives  of' 
her  lil  tie  garrison,  Madame  I. a  Tour  yielded, 
when  the  perfidious  D'Anlnay  violated  his  sol- 
emn pledge,  lb-  caused  every  man  of  the  gar- 
rison to  be  bung  save  one,  whom  he  made  the 
executioner  of  his  comrades.  The  ruffians  com- 
pelled the  twice-betrayed  Madame  La  Tour  to 
witness  these  executions,  with  a  rope  around 
her  own  neck.  D'Anlnay  pillaged  the  toil  of 
all  the  property,  amonutiug  to  $50,000,  and  re- 
treated fo  Port  Royal.  I. a  Tour  was  a  ruined 
man,  and  wandered  in  exile  on  the  shores  of 
Newfoundland    and    in    the    wilds    around    the 

southern  shores  of  Hudson's  Bay.     Thi 

ten  broke  the  heart  of  his  brave  wife,  and  she 


LAUDONNIERE  7 

died.  Retributive  justice  brought  about  changes 
in  favor  of  La  Tour.  Four  years  after  his  prop- 
erty was  wasted,  D'Aulnay  died  in  debt  and  dis- 
grace. La  Tour  now  came  back  from  the  wil- 
derness, vindicated  bis  character  before  his  sov- 
ereign, was  made  lieutenant-governor  of  Acadia, 
and  again  recovered  his  fort  at  St.  John.  He 
married  the  widow  of  his  rival,  and  inherited 
his  shattered  estate,  and  prosperity  once  more 
smiled  upon  the  Huguenot  :  for  his  claim  to  ex- 
tensive territorial  rights  in  Acadia,  by  virtue  of 
Sir  William  Alexander's  giant  to  liis  father,  was 
recognized  in  1666.  He  soon  afterwards  died. 
Acadia  had  then  passed  once  more  into  the  hands 
of  the  English. 

Laudonniere,  RENE  GOtTLATNE  dk,  leader  of 
a  French  colony  in  Florida.  He  first  came  to 
America  in  1563,  with  Kibault.  In  the  spring 
of  1564,  Laudonniere  sailed  for  America  with 
three  ships  to  assist  the  first  colony,  hut  landed 
in  Florida.  (See  Huguenots  in  America.)  In  the 
onslaught  made  upon  th<'  French  colony  by  the 

Spaniards,  Laudonniere  escaped.  (8ee  Ribault.) 
Laurance,  John,  was  born  in  Cornwall.  Fug- 
land,  in  L750;  died  in  New  York  in  November, 
1810.  lie  came  to  New  York  in  17(17,  where  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  177:>.  and  married 
the  daughter  of  General  McDongall,  on  whose 

stall'  he  served.  He  was  also  in  Washington's 
military  family.  He  w  as  judge-advocate  at  the 
OOnrl  of  inquiry  in  Major  Andre's  case;  was  a 
member  of  Congress  in  1785  86;  8tat< 
iii  1789;  and  member  of  the  new  Cougress  from 
1788  to  l7'.i:s.     lb-  was  also  Judge  of  the  Dnited 

States   District   Courl   of  New  Yolk   from   1794  to 

1796,  and  of  the  United  states  Supreme  Court 
from  1798  to  1  -00. 

Laurens,  Hknky,  was  born  in  Charleston, S.  ('., 
in  1724  ;  died  there,  Dec.  B,  1792.  lie  was  of 
Huguenot  descent, und  was  educated  in  London 


for  mercantile  business.     By  that  pursuit  he  ac- 
quired  an   ample  fortune.      Me  opposed   British 
ns   with   speech   anil   iu    writing,  and 
I.— 49 


9  LAURENS 

pamphlets  which  he  published  displayed  re- 
markable legal  ability.  He  was  engaged  in  a 
military  campaign  against  the  Cherokees.  Iu 
1770  he  retired  from  business,  and  went  to  Eu- 
rope the  next  year  to  superintend  the  education 
of  his  sons;  and  in  England  he  did  what  he 
could  to  persuade  the  government  to  be  just 
towards  the  Americans.  On  his  arrival  at 
Charleston,  late  in  1774,  he  was  choseu  Presi- 
dent of  the  Provincial  Congress  and  of  the 
Council  of  Safety.  In  1776  he  was  sent  as  a  del- 
egate to  Congress,  and  was  president,  of  that 
body  for  a  little  more  than  a  year  from  Nov.  1, 
1777.  He  received  the  appointment  of  minister 
to  Hollaud  in  1779,  and  on  the  voyage  across  the 
Atlantic  he  was  capturejl  by  the  British,  and 
was  confined  in  the  Tower  of  London  about 
fourteen  months,  suffering  so  much  that  his 
health  was  permanently  impai-od.  In  Decem- 
ber, 1781,  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners to  negotiate  for  peace  with  Great  Brit- 
ain. In  November,  17ri2,  he  signed  a  prelimina- 
ry treaty  at  Paris,  with  Franklin  and  Jay,  when 
he  returned  home,  and  passed  the  remainder  of 
his  life  in  agricultural  pursuits.  In  accordance 
with  an  injunction  in  his  will,  tho  body  of  Mr. 
Laurens,  at  his  death,  was  wrapped  in  clothsand 
burned — the  first  act  of  cremation  in  America. 

Laurens,  Henry,  Capture  and  Impwsox- 
HENT  OF.  A  plan  for  a  commercial  treaty  be- 
tween the  Dnited  States  and  Holland  was  unof- 
ficially proposed  to  William  Leo  (September, 
177H)  by  Van  Berkel,  pensionary  of  Amsterdam. 

It  was  submitted  to  the  Cougress,  approved,  and 

Henry  Laurens  was  commissioned  minister-plen- 
ipotentiary to  the  States-General  of  Holland  to 

negotiate.  He  finally  sailed  in  the  Congress 
packet  Mtvcuvii,  and  on  the  3d  of  September, 
1780,  She   was   captured   by  the  frigate   l'(sln  off 

i  In-  banks  of  Newfoundland.  Mr.  Lanreus  cast 
his  papers  overboard,  but  they  were  recovered 
by  a  sailor,  and  flic  minister  was  taken  to  Lon- 
don. After  an  examination  before  the  Privy 
Council,  Mr.  Laurens  was  committed  to  the 
Tower  on  a  charge  of  high  -  treason,  where  ho 
was  kept  in  close  confinement  more  than  a  year. 
He  was  cruelly  deprived  of  pen,  ink,  and  paper, 
and  tin'  converse  of  friends.  Twice  he  was  ap- 
proached with  offers  of  pardon  and  liberty  if  he 
would  serve  the  ministry,  and  each  time  the 
offer  was  indignantly  rejected  by  him.  He  was 
finally  released,  and  at  the  reqnesl  of  Lord  Sbel- 
bnrne  he  went  to  France,  to  assist  in  negotia- 
tions then  making  for  peace.  Among  his  pa- 
pers recovered  from  tin-  sea  was  the  plan  for  a 
treaty  with  Holland  ;  also  several  letters  which 
disclosed  the  existing  friendship  of  the  States- 
General  for  the  Americans.  The  British  ininis- 
n\  were  irritated  by  these  documents,  and  the 
subsequent  refusal  of  Holland  to  disclaim  the 
act  of  Van  Berkel,  ami  Great  Britain  declared 
war  against  that  republic.  (See  Holland  and 
Great  Britain.) 

Laurens,  HENRY,  PETITION  of.  While  on  his 
way  to  Holland,  in  1780,  as  Dnited  States  min- 
ister-plenipotentiary, Henry  Laurens  was  capt- 
ured by  a  British  ship  of  war,  carried  to  Loudon, 


LAURENS 


770 


LAW  AGAINST  WITCHCRAFT 


and  confined  in  the  Tower  for  fourteen  months, 
where,  at  first, he  was  treated  with  muoh  harsh- 
ness. He  had  been  president  of  Congress,  and 
was  a  notable  prisoner.  On  Dee,  I.  17-1.  Mr. 
Laurens  addressed  a  petition  to  the  British 
House  of  Commons,  dated  "Tower  of  London," 
in  which  he  stated  that  lie  had  fur  many  years, 
at  the  peril  of  his  life  and  fortune,  labored  to 
preserve  and  strengthen  the  friendship  between 
Great  Britain  and  her  colonies;  that  he  bad 
never  excited  animosity  on  either  side  :  that  be 
deprecated  the  events  that  brought  on  the  war: 
that,  in  its  progress,  be  extended  every  act  of 
kindness  in  his  power  to  loyalists  as  well  as  to 
British  prisoners  of  war;  that  he  was  eaptnred 
on  the  American  coast,  and  on  Oct.  4, 1780,  was 
committed  to  the  Tower,  being  then  dangerous- 
ly ill;  that  meanwhile  be  bad  suffered  under  a 
degree  of  rig<  r  almost,  if  not  altogether,  unpar- 
alleled in  modern  British  history;  that  from 
long  confinement  and  the  want  of  proper  exer- 
cise, and  other  obvious  causes,  bis  bodily  health 
was  greatly  impaired,  and  that  be  was  then  in  a 
languishing  state;  and  he  prayed  for  enlarge- 
ment under  proper  restrictions  and  conditions. 
This  petition  was  presented  to  the  House  in  the 
form  in  w  Inch  it  came  from  Mr.  Laurens's  hand, 
it  having  been  written  with  a  lead-pencil.  He 
was  soon  afterwards  released,  but  his  rigor- 
ous imprisonment  had  so  undermined  his  con- 
stitution that  he  never  afterwards  enjoyed  good 
health, 

Laurens,  John,  son  of  Henry,  horn  in  South 
Carolina  in  17f>3 ;  died  Aug.  27*  1782.  Liberal- 
ly educated  in  England,  he  returned  to  his  na- 
tive state  just  as  the  war  for  independence  was 
kindling  (1775),  when  he  entered  the  arm]  as 
an  aid  to  Washington,  and  frequently  acted  as 
secretary.  Expert  in  the  French  and  German 
languages,  he  was  Washington's  chief  medium 
of  communication  with  the  foreign  officers  in 
tin  service.  He  was  a  patriotic  and  brave  sol- 
dier under  all  cirenmstances,  and  was  devoted 
to  the  commander-in-chief.  On  one  occasion 
he  challenged  General  Charles  Lee  for  Bpeaking 
disparagingly  of  the  chief.  They  fought,  and 
br  severely  wonnded  Lee  with  a  pistol-ball.  In 
tin-  bat  t  Irs  at  the  Brandy  wine  and  Gennautown 
Laurens  was  particularly  distinguished;  and 
afterwards, at  Savannah  and  at  Charleston  and 
Yorktown,  he  performed  prodigies  of  valor.  At 
the  latter  place  be  w  as  conspicuous  at  the  storm- 
ing of  a  battery,  and  was  the  first  t'>  enter  it 
and  receive  the  sword  of  the  commander.  For 
months    his    indefatigable    activity    caused    the 

confinement  of  the  British  in  Charleston;  and 

Dually,  at   the  very  c  lose  of  the  Struggle,  be  too 

carelessly  exposed  himself  in  a  trifliug  skirmish 

near  the  Combahee.  S.  ('..  and  was  slain.  In 
the   autumn   of  1780,  when   the  tinam 

United  states  were  exhausted, he  was  sen!  to 

France  to  solicit  a  loan.  While  earnest  l\  press- 
ing lii—  -mi  with  Vergennes,  the  French  minis- 
ter, one  day,  thai  gentleman  said  that  the  king 
had  every  disposition  to  favor  the  United  States. 

Tins  patronizing  expression  kindled  the  indig- 
nation of  the  young  diplomatist,  and  ho  replied, 
with  emphasis,  "  Favor,  ah  !  Tin-  respeel  \\  hub 


I  owe  to  my  country  will  not  admit  the  term. 
Say  that  the  obligation  is  mutual,  and  I  will 
acknowledge  it.  But,  as  the  last  argument  I 
shall  offer  to  your  excellency,  the  sword  which 
I  now  wear  in  defence  of  Fiance  as  well  as  my 
own  country,  unless  the  succor  I  solicit  is  im- 
mediately accorded,  I  may  be  compelled,  within 
a  short  time,  to  draw  against  France  as  a  Brit- 
ish subject."  This  had  the  desired  effect,  for 
Frauce  dreaded  the  subjugation  of  the  colonies, 
or  a  reconciliation  with  the  mother  country. 
Presently  a  subsidy  of  $1,200,000,  and  a  further 
sum  as  a  loan,  were  granted.  The  French  min- 
ister also  gave  a  guarantee  for  a  Dutch  loan  of 
about  $2,000,000. 

Lauzun  (Duke  de),  Armand  Louis  de  Gor- 
tam.  was  born  in  Paris,  April  1">.  1747;  died 
Deo.  31,  17LK5.  He  had  led  an  expedition  suc- 
cessfully against  Senegal  and  Gambia  in  1779, 
and  came  to  America  with  Rochambeau  in  1780, 


niKK  Dl  i.vi  zi  K. 

in  command  of  a  force  known  as  "  Lauzun's 
Legion,"  with  which  he  took  part  in  the  Biege 
of  Yorktown.  Returning  to  France,  be  became 
a  deputy  of  the  nobles  in  the  States-General, 

and  ill  I7!h2  w  as  general-in-chicf  of  I  he  At  ni\  oi 
the  Rhine.  In  17i>:t  he  commanded  the  Army  of 
tin-  Coasts  of  Kochelle.     He  ilid  good  si  I  v  ice  fo] 

his  employers  in  the  French  Revolution;  but 

when  he  persistent  ly  requested   leave  to  resign 

his  commission,  the  Irritated  leaders  sent  bun 

to  lb.'  sea  Hold,  where  he  was  beheaded. 

Law  against  Witchcraft.   Among  the  "Fun- 
damentals" of  Massachusetts  was  a  Li  \\  against 

witchi  rail,  w  bieb  made  lis  practice  punishable 


LAW,  COMMON 


771 


LAWEENCE 


with  death.  This  law  was  fortified  by  a  decla- 
ration of  Scripture — "Tliou  shalt  not  suffer  a 
witch  to  live."  (Sec  Salem  Witchcraft.)  There 
was,  however,  near  the  close  of  tbo  seventeenth 
century,  a  growing  spirit  of  doubt  in  New  Eng- 
land concerning  the  reality  of  much  of  the  su- 
pernal uralisin  which  held  so  prominent  a  place 
in  Puritan  theology.  To  combat  this  rising  in- 
credulity, Increase  Mather  published  a  book  of 
Remarkable  J'riiriilnnis  in  L684,  in  which  were 
enumerated,  among  other  things,  all  the  sup- 
posed cases  of"  witchcraft  which  had  hitherto 
occurred  in  New  England,  with  arguments  to 
prove  their  reality.  Five  years  later  the  su- 
perstitious Cotton  Mather  published  a  book  en- 
titled Memorable  Providencee  relating  to  Witch- 
erqft  which  did  much  to  produce  that  horrible, 
event  in  New  England  history  known  as  "Sa- 
lem Witchcraft"  (which  see)-  Against  public 
opinion  and  tin;  teachings  of  common-  Sense, 
Cotton  Mather  maintained  publicly  his  belief 
in  tin-  reality  of  witchcraft.  (See  Harvard  Col- 
lege Circular.) 

Law,  Common.  In  all  the  states,  either  by 
constitutions  or  by  legislative  enactments,  the 
English  common  law,  and  all  those  English 
statutes  hitherto  recognized  and  acted  upon  in 
the  colonies,  respectively,  were  made  the  basis 
id'  state  jurisprudence.  The  common  law  of 
England  has  been  defined  as  that  part  of  the 
laws  which  have  grown  up  from  nsage  as  dis 
tinguished  from  acts  of  Parliament  or  other  leg- 
islative bodies.  For  example:  A  man  in  New 
fork  agreed  to  pay  twelve  shillings  a  day  to 

any  man  employed  in  a  certain  business.     Some 

of  the  n  worked  twelve  and  a  half  hours  out 

of  the  twenty-four.  It  was  held  that  these  men 
wen  entitled  to  fifteen  shillings  a  day,  because 
common  nsage  had  established  ten  hours  as  a 

da\'s    work    at     that    particular    business.      The 

term  common  law  has  been  applied  to  all  such 
laws,  statutory  or  customary,  as  were  adminis- 
tered in  the  most  ancienf  or  common  law  courts. 
In  this  sense,  in  a  limited  degree,  if  is  commonly 

understood  in   the  United  States.      The  general 

course  has  been,  besides  adopting  the  common 
law   of  England,  to  re-euacl   English  statutes 

which  had  been  sanct  i d  by  colonial  legislation 

and  which  it   w  as  deemed  important  to  retain. 

Law  of  Liheritaiice.  A  matter  of  great  im- 
portance to  several  of  the  colonies  was  sailed 
in  Connecticut  in  1729.  There  was  a  law  of 
thai  oolonj  (also  in  the  rest  of  New  England,  as 
will  as  in  n,w  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  Dela- 
ware) admitting  daughters  to  share  with  suns 
as  joint  heirs,  and  distributing  the  lands  among 

all  the  children  equally,  except  a  double  share 

to  the  eldest  son.      On  the  appeal  of  John  Win 

throp,  great-grandson  of  the  firs!  governor  of 
Massachusetts,  from  the  Superior  Court  in  Cou 
neoticnl  t«>  the  King  in  Connoil,  this  law-  was 
set  aside.  Ibis  threatened  infinite  confusion 
and  uncertainty  concerning  land  titles  in  those 
colonies  and  in  the  settlement  of  all  landed  cs- 
wire  sent  to  England,  who  ob- 
tained a  reversal  of  this  decision  and  a  confir 
illation  of  the  Connecticut  law. 


Law  Reports.  The  State  of  Connecticut  set 
the  example  of  requiring  the  judges  to  give,  in 
writing,  the  reasons  of  their  decisions.  Kirby's 
reports,  published  in  1789,  containing  the  Con- 
necticut cases  from  1785  to  1788,  were  the  first 
of  a  series  of  American  law  reports,  of  which  we 
have  now  several  hundred  volumes. 

Lawrence,  Captain  James,  Refusal  to  vote 
Thanks  to.  Through  the  influence  of  the  Peace 
Faction  (which  see)  in  Massachusetts, the  Senate 
of  that  state  passed  a  resolution  (June  15, 1813) 
which  Mr.  Gruudy  denounced  as  "  moral  trea- 
son." The  Legislature  had  passed  resolutions 
of  thanks  to  Hull,  Decatur,  and  Bainbridge,  and 
a  proposition  was  submitted  for  a  similar  vote 
to  Lawrence  for  his  gallantry  in  the  capture  of 
the  Peacock.  A  committee  of  the  Senate,  of 
which  Josiah  Quincy  was  chairman,  reported 
adversely  to  it.  and  a  preamble  and  resolution 
were  accordingly  adopted.  The  former  declared 
that  similar  attentions  already  given  to  mili- 
tary and  naval  officers  engaged  in  a  like  ser- 
vice had  "given  great  discontent  to  many  of 
the  good  people  of  the  commonwealth,  it  being 
considered  by  them  as  an  encouragement  and 
excitement  to  the  continuance  of  the  present 
unjust,  unnecessary,  and  iniquitous  war."  The 
resolution  was  as  follows :  "Resolved,  as  the  sense 
of  the  Senate  of  Massachusetts,  that,  in  a  war 
like  the  present,  waged  without  justifiable  cause, 
and  prosecuted  in  a  manner  which  indicates 
that  conquest  and  ambition  are  its  real  motives, 
it  is  not  becoming  a  moral  and  religious  people 
io  express  anj  approbation  of  military  or  naval 
exploits  which  are  not  immediately  connected 
with  a  defence  of  our  sea-coast  and  soil."  Cap- 
tain Lawrence  had  then  been  dead  ten  days, 
slain  on  board  his  ship,  the  Chesapeake,  in  action 
with  the  Shannon.   (See  Chesapeake  and  Shannon.) 

Lawrence,  James,  U.S.N.,  was  horn  at  Bur- 
lington, N.  J.,  Oct.  1,  1781 ;  died  on  hoard  the 


JAMKX    HU  ItKXCK. 


Chesapeake  (see  Chesapeake  and  Shannon),  June 
15,1813.     His  father  was  a  lawyer  and  distiu- 


LAWS  AND  PENALTIES  IN  VIRGINIA    772 


LAWS  OF  CONNECTICUT 


giiished  loyalist  during  the  old  war  for  inde- 
pendence, James  entered  the  navy  as  a  mid- 
shipman Sept.  4,  1798,  and  in  the  spring  of  1802 

lie  was  promoted  to  lieutenant.  In  the  schoon- 
er Enterprise  he  took  a  distinguished  part  in  the 
destruction  of  the  frigate  Philadelphia  (which 
see)  in  the  harhor  of  Tripoli.  In  1S10  he  was 
promoted  to  master-  commander  :  and  on  Feb. 
v!4.  1813,  the  Hornet,  of  which  he  was  command- 
er, fought  and  conquered  the  British  hrig  Pea- 
OOC*  (see  Hornet  and  Peaeoek),  which  sunk  be- 
fore all  the  prisoners  could  lie  taken  out  of  her. 
In  .March.  1813,  he  was  commissioned  captain  in 
the  United  States  Navy,  and  took  command  of 
the  frigate  Chesapeake  in  May.  On  the  1st  of 
Jane  the  Chesapeake  fought  the  frigate  Shannon, 
anil  was  beaten.  Captain  Lawrence  was  mor- 
tally wounded,  and  died  at  Halifax,  N.  S.,  four 
days  afterwards.  His  remains  were  conveyed 
to  New  York,  where  a  public  funeral  was  held. 
The  remains  were  then  buried  in  Trinity  Church 
bur\  ing-ground.  and  soon  after  the  war  the  cor- 
poration of  New  York  erected  an  elegant  marble 
monument  over  the  grave.  It  became  dilapi- 
dated iu  Time,  and  in  1847  the  corporation  of 
Trinity  Church  caused  the  remains  to  be  re- 
moved to  a  place  near  the  southeast  corner  of 
the  church,  a  few  feet  from  Broadway,  and  a 
mausoleum  of  brown   freestone   to   he  erected 


I.  \\\  KKNi  Y.    .1X11    1.1  LU.UW 


there  in  commemoration  of  hotli  Lawrence  and 
iii-  lieutenant,  Ludlow. 

Laws  and  Penalties  in  Virginia  (1611).  The 
magistrates  of  Virginia  were  furnished  with  a 

rode  of  Civil  laws  in  Kill  which  were  intended 
to  completely  regulate  the  morals  and  moods 
of  the  colonists.  Tin-  pains  and  penalties  were 
definite  and  severe.  The  penalty  of  death  was 
to  be  inflicted  for  blaspheming  God  :  for  speak- 
ing "maliciously  and  impiously"  of  the  Holj 
Trinity;  for  deriding  the  Holy  Scriptures;  for 
rani  words  against  the  king:  for  mur- 
der; For  adultery,  or  for  rape,  whether  of  white 
oi  Indian;  lot  perjury;  for  trading  with  the  In 


dians  without  license;  for  embezzlement  of  the 
public  goods:  for  desertion  of  the  colony;  for 
treason  against  its  rulers:  for  aiding  theft  ;  for 
robbing  a  garden  ;  for  wilfully  pulling  up  a  (low- 
er or  root  when  set  to  weeding:  for  gathering 
grapes  or  plucking  ears  of  corn,  whether  belong- 
ing to  a  private  person  or  the  public.  The  pro- 
fane swearer  w  as  to  have  a  bodkin  thrust  through 
his  tongue  for  the  second  offence,  and  for  the 
third,  death.  For  absence  from  public  worship 
or  violating  the  Sabbath  the  penalty  was  depri- 
vation of  a  week's  allowance:  second  offence, 
public  whipping;  and  for  a  third  offence,  death. 
For  slandering  the  public  officers  or  speaking 
evil  of  the  colony  the  penalty  was  whipping; 
and  for  a  third  offence,  death.  The  penalty  for 
disobeying  magistrates  and  unworthily  treating 
a  minister  or  preacher  was  a  public  whipping 
three  times,  and  being  compelled  to  ask  forgive- 
ness of  the  congregation  on  three  successive  Sun- 
days. For  killing  any  domestic  animal  — even 
one's  own — without  permission,  was  a  capital 
crime  in  the  principal;  and  his  assistant  was 
to  lose  his  eats  and  be  branded  in  the  hand. 
TbOSe  who  did  not  keep  their  houses  neat  and 
clean,  and  their  bedsteads  three  feet  from  the 
ground,  or  who  cast  foul  water  into  the  streets 
of  Jamestown,  were  subjected  to  trial  by  court- 
martial.  A  tradesman  who  neglected  his  busi- 
ih-.-s  was  sent  to  the  galleys  for  four  years,  if  he 
persisted  in  the  offence.  If  any  one  failed  to 
appeal  at  appointed  work  at  the  beat  of  the 
drum  morning  and  afternoon,  or  left  his  work 
before  the  hour  appointed,  he  was  laid,  with 
head  and  feet  together,  all  night  upon  the 
ground)  whipped  for  the  second  offence  ;  and 
for  the  third  time  sent  to  the  galleys.  He  who 
failed  to  render  to  his  minister  an  account  of 
his  faith,  or  refused  to  take  advice  from  him  in 
matters  of  religion,  was  whipped  daily  until  he 
repented  of  his  obduracy.  And  the  minister 
who  failed  to  read  publicly,  on  every  Sabbath- 
day,  these  laws  and  ordinances  was  deprived 
for  a  week  of  his  allowance  from  the  public 
store.  The  military  code  was  still  mole  severe. 
Law's  Bubble,  a  speculative  scheme  in  w  hich 
grants  of  land  in  Louisiana  were  involved.  John 
Law.  of  Edinburgh, established  a  bank  in  France' 
(1716),  which,  by  royal  authority  (1719),  became 
the  receiver  of  the  revenues  of  the  kingdom. 
To  it  was  attached  a  ••Mississippi  Company," 
w  hich  had  grants  of  land  in  Louisiana,  from  the 
proceeds  of  the  planting  and  commerce  of  which 

immense  profits  were  expected.  The  shares  of 
the  bank  soon  rose  to  twenty  times  their  par 
\alne.  but  f.ll  as  suddenly  iT-'i"-.  There  was 
no  bottom  to  the  matter. and  wide-spreud  finan- 
cial distress  and  ruin  followed  the  bursting  of 
Law  's  "  bubble." 

Laws  of  Connecticut.  The  tirst  body  of 
laws  for  the  commonwealth  of  Connecticut  was 
compiled  by  Roger  Ludlow,  at  the  request  of 

the  General   Court.        This  labor   was   begun    in 

ltilii.  and  completed  in   1649.     It  comprised  n 

complete  collection  of  all  the  Connecticut  laws 
then  in  force  and  many  provisions  borrowed 
from  Massachusetts.     Like  tbe  Justiuian  code. 


LEAGUE  OF  STATES  7 

it  w:is  divided  into  titles  and  laws.  These  laws 
were  printed  at  Cambridge  in  1G72. 

League  of  States.  The  United  States,  un- 
der the  control  of  the  Articles  of  Confederation, 
was  aim  ply  a  league  of  commonwealths,  marked 
l>y  tokens  of  an  inherent  tendency  to  dissolu- 
tion. Its  first  attempt  to  exercise  the  func- 
tions of  sovereignty  was  a  signal  failure,  aud 
the  beginning  of  a  series  of  failures.  The  ex- 
ecutive powers  «f  the  Geueral  Congress  were 
wholly  dependent  on  the  will  and  caprice  of 
thirteen  distinct  legislatures,  swayed  by  sec- 
tional interests  and  move. I  by  sectional  jeal- 
Ihe  I. •ague  failed,  for  the  same  rea- 
sons, t<>  establish  commercial  relations  with 
Gnat  Britain  and  other  governments.  The 
inherent  weakness  of  the  new  government  was 
palpable  to  ever;  attentive  observer.  It  was 
perceived  that  the  inchoate  republic  was  not  a 
iitttimi.  In  a  well-written  pamphlet,  Lord  Shef- 
field declared  his  belief  that  the  ruin  of  the 
league  would  be  speedy,  because  anarchy  and 
confusion  would  follow  as  a  consequence  of  the 
independence  of  the  states.  He  advised  against 
sending  a  diplomatic  representative  of  Great 
Britain  to  our  seat  of  government.  He  said, 
"  If  the  American  state-,  choose  to  send  consuls, 
receive  them,  and  send  a  consul  to  each  state, 
and   this  is  the   whole   that   is  necessary."      He 

regarded  the  league, composed, as  was  claimed, 
of  petty  sovereignties,  as  unworthy  of  the  dig- 
nified title  of  nation,  and  predicted  that  they 
would  soon    become   penitent   suppliants  at   the 

feet  of  the  king  for  pardon  and  restoration  as 
Colonies.  Such  was  tin-  tendency  when  the 
proposition  for  a  convention  to  amend  the  Ar- 
tielea  of  Confederation  was  called.  The  adop- 
tion of  the  national  Constitution  averted  the 
catastrophe. 

Lear,  Tobias,  was  born  at  Portsmouth,  N.  II.. 
Sept.  19,  1762 J  died  in  Washington.  1  >.<'..  ■  ><  t. 
10,  1816.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  IT-::. and 
became  private  secreiarv  to  Washington  in  1785. 
The  latter  remembered  Mr.  Lear  liberally  in  his 
will.  In  1HH  he  was  American  Consul-general 
in  Santo  Domiugo,  and  from  1-"1  to  1812  he  held 
the  same  i. Dire  at  Algiers.  Mr.  Lear  was  an  ac- 
countant in  the  War  Department  at  the  time  of 
his  death. 

Learned.  F.itr.Niv.i  i;.  was  bun  in  1727;  died 
at  Oxford,  Mass.,  apt  il  1.  1801.  He  was  a  cap- 
tain in  the  Fiench  and  Indian  War.  and  hast- 
cned  to  Cambridge  with  militia  on  the  day  after 
the  affair  at  Lexington.  His  health  failed, and 
he  wished  to  retire  from  the  service  in  177t;.bnt 

he  was  retained  :  and  in  the  battle  of  Stillwater 
»!•)  he  commanded  the  centre 
of  tin-  American  army,  with  the  rank  of  briga- 
dier-general. His  health  still  declining.be  re- 
tired from  the  army  March  84,  177-.  He  was 
then  with  the  army  at  Valley  Forge.  In  17<>."> 
Ins  name  was  placed  on  the  pension  list. 

Le  Boeuf,  PoBT.     On  June  1-.  17i">:!.  Fort  Le 

Pout  was  attacked  by  the  Indians.      The  gallant 

commander  kept  the  nssailants  at  bay  until  near 

midnight,  when  the  Indians  set  the  block-house 

The  < maniler  and  the  garrison  es- 


3  LEE 

caped  to  the  woods,  the  Indians  snpposiug  they 
had  perished  in  the  flames  that  laid  the  fort  in 
ashes,     (See  I'ontiac's  War.) 

Ledyard  John,  was  born  at  Groton,  Conn., 
in  17.->1  :  died  at  Cairo.  Egypt.  Jan.  17.  17-0.  He 
was  educated  at  Dartmouth  College  for  a  mission- 
ary to  the  Indians,  and  speut  several  months 
among  the  Six  Nations.  Having  a  resistless  de- 
sire for  travel,  he  shipped  at  New  Lotidou  as  a 
common  sailor,  and  from  England  accompanied 
Captain  Cook  in  his  last  voyage  around  tbc 
world  as  corporal  of  marines.  He  vainly  tried 
to  set  on  foot  a  trading  expedition  to  the  north- 
west  coast  of  North  America,  and  went  to  En- 
rope  in  17-4.  He  started  on  a  journey  through 
the  northern  part  of  Europe  and  Asia  and  across 
Hehring's  Strait  to  America  in  1786-87.  Ib- 
walked  around  the  whole  coast  of  the  Gulf  of 
Bothnia,  reaching  Sr.  Petersburg  in  the  latter 
part  of  March.  17-7.  without  money,  shoes,  or 
stockings.  He  had  journeyed  fourteen  hundred 
miles  on  foot  in  less  than  seven  weeks.  Thence 
he  went  to  Siberia,  but  was  arrested  at  Irkutsk 
in  February.  1788,  conducted  to  the  frontiers  of 
Poland,  and  there  dismissed  with  an  intimation 
that  if  he  returned  into  Russia  he  would  be 
hanged.  The  cause  of  his  arrest  was  the  jeal- 
ousy of  the  Russian-American  Trading  Compa- 
ny. Going  back  to  London,  Ledyard  accepted 
an  offer  to  engage  in  the  exploration  of  the  in- 
terior of  Africa.  He  left  England  in  June.  17J-<, 
and  at  Cairo.  Egypt,  was  attacked  by  a  bilious 
disease  which  coded  his  life.  There  is  a  life  of 
John  Ledyard  in  Sparks's  Amokau  Biography. 

Ledyard,  William,  was  born  at  Groton, Conn., 
in  17:;-:  died  there,  Sept.  6.  17-1.  He  was  cru- 
elly murdered  by  men  of  a  marauding  expedi- 
tion under  Arnold.     (See  Fort  Orimeold.) 

Lee  (Charles)  and  Independence.  General 
Charles  Lee.  ha\  ing  received  his  $30,000  indem- 
nity from  Congress  (see  !.<<.  Demands  of),  was 
anxious  for  peace.  At  Annapolis,  on  his  way 
north,  he  promised  to  use  his  great  influence  in 
bringing  about  a  reconciliation,  anil  whenever 
he  found  willing  and  sympathizing  listeners  in 
Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey  he  was  free  in  his 
denunciation  of  the  Americans  for  continuing 
the  contest.  IF-  was  decidedly  opposed  to  inde- 
pendence. At  Princeton,  in  a  communication 
to  Congress,  he  proposed  to  that  body  to  author- 
ize an  offer  to  open  a  negotiation  with  Lord 
Howe  on  his  own  terms.  Finding  that  he  could 
not  persuade  the  Americans  to  submit  to  become 
slaves,  he  performed  treasonable  acts  with  a 
hope  of  accomplishing  his  ends.  (See  Treason 
of  General  Lee.)  He  wrote  to  Congress  from 
Perth  Amboy  (Oct.  12, 1776)  that  Howe  would 
not  attack  Washington,  but  would  infallibly 
proceed  against  Philadelphia;  and  he  sou-lit 
to  weaken  the  Continental  army  by  dividing  it. 
by  inducing  Congress  to  order  Washington  to 
send  a  part  of  his  army  to  Trenton.  At  that 
very  moment  Howe  was  moving  against  Wash- 
ington. 

Lee.  Ann.  founder  of  the  society  of  celibates 
called  Shakers  in  the  United  States.  She  was 
born  in  Manchester.  England,  Feb. 29,  1736;  died 


LEE  7 

at  Watervliet,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  8, 1784.  A  cook  in  a 
public  institution,  sln>  married  a  blacksmith 
named  Stanley.  Ill  1758  she  joined  the  Shakers 
in  England.  The  society  had  just  been  formed 
by  James  and  Jane  Wardley,  Quakers.  About 
1770  she  began  to  "  prophesy"  against  the  wick- 
edness of  marriage  as  the  "root  of  all  human 
depravity,"  and  resumed  her  maiden  name  of 
Lee.  She  came  to  America  with  some  follow- 
ers in  1774.  and  in  1776  they  established  them- 
selves at  Xiskayuna,  near  Watervliet,  or  West 
Troy,  where  she  was  the  recognized  leader  of 
the  sect.  Being  opposed  to  war,  she  was  sus- 
pected of  being  a  British  emissary,  and,  bciug 
charged  with  high-treason,  was  imprisoned  at 
Albany  and  Poughkeepsie  until  released  by  Gov- 
ernor Clinton  in  1777,  when  she  returned  to  Wa- 
tervliet, and  there  her  followers  greatly  in- 
creased. During  a  religious  revival  in  New 
Lebanon  (since  in  Columbia  County,  N.  Y.)  in 
1780  many  persons  were  converted  to  the  doc- 
trines of  Ann  Lee,  and  the  now  flourishing  So- 
ciety of  Shakers  of  New  Lebanon  was  founded. 
She  and  some  of  her  followers  made  missionary 
tours  into  New  England  with  considerable  suc- 
cess from  1781  to  1783,  and  so  greatly  were  her 
spiritual  gifts  manifested  that  she  was  acknowl- 
edged a  mother  in  Christ  —  the  incarnation  of 
the  femiuiue  esseuce  of  God.  She  was  called 
"Mother  Ann." 

Lee,  Arthur,  LL.D.,  was  born  in  Westmore- 
land County,  Va.,  Dec.  20,  1740;  died  Dec.  14, 
1702.  Educated  in  Europe,  and  taking  the  de- 
gree of  M.D.  at  Edinburgh  in  1765,  he  began 
practice  in  Williamsburg,  Va.  He  afterwards 
studied  law  in  England,  and  wrote  political  es- 
says that  gained  him  the  acquaintance  of  Dr. 
Johnson,  Burke,  and  other  eminent  men.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1770,  and  appointed 
the  alternative  of  Dr.  Franklin  as  agent  of  the 
Massachusetts  Assembly,  in  case  of  the  disabil- 
ity or  absence  of  the  latter.  For  his  services  to 
that  state  he  received  lour  thousand  acres  of 
land  in  1784.  In  1775  Dr.  Lee  was  appointed 
London  correspondent  of  Congress,  and  in  1776 
he  was  one  of  the  commissioners  of  Congress 
sent  to  France  to  negotiate  for  supplies  and  a 
treaty;  but  the  ambition  of  Lee  produced  dis- 
cord, and  his  misrepresentations  caused  one  of 
the  commissioners — Silas  Deane  (which  see) — 
to  be  recalled.  He  returned  to  America  in  1780. 
Deane's  character  has  since  been  vindicated. 
Lee   was  subsequently  a   member  of  Congress, 

of   the   Virginia   Assembly,  a    comtnissii r    to 

treat  with  the  Northern  Indians,  and  a  member 
of  the  Treasury  Board  from  17H5  to  17--0.  when 
he  retired  from  public  life.  He  was  patriotic, 
i)in  o!  a  jealous  and  melancholy  temperament. 

Lee,  Ainm  ::.  Misrnii  \  ors  Imi.kmi: im; 

ok.  When  Prance  determined  to  acknowledge 
tin'  independence  of  the  United  states,  Spain 
agreed  to  advance  money  equal  in  amount  to 

thai  to  lie  furnished  by  Fiance.  It  was  to  be 
sent  to  the  United  Slates  from  Havana.  When 
Lee,  who  WM  equally  disliked  at  Madrid  and 
Versailles,  heard  of  this,  he  talked  and  U  role  so 
much   about    it    that   the   Spanish   government, 


4  LEE 

w  Inch  wished  to  avoid  a  rupture  with  England, 
took  the  alarm,  and  receded  from  its  determina- 
tion. (See  Diplomacy  of  the  Revolution.)  Lee's 
constant  interference  in  the  public  affairs  of 
the  Americans  abroad,  and  his  jealousy  of  Amer- 
ican agents  employed  by  Congress,  produced 
disaster  and  disappointment  where  success  was 
attainable. 

Lee,  Charles,  was  born  at  Dernhall,  Cheshire, 
England,  in  1731;  died  in  Philadelphia,  Oct,  3, 
1782.  He  was  the  son  of  a  British  officer,  and 
entered  the  army  at  a  very  early  age,  having 
held  a  commission  when  eleven  years  old.     At 


CHARLES   LEE. 


twenty  ho  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  Forty-fourth 
Regiment,  and  accompanied  the  troops  sent  to 
America  in  1754,  where  he  saw  considerable  ser- 
vice during  the  ensuing  six  years.  His  regiment 
participated  in  the  battle  on  the  Monongahela, 
where  Braddock  was  defeated.  That  was  Lee's 
first  practical  experience  of  warfare.  He  served 
in  the  campaigns  from  1756  to  the  conquest  of 
Canada  in  1760,  when  he  returned  to  England 
with  a  captain's  commission,  and  was  promoted 
to  major  of  the  One-hundred-and-t bird  Regi- 
ment, which  \\  as  disbanded  in  1763.  and  Lee  con- 
tinued a  major  on  half-pay  until  1772.  when  he 
was  made  lieutenant -colonel  on  half-pay.  He 
had  served  with  distinction  in  Portugal,  but 
was  not  promoted  in  rank,  probably  because  of 
the  sharpness  and  volubility  of  his  tongUC  con- 
cern in g  the  shortcomings  of  bis  superior  offloen. 
On  visiting  the  Continent  after  h«>  was  put  <>n 
the  half-pay  list,  he  was  made  an  aide-de-camp 
of  King  Stanislaus  of  Poland.  He  went  to  Eng- 
land in  1766,  where  be  failed  in  his  attempts 
to  obtain  promotion,  and  returned  to  Poland, 
When  he  was  made  a  major-general,  and  after- 
wards served  a  short  time  in  the  Russian  army, 
finally.  Lee  made  his  way  to  America,  where  he 

claimed  to  be  the  author  of  the  1  <  ti<  n  of  .inn  in* 

(which  Bee).  Lee  was  hoaslful,  restless,  impul- 
sive, quarrelsome,  egotistical,  ironical  in  ex- 
presslon,  and  illiberal  in  bis  judgment  of  others. 

wnessoaused  the  stobaw  ka,  who  adopt- 


LEE 


775 


LEE 


ed  him,  to  give  him  a  name  signifying  "boiling 
water."  He  espoused  the  cause  of  the  American 
republicans, aDd  when  the  Continental  army  was 
organized  lie  was  chosen  second  major-general 
under  Washington,  \\  hich  he  accented  on  condi- 
tion that  the  Congress  should  advance  him 
$30,000  as  indemnity  for  any  losses  he  might 
sustain  by  confiscation  of  his  property  in  Eng- 
land. Through  his  boasting  he  became  extreme- 
ly overrated  by  the  Americans  of  all  classes.  He 
was  simply  an  unprincipled  and  utterly  selfish 
soldier  of  fortune.  His  censoriousness,  and  his 
jealousy  of  Washington,  whose  position  he  as- 
pired to,  made  him  very  mischievous,  and  finally 
he  played  the  part  of  a  traitor  to  the  cause, 
without  actual  discovery  of  proof  (though  al- 
ways suspected)  until  a  few  years  ago.  (See 
Treason  of  General  Lee.)  .Made  a  prisoner  in  New 
Jersey  late  in  1770.  he  was  not  exchanged  until 
early  in  177rf.  His  had  behavior  at  the  battle 
of  Monmouth  in  June  of  that  year  caused  him 
to  lie  tried  by  a  OOart-martial,  w  hen  he  was  sen- 
tenced to  suspension  from  command  in  tin;  army 
for  one  year.  The  Congress  continued  the  sen- 
tence. He  retired  to  his  estate  in  Virginia, 
where  he  wrote  Queries,  Political  «>«l  Military, 
the  design  of  which  was  to  cast  a  slur  upon  the 
character  and  military  conduct  of  Washington. 
In  a  rude  cabin  of  one  apartment  and  little  fur- 
niture he  lived  "more  like  a  hermit  than  a  citi- 
zen of  the  World,"  surrounded  by  his  dogs  and 
his  hooks,      .lust  as  his  time  of  suspension   had 

expired  he  heard  that  Cougress  was  abont  to 
deprive  him  of  his  commission,  when,  in  a  tit  of 
anger,  he  wrote  an  abusive  letter  to  the  Presi- 
dent, and  his  immediate  dismission  from  the 
army  was  the  cousequence.  Wearied  of  solitude, 
he  visited  Philadelphia  in  the  fall  of  1782, with 

a  vi0W  to  making  sale  of  his  estate.  There  he 
was  attacked  by  fever,  and  died  within  live 
days,  exclaiming   in   his   last    moments,  •■Stand 

by  me.  my  brave  grenadiers!"  In  his  will,  Gen- 
eral Leo,  alter  bequeathing  his  "soul  to  the  Al- 
mighty and  his  body  to  the  earth."  directed  that 
his  remains  should  not  "  he  buried  in  any  church 
or  church-yard,  or  within  a  mile  of  an  J  Presby- 
terian    or  Anabaptist    meeting  -  house  j    for,"   he 

said,  "since  I  have  resided  in  this  country,  1 

have  kept  so  much  had  company  when  living 
that  I  do  not  choose  to  continue  it  when  dead." 

He  was  buried  in  Christ  Church-yard, Philadel- 
phia, vv  ilh  military  honors. 

Lew,  Charles,  in  \iw  Fork.  Isaac  Sears, 
an  active -Son  of  Liberty"  in  New  York,  fail- 
ing in  obtaining  official  preferment,  repaired  to 
the  camp  ai  Cambridge,  to  make  complain!  of 
the  prevalence  of  Toryism  in  New  York,  and 
the  ■upineness  of  the  Provincial  Convention. 

lie  found  a  ready  listener  in  General  I.ee.    Thai 

officer  requested  Washington  to  detach  him  from 

the  army,  thai  he  might  collect  volunteers  ill 
Connecticut  to  sec New  York  from  an  ex- 
pected attack  by  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  and  to  ex- 
pel the  Tories.  After  some  hesitation,  Wash- 
ington complied.  As  soon  as  he  entered  upon 
the  duties,  he  showed  his  COIltempt  alike  of  the 

Instructions  of  Washington  and  of  the  civil  au- 
thorities.    He  railed  at  Congress,  but  worked  en- 


ergetically until  he  had  raised  two  regiments  in 
Connecticut — a  larger  bodjT  of  men  than  he  had 
ever  commanded  before.  With  about  fifteen 
hundred  men  he  marched  upou  New  York,  with- 
out intimating  his  designs  to  any  one.  Thisof- 
fended  the  pride  of  the  colony,  and  awakened 
jealousy.  He  scoffed  at  the  idea  of  being  bound 
either  by  Congress  or  local  civil  authority.  The 
Committee  of  Safety  sent  a  request  to  Lee  that 
the  Connecticut  troops  might  uot  pass  the  bor- 
der till  the  purpose  of  their  coming  should  be 
explained.  Lee  sneered  at  the  request  as  "  wo- 
fully  hysterical,"  and  as  a  sign  of  cowardice, 
and  he  made  a  ranting  boast  of  what  he  should 
do  if  the  British  should  attack  the  town.  Lee 
entered  the  city  on  Feb.  4,  just  after  the  ships 
that  bore  Clinton  and  his  troops  anchored  near 
it.  There  was  a  general  flight  of  the  inhabi- 
tants from  the  city.  Lee's  presence  with  Con- 
necticut troops  proved  of  great  value,  for  Clin- 
ton, who,  undoubtedly,  had  intended  to  seize 
New  York,  sailed  away  for  the  Carolines.  This 
lucky  turn  in  affairs  gave  Lee  much  credit.  He 
was  lauded  by  everybody,  and  a  demand  which 
he  made  upon  the  New  York  Congress  for  $-2500 
was  granted.  This  was  requited  by  revilings 
from  the  lips  of  this  military  charlatan.  Wash- 
ington was  reading  his  character  thoroughly, 
and  had  already  spoken  of  him  as  "  violent  and 
fickle."  The  Continental  Congress  instructed 
him  to  put  the  city  of  New  York  in  the  best  pos- 
sible state  of  defence.  This  he  chose  to  construe 
as  giving  him  unlimited  authority,  and  he  per- 
secuted suspected  persons  without  stint.  When 
the  New  York  Convention  rebuked  him,  he  said, 
"  When  the  enemy  is  at  the  door,  forms  must  be 
dispensed  with."  On  the  eve  of  his  departure 
for  the  South,  he  gave  orders  to  a  Connecticut 
officer  "to  secure  the  whole  body  of  professed 
Tories  on  Long  Island."  This  order  was  icsent- 
I  ed  by  the  Legislature  of  New  York  as  a  usurpa- 
tion of  the  rights  of  a  free  people,  and  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  condemned  and  reversed  it. 

Lee,  EXPLOITS  OF  the.  Washington  con- 
ceived that  the  readiest  way  to  obtain  supplies 
for  the  army  was  the  fitting-out  of  armed  ves- 
sels for  intercepting  those  sent,  from  England  to 
Boston.  He  caused  six  armed  schooners  to  be 
fitted  out  for  this  purpose,  which  cruised  off  the 

New  England  coasts.  One  of  these,  tin'  Lee, 
Captain  Mauley,  captured  (Nov.  29,  177">)  the 
brig  Nancy,  an  ordnance  vessel  from  Woolwich, 
containing  a  large  brass  mortar,  several  pieces 
of  brass  cannon,  a  large  quantity  of  small-arms 
and  ammunition,  and  an  abundance  of  things 
lor  the  use  of  camps  and  artillery.  Within  ten 
days  afterwards  the  Lee  captured  three  British 
store-ships  and  a  brig  from  Antigua  laden  with 
rum.  In  less  than  live  days  after  the  last-men- 
tioned capture  several  other  store-ships  fell  into 
the  hands  of  Mauley,  and  so  the  Continental  ar- 
my vv  as  supplied  and  the  British  army  in  Boston 
was  distressed. 

Lee,  FRANCIS  LioHTFOOT,  signer  of  the  Dec- 
laration of  Independence,  and  brother  of  Rich- 
ard Henry  and  Arthur  Lee  (which  see),  was 
born  at  Stratford,  Westmoreland  Co.,  Va.,  Oct. 


LEE 


776 


LEE 


14,1734:  died  in  Richmond.  Va»,  in  April.  17'.»7. 
In  1765  he  was  a  member  of  the  Virginia  House 
of  Burgesses,  and  held  that  position  until  1772. 
He  was  in  the  Continental  Congress  from  1775 
to  1779,  and  was  aetive  and  efficient  in  framing 
the  "Articles  of  Confederation"  (which 
He  was  afterwards  a  State  Senator.  Mr.  Lee 
and  his  wife  died  of  pleurisy  at  almost  the  same 
time. 

Lee,  General  Chahi.ks.  Americans  de- 
ceived in.  Through  false  pretensions,  as  well 
as  misrepresentations  and  misapprehensions,  the 
Americans  had  unbounded  contidence  in  Charles 
Lee,  and  many  were  in  favor  of  making  him 
commander-in-chief  of  the  Continental  army  at 
the  time  Washington  was  appointed.  Iudeed, 
he  expected  the  honor,  and  was  disappointed 
and  surprised  because  he  did  not  receive  it.  He 
had  been  in  military  training  from  his  boyhood, 
and  represented  himself  as  well  versed  in  the 
science  of  war.  He  was  better  nnderstood  in 
England.  '•From  what  I  know  of  him."  wrote 
Sir  Joseph  Yorke,  then  British  minister  at  the 
Hague,  ••lie  is  the  worst  present  which  could  be 
made  to  any  army."  And  so  he  proved  to  the 
Americans.  He  was  selfish  in  the  extreme.  He- 
had  left  the  English  army  because  he  "saw  no 
chance  of  being  provided  for  at  home."  Soured 
against  his  government,  he  had  sought  employ- 
ment anywhere  as  a  mere  military  adventurer. 
He  venerated  England,  and  declared  it  to  he 
'•wretchedness  itself,  not  being  able  to  herd 
with  the  class  of  men  [the  English]  to  which 
he  had  been  accustomed  from  infancy."  He  was 
continually  seeking  intimate  relations  with  Brit- 
ish officers  —  writing  to  Bnrgoyne.  Sir  Henry 
Clinton,  and  others —while  ostensibly  lighting 
against  them  in  favor  of  the  American  cause. 
Even  while  disobedient,  quarrelsome,  and  inef- 
ficient, the  Americans  did  not  lose  faith  in  him, 
nor  suspected  that  in  his  movements  during  the 
(light  of  the  army  under  Washington  from  the 
Hudson  to  the  Delaware  (177G).  and  in  his  move- 
ments at  the  battle  of  Monmouth,  he  was  seek- 
ing to  betray  them.  But  such  was  undoubtedly 
the  case.     (See  ZVassoa  q/ General  I 

Lee,   Qexsbal   Chartxs,    at  Chablkstoh. 

When,  in  June.  177(>,  the  British  were  about  to 
attack  Fort  Sullivan,  in  the  harbor  of  Charles- 
ton, Lee.  who  had  been  sent  south  to  take  com- 
mand of  troops  there,  went  to  the  fort.  and.  af- 
ler  a  brief  inspection,  declared  it  not  tenable 
for  "half  an  hour."  It  was  "a  slaughter-pen." 
He  proposed  to  Governor  Rntledge  to  withdraw 
tin-  garrison  from  the  fort  without  striking  a 
blow.  Rntledge  refused,  and  Lee  contented 
himself  w  ith  gi\  nig  several  Olden  for  preparing 
for  a  retreat.  A  better  Boldiet  than  he  com- 
manded the  garrison.  It  was  the  brave  and 
calm  Colonel  Moultrie,  w  ho  WU  unmoved  by  the 
evidences  of  alarm  in  the  mind  of  the  boastful 
Lee.  ll.id  the  will  of  the  latter  prevailed,  the 
t.ii t,  city,  and  province  would  undoubtedly  have 
fallen   into  the  hands  of  the   enemy.      Hid   Lie 

w  Ufa  sui  h  an  event  I 

u 

Lee,  (Jr.M.UAi  <  MAKM  s   Immam'sof.     Lee, 


with  his  usual  insincerity  and  boastfulness. 
claimed  for  himself  the  glory  which  belonged 
to  Moultrie  and  his  little  garrison  of  repulsing 
the  British  at  Charleston  (June  28,  L776);  and 
he  used  this  undeserved  reputation  in  extorting 
from  Congress,  in  advance,  indemnity  for  any 
possible  forfeiture  of  property  in  England  be- 
cause of  his  relations  to  the  "rebels"  in  Ameri- 
ca. There  was  still  a  belief  in  the  minds  of  the 
Americans  of  his  superior  genius  and  great  abil- 
ity as  a  military  commander,  whose  favor  it  was 
essential  to  secure.  With  this  impression,  John 
Rntledge.  Governor  of  South  Carolina,  fearing 
ill  consequences  from  offending  him.  acknowl- 
edged his  great  Services  to  that  state  in  saving 
it  from  invasion,  actually  recommended  the 
Congress  to  comply  with  Lee's  demands,  and 
consented  to  ask  for  "the  enthusiast''  the  sum 
of  $30,000,  which  was  granted. 

Lee,  Henky  ("Legion  Harry''),  was  born  in 
Westmoreland  County.  Va.,  Jan.  29,  17.">4i ;  died 
on  Cumberland  Island.  Ga..  March  "i.'),  1818.  Be 
graduated  at  Princeton  in  177:!.  His  mother 
was  Mary  Bland,  the  "lowland  beauty,"  whose 


DENRT   LEE. 

charms  inspired  Washington,  in  his  youth,  with 
l he  "tender  passion."  He  was  a  captain  in 
Bland'l  cavalry  in  1771'..  and  joined  the  main 
army  in  September.  1777.  ••  Leers  Legion "  w  ;is 
one  of  the  most  aetive  and  efficient  of  the  eav- 
ftlrj  corps  of  the  Continental  army,  ami  it  was 
Washington's  body-gnatd  in  the  bat  tie  of  (Jer- 
mautowu.  In  177~  he  was  made  a  major,  in  in- 
dependent command,  first  of  two  companies  of 
horse,  and  then  of  three,  with  a  small  body  of 
iufantry.  With  these  be  surprised  the  British 
post  at  l'auliis's  Hook  in  Jnly,  I" 

li  the  commission  oflienteneat- 
eolonel,  he  joined  General  Greene  in  the  Booth, 


and  was  active  and  efficient  iu  tlic  Southern 
campaigns.  Soon  after  the  battle  of  Eutaw 
Spring  (which  sec)  Major  Lee  retired  from  the 
service,  married,  and  settled  at  Stratford.  He 
was  a  delegate  in  Congress  in  1786,  and  advo- 
cated the  adoption  of  the  national  Constitution 
in  the  Virginia  Convention.  Lee  was  in  the 
Virginia  Legislature;  and  when  militia  were 
called  out  to  suppress  the  Whiskey  Insurrec- 
tion (which  see),  he  was  placed  in  command  of 

them.  He  was  in  Congress  at  the  time  of  Wash- 
ington's death, and  was  appointed  by  that  body 

to  deliver  the   funeral  oration  iu   Philadelphia 

While  lie  was  in  a  debtor's  prison  he  wrote  his 

Memoirs  ofika  War  in  tin-  Southern  Department  of 
the  United  Stul/s.  Lee  was  in  Baltimore  at  the 
time  of  the  newspaper  riot,  in  1814,  and  in  his 
endeavors  to  snppreae  it  received  injuries  from 

which  he  never  recovered.  He  was  much  be- 
loved by  Washington  for  his  many  noble  quali- 
ties: and  Qreeue  said,  "  No  man,  in  the  progress 
of  the  Southern  campaign,  had  equal  merit  with 
Lee." 
Lee,  Richard  Henry,  signer  of  the  Dccla- 

ratii f  Independence,  was  born  at  Stratford, 

Westmoreland  Co.,  Va.,  Jan.  20, 1732 ;  died  at 
Chan  til  ly,  Va.,  June  19,  1794.  The  nanus  of 
himself  and  live  brothers  (Philip  Lndwell, Thom- 
as Ludwell,  Francis  Lightfoot,  William,  and 
Arthur)  are  conspicuous  on  the  pages  of  our 
national  history.  Richard  Henry  was  edu- 
cated in  England,  and  returned  to  America  at 
the  age  of  nineteen.  In  17.">(i  In-  was  appoint- 
ed justice  of  the  peace,  and  entered  the  Vir- 
ginia House  of  Burgesses  in  1757,  where  he  was 
ever  distinguished  as  a  debater  and  a  clear  po- 
litical  writer.      Mr.  Lee   supported   the   famous 


Patrick  Henry's  Resolutions  (which 
was  among  t  lie  foremost  men  in  Virginia  in  form- 
ing and  putting  in  motion  the  machinery  against 
royal  oppression  and  Parliamentary  rule.  He 
was  a  delegate  to  the  First  Congress  (1774),  was 
b  member  of  all  the  leading  committees,  and 
wrote  the  memorial  of  Congress  to  the  people 
of  British  America.     In  1".'»  he  wrote  the  sec- 


7  LEE 

ond  address  of  Congress  to  the  people  of  Great 
Britain  ;  and  from  his  seat  in  that  body,  iu  June, 
1776,  he  offered  the  famous  resolution  which  de- 
clared the  English-American  colonies  to  be  "  free 
and  independent  states."  (See  Independence^) 
it  is  said  that  his  speech  on  that  occasion  was 
a  brilliant  display  of  eloqneuce.  Leaving  Con- 
gress in  June,  1777.  he  was  again  in  that  body  in 
1778-80, 1784-85,  and  1786-87.  In  1784  Mr.  Lee 
wiis  chosen  Presideut  of  Congress,  but  retired 
at  the  end  of  the  year.  Mr.  Lee  was  opposed 
to  the  national  Constitution,  because  it  super- 
seded state  supremacy,  but  he  was  a  supporter 
of  Washington's  administration,  and  was  United 
States  Senator  from  Virginia  from  1789  to  1792. 
Lee,  Robert  Edmund,  was  born  at  Stratford, 
Westmoreland  Co.,  Va.,  June  19,  1807;  died  at 
Lexington,  Va.,  Oct.  12,  1870.  He  graduated  at 
the   Military   Academy,  West   Poiut,  secoud  iu 


ROBERT  EDMCND   LEE. 

his  class,  in  1829.  His  father  was  Henry  Lee 
i"  Legion  Harry"),  the  brave  leader  of  mounted 
men  in  the  Revolution.  His  mother  was  a  Car- 
ter. Entering  the  engineer  corps,  he  became 
captain  in  .Inly,  1838,  and  was  chief-engineer  of 
General  Wool's  brigade  in  the  war  with  Mexico. 
At  the  close  of  that  war  he  had  earned  three 
brevets — major,  lieutenant-colonel,  and  colonel; 
and  he  was  a  great  favorite  with  General  Scott. 
From  Sept.  3,1853,  to  March  3,  1855,  he  was  su- 
perintendent of  the  Military  Academy  at  West 
Point.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  promoted  to 
lieutenant -colonel  of  cavalry,  and  in  March, 
1861,  to  colonel.  Accepting  the  doctrine  of 
stat.'  supremacy  (which  see)  when  Virginia 
passed  an  ordinance  of  secession,  in  April,  1861, 
I.e.-  went  "with  his  state,"  and,  abandoning  his 

flag,  went  to  Richmond,  accepted  (April 22,  1861) 
the  command  of  the  forces  in  that  common- 
wealth, aud  resigned  his  commission  in  the  Na- 
tional army.  In  accepting  the  office  of  com- 
mander of  the  Virginia  forces,  he  said,  "Trust- 
ing in  Almighty  God,  an  approving  conscience, 
and  the  aid  of  my  fellow -citizens,  1  devote  my- 
self to  the  aid  of  my  native  State,  in  whose  be- 
half alone  will  I  ever  draw  my  sword."  Cir- 
cumstances caused  him  to  abandon  that  resolu- 


LEE 

( ion.  and  be  drew  his  sword  in  defence  of  all  the 
slave-labor  states.  Lee's  services  had  always 
been  very  acceptable  to  his  government.  He 
was  an  officer  of  fine  culture,  a  soldier  brave  and 
discreet,  and  an  engineer  of  great  skill.  He  had 
superintended  the  construction  and  repairs  of 
the  fortresses  at  the  entrance  to  the  harbor  of 
New  York  after  1841,  and  was  a  member  of  the 
board  of  engineers  of  the  Atlantic  coast  defence. 
He  had  married,  in  1832,  Mary,  daughter  of  G. 
YV.  P.  Custis,  the  adopted  sou  of  Washington, 
and  by  her,  in  lii>7,  be  became  possessor  of  the 
estate  of  Arlington  House,  opposite  Georgetown, 
on  the  Potomac,  and  the  "  White  House"  es- 
tate, on  the  Pamuukey.  He  was  in  command 
of  a  regiment  of  cavalry  in  Texas  in  1860,  and 
towards  the  close  of  that  year  he  obtained  leave 
of  absence  and  returned  home,  where  he  was 
when  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Virginia 
forces.  For  a  while  he  did  not  have  a  separate 
command  in  the  held,  and  for  more  than  a  year 
did  not  fill  any  important  place  in  the  Confed- 
erate; army.  He  was  nominally  superintendent 
of  fortifications  at  Richmond  and  elsewhere,  and 
was  the  military  adviser  of  President  Jefferson 
Davis  and  of  the  Confederate  Secretary  of  War. 
When  QeneralJ. E.  Johnston  was  wounded  (May 
31,  1862  |,  in  the  battle  of  Seven  Pines,  near  Rich- 
mond, the  command  of  the  Confederate  Army 
of  Northern  Virginia  was  given  to  Lee,  June  3, 
and  on  the  26th  of  that  month  he  began  the  se- 
ries of  conflicts  before  Richmond  known  as  the 
Seven  Days'  Battles.  Lee's  military  services 
during  the  Civil  War  are  set  forth  under  differ- 
ent heads  in  other  portions  of  this  work.  He 
was  finally  compelled  to  resign  his  army  to  Gen- 
eral Grant  at  Appomattox  Court-house,  April  9, 
1865, on  most  generous  terms  for  himself  and  bis 
followers.  He  had  been  appointed  general-in- 
ohief  of  the  Confederate  armies  in  February  pre- 
ceding. After  the  war  he  retired  to  private 
life,  refusing  even  to  attend  public'  gatherings 
of  any  kind.  Ill  October.  1865,  be  accepted  the 
Presidency  of  Washington  College  (now  called 
"Washington  and  Lee  College"), at  Lexington, 
Va.  He  held  that  position  until  his  death.  On 
the  evening  of  Sept.  28,  1870,  while  apparently 

in  his  usual  health,  he  was  struck  with  paraly- 
sis, and  lived  only  about  a  fortnight  afterwards. 
Lee's  sons— G.W.'custis.W.  II.  1'.,  and  Robert  E. 
-all  served  as  officers  in  the  Confederate  army. 
His  eldest  son.G.  W.  C.  Lee,  was  chosen  president 
of  the  College  on  the  death  of  his  father. 

Lee,  R.  L.,  <;i:m:i:.u.-in-<  Mii:i\  There  was  so 
much  dissatisfaction  in  the  Confederacy  because 
of  the  continual  and  mischievous  interference 

of  President  Davis  in  military  affairs,  that  a  se- 
rious project  was  on  foot,  at  the  beginning  of 

1~(>.">,  to  make  Lee  dictator,  and  so  deprive  Da- 
vis of  all  authority  over  him.  To  avoid  this  hu- 
miliation, Lee  was  appointed  general-in-chiel  of 

all  the  armies  of  the  Confederacy,  Feb.  l,  1866. 
To  the  same  expression  of  discontent  i-  attrib- 
uted the  appointment  id' Johnston  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  Southern  Department. 

Lee,  Thomas  l.ri>witi,  was  born  at  Strat- 
ford, Westmoreland  Co.,  Va.,  in  1730  j  died  in 


778  LEE'S  CAMPAIGN 

1777.  During  the  preliminary  movements  of 
the  war  for  independence  he  was  couspicuous.as 
a  lawyer  and  patriot.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Committee  of  Safety,  and  in  the  Virginia  Con- 
vention, in  May.  1776.  he  was  on  the  committee 
to  draft  a  declaration  of  rights  and  a  plan  of  a 
state  government.  On  the  organization  of  that 
government,  be  was  appointed  one  of  the  five 
revisers,  and  was  also  elected  one  of  the  five 
judges  of  the  (icneral  Court.  He  was  a  broth- 
er of  Richard  Henry  Lee. 

Lee,  William,  brother  of  Richard  Henry  and 
Arthur,  was  born  at  Stratford.  Va..  in  1737  ;  died 
at  Greeu  Spring.  Va..  June  27,  17'Jf>.  He  was 
agent  for  Virginia  in  Loudon,  and  became  a 
merchant  there.  London  city  being  overwhelm- 
ingly Whig  in  politics,  William  Lee  was  elected 
sheriff  of  that  city  and  Middlesex  County  in 
1773.  In  1775  he  was  chosen  alderman,  but  on 
the  breaking-out  of  the  war  in  America  retired 
to  France.  Cougress  appointed  him  commer- 
cial agent  at  Nantes  at -the  beginning  of  1777, 
and  he  was  afterwards  American  minister  at  the 
Hagne.  Mr.  Lee  was  also  their  agent  in  Berlin 
and  Vienna,  but  was  recalled  in  177D.  He  was 
an  ardent  patriot  and  an  able  writer. 

Lee,  William,  Dismissal  OF.  William  Lee, 
an  ardent  patriot,  but  who.  like  his  brother  Ar- 
thur, let  his  zeal  outrun  his  prudence  and  judg- 
ment sometimes,  had  been  American  minister  at 
the  Hague,  and  was  made  the  agent  of  Congress 
at  Vienna  and  Berlin.  In  177^  Jan  de  Neuf- 
ville.  an  Amsterdam  merchant,  procured  a  loan 
to  the  Americans  from  Holland,  through  bis 
house,  and,  to  negotiate  for  it,  gained  permis- 
sion of  the  burgomasters  of  Amsterdam  to  meet 
Lee  at  Aix-la-Chapelle.  Then  they  arranged 
terms  for  a  commercial  convention  proper  to  be 
entered  into  between  the  two  republics.  When 
Lee  communicated  this  project  to  the  American 
commissioners  at  Paris,  they  (having  been  much 
annoyed  by  the  intermeddling  of  his  brother 
Arthur)  reminded  him  that  the  authority  for 
treating  with  the  States-Genera]  belonged  ex- 
clusively to  them.  Congress  took  no  notice  of 
his  negotiations  with  De  Neufville,  and  soon 
afterwards  dismissed  him  from  their  service. 

Lee's  (R.  E.)  Campaign  in  "Western  Vir- 
ginia. General  Reynolds  had  been  left  by  Rose- 
crnns  to  confront  General  Robert  E.  Lee  in  the 
Cheat  Mountain  region.  Lee  was  then  in  chief 
command  in  western  Virginia  He  had  sent  Gen- 
eral Floyd  to  drive  the  Nationals  out  of  the  Ka- 
nawha valley,  but  I  hi'  latter  was  defeated  i  Sept. 
11)  at  Caruifex  Ferry,  and  led  to  Big  Bowel] 
Mountain.  Re)  nolds's  command  consisted  nf  In- 
diana and  Ohio  troops.  With  them  be  held  the 
roads  and  passes  of  the  mountains  of  the  more 
westerly  ranges  of  the  Alleghany  chain.  His 
headquarters  were  at  Cheat  Mountain  Pass. :md 

Lee's  were  at  Buntersville,  in  Pocahontas  Conu- 
t>.  It  was  evident  early  in  September, by  the 
activity  of  Lee's  scouts,  thai  be  was  preparing 

to. strike  a  blow  somewhere.  It  waslinalh  made 
clear  that  he  was  about  to  strike  the  Nationals 
at  Llk  Water,  at  the  western  fool  of  Cheat  Moun- 
tain.    His  object    evidently   was   to  secure   the 


LEE'S  FAREWELL  ADDRESS  7 

great  Cheat  Mountain  Pass,  and  have  free  com- 
munication with  the  Shenandoah  valley.  For 
this  purpose  he  marched  from  Huntersville,  in 
the  night  of  Sept.  11  (1801),  to  make  a  simulta- 
neous attack  on  Elk  Water,  the  Pass,  and  a  sta- 
tion of  Indiana  troops  on  the  Summit,  under 
Colonel  Kimball.  About  5000  Confederates,  un- 
der General  Anderson,  of  Tennessee,  attempted 
to  take  the  Summit  and  the  Pass,  hut  were  re- 
pulsed. On  the  12th  Lee  advanced  in  heavy  force 
upon  Elk  Water,  hut  was  driven  hack.  He  was 
satisfied  that  bis  grand  plan  for  seizing  and  de- 
stroying Reynolds's  army  and  opening  a  way  to 
the  Ohio  had  failed,  and  he  hastened  to  join 
Floyd  on  I5ig  Sewell  Mountain  (sec  Citrnifvi  Fu- 
ry. Battle  <il),  between  the  forks  of  t lie  Kanawha. 
In  the  encounters  during  two  or  three  days.  Rey- 
nolds lost  10  men  killed,  14  wounded,  and  04 
made  prisoners.  The  Confederates  lost  about 
100  killed  and  wounded,  and  90  prisoners.  The 
joint  forces  of  Lee  and  Floyd,  on  Big  Sewell 
Mountain,  numbered  about  20,000  men,  and 
there  they  were  confronted  by  10.000  Nation- 
als under  Rosecrans,  assisted  by  (uncials  Cox, 
Sobenck,  and  Beuham.  The  belligerents  re- 
mained in  sight  of  eacb  other  for  about  three 
weeks.  Wise,  then  under  Lee's  command,  was 
recalled  to  Richmond.  Lee's  campaign  in  west- 
ern Virginia  was  regarded  hy  the  Confederate 
government  as  a  failure,  and  he,  too,  was  soon 
afterwards  recalled  ami  sent  to  Georgia,  to  take 
charge  ofooasl  defences.     He  was  succeeded  m 

the  chief  command  by  Floyd. 

Lee's  (R.  E.)  Farewell  Address.  On  the 
day  after  tin'  surrender  of  the  Army  of  Northern 

Virginia  to  General  Grant,  General  Lee  issued 
(April  in.  1865)  the  following  address  to  his  sol- 
diers as  General  Order  No.  9:  •'  After  four  years 
of  arduous  sen  ice,  marked  by  unsurpassed  cour- 
age and  fortitude,  the  Army  of  Northern  Vir- 
ginia has  been  compelled  to  yield  to  overwhelm- 
ing numbers  and  resources,  I  need  not  tell  the 
brave  snrvivorBof  so  many  hard-fought  battles, 

who  Lave  remained  steadfast  to  the  last,  that  1 
have  consented  to  this  result  from  no  distrusl 
of  them;  hut  feeling  that  valor  and  devotion 
could  accomplish  not  hing  to  compensate  for  the 
lo->  that  must  attend  a  continuation  of  the  con- 
test. I  determined  to  avoid  the  useless  sacrifice 
of  I  UOSe  w  bose  past  Bervioes  have  endeared  them 

to  their  countrymen.  By  the  terms  of  agree- 
ment, officers  and  men  can  return  to  their  homes, 
and  remain  until  exchanged.  You  will  take 
with  you  the  satisfaction  thai   proceeds  from 

the  consciousness  of  duty  faithfully  performed, 
and  I  earnestly  pray  that  a  merciful  God  «  ill  ex- 
tend to  you  his  blessing  ami  protection.  With 
an  unceasing  admiral  ion  of  your  constancy  and 
devotion  to  your  country,  ami  a  grateful  remem- 
brance of  your  kind  and  generous  consideration 
for  myself,  I  bhl  you  all  an  affectionate  fare- 
well." (See  Lee'i  Final  Struggle,  and  Orauft  Ft- 
mil  Addreu  to  hit  Soldiers.) 

Lee's  Final  Struggle.  While  the  Confeder- 
ates were  leaving  Richmond,  Lee's  army  was 
withdrawing  from  Petersburg.  He  hoped  to 
eondncl  his  army  to  Danville,  on  the  southern 


9  LEE'S  FINAL  STRUGGLE 

borders  of  Virginia,  whither  his  government 
had  tied.  He  appointed  Amelia  Court-house  as 
the  point  for  the  concentration  of  his  army. 
There  his  forces  would  reach  the  Danville  Rail- 
way, and  thereafter  use  it  in  their  flight  into 
North  Carolina.  At  the  time  when  he  sent  his 
despatch  for  the  evacuation  of  Richmond  he  or- 
dered commissary  and  quartermaster's  stores  to 
be  sent  from  Danville  to  Amelia  Court-house  for 
the  use  of  his  army.  They  were  promptly  for- 
warded ;  but  when  the  officer  iu  charge  reached 
Amelia  Court-house  he  received  orders  from 
Richmond  to  hasten  thither  with  his  train. 
The  stupid  fellow  obeyed,  but  took  with  him 
the  supplies.  The  "government,"  iu  its  flight, 
occupied  the  whole  train.  The  stores  were  left 
at  Richmond  and  destroyed  iu  the  conflagra- 
tions. Lee  was  almost  hopeless  when  he  dis- 
covered this  calamity,  for  it  threatened  his 
army  with  starvation.  He  knew  that  Graut, 
for  the  sake  of  celerity  iu  pursuit,  would  break 
np  his  army  into  detachments;  and  Lee  hoped, 
by  a  bountifully  supplied  army  well  in  hand,  to 
fall  upon  these  fragments  and  cut  up  the  Na- 
tional army  in  detail.  Now  he  was  compelled 
to  detach  nearly  one  half  of  his  army  to  for- 
age for  supplies  to  keep  his  forces  from  starv- 
ing. Grant,  meanwhile,  had  taken  possession 
of  Petersburg,  and  his  army  moved  iu  vigor- 
ous pursuit.  Sheridan's  cavalry  and  Warren's 
corps  struck  the  Danville  Railway  (April  4, 
1865)  at  Jetersville,  seven    miles  southwest  of 

Amelia  Court-house.      So f  his  cavalry  then 

pushed  on  to  Iiurkesv  ille  Station,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  that  road  with  the  Southside  Railway. 
Sheridan  now  stood  squarely  across  Lee's  path- 
wax  of  retreat,  and  held  possession  of  his  chief 
channel  of  supplies  from  Lynchburg  and  Dan- 
ville. Lee  attempted  to  escape  by  way  of  Farm- 
\ille.  Sheridan  sent,  General  Davies  on  a  re- 
counoissance,  who  found  part  of  Lee's  army 
moving  westward  (April  5),  his  cavalry  escort- 
ing a  train  of  one  hundred  and  eighty  wagons. 
Davies  fell  upon  the  escort,  captured  many  men 
and  five  guns,  and  destroyed  the  wagons.  Lee's 
accompanying  infantry  had  pressed  Davies  for 
a  while,  but,  reinforced  by  Generals  Gregg  and 
Smith,  be  extricated  himself.  On  the  morn- 
ing of  the  0th  nearly  the  whole  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac  were  at  Jetersville,  and  moved 
upon  Amelia  Court-house.  Sheridan  discovered 
Lee's  army  moving  rapidly  westward, and  made 
a  rapid  pursuit,  in  three  columns.  Great  efforts 
were  made  to  check  Lee's  retreat.  He  was  smit- 
ten severely  at  Sailor's  Creek,  a  small  tributary 
of  I  he  Appomattox,  where  another  train  of  four 
hundred  wagons,  sixteen  guns,  and  many  men 
were  captured.  By  this  blow  Eu  ell's  corps,  fol- 
lowing the  train,  was  cut  off  from  Lee's  main 
army.  Very  soon  afterwards  that  corps  was 
captured,  Ewell  and  four  other  generals  and  six 
thousand  veterans  becoming  prisoners.  With 
his  dreadfully  shattered  army.  Lee  crossed  the 
Appomattox  that  night  (Aug.  0  and  7)  at  Farm- 
ville,  setting  tire  to  bridges  behind  him.  They 
were  not  all  consumed.    The  Nationals  crossed 

and  captured  eighteen  guns  abandoned  by  a 
rear-guard.    Lee's  troops  aud  animals  were  per- 


LEE'S  SECOND  RETREAT  7; 

Idling  for  want  of  food.     Thousands  let  their 

muskets  fall  because  they  were  too  weak  to 
cany  them  and  walk.  Lee  would  not  listen  to 
a  proposition  of  his  officers  t<>  give  up  the  eon- 
test,  ami  resolved  to  make  farther  efforts  to  es- 
cape. Nearly  the  whole  of  Grant's  army  joined 
in  vigorous  pursuit  of  the  Confederates,  and.  af- 
ter defeat  near  Appomattox  Court-house  (April 
'.i.  1865),  Lee  surrendered.  (See  Appomattox  Court- 
house, Surrender  of  Lee  at.) 

Lee's  Second  Retreat  from  Maryland.  Af- 
ter his  disastrous  experience  at  Gettysburg  (July 
1, 2, and 3, 1863), General  Leo  began  a  retreat  for 
Virginia  on  the  night  of  the  5th,  having  pre- 
\  iouslv  sent  forward  his  enormous  wagon-trains 
and  sick  and  wounded  men.  Sedgwick's  corps 
and  Kilpatriek's  cavalry  were  sent  in  pursuit. 
Sedgwick  overtook  the  Confederate  rear-guard 
at  a  pass  in  the  South  Mountain  range, bat  "as 
recalled,  and  the  whole  army,  having  rested, 
were  pal  in  motion  for  a  Hank  movement 
through  the  lower  passes  of  South  Mountain. 
But  the  movement  was  so  tardy  that  when 
Meade  overtook  Lee  (July  12)  he  was  strongly 
intrenched  on  the  hanks  of  the  Potomac,  near 
Williamsport,  waiting  for  a  Hood  in  the  river 
caused  by  recent  rains  to  suhside.  "While 
Meade  was  preparing  to  attack  Lee,  the  latter 
escaped  over  the  river.  Genera]  Hill's  rear- 
guard had  been  struck  hy  Kilpatrick,  and  lost 
125  men  killed  and  15(1(1  made  prisoners  Kil- 
patriek's loss  was  105  men.  Thus  ended,  in  ut- 
ter discomfiture  and  repulse,  Lee's  second  for- 
midable invasion  of  Maryland. 

Lee's  (Charles)  Treacherous  Disobedi- 
ence. While  the  British  were  desolating  New 
Jersej  (November,  1770),  and  Washington,  with 
his  handful  of  troops,  was  powerless  to  prevent 
them, General  Lee,  with  a  large  reinforcement, 

persistenth  lingered  on  the  way.  He  bad  been 
urged  by  Washington,  when  the  retreat  from 
Haekensack  began,  to  join  him,  but  he  steadily 
refused.  Now  the  commander-in-chief  entreat- 
ed him  to  obey.  Philadelphia  was  ill  danger, 
and  the  chief  wrote,"Do  come  on;  your  arri- 
val, without  delay,  may  he  the  means  of  saving 
a  city."  Lee  continued  to  persistently  disobey 
every  order  of  the  chief.  His  reputation  was 
at  its  zenith.  The  Americans  were  infatuated 
-  a  delusion  which,  in  the  light  of  Bubseqneul 
history,  seems  very  strange.     He  was  aiming 

at  the  chief  Command,  and  he  did  all  he  dared. 
bj  insinuations  and  false  reports,  to  disparage 
Washington  in  the  estimation  of  the  Congress 

and  the  people.  With  unparalleled  insolence 
(which  was  not  rebuked),  he  wrote  to  Dr.  Iviish, 
a  member  of  Congress, "  Your  apathy  amazes 
me;  yon  make  mad.  Let  me  not  talk  vain- 
ly :  had  I  the  power,  I  could  do  yon  much  good, 
IlligUl   I  hut  dictate  one  week.      Did  none  of  the 

Congress  ever  read  Soman  historj  V     His  l«t- 

i.  i  .ii  thai  juncture  show  his  predetermina- 
tion to  disobey  orders  and  act  as  he  pleased 
uilli   the   Hoops  which    bad    been    Intrusted   to 

him.     (See  I'n ii »<> n  of  General  i  •• 

Lee's  (Charles)  Trial.    Offended  at  the  words 

<■{  Washington  at  then  Interview  on  the  battle* 


0  LEISLER'S  INSURRECTION 

field  of  Monmouth,  General  Lee  wrote  a  disre- 
spectful letter  to  the  commander-in-chief  on 
the  day  after.  Dissatisfied  with  Washington's 
reply,  he  wrote  a  still  more  disrespectful  one. 
Lee  was  arrested,  and  tried  hy  a  court-martial 
for  disobedience  of  orders;  for  having  made  an 
Unnecessary,  shameful,  and  disorderly  retreat  : 
and  for  disrespect    to  the   eoinmander-in  -chief 

in  the  two  letters.  He  defended  himself  with 
much  ability.  Tin'  court  acquitted  him  of  a 
part  of  the  charges,  but  found  him  guilty  of  the 
rest,  and  sentenced  him  to  he  suspended  from 
service  in  the  army  for  one  year. 

Legacy  to  Posterity.  The  few  politicians 
who  involved  the  people  of  the  United  States 
in  civil  war  in  1861  left  to  posterity  a  legacy 
of  debt  and  misery  the  burden  of  which  will  bo 
long  felt  among  every  class  of  American  citizens 
and  in  every  pari  of  the  Republic.  An  official 
report  states  that  tin'  entire  sum  expended  by 
the  national  government,  on  account  of  that 
civil  war,  from  July,  1861,  to  .Inly,  lr-7'.»,  was 
$6,187,243,000.  This'  has  been  the 'money  cost 
of  the  war  to  only  one  party  in  the  contest. 
What  the  other  party  expended  will  never  be 
known,  nor  the  amount  of  human  suffering  in- 
flicted. 

Leisler,  Jacob,  a  republican  leader  in  New 
York  in  1690-81.  He  was  born  in  Frankfort, 
Germany  :  died  in  New  York,  May  16,  1691. 
Leisler  was  of  Huguenot  descent,  and  came  to 
America  in  1660.  Settling  first  in  Albany,  he 
soon  became  a  trader  in  New  York  city.  While 
on  a  voyage  to  Europe  in  1678, lie, with  seven 
others,  was  captured  by  Turkish  corsairs,  and 
tiny  wen-  ransomed  at  a  high  price.  In  1683 
he  was  appointed  a  commissioner  of  the  Court 
of  Admiralty.  Oil  the  accession  of  William  and 
Mary  to  the  throne  of  England,  the  Governor 
of  New  York  abdicated  his  seat,  and  Leisler,  at 

the    request    of   the    people    who    composed    the 

democratic  portion  of  the  population,  assumed 
the  governorship  of  the  province.  When  the 
royalists  were  reinstated  in  power,  and  a  royal 
governor  had  arrived,  Leisler  w  as  arrested,  con- 
demned, and  executed  as  a  traitor.  (See  Lett- 
ler'x  Insurrection.)  Mr.  Leisler  purchased  New 
Boohelle  (which  he  so  named),  in  1689,  as  an 
asylum  for  the  Huguenots  in  America. 

Leisler's  Insurrection.  Democracy  had  tak- 
en firm  root  among  the  people  in  New  York,  and 
w  hen  news  of  t  he  accession  of  William  and  Mary 
reached  thai  city  the  people  were  much  excited 
by  it.  The  military  force  of  the  citv  consisted 
of  live  militia  companies,  of  which  Nicholas  Bay- 
ard, a  member  of  the  governor's  council,  was 
colonel,  and  Jacob  Leisler,  a  Huguenot  and  mer- 
chant (  distinguished  for  his  zealous  opposi- 
tion to  Roman  Catholicism),  was  senior  captain. 
The  people  were  zealous  Protestants.    A  Roman 

Catholic  collector  appointed  hy  King  .lames  had 

iieen  retained  in  place,  and  a  rumor  spread  of  a 

horrible  plot  and  intended  massacre  bj  tin  op- 
ponent* of  the  deposed  monarch.  A  crowd  of 
oitiaena,  followed  by  the  five  militia  companies, 

surrounded  the  house  of  Leisler  and  induced 
him  to  lead   a   ino\  einelit   for  the  sei/uie  of  the 


LEISLER'S  INSURRECTION 


781 


LE  MOYNE 


fort.  Bayard  attempted  to  disperse  them,  but 
was  compelled  to  fly  for  his  life.     A  distinct 

line  was  soon  drawn  between  the  aristocrats, 
beaded  by  Bayard,  Livingston,  and  Others,  and 
i  1m'  democrats,  led  by  Leisler.  The  fort  was 
seized,  witli  the  public  money  in  it.  Nichol- 
son, Andros's  lieutenant,  demanded  the  money, 
and  was  treated  with  disdain.  A  committee  of 
safety  of  ten  members— Dotoh,  Bugnenot,  and 
English — constituted  Leisler  "captain  of  the 
fori,"  and  invested  him  with  the  power  of  com- 
mander-in-chief uutil  orders  .should  arrive  from 
the  new  monarchs.  He  was,  indeed,  the  popu- 
lar governor  of  the  province.  The  New-Eug- 
landers  applauded  the  movement.  Leisler  pro- 
claimed William  and  Mary  at   the  sound  of  the 

tr pet, and  sent  a  letter  to  the  king  giving  an 

aoc t  <d'  his  doings.     Nicholson,  perceiving 

the  support  which  t  he  people  of  New  York  and 
New  England  gave  to  Leisler,  departed  for  Eng- 
land ;  and  the  members  of  his  council  withdrew 
to  Albany,  where,  acknowledging  allegiance  to 

William  and  Mary,  they  claimed  to  he  the  tine 
governors  of  the  colony,  and  denounced  Leisler 
as  an  "  arch-rchel."  Leisler's  son-in-law,  Jacob 
Milborne,  had  just  returned  from  England,  and 
was  sent  to  Albany  w  ith  some  soldiers  to  defend 
the  place  against  an  expected  attack  from  Can- 
ada: hnt  the  old  council  there  refused  to  give 
up  the  fort  to  Milborne.  The  people  of  Albany 
Obtained  aid  from  Connecticut,  Milliorne  having 
withdrawn  to  avoid  bloodshed.  Soon  after  this 
a  letter,  addressed  to  "such  as  for  the  time  be- 
ing administer  affairs,''  was  received  at  New 
Yoik.  enclosing  a  commission  as  governor  for 
Nicholson.       As    the    latter    was    on    the    ocean, 

Leisler  assm 1  the  title  of  lieutenant-governor, 

construing  the  king's  letter  as  a  confirmation  of 

his  authority.  He  called  an  assembly  to  pro- 
vide means  for  carrying  on  war  with  Canada. 
Leaving  Leisler's  letter  unanswered,  King  Will- 
iam commissioned  Col ll  Henry  Sloughter Gov- 

ernor  of  New  York,  anil  sent  an  independent 
company  of  regular  soldiers,  under  Captain  In- 
goldsby  (January,  1691)  for  the  defence  of  the 
province.  Influenced  by  the  enemies  of  Leis- 
ler, Ingoldsby  claimed  the  temporary  administra- 
tion of  affairs,  and  the  possession  of  the  fort,  by 
virtue  of  his  commission  from  the  king.  Leis- 
ler refused  compliance  with  the  demand,  hnt 
proclaimed  Sloughter's  appointment,  and  order- 
ed [ngoldsby's  troops  to  be  quartered  in  the  city. 

There  was  great  excitement  ill  the  city  between 

tin-  aristooraoj   and  democracy.     Bayard  and 

others  of  the  old  council  were  in  prison.  Leis- 
ler was,  for  a  time,  besieged  in  the  fort,  and 
some  lives  were  lost ;  and  because  he  refused  to 

give  up  the  fori  at  the  Bret  summons  of  Ingols- 
bv,  Sloughter.  on    his  arrival,  instigated  by  the 

friends  of  Bayard  and  others,  caused  the  demo- 
cratic governor  and  his  council  to  be  arrested. 
Bayard  ami  others  of  the  old  council,  having 
been  released,  were  sworn  members  of  Slough- 
ter's council,  and  a  special  court  was  organ- 
ized to  try  the  prisoners.  Leisler  and  Milborne, 
denying  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court,  refused  to 

plead.  They  were  tried,  nevertheless,  and  found 
guilty;   but   Sloughter  hesitated  to  order  their 


execution,  preferring  to  await  the  king's  deci- 
sion in  the  matter.  Leisler's  enemies  burned 
with  a  desire  for  revenge.  The  Assembly,  also 
composed  of  his  enemies,  refused  to  recommend 
a  temporary  reprieve.  At  a  dinner-party  given 
for  the  purpose,  Sloughter,  made  drunk  with 
liquor,  was  persuaded  to  sign  the  death-war- 
rant. The  revel  was  continued  until  morning 
for  fear  Sloughter,  sober,  might  recall  the  war- 
rant; and  before  he  had  recovered  his  senses 
Leisler  and  Milborne  were  taken  from  their 
weeping  wives  and  children  (May  16,  1691)  and 
hurried  to  the  scaffold,  erected  near  the  lower 
end  of  the  present  City  Hall  park.  A  drizzly 
rain  was  falling.  A  sullen  crowd  of  citizens 
were  spectators  of  the  sad  scene.  Among  them 
were  Robert  Livingston  and  others  of  Leisler's 
bitter  enemies.  The  prisoners  protested  their 
loyalty  and  innocence  of  the  charge  to  the  last. 
Milborne  said  on  the  scaffold,  "Robert  Living- 
ston, for  this  I  will  implead  thee  at  the  bar  of 
Cod  I"  It  was  nothing  loss  than  a  judicial  mur- 
der. Some  years  afterwards  the  attainder 
which  the  crime  with  which  they  were  charged 
had  placed  upon  the  victims  was  reversed  by 
act  of  Parliament,  and  their  estates  were  re- 
stored to  their  families.     (See  Leisler,  Jacob.) 

Le  Moyne,  the  name  of  a  distinguished  Ca- 
nadian family,  members  of  which  bore  conspic- 
uous parts  in  early  American  history.  They 
were  descended  from  Charles  of  Normandy,  who 
dii'd  in  Montreal,  Canada,  in  1683.  He  came  to 
Canada  in  1641,  where  he  became  a  famous  In- 
dian tighter.  In  1668  Louis  XIV.  made  him 
seigneur  of  Longneil,  and  subsequently  of  Cba- 
tcangay.  He  bad  eleven  sons,  of  whom  Bien- 
ville and  Iberville  (which  see)  were  the  most 
eminent.— I.  Charles,  Baron  of  Longneil,  was 
born  in  Montreal,  Dec.  10,  1656;  died  there,  June 
8,  1 7-2'J.  He  was  made  a  lieutenant-general  of 
regulars  in  the  royal  army  of  France,  and,  re- 
turning to  Canada,  he  built  churches  and  a  fort 
'at  Longneil.  He  fought  the  English  assailants 
of  Quebec  under  l'hipps  in  1690,  and  was  made 
baron  and  Governor  of  Montreal  in  1700.  lie- 
coming  commandant-general  of  Canada,  he  pre- 
pared to  meet  the  expedition  against  Quebec 
under  Walker  in  1711.  In  1720  he  was  Gov- 
ernor of  Three  Rivers,  and  again  of  Montreal  in 
1724.  His  iufluence  over  the  Indians  was  very- 
great,  and  in  1726  the  Seneeas  allowed  him  to 
rebuild  Fort  Niagara. —  II.  Paul,  who  was  born 
in  Montreal  in  1663,  and  died  in  March,  1701, 
distinguished  himself  under  his  brother  Iber- 
ville in  Hudson's  Bay.  He  commanded  an  ex- 
pedition against  the  Iroquois,  made  peace  with 
them  in  1701.  and  acquired  great  influence  over 
them. —  III.  JOSEPH,  who  was  made  seigneur  of 
Serigny,  was  born  in  Montreal  in  July,  1668; 
died  in  Bochefort,  France,  in  1734.  In  1694 
and  1697  he  commanded  squadrons  to  assist  ids 
brother  Iberville  in  Hudson's  Bay, and  brought 
over  emigrants  to  Louisiana  in  a,  squadron  to 
found  a  colony  there.  In  1718-19  he  surveyed 
l  he  coasts  there,  and  took  part  in  expeditions 
sgainsl  the  Spaniards  at  Pensacola  and  in  Mo- 
bile Hay.  In  1720  he  commanded  a  ship-of-the- 
line,  and  died  a  rear-admiral  of  the  royal  navy. 


LE  MOYNE 


782  LETTERS  OF  A  PENNSYLVANIA  FARMER 


He  was  also  Governor  of  Roche-fort  at  the  time 
of  his  death,  having  been  appointed  in  1723. — 
IV.  Antoixk,  seigneur  of  Chateangay, was  born 
in  Montreal  in  .Inly,  1683;  died  in  Roohefort, 
France,  March  21, 1747.  He  belonged  to  the  roy- 
al army,  and  came  with  colonists  to  Louisiana  in 
1704,  serving  under  Iberville  there  against  the 
English,  lie  was  made  chief  commandant  of 
Louisiana  in  1717.  and  King's  Lieutenant  in  the 
colony  and  Knight  of  St.  Lonis  in  1718.  He 
was  in  command  of  Pensacola  in  1719;  a  pris- 
oner of  war  for  a  while  afterwards  to  the  Span- 
iards: was  Governor  of  Martinique:  and.  re- 
turning to  France  in  1744,  became  Governor  id' 
He  Royale,  or  Cape  Breton,  in  1745. — Three  oth- 
er brothers  obtained  some  prominence  in  his- 
tory. ,J  acques,  seigneur  of  Si  •  Helena,  served  un- 
der Iberville,  and  was  mortally  wounded  while 
defending  Quebec  against  Pbippsin  1690;  Fran- 
cois, seigneur  of  Bienville  (I.),  was  killed  in 
battle  with  the  Iroquois  in  Juue,  1691  ;  and 
Lonis,  seigneur  of  Chateangay  (I.  I,  was  mortally 
wounded  in  an  assault  ou  Fort  Nelson,  Hud- 
son's Bay,  in  1694. 

Le  Moyne,  Saiville,  was  not  of  the  family 
of  Charles,  bnt  was  related  to  it.  He  was 
born  in  Montreal  in  1671;  died  at  Biloxi,  Miss., 
July  22,  1701.  lie  accompanied  the  brothers 
Iberville  and  Bienville  in  their  expedition  to 
the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  was  ap- 
pointed the  Bret  governor  of  Louisiana  in  1699. 
He  was  of  feeble  constitution;  possessed  brill- 
iant talents,  a  remarkably  line  personal  appear- 
ance, and  a  large  fortune.  Racine  pronounced 
him  a  poet ;  Bossnet  predicted  that  he  would 
become  a  great  orator:  and  Yillars  called  him  a 
"  marshal  in  embryo."  These  promises  were  un- 
fulfilled. 

L  Enfant,  Pktf.ii  Chari.ks,  engineer, was  born 
in  France  in  1?.V>:  died  in  Prince Georgo's Coun- 
ty, M<1.,  .Ian.  14, 1825.  He  came  to  America  and 
entered  the  Continental  army  as  an  engineer  in- 
the  tall  of  1777.  He  was  made  a  captain  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1778;  was  severely  wounded  at  the  siege 
of  Savannah  in  17T9:  served  under  the  immedi- 
ate command  of  Washington  afterwards:  and 
was  made  a  major  in  May,  1783.  The  "order," 
or  .jewel,  of  the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati  was 
designed  by  Major  L'Fnfant.  lb-  was  also  au- 
thor of  the  plan  of  the  city  of  Washington.  In 
1812  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Engineering 

at  West  Point,  but  declined. 

Lescarbot,  M.\i:r,  in  Xi  w  FRAJKJB.  When. 
in  1606,  Poutrineonrt,  who  founded  Port  Royal, 

m  Acadia,  returned  from  France  with  a  compain 
ol  artisans  and  laborers,  he  was  accompanied  !>y 
Leaearbot,  B  French  lawyer,  poet,  and  writer  of 
a   HittOtJ  of  Shi-  1'rtnitr.  which  was  published  in 

1600,  He  came  to  aansl  Poutrinonnrt  in  estab- 
lUhing  his  colony  on  a  linn  basis.  While  Cham- 
plain  and  I»e  Moots  '-<■(■  /'«  Monta)  were  looking 

for   a    milder  climate    farther   south,   Lescarbot 

took  charge  of  the  but.     With  great  energy  he 

planted,  buihled,  and  wrote  rhymes,  and  infused 

into  bis  subordinates  some  of  his  own  energy. 
Whan  champlain  returned, he  was  greeted  by 
a  theatrical  masque,  composed  by  tin-  poet,  in 


which  Neptune  and  his  Tritons  welcomed  the 
mariner.  The  dreary  winter  that  followed  was 
enlivened  by  the  establishment  of  an  "Order  of 
Good  Times"  by  Lescarbot,  the  duties  of  the 
members  consisting  in  the  preparation  of  good 
cheer  daily  for  the  table.  In  the  spring  the 
colonists  were  summoned  to  France  by  a  revo- 
cation of  their  charter. 

Leslie,  Alkxandku.  died  in  December,  1794. 
He  was  a  British  officer  of  distinction  in  the 
Revolutionary  War.  and  came  to  Boston  with 
General  Howe  in  1775.  He  was  made  a  major 
in  June,  1759;  a  lieutenant-colonel  in  17ti-J,  and 
was  a  brigadier-general  when  he  came  to  Amer- 
ica. In  the  battle  of  Long  Island,  in  1776,  lie 
commanded  the  light  infantry,  and  was  in  the 
battle  of  Harlem  Plains  in  September,  and  of 
White  Plains  in  October  following.  General 
Leslie  accompanied  Sir  Henry  Clinton  against 
Charleston  in  April  and  May,  1780.  In  October 
betook  possession  of  Portsmouth,  Va.,  with  3000 
troops,  but  soon  hastened  to  join  Cornwallis  in 
the  Carolina*,  which  he  did  in  December.  In 
the  Battle  of  Guilford  (which  see),  be  command- 
ed the  right  wing.  General  Leslie  was  in  com- 
mand at  Charleston  at  the  close  of  hostilities, 
lie  was  a  gallant  man.  Colonel  Tarleton  having 
expressed  with  a  sneer  in  the  presence  of  Mrs. 
Ashe,  at  Halifax.  X.  ('.,  a  wish  to  see  Colonel  W. 
Washington,  Mrs.  Ashe  said,  "  If  you  had  looked 
behind,  Colonel  Tarleton,  at  the  battle  of  the 
Cowpens.  you  would  have  enjoyed  that  pleas- 
ure." (See  Cowpens,  Battle  of  the.)  Tarleton, 
much  irritated,  laid  his  hand  upon  his  sword, 
when  General  Leslie,  who  was  present,  remark- 
ed. "Say  what  yon  please,  Mis.  Ashe,  Colonel 
Tarleton  knows  better  than  to  insult  a  lady  in 
my  presence." 

Letter-of-Marque  and  Reprisal  is  a  commis- 
sion granted  in  time  of  war  to  a  private  person 
commanding  a  vessel  to  cruise  at  sea  and  make 
prizes  of  the  enemy's  ships  and  merchandise. 
The  ship  so  commanded  is  sometimes  called  by 
the  same  name.  The  word  mark  (frontier)  was 
used  by  the  Germans  to  denote  the  right  of  capt- 
uring property  beyond  the  frontiers  of  another 
province.  Sometimes  the  commission  to  priva- 
teers is  called  "  Lit  ter-of-Marque  and  Reprisals." 
i  See  RtprUaU.) 

Letters  of  a  Pennsylvania  Farmer.  When 
Charles  Tow  nshend's  obnoxious   taxation   bills 

became  laws,  the  Americans,  believing  with  Otis 

thai  taxes  on  trade,  if  designed  to  raise  a  reve- 
nue, are  just  as  much  a  violation  of  the  rights 
of  people  unrepresented  as  any  other  lax.  acted 
accordingly.  The  colonial  newspapers,  then 
about  thirty  in  number,  had  begun  lo  be  trib- 
unes fur  the  people,  and  teemed  with  essays  "ii 
the  exciting  topics  of  the  day.  The  UOSl  pow- 
erful of  these  productions  were  a  seiies  ol'  cs- 
BUySOn  taxation  and  kindred  subjects,  entitled. 

Ltttart  I'/ (i  Farmer  of  Ptnntylwnia  to  the  lulmbi- 
IiihIm  nf  tin Hiiiixh  Ookmiet,  written  by  John  Dick- 
inson,  an  aide  lawyer  of  Philadelphia.  They 
were  written  in  a  style  of  great  vigor  and  ani- 
mation, and  were  published  in  the  /V)iii*i//r/ini<i 
t  Itroiiuh  during  I  he  Bummer  kI  1787.    These  let- 


LEWIS  AND  CLAEKE'S  EXPEDITION     783 


LEWIS 


ters  were  potential  in  forming  and  leading  pub- 
lic opinion  in  opposition  to  the  oppressive  meas- 
ures of  the  British  government,  and  they  were 
widely  read  and  admired.  At  a  public  meeting 
in  Boston  the  author  was  thanked  in  a  resolu- 
tion. The  Society  of  Fort  St.  David,  in  Phila- 
delphia, presented  an  address  to  Mr.  Dickinson 
in  a  '■  box  of  heart  of  oak,"  appropriately  in- 
scribed. On  t h«'  top  was  represented  the  cap 
of  liberty  on  a  spe;ir,  resting  on  the  cipher  "J. 
D.,"  underneath  which  were  the  words  Pro  Pa- 
tria.  Around  the  whole  was  the  following  sen- 
tence: 'The  Gift  of  the  Governor  and  Society 
of  Fort  St,  David  to  the  Author  of  the  Farmer's 
Letters,  \n  Grateful  Testimony  to  the  very  Emi- 
nent Services  thereby  rendered  to  this  Coun- 
try. 1768."  <)n  the  inside  of  the  top  was  the  fol- 
lowing inscription:  "The  Liberties  of  the  Brit- 
ish Colonics  in  America  asserted  with  Attic 
Eloquence  ami  Roman  Spirit  by  .John  Dickin- 
son." The  Farmer's  Letters  were  republished  in 
England  with  a  preface  by  Dr.  Franklin.  They 
were  also  published  in  French,  al  Paris. 

Lewis  and  Clarke's  Expedition.  The  cxplo- 
ration  of  the  continent  westward  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River  bail  long  been  a  subject  of  thought 

for  President  Jefferson.  When  minister  to  Frauce, 
he  suggested  t>>  Ledyard,the  celebrated  travel- 
ler, an  exploration  of  western  America.  In  179:2 
he  proposed  to  the  Philosophical  Society  at  Par- 
is to  procure  snch  an  exploration  with  funds 
raised  by  subscription:  and  it  was  under  the 
auspices  of  this  society,  and  under  instructions 

prepared  by  Mr.  Jefferson,  thai  Michanx,  the  cel- 
ebrated French  traveller  and  botanist,  proceed- 
ed on  his  exploration  westward,  until  recalled 
by  the  French  minister.  The  way  was  finally 
opened  to  snch  an  exploration  by  considerations 
of  State  policy.  After  the  pun  base  of  Louisiana 
in  1803,  the  ntilitj  of  ascertaining  the  character 
of  the  interior  of  that  domain  was  obvious,  and 
in  January,  1804,  President  Jefferson,  in  a  confi- 
dential message,  recommended  the  sending  of  an 
exploring  party  to  trace  the  Missouri  River  to  its 
source,  cross  the  mountains,  and  follow  the  best 
Water  Communication  that  presented  itself  from 

there  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.     Ii  was  approved, 

and  Congress  made  an  appropriation  for  the  pur- 
pose. Meriwether  Lewis,  the  private  secretary 
of  the  President,  was  appointed  to  command  the 
expedition,  and,  at  his  request, William  Clarke, 
a  brother  of  George  Rogers  Clarke  (which  see), 
was  associated  with  him.  Lewis  led  forty-live 
men  up  the  Missouri  River,  beginning  the  ascent 
on  Mas  1  I.  1-0  1.  Al  the  mouth  of  the  Platte 
I,  mts  were  scut  out    to  announce  to  the 

several  tubes  of  Indians  inhabiting  that  region 
the  change  of  government,  and  a  council  was 
held  at  a  place  since  known  as  Council  Bluffs, 

in    loua.      Passing  through  the  country  of  the 

Sioux,  they  reached,  in  September,  the  villages 
of  the  Mandans,  a  light-colored  race,  where  they 
wintered.  They  were  then  sixteen  hundred 
miles  from  their  starting-point.     In  the  spring 

(1605),  the  explorers  pushed  on  to  the  Yellow- 
stone, and  passe, l  through  the  hot  springs  re- 
gion the  country  everywhere  sterile  and  bar- 
ren, for  they  bad  begun  the  passage  of  the  Eocky 


Mountain  range,  which  was  there  one  hundred 
and  forty  miles  in  width.  They  arrived  at  the 
I  Falls  of  the  Missouri  in  June  (1805),  and  trans- 
ferred their  boats  and  baggage  over  a  portage 
of  eighteen  miles.  These  falls  have  a  descent 
of  three  hundred  and  sixty-two  feet  in  sixteen 
miles,  having  one  pitch  of  ninety-eight  feet.  Af- 
ter that  the  journey  was  most  fatiguing.  Ar- 
riving at  the  head-waters  of  the  Missouri,  Cap- 
tain Lewis  went  with  a  party  to  explore  the 
country,  those  with  the  boats  ascending  the 
river  still  farther.  The  divisions  were  joined 
on  the  17th  of  August,  Lewis  had  found  the 
head-waters  of  the  Columbia  River,  fifty  miles 
distant.  The  entire  party  then  left  their  boats 
and  crossed  the  mountains,  having  procured 
more  horses  from  the  Indians.  They  were  in 
the  region  of  (present)  Montana  Territory  and 
friendly  Indians,  the  Nez  Perces,  who  were  very 
kind  to  the  explorers.  Down  the  Pacific  slope 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  they  made  their  way, 
among  precipices  and  snowy  peaks,  their  provi- 
sions exhausted  and  game  scarce.  They  resort- 
ed to  portable  soup,  which  had  been  reserved 
for  such  an  emergency.  At  length,  with  great 
joy,  they  came  to  the  foot  of  the  mountains, 
and  arrived  at  a  large  branch  of  the  Columbia, 
among  the  Flat,  Head  Indians.  They  distributed 
some  medals  among  the  principal  chiefs,  who 
furnished  the  explorers  with  canoes,  and  in  them 
they  floated  several  hundred  miles  in  the  midst 
of  a  high  prairie  country,  depending  chiefly  on 
the  natives  for  their  food.  Theysoon  entered  the 
Columbia  proper,  after  passing  another  moun- 
tain range  (Cascade  Mountains),  confining  the 
Columbia  for  several  hundred  miles  between  it 
and  the  Rocky  Mountains.  On  the  15th  of  No- 
vember, ISO."),  the  party  entered  the  bay  into 
which  the  Columbia  pours,  and  at  length  came 
in  sight  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  There  they  win- 
tered, subsisting  chiefly  on  the  flesh  of  elks, 
which  were  abundant,  In  the  spring  (1806)  the 
party  retraced  their  steps,  crossed  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  had  one  or  two  encounters  with 
Indian  tribes.  Descending  to  the  Mandan  vil- 
lages on  the  Missouri,  Captain  Lewis  persuaded 
one  of  the  principal  chiefs,  with  his  family,  to 
accompany  the  party  to  St.  Louis.  After  an  ab- 
sence of  two  years  and  four  months,  enduring 
much  Buffering,  but  solving  a  great  geograph- 
ical and  topographical  question,  the  expedition 
of  Lewis  and  Clarke  entered  St.  Louis,  Sept. 26, 
1801).  By  it  the  mythical  and  marvellous  mist 
that  had  so  long  hung  over  the  district  of  Lou- 
isiana was  dispelled.  The  next  year  (1807) 
Captain  Lewis  was  made  governor  of  Louisiana 
Territory. 

Lewis,  ANDBEW,  was  born  in  Ulster,  Ireland, 
in  17110;  died  in  Bedford  County.  Va,,  in  1780. 
His  father  was  of  a  Huguenot  family  which  set- 
tled in  Ireland,  and  came  to  Virginia  in  1732. 
Andrew  was  a  volunteer  to  take  possession  of 
the  Ohio  region  in  17.r>4,  was  with  Washington, 
and  was  major  of  a  Virginia  regiment  at  Brad- 
dock's  defeat,  In  (lie  expedition  under  Major 
Grant,  in  the  fall  of  1758,  he  was  made  prisoner 
and  taken  to  Montreal.  In  176-*  he  was  a  com- 
missioner to  treat  with  the  Indians  at  Fort  Stan- 


LEWIS  7 

wis ;  was  made  a  brigadier-general  in  1774.  and 
on  Oct.  10,  that  year,  he  fought  a  seven-  battle 
with  a  formidable  Indian  force  at  Point  Pleas- 
ant (which  aae),  and  gained  a  victory.  In  the 
Virginia  House  of  Burgesses,  and  in  the  field,  he 
was  a  bold  patriot.      A  colonel  ill  the  army,  he 

commanded  the  Virginia  troops  that  drove  Lord 
Dunmore  from  Virginian  waters.  In  that  ex- 
pedition be  eangbt  a  cold,  from  the  effects  of 

w  bich  he  died.  Colonel  Lewis's  four  brothers — 
Samuel, Thomas, Charles, and  William  -were  all 
distinguished  in  military  annals.  His  statue 
occupies  one  of  the  pedestals  around  Crawford's 
Washington  monument  at  Richmond. 

Lewis,  FRANCIS,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  w  as  born  in  Llandaff,  Wales, 
in  March,  1713;  died  in  New  York.  Dec.  30, 1803. 
Educated  at  Westminster  School,  he  became  a 
merchant,  and  emigrated  to  America  ill  1734. 
Mr.  Lewis  was  aid  to  Colonel  Mercer  after  the 
capture  of  Oswego  by  the  French  in  1757  ( which 
see  ),  and  was.  with  other  prisoners,  taken  to 
Canada  and  thence  to  Frauce.  For  his  services 
the  British  government  gave  him  five  thousand 
acres  of  land.  Patriotic  and  active,  lie  was  a 
member  of  the  Stamp  Act  Congress  (which  see) 
in  17<>5.  He  was  a  delegate  from  New  York  in 
the  Continental  Congress  from  1775  to  1779. 
Settled  on  Long  Island,  which  abounded  with 
Tories,  he  Buffered  much  from  the  destruction 
of  his  property  by  this  class  of  citizens.  They 
caused  the  death  of  his  wife  by  brutally  confin- 
ing her  in  a  prison  for  several  months.  To  his 
patriotism  he  sacrificed  the  most  of  his  proper- 
ty, and  died  poor. 


4  LEWIS 

ing,  his  mind  was  absorbed  with  thoughts  of  ad- 
venture. He  was  a  volunteer  soldier  in  repress- 
ing the  Whiskey  Insurrection  (which  see),  after 
which  he  entered  the  regular  army  (1795)  and 
became  captain  in  December,  1800.  Mr.  Lewis 
became  the  private  secretary  of  Mr.  Jefferson, 
and  in  1803  that  President  sent  Captain  Lewis 
to  explore  the  country  westward  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi to  the  Pacific.  (See  J.ruix  and  Clarke x 
Expedition.)  He  made  a  successful  exploration 
of  tin-  interior  of  the  continent.  Subject  to  tits 
of  melancholy,  in  one  of  them  he  put  an  end  to 
his  own  life.      He   had   been  made  governor  of 

Louisiana  Territory,  March  -J,  l-i>7.  but  died  be- 
fore he  assumed  the  functions  of  his  office. 

Lewis,  Motto  an,  was  born  in  New  York,  Oct.  16, 
1754  ;  died  there.  April  7.  1^44.  He  was  a  son  of 
Francis  Lewis,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence, and  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1773. 
He  studied  law  with  John  Jay.  and  joined  the 
army  at  Cambridge  in  June.  1775.  He  was  on 
the  staff  of  General  Gates  with  the  rank  of  colo- 
nel, in  January.  1770.  and  Boon  afterwards  be- 
came quartermaster -general  of  the  Northern 
Army.  He  was  active  during  the  war.  and  at 
its  close  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  practised 
in  Duchess  ( 'onnty.  N.  Y.  He  was  a  judge  of 
the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  and  of  the  Superior 
Court  of  the  state  in  1793,  being,  the  year  before, 
attorney-general  of  the  state.  He  was  chief- 
justice  in  1801,  and  governor  from  1804  to  1807. 
In  1812 he  was  appointed  quartermaster-general 
with  the  rank  of  brigadier,  and  was  promoted 
to  major-general  in  1813.  He  was  active  on  the 
Niagara  frontier  in  1814,  and  was  placed  iu  com- 


SKIKMISII    ON 


Lewis,  Mi  i:iw  i  i  in  i:.  WSJ  bom  mar  Char- 
h.tiesville.  Vs.,  Ang.  18,  1774;  died  near  Nash- 
ville, Teun..  Oct.  ii.  L800,  Possessed  of  a  bold 
ami  enterprising  spirit,  he  relinquished  academ- 
ic studies,  read  with  avidity  true  and  fictitious 
tales  "I  adventure,  and  though  he-  panned  farm- 


(Prom  iin  old  prn 


maud  of  the  defences  of  the  city  of  New    Fork. 

After  the  war  he  devoted  himself  t<>  literature 


•  Tills  was  cngravr  I 
Knrle  lifter  the  hnlllp      The  l.u. 

iwHling  od  tbe  left  mi  a  uvcrn.     It  was  yet 

sluud.ng  ii. 


LEXINGTON  AND  CONCORD 


r<:> 


LEXINGTON  AND  CONCORD 


and  agriculture.  In  1^:52  he  delivered  tlie  ad- 
dress (in  the  centennial  of  Washington's  birth 
before  the  city  authorities,  and  in  1835  became 
president  of  the  New  York  Historical  Society. 

Lexington  and  Concord.  In  the  early  soring 
of  177.").  < uncial  Gage  bad  between  3000  and 
limn  troops  in  Boston,  and  felt  strong  in  the 
presence  of  rebellions  utterance.-,  that  tilled  the 
air.  He  observed  with  concern  the  gathering 
of  munitions  of  war  by  the  colonists.  Informed 
that  a  considerable  quantity  had  been  deposit- 
ed at  Concord,  a  village  about  sixteen  miles 
from  Boston,  he  planned  a  secret  expedition  to 
seize  or  destroy  them.  Towards  midnight,  on 
the  i-th  of  April,  he  sen!  BOO  men.  under  Lien- 
tenant-colonel  Smith  and  Major  Pitcairn,  to  ex- 
ecute his  designs.  The  vigilant  patriots  had 
discovered  the  secret,  and  were  on  the  alert, 
and    when    the   expedition    moved   to  cross   tbe 

Charles   River,  Paul    Severe,  one   of  the 

most  active  of  the  Sons  of  Liberty  iu  Bos- 
ton, had  preceded  them,  and  was  on  his 
vvav  towards  Concord  to  arouse  the  in- 
habitants and  the  minute-men.  Soon  after- 
w  aids  church-bells,  musketry,  and  cannons 
spread  the  alarm  over  the  country:  and 
when,  at  dawn  (April  11'.  177.".),  l'iteairn. 
with  tin-  advance. I  guard,  reached  Lexing- 
ton, a  little  village  six  miles  from  Concord. 

he  found  seventy  determined  men,  under 
Captain  .Jonas  Parker,  drawn  up  on  the 
green  to  oppose  him.    Pitcairn  rode  forward 

and  shouted, " Disperse !  disperse, you  reb- 
els!   Down  with  your  arms,  and  disperse  !" 

They  refused  obedience,  and  he  ordered  his 

men  to  lire.     The  order  was  obeyed,  and 

the  war  for  independence  was  thus  begun. 

DJnute-men     good  citizens  of  Massa- 
chusetts   -were  killed,  several  others  were 

wounded,  and  the  remainder  were  dispersed. 

«    now     sunrise.       On    that    occasion 
•Jonathan  Harrington,  a  youth  of  seventeen 

years,  played  the  tile.  Tbe  writer  visited 
him  and  made  a  sketch  of  him  in  1848,  when 

he  was  past  ninety  years  of  age.  Under  that 
sketch  he  wrote  his  name  and  age.  He  was 
splitting  wood  in  front  of  his  house  at  the 
tune  the  w  liter  first  saw  him,  when  he  po- 
litelj  'an  ited  the  latter  into  tbe  house,  and 
took  a  seat  in  his  rocking-chair.     He  died  in 

March,  1854.     The  British  pressed  forward 

towards  Concord.      The  cili/ens  there  had 
been  aroused  h\  a  horseman  from  Lexington, 
ami  the  militia  were  Socking  towards  the  town 
from  everj  direction.    The  stores  were  hastily  re- 
moved to  a  place  of  concealment,  in  carts  and 
other  vehicles,  by  men.  women,  and  children.  The 

Middlesex  farmers,  armed  with  every  conceivable 

kind  of  fire-arms,  were  drawn  up  in  battle  array 

in   defence  of  their  homes  and   their  chartered 

Major    Buttrick   and   Adjutant   .Joseph 

Hosmer  took  the  chief  command  The  British 
had  reached  the  North  Bridge.   Colonel  Barrett, 

then  in  command  of  the  whole,  gave  the  word 
to  march,  and  a  determined  force,  under  Major 
Buttrick,  pressed  forward  to  oppose  the  invad- 
ers, who  wen  beginning  to  destrov  the  budge. 
The  minute-men  were  lired  upon  by  the  lirit- 
I.— 50 


ish,  when  a  full  volley  was  returned  by  the  pa- 
triots. Some  of  the  invaders  fell;  the  others 
retreated.  They  had  destroyed  only  a  i'f\v  stores 
in  the  village.  The  invaders  were  terribly  smit- 
ten by  the  gathering  minute-men  on  their  re- 
treat towards  Lexington.  Shots  came,  with 
deadly  aim.  from  behind  fences,  .stone- walls, 
and  trees.  The  gathering  yeomanry  swarmed 
from  the  woods  and  fields,  from  farm-houses  aud 
hamlets.  They  attacked  from  ambush  and  in 
the  open  highway.  It  was  evident  to  the  Brit- 
ons that  the  whole  country  was  aroused.  The 
heat  was  intense:  the  dust  intolerable.  The 
800  men  must  have,  perished  or  been  captured, 
had  not  a  reinforcement,  under  Lord  Percy,  met 
and  relieved  them  near  Lexington.  After  a  brief 
rest,  the  whole  body,  1800  strong,  retreated,  and 
were  terribly  assailed  along  the  whole  ten  miles 
to  their  shelter  at  Charlestowu,  narrowly  eseap- 


LDg  700  Essex  militia,  under  Colonel  Pickering, 
marching  to  strike  their  flank.  Under  the  guns 
of  British  war-vessels,  the  remnant  of  the  de- 
tachment rested  that  night,  and  passed  over  to 
Boston  tbe  next  morning.  Dining  the  expedi- 
tion the  British  lost,  in  killed,  wounded,  and 
missing.  27:!  men  :  the  Americans  lost  103.  (See 
Uprising  of  tin-  People.) 

Lexington  and  Concord,  Effect  of  thk 
Skikmishf.s  at.  When  news  of  the  affair  at 
Lexington  and  Concord  went  over  the  laud,  the 
people  were  everywhere  aroused  to  action,  and 
never  before  nor  afterwards  was  there  so  unan- 
imous a  determination  to  resist  British  oppres- 
sion.    In  wavering  New  York  there  was  unity 


LEXINGTON,  SIEGE  OF  7 

:it  ouoe,  and  tin'  custom-house  was  immediately 
closed,  and  all  vessels  preparing  to  sail  for  Que- 
lii-c.  Newfoundland,  Huston,  or  Georgia  were  de- 
bained— the  latter  colony  not  having  yet  sent 
delegates  to  tbeContineutal  Congress.  The  New- 
Yorkers  addressed  a  letter  to  the  mayor  and  al- 
dermen ofLbudon — from  whom  Boston, in  itsdis- 
Boaton  Port  />i//),had  received  sympathy 
and  aid — declaring  that  all  the  horrors  of  civil 
war  could  not  compel  the  colonists  to  .submit  to 
taxation  by  the  British  Parliament.  The  inhab- 
itants ofPhiladelphia  followed  those  of  the  city 


6  LEXINGTON,  SIEGE  OF 

Mulligan   resolved  To  defy  the  overwhelming 

force  of  the  enemy  with  the  means  at  his  com- 
mand. Price  moved  forward,  drove  in  the  Na- 
tional pickets,  and  opened  a  cannonade  on  Mul- 
ligan's hastily  constructed  works.  Very  soon 
some  outworks  were  captured,  after  fierce  strug- 
gles, but  the  defence  was  bravely  maintained 
throughout  the  day.  Trice  was  anxious,  for  he 
kuew  that  there  was  a  large  Union  force  near  un- 
der Colonel  J.  C.  Davis,  and  General  John  Pope 
was  coming  down  from  the  country  northward 
of  the  Missouri  River.    Mulligan  was  hopeful,  for 


BATTLE  -GROUND    AT    CONCORD 


of  New  York.  Those  of  New  Jersey  took  pos- 
session of  the  provincial  treasury,  containing 
about  160,000,  to  use  for  their  own  defence. 
The  news  reached  Baltimore  in  six  days,  when 
the  people  seized  tin'  provincial  magazine,  con- 
taining about  fifteen  hundred  stand  of  arms, 
and  stopped  all  exports  to  the  fishing-islands, 
to  such  of  the  islands  as  had  not  joined  the  con- 
federacy, and  to  the  British  army  and  navy  at 
Boston.  In  Virginia  a  provincial  convention 
was  held  (see  Virginia  Con  rent  ion),  which  took 
measures  for  the  defence  of  the  colony. 

Lexington  (Mo.).  Sn  <;r  oi  (1861).  After  the 
drawn  battle  at  Wilson's  Creek  (which  sec). 
General  McCulloch  found  his  assumption  of  au- 
thority so  offensive  to  the  Missonrians  1 1 1 :> t  lie 
left    the  state.      General   Price  called   upon   the 

Secessionists  to  fill  np  his  shattered  ranks.    They 

responded  with  alacrity,  and  at  the  middle  of 
August  he  moved  northw  aid.  in  the  direction  of 

Lexington, which  is  situated  on  a  enrve  of  tin' 
Missouri  River,  It  occupied  an  important  po- 
sition, and  was  garrisoned  with  leas  than  3000 
troops,  under  Colonel  James  A.  Mulligan.  His 
troops, unfortunately, had  only  forty  rounds  of 
cartridges   each,  six    small   brass   cannons,  and 

two  how  il/ors.    The  latter  were  useless.  1 aUM 

there  were  no  shells.      On  the  morning  of  Sept. 

li  Price  appeared  at  a  point  three  miles  from 
Loxington.     Hourly  expecting  rainforoemeuts, 


he  expected  some  of  these  troops  every  moment. 
Pay  after  day  and  night  after  night  his  men 
winked  to  strengthen  the  position,  and  Pi  ice's 
30,000  men  were  kept  at  bay.  Finally,  on  the 
17th.  the  Confederates  were  reinforced,  and  their 
number  was  swelled  to  25,000.  Then  Price  cut 
off  the  communication  of  the  garrison  with  the 
town,  their  chief  source  of  water  supply.     The 

next   day    betook  possession   of  the  town,  closed 

up  lb.-  garrison,  and  began  a  vigorous  siege. 

For  se\  ent\ -two  hours  Mulligan  and  his  little 
band  sustained  it.  amid  burning  sun-heat  by 
day  and  BUffocating  smoke  at  all  times,  until 
ammunition  and  provisions  were  exhausted,  and 
on  the  morning  of  the  20th  he  was  compelled  to 
surrender.  The  loss  of  this  post  was  Beverelj 
felt,  and  Fremont,  resolving  to  retrieve  it.  at 
once  put  in  motion  20,000  men  to  drive  Prici 
and  his  followers  out  of  Missouri.  The  Nation- 
al loss  in  men  was  .1(1  killed  and  120  wounded: 

the  Confederates  lost  25  killed  and  75 wounded. 
Mulligan  and  his  officers  were  held  prisoners  "f 

war;  the  men  were  paroled.  The  spoils  were 
(>  cannons,  2  mortals.  3000   muskets,  750  horses. 

wagons,  teams,  etc.,  and  (100,000  worth  of  com- 
missar] stoics.  A  wick  before  the  arrival  of 
Mulligan  at  Lexington,  Governor  Jackson  and 

bis  Legislature  had  held  a  sc-Mnn  there,  and 
had  deposited  $800,000  in  gold  coin  in  the  bank. 
They  quitted  it  so  precipitately,  that  thej  left 


L'HOMMEDIEU 

this  money  and  the  seal  behind,  which  fell  into 
Mulligan's  hands.  These  treasures  Price  recov- 
ered. 

L'Hommedieu,  Ezba,  was  horn  at  Sonthold, 
L.  I.,  Aug.  30,  1734;  died  there,  Sept.  28,  1811. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  17f>4.  He  was 
of  Huguenot  descent  ;  a  lawyer  by  profession; 
h  delegate  to  the  New  York  Provincial  Congress 
from  177")  to  1778;  assisted  in  the  formation  of 
the  first  constitution  of  the  state  of  New  York; 
was  a  member  of  the  Continental  Congress  at 

different  times  from  177'.)  to  L788;  a  State  Sen- 
ator and  Regent  of  the  University  of  the  State 
of  New  York  from  17-7  till  his  death. 

Libby  Prison.  This  building  acquired  an 
unenviable  name  during  the  Civil  War,  by  its 
being  the  theatre  ofiuteuse  Bufferings  by  Union 
prisoners  of  war.  It  was  a  tobacco  -  factory, 
built  of  brick,  standing  on  Main  street,  near 
Twenty-fifth  Street,  Richmond.  It  was  hastily 
prepared  for  the  reception  of  prisoners,  and  into 
it  officers  and  men  taken  at  Hull's  Run,  to  the 
number  of  about  six  bundled,  were  thrust  with- 
in two  or  three  days  after  the  battle.  Anion;; 
the  prisoners  was  Alfred  Ely, a  member  of  Con- 


7*7 


LIBERTIES  AXD  FRANCHISES 


States  and  their  descendants  (who  are  the  rul- 
ing class)  and  of  uncivilized  native  tribes — was 
about  7-^0,000  in  1873.  of  whom  19,000  were  Amer- 
ican-Liherians,  and  the  remaining  701,000  abo- 
riginal inhabitants.  The  capital  and  largest 
town  is  Monrovia,  a  seaport  on  Cape  Mesurada. 
with  about  13,000  inhabitants.  They  have  pub- 
lic schools,  churches,  missionary  societies,  and 
all  tho  ordinary  machinery  of  civilization  ;  and 
Liberia  is,  on  the  whole,  a  prosperous  republic. 
It  has  quite  a  flourishing  commerce,  and  agri- 
culture is  carried  on  successfully.  In  1847  the 
Liberians,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  Coloniza- 
tion Society  (which  see),  declared  themselves 
a  sovereign  and  independent  nation,  when  a 
constitution,  modelled  after  that  of  the  United 
Stales,  was  adopted.  It  maintains  that  all  men 
are  born  equally  free  in  the  enjoyment  of  life, 
liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness;  that  all 
power  is  inherent  in  the  people;  that  slavery 
shall  not  exist  nor  he  countenanced  in  the  re- 
public ;  that  all  elections  shall  he  by  ballot ; 
that  none  but  persons  of  color  shall  he  admit- 
ted to  citizenship;  that  the  Legislature  shall 
he  composed  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Repre- 


grese  from  Rochester,  X.  Y.,  who  went  out  to 
see  tie-  spectacle  of  the  battle,  and  was  caught. 

'flu-  prisoners  wire  placed  Ler  the  oare  of 

Brigadier-general  John  II.  Winder,  of  Maryland, 
who  had  left  the  National  army.  These  earh 
prisoners  suffered  much  for  want  of  room,  light, 
air,  and   food,  but   later  ones  Buffered   far  more 

than  they.     The  Union  i pie  of  Richmond  ad- 

minietered  to  their  wants  for  a  while,  hut  were 
linalh  prevented  from  doing  this  good  work  by 
command  of  the  Confederate  leaders. 

Liberia,  a  republic  on  the  west  coast  of  Afri- 
ca, is  the  product  of  the  American  Colonization 
Society,  whi<  h,  in  1820,  sent  the  first  colonists 

there  from  the  United  States.      The  area  of  the 

republic  isWOOsqnare  miles.  The  population  - 
composed  of  colored  emigrant.-  from  the  United 


seiitatives.  the  members  of  the  latter  elected  bi- 
ennially, one  representative  for  every  10,000  in- 
habitants. The  president  is  elected  by  the  peo- 
ple for  a  term  of  two  years.  The  judicial  power 
is  vested  in  a  supreme  court  and  several  inferior 
courts. 

Liberties  and  Franchises  —  Chanter  for 
Xi  \v  YORK.  Charles  II.  granted  the  Province 
of  Xew  Motherland  to  his  brother  .lames,  Duke 
of  York,  without  competent  authority,  and,  hav- 
ing the  power,  the,  duke  took  possession  by  an 
armed  force  in  1664,  and  ruled  it  by  governors 
appointed  by  himself  The  name  of  I  he  prov- 
ince was  changed  to  Xew  York.      In  1683,  when 

Thomas  Dongan  was  made  governor  (see  Donga*, 
Thomat),$he  people  asked  for  more  political  priv- 
ileges, and  the  duke  instructed  him  to  call  a 


LIBERTY  BELL 


788       LIBERTY  OF  THE  PRESS  DENIED 


representative  assembly.  It  met  in  the  fort  at 
New  York  on  Oct.  17,  1683,  and  sat  three  weeks, 
passing  fourteen  acts,  all  of  which  were  ap- 
proved by  the  governor.  The  fust  act  was  en- 
titled "  The  Charter  of  Libert  ies  and  Franchises 
granted  by  his  Royal  Highness  to  the  Inhabi- 
tants of  New  York  and  its  Dependencies."  (See 
Dnl.i'.i  County.)  The  duke  approved  the  act.  It 
declared  that  supreme  legislative  power  should 
forever  be  and  reside  in  the  governor,  council, 
and  people,  met  in  General  Assembly ;  that  ev- 
ery freeholder  and  freeman  should  be  allowed 
to  vote  for  representatives  without  restraint  ; 
that  no  freeman  should  sutler  but  by  judgment 
of  his  peers;  that  all  trials  should  lie  by  a  jury 
of  twelve  men  ;  that  no  tax  should  bo  assessed, 
on  any  pretence  whatever,  but  by  the  consent 
of  the  Assembly ;  that  no  seaman  or  soldier 
should  be  quartered  on  the  inhabitants  against 
their  will;  that  no  martial  law  should  exist; 
and  that  no  person  professing  faith  in  God  by 
Jesus  Christ  should  at  any  time  be  anyw  ise  dis- 
quieted or  questioned  for  any  difference  of  opin- 
ion. Two  years  afterwards  the  duke  succeeded 
to  the  throne  as  James  II.,  when  he  at  once 
struck  a  severe  blow  at  this  fair  fabric  of  liber- 
ty. James  as  king  broke  the  promises  of  James 
as  duke.  He  had  hecome  an  avowed  Roman 
Catholic,  and  determined  to  till  all  offices  in  his 
realm  with  men  of  that  creed.  He  levied  direct 
taxes  on  New  York  without  the  consent  of  the 
people,  forbade  the  introduction  of  printing,  and 
otherwise  established  tyranny.  (See  Dongatl, 
But  he  dared  not  attempt  to  suppress 

the  General  Assembly,  the  first  truly  representa- 
tive government  established  in  New  York. 

Liberty  Bell.  In  a  room  on  the  ground-floor 
of  the  old  State  House,  Philadelphia,  is  the  old 
bell  that  rang  out.  in  conjunct  ion  with  human 
voices,  the  joyful  tidings  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  in  July,  177G.  It  was  cast  by 
Pass  &  Stow,  Philadel- 
phia, and  was  hung  in 
the  belfry  of  the  Slate 
House  early  in  June. 
17.->:s.  It  weighed  2080 
pounds, and  around  it, 
near  its  top.  were  east 

the  words,  prophetic  of 

itsdestiny,"  PlMX  I  MM 

Liberty  through- 
out ai  I.  mi:  LAND, 
i  HTO  m  i. Tin:  iniiaiu- 
I  w  |v   l  BRRKOT.    Lev. 

xw.in."  When  the  Brit- 
ish forces  approached 

i.iiikkty  bill,  Philadelphia,  in   1777. 

the  bell  was  taken 
down  and  carried  to  Allentown,  to  prevent  its 
falling  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  In  17-1 
it  was  placed  in  the  brick  tower  of  the  State 
Mouse,  below  the  original  belfry,  which,  being 
of  WOOd,  bad    become   decayed.       1'or  mole  than 

fitly  years  the  bell  participated  in  the  celebra- 
tions of  the  anniversary  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  when  it  was  cracked  while  ring* 

m;;.      An    effort    was    made    to    restore    its   tone 

by  sawing  the  crack  wider,  but  it  was  ansae 


cessful.  A  new  steeple  and  a  new  bell  were  put 
up  in  1828.  For  many  years  the  old  bell  re- 
mained in  silent  dignity  in  the  tower,  when  it 
was  taken  down  and  placed  on  a  platform  in 
Independence  Hall,  whence  it  was  removed  to  a 
room  opposite  in  1876, and  there  it  remains. 

Liberty  of  the  Press  Denied  (Riot  W  BAL- 
TIMORE in  1812).  After  war  had  been  declared. 
intimations  were  given,  by  persons  in  Congress 
and  out  of  it,  that  opposition  to  it  must  cease. 
flic  Federalists  and  their  newspapers  claimed 
the  right  to  speak  as  freely  as  ever.  One  of  the 
latter — the  Federal  BtpubUoan—  practically  as- 
serted that  right  when,  on  publishing  the  Dec- 
laration of  tYar,  it  declared  its  intention  to 
speak  of  men  and  events  with  the  same  freedom 
as  before.  Two  days  afterwards  the  office  of 
that  paper,  with  its  press  and  types,  was  de- 
molished by  a  mob.  The  proprietors  fled  for 
their  lives,  and  resumed  the  publication  of  their 
paper  at  Georgetown.  Determined  to  vindicate 
their  rights  and  the  freedom  of  the  press,  they 
returned  to  Baltimore,  resumed  the  publication 
of  their  paper  at  the  house  of  one  of  the  propri- 
etors, and,  expecting  another  attack  from  a  mob, 
barricaded  the  doors  ami  windows,  and  garri- 
soned it  with  about  twenty  armed  men,  under 
the  leadership  of  General  Henry  Lee.  who,  with 
General  Lingan,  volunteered  to  defend  the 
place.  The  house  was  attacked:  one  of  the 
doors  was  forced  open,  and  when  the  assailants 
attempted  to  ascend  the  stairs,  they  were  fired 
upon  by  the  defenders.  Several  were  wounded, 
and  the  ringleader  was  killed.  After  repeated 
applications  to  the  city  authorities  by  the  de- 
fenders for  protection.  General  Strieker,  of  the 
city  militia,  was  ordered  to  call  out  troops.  He 
and  the  mayor  effected  an  arrangement  with  the 
mob — who  had  brought  a  piece  of  cannon  to 
bear  on  the  house — by  which  the  defenders  were 
to  submit  to  be  taken  to  prison  on  a  charge  of 
murder,  on  condition  that  they  should  have  per- 
sonal protection,  and  their  property  guarded  by 
a  military  force.  The  latter  conditions  were 
grossly  violated.  The  house  was  entered,  and 
its  contents  destroyed,  and  the  prison  in  which 
the  defenders  were  confined  was  entered  by  the 

mob;  some  of  them  were  seized,  and  Others  es- 
caped. Those  who  were  caught  were  horribly 
beaten,  after  which  nine  of  them  were  pitched 
down  the  stone  steps  of  the  prison,  where  they 
lay  in  a  heap,  the  mob  amusing  themselves  for 

three  hours  or  mora  by  torturing  them.  They 
stuck  penknives  into  their  flesh  and  dropped  can- 
dle grease  into  their  eyes  to  see  if  I  hoy  were  real- 
ly dead.  tVei|iientl.\  shouting  for  Jefferson.  Madi- 
son, and  others  of  the  ruling  party.  General 
Lingan,  who  vainly  begged  them  to  spare  his 
life  for  the  sake  of  a  yoOBg  family,  expired  in 
the  midst   of  their  tortures;  and  General    l.«e. 

who,  like  Lingan,  had  performed  noble  deeds 

in  the  war  for  independence,  escaped,  but  wa- 
made  a  cripple  for  life.  The  others,  feigning 
death  while  enduring  dreadful  torture,  escaped 

with   their   li\cs,  but    only   through  ■  happy 

thought   of  the  jailer,  who   told   the  mob   their 

i nines  w  ou Id  make  good  Torj  skeletons,  and  par* 

loaded   them   to  allow    him   to  carry   them   into 


LIBERTY  PARTY,  THE 

the  prison.  Places  in  or  out  of  the  city  were 
found  for  the  survivors,  until  they  had  fully 
recovered.  Other  atrocities  were  committed. 
Upon  an  investigation  of  this  affair,  the  magis- 
trates decided  thai  the  proprietors  of  the  news- 
paper were  to  blame  for  persisting  in  publishing. 
at  Mich  a  time,  a  newspaper  disagreeable  to  the 
mob  and  the  ruling  party.  The  ringleaders  were 
acquitted,  the  attorney-general  so  far  sympa- 
thizing with  them  as  to  express  a  regret  that 
every  defender  of  the  house  attacked  had  not 
been  killed. 

Liberty-cap  Cent.  It  was  about  three  years 
after  a  mint  for  the  coinage  of  money  for  the 
United  States  was  authorized  that  the  act  went 
into  operation,  and  in  the  interval  several  of 
the  coins  called  "specimens,"  now  so  scarce,  were 
struck.  Among  the  most  rare  is  the  "liberty-cap 
cent."  having  a  profile  and  the  name  of  Wash- 
ington on  one  side,  and  on  the  other  a  liberty- 
cap  in  the  centre,  with  rays  of  light  emanating 
from  it,  and  the  words  around  them  "Success 
to  the  Dotted  Stati  b." 

Liberty  Party,  Tin -:,g n-w  out  of  the  influence 
of  societies  formed  for  effecting  the  abolition 
of  slavery  throughout  the  Republic.  It  origi- 
nated about  the  year  1844.  The  prime  article 
of  its  political  creed  was  opposition  to  African 
slavery  in  our  country.  The  party  cared  not 
whether  a  man  was  called  Whig  or  Democrat; 
if  he  would  declare  his  nnalterable,opposition  to 
slavery,  slaveholders,  and  the  friends  of  slave- 
holders, it  gave  him  the  cordial  right  hand  of 
fellowship.  A  man  less  true  to  the  faith  was 
not  admitted  within  the  pale  of  the  party.  It 
contained,  in  proportion  to  its  numbers,  more 
men  of  wealth,  talents,  and  personal  worth  than 
any  other  party.  It  was  opposed  to  the  annex- 
ation of  Texas,  for  it  regarded  that  as 
of  the  slaveholders  to  extend  their  domain  and 
political  power.  The  party  could  not  vote  for 
Mr.  Polk,  for  he  was  favorable  to  thai  annexa- 
tion;  it  could  not   vole  for  Mr.  Clay,  for  he  was 

a  slaveholder;  soil  nominated  James  G.  Birney 

(win.  had  formerly  been  a  slaveholder  in  Ken- 
tucky, hut.  from  conscientious  motives,  had 
emancipated  his  slaves  and  migrated  to  Michi- 
gan |  tor  President  of  the  United  States.  It 
polled  quite  a  large  number  of  votes.  In  1848 
the  Liberty  Party  was  merged  into  the  Free-soil 

Inch  see  .and  .supported  Mr.  Van  Ihiren 

for  i  he  Presidency. 

Liberty  Poles.  The  Sons  of  Liberty  (which 
tee)  ceded  tall  flag-staffs, with  the  Phrygian 
"cap  of  Liberty"  on  the  top,  as  rallying-places 
in  the  open  air.  They  were  fust  creeled  in  cit- 
ies; afterwards  they  were  set  up  in  the  rural 
v herein  republicanism  prevailed.  On 
the  king's  birthday,  in  New  York  f.Iune   I.  1766), 

there  were  great  rejoicings  on  account  of  the 
repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act  (which  see)-  Governor 
Sir  Henrj  Moore  presided  at  a  public  dinner  at 
tin-  ■■  King's  Anns"  (near  i  he  foot  of  Broadway). 

On  the  same  .lay  the  Sous  of  Liberty  feast. ..1  at 
their  head. inariers  at  Montague's  (on  Broadway, 
near  Murray  street),  and,  by  permission  oi  the 
governor,  erected  a  mast  (which  afterwards  they 


789    LIBRARY  OF  CONGRESS  DESTROYED 

called  a  Liberty  Pole)  between  the  site  of  the 
City  Hall  and  Broadway,  in  front  of  Warren 
Street,  ou  which  were  inscribed  the  words  "To 
Ins  most  gracious  Majesty  George  III.,  Mr.  Pitt, 
and  Liberty."  British  soldiers  were  then  in  the 
city.  The  doings  of  the  Sons  of  Liberty  so  an- 
noyed the  officers  of  the  crown  that  thirty-six 
days  alter  the  liberty  pole  was  erected  with  so 
much  harmony  it  was  cut  down  by  the  insolent 
troops  (Aug.  16,  1766).  The  people  re-erected  it 
the  next  evening  iu  the  face  of  the  armed  mer- 
cenaries. A  little  more  than  a  month  afterwards 
the  soldiers  again  prostrated  if,  and  again  the 
people  upraised  it,  and  from  its  top  they  flung 
the  British  banner  to  the  breeze.  The  next. 
spring  the  people  met  at  the  "mast"  to  cele- 
ebrate  the  anniversary  of  the  repeal  (March  18), 
and  inaugurated  it  by  erecting  a  "  Liberty 
Pole,"  which  the  soldiery  cut  down  that  night. 
The  people  again  erected  it,  bound  it  with  hoops 
of  iron,  and  placed  a  guard  there;  when  sol- 
diers came  with  loaded  muskets,  fired  two  ran- 
dom shots  into  the  headquarters  of  the  Sons  of 
Liberty  I  Montague's),  and  attempted  to  drive 
the  people  away.  Fearful  retaliation  would 
have  followed  but  for  the  repression  of  aggres- 
sive acts  by  the  soldiers,  by  order  of  the  gov- 
ernor. On  the  king's  birthday,  1767,  the  sol- 
diers made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  prostrate 
the  liberty  pole;  but  at  midnight,  June  16, 
1770,  armed  men  came  from  the  barracks,  hewed 
it  down,  sawed  it  in  pieces,  and  piled  it  in  front 
of  Montague's.  The  perpetrators  were  discov- 
ered, the  bells  of  St.  George's  Chapel  in  Beck- 
man  Street  were  rung,  and  early  the  next  morn- 
ing   three    thousand    people    stood    around    the 

slump  of  the  pole.  There  they  passed  Strang 
resolutions  of  a  determination  to  maintain  their 
libel  lies  al  all  hazards.  For  three  days  intense 
excitement  continued,  and  in  frequent  affrays 
with  the  citizens  the  soldiers  were  worsted.  A 
severe  conllicl  occurred  on  Golden  Mill  (Cliff 
SI  reel,  between  Fulton  Street  and  Maiden  Lane  I, 
when    several    of   the    soldiers    were   disarmed. 

Quiet  was  soon  restored.    The  people  erected 

another  pole  upon  ground  purchased  on  Broad- 
way, near  Warren  Street,  and  this  fifth  liberty 
pole  remained  untouched  as  a  rallying-place  for 
the  Whigs  until  the  British  took  possession  of 
the  city  in  1776,  when  the  notorious  provost- 
marshal  Cunningham  (who,  it  is  said,  had  been 
whipped  at  its  foot)  had  it  hewn  down. 

Library  of  Congress,  DSBTBi  CTION  of  THE. 
On  Dec.  24,  1851,  the  library  of  Congress,  iu  the 
Capitol  at  Washington,  was  mostly  destroyed 
by  lire,  and  the  whole  building  was  in  imminent 
danger  of  destruction.  About  thirty-live  thou- 
sand volumes  were  destroyed,  the  number  in  the 
library  being  about  fifty  thousand.  These  in- 
cluded the  library  of  Mr.  Jefferson  (for  which 
Congress  had  paid  $20,000),  purchased  after  the 
bnrning  of  the  Capitol  by  the  British  in  1814. 
Many  of  these  books  were  saved.  Bare  and 
valuable  books  presented  by  foreign  govern- 
ments, and  a  collection  of  twelve  hundred  bronze 
medals  presented  by  M.  Vattemare,  of  France, 
were  lost.  The  original  engrossed  copy  of  the 
Declaration    of   Independence,    on    parchment, 


LIEBER  71 

with  the  autographs  of  the  signers  attached, 
u  aa  saved,  as  were  also  the  portraits  of  some  of 
the  presidents,  and  some  rare  medals.  In  the 
room  adjoining  the  main  library  were  twenty 
thousand  volumes,  which  wen-  saved. 

Lieber,  Francis,  LI.. I).,  publicist,  was  born 
in  Berlin,  March  18,  1800;  died  in  New  York 
city,  Oct.  2,  1872.  He  joined  the  Prussian  army 
in  1815  as  a  volunteer,  and  fought  in  the  battles 
of  Ligny  and  Waterloo.  He  was  severely  wound- 
ed in  the  assault  on  Xainur.  He  studied  at  the 
University  of  Jena,  was  persecuted  for  his  re- 
publicanism, and  in  1821  went  to  Greece  to  take 
part  in  the  struggle  of  its  people  for  indepen- 
dence. He  suffered  much  there.  Retiring  to 
Italy,  lie  passed  nearly  two  years  in  the  family 
of  Niebuhr,  then  Prussian  ambassador  at  Rome. 
Returning  to  German;  in  1824,  he  was  impris- 
oned, and  while  confined  he  wrote  a  collection 
of  poems,  which,  on  his  release,  were  published 
at  Berlin  under  the  name  of  Franz  Arnold.  After 
spending  about  two  years  in  England,  he  came 
to  the  United  States  in  1827,  residing  in  Boston, 
lie  edited  the  Enojfolopadia  Americana,  in  thir- 
teen volumes, published  in  Philadelphia  between 
the  years  1829  and  1833.  He  lectured  on  his- 
tory and  politics  in  the  larger  cities  of  the  Union. 
In  New  York  his  facile  pen  was  busy  translating 
from  the  French  and  German.  In  1832  he  trans- 
lated De  Beaumont  and  De  Tocqneville  on  the 
penitentiary  system  in  the  United  States,  and 
soou  afterwards,  on  invitation  of  the  trustees  of 
Girard  College,  he  furnished  a  plan  of  instruc- 
tion for  that  institution,  which  was  published 
at  Philadelphia  in  1834.  In  18:55  he  published 
Recollections  of  Niebuhr  and  Letters  to  a  Gentleman 
in  Germany,  and  the  same  year  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  history  and  political  economy  in 
the  South  Carolina  College  at  Columbia,  S.  C, 
where  he  remained  until  1856.  lie  was  appoint- 
ed to  the  same  professorship  in  Columbia  Col- 
lege, New  York  city,  in  1S57,  and  afterwards  ac- 
cepted the  chair  of  political  science  in  the  law- 
school  of  that  institution,  which  he  tilled  till 
the  time  of  his  death.  Dr.  Lieber  had  a  very 
versatile  mind,  and  whatever  subject  he  grasped 
he  handled  it  skilfully  as  a  trained  philosopher. 
In  1838  be  published  .1  Manual  <>f  Political  Eth- 
ics, which  was  adopted  as  a  text-book  in  the 
higher  Beminaries  of  learning  :  and  he  wrote 
several  essays  on  legal  Bnbjects.  Special  branch- 
es of  civil  polity  and  civil  administration  en- 
gaged bis  al  tent  ion,  and  on  these  subjects  he 
wrote  earnestly  and  wisely,  especially  on  penal 

legislation.  He  wrote  some  valuable  papers  in 
tin'  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knov>ledge,uad  his 
addresses  (published)  on  anniversary  and  other 

special  occasions  wen  numerous.  While  in  the 
South  he  had  warmly  combated  the  doctrine  of 
state  supremacy,  and  w  ben  the  Civil  War  broke 
out  he  was  one  of  the  mOSl  earnest  and  persist- 
ent supporters  of  the  government,     in  1863  he 

w  lis  one  of  the  founders  of  the  "  Loyal  l'ublica- 
cation  Society."  More  than  one  hundred  pam- 
phlets w  in'  published  under  bis  supen  ision.  of 

which  ten  were  written  by  himself.      Me  wrote, 

ai  the  request  of  tin'  general-in-ohief  (Halleok), 

ihiinlht  fm Hi",  iiiii.-uiiriil  mill  Bo/en 


0  LIFEGUARD,  WASHINGTON'S 

Law  and  Usages  of  War.  which  was  often  quoted 
in  Europe  dining  the  Franco-German  War,  and 
his  Instructions  for  the  Government  of  the  .limits 
of  the  United  States  in  the  Field  was  directed  by 
the  Presideut  of  the  United  States  to  be  pro- 
mulgated in  a  general  order  (No.  100)  of  the 
War  Department.  Numerous  essays  on  public 
Subjects  followed.  He  was  an  advocate  for  free- 
trade,  and  wrote  vigorously  on  the  subject.  In 
1865  he  was  appointed  superintendent  of  a  bu- 
reau at  Washington  for  the  preservation  of  the 
records  of  the  Confederate  government,  and  in 
1870  he  was  chosen  by  the  governments  of  the 
United  States  and  Mexico  as  final  arbitrator  in 
important  cases  pending  between  the  two  coun- 
tries. This  work  was  unfinished  at  his  death. — 
His  son,  Oscar  Montgomery,  born  in  1830  and 
died  in  1862, was  a  very  skilful  geologist.  Ed- 
ucated at  the  best  German  universities,  he  took 
a  high  position  as  a  writer  on  geology  and  kin- 
dred subjects,  and  at  the  age  of  twenty  was 
state  geologist  of  Mississippi.  In  1854-55  he 
was  engaged  in  a  geological  survey  of  Alabama, 
and  from  1856  to  I860  held  the  position  of  min- 
eralogical,  geological,  and  agricultural  surveyor 
of  South  Carolina.  In  the  Confederate  army, 
he  died  of  wounds  received  in  the  battle  of  Will- 
iamsburg (which  see). 

Lieber  on  Secession.  When,  in  1850-51,  the 
politicians  of  South  Carolina  were  publicly 
preaching  the  right  and  duty  of  seceding  from 
the  Union,  tin-  Union  men  of  that  stale  attempt- 
ed to  stem  the  dangerous  torrent.  They  cele- 
brated the  4tli  of  July,  1851,  at  Greenville,  to 
which  many  distinguished  men  were  invited,  ot- 
to give  their  views  in  writing  on  the  great  topic 
of  the  Union.  Among  these  was  the  late  Fran- 
cis Lieber.  Professor  of  History  and  Political 
Economy  in  the  South  Carolina  College  at  Co- 
lumbia, lie  sent  a  short  address  to  bis  fellow- 
citizens  of  the  stale,  which  was  a  powerful  plea 
for  the  Union,  and  an  unanswerable' argument 
against  secession.  He  warned  them  that  seces- 
sion would  lead  to  war.  He  asked,  "Will  any 
one  who  desires  secession  for  the  sake  of  bring- 
ing about  a  Southern  Confederacy  honestly  aver 
that  he  would  insist  upon  a  pro\  ision  in  the  new 
constitution  securing  the  full  right  ol 
whenever  it  may  be  desired  by  a  member  of  the 
confederacy.'"  Ten  years  later  the  politicians 
thai  formed  the  government  known  as  the  "Con- 
federate States  of  America"  answered  the  ques- 
tion in  the  affirmative  :  and  this  conceded  right 

of  secession  had  caused  the  Confederacy  to  i « .  1 

the  throes  of  dissolut  ion  before  it  was  subdued 
by  the  National  power. 

Lieutenant-general.  On  Feb.  15. 1865,  a  joins 
resolution  was  adopted  bj  Congress  authoriz- 
ing the  President  ol  the  United  States  to  con- 
fer the  title  of  lieutenant-genera]  bj  brevel  in 
a  single  Instance  for  eminent  - 
dent  Pierce  accord ingl 3  (aa  was  Intended)  be- 
stowed the  honor  upon  Major-general  Winticld 
Scott. 

Lifeguard,  WASHINGTON'S,  WBS  organised  in 

1776,  soon  after  the  liegS  ol  Boston,  while  the 
American  army  was  encamped  in  New   York, OB 


LIFEGUARD,  WASHINGTON'S 

Manhattan  Island.      It  consisted  of  a  major's 
command  —  1H0  men.     Caleb  Gibbs,  of  Rhode 
Island,  was  its  first  chief  officer,  and  bore  the 
title  of  captain  commandant.     He  held  that  of- 
fice until  the  close  of  1779,  when  lie  was   suc- 
ceeded by  William  Colfax,  one  of  his  lieuten- 
ants.   These  were  Henry  P.  Livingston,  of  New 
York  ;  William  Colfax,  of  New  Jersey  ;  and  Ben- 
jamin Goymes,  of  Virginia.     Colfax  remained 
in  command  of  t lie  corps  until  the  disbanding 
of  the  army  in  1783.    The  members  of  the  Guard 
were  chosen  with  special  reference  to  their 
excellences — physical, moral, and  mental — 
and  it  was  considered  a  mark  of  pecnliar 
distinction  to  belong  to  the  coinniaiuler-iii- 
ohiefs  Guard.   Their  uniform  consisted  of  a 


llWNt  I:    '■!      H   iSIIIMiTON    s    I  IKKCI    Mill 


lil ii<-  coal  with  while  facings,  while  waistcoat 
and  breeches,  black  half-gaiters,  and  a  cocked 

hat  with  a  blue  and  w  liite  leal  her.    Tlie\  ran  Led 

mnskete,   ami   occasionally  side-arms.     Their 

motto  was  "Conquer  or  die."  Can'  was  taken 
lii  have  all  the  stales  which  supplied  the  Con- 
tinental army  with  troops  represented   in  the 


CZEI.    KNAIMV 


corps.   Its  numbers  varied.   During  the  last  year 

of  the    war   there    wer ly  (>•"> ;    when,  in  1780, 

the  ;ii  in  v  at  Morristown  was  in  close  proximity 


791  LINCOLN 

to  the  enemy,  it  was  increased  from  the(origiual 
180  to  250.  The  last  survivor  of  Washington's 
Lifeguard  was  Sergeant  Uzel  Kuapp,  who  died 
in  the  town  of  New  Windsor,  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y., 
Jan.  11, 1857,  when  he  was  a  little  past  ninety- 
seven  years  of  age.  He  was  a  native  of  Stam- 
ford, Conn.,  and  served  in  the  Continental  army 
from  the  beginning  of  the  war  until  its  close, 
entering  the  Lifeguard  at  Morristown,  N.  J.,  in 
1780.  After  his  death  Sergeant  Kuapp's  body 
lay  in  state  in  Washington's  headquarters  at 
Newburgh  three  days,  and,  in  the  presence  of  a 
vast  assemblage  of  people,  he  was  buried  at  the. 
foot  of  the  flag-staff  near  that  mansion.  Over 
his  grave  is  a  handsome  mausoleum  of  brown 
free-stone,  made  from  a  design  by  H.  K.  Brown, 
the  sculptor.  Hon.  Schuyler  Colfax,  a  grand- 
son of  the  last  commander  of  the  Guard,  has  in 
his  possession  a  document  containing  the  auto- 
graph .signatures  of  the  corps  in  February,  1783, 
from  which  the  fac-similes  given  on  pages  792 
ami  791!  were  copied. 

Light-houses  and  Public  Piers.  Congress, 
in  \',-\K  assumed  for  the  United  States  the  sup- 
port of  all  light -houses,  buoys,  beacons,  and 
public  piers,  on  condition  that  within  one  year 
the  stales  within  which  they  were  respectively 
situated  should  vest  in  the  United  States  not 
only  the  property  in  these  structures,  with  the 
lands  pertaining  to  them,  but  exclusive  juris- 
diction also  within  their  circuit, reserving, how- 
ever, Hie  right  of  the  state  to  serve  civil  and 
criminal  processes  therein. 

Ligonia,  PBOVDTCK  of.  (See  riough  Patent.) 
At  about  the  time  of  the  beginning  of  the  Civil 
War  in  England,  in  which  Sir  Fenlinaudo  Gor- 
ges took  Bides  with  the  king,  Alexander  Rigby, 
a  republican  member  of  Parliament,  purchased 
the  old  [latent  of  Ligonia  (Maine),  and  sent  out 
George  Cleves  to  take  possession.  Cleves  had 
been  an  agent  in  that  region  for  Gorges  and  Sir 
William  Alexander.  This  claim  was  resisted 
by  Gorges's  agents,  ami  Cleves  attempted  to 
gain  the  assistance  of  the  New  England  Confed- 
eracy by  proposing  to  make  Ligonia  a,  member 
of  that  alliance.  The  dispute  went  on  some 
time,  until  Anally  the  Parliamentary  Commis- 
sioners for  Plantations  confirmed  Kigby's  title, 
and  the  coast  of  Maine,  from  the  Kennebec  to 
the  Saco,  was  erected  into  the  Province  of  Ligo- 
nia, Maine  being  then  restricted  to  the  tract 
from  the  Saco  to  the  Piscataqua.  (See  Maim: 
and  \(ir  Hampshire.) 

Lincoln,  Abraham,  sixteenth  President  of  the 
United  States,  was  born  in  Larue  County,  Ky., 
Feb.  12,  1809;  died  April  1.".,  1865.  His  ancestors 
were  Quakers  in  Bucks  County,  Penn.  Bis  par 
tuts,  born  in  Virginia,  emigrated  to  Kentucky, 
and  in  1816  went  to  Indiana,  Having  had  about 
one  year's  schooling  in  the  aggregate,  he  went 
as  a  hired  hand  on  a  flat-boat  to  New-  Orleans 
when  he  was  nineteen  years  of  age.  lie  made 
himself  SO  useful  to  liis  employer  that  he  gave 
him  charge  as  clerk  of  a  store  and  mill  at  New 
Salem,  111.  He  commanded  a  company  in  the 
Black  Hawk  War.  Appointed  postmaster  at 
Salem,  he  began  to  study  law,  was  admitted  to 


LINCOLN  792 

practice  in  1836,  and  began  his  career  as  a  law- 
yer at  Springfield.  He  rose  rapidly  in  his  pro- 
fession, became  ■  leader  of  the  Whig  party  in  Il- 
linois, and  was  a  popular  though  homely  speak- 
er at    political   meetings,     lie    was   elected  to 


LINCOLN 

Congress  in  1847,  and  was  there  distinguished 
for  his  outspoken  anti-slavery  views.  In  185^ 
he  was  a  candidate  for  United  Slates  Senator. 
His  opponent,  Judge  Douglas,  won  the  prize 
from  the  Legislature,  though  Mr.  Liucoln   re- 


i  rffe  h  ! 


LINCOLN 


r;i:: 


LINCOLN 


reived  4000  more  votes  of  the  people  than  his  I  nances  of  secession  and  the  beginning  of  civil 
opponent.  In  1860  he  was  nominated  for  and  war  followed.  He  conducted  the  affairs  of  the 
elected  President  of  the  United  States.     Ordi- 1  nation  with  great  wisdom  through  the  four  years 


,V^ 


■SUVfci  \ 


LINCOLN 


LINCOLN  MEDAL,  THE 


of  the  Civil  War,  and  just  as  it  closed  was  as-    lie  was  collector  of  the  port  of  Boston.     He  was 
sassinated  at  the  national  capital.  fond  of  literary  and  scientific  pursuits. 

Lincoln  in  "Washington.  Just  before  his  in- 
auguration the  President-elect  arrived  at  Wash- 
ington early  on  the  morning  of  Eel).  23, 18C1  (see 
Lincoln's  Passage  through  Baltimore),  and  rode  to 
Willard'a  Hotel,  where  he  was  received  with  joy 
by  his  friends.  At  an  early  hour,  accompanied 
by  Mr.  Seward, he  called  on  the  President.  Mr. 
Buchanan  could  hardly  believe  his  own  eyes. 
He  gave  his  chosen  successor  a  cordial  wel- 
come. The  cabinet  was  in  session,  and,  on  in- 
vitation, the  President-elect  was  ushered  into 
their  chamber  and  received  with  demonstra- 
tions of  real  delight.  During  the  remainder  of 
the  day  he  received  his  friends,  informally,  at 
Willard'a,  and,  in  the  evening,  the  members  of 
the  Peace  Convention,  in  a  body,  formally  wait- 
ed ui)on  him.  after  which  many  loyal  women 
came  to  bid  him  welcome.  On  the  27th  the 
mayor  and  Common  Council  of  Washington 
gave  him  an  official  welcome:  and  that  even- 
ing several  senators  and  Governor  Hicks,  of 
Maryland,  visited  him.  Members  of  the  Repub- 
lican Association  at  Washington  serenaded  him 
the  same  evening,  to  whom  he  made  a  brief 
speech  —  the  last  one  pre\  ious  to  his  inaugura- 
tion. 


ABRAHAM   LINCOLN. 

Lincoln,  Benjamin,  was  born  at  Hingham, 
Mass.,  Jan.  23,  1733;  died  there.  May  9,  1810. 
His  pursuit  was  that  of  a  fanner.  He  was  a 
linn  and  active  patriot,  and  was  major-general 
of  militia  when  the  war  of  the  Revolution  broke 
out.  In  June,  177G,  he  commanded  an  expedi- 
tion that  cleared  Boston  harbor  of  British  ves- 
sels, and  in  February,  1777,  was  appointed  a  ma- 
jor-general in  the  Continental  army.  His  services 
were  varied  and  important  all  through  the  war, 


ami   at   t  In-  surrender  a(    Vorktown  he   received 

the  sword  of  the  defeated  Cornwallis.     - 
trallit,  Sturmder  of.)     From  thai  time  (<  U  tolx  r, 
1781)  until  1784  be  was  Secretary  of  War,  and 

received  a  vote  oftbanka  ii Congress  on  bia 

retirement,     [n  1787  be  commanded  the  i pa 

which  suppressed  Sha\s's  Insurrection  (which 
tee).  In  thai  yeai  he  was  chosen  lientenant- 
gover of  Massachusetts,  and  from  l  T  -  *.  •  i.»  1806 


Lincoln  Medal,  Tut:.  The  assassination  of 
President  Lincoln  (which  see)  made  a  profound 
impression  in  Europe  as  well  as  in  America  : 
and  forty  thousand  French  Democrats  testified 
their  appreciation  of  his  character  and  services 
and  their  "desire  to  express  their  sympathy  for 
the  American  Union,  in  the  person  of  one  of  its 
most  illustrious  and  purest  representatives,"  by 
causing  a  maguiflcent  gold  medal  to  be  struck 
and  presented  to  the  President's  widow.  The 
medal  was  presented  in  the  name  of  that  host 
of  Frenchmen  by  a  committee,  of  which  Victor 
Hugo  and  other  distinguished  Frenchmen  were 
members.  It  is  about  four  inohea  in  diameter. 
One  side  bears  a  profile,  in  relief,  of  Mr.  Lincoln, 
surrounded  by  the  words,  in  French,  "  DEDICAT- 
ED by  the  French  Demch  ra<  r.  A.  Lincoln, 
i  w  [(  i  nil  nn  Presides  i  <m  mi:  United 
States."  On  the  reverse  is  an  altar,  hearing 
the  following  inscription,  also  in  French  :  "  1  .in 
coln,Hone8i  Man.    Abolished  Slavery, Ha 

ESTABLISHED  [HE  UNION,  AND  SAVED  mi  l.'r 
i'i  iiiic.  uiiihu  I  \  mi  im,    mi    Si  \n  i    OF  I.iu 

brtt.  Hi  was  Assassinated  the  14th  <>i 
April,  1866."  Below  all  are  the  words:  "Lib- 
bkty,  Equality,  and  Fraternity."    On  one 

side  of  the  altar  stands  winged  Victory,  with 
her  right  hand  resting  upon  a  sword  and  her 
left  holding  a  oivio  wreath.  On  the  other  side 
stand  two  emancipated  slaves  the  younger, a 
lad, offering  a  palm  branch,  and  the  elder  point- 
ing him   to  the  American  eagle,  hearing  the 

shield,    the    oli\  e  -  lir.ineh.   and     the    lightning, 

with  the  motto  of  the  Union.     The  older  freed- 

man  holds  the  musket  of  the  militia-man.  Near 
them  are  the  emblems  of  industry  an. I  progress. 

Over  the  altar  is  a  triangle,  emblematic  Of  Inn 

it\       the   trinity   of  man's    inalienahlc   rights 

liberty,  equality,  and  fraternity.     See  page  796. 


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